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Sonata (/səˈnɑːtə/; Italian: [soˈnaːta], pl. sonate; from Latin and Italian: sonare, "to sound"), in music, literally means a piece played as opposed to a cantata (Latin and Italian cantare, "to sing"), a piece sung. The term evolved through the history of music, designating a variety of forms until the Classical era, when it took on increasing importance, and is vague. By the early 19th century, it came to represent a principle of composing large-scale works. It was applied to most instrumental genres and regarded—alongside the fugue—as one of two fundamental methods of organizing, interpreting and analyzing concert music. Though the musical style of sonatas has changed since the Classical era, most 20th- and 21st-century sonatas still maintain the same structure.
The term sonatina, pl. sonatine, the diminutive form of sonata, is often used for a short or technically easy sonata.
In the Baroque period, a sonata was for one or more instruments almost always with continuo. After the Baroque period most works designated as sonatas specifically are performed by a solo instrument, most often a keyboard instrument, or by a solo instrument accompanied by a keyboard instrument.
Sonatas for a solo instrument other than keyboard have been composed, as have sonatas for other combinations of instruments.
History of usage[edit]
In the works of Arcangelo Corelli and his contemporaries, two broad classes of sonata were established, and were first described by Sébastien de Brossard in his Dictionaire de musique (third edition, Amsterdam, ca. 1710): the sonata da chiesa (that is, suitable for use in church), which was the type "rightly known as Sonatas", and the sonata da camera (proper for use at court), which consists of a prelude followed by a succession of dances, all in the same key. Although the four, five, or six movements of the sonata da chiesa are also most often in one key, one or two of the internal movements are sometimes in a contrasting tonality (Newman 1972a, 23–24).
The sonata da chiesa, generally for one or more violins and bass, consisted normally of a slow introduction, a loosely fugued allegro, a cantabile slow movement, and a lively finale in some binary form suggesting affinity with the dance-tunes of the suite. This scheme, however, was not very clearly defined, until the works of Arcangelo Corelli when it became the essential sonata and persisted as a tradition of Italian violin music.
The sonata da camera consisted almost entirely of idealized dance-tunes. On the other hand, the features of sonata da chiesa and sonata da camera then tended to be freely intermixed. Although nearly half of Bach's 1,100 surviving compositions, arrangements, and transcriptions are instrumental works, only about 4% are sonatas (Newman 1972a, 266).
The term sonata is also applied to the series of over 500 works for harpsichord solo, or sometimes for other keyboard instruments, by Domenico Scarlatti, originally published under the name Essercizi per il gravicembalo (Exercises for the Harpsichord). Most of these pieces are in one binary-form movement only, with two parts that are in the same tempo and use the same thematic material, though occasionally there will be changes in tempo within the sections. They are frequently virtuosic, and use more distant harmonic transitions and modulations than were common for other works of the time. They were admired for their great variety and invention.
Both the solo and trio sonatas of Vivaldi show parallels with the concerti he was writing at the same time. He composed over 70 sonatas, the great majority of which are of the solo type; most of the rest are trio sonatas, and a very small number are of the multivoice type (Newman 1972a, 169–70).
The sonatas of Domenico Paradies are mild and elongated works with a graceful and melodious little second movement included.
Classical period[edit]
The practice of the Classical period would become decisive for the sonata; the term moved from being one of many terms indicating genres or forms, to designating the fundamental form of organization for large-scale works. This evolution stretched over fifty years. The term came to apply both to the structure of individual movements (see Sonata form and History of sonata form) and to the layout of the movements in a multi-movement work. In the transition to the Classical period there were several names given to multimovement works, including divertimento, serenade, and partita, many of which are now regarded effectively as sonatas. The usage of sonata as the standard term for such works began somewhere in the 1770s. Haydn labels his first piano sonata as such in 1771, after which the term divertimento is used sparingly in his output. The term sonata was increasingly applied to either a work for keyboard alone (see piano sonata), or for keyboard and one other instrument, often the violin or cello. It was less and less frequently applied to works with more than two instrumentalists; for example piano trios were not often labelled sonata for piano, violin, and cello.
Initially the most common layout of movements was:
- Allegro, which at the time was understood to mean not only a tempo, but also some degree of "working out", or development, of the theme. (See Rosen 1988 and Rosen 1997.)
- A middle movement, most frequently a slow movement: an Andante, an Adagio or a Largo; or less frequently a Minuet or Theme and Variations form.
- A closing movement was generally an Allegro or a Presto, often labeled Finale. The form was often a Rondo or Minuet.
However, two-movement layouts also occur, a practice Haydn uses as late as the 1790s. There was also in the early Classical period the possibility of using four movements, with a dance movement inserted before the slow movement, as in Haydn's Piano sonatas No. 6 and No. 8. Mozart's sonatas were also primarily in three movements. Of the works that Haydn labelled piano sonata, divertimento, or partita in Hob XIV, seven are in two movements, thirty-five are in three, and three are in four; and there are several in three or four movements whose authenticity is listed as "doubtful." Composers such as Boccherini would publish sonatas for piano and obbligato instrument with an optional third movement—–in Boccherini's case, 28 cello sonatas.
But increasingly instrumental works were laid out in four, not three movements, a practice seen first in string quartets and symphonies, and reaching the sonata proper in the early sonatas of Beethoven. However, two- and three-movement sonatas continued to be written throughout the Classical period: Beethoven's opus 102 pair has a two-movement C major sonata and a three-movement D major sonata. Nevertheless, works with fewer or more than four movements were increasingly felt to be exceptions; they were labelled as having movements "omitted," or had "extra" movements.
Thus, the four-movement layout was by this point standard for the string quartet, and overwhelmingly the most common for the symphony. The usual order of the four movements was:
- An allegro, which by this point was in what is called sonata form, complete with exposition, development, and recapitulation.
- A slow movement, an Andante, an Adagio or a Largo.
- A dance movement, frequently Minuet and trio or—especially later in the classical period—a Scherzo and trio.
- A finale in faster tempo, often in a sonata–rondo form.
When movements appeared out of this order they would be described as "reversed", such as the scherzo coming before the slow movement in Beethoven's 9th Symphony. This usage would be noted by critics in the early 19th century, and it was codified into teaching soon thereafter.
It is difficult to overstate the importance of Beethoven's output of sonatas: 32 piano sonatas, plus sonatas for cello and piano or violin and piano, forming a large body of music that would over time increasingly be thought essential for any serious instrumentalist to master.
Romantic period[edit]
In the early 19th century, the current usage of the term sonata was established, both as regards form per se, and in the sense that a fully elaborated sonata serves as a norm for concert music in general, which other forms are seen in relation to. From this point forward, the word sonata in music theory labels as much the abstract musical form as particular works. Hence there are references to a symphony as a sonata for orchestra. This is referred to by William Newman as the sonata idea.
Among works expressly labeled sonata for the piano, there are the three of Frédéric Chopin, those of Felix Mendelssohn, the three of Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt's Sonata in B Minor, and later the sonatas of Johannes Brahms and Sergei Rachmaninoff.
In the early 19th century, the sonata form was defined, from a combination of previous practice and the works of important Classical composers, particularly Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, but composers such as Clementi also. It is during this period that the differences between the three- and the four-movement layouts became a subject of commentary, with emphasis on the concerto being laid out in three movements, and the symphony in four.
Ernest Newman wrote in the essay "Brahms and the Serpent":
- That, perhaps, will be the ideal of the instrumental music of the future; the way to it, indeed, seems at last to be opening out before modern composers in proportion as they discard the last tiresome vestiges of sonata form. This, from being what it was originally, the natural mode of expression of a certain eighteenth century way of thinking in music, became in the nineteenth century a drag upon both individual thinking and the free unfolding of the inner vital force of an idea, and is now simply a shop device by which a bad composer may persuade himself and the innocent reader of textbooks that he is a good one (Newman 1958, 51)
After the Romantic period[edit]
The role of the sonata as an extremely important form of extended musical argument would inspire composers such as Hindemith, Prokofiev, Shostakovich to compose in sonata form, and works with traditional sonata structures continue to be composed and performed.
Scholarship and musicology[edit]
Sonata idea or principle[edit]
Research into the practice and meaning of sonata form, style, and structure has been the motivation for important theoretical works by Heinrich Schenker, Arnold Schoenberg, and Charles Rosen among others; and the pedagogy of music continued to rest on an understanding and application of the rules of sonata form as almost two centuries of development in practice and theory had codified it.
The development of the classical style and its norms of composition formed the basis for much of the music theory of the 19th and 20th centuries. As an overarching formal principle, sonata was accorded the same central status as Baroque fugue; generations of composers, instrumentalists, and audiences were guided by this understanding of sonata as an enduring and dominant principle in Western music. The sonata idea begins before the term had taken on its present importance, along with the evolution of the Classical period's changing norms. The reasons for these changes, and how they relate to the evolving sense of a new formal order in music, is a matter to which research is devoted. Some common factors which were pointed to include: the shift of focus from vocal music to instrumental music; changes in performance practice, including the loss of the continuo (Rosen 1997, 196).
Crucial to most interpretations of the sonata form is the idea of a tonal center; and, as the Grove Concise Dictionary of Music puts it: "The main form of the group embodying the 'sonata principle', the most important principle of musical structure from the Classical period to the 20th century: that material first stated in a complementary key be restated in the home key" (Sadie 1988,[page needed]).
The sonata idea has been thoroughly explored by William Newman in his monumental three-volume work Sonata in the Classic Era (A History of the Sonata Idea), begun in the 1950s and published in what has become the standard edition of all three volumes in 1972.
20th-century theory[edit]
Heinrich Schenker argued that there was an Urlinie or basic tonal melody, and a basic bass figuration. He held that when these two were present, there was basic structure, and that the sonata represented this basic structure in a whole work with a process known as interruption (Schenker 1979, 1:134).
As a practical matter, Schenker applied his ideas to the editing of the piano sonatas of Beethoven, using original manuscripts and his own theories to "correct" the available sources. The basic procedure was the use of tonal theory to infer meaning from available sources as part of the critical process, even to the extent of completing works left unfinished by their composers. While many of these changes were and are controversial, that procedure has a central role today in music theory, and is an essential part of the theory of sonata structure as taught in most music schools.
Notable sonatas[edit]
Baroque (c. 1600 – c. 1760)[edit]
- Johann Sebastian Bach
- Sonatas for solo violin (BWV 1001, 1003 and 1005)
- Sonatas for flute and continuo (BWV 1034, 1035)
- Trio sonatas: for organ (BWV 525–530); for violin and harpsichord (BWV 1014–1019); for viola da gamba and harpsichord (BWV 1027–1029); for flute and harpsichord (BWV 1030, 1032); for flute, violin and continuo (Sonata sopr'il Soggetto Reale included in The Musical Offering)
- Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber
- George Frideric Handel
- Giuseppe Tartini
Classical (c. 1760 – c. 1830)[edit]
- Ludwig van Beethoven
- Piano Sonata No. 8 "Pathétique"
- Piano Sonata No. 14 "Moonlight"
- Piano Sonata No. 17 "Tempest"
- Piano Sonata No. 19 "Leichte"
- Piano Sonata No. 21 "Waldstein"
- Piano Sonata No. 23 "Appassionata"
- Piano Sonata No. 29 "Hammerklavier"
- Piano Sonata No. 32 in C minor, Op. 111
- Violin Sonata No. 5 "Spring"
- Violin Sonata No. 9 "Kreutzer"
- Cello Sonata No. 1 in F Major Op. 5
- Cello Sonata No. 2 in G Minor Op. 5
- Cello Sonata No. 3 in A Major Op. 69
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Piano Sonata No. 8 in A Minor (K. 310)
- Piano Sonata No. 11 in A Major (K. 331/300i)
- Piano Sonata No. 12 in F Major (K. 332)
- Piano Sonata No. 13 in B-flat Major (K. 333)
- Piano Sonata No. 14 in C Minor (K. 457)
- Piano Sonata No. 15 in F Major (K. 533/494)
- Piano Sonata No. 16 in C Major (K. 545)
- Sonata in A for Violin and Keyboard (K. 526)
- Franz Schubert
- Sonata in C minor, D. 958
- Sonata in A major, D. 959
- Sonata in B♭ major, D. 960
Romantic (c. 1830 – c. 1900)[edit]
- Johannes Brahms
- Johannes Brahms, Albert Dietrich, and Robert Schumann
- Frédéric Chopin
- George Enescu
- Sonata No. 1 for violin and piano in D major, Op. 2 (1897)
- Sonata No. 2 for violin and piano 2 in F minor, Op. 6 (1899)
- Edvard Grieg
- Franz Liszt
- Sonata after a Reading of Dante (Fantasia Quasi Sonata)
- Sonata in B minor
- Robert Schumann
- Violin Sonata No. 1 in A minor, Op. 105
20th-century and contemporary (c. 1910–present)[edit]
- Samuel Barber
- Cello Sonata Op. 6
- Piano Sonata Op. 26 (1949)
- Jean Barraqué
- Piano Sonata (1950–52)
- Béla Bartók
- Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion
- Sonata for Piano (1926)
- Sonata for Solo Violin
- Sonata No. 1 for Violin and Piano
- Sonata No. 2 for Violin and Piano
- Alban Berg
- Sonata for Piano, Op. 1
- Leonard Bernstein
- Pierre Boulez
- Frank Bridge
- Sonata for Piano (1921–24)
- Sonata for Violin and Piano (1932)
- Sonata in D Minor, for Cello and Piano (1913–17)
- Benjamin Britten
- Sonata in C for Cello and Piano, Op. 65
- John Cage
- Carlos Chávez
- Sonata-Fantasia no. 1 for piano (1917)
- Sonata no. 2 for piano (1919)
- Sonata no. 3 for piano (1928)
- Sonata no. 4 for piano (1941)
- Sonata no. 5 for piano (1960)
- Sonata no. 6 for piano (1961)
- Sonata for four horns (1929–30)
- Claude Debussy
- Sonata No. 1, for cello and piano (1915)
- Sonata No. 2, for flute, viola and harp (1915)
- Sonata No. 3, for violin and piano (1916–1917)
- George Enescu
- Sonata No. 3 for violin and piano, in A minor, dans le caractère populaire roumain Op. 25 (1926)
- Sonata No. 2 for cello and piano in C major, Op. 26, No. 2 (1935)
- Piano Sonata No. 1 in F♯ minor, Op. 24, No. 1 (1924)
- Piano Sonata No. 3 in D major, Op. 24, No. 3 (1933–1935)
- Brian Ferneyhough
- Sonatas for String Quartet (1967)
- Alberto Ginastera
- Piano Sonata No. 1 (1952)
- Piano Sonata No. 2 (1981)
- Piano Sonata No. 3 (1982)
- Sonata for Cello and Piano (1979)
- Sonata for Guitar (1976, rev. 1981)
- Karel Goeyvaerts
- Sonata for Two Pianos, Op. 1
- Hans Werner Henze
- Royal Winter Music, Guitar Sonatas No. 1 and 2
- Paul Hindemith
- Sonata for Flute and Piano (1936)
- Sonata for Bassoon and Piano (1938)
- Sonata for Oboe and Piano (1938)
- Sonata for English Horn and Piano (1941)
- Sonata for Clarinet and Piano(1939)
- Sonata for Harp (1939)
- Sonata for Horn and Piano (1939)
- Sonata for Four Horns (1952)
- Sonata for Alto Horn (or Horn or Alto Saxophone) and Piano (1943)
- Sonata for Trumpet and Piano (1939)
- Sonata for Trombone and Piano (1941)
- Sonata for Tuba and Piano (1955)
- Sonata for Violin and Piano in E-flat, Op. 11, No. 1 (1918)
- Sonata for Violin and Piano in D, Op. 11, No. 2 (1918)
- Sonata for Violin and Piano in E (1935)
- Sonata for Violin and Piano in C (1939)
- Sonata for Solo Violin, Op. 11, No. 6 (1917)
- Sonata for Solo Violin, Op. 31, No. 1 (1924)
- Sonata for Solo Violin, Op. 31, No. 2 (1924)
- Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op. 11, No. 4 (1919)
- Sonata for Viola and Piano, Op. 25 No. 4 (1922)
- Sonata for Viola and Piano (1939)
- Sonata for Solo Viola, Op. 11, No. 5 (1919)
- Sonata for Solo Viola, Op. 25, No. 1 (1922)
- Sonata for Solo Viola, Op. 31, No. 4 (1923)
- Sonata for Solo Viola (1937)
- Kleine Sonate for Viola d'amore and Piano, Op. 25, No. 2 (1922)
- Sonata for Cello and Piano, Op. 11, No. 3 (1919)
- Sonata for Cello and Piano (1948)
- Sonata for Solo Cello, Op. 25, No. 3 (1923)
- Sonata for Double Bass and Piano (1949)
- Charles Ives
- Leoš Janáček
- 1. X. 1905 (Janáček's Sonata for Piano)
- Ben Johnston
- György Ligeti
- Sonata, for solo cello (1948/1953)
- Douglas Lilburn
- Piano Sonata No. 1 in C minor Op. 1 (1932)
- Piano Sonata No. 2 in G minor (incomplete 1937)
- Piano Sonata No. 3 in F# minor (1939)
- Piano Sonata No. 4 in A minor (1939)
- Piano Sonata No. 5 (1949)
- Piano Sonata No. 6 (1956)
- Sergei Prokofiev
- Piano Sonatas—six juvenile (1904, 1907, 1907, 1907–08, 1908, 1908–09)
- Piano Sonata No. 1 in F minor, Op. 1 (1907–09)
- Piano Sonata No. 2 in D minor, Op. 14 (1912)
- Piano Sonata No. 3 in A minor, Op. 28 (1907–17)
- Piano Sonata No. 4 in C minor, Op. 29 (1917)
- Piano Sonata No. 5 in C major (original version), Op. 38 (1923)
- Violin Sonata No. 1 in F minor, Op. 80 (1938–46)
- Piano Sonata No. 6 in A major, Op. 82 (1939–40)
- Piano Sonata No. 7 in B-flat major, Stalingrad, Op. 83 (1939–42)
- Piano Sonata No. 8 in B-flat major, Op. 84 (1939–44)
- Flute Soanata in D major, Op. 94 (1943)
- Violin Sonata No. 2 in D major, Op. 94 bis (1943)
- Piano Sonata No. 9 in C major, Op. 103 (1947)
- Sonata for Solo Violin (Unison Violins) in D major, Op. 115
- Cello Sonata in C major, Op. 119
- Sonata for Solo Cello in C-sharp minor, Op. 133
- Piano Sonata No. 5 in C major (revised version), Op. 135 (1952–53)
- Sergei Rachmaninoff
- Piano Sonata No. 2 in B-flat minor, Op. 36 (1913, revised in 1931)
- Alexander Scriabin
- Igor Stravinsky
- Sonata for Piano in F♯ minor (1903–04)
- Sonata for Piano (1924)
- Sonata for Two Pianos (1943)
- Heitor Villa-Lobos
- Sonate-fantaisie no. 1 for violin and piano, Desesperança ("Despair") (1913)
- Sonate-fantaisie no. 2 for violin and piano (1914)
- Sonata for violin and piano no. 3 (1920)
- Sonata for violin and piano no.4 (1923)
See also[edit]
- Mangsen, Sandra, John Irving, John Rink, and Paul Griffiths. 2001. "Sonata". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
- Newman, Ernest. 1958. More Essays from the World of Music: Essays from the London Sunday Times, selected by Felix Aprahamian. London: John Calder; New York: Coward-McCann, Inc.
- Newman, William S. 1966. The Sonata in the Baroque Era, revised ed. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. LCCN 66-19475.
- Newman, William S. 1972a. The Sonata in the Baroque Era, third edition. A History of the Sonata Idea 1. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-00622-0.
- Newman, William S. 1972b. The Sonata in the Classic Era: The Second Volume of a History of the Sonata Idea, second edition. A History of the Sonata Idea 2; The Norton Library N623. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-00623-9.
- Newman, William S. 1983a. The Sonata in the Baroque Era, fourth edition. A History of the Sonata Idea 1. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-95275-4.
- Newman, William S. 1983b. The Sonata in the Classic Era, third edition. A History of the Sonata Idea 2. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-95286-X.
- Newman, William S. 1983c. The Sonata since Beethoven, third edition. A History of the Sonata Idea 3. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-95290-8.
- Newman, William S. 1988. Beethoven on Beethoven: Playing His Piano Music His Way. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02538-1 (cloth) ISBN 0-393-30719-0 (pbk).
- Rosen, Charles. 1988. Sonata Forms, revised edition. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02658-2.
- Rosen, Charles. 1995. The Romantic Generation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-77933-9 ISBN 0-674-77934-7 (pbk).
- Rosen, Charles. 1997. The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, expanded edition, with CD recording. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-31712-9.
- Sadie, Stanley (ed). 1988. The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music. London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-333-43236-3 (cloth); ISBN 0-393-02620-5 (pbk).
- Salzer, Felix Structural Hearing: Tonal Coherence in Music. 2 vols. New York: Dover Publications.[full citation needed]
- Schenker, Heinrich. 1979. Free Composition (Der freie Satz): Volume III of New Musical Theories and Fantasies, edited by Oswald Jonas, translated by Ernst Oster. 2 vols. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-28073-7.
- Schoenberg, Arnold. 1966. Harmonielehre, 7th edition. Vienna: Universal-Edition. ISBN 3-7024-0029-X.


