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The Rise And Fall Of Near-Earth Asteroid 2001 VK5 NEO News - 2001 VK5 David Morrison (email@example.com) December 7, 2001 I would like to report briefly on some recent actions of the International Astronomical Union Working Group on NEOs concerning the new NEA 2001VK5, discovered on 11 November 2001 and initially announced through Minor Planet Electronic Circular 2001-V49. This example illustrates the operations of the IAU technical review process as well as the generally excellent cooperation of NEA observers and theorists in dealing with a new asteroid that initially appears to be on an orbit that could lead to a subsequent impact with the Earth. The great majority of such cases, of course, will turn out to pose no threat as additional observations become available. This is such an example. Andrea Milani and his team in Pisa calculated an orbit for VK5 and noted that the initial results with such a short arc yielded an enormous number of "Virtual Impactors (VIs)"; their algorithms detected more than 1,000 separate impact pathways, for impacts between 2002 and 2080. The list was made progressively available on the web, as their computers were producing the output, starting on 14/11/2001; in the same day the SGF Central Node launched a "new campaign" to ensure adequate followup. This object was reobserved on 16/11/2001. By the late hours of 17/11, Milani had calculated a new list of VIs, with fewer individual impactors but with more significant probabilities, including a November 2011 Virtual Impactor had a probability (computed with uniform probability density) of 4.6e-7. This object was of estimated H magnitude 17.6 and with an average impact velocity could generate an explosion with energy greater than 100,000 MT. This corresponded to a value on the Palermo technical scale of -1.85, already a noteworthy value. Moreover, there were another 14 VIs identified with possible impacts between 2014 and 2056. At about the same time Steve Chesley reported that the JPL Sentry automatic collision monitoring system, which is in continuing development, also autonomously detected the impacting solutions of VK5 reported by Milani. This NEA was in the Category 1 class on both the Torino Scale and the Palermo Scale, although everyone recognized that these calculations were based on a short arc, and that new astrometry would almost surely resolve the uncertainties within a few days. Milani requested that the WGNEO activate its technical review process for 2001VK5, which I did on 19 November, writing "I concur with your decision to submit this information to the IAU WGNEO Technical Committee for review at this time, since it has such a complicated orbit that it is especially important to obtain independent verification of the virtual impactor possibilities. In the meantime the asteroid remains visible in a dark sky, and I have no doubt that additional data will be coming in. This parallel request for both new observational data and a peer check of the calculations is in my opinion entirely appropriate. Depending on the events of the next 72 hours the IAU may (or may not) wish to make a formal statement . . . I personally urge that this be kept as low-key as possible until additional data are acquired that may resolve the risk of impact." The members of the IAU Technical Review Team (Don Yeomans, Paul Chodas, Steve Chesley, Karri Muinonen, Giovanni Valsecchi) did an excellent job of providing independent analysis of the orbit, confirming (using different methods) Milani's calculations of the probability of impact. At the same time, with the active cooperation of both the Minor Planet Center (Brian Marsden) and the Spaceguard =46oundation Central Node (Andrea Carusi), additional observations were obtained and given immediately to the orbit calculators. By 21 November (the end of the 72 hour period for the IAU Technical Review), the possibility of an impact in 2011 had been eliminated by new data, but there still remained several VIs in the out years. In view of the continuing input of data, we decided to defer any announcement from the IAU until after the USA Thanksgiving holiday. Milani posted the current information on his website but also did not make any public announcement. By 25 November, orbit calculations based on new observations had effectively eliminated all of the virtual impactor possibilities, and 2001VK5 had dropped back to a category zero in the Torino impact scale. I believe that this case is an example of the proper functioning of the IAU Technical Review of orbital calculations and of the efforts of the MPC and SGF to solicit and coordinate additional observations of a high-priority target. The fact that this international collaboration was carried out without publicity provides a model for future cases of short-arc NEAs that are initially flagged as potential impactors but that drop back into the background as more observations are accumulated. I expect there will be many more such examples as new NEAs continue to be discovered at a high rate.
David Morrison NEO News is an informal compilation of news and opinion dealing with Near Earth Objects (NEOs) and their impacts. These opinions are the responsibility of the individual authors and do not represent the positions of NASA, the International Astronomical Union, or any other organization. For additional information, please see the website: http://impact.arc.nasa.gov. If anyone wishes to copy or redistribute original material from these notes, fully or in part, please include this disclaimer. |


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Perfect harmony
The Valley Festival Singers performed Of Royalty and Divine Majesty, a collection of music created for kings, on Sunday afternoon at Bakerview Church in Abbotsford. The show was part of the local group's 30th anniversary season.
We encourage an open exchange of ideas on this story's topic, but we ask you to follow our guidelines for respecting community standards. Personal attacks, inappropriate language, and off-topic comments may be removed, and comment privileges revoked, per our Terms of Use. Please see our FAQ if you have questions or concerns about using Facebook to comment.

subset: commoncrawl


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A mother's legacy: good financial role-modeling
Our parents role-model how to earn, spend and save money. Brooks C. Sackett, a Spokane financial planner and advisor, recently shared his Mother's Day message in an email to his workout friends. I asked his permission to share it with our blog readers. Here it is. Thanks Brooks!
My Mother wanted a baby and she had me. My Father had no interest in children and my parents divorced when I was eight. Until her death in 1991 at age 81 she taught me all she knew by example. I never knew how really modest our circumstances were until I was out of school and in my own professional practice. Why? My Mother handled her time, energy, and the little money she had prudently and cheerfully.
My Mother had small envelopes that she filled with cash each time she was paid for her work as a clerk-typist at the Health Department in Long Beach, California. These envelopes held what money was needed to cover our bills. The money was always there and waiting to be retrieved when we went grocery shopping, or when other bills arrived. We were never short. My Mother never uttered a word of worry about money. Everything was always handled and we never lacked for anything as well as I could tell.
The envelopes were always placed in order and all leaned against a beautiful red plastic clock radio in our kitchen. This was the radio that announced the death of Stalin on March 5, 1953 (yes, I know, this is all ancient history). I asked my Mother if it was good that Stalin had died. Even then I knew he was a Russian Communist and therefore a bad man. She explained that it's always sad when someone dies. Today, I still feel that way.
In grades seven through nine my Mother always gave me a few dimes or a quarter each Tuesday so I could buy U.S. Savings Bond stamps from the school nurse who pasted them into my book. Eventually these could be turned in for a bond. At the end of the school term my name was announced over the PA system as having saved $17.80 during the year. There was an audible gasp in my homeroom and at recess two girls a grade ahead of me asked if I really had saved that much.
My Mother had no real investment skill and her "portfolio" never consisted of more than real estate that was paid off, cash in the bank, and some life insurance policies. This seemingly modest financial foundation gave me a happy, secure, and fun life as a young boy. I learned that hard work was its own reward, learning was more fun than spending, and planning was better than not. These were all precious lessons that I honor my Mother by sharing with others. Happy Mother's Day, Mom! I love you and hope I still make you proud.
(Illustration from S-R archives)
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LOS ANGELES (AP) — Former California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger and the University of Southern California announced Thursday they are partnering to create a policy think tank.
The USC Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy will be funded with a Schwarzenegger commitment of $20 million, which will include a personal donation as well as money from fundraising. Schwarzenegger's personal donation was not disclosed.
The former bodybuilder-turned-actor-turned-governor said the think tank will allow him, among other things, to pass along his experience from his seven years in Sacramento.
The Republican governor worked with Democrats to enact California's landmark 2006 global warming law, called AB32, which paved the way for the state's cap-and-trade system for controlling greenhouse gas emissions by the worst polluters.
"One of the great lessons I learned as governor of California was that the best solutions to common problems could only be found when each side was willing to engage thoughtfully and respectfully with each other," Schwarzenegger said in a statement.
"This institute is dedicated to promoting a new era of post-partisanship, where solutions are the result of intelligent and civil discussion between people with deeply held principles who understand the need to work through their disagreements to achieve real solutions," he added.
The Schwarzenegger institute will be housed at USC's Sol Price School of Public Policy in Los Angeles.
School officials said the endowment is expected to be fully funded within two or three years.
Since leaving the statehouse, Schwarzenegger also has returned to acting, with several projects in the pipeline and a co-starring role in "The Expendables 2," which opens in theaters later this month.
He was at Comic-Con in San Diego last month to accept an award, and said at the time he was happy to be back in the movies.


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The place to be....for the Characters, Places & Things on Television
Spock - First and Chief Science Officer (Serial No. S179-276SP) aboard the 23rd century starship, the USS Enterprise on the sci-fi series STAR TREK/NBC/1966-69.
Born 2230 on the planet Vulcan in the city of ShiKahr, Spock (Leonard Nimoy) aspired to the stars. After a lengthy training period, he was assigned to the USS Enterprise, part of a fleet of interplanetary starcruisers belonging to the United Federation of Planets.
Spock's first tour of duty lasted thirteen years under the command of Captain Christopher Pike (Jeffrey Hunter) who was later replaced by Captain James Tiberius Kirk (William Shatner). Despite the fact that Vulcans were trained to express no emotion, Spock became Kirk's close friend, noting concern for his safety on a number of occasions. Despite his friendship with earthling, Spock often observed that the human species was "highly illogical."
DNA speaking, Spock was the product of a human mother, Amanda Grayson (Jane Wyatt), a schoolteacher from earth and a Vulcan father, Sarek (Mark Lenard). This co-mingling of racial bloods often confused Spock in his pursuit of logic, a prize the Vulcans admired above all things in the their search for peace and fulfillment.
The Vulcans had in ages past been a fierce race of barbarians filled with destructive emotional tendencies. However, through the teachings of Surak and his philosophy of pure logic, they had caste aside all emotion to live in peace with each other. As a mark of self control, the Vulcans ate no meat.
It was believed that the warrior race of Romulans in another galaxy were distant relatives of Vulcan who had abandoned the teachings of logic to pursue the merits of warfare.
Controlling emotions did have its draw backs, however. Once every seven years, during their younger years, Spock - like all Vulcans - went through the torment ("fever") of a mating ritual which forced him to mate with a pre-chosen female partner.
A practice handed down "since the time of the beginning." This genetic trait could be fought but only for a few cycles. At that point the mating fever was so intense (the blood burned hot and hold on logic diminished) anyone not submitting to it would surely die in the process. It was the earthly equivalent of being a confused, hormone-ridden teenager multiplied a hundred fold.
Once the mating was accomplished, however, logic returned. In Spock's case his mate, T'Pring (Arlene Martel) refused him and forced him to battle with Captain Kirk. According to Vulcan law, T'Pring had the right to choose her own champion. She had planned her refusal to marry Spock quite logically. If Spock had lost, she would have the right to choose a new mate. And if Spock had won, she would have his name, his property and still she would have her chosen lover while Spock was away on the Enterprise.
After the intense battle, in which Spock thought he killed his Captain, the madness that drove him disappeared. Nurse Chapel (Majel Barrett) the human nurse on board the Enterprise was relieved to find Spock had not married because she already had the "hots: for that point-eared Vulcan hunk.
Other characteristics that distinguished Spock from his starship crew members included:
Green tinted skin-due to his green copper-based blood;
A pulse that topped 212 times per minute;
A heart positioned where a human would have his liver;
His telepathic ability to read the thoughts and emotions of others by using his Vulcan mind-melding touch technique;
His habit of sleeping with his eyes open;
His pointy Vulcan ears which some thought made him look like a Medieval version of Lucifer.
Spock's super-human strength and his Vulcan nerve pinch (applied pressure at base of neck and shoulder) which rendered a person unconscious.
Once Spock was accidentally exposed to an overdose of sunlight which blinded him. However, it was discovered that Vulcans had evolved an inner eyelid because of the brilliant sunlight on their planet. Recovering from his temporary handicap Spock remarked, "the inner eyelid acts as a shield against high intensity light. We tend to ignore it as you ignore your appendix."
On the parental side, an ongoing disagreement between Spock's father and himself about his career choice with Starfleet kept them from talking to each other for eighteen years. But since the average life span of a Vulcan is 250 years, I guess their silence wasn't that long after all.
As a child on Vulcan, Spock had a large bear-like creature with six-inch fangs called a Sehlat. His earthling mother Amanda called it "Spock's Teddy Bear." Spock's other talents included playing the Vulcan harp.
In November of 1991, the Spock character resurfaced on a two-part episode of STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION/FOX/1987-94 where he attempted to unify the Romulans and Vulcan races in 2368.. Soon after, Spock learned of his father's death. Luckily, however, Captain Jean Luc Picard, (Patrick Stewart) had mind-melded with Sarek before his death. Picard then mind-melded with Spock and shared his father's last thoughts which included his love for his son.
Mr. Spock in the STAR TREK spinoff movies
In the motion picture spinoffs of the TV series, Spock's character went through additional changes including:
Dying from radiation poisoning;
Resurrecting himself on the planet Genesis;
Saving the planet Earth by returning whales from the past to the future;
Rediscovering his long-lost brother, Sybok (Laurence Luckinbill) who had left Vulcan to pursue a search of emotion verses logic.
TRIVIA NOTE: In 1980, the newly formed British rock 'n roll band called themselves T'Pau after a character featured on the STAR TREK series. T'Pau (Celia Lovsky) was a high ranking Vulcan official who presided at Spock's failed wedding ceremony (episode No. 34 "Amok Time"). She was the only person ever to turn down a seat on the Federation Council.
See also "Sarek"; "Vulcans"; and CATCHPHRASES: "Highly Illogical"


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Flood Cleanup Update
- Any Asbestos damaged by mud or flood related - DO NOT TOUCH!
- Notify Homeowner
- Information on contractors & clean up available at Mayor's Office
FAMILY ASSISTANCE CENTER is still operational until Friday, August 28 at 5 pm
- TLC Urgent Care
- Red Cross for Bedding, food, clothing, and storage
- Community Action for information on hot water tanks, water heaters, and appliances
- Dept. of Social Services for food, housing, and food stamps
- Dept. of Mental Health
- Cattaraugus County Health Department
- Office of the Aging for persons 60 and older (for information on hot water tanks, furnaces, and boilers)
- Masks and Mask fittings.
Food Vouchers
FOOD VOUCHERS Available at the Gowanda Elementary School, Aldrich Street, Gowanda August 19-21st
Please bring proof of ID and proof of residence
- Rt 39 Open to one lane
- Rt 62 is NOW OPEN
- West Valley – Closed: Gulf Road, Fox Valley Road, and Neff Road
- East Otto – Closed: Traffic Road, Monk Hill Road and Snake Run Road
- Humphrey- Closed: Pumpkin Hollow Road,
- Town of Perrysburg – Closed: Mackinaw Road and Pudding Lane
- Otto - Upper end of N. Otto Road, the Buttermilk Falls Bridge Closed
- South Valley - Closed: Wheeler Road
For donation drop off in Hinsdale, NY please go to the American Legion on Rt 16 from 2:30 pm to 8 pm daily. Contact person:Suzi VanDeCAr at 557-2010. Recommended donations: Money, bleach, disinfecting wipes, antibacterial soap, mops, buckets, sponges, baby formula, baby wipes, diapers, and pet food.
GOWANDA - TRASH AND LIMBS – pick up will continue until August 28th, curbside.
GOWANDA - MUD – from back yards needs to STOP IMMEDIATELY being dumped on the curbside.
Residents with compostable material may take to Farwell Transfer Station or the 5 Points transfer station.
Cattaraugus County Transfer Stations:
Will be taking non-hazardous "Storm Damaged Materials" free of charge from 8/21/09 until 9/4/09. There is a 3-cubic yard limit once per day per customer. A standard pick up is equivalent to 3-cubic yards and cannot exceed6 inches above the original box side of the truck bed. Storm damaged materials will be received during the normal operating hours of each transfer station. For further information please contact Jeff Contino at 938-2441 or Linda McAndrew at 938-2486.
Hours of Operation:
- Five Points – Thursday 9 am – 5 pm; Friday and Saturday 8 am-4pm
- Salamanca – Monday thru Friday 7:30 am-5:30; Saturday 7:30am-4pm
- Dayton – Tuesday 9 am -5 pm; Saturday 8 am – 4 pm
- Allegany – Tuesday thru Friday 8 am-5 pm; Saturday 8 am -4 pm
- Portville – Tuesday thru Friday 8 am-5 pm; Saturday 8 am -4 pm
- Machias – Tuesday and Wednesday 9:30 am - 5:30 pm; Saturday 8am – 4 pm
- Conewango-Wednesday 9 am-5 pm; Saturday 8 am-4 pm
- Onoville – Saturday 8am - noon
Household Hazardous Waste
Cattaraugus County Department of Public Works has scheduled a Household Hazardous Waste and Computer Recycling Day. Free disposal day will be Saturday, October 3, 2009. at the Cattaraugus County DPW located at 8810 Rtr 242, Little Valley. Please refer to the Cattaraugus County Website for additional information or call 938-2486. REGISTRATION REQUIRED by September 24.
Volunteer Assistance Available
Contact: Tri-County Recovery Coordination Center 716-254-1783
Located at the Gowanda Volunteer Fire Department, 230 Aldrich St, Gowanda or email TriCountyRCC [at] gmail [dot] com
Hours of Operation: 8AM – 5PM
Tri-County residents affected by the recent disaster can stop by and fill out a needs assessment, seek volunteer assistance and get relief information.
The Coordination Center is working with volunteers, churches and relief organizations to connect resources to those in need of assistance.
Please stop by for information and to let us know what your needs are so we can try to point you in the right direction.
For more information contact: in Gowanda: Officer Jen Alessi, PIO, Gowanda Police Dept. at 532-3325 x 5012
For Cattaraugus County: Investigator Christa Heckathorn, PIO Cattaraugus County at 938-2571
For more information, on the flood please visit the Flood Assistance Information page


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Mount Union Students Raise Funds for Spring Break Work Trip at CiCi?s Pizza in Alliance
May 05, 2010
While most other students are enjoying their time off or vacationing during Spring Break, 12 Mount Union students will be lending a hand to the victims of Hurricane Katrina, helping to clean up the destruction in Mississippi. Before their trip, however, they will be working hard to raise funds to make the service project possible.
On Thursday, February 1, Thursday, February 15 and Thursday, March 1 from 5-9 p.m., the students will be at CiCi's Pizza in Alliance to bus tables, refill sodas and talk to people about their upcoming trip. Ten percent of the dining purchase of patrons who mention they are there to support the Mount Union group will be donated to the service project.
The students fundraising at CiCi's and participating in the trip include Melissa Stinson, a sophomore of Painesville; Sarah Cochran, a junior sociology major of Springfield; Travis Todd, a sophomore biology major of New Stanton, PA; Theresa Callahan, a freshman early childhood education major from Lorain; Jodi Heath, a junior athletic training major of Spencer; Ashley Spragale, a freshman of Mercer, PA; Heather Stump, a freshman early childhood education major of Wadsworth; Melonie Jurcevic, a junior writing major of Parma; Stephanie Cartwright, a freshman of Wadsworth; Luke Messner, a sophomore business administration, political science and writing major of Dalton; Jamie Louk, a freshman athletic training major of Spencer and Ashley Walker, a sophomore of Oberlin. Also attending will be Amanda Espenschied-Reilly, director of service-learning and community service and Leigh Anne Drago, Vista service leader.
In order to be selected for the trip, the students had to participate in an application process. Twenty students applied and they were the 12 that were selected.
The students will be leaving on March 3 and staying in Kiln, MS at a housing center for volunteer groups called Camp Coastal Outpost. They will be spending long days working from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. in Waveland, MS on new construction, which will consist of painting and finishing drywall. Other parts of the trips will include a chance for the students to meet public officials to hear their view of the recovery efforts and also a tour of the area.


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Memphis Bar-B-Q offers coupons and specials for its products and services on a regular basis. Sometimes you can find daily deals for Memphis Bar-B-Q or printable coupons or promo codes found online. Is is important to check for opportunities to save any time you plan to visit Memphis Bar-B-Q. Yipit makes it really easy to stay on top all Memphis Bar-B-Q coupons by searching the web everyday and bringing all Memphis Bar-B-Q deals into one convenient location. Sign up for Yipit to get notified any time Memphis Bar-B-Q or any other local business that you like has a special available. Enjoy all the best for less with Yipit!