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text:
General Information
Product Type | Mounting Arm |
Manufacturer Part Number | RMS-MA2740 |
Manufacturer Website Address | www.rosewill.com |
Manufacturer | Rosewill, Inc |
Product Model | RMS-MA2740 |
Product Name | RMS-MA2740 Black 13" - 27" Tilt/Swivel Wall Mount with Articulating Arm |
Brand Name | Rosewill |
Product Information
Device Supported | Flat Panel Display |
Features | Tilt |
Swivel | |
Cable Management | |
Bubble Level | |
Multiple Viewing Angle | |
Articulating | |
Maximum Load Capacity | 40.00 lb |
Minimum Screen Size Supported | 13" |
Maximum Screen Size Supported | 27" |
Physical Characteristics
Material | Aluminum Alloy |
Weight (Approximate) | 2.43 lb |
Color | Black |
Height | 6.9" |
Width | 8.1" |
Depth | 2.4" |
VESA Mount Compatible | Yes |
VESA Mount Standard | 75 x 75 |
100 x 100 |
Compatibility | Flat-Panel Screens |
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text:
Full body massage may include many types of massage, but generally, it includes such parts of the body that are decided by the demand of the patient and distinctiveness of the modality. Nevertheless, this massage is a regular practice that covers the most of the body area.
Step 1
Take an interview with your patient and know about the objectives he wants to achieve through the massage and also ask about the health status. Place the patient securely and calmly on the massage table. Now build up a mental flow chart to cover the areas of the body that you need to massage in a given amount of time. Start the massage with effleurage strokes which should be long and even and cover the areas right from the ankle to the knee or buttocks to apply the massage oil as well as to heat up the body tissues. Now use petrissage to work on particular muscles or rigid areas. Finish the massage on the first leg by repeating long and sluggish strokes and then apply the same method on the other leg.
Step 2
Now shift from the legs towards the back and start another sequence of lengthy and slow effleurage knocks on the either sides of the spine. To work in a deep manner use your elbow, knuckles, wrists and fingers right after the body tissues' lubrication and tenderness. Cover the entire back with the help of strokes. Right stroke along with the entire length of the muscles is a very effective technique which not only provides relief to the tighten muscles but also gives a feeling of calmness. Petrissage, friction, percussion, and compression are useful tools which can be easily applied with the help of the sides of the hands. End the back massage with long and slow strokes.
Step 3
Now work with the arms of the client. It is up to you that which position is more suitable for you, i.e., face up position or face down position. Here is also the use of lengthy and slow effleurage is suitable. Use the wringing movement along with compression, friction, and petrissage.
Step 4
To do the left of the massage, shift the tables' end near the head of the patient and get to the neck. Use your fingers in the upward direction from the back towards the end of the skull. You don't need to exert pressure here and allow the patient's body to give pressure during this practice. Apply petrissage motion on the top of the shoulder along with a little pressure. Skip throat region and cover the chest and collarbone area with the help of strokes.
Step 5
Use little friction circles to massage the jawline of the patient and go in the direction of the back of the ears. Now apply same strokes on the temples of the patients, but use a little amount of pressure here. With the help of your base of the thumbs work on the midline of the forehead towards the sides and continue it across the edges of the brow, nose, cheekbone and cheeks.
Step 6
Finally, massage the feet and don't forget to wash your hands after working on the patients' feet to avoid contamination of other areas. Now go to the area of the ankle across the foot region and end up here by giving smooth strokes.