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Rihanna Rimes is a Porn Star from United States. She was born in Los Angeles on October 6, 1990. She is listed on FreeOnes since 2011 and is currently ranked 3328th place. She currently has 116 gallery links and 10 videos in her own FreeOnes section.
Our records show that Rihanna Rimes is currently active which means she is still making movies, doing live shows and/or doing photo shoots.


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Real Mona, Bull Bay atop Major League
REAL Mona and Bull Bay ended the year as zone leaders in the Hi-lyte/KSAFA Major League after victories in Saturday's fifth round of games.
Real Mona stopped Molynes United, 3-0, at Buttercup to stay two points clear at the top of Zone A, while Bull Bay edged longtime rivals Duhaney Park, 1-0, at Bull Pen to keep their five-point advantage in Zone B.
In other Zone B matches, Brown's Town clipped Constant Spring, 1-0, and Cooreville defeated Pembroke Hall, 3-1, while Maxfield turned back Swallowfield, 1-0, and Meadforest played out a 0-0 draw with New Kingston in the other Zone B games.
At Buttercup Park, Paul Cunningham scored twice for the group leaders and the home team sealed the win by virtue of a defender's goal.
The Peter Moses-coached team has now climbed to 12 points, two more than Brown's Town, who surprised Constant Spring.
Molynes slipped one place to third with seven points, one more than Constant Spring and Cooreville, who beat Pembroke Hall for their second win of the season.
In Zone B, Bull Bay and Maxfield scored identical 1-0 wins to sit first and second in the table, respectively.
Donovan McCurdy scored the game's only goal as Bull Bay extended their unbeaten run to five games and stretched their tally to 15 points, five ahead of Maxfield, who beat Swallowfield to move into second with 10 points.
Duhaney Park stayed third on seven points, the same as New Kingston, who had a goalless draw with Meadforest, who were getting their first point of the season.
Swallowfield sit at the bottom pointless as they are still to get off the mark after five games. The league continues with the first set of crosszone games next Saturday.
Meanwhile, in the Syd Bartlett competition on Sunday, bottom-of-thetable Central Kingston created the upset of the round, after beating topof-the-table Red Hills, 2-1, at Winchester Park.
The result gave Central Kingston their first points of the campaign, while Red Hills slipped to second by a point behind Whitfield Town, who slammed Stony Hill, 4-0, to climb to the top with seven points.
Seaview Gardens (four points) failed to take advantage of Red Hills' slip-up after they went down 4-0 to the National Under-17 team at Seaview Gardens.


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Search.Domains is a Premium Domain name owned by Power Names.
This domain may be for sale or could have a new website launching here shortly.
If you would like to find out more about this domain name, please use the contact form below. We will aim to come back to you within 24 hours.


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Welcome to TruelyBeauty! Take care of your skin and become beautiful, it's never too late! Truely Beauty Industry Co.,Ltd is one of the leading China body care manufacturers and suppliers, welcome to wholesale cheap body care, eye massage pen, electric powder puff, make-up powder puff, breast tightening machine from our factory.
Being able to spot upcoming market trends and offer superior products at competitive prices. Our electronic skincare and makeup products win good reputation all over the work, such as facial cleanser, ultrasonic beauty device, eyelash curler, wrinkle ironer, beauty bar, lady shaver. We love beauty products and we are proud to bring ranges that we truly believe to be effective and luxurious, there is nothing that hasn't been tried and tested strictly before shipping to customers.


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As of LDI 2002, TMB (http://www.tmb.com) will be turning 20 years old; for those of you who are still rarin' to go after LDI, the entertainment lighting supplies distributor is hosting a post-LDI open house and 20th anniversary party at its brand-new LA headquarters on Monday, October 21. Visitors will get to see TMB's custom-built 40,000-sq.-ft. facility, overlooking the Hansen Dam Golf Course in Los Angeles' San Fernando Valley, 10 minutes from TMB's old Burbank location. The facility ...
General Admission
This content is free to access as a registered user on livedesignonline.com
Why register for livedesignonline.com? It's simple and free, and here is what you get:
- Daily original news covering the latest in entertainment design and technology
- Features on the latest industry trends
- Insights from thought leaders in the industry
- The ability to view both pay-per-view and free recorded sessions from our live events including Master Classes, LDI and Envision


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How to render 3D Texture as solid body?
Does anyone know how to reproduce this example from wri.com? http://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/new-in-8/enhanced-2d-and-3d-graphics/volumetric-rendering-using-3d-textures.html There's an example on the doc page of Texture, under Applications -> Volume Rendering, but it only renders 2D slides, not a solid three-dimensional body like the example I linked to. I'm interested in starting with a 3D texture and rendering a solid 3D body from it, just like the example I linked. I asked this question here as well: http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/q/6247/12


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Freshen up those mats on that Kawasaki with our grooved mats. Provides traction and a new look. 7 piece Cut Diamond PWC mat kit.
Add 3M PSA backing for faster, easier, cleaner installation.
Fits the following PWC models:
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North Khorasan Province
This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
North Khorasan Province استان خراسان شمالی |
Province | |
Location of North Khorasan within Iran |
Coordinates: 37°28′34″N 57°19′54″E / 37.4761°N 57.3317°E | |
Country | Iran |
Region | Region 5 |
Capital | Bojnord |
Counties | 7 |
Area | |
• Total | 28,434 km2 (10,978 sq mi) |
Population (2011)[1] | |
• Total | 867,727 |
• Density | 31/km2 (79/sq mi) |
Time zone | IRST (UTC+03:30) |
• Summer (DST) | IRST (UTC+04:30) |
Main languages | Persian Kurdish Turkmen Khorasani Turkic |
North Khorasan Province (Persian: استان خراسان شمالی, Ostān-e Khorāsān-e Shomālī) is a province located in northeastern Iran. Bojnord is the capital of the province. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5.[2]
Other counties are Shirvan, Esfarayen, Maneh and Samalqan, Raz and Jargalan county Jajarm, Faroj and Garmeh.
North Khorasan is one of the three provinces that were created after the division of Khorasan in 2004.
Greater Khorasan has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties and governments in its territory throughout history. Various tribes of Persians, Arabs, Turks, Kurds,[3] Mongols, Turkmen, and Afghans have brought change to the region time and time again.
Ancient geographers of Iran divided Iran ("Iran-Shahr") into eight segments of which the most flourishing and largest was the territory of Greater Khorasan. Esfarayen, among other cities of the province, was one of the focal points for settlement by Aryan tribes entering Iran.
The Parthian empire was based near Merv in Khorasan for many years. In Parthian times, Esfarayen was one of the important villages of Nishapur.
During the Sassanid dynasty the province was governed by a Spahbod (Lieutenant General) called "Padgoosban" and four margraves, each commander of one of the four parts of the province.
Khorasan was divided into four parts during the Muslim conquest of Persia, each section being named after the four largest cities, Nishapur, Merv, Herat, and Balkh.
In the year 651, the army of Islamic Arabs invaded Khorasan. The territory remained in the hands of the Abbasid clan until 820, followed by the rule of the Iranian Taherid clan in the year 896 and the Samanid dynasty in 900.
Mahmud of Ghazni conquered Khorasan in 994 and in the year 1037 Tuğrul Beg, the first of the Seljuq empire rulers conquered Nishapur.
Mahmud Qaznavi retaliated against the invaders several times, and finally the Qaznavi Turks defeated Sultan Sanjar. But there was more to come, as in 1157 Khorasan was conquered by the Khwarazmids. In 1220 was annexed by the Mongols of Chiggis Qa'an. When in 1226 the great conqueror finally died, the Khorasan was inheriter by his son Tolui and then by the son of this, who's named Hulegu, the first emperor of the mongolic Ilkhanate of Persia.
In the 14th century, a flag of independence was hoisted by the Sarbedaran movement in Sabzevar, and in 1368, Khorasan came into the hands of Tamerlane.
In 1507, Khorasan was occupied by Uzbek tribes. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, it was occupied by the Afghans.
During the Qajar period, Britain supported the Afghans to protect their East India Company. Herat was thus separated from Persia, and Nasser-al-Din Shah was unable to defeat the British to take back Herat. Finally, the Paris Treaty was concluded in 1903 and Iran was compelled not to challenge the British for Herat and other parts of what is today Afghanistan.
Finally Khorasan was divided into two parts: the eastern part, which was the most densely populated region came under British occupation, and the other western section remained part of Iran.
Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) were Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan.
North Khorasan today[edit]
North Khorasan province is one of the most diverse territories in Iran today, largely reflecting the ethnic make-up of Iran. Kurdish speakers make up 46.1%, forming the relative majority (plurality) of the population. The next largest group is Persian speakers which make up 27.8% of the population, Khorasani Turks make up 20.6% and Turkmens make up about 3.3% and other Iranians make up 2.2% of the population. There used to be a sizeable population of Lurs who used to inhabit this province, however most returned to their native area in western Iran as there are no signs of them in the province today[4]
Previously there used to be a sizeable community of Arabs who settled in the area during the Arab invasion of Iran, however by 1875 they had intermarried so extensively with Persians and Turks that they were indistinguishable in feature and language, having largely abandoned the Arab language and culture in favour of the local one.[5]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Main sights[edit]
This province contains many historical and natural attractions, such as mineral water springs, small lakes, recreational areas, caves and protected regions, and various hiking areas. Most of the historical relics are from the Qajar era, as earthquakes continue to ravage older relics.
The Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran lists 1,179 sites of historical and cultural significance in all three provinces of Khorasan.
Some of the popular attractions of North Khorasan are:
- Tepe Pahlavan, near Jajarm, A prehistoric archeological site
- Jalalal-din castle, Jajarm
- Miandasht wildlife refuge, living place of Asiatic Cheetah
- petroglyphic site from Bronze Age in Jorbat (10 km north of Jajarm)
- Sari Gol protected area,
- Hasanabad, Ghaisar and Solak old castles,
- Noshirvan and Ebadatgah caves,
- Faghatdezh castle,
- Tomb of Sheikh Ali Esfarayeni
- Saloog Protected Area,
- Besh Qardash (five brothers) and Baba-Aman springs,
- Bidag, Konegarm, Konjekooh, Armadloo and Seyed Sadegh caves,
- Mofakham mirror house (image), built during the Qajar era
- Baba Tavakol mausoleum,
- Imamzadeh Sultan Seyed Abbas
- Salook Protected Area
- Bazkhaneh valley
- Ayyub mineral water spring
- Ruwin village
Colleges and universities[edit]
- University of Bojnurd
- Islamic Azad University of Bojnurd
- Eshragh Institute of Higher Education (Bojnurd, North Khorasan)
- Islamic Azad University of Shiravan
- Hakiman Institute of Higher Education (Bojnurd, North Khorasan)
- Khorasan University of Medical Science (Bojnurd, North Khorasan)
See also[edit]
- ^ Selected Findings of National Population and Housing Census 2011
- ^ "همشهری آنلاین-استانهای کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند (Provinces were divided into 5 regions)". Hamshahri Online (in Persian). 22 June 2014 (1 Tir 1393, Jalaali). Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. Check date values in:
(help) - ^ [1]
- ^ The ethnic groups in Northern Khorasan, "[2]", accessed in March 2014.
- ^ "C. M. MacGregor, Narrative of a Journey through the Province of Khorassan, London, 1879, p. 141 [3]", accessed in March 2014.
External links[edit]
- The text of the law for division of Khorasan into three provinces (in Persian)
- Cultural Heritage Foundation of Khorasan
Balkan Province, Turkmenistan | Ahal Province, Turkmenistan | ||
Golestan Province | ||||
Semnan Province | Razavi Khorasan Province |