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Pazhassi Raja Charitable Trust News
Aishwarya Rai honoured with Abhinaya Kala Ratna
We heard that Aishwarya Rai Bachchan was honoured with the Pazhassiraja Purashkaram – Abhinaya Kala Ratna by the Pazhassi Raja Charitable Trust. With this honour she joins the list of stalwarts like Lata Mangeshkar, Sri Sri Ravi Shankar and her father-in-law Amitabh Bachchan. Though she couldn't attend the event, she sent across a message saying, "I'd like to dedicate this award to every professional I've worked with throughout my career and to all my audiences in India and the world over for their love, support and blessings and my family." Way to go Ash!
Click here to read more -


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Subject: | Paridon? |
Author: | CN (Authenticated as CSwe) |
Date: | February 19, 2010 at 2:45:32 PM |
I've come across this name twice when working on my family tree. One was named Anders Paridon Surname (born 1848) but went by Paridon. His son was named Hugo Paridon Surname (born 1889) and went by Hugo. The name doesn't appear anywhere else in the family tree going back to the 1600s and as far as I can tell all his ancestors are Swedish.
Does anyone have any information on the name Paridon? Origin, meaning?Thanks
The sleep of reason brings forth monsters.
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text: The Arduino Basic Connects Chart Is a Handy Reference Guide for All Your Arduino ProjectsThorin Klosowski3/21/13 6:30amFiled to: ElectronicsDIYarduinoHardwareLearning81EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkLearning how to do everything on the Arduino can get a little tricky when you're working with a lot of parts. Thankfully, Arduino forum member Romano d'Ezzelino has put together a series of reference cards that show the basics of a number of common connections. Much like his pinout programs we talked about previously, these charts show off the basics of how to make a number of different connections without blowing anything up. Each card includes information like voltage, pin diagrams, and more. They're incredibly easy to read and a great reference guide when you're first getting started with Arduino.