text:
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As rated by our community of reviewers


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I like the tool - I've been waiting a long time for Red-Gate to do this tool and all of a sudden it appeared - thanks guys.
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Ability for SQL Doc to parse and use embedded comments, eg:
--##SUMMARY - gives a summary of the SP's function
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--##PARAM - details about a parameter
These are then used to further detail the information produced by SQL Doc, making the documentation even more useful.
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text:
Resolution Chart Comparison (JPEG and Raw)
Images on this page are of our standard resolution chart which provides for measurement of resolution up to 4000 LPH (Lines Per Picture Height). A value of 20 equates to 2000 lines per picture height. For each camera we use the relevant prime lens (the same one we use for all the other tests in a particular review). The chart is shot at a full range of apertures and the sharpest image selected. Studio light, cameras set to aperture priority (optimum aperture selected), image parameters default. Exposure compensation set to deliver approximately 80% luminance in the white areas.
What we want to show here is how well the camera is able to resolve the detail in our standard test chart compared to the theoretical maximum resolution of the sensor, which for the charts we shoot is easy to work out - it's simply the number of vertical pixels (the chart shows the number of single lines per picture height, the theoretical limit is 1 line per pixel). Beyond this limit (which when talking about line pairs is usually referred to as the Nyquist frequency) the sensor cannot faithfully record image detail and aliasing occurs.
This limit is rarely attained, because the majority of sensors are fitted with anti-aliasing filters. Anti-aliasing filters are designed to reduce unpleasant moiré effects, but in doing so, they also reduce resolution (the relative strength and quality of these filters varies from camera to camera). In theory though, a sensor without an AA filter, when coupled with a 'perfect' lens, will deliver resolution equal to its Nyquist limit. Therefore, even though it may be effectively unattainable with normal equipment in normal shooting situations, an understanding of a sensor's theoretical limit provides a useful benchmark for best possible performance. Nyquist is indicated in these crops with a red line.
On this page we're looking at both JPEG and Raw resolution. For a (more) level playing field we convert the latter using Adobe Camera Raw. Because Adobe Camera Raw applies different levels of sharpening to different cameras (this confirmed) we use the following workflow for these conversions:
- Load Raw file into Adobe Camera Raw (Auto mode disabled)
- Set Sharpness to 0 (all other settings default)
- Open file to Photoshop
- Apply a Unsharp mask tuned to the camera, here 200%, Radius 0.3, Threshold 0
- Make 100% crops and save the original file at JPEG quality 11 for download
JPEG (4032 x 3024) 5.4MB | Raw (4032 x 3024) 3.3MB |
Vertical resolution
Raw |
Horizontal resolution
JPEG | Raw |
The E-PL3 produces results in our resolution test that closely mimic its predecessor, the E-PL2, and are identical to the E-P3. The camera's relatively light anti-aliasing filter allows it to render the lines on the chart with good separation to approximately 2300 LPH, and the image processing removes moiré very effectively. It's worth noting though that the default JPEG sharpening is quite aggressive, resulting in very obvious haloing artifacts around the lines and numbers of the chart (which is fairly typical for Olympus).
The processed Raw (using a Beta version of ACR 6.5) likewise shows impressively fine resolution, and while there's a bit more color moiré, the narrower-radius sharpening we've applied results in a cleaner image without sharpening artifacts. Overall the E-PL3's results are very good for a 12MP sensor, but naturally it can't quite match the resolution offered by the likes of the 16 MP Sony NEX-5N.


text:
Noise Observation and Information Service for Europe - NOISE |
NOISE is the Noise Observation and Information Service for Europe maintained by the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the European Topic Centre for Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC-ACM) on behalf of the European Commission. It contains data related to strategic noise maps delivered in accordance with European Directive 2002/49/EC relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise. Otherwise known as the Environmental Noise Directive, or END, it establishes a system of source identification, noise mapping and population exposure assessments based upon harmonised noise indicators for Europe. The EEA requests all its member and collaborating countries to provide the information required by the Environmental Noise Directive because noise pollution is a pan European issue. EEA produces assessments of the impact of noise, which aim to cover all of the geographical areas of Europe that are most affected by major transport network and industrial noise sources. |
Noise data content disclaimer |
This database contains information reported by EU member states and EEA member countries in accordance with the requirements of Directive 2002/49/EC relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise. Responsibility for the quality of source data, methodologies and models rests with the member states and member countries. This database covers the data reported by member states and member countries corresponding to 2005 and 2007 deliveries, and to 2010 (2008) and 2012 deliveries, updated up to 30th of June 2015 for both noise exposure data and for noise contour maps. |
Recommended Setup. This website requires the Adobe Flash plugin, version 9 or higher. It is best viewed with a high-resolution video card at a resolution of 1280 x 1024 and colors set to "True Color(32bit)". Browser Compatibility. This website should work on any web browser compatible with Adobe flash technology. |
Navigation through the NOISE viewer will allow you to:
How to use the viewer: |
More information on "How do I get started" can be found in the HELP section. |
Please feel free to contact us with any comments or suggestions you may have regarding NOISE, via E-mail or telephone at +34 93 581 3868. |


text:
- Video
- Overview
- Information
- Reviews
- Help
To Summit Access Kayak Deck Bag
Shopping Info
Sea to Summit Access Kayak Deck Bag - The Access Deck Bag from Sea to Summit is a handy and versatile deck bag. It allows you easy access to essentials like your camera, sunscreen and snacks without exiting your kayak. It easily detaches from your kayak to carry with you or just remove the included dry bag with roll top closure. The Access is secured to your kayak with two different options. Use either the Velcro straps on the bottom or the release buckles on the side. This supper strong abrasion resistant deck bag is further enhanced with stretchy shock cord and mesh side compartments for increased storage options. Ideal for day trips, overnights or longer expeditions, the Acess Deck Bag from Sea to Summit is soon to be your favorite! |
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text:
St Pancras railway station
St Pancras | |
London St Pancras International | |
St Pancras station from Euston Road
Location of St Pancras in Central London
Location | St Pancras |
Local authority | London Borough of Camden |
Managed by |
Network Rail (High Speed) for HS1 Ltd[1] Eurostar[2] Network Rail (Thameslink platforms) |
Owner | London and Continental Railways[3] |
Station code | STP |
DfT category |
A (mainline platforms) C1 (Thameslink platforms) |
Number of platforms | 15 |
Accessible | Yes [4] |
Fare zone | 1 |
King's Cross St. Pancras London King's Cross Euston [5] |
Cycle parking | Yes – external (in car park) |
Toilet facilities | Yes |
National Rail annual entry and exit | |
2002–03 | 2.184 million[6] |
2004–05 | 5.472 million[6] |
2005–06 | 4.893 million[6] |
— interchange | 0.521 million[6] |
2006–07 | 5.777 million[6] |
— interchange | 0.663 million[6] |
2007–08 | 6.624 million[6] |
— interchange | 1.664 million[6] |
2008–09 | 19.326[7] million[6] |
— interchange | 2.841 million[6] |
2009–10 | 18.020 million[6] |
— interchange | 2.081 million[6] |
2010–11 | 22.032 million[6] |
— interchange | 2.159 million[6] |
2011–12 | 23.046 million[6] |
— interchange | 3.596 million[6] |
2012–13 | 24.298 million[6] |
— interchange | 3.469 million[6] |
2013–14 | 26.046 million[6] |
— interchange | 3.504 million[6] |
Railway companies | |
Original company | Midland Railway |
Pre-grouping | Midland Railway |
Post-grouping | London Midland & Scottish Railway |
Key dates | |
1 October 1868 | Opened as terminus for Midland |
15 July 2006 | New domestic (Midland Main Line) platforms opened |
6 November 2007 | Relaunched by HM The Queen |
14 November 2007 | Eurostar services transferred from Waterloo |
9 December 2007 | Low-level Thameslink platforms opened |
13 December 2009 | Southeastern high-speed domestic services introduced |
Other information | |
Lists of stations | |
External links |
London Transport portal UK Railways portal |
St Pancras railway station ( or ), also known as London St Pancras and since 2007 as St Pancras International,[8][9][10] is a central London railway terminus and Grade I listed building located on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden.
Widely known for its Victorian architecture, the station stands between the British Library, King's Cross station and the Regent's Canal. It was opened in 1868 by the Midland Railway as the southern terminus of its main line which connected London with the East Midlands and Yorkshire. When it opened, the arched Barlow train shed was the largest single-span roof in the world.
After escaping planned demolition in the 1960s, the complex was renovated and expanded from 2001 to 2007 at a cost of £800 million with a ceremony attended by Queen Elizabeth II and extensive publicity introducing it as a public space. A security-sealed terminal area was constructed for Eurostar services to continental Europe via High Speed 1 and the Channel Tunnel, with platforms for domestic trains to the north and south-east of England. The restored station has 15 platforms, a shopping centre and a coach facility, and is served by London Underground's King's Cross St. Pancras station. St Pancras is owned by HS1 and is managed by Network Rail (High Speed), a subsidiary of Network Rail.[11]
Background 1
- Overview 1.1
- Location 1.2
- Platform layout 1.3
- Public art 1.4
History 2
- Requirement for a new station 2.1
- Design and construction 2.2
- Grouping, nationalisation and privatisation 2.3
- New role 2.4
- Rebuilding 2.5
- International station opens 2.6
- Connection to King's Cross 2.7
- Hotel 2.8
- Accidents and incidents 3
Services 4
Domestic 4.1
- East Midlands Trains (Midland Main Line) 4.1.1
- Thameslink 4.1.2
- Southeastern (High Speed 1 and Kent Coast) 4.1.3
- Southeastern High Speed Typical Off-Peak Timetable 4.1.4
- Olympic Javelin service 4.2
International 4.3
- Eurostar (High Speed 1) 4.3.1
- Deutsche Bahn 4.3.2
Domestic 4.1
Service patterns 5
- Platform usage 5.1
Future developments 6
- Competition with Eurostar 6.1
- Great Northern 6.2
- Freight 6.3
- King's Cross St Pancras tube station 7
- Notes 8
References 9
- Sources 9.1
- External links 10
The station is the terminus for East Midlands Trains services from London to Derby, Leicester, Nottingham, Sheffield, and smaller towns en route, and for Eurostar's high-speed trains to Paris, Brussels and Lille.[12][13] Thameslink trains on the cross-London Thameslink route call at platforms beneath the main station, south to Gatwick Airport and Brighton and north to Luton Airport Parkway for Luton Airport and Bedford. High-speed domestic services to Kent, run by Southeastern, began in December 2009.[14]
St Pancras is often termed the "cathedral of the railways", and includes two of the most celebrated structures built in Britain in the Victorian Gothic architecture, now occupied by the five-star Renaissance London Hotel and apartments.[16]
The terminal is one of relatively few railway stations in England to feature multilingual signage; all notices are written in English and French. Ashford International station has similar bilingual signs. Other stations with foreign-language signs include Southall, which has signs in Punjabi, Wallsend Metro station (Latin),[17] and Moreton-in-Marsh (Japanese).[18] In March 2014, the station's public relations team commissioned a study of mispronounced words, reportedly as a result of passengers referring to the station as "St Pancreas".[19]
St Pancras occupies a site orientated north/south, deeper than it is wide. The south is bounded by the busy Euston Road, with the frontage provided by the former Midland Grand Hotel. Behind the hotel, the Barlow train shed is elevated 5 m (17 ft) above street level, with the area below forming the station undercroft. To the west, the original station is bounded by Midland Road with the British Library on the other side of the road. To the east, it is bounded by Pancras Road and is opposite King's Cross station. The new northern half of the station is mainly bounded to the east by Camley Street, with Camley Street Natural Park across the road. To the north-east is King's Cross Central, formerly known as the Railway Lands, a complex of intersecting railway lines crossed by several roads and the Regent's Canal.[20][21]
Platform layout
St Pancras contains four groups of platforms on two levels, accessed via the main concourse at ground level. The below-surface group contains through platforms A and B, and the upper level has three groups of terminal platforms: domestic platforms 1–4 and 11–13 on each side of international platforms 5–10. Platforms A & B serve Thameslink, 1–4 connect to the Midland Main Line, while platforms 11–13 lead to High Speed 1; there is no connection between the two lines, except for a maintenance siding outside the station.[22]
The longer international platforms, used by Eurostar, extend a considerable distance southwards into Barlow's train shed, whilst the other platforms terminate at the southern end of the 2005 extension. The international platforms do not occupy the full width of the Barlow train shed, and sections of the floor area have been opened up to provide natural light to the new ground-level concourse below. Eurostar's arrival and departure lounges lie below these platforms, adjacent to The Arcade, a concourse fashioned from the original station undercroft which runs along the western length of the Barlow train shed. The southern end of The Arcade links to the western ticket hall of King's Cross St Pancras tube station.[21][23][24]
Whilst access to the East Midlands Trains platforms are via the northern end of The Arcade, the Thameslink and domestic High Speed platforms are reached through a street-level concourse which runs east to west at the point where the old and new parts of the station meet: this joins The Arcade at a right angle, forming a "T" shape. The main pedestrian entrance is at the eastern end of this concourse, where a subway enables pedestrians to reach King's Cross station and the northern ticket hall of the tube station.[21][25]
Public art
There are several items of art on display to the public at St Pancras. At the south end of the upper level, a 9-metre (29.5 ft) high 20-tonne (19.7-long-ton; 22.0-short-ton) bronze statue named The Meeting Place stands beneath the station clock. Designed by British artist Paul Day, it is intended to evoke the romance of travel through the depiction of a couple locked in an amorous embrace.[26]
Controversy was caused by Day's 2008 addition of a bronze relief frieze around the plinth.[27] depicting a commuter falling into the path of an Underground train driven by the Grim Reaper. Day revised the frieze before the final version was installed.[28]
On the upper level, above the Arcade concourse, stands a bronze statue of the former Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman, depicted gazing in apparent wonder at the Barlow roof. Designed by British sculptor Martin Jennings, the statue commemorates the poet's successful campaign to save the station from demolition in the 1960s.[29][30] The 2-metre (6 ft 7 in)-high statue stands on a flat disc of Cumbrian slate inscribed with lines from Betjeman's poem Cornish Cliffs:
And in the shadowless unclouded glare / Deep blue above us fades to whiteness where / A misty sea-line meets the wash of air.— John Betjeman, Cornish Cliffs, [31]
Outside St Pancras Chambers, affixed to a wall, is an example of the "London Noses" installation art created by Rick Buckley – a replica of his nose. This was created in 1997 and survived the renovation of the building.[32]
Requirement for a new station
The station was commissioned by the Midland Railway. Before the 1860s, the company had a network of routes in the Midlands, and in south and west Yorkshire and Lancashire but no route of its own to the capital. Up to 1857 the company had no line into London, and used the lines of the London and North Western Railway for trains into the capital; after 1857 the company's Leicester and Hitchin Railway gave access to London via the Great Northern Railway.[33]
In 1862, traffic for the second International Exhibition suffered extensive delays over the stretch of line into London over the Great Northern Railway's track; the route into London via the London and North Western was also at capacity, with coal trains causing the network at Rugby and elsewhere to reach effective gridlock. This was the stimulus for the Midland to build its own line to London from Bedford.[34] Surveying for a 49.75-mile (80 km) long line began in October 1862.
Design and construction
The station was designed by William Henry Barlow.[35] The approaching line to the station crossed the Regent's Canal at height allowing the line reasonable gradients; this resulted in the level of the line at St Pancras being 12 to 17 ft (3.7 to 5.2 m) above the ground level. Initial plans were for a two or three span roof with the void between station and ground level filled with spoil from tunnelling to join the Midland Main Line to the St. Pancras branch (Widened Lines). Instead, due to the value of the land in such a location the lower area was used for freight, in particular beer from Burton (see Brewers of Burton);[note 1] as a result the undercroft was built with columns and girders, maximising space, set out to the same plans as used as those used for beer warehouses, and with a basic unit of length of that of a beer barrel.[37]
The contract for the construction of the station substructure and connecting lines was given to Messrs. Waring, with Barlow's assistant Campion as supervisor.[38] The lower floor for beer warehousing contained interior columns 15 ft (4.57 m) wide, and 48 ft (14.63 m) deep carrying girders supporting the main station and track.[39] The connection to the Widened Lines (St. Pancras branch) ran below the station's bottom level, in an east-to-west direction.[38]