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10th Virginia Infantry Regimental Flag
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10th Virginia Infantry Regimental Flag
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10TH VIRGINIA INFANTRY REGIMENTAL FLAG CARRIED AT FIRST MANASSAS. FIRST CONFEDERATE NATIONAL FLAG PATTERN WITH 13 HAND-PAINTED GOLD STARS ON OBVERSE, VA SEAL PAINTED ON REVERSE OF UNION (PARTIALLY SHOT AWAY BY CANNONBALL -FRAGMENTS SAVED); MARKED: HORSTMANNS PHIL" (BELOW VA SEAL); GOLD SILK FRINGE ON 3 SIDES; 4 PAIR OF TIES AT LEADING EDGE. HAND SEWN THROUGHOUT. Origin: PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.
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Material: Silk. H: 115.5, L: 211.0 Cm.
12521 Lee Highway Manassas, Virginia 20109


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have acquired a 650 nighthawk (85) for my first bike. got a screaming deal (hint: under 100) and have already ridden it. picking it up someitme this week!!!
i need a new battery and the 'main fuse' (please correct me on the name, i think that is what it is called) between the battery main line and the starter. Now i have to get licenced and insured and hopefully will be able to ride next summer!!! very excited to join the ranks of the high MPG 2 wheeler cruizing folks :) that is all |
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A Whirlwind Tour of South Africa
Two weeks covering the country from bohemian St. Albert, to the wine region to cosmopolitan Cape Town
One of the enduring mysteries of travel is why Americans think only rich people can go to Africa. I blame Hemingway. He's the one who blighted an entire continent with the whiff of elitism, as a place to trek for days into the bush and if a man doesn't come back with the head of a lion, he's a sissy.
It's all hogwash. Africa is many things, but elitist it's not. Some of my least expensive and most memorable vacation experiences have happened here, and I've even spotted wild lions and elephants from the comfort of a $20 rental car from Avis. It's sad to think that many Americans think they they can't afford a trip to this most impressive of places, and downright depressing to see how some travel agents do nothing to change that.
For those who fly into Cape Town, which has to be the most European of African cities and the ideal place for an American to get a foothold here, a do-it-yourself vacation can be assembled for much less than you think. Cape Town, which recently made the BBC's list of the top five places everyone should visit before dying (few sights but the Grand Canyon placed higher), is enormously popular with Dutch and German tourists. Like us, Europeans have been enjoying some sensational exchange rates.
Two years ago, the rand was trading at about 5 to the dollar. Now, it's almost 7. When Cokes cost R2.30 and bottles of South Africa's famously elegant wines cost R25, it doesn't take a math whiz to see how far a vacation dollar now goes here. It may seem odd, but this depressed economy has led to even more expensive hotels. When tourists come to South Africa, they talk themselves into all sorts of overexpenditures. A fancy dinner may cost 70 rand a plate, but when that translates to a about $10, it's easy to live so lavishly and buy with such abandon that a person can still overshoot a modest budget.
In fact, a certain luxury travel magazine rated the Cape Grace Hotel, on the water, as the best hotel in the world. The same hotel will serve you a tot of fine brandy for $1,000 -- a despicable extravagance considering millions of human beings live in abject privation here.
Avoid those splashy expenses (why try so hard to pretend you're rich, anyway?) and you'll pay far less for incredible, homespun meals -- about $4 a meal is now normal. And at night, even the flashiest clubs charge $1.50 for a gin and tonic. The big development in Cape Town is that the weak rand, combined with the popularity of the whole Western Cape province, has created a boom at major chain hotels, which can charge more and more to tourists who think they're getting a good buy when they pay $90 a night. Meanwhile, it's the guesthouses, of which there are hundreds in the area, that still offer the best value: usually under $25 for a clean, arty bedroom in a safe place, with a full-course homemade breakfast. As more tourists book at big hotels, the guesthouses have begun to suffer, and the prices are better than ever.
Me, because I take advantage of Cape Town's wickedly ebullient night life and retire at odd hours, I stay at a hotel when I'm in town. For five years, since its opening, I've chosen Victoria Junction (021/418 1234 , protea.co.za), a member of the important Protea chain of African hotels, named for the region's world-famous starbust flowers. It's directly across the street from the old tenderloin region De Waterkant, on the slopes of Signal Hill, now the seat of Cape Town's party and youth cultures.
The Victoria Junction is known in town for its incredible fifth-floor rooms, which are in fact two-story lofts, with two bathrooms, a kitchen, and 15-foot-tall windows overlooking the city's lifeblood, Table Bay, or the city's icon, Table Mountain. Self-contained apartments with views like these would cost $800 or more a night in the U.S.; in Cape Town, they're under $100.
About a year and a half ago, South African Airways upgraded its jets to give Economy Class the dignity of individual seatback TV sets -- something that most national airlines haven't bothered to do -- and its direct routes (to South Africa from New York or Atlanta, without stopping in Europe first) make it pretty much the only airline worth flying here from the U.S. (unless you're really dying to take the long way through Europe on British Airways or Virgin). Iberia Airlines (iberia.com) has been posting fare specials which can drop the rate for travel between the US and South Africa to under $500 (plus tax), so be sure to search there as well for a ticket.
Of the places that bring Americans cheaply to South Africa, my pick is a company called 2Afrika (2afrika.com), which usually is able to secure the best rates. During shoulder season (coming again in the spring), it sells air-hotel trips here for excellent rates. If you stay more than a week, which 2Afrika lets you do, you'll get even more from your vacation dollar, since airfare can be costly. I suggest using up the prepaid hotel nights and then driving out of town on your own to discover a new area. (In a few days, I will head into the Karoo desert to the artist's hamlet of Prince Albert, at the other end of the Western Cape Province. Check back at this Web site for my report on that place.)
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Top Definition
Sick fuck from Staten Island who fantasizes about teenage robot sex, in addition to having obsessions with My Life as a Teenage Robot, Sonic the Hedgehog, and other childish manga. He also defends furries.
Somehow he has his own radio show on WSIA from 4pm - 7pm.
Somehow he has his own radio show on WSIA from 4pm - 7pm.
It's ironic that "A-Log", as he calls himself, uploads so many videos to YouTube detracting Chris chan, when in fact Anthony Logatto is the next Christian Weston Chandler.
by lolcow hunter
August 20, 2010
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Kozee Infinity X1
" http://www.head-fi.org/forum/thread/562428/review-kozee-infinity-x1-custom-molded-iem See above for my in depth review. This really is a good product. The issue is with the company itself. As I mention in the review, they are not returning emails from customers. And when people do manage to track them down on the phone - they make promises that are apparently not kept. I like Kozee..." --project86
Xears Bombastic Force XBF400PRO
" [I do not have trained ears, nor do I have a great setup. Hopefully I use the right words to describe the sound] Even with the sibilance I love listening to them more than my SoundMagic E10 and my Alessandro MS2 (Grado 325is). The E10s are pretty good, but they somehow lack the fullness that makes listening satisfying. The XBF400Pro delivers just that. They produce rich and..." --drakool
Xears Communicate C100iP
- modern high-end Neodymium Driver technology offers high quality sound - punchy bass, crispy mids and crystal-clear highs - oxygen free copper cable - optimal external noise suppression supplied by micro-foam ear pads - microphone with answer key - studio like sound - suitable for all styles of music from rock/pop, techno and classic music - unique, modern design and perfect...
Xears Nature N3i
Technical data: • 10mm Multiple Layer Diaphragm High-End Neodymium technology magnet driver units • Frequency response 6-28000Hz • Impedance 32Ω±10% • Sensitivity (SPL) 124dB±3(@1Khz) • Rated power 10mW • Maximum Input power 30mW • Plug normal 3.5mm 24K gold plated • Cord length 1.3m symmetric cable • Housing made of...
Xears Pure Audio XPA2PRO
excellent enormously powerful sound of superlatives by the latest high-end Neodymtreibertechnologie pluggable cable, which can be replaced if a cable breaks fast and cheap 10 mm multiple layer diaphragm neodymium high-end (multi-layer membrane) Aluminum housing 3 different sized interchangeable audio filters (hard, medium, soft ground to vote as a front screw thread) are deep, rich, powerful...
Xears Pure Audio XPA800PRO
Pure Audio XPA800PRO Highend In Ear Headphones Best bass of all time cost
Xears TD4
- Excellent sound of superlatives by the latest high-end Neodymtreibertechnologie - Selected high-end Neodymium drivers - Profound, rich, powerful bass, crisp mids, clear highs - Club Sound feeling! - Suitable for all styles of music from rock / pop, techno to classical - Unique, compelling, attractive design and perfect workmanship - Noble Xears logo on the casing, intermediate part and...