To avoid the foundations of the roof interfering with the space beneath, and to simplify the design, and minimise cost, it was decided to construct a single span roof, with cross ties for the arch at the station level. The arch was sprung directly from the station level, with no piers.[40] Additional advice on the design of the roof was given to Barlow by Rowland Mason Ordish.[38] The arches' ribs had a web depth of 6 ft (1.8 m), mostly open ironwork. The span width, from wall to wall was 245 ft 6 in (74.83 m), with a rib every 29 ft 4 in (8.94 m) The arch was a slightly pointed design, with a reduced Radius of curvature at the springing points. The Butterley Company was contracted to construct the arches.[41] The total cost of the 24 rib roof and glazing was over £53,000, of which over half was for the main ribs. The cost of the gable end was a further £8,500.[42]
The single-span overall roof was the largest such structure in the world at the time of its completion.[35]
The materials used were wrought iron framework of lattice design, with glass covering the middle half and timber (inside)/slate (outside) covering the outer quarters. The two end screens were glazed in a vertical rectangular grid pattern with decorative timber cladding around the edge and wrought iron finials around the outer edge. It was 689 feet (210.01 m) long, 240 feet (73.15 m) wide, and 100 feet (30.48 m) high at the apex above the tracks.[43]
Construction of a hotel fronting the station, the
- EngvarB from October 2015
- Coordinates not on Wikidata
- Rail transport stations in London fare zone 1
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012
- Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2012
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- Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013
- Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014
- Pages containing links to subscription-only content
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- Articles with dead external links from September 2014
- Commons category without a link on Wikidata
- Official website not in Wikidata
- Use dmy dates from October 2015
- Railway termini in London
- Grade I listed buildings in London
- Grade I listed railway stations
- Transport architecture in London
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- Railway stations in Camden
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- DfT Category A stations
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- Clock towers in the United Kingdom
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- Official website
External links
- ^ "Station Facilities: London St Pancras Domestic (STP)".
- ^ "Ownership and Structure".
- ^ a b "About London & Continental Railways (High Speed 1)".
- ^ "London and South East" (PDF). National Rail Enquiries.
- ^ "Out of Station Interchanges" (XLS).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Station usage estimates". Rail statistics. Please note: Some methodology may vary year on year.
- ^ Includes the first full-year figures for the Thameslink service, which transferred from King's Cross Thameslink to St Pancras in December 2007.
- ^ Brown, J. (2009). London Railway Atlas. London: Ian Allan.
- ^ Official name of the station according to the Department of Transport, released in response to a Freedom of Information Act request at Whatdotheyknow.com retrieved 2 December 2008. (Requires download)
- ^ Official name of the station according to the London Borough of Camden released in response to a Freedom of Information Act request at Whatdotheyknow.com. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
- ^ "Commercial information". Our Stations. London: Network Rail. April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
- ^ a b c "Route 1 Timetable" (PDF). East Midlands Trains. December 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
- ^ Official Eurostar website. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
- ^ "First year of high speed rail services in Kent". BBC News. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ Fryer, Jane (15 March 2007). "Full steam ahead at £800m St Pancras". Daily Mail (London). Retrieved 26 January 2010.
- ^ "St Pancras Renaissance, Kings Cross, London: hotel review". The Telegraph. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ "Southall Station". Disused Stations. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
- ^ "Japanese signs installed at Cotswold railway station to help tourism". This is Gloucestershire. 12 January 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
- ^ Vincent, James (11 March 2014). "Three-quarters of Britons are saying it wrong". The Independent (London).
- ^ "Going to St Pancras Station". London and Continental Stations and Property. Retrieved 2 December 2007.
- ^ a b c d "St Pancras International". Modern Railways (London: Ian Allan). November 2007. pp. 50–57.
- ^ "Miscellaneous Signs and Indicators". Railway Signs and Signals of Great Britain. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ "Station Plan – Platform Level" (PDF). London and Continental Stations and Property. 26 September 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
- ^ "Station Plan – Undercroft Level" (PDF). London and Continental Stations and Property. 26 September 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
- ^ "Station Plan – Undercroft Level" (PDF). London and Continental Stations and Property. 26 September 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
- ^ "The Meeting Place". BBC London. 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
- ^ Gadher, Dipesh (12 October 2008). "Reaper's grim welcome at St Pancras". The Sunday Times (London). Retrieved 7 February 2010. (subscription required)
- ^ "Controversial St Pancras frieze scrapped after train suicide image sparked fury from victims' families".
- ^ a b "The Betjeman statue now on platform ...". Camden New Journal (London). 24 May 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2007.
- ^ Milmo, Cahal (14 February 2007). "Art that embraces a new future for St Pancras". The Independent (London). Retrieved 26 November 2007.
- ^ "Sir John Betjeman sculpture". Martin Jennings. 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
- ^ Ross, Lydall (13 October 2011). "That's blown it! Man who put noses on London landmarks is unmasked". London Evening Standard.
- ^ Barlow 1870, p. 78.
- ^
- ^ a b c "St. Pancras Station". Our Transport Heritage. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ Lambert, Anthony J. (2010). Lambert's Railway Miscellany. London: Ebury.
- ^ Barlow 1870, pp. 79–80.
- ^ a b c Barlow 1870, p. 82.
- ^ Barlow 1870, p. 83, Description of the Lower Floor (Plate 9).
- ^ Barlow 1870, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Barlow 1870, pp. 83–85, Description of the Roof.
- ^ Barlow 1870, pp. 88–89, Cost of the Roof.
- ^ "International Station – Railway Technology". Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ "History of St Pancras railway station". Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ^ Mordaunt Crook, J. (1989). The Dilemma of Style: Architectural ideas from the picturesque to the post-modern. London: John Murray. p. 93.
- ^ a b c d Timpson, Trevor (14 November 2007). "How St Pancras was chosen". BBC News. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
- ^ "St. Pancras Junction Relaying 1947 – London, Midland & Scottish Railway Documentary" on YouTube
- ^ Railway Magazine December 1957 p. 882
- ^ Palmer, Mark (10 November 2007). "Meet me at St Pancras". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 30 November 2007.
- ^ Borthwick, Scott. "Thameslink – The Iron Road". The Iron Road Railway Photography. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ Hopkinson, Brian (16 May 2003). """Track access agreement between Network Rail and Midland Mainline Limited: 18th Supplemental Agreement – "Project Rio (PDF). Office of the Rail Regulator. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
- ^ a b c d "From concept to reality". Modern Railways (London: Ian Allan). November 2007. p. 51.
- ^ "LCR organisation". Modern Railways (London: Ian Allan). November 2007. p. 42.
- ^ Amery, Colin (26 October 2007). "St. Pancras Brings Taste of Grand Central, Romance to London". Bloomberg News (New York). Retrieved 30 November 2007.
- ^ "The Eight Hundred Million Pound Railway Station". BBC Website. 13‒28 November 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ Marston, Paul (10 April 2004). "Last train pulls out of St Pancras". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 26 March 2010.
- ^ "King's Cross & St Pancras Upgrade". Always Touch Out. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
- ^ a b "New station for Thameslink trains". BBC News (London). 29 August 2004. Retrieved 14 November 2006.
- ^ Ghost station' fear over Chunnel"'". BBC News. 5 May 2005. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
- ^ "Thameslink station given go-ahead". BBC News. 8 February 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
- ^ "St Pancras International". Chapman Taylor. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ "News | Interactive Investor". Iii.co.uk. 9 September 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ "High Speed 1".
- ^ "St Pancras International". London and Continental Railways. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ a b "Marriott International and Manhattan Loft Corporation redevelop Gilbert Scott Masterpiece". Sleeper Magazine. Summer 2006. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
- ^ "In Pictures: Gothic St Pancras". BBC News. 26 February 2011.
- ^ Ledgard Jepson. "West Elevation, St. Pancras Station, London UK – Projects – Ancon".
- ^ "The 800 Million Pound Railway Station", BBC Two.
- ^ "St Pancras may be closed for good". BBC News. 11 April 2004. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
- ^ "First Outing for Faster Eurostar". BBC News. 4 September 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
- ^ Osley, Richard (21 October 2007). "Cover-up! Quentin Blake drafted in to hide 'unsightly' buildings". The Independent (London).
- ^ Abbot, James (December 2007). "St Pancras 06-12-2007". Modern Railways (London: Ian Allan). p. 6.
- ^ "HM The Queen opens St Pancras International". London and Continental Stations and Property. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2007.
- ^ Higgins, Charlotte (13 November 2007). "Betjeman's daughter unveils St Pancras tribute". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 7 February 2010.
- ^ "In pictures: First Eurostar from St Pancras". The Guardian (London). 14 November 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2007.
- ^ "Royal Diary for 06/11/07". The British Monarchy. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
- ^ "Mayor unveils new London station". BBC News. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
- ^ "The new station concourse at King's Cross opens 19 March 2012". Network Rail. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ "'"Video: New concourse at King's Cross St Pancras 'is very democratic. The Daily Telegraph (London). 14 March 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ Lane, Thomas (22 May 2009). "Sleeping beauty awakes: the St Pancras Midland Grand hotel". building.co.uk.
- ^ Trevena, Arthur (1981). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 2. Redruth: Atlantic Books. p. 42.
- ^ Clark, Emma (10 December 2007). "New station sets the standard". Watford Observer.
- ^ First Capital Connect site on St Pancras International.
- ^ Network Rail (4 November 2005). "Thameslink 2000 Closures Statement of Reasons" (PDF). pp. 19–20. Retrieved 27 November 2006.
- ^ "The £3.5BN Thameslink Project Clears Major Hurdle".
- ^ "Class 395 whisks minister to London". Railway Gazette (London). 12 December 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
- ^ "High speed preview service extends to Dover, Folkestone, Canterbury and Ramsgate". Southeastern. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ "£20m bullet trains to serve Olympic Park". London 2012 Committee. 28 September 2004. Retrieved 6 July 2005.
- ^ a b "The new Eurostar service". Modern Railways (London: Ian Allan). November 2007. pp. 68–69.
- ^ a b "Eurostar Timetable" (PDF). Eurostar. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
- ^ a b Fender, Keith (19 February 2014). "DB puts London – Frankfurt plans on ice".
- ^ "EU agrees to liberalise rail by 2010". Euractiv. 22 June 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
- ^ Allen, Peter (10 September 2008). "Airlines plot Eurostar rival services". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
- ^ Savage, Michael (11 September 2008). "Air France to launch 'quicker' train to Paris as Eurostar monopoly ends". The Independent (London). Retrieved 11 May 2009.
- ^ Murray, Dick (19 December 2007). "German rival for Eurostar". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
- ^ "Deutsche Bahn gets access to Channel Tunnel". Deutsche Welle. 16 December 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
- ^ "Deutsche Bahn gets green light for Eurotunnel use". Asia One News (Singapore). Agence France-Presse. 16 December 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
- ^ Lydall, Ross (3 February 2010). "The train at St Pancras will be departing for ... Germany via Channel Tunnel". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
- ^ Richard, Scott (19 October 2010). "German rail firm DB competes for Channel Tunnel routes". BBC News Online (London). Retrieved 19 October 2010.
- ^ Allen, Peter (5 February 2010). "Commuter trains from Calais to Kent 'could be running before 2012 Olympics', claims French mayor".
- ^ a b "Demonstration high speed freight train links Lyon and London".
- ^ "Large Print Tube Map" (PDF).
- ^ "King's Cross ticket hall unveiled". BBC News Online. 25 May 2006.
- ^ "Balfour Beatty to build King's Cross ticket hall". building.co.uk. 25 May 2006.
- ^ Beer traffic was handled in the centre of the station between platforms 4 and 5. A central third track ended in a wagon hoist lowering wagons 20 feet (6 m) below rail level. Beer storage ended in 1967.[36]
- ^ Scott had previously submitted Gothic inspired designs for the Foreign Office, but had had his designs blocked.[45]
Preceding station | London Underground | Following station | ||
towards Hammersmith
Circle line |
towards Edgware Road
towards Hammersmith
Hammersmith & City line |
towards Barking
Metropolitan line |
towards Aldgate
Northern line |
towards Morden
Piccadilly line |
towards Cockfosters
towards Brixton
Victoria line |
towards Walthamstow Central
Major work at King's Cross St. Pancras tube station to link the various station entrances to two new ticket halls for London Underground and reduce overcrowding was completed during 2010 and these are now in use.[103][104]
King's Cross St Pancras tube station serves both King's Cross and St Pancras main-line stations. It is in Travelcard Zone 1.[102]
King's Cross St Pancras tube station
On 21 March 2012 a SNCF TGV La Poste trainset was displayed at St Pancras.[101] However, regular services proposed for 2017 would use a new terminal planned near Barking.[101]
From December 2018, as part of the Thameslink Programme, services from the East Coast Main Line/Great Northern Route, also part of the Govia Thameslink Railway franchise, will be linked to the Thameslink route, diverting trains previously terminating at Kings Cross into the Thameslink platforms at St Pancras and then through central London to Sussex and Kent. This link was made possible by the construction of two tunnels named the canal tunnels. These are about 100 metres north of the Thameslink platforms, and they will join the ECML where the North London Line and HS1 go over the top.
Great Northern
In February 2010, the idea of a Transmanche Metro service gained support as local councillors in Kent and Pas-de-Calais announced that they were in talks to establish a high-frequency stopping service between London and Lille. Trains would start at Lille Europe and call at Calais, Ashford International and Stratford International before reaching St Pancras. Since High Speed 1 opened, Ashford and Calais have an infrequent service and Eurostar trains do not call at Stratford International. It was hoped the service would be running by 2012 in time for the London Olympics.[100]
In December 2009, Deutsche Bahn received permission to run trains through the Channel Tunnel after safety requirements were relaxed. It had previously expressed a desire to run through trains between London and Germany.[95][96][97] Direct trains between St Pancras and Cologne could have started before the 2012 Olympics,[98] with plans to run a regular service of three daily trains each direction to Frankfurt, Rotterdam and Amsterdam via Brussels in 2013. Deutsche Bahn trains would be made up of two coupled sets between London and Brussels, dividing at Bruxelles-Midi/Brussel-Zuid. DB showcased an ICE 3 trainset in St Pancras on 19 October 2010.[99] The start date for these services is now (February 2014) uncertain, but not expected before 2018.[91]
In January 2010, the European railway network was opened to liberalisation to allow greater competition.[92] Both Air France-KLM and Deutsche Bahn expressed interest in taking advantage of the new laws to run new services via High Speed 1 to St Pancras.[93][94]
Competition with Eurostar
Future developments
Platforms | Designation | Operator | Destinations |
1–4 | MML Domestic | East Midlands Trains | Corby, Market Harborough, Leicester, Nottingham, Derby, Sheffield, Leeds etc. |
5–10 | HS1 International | Eurostar | Lille, Paris and Brussels |
11–13 | HS1 Domestic | Southeastern | Chatham, Faversham, Ashford, Folkestone, Dover, Ramsgate and Margate |
A, B | Thameslink | Thameslink |
North to St Albans, Luton and Bedford South to Sutton, Sevenoaks, Gatwick Airport and Brighton |
Platform usage
Preceding station | National Rail | Following station | ||
Terminus |
Eurostar High Speed 1 |
Ebbsfleet International |
Ashford International |
Terminus |
Southeastern High Speed 1 |
Stratford International |
Terminus |
East Midlands Trains London-Corby |
Luton or Luton Airport Parkway |
Terminus |
East Midlands Trains London-Nottingham |
Luton Airport Parkway or Luton |
Market Harborough | ||||
Terminus |
East Midlands Trains London-Sheffield |
Leicester or Market Harborough or Luton Airport Parkway or Luton |
Farringdon |
Thameslink Thameslink |
St Albans or West Hampstead Thameslink or Kentish Town |
Future Development | ||||
Farringdon |
Thameslink Great Northern |
Finsbury Park | ||
Terminus |
Deutsche Bahn ICE |
Ebbsfleet International |
Service patterns
In 2010, Deutsche Bahn (DB), the German railway operator, ran a trial ICE3 train to St Pancras International. A full service to Amsterdam and Frankfurt was planned for 2013, subsequently delayed to 2016 and is unlikely to be in service until 2018 or 2020.[91]
Deutsche Bahn
Trains observe a mixture of calls at four intermediate stations (Ebbsfleet International, Ashford International, Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe), with some running non-stop. Non-stop trains take 2 hours 15 minutes to Paris, and just under 1 hour 50 minutes to Brussels, other trains taking 5 or 10 minutes longer depending on whether they make one or two stops.[89][90] Despite its name, international services do not call at Stratford International.
The full Eurostar timetable from St Pancras came into operation on 9 December 2007, with 17 pairs of trains to and from Paris Gare du Nord every day, 10 pairs of trains to and from Bruxelles-Midi/Brussel-Zuid, and one train to and from Marne-la-Vallée for Disneyland Paris. Extra services run to Paris on Fridays and Sundays, with a reduced service to Brussels at weekends. Additional weekend leisure-oriented trains run to the French Alps during the skiing season, and to Avignon in the summer.[89][90]
Eurostar (High Speed 1)
During the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, St Pancras was the Central London terminus of the Olympic Javelin service, a seven-minute shuttle between Central London and Stratford International station for the London Olympic Park.[88]
Olympic Javelin service
Service pattern | Departure | Calling at | Journey time |
XX:28 | Faversham | Sittingbourne, Rainham (Kent), Gillingham (Kent), Chatham, Rochester, Strood, Gravesend, Ebbsfleet International, Stratford International | 1 h 11 min |
XX:44 | Dover Priory | Folkestone Central, Folkestone West, Ashford International, Ebbsfleet International, Stratford International | 1 h 07 min |
XX:53 | Margate | Broadstairs, Ramsgate, Canterbury West, Ashford International, Ebbsfleet International, Stratford International | 1 h 28 min |
XX:58 | Faversham | Sittingbourne, Rainham (Kent), Gillingham (Kent), Chatham, Rochester, Strood, Gravesend, Ebbsfleet International, Stratford International | 1 h 11 min |
Service pattern | Destination | Calling at | Journey time |
XX:12 | Dover Priory | Stratford International, Ebbsfleet International, Ashford International, Folkestone West, Folkestone Central | 1 h 08 min |
XX:25 | Faversham | Stratford International, Ebbsfleet International, Gravesend, Strood, Rochester, Chatham, Gillingham (Kent), Rainham (Kent), Sittingbourne | 1 h 08 min |
XX:42 | Margate | Stratford International, Ebbsfleet International, Ashford International, Canterbury West, Ramsgate, Broadstairs | 1 h 28 min |
XX:55 | Faversham | Stratford International, Ebbsfleet International, Gravesend, Strood, Rochester, Chatham, Gillingham (Kent), Rainham (Kent), Sittingbourne | 1 h 08 min |
Southeastern High Speed Typical Off-Peak Timetable
The first domestic service carrying passengers over High Speed 1 ran on 12 December 2008, to mark one year before regular services were due to begin. This special service, carrying various dignitaries, ran from Ashford International to St Pancras.[86] Starting in June 2009, Southeastern provided a preview service between London St Pancras and Ebbsfleet, extending to Ashford International during peak hours. On 7 September 2009 Southeastern extended the peak-time services to Dover and Ramsgate.[87] On 21 November 2009, the preview service was introduced to Faversham. The full service began on 13 December 2009.
Southeastern runs high-speed Class 395 trains on High Speed 1 to Kent and the South East, to Faversham, Margate, Ramsgate, Canterbury West, Dover Priory, Folkestone Central, Ashford, Ebbsfleet International and other destinations in Kent.
Southeastern (High Speed 1 and Kent Coast)
After the bay platforms at Blackfriars closed in March 2009 for that station's reconstruction, Southeastern services that previously terminated there were extended to Kentish Town and West Hampstead Thameslink (off-peak) and St Albans, Luton or Bedford (peak hours), calling at St Pancras. Trains south of Blackfriars are operated by Southeastern and those north of Blackfriars by Thameslink as a jointly run service.
The Thameslink platforms serve trains to Bedford, Luton and St Albans City in the north, and Wimbledon, Sutton, East Croydon, Gatwick Airport and Brighton in the south. The Thameslink Programme will enlarge the Thameslink network more than threefold, from 50 to 172 stations.[85]
On 9 December 2007, as part of the Thameslink Programme, St Pancras International gained platforms on the Thameslink route operated by Thameslink, replacing King's Cross Thameslink to the south-east. In line with the former station, the Thameslink platforms are designated A and B.[82][83] The new platforms have met with some criticism for the length of the walking route to the underground as compared with King's Cross Thameslink. The Thameslink Programme involves the introduction of 12-car trains across the enlarged Thameslink network. As extending the platforms at King's Cross Thameslink was thought to be impractical (requiring alterations to Clerkenwell No 3 tunnel and the Circle/Hammersmith & City/Metropolitan Underground lines, which would be extremely disruptive and prohibitively expensive),[84] it was decided to build new Thameslink platforms under St Pancras.
Service pattern | Destination | Calling at | Main stock | Journey time |
XX:00 | Corby | Luton, Bedford, Wellingborough, Kettering | 222 | 1 h 10 min |
XX:15 | Nottingham | Market Harborough, Leicester, East Midlands Parkway | HST | 1 h 44 min |
XX:26 | Sheffield | Leicester, Loughborough, East Midlands Parkway, Long Eaton, Derby, Chesterfield | 222 | 2 h 27 min |
XX:29 | Nottingham | Luton Airport Parkway, Bedford, Wellingborough, Kettering, Market Harborough, Leicester, Loughborough, Beeston | 222 | 1 h 56 min |
XX:58 | Sheffield | Leicester, Derby, Chesterfield | 222 | 2 h 6 min |
As of February 2012, the Monday-Saturday off-peak timetable has five services per hour: three fast and two semi-fast.[12]
Since 11 November 2007, platforms 1–4 have been the southern terminus for Midland Main Line trains operated by East Midlands Trains to/from the East Midlands and Yorkshire, including Leicester, Corby, Nottingham, Kettering, Derby and Sheffield. Occasional trains also run to Melton Mowbray, Lincoln, Leeds, York and Scarborough.[12]
East Midlands Trains (Midland Main Line)
- On 20 July 1959, a locomotive overran a signal and consequently crashed into Dock Junction Signal Box. As a result, trains had to be handsignalled in and out of St Pancras for several days.[81]
Accidents and incidents