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You must call (386) 294-1600 for reporting instructions.
Your first day of service is normally limited to jury selection. All juries for trial scheduled during the week are selected on the first day of service, and you will be instructed when to return for trial.
The dress code for court is general business attire. Casual attire is acceptable. However, you should not wear tank tops, shorts, or flip-flops.
If you are a person with a disability who needs any accommodation in order to participate in this proceeding, you are entitled, at no cost to you, to the provision of certain assistance. Please contact (386) 294-1600 within two (2) working days of your receipt of this jury summons; if you are hearing or voice impaired, call 1-800-955-8771.
You may complete the Juror Excusal and Postponement form that is included in your jury summons packet, if you qualify for the excuses listed. Otherwise, follow the instructions on the form. If you need additional information, or have an emergency situation that will prevent you from jury service, contact our office.
If you will receive regular pay from your employer during jury service, you are not entitled to compensation for the first three days of jury service. If you will not receive regular pay, you are entitled to receive $15 per day for the first three days of service. All jurors will receive $30 on the fourth day and each day thereafter. The Juror Compensation form included with your jury summons must be completed and turned into the Clerk when you report.
Juror parking is provided in the parking behind the Lafayette County Courthouse.
By Phone:
By Fax:
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P.O. Box 88
Mayo,FL 32066
MyFloridaCounty.com is a service of Florida's Clerks of Court. The website provides several online services that are fast, convenient and secure. Click on the links below to access the services which are also available en español.
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Perform a public county search of court records online.
The Florida ePortal web site provides eFiling and eRecording capability to users with a single statewide login. Users may utilize the ePortal web interface to submit documents to Clerks and Recorders.
Find information about the Courts, public records, research how to file a small claims case or find an official record.
The Clerk's office performs nearly 1,000 different constitutional and statutory functions or duties, representing the broadest and most diverse mantle of responsibility of any locally elected official. Find out more about the many things we do and the many ways we can help you at MyFloridaClerks.com


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Review | Pho Hong Phat
Updated 8:49 am, Sunday, May 19, 2013
You owe it to yourself to try the lotus salad at Pho Hong Phat. Or the cha gio, better known as Vietnamese egg rolls. Or several of the other items on a large menu that astonishes with its excellence and consistency.
They're all available mid-morning to nighttime.
An aroma of a Vietnamese home kitchen — with overtones of lemongrass, star anise and a bit of char that comes from flames hitting meat as it cooks — welcomes diners upon arrival.
Those homey scents and flavors come through in this menu, whether soups, noodles, rice dishes, or one of their other items.
It's that range of flavors that come through vibrantly in the pho, served with the appropriate accompaniments of fresh herbs, bean sprouts and sliced fresh chiles. There were so many choices that I tried to do them all at once, with the special combo, which included thin slices of beef round, shank, flank, brisket, tendon, meatball and tripe. The broth had a beefy depth with herbaceous undertones, while the meats and noodles offered plenty of substance.
With the meats, noodles and broth, there's plenty to fill up on, even if the bowl still looks mostly full when you're finished. But it's a feeling of satisfaction, not of feeling stuffed or bloated.
Even if getting the pho, try the cha gio, the fried rolls filled with minced pork and vegetables. They're handmade and beautifully uneven with a memorable taste. Few versions around here of this well-known appetizer are as good as this one. They're satisfying on their own, but make them even better and wrap them in lettuce leaves, add some cilantro and Thai basil and dip into the nuoc cham, or dipping sauce of herbs, vinegar and fish sauce.
That excellent lotus salad showcases bright flavors and slivered lotus root with slivered cucumber, carrots, minced green onions, chile flakes, diced cilantro and minced peanuts, along with lightly cooked slices of shrimp, chicken and pork, all tossed in a citrusy dressing, served with shrimp crackers.
The vermicelli dishes, or bun, feature plenty of items on top of the noodles. The stir-fried lemongrass chicken packs a bit of heat with an umami punch. Or try the grilled pork with grilled shrimp and an egg roll. The pork slivers have a touch of char, which elevates the dish to a different level. One note of advice: Eat the egg rolls as soon as they're served, because they'll get soggy if you let them sit in the bowl.
The top layer of the various vermicelli dishes are so stuffed with ingredients that only little wisps of the noodles below peek out. With the pork, shrimp and egg roll, toppings included minced cilantro, shredded carrots and chopped peanuts, while the bowl includes shredded lettuce with the noodles. After eating the egg roll, use your chopsticks to mix all of the ingredients together with the noodles and bask in the contrasts of flavors, textures and temperatures.
These noodle bowls include a bowl of nuoc cham on the side, if you want to drizzle a little while mixing the ingredients. The sauce is not necessary by any means, but it does add extra flavor. There's Sriracha too, for tastes that lean in that direction.
For those unfamiliar with Vietnamese cuisine, it's worth noting that the menu spans several pages and can intimidate. If you can go with somebody who knows the cuisine, that would be best, but you can also ask the very helpful servers for recommendations. Just be honest about your comfort level with unfamiliar flavors and allow yourself to be steered in the right direction.
Twitter: @etij


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2007-09-19 / Arts and Entertainment
Bannerman Island Gallery to Present New works by Jamie Grossman and Walter Mosley
The next exhibit at Bannerman Island Gallery will feature landscapes by Jamie Grossman and Walter Mosley, both known for their outstanding oils. The show will open on Beacon's Second Saturday, October 13. Meet the artists at an opening reception from 4 to 6pm.
The full version of this story is available only to subscribers. Subscribe now to access to full versions of news stories in our archive of over 12,000 stories going back to 1999.


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Welcome to the jungle we've got fun and games, an awesome song from a kickin band that has been around since 1985. The first song that got me hooked to Guns n' Roses was "Sweet Child O' Mine" The power in Axl Rose's voice was incredible, now don't get me wrong everyone one knows he has a "not so perfect voice" but he still knows how to rock the mic. This LA band knew how to put on a show no matter were they performed. Guns n Roses was labeled as a reckless band when ever they toured and made headlines in almost every rock music magazine as being a drunk on and off stage. The band had five members total and their names were, Axl Rose, Slash, Duff McKagan, Izzy Stradlin, and Steven Adler. Together they formed a band that has maintained record sales. Appetite for Destruction has sold a total of 26 million copies and remains in the top 100 of greatest rock bands ever. They all stayed together as a band for a while but the first to go was Steven Adler who was the drummer, he left for unknown reasons. The best albums that were released from Guns n Roses other then appetite for destruction was Lies, Lies, Lies, and Use your Illusion 1&2. In all honestly there is only a handful of songs on both of those tracks that were likeable. Till this day GnR remains one of my favorite bands but the sad thing is, I don't care to much for the new GnR. I think Axl Rose lost his way and Guns n' Roses will never again have the energy and sound as they once did back in 1986. This tutorial shows you how to draw the Guns n' Roses symbol step by step with easy to read instructions. This symbol is used on their record label as well as posters. Have fun with this tutorial and I'll see you next time.
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest!
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Uh-oh. Looks like Shailene Woodley and Blake Lively got the same "pink shoes, print Valentino dress" memo.
Shailene stepped out in a brilliant brocade number and pink pumps on Monday in New York as she headed to tape Letterman. (Seriously loving the fab butterfly detailing.)
Blake was snapped leaving her downtown New York hotel on Wednesday and paired her look with snazzy bedazzled shooties.
So who wore the combo best? (Scroll down to see our answer.)
[polldaddy poll=8031540]
Our vote: Shailene by a nose. Blake's shoes are overkill and on the gawdy side.


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The Zion Mennonite Fellowship in Elmira, Ontario began services in 1986, and formally organized in 1987. The first building was occupied in 1996. The congregation originated through outreach by the Elmira area Mennonite churches and Mennonite Conference of Ontario and Quebec.
The original membership was comprised primarily of people from Elmira Mennonite Church and Bethel Mennonite Church at Elora.
In 1995 there were 66 members; in 2000, 53. The congregation has been affiliated with Mennonite Church Eastern Canada (1988-), Mennonite Church (1988-1999) and the Conference of Mennonites in Canada / Mennonite Church Canada (1995-). The language of worship is English.
The congregation's address is Box 38, Elmira, ON, N3B 2Z5. (519) 669-3153. Pastor Keith W. Meyers served in 2002 as a congregational leader.
Mennonite Reporter (22 December 1986): 8; (16 April 1990): 15; (27 May 1996): 4.
Author(s) | Marlene Epp |
Date Published | April 1987 |
Cite This Article
MLA style
Epp, Marlene. "Zion Mennonite Fellowship (Elmira, Ontario, Canada)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. April 1987. Web. 30 Mar 2017. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Zion_Mennonite_Fellowship_(Elmira,_Ontario,_Canada)&oldid=93995.
APA style
Epp, Marlene. (April 1987). Zion Mennonite Fellowship (Elmira, Ontario, Canada). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 30 March 2017, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Zion_Mennonite_Fellowship_(Elmira,_Ontario,_Canada)&oldid=93995.
©1996-2017 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