The St. Pancras Renaissance London Hotel occupies parts of the original Midland Grand Hotel, including the main public rooms, together with a new bedroom wing on the western side of the Barlow train shed. The upper levels of the original building have been redeveloped as apartments by the Manhattan Loft Corporation.[65][80] The hotel held its grand opening on 5 May 2011, exactly 138 years after its original opening in 1873.
A pedestrian subway was built during the station extension. It runs under Pancras Road from the eastern entrance of the domestic concourse to the new northern ticket hall of King's Cross St Pancras tube station (opened November 2009) and the new concourse for King's Cross railway station (opened March 2012).[78][79]
Connection to King's Cross
The low-level Thameslink platforms opened on 9 December 2007, replacing King's Cross Thameslink.[77]
During an elaborate opening ceremony, actor Timothy West, as Henry Barlow, addressed the audience, which was also entertained by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the singers Lemar and Katherine Jenkins. In a carefully staged set piece, the first Class 395 train and two Eurostar trains arrived through a cloud of dry ice in adjacent platforms within seconds of each other.[72][73] During the ceremony, Paul Day's large bronze statue The Meeting Place was also unveiled. At a much smaller ceremony on 12 November 2007, the bronze statue of John Betjeman by sculptor Martin Jennings was unveiled by Betjeman's daughter, the author Candida Lycett Green.[74] Public service by Eurostar train via High Speed 1 started on 14 November 2007. In a small ceremony, station staff cut a ribbon leading to the Eurostar platforms.[75] In the same month, services to the East Midlands were transferred to a new franchisee, East Midlands Trains.[76]
St Pancras was officially re-opened as St Pancras International and the High Speed 1 service was launched on 6 November 2007 by the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh.
In early November 2007, Eurostar conducted a testing programme in which some 6000 members of the public were involved in passenger check-in, immigration control and departure trials, during which the "passengers" each made three return journeys out of St Pancras to the entrance to the London tunnel. On 4 September 2007, the first test train ran from Paris Gare du Nord to St Pancras.[70] Children's illustrator Quentin Blake was commissioned to provide a huge mural of an "imaginary welcoming committee" as a disguise for one of the remaining ramshackle Stanley Building South immediately opposite the station exit.[71]
International station opens
The rebuilding cost was in the region of £800 million,[68] up from an initial estimate of £310 million.[69]
By the middle of 2006, the western side of the train shed extension was completed,[67] and on 14 July 2006 Midland Mainline trains moved from their interim home on the east side to the west side of the station.
In 2005, planning consent was granted for a refurbishment of the former Midland Grand Hotel building, with plans to refurbish and extend it as a hotel and apartment block.[65] The newly refurbished hotel opened to guests on 21 March 2011 with a grand opening ceremony on 5 May, exactly 138 years after its original opening.[66]
The fit-out works were designed by Chapman Taylor[61] and Arup (Eurostar) and completed by ISG Interior Plc Contractors[62] collaborating with Bechtel as Project Managers.[63] The client was London and Continental Railways who were advised by Hitachi Consulting[64]
After the blockade of the route was over, the new station box was still only a bare concrete shell and could not take passengers. Thameslink trains reverted to their previous route but ran through the station box without stopping. The budget for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link works did not include work on the fitting out of the station, as these works had originally been part of the separate Thameslink 2000 works programme. Despite lobbying by rail operators who wished to see the station open at the same time as St Pancras International, the Government failed to provide additional funding to allow the fit out works to be completed immediately following the line blockade. Eventually, on 8 February 2006, Alistair Darling, the Secretary of State for Transport, announced £50 million funding for the fit-out of the station, plus another £10–15 million for the installation of associated signalling and other lineside works.[58][59][60]
As part of the construction of the western side of the new train shed that now began, an underground "box" was constructed to house new platforms for Thameslink, which at this point ran partially under the extended station. In order for this to happen, the existing Thameslink tunnels between Kentish Town and King's Cross Thameslink were closed between 11 September 2004 and 15 May 2005 while the works were carried out. Thameslink services from the north terminated in the same platforms as the Midland Main Line trains, while services from the south terminated at King's Cross Thameslink.[58]
By early 2004, the eastern side of the extended train shed was complete, and the Barlow train shed was closed to trains.[56] From 12 April 2004, Midland Mainline trains terminated at an interim station occupying the eastern part of the extension immediately adjacent to the entrance.[57]
Shortly before the station rebuild commenced, the overhead wiring used by the electric suburban trains was removed. As a consequence, all suburban trains from Bedford and Luton were diverted to King's Cross Thameslink and beyond, and Thameslink ceased to serve St Pancras for a period.
The reconstruction of the station was recorded in the BBC Television documentary series The Eight Hundred Million Pound Railway Station broadcast as six 30-minute episodes between 13‒28 November 2007.[55]
This original design was later modified, with access to the Eurostar platforms from below, using the station undercroft and allowing the deletion of the visually intrusive bridge. By dropping the extension of any of the Midland platforms into the train shed, space was freed up to allow wells to be constructed in the station floor, which provided daylight and access to the undercroft.[52]
To accommodate 300-metre+ Eurostar trains, and to provide capacity for the existing trains to the Midlands and the new Kent services on the high-speed rail link, the train shed was extended a considerable distance northwards by a new flat-roofed shed. The station was initially planned to have 13 platforms under this extended train shed. East Midlands services would use the western platforms, Eurostar services the middle platforms, and Kent services the eastern platforms. The Eurostar platforms and one of the Midland platforms would extend back into the Barlow train shed. Access to Eurostar for departing passengers would be via a departure suite on the west of the station, and then to the platforms by a bridge above the tracks within the historic train shed. Arriving Eurostar passengers would leave the station by a new concourse at its north end.[52]
The design and project management of reconstruction was undertaken on behalf of LCR by Rail Link Engineering (RLE), a consortium of Bechtel, Arup, Systra and Halcrow. The original reference design for the station was by Nick Derbyshire, former head of British Rail's in-house architecture team. The master plan of the complex was by Foster and Partners, and the lead architect of the reconstruction was Alistair Lansley, a former colleague of Nick Derbyshire recruited by RLE.[21][53][54]
London and Continental Railways (LCR), created at the time of British Rail privatisation, was selected by the government in 1996 to reconstruct St Pancras, build the CTRL, and take over the British share of the Eurostar operation. LCR had owned St Pancras station since privatisation to allow the station to be redeveloped. Financial difficulties in 1998, and the collapse of Railtrack in 2001, caused some revision of this plan, but LCR retained ownership of the station.[3]
The idea of using the North London line was rejected in 1994 by the transport secretary, John MacGregor, as "difficult to construct and environmentally damaging". However, the idea of using St Pancras station as the terminus was retained, albeit now linked by 12.4 miles (20 km) of new tunnels to Dagenham via Stratford.[46][52]
The original plan for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) involved a tunnel from south-east of London to an underground terminus in the vicinity of Kings Cross station. However, a late change of plan, principally driven by the then Secretary of State for the Environment Michael Heseltine's desire for urban regeneration in east London, led to a change of route, with the new line approaching London from the east. This opened the possibility of reusing St Pancras as the terminus, with access via the North London Line, which crosses the throat of the station.[46][52]
New role
A handful of trains to and from Leeds were introduced, mainly because the High Speed Train sets were maintained there and were already running empty north of Sheffield. During the 2000s major rebuild of the West Coast Main Line, St Pancras again temporarily hosted direct and regular inter-city trains to Manchester, this time via the Hope Valley route (via the Dore South curve) under the title of Project Rio.[51]
Following the privatisation of British Rail, the long-distance services from St Pancras were franchised to Midland Mainline, a train operating company owned by the National Express Group, starting on 28 April 1996. The few remaining suburban trains still operating into St Pancras were operated by the Thameslink train operating company, owned by Govia, from 2 March 1997.[50]
After the sectorisation of British Rail in 1986, main-line services to the East Midlands were provided by the InterCity sector, with suburban services to St Albans, Luton and Bedford by Network SouthEast. In 1988 the Snow Hill tunnel re-opened resulting in the creation of the Thameslink route and the resultant diversion of the majority of suburban trains to the new route. The station continued to be served by trains running on the Midland main line to Leicester, Nottingham and Sheffield, together with a few suburban services to Bedford and Luton. These constituted only a few trains an hour and left the station underused.[46]
By the 1960s, St Pancras had come to be seen as redundant, and several attempts were made to close it and demolish the hotel (by then known as St Pancras Chambers). These attempts provoked strong and successful opposition, with the campaign led by the later Poet Laureate, John Betjeman.[29][49]
From 1960 to 1966, electrification work on the West Coast Main Line between London and Manchester saw a new Midland Pullman from Manchester to St Pancras. These trains and those to Glasgow were withdrawn following the completion of the rebuilding of Euston and the consolidation of these services.
- The Palatine to Manchester
- The Thames-Clyde Express to Glasgow
- The Master Cutler to Sheffield (transferred from London Kings Cross in 1966)
On the creation of British Railways in 1948, the previous services continued to run. Destinations included the London area services to North Woolwich, St Albans and Bedford. Long-distance trains reached Glasgow, Leeds, Nottingham, Sheffield and Manchester, with famous named trains including:
The 20th century did not serve St Pancras station well. The Railways Act of 1921 forced the merger of the Midland with the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), and the LMS adopted the LNWR's (the "Premier Line") Euston station as its principal London terminus. The Midland Grand Hotel was closed in 1935, and the building was subsequently used as offices for British Railways. During the Second World War, bombing inflicted damage on the train shed, which was only partially reglazed after the war.[46] In 1947 the St. Pancras junction was relaid with prefabricated trackwork, along with associated changes to the signalling system.[47] On 6 October 1957 three signal boxes were replaced by a power box controlling 23 colour-light signals and 33 points.[48]
Grouping, nationalisation and privatisation
This was a period of expansion for the Midland Railway, as the major routes to Manchester, Nottingham, Sheffield and Carlisle opened.
designed in 1857 and completed in 1863, but on a much grander scale for St Pancras. Kelham Hall Gilbert Scott reused many of the design details from his earlier work at [note 2][35], and with numerous other architectural influences.Italian gothic, in a style derived from the polychromatic The building is primarily brick, but [44]


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