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Oh god, no. I mean, interesting news on the "Ghostbusters 3" front today. Dan Aykroyd, the self-appointed "cheerleader" of the "Ghostbusters" had a long sit down with Esquire and of course they delved into a long conversation about "Ghostbusters 3." The script appears to be done. It appears to be as "ready" as it's ever been (lord, when have we heard that one before). It's apparently the script everyone wants to make and Aykroyd even talks about potential 4th and 5th "Ghostbusters" films. Have mercy.
At least no one's getting ahead of themselves here. Here's highlights from the conversation — oh, and make sure to buy his personal brand of vodka, especially if you're a fan of the series because, the actor/writer says that "Ghostbusters 3" has no budget code over at Sony/Columbia and he's been working on it for free all this time.. The highlights are as follows:
Aykroyd says Bill Murray has given up his rights to the series now that he he doesn't want to be involved.
I have one-fifth of the voice, along with the partners and the other owner of the property, the picture company, and Ivan, Billy [Murray], and myself, and Harold [Ramis]. We all have to sign off on it unanimously — uh, I'm not sure Billy does anymore, since he abrogated his rights by sort of, by saying, two years ago he said, "I don't want to be involved," and the picture company I think had some clause in there that if he actually passed on the third of fourth offer, he no longer has a view of the franchise. So, that's for the lawyers to decide. Of course, I'd love to have Billy call me tomorrow and say, "Let's go to work and start writing."
The writer flat out asks (as had been rumored in the past), had that the second script, writen by former "The Office" scribes Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg, been tossed out? Aykroyd doesn't directly respond, but talks around the question.
You know, they did great work. There will be arbitration on it. And I hope that the arbitration may yield some kind of credit for them, but I don't know what the final, final draft is gonna be. That's to be determined.
I've worked on every draft in the last three years, as Ivan has, and now we have a story and a draft that everybody seems to agree would make the third movie. At this point, I think we're closer than we ever have been. And because of the ever-shifting sands and nature of the motion-picture business, I will just say that hopefully, at some point, it will be morphing into what is known in the business as a [Aykroyd mimes air quotes] "production number XP39789." Then I will begin to rent cars, get hotel rooms, and bill for writing. But that point hasn't come. All my work has been gratis to this point, as Ivan's has, and I'm hoping that I can get that production number set up in L.A. and help everyone bring the movie to fruition, as the originator and creator of the concept. If it does not happen, the life of Dan Aykroyd and his family and friends will be quite full without Ghostbusters 3.
The actor is convinced the Stupnitsky/Eisenberg draft was good enough to go and would have been a huge hit had Bill Murray approved it.
Had Billy chosen to do the Eisenberg/Stupnitsky script of two years ago, it would be out this summer, and it would be a massive hit. If Billy had said yes, it would have satisfied his performance and what he wanted in the movie, it would have satisfied his performing skill and how he wanted to be depicted in the movie, it would have satisfied the studio, the writers who wrote it, everybody — Ivan, me, Harold, we were all happy with it. Then when he said, "Absolutely not, I'm not in this," we had to go and really rethink things. He abrogated his say in the project, abrogated his rights to have any say in it by refusing the third offer from the picture company, which his lawyer put before him, and Billy said, "No, I can't respond." Now we have to move on, but we'll always leave a hole for him. He's always there. He can always come back at any time and be rebuilt into it, as far as I'm concerned. That's up to his lawyer and the picture company to work out, but creatively, he will always be a part of it.
Aykroyd suggests time is running out for Sony and if they don't make the film soon, they will be shit out of luck and all the creative parties will move on to other projects.
Now, this would add quite a bump to Sony's bottom line, quite a bump. If they make this movie, in its current shape, they would be looking at a pretty hefty, nine-figure return. And so I'm hoping they get on to move it, but if they don't, I have multiple trains. I've got tracks six, seven, and nine, and that's four. I'll be moving on to other things, as will Ivan, by the way. We can't wait forever. And now's the time to tell the picture company, and I'd say this quite publically, it's time now to sit down and make this movie, or you will lose your main principals, and you won't be able to make it without us, because we have rights, and now is time to make the movie… You don't take advantage of that in the next three or four months, I'll see you in Australia, where we'll be selling Crystal Head.
"Ghostbusters films four and five named, "Man-hell-ttan" and "Ghostbusters in Hell"?
Listen, I tell ya, after this movie gets made, and maybe the next one: Man-hell-ttan. Man-hell-ttan, and the Ghostbusters in hell, would be so solid, but we gotta get maybe one or two made before that. But, oh, wow… I wrote that with Tom Davis, my writing partner, recently deceased, who wrote Coneheads with me and stuff on Saturday Night Live. There's classic Tom Davis lines and funny stuff in there, really it's probably the most humorous of all the Ghostbusters scripts that have generated in that last little while. But we'll put the humor into this next one. It's gotta be funny, or it's not worth doing. It can be scary, it can be Ghostbusters, it can be the new franchise, the new people, but if it's not funny … Wait a minute, it started as a comedy. Let's make sure there's laughs and no laugh unturned and that we really make that our priority, to make it funny and exciting, but mainly funny.
And yeah, again, Bill Murray won't be in this film. However, if he somehow changes his mind, Ivan Reitman, Aykroyd and Harold Ramis would have him back in a heartbeat. "Of course, I'd love to have Billy call me tomorrow and say, 'Let's go to work and start writing.' " Sony/Columbia is having its own issues at the moment which means no decision on whether 'GB3' gets a greenlight until at least March 2013.


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How would you go by solving these problems to find the value of ?
I solved for "x" and got 100, but when I plugged it back into the equation it does not equal the answer.
EDIT - NVM....I'm an idiot. Plugged the "x" value for the "y" value also. But how would you solve for "y"? I can't get the same "y" value for both equation.
MathStud - Thanx for the help...but I never learned that


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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'Zipf's law' tag.
A remarkable phenomenon in probability theory is that of universality – that many seemingly unrelated probability distributions, which ostensibly involve large numbers of unknown parameters, can end up converging to a universal law that may only depend on a small handful of parameters. One of the most famous examples of the universality phenomenon is the central limit theorem; another rich source of examples comes from random matrix theory, which is one of the areas of my own research.
Analogous universality phenomena also show up in empirical distributions – the distributions of a statistic from a large population of "real-world" objects. Examples include Benford's law, Zipf's law, and the Pareto distribution (of which the Pareto principle or 80-20 law is a special case). These laws govern the asymptotic distribution of many statistics which
- (i) take values as positive numbers;
- (ii) range over many different orders of magnitude;
- (iiii) arise from a complicated combination of largely independent factors (with different samples of arising from different independent factors); and
- (iv) have not been artificially rounded, truncated, or otherwise constrained in size.
Examples here include the population of countries or cities, the frequency of occurrence of words in a language, the mass of astronomical objects, or the net worth of individuals or corporations. The laws are then as follows:
- Benford's law: For , the proportion of whose first digit is is approximately . Thus, for instance, should have a first digit of about of the time, but a first digit of only about of the time.
- Zipf's law: The largest value of should obey an approximate power law, i.e. it should be approximately for the first few and some parameters . In many cases, is close to .
- Pareto distribution: The proportion of with at least digits (before the decimal point), where is above the median number of digits, should obey an approximate exponential law, i.e. be approximately of the form for some . Again, in many cases is close to .
Benford's law and Pareto distribution are stated here for base , which is what we are most familiar with, but the laws hold for any base (after replacing all the occurrences of in the above laws with the new base, of course). The laws tend to break down if the hypotheses (i)-(iv) are dropped. For instance, if the statistic concentrates around its mean (as opposed to being spread over many orders of magnitude), then the normal distribution tends to be a much better model (as indicated by such results as the central limit theorem). If instead the various samples of the statistics are highly correlated with each other, then other laws can arise (for instance, the eigenvalues of a random matrix, as well as many empirically observed matrices, are correlated to each other, with the behaviour of the largest eigenvalues being governed by laws such as the Tracy-Widom law rather than Zipf's law, and the bulk distribution being governed by laws such as the semicircular law rather than the normal or Pareto distributions).
To illustrate these laws, let us take as a data set the populations of 235 countries and regions of the world in 2007 (using the CIA world factbook); I have put the raw data here. This is a relatively small sample (cf. my previous post), but is already enough to discern these laws in action. For instance, here is how the data set tracks with Benford's law (rounded to three significant figures):
Countries | Number | Benford prediction | |
1 | Angola, Anguilla, Aruba, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cook Islands, Cuba, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Gabon, (The) Gambia, Greece, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, (Federated States of) Micronesia, Nauru, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Pakistan, Portugal, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Serbia, Swaziland, Syria, Timor-Leste (East-Timor), Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, (U.S.) Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, Zambia, Zimbabwe | 59 () | 71 () |
2 | Armenia, Australia, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Cote d'Ivoire, French Polynesia, Ghana, Gibraltar, Indonesia, Iraq, Jamaica, (North) Korea, Kosovo, Kuwait, Latvia, Lesotho, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mayotte, Mongolia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia Norfolk Island, Palau, Peru, Romania, Saint Martin, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Taiwan, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen | 44 () | 41 () |
3 | Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, (The) Bahamas, Belize, Brunei, Canada, (Rep. of the) Congo, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Iceland, Kenya, Lebanon, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Maldives, Mauritania, Monaco, Morocco, Oman, (Occupied) Palestinian Territory, Panama, Poland, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Uganda, United States of America, Uruguay, Western Sahara | 29 () | 29 () |
4 | Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burma (Myanmar), Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Faroe Islands, Georgia, Ireland, (South) Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, New Zealand, Norway, Pitcairn Islands, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates | 27 () | 22 () |
5 | (Macao SAR) China, Cocos Islands, Denmark, Djibouti, Eritrea, Finland, Greenland, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Togo, Turkmenistan | 16 () | 19 () |
6 | American Samoa, Bermuda, Bhutan, (Dem. Rep. of the) Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Guernsey, Iran, Jordan, Laos, Libya, Marshall Islands, Montenegro, Paraguay, Sierra Leone, Thailand, United Kingdom | 17 () | 16 () |
7 | Bahrain, Bulgaria, (Hong Kong SAR) China, Comoros, Cyprus, Dominica, El Salvador, Guyana, Honduras, Israel, (Isle of) Man, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey | 17 () | 14 () |
8 | Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, Azerbaijan, Benin, Burundi, Egypt, Ethiopia, Germany, Haiti, Holy See (Vatican City), Northern Mariana Islands, Qatar, Seychelles, Vietnam | 15 () | 12 () |
9 | Belarus, Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Grenada, Guinea, Hungary, Jersey, Philippines, Somalia, Sweden | 11 () | 11 () |
Here is how the same data tracks Zipf's law for the first twenty values of , with the parameters and (selected by log-linear regression), again rounding to three significant figures:
Country | Population | Zipf prediction | Deviation from prediction | |
1 | China | 1,330,000,000 | 1,280,000,000 | |
2 | India | 1,150,000,000 | 626,000,000 | |
4 | Indonesia | 238,000,000 | 307,000,000 | |
5 | Brazil | 196,000,000 | 244,000,000 | |
6 | Pakistan | 173,000,000 | 202,000,000 | |
7 | Bangladesh | 154,000,000 | 172,000,000 | |
8 | Nigeria | 146,000,000 | 150,000,000 | |
9 | Russia | 141,000,000 | 133,000,000 | |
10 | Japan | 128,000,000 | 120,000,000 | |
11 | Mexico | 110,000,000 | 108,000,000 | |
12 | Philippines | 96,100,000 | 98,900,000 | |
13 | Vietnam | 86,100,000 | 91,100,000 | |
14 | Ethiopia | 82,600,000 | 84,400,000 | |
15 | Germany | 82,400,000 | 78,600,000 | |
16 | Egypt | 81,700,000 | 73,500,000 | |
17 | Turkey | 71,900,000 | 69,100,000 | |
18 | Congo | 66,500,000 | 65,100,000 | |
19 | Iran | 65,900,000 | 61,600,000 | |
20 | Thailand | 65,500,000 | 58,400,000 |
As one sees, Zipf's law is not particularly precise at the extreme edge of the statistics (when is very small), but becomes reasonably accurate (given the small sample size, and given that we are fitting twenty data points using only two parameters) for moderate sizes of .
This data set has too few scales in base to illustrate the Pareto distribution effectively – over half of the country populations are either seven or eight digits in that base. But if we instead work in base , then country populations range in a decent number of scales (the majority of countries have population between and ), and we begin to see the law emerge, where is now the number of digits in binary, the best-fit parameters are and :
Countries with binary digit populations | Number | Pareto prediction | |
31 | China, India | 2 | 1 |
30 | " | 2 | 2 |
29 | ", United States of America | 3 | 5 |
28 | ", Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Russia | 9 | 8 |
27 | ", Japan, Mexico, Philippines, Vietnam, Ethiopia, Germany, Egypt, Turkey | 17 | 15 |
26 | ", (Dem. Rep. of the) Congo, Iran, Thailand, France, United Kingdom, Italy, South Africa, (South) Korea, Burma (Myanmar), Ukraine, Colombia, Spain, Argentina, Sudan, Tanzania, Poland, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria | 36 | 27 |
25 | ", Canada, Afghanistan, Uganda, Nepal, Peru, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Malaysia, (North) Korea, Ghana, Yemen, Taiwan, Romania, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Australia, Cote d'Ivoire, Madagascar, Syria, Cameroon | 58 | 49 |
24 | ", Netherlands, Chile, Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Malawi, Ecuador, Niger, Guatemala, Senegal, Angola, Mali, Zambia, Cuba, Zimbabwe, Greece, Portugal, Belgium, Tunisia, Czech Republic, Rwanda, Serbia, Chad, Hungary, Guinea, Belarus, Somalia, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Sweden, Haiti, Burundi, Benin | 91 | 88 |
23 | ", Austria, Azerbaijan, Honduras, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Tajikistan, Israel, El Salvador, (Hong Kong SAR) China, Paraguay, Laos, Sierra Leone, Jordan, Libya, Papua New Guinea, Togo, Nicaragua, Eritrea, Denmark, Slovakia, Kyrgyzstan, Finland, Turkmenistan, Norway, Georgia, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Central African Republic, Moldova, Costa Rica | 123 | 159 |
Thus, with each new scale, the number of countries introduced increases by a factor of a little less than , on the average. This approximate doubling of countries with each new scale begins to falter at about the population (i.e. at around million), for the simple reason that one has begun to run out of countries. (Note that the median-population country in this set, Singapore, has a population with binary digits.)
These laws are not merely interesting statistical curiosities; for instance, Benford's law is often used to help detect fraudulent statistics (such as those arising from accounting fraud), as many such statistics are invented by choosing digits at random, and will therefore deviate significantly from Benford's law. (This is nicely discussed in Robert Matthews' New Scientist article "The power of one"; this article can also be found on the web at a number of other places.) In a somewhat analogous spirit, Zipf's law and the Pareto distribution can be used to mathematically test various models of real-world systems (e.g. formation of astronomical objects, accumulation of wealth, population growth of countries, etc.), without necessarily having to fit all the parameters of that model with the actual data.
Being empirically observed phenomena rather than abstract mathematical facts, Benford's law, Zipf's law, and the Pareto distribution cannot be "proved" the same way a mathematical theorem can be proved. However, one can still support these laws mathematically in a number of ways, for instance showing how these laws are compatible with each other, and with other plausible hypotheses on the source of the data. In this post I would like to describe a number of ways (both technical and non-technical) in which one can do this; these arguments do not fully explain these laws (in particular, the empirical fact that the exponent in Zipf's law or the Pareto distribution is often close to is still quite a mysterious phenomenon), and do not always have the same universal range of applicability as these laws seem to have, but I hope that they do demonstrate that these laws are not completely arbitrary, and ought to have a satisfactory basis of mathematical support. Read the rest of this entry »


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These are confusing times for game releases, as an era of kickstarts and paid
early access can make it difficult to pin down exactly when a game is officially
out. Case in point, 1337 games sends word that closed beta testing of
Tactical Intervention (which they seem to have stopped writing in all caps)
begins on August 22nd, approximately three months after
their announcement that the new
shooter from Counter-Strike co-creator Minh "Gooseman" Le was live. This
seems to relate to Steam as it mentions the Steam release
announced for
next month, saying the game will enter open beta on August 29th, in spite of
already having an open
beta in mid-May. The Tactical
Intervention website is now counting down the days until the new closed beta
on the 22nd, and they cap off the confusion saying the game will go live on
September 12th with servers for Asia, Australia, and South America to launch on
October 1st. In conjunction with all this, the game will be shown off at
Gamescom in Cologne next month. Those interested in all this should keep an eye
on their the game's
Facebook page
where they will be handing out beta keys and will be raffling off gaming gear
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Environmentalists Sue Federal Agency Over Toll Road
Thursday, August 14, 2008
Environmentalists sued a federal conservation agency over its findings that extending a toll road in Orange and San Diego counties won't harm endangered wildlife.
The Natural Resources Defense Council asked a federal court in San Diego Wednesday to require U.S. Fish and Wildlife to issue a new opinion about the impact that would be caused by 16 miles of road. NRDC accused Fish and Wildlife of succumbing to pressures from the Transportation Corridor Agencies, which finances and builds Orange County's toll roads.
Fish and Wildlife stands by its review, agency spokeswoman Jane Hendron said.
The state's Coastal Commission blocked construction of the road in February. The U.S. Commerce Department is reviewing that decision.
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text: MaizeGDB update: new tools, data and interface for the maize model organism databaseCarson M. Andorf, Ethalinda K. S. Cannon, John L. Portwood, Jack M. Gardiner, Lisa C. Harper, Mary L. Schaeffer +13 othersNucleic Acids Research2016MaizeGDB is a highly curated, community-oriented database and informatics service to researchers focused on the crop plant and model organism Zea mays ssp. mays. Although some form of the maize community database has existed over the last 25 years, there have only been two major releases. In 1991, the original maize genetics database MaizeDB was created. In… (More)


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Grape Seed Review - Is it Worth its Hype ?
We are sure that all of you might have heard about grape seed extract in one or another way. It is one of the best selling dietary supplements in the world. However, with various grape seed extract products in the market, people often get confused about which product to rely upon. Through this grape seed extract review, we have tried to give you a fair idea of what the extract is all about and how it is beneficial for health.
Grape seed extract is derived from the seeds of grape fruit and it is known to be enriched with flavonoids, linolenic acid, vitamin E, and OPC's. The grape seed extract is also known to be enriched with lots of antioxidants like polyphenols. The grape seed extract is also added to the cosmetic skin care products. This ingredient is known to be very effective antioxidant. The grape seed extract have become integral part of serums, and anti-aging creams because they are known to aid skin in combating the actions of free radicals. Also, they are found in most of the oral supplements too. Essentially the ingredient is known to strengthen the skin tissue and also assists in blood circulation. A company called World Image Naturals has staked claim for being an authentic user of this ingredient in all its supplements. The specific grape seed extract produced by World Image Naturals is believed to be free from any additives and colors.
The grape seed extract is known to be beneficial in curbing effects of:
- Cancer: The grape seed extract is loaded with resveratrol, which is known to interfere in cancer cell formation, growth and its proliferation. The grape seed extract is also known to have chemo preventive effects.
- Ultraviolet Damage to Skin: The proanthocyanins in the grape seed extract is known to protect against the carcinogens and also snubs the carcinogenesis. The grape seed extract is added to sunscreen lotions.
- Tooth Decay: The phenols in the grape seed extract are known to inhibit the metabolism of sugar and it also retards the growth of certain bacteria in the mouth.
- Osteoporosis: The grape seed extract is known to aid in promoting the bone health. It enhances the bone density and strength.
- Skin Cancer: The grape seed extract is known to decrease the chances of tumor and also it aids in reducing the malignancy of papillomas.
- Wounds: Grape seed extract contains proanthocyanins which accelerates the vascular endothelial growth factor and speeds up the recuperating process.
Dosage, Interactions and Precautions
The grape seed extract is mostly used in the form of tablets, liquid or capsules. During tests it was found that the oral administration of grape seed extract was well tolerated by people upto 8 weeks. Some minor side effects like dry itchy scalp, nausea, dizziness, and headache was reported. The interactions between different medicines and grape seed extract are not known but it is still advised to remain on the safe side.
The main aim of this grape seed extract review is to make you aware of the fact that it comes across as one of the beneficial healthcare supplements. Still, it should be taken under the supervision of physician if you are on any other medication.
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We try to respond to all questions and offers quickly, however, orders all come first. All reasonable offers will be considered however offers and questions take time.
1970 - The new makeup colors 4PG TIEGS +++ Currently priced at $ 9.99 1970 - The new makeup colors ad - 4 pages of 8 x 11 inches in color of a story relaltive to the new makeup colors. Which ones for you? Brunettes, blonds, dark hair. 4 young ladies pictured. ONLY 2 OF THE PAGES ARE SHOWN
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- 主页
- 胶粘剂与密封胶赛百库
- Polydo SC-4508
Polydo SC-4508
Polydo SC-4508 polyether polyol is sucrose/ ethylene glycol initiated polyol designed for the production of rigid polyurethane foam. It shows good workability because of its low viscosity. It can be used either as polyol reactants in one-shot systems or in the preparation pre-polymer process.
- Datasheet (英语)
Kukdo Chemical Co. was established in 1972 and has since grown to become one of the world's largest producers of epoxy resin and curing agents as well as thermosetting resins, inorganic chemicals, polyols and polyureas. Their products are well suited for use in the production of primers and maintenance coatings, cured epoxies and floorings and resin produce films accompanied with outstanding flexibility and adhesion as well as exceptional resistance to chemicals and solvents.


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Houston Texans wideout Andre Johnson feels that his charity got the shaft by Wal-Mart. He ordered 750 bicycles for the Andre Johnson Foundation, which supports underprivileged kids and in turn the megastore promised free water and ice. Unfortunately something happened where Johnson couldn't buy all the bikes and Wal-Mart decided to pull the free H2O. Now I don't know what bikes cost now a days (or should it matter), but when you are probably the most scrutinized business in America, you can't really afford bad press like this. And seriously, you are the largest public company in terms of revenue. Can't you seem to let go of a little water and ice? Take Spike Lee's advice and "Do the Right Thing."
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Ten women, guests at the lesbian-owned Adelheid Inn, are stranded in the Cascade Mountains after a mudslide closes the only road out. One goes missing. One is killed. More than one is not who she pretends to be, and every one of them has a secret. When another woman is attacked, it becomes clear there's a killer in their midst, and it has to be one of them. Is it Beatrice, the judge, surly and sad after the death of her long-term partner? Or her niece, Tish, angry and sullen at being kept under Beatrice's thumb? Or is it Carmen, Beatrice's childhood friend who lured her to the Inn under false pretenses? It couldn't be the Mormon girls, Amy and Dakota. Or could it? Perhaps it's Paula, the gallant butch, or her date, the lovely and silent Veronica. A blind woman couldn't do it, but is Jess really blind? And what about Holly, the hotel manager who is just a bit too perky, or Lila, the mysterious owner of the hotel? One thing quickly becomes clear. They'd better find out, before there are none.
©2015 Kate McLachlan (P)2015 Kate McLachlan
"A gentle surprise"
I really enjoyed this story. Even though I bought it because I already owned all the other lesbian books. I was surprised by the ending which doesn't happen often enough for me.
"Very poor"
I so regret that I ever bought this. The description sounded interesting but the book once it begins goes from bad to worse.
I actually couldn't bear to listen right until the end, I simply didn't care
"A Locked Room"
A lesbian bed and breakfast, two employees, eight guests and a storm that blocks access to the inn. In the tradition of Sherlock Holmes, Ellery Queen and Miss Marple a group of people are isolated with a killer and bodies continue to fall. One woman is found dead the morning after the storm, another is missing, and fear and suspicions are running rampant. Before long secrets are being shared by the survivors, new relationships develop, they're old relationships that are rediscovered; while even ones that have lasted a lifetime become strained. After another death, and a near death; while the women's fears grow exponentially so do their suspicions of each other; there is a killer among them; how many of the women will still be alive when the roads are finally open again?
That is my version of a book jacket blurb, the surprises abound in this well written update of the classic locked room murder mystery.
"Couldn't stop listening"
I had a great time listening to this story and became truly engrossed in it. I felt like I was watching a movie, and I wanted to yell out to the characters, No, don't go there! or maybe, sometimes, YES!!
"A Beating To Listen To"
The author does a great job of developing the characters from the beginning but the narration makes you cringe or roll your eyes. The over annunciation is over the top annoying and the voices are too fake -especially Bea and Jess. In parts, it's pretty predictable, but the end is good.
"Story yes, narrator no"
The different characters were distinguishable but many of them sounded fake, over acted. There were also several times when sentences were repeated.
"the new Agatha Christie?"
Fun story that keeps you guessing right up to the end. With everyone stranded there is a murderer among them, but who? Read to find out!


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Alina (ID: 70646)
Date of birth:April 12, 1987
Height:5' 6" (168 cm)
Weight:116 lb (53 kg)
Hair color:blonde
Eyes color:green
Marital status:single
English language:Middle Level
Others foreign languages:No
Seeks partner:29 - 58 years old
Total photos:10
Bikini photos:5
Hobbies and interests:
I try to stay active and fit by making different kinds of sport, such as kick-boxing, which adds some adrenaline and excitement into daily life. I run in the mornings, keeping my body and mind fit. On the weekends I try to plan this valuable free time most intensive for enjoying the life and all its differences. I love traveling and would like to discover and explore the world with someone I fall in love. I appreciate music and play flute.
About me:
I am full of energy and inspiration for the life. I am cheerful and tender, seeking for true love and happiness as I consider that the real happiness is about sharing the most wonderful moments with the beloved one. I am open-minded and wish to share my impressions and feelings with my soul mate. I wish to fulfill the daily life with the romantic notes. Besides sensitive and romantic side of my mind I am into sciences and studies, which enrich my mind and make life full of new tries and experiences.
Looking For Men Type:
As my partner I see caring and generous man with the heart able to love and share his feelings. Intelligence and nobleness are of my appreciation. I believe in compatibility of interests and understanding as main issues, which bring relationship to the higher level. Actually I don't have any special requirements for the partner I am looking for, as I suppose that relationship and its success is about two partners and the way they come along with each other.
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Operation Filmmaker Exploits Iraq's Exploitation
A fable for our reality-TV reality, Nina Davenport's Operation Filmmaker is as much virus as video documentary. This essentially comic tale maps a contagion of mutual exploitation that seems to have burnished the careers of everyone involved.
Four years ago, MTV's True Life telecast a piece on young Iraqis that devoted a segment to Muthana Mohmed, a 25-year-old Baghdad film student obsessed with the idea of going Hollywood. Among those who saw the episode was Liev Schreiber, then preparing to make his suitably serious directorial debut with an adaptation of Jonathan Safran Foer's Everything Is Illuminated. Operating in full humanist mode, Schreiber decided to give Muthana a break and hired him to work on his set. The actor also reasoned that this generous act should not go unrecorded: He contacted an MTV producer, who recommended Davenport—a Harvard classmate—to document Muthana's education.
Everything is illuminated, indeed. Muthana arrives on location in the Czech Republic; it's his first time outside Iraq, and his first time in the self-contained, self-absorbed world of a movie set. An intern—and yet a star, or at least a celebrity— he is put to work as an assistant gofer. Thus humiliated—and displaying an excellent command of colloquial English— Muthana has no qualms complaining to Davenport: "What the fuck?! The most important scene was rolling on the set while I was mixing the snacks!!"
Operation Filmmaker
Operation Filmmaker
Directed by Nina Davenport
Icarus Films
Opens June 4, IFC Center
The question that courses throughout Operation Filmmaker is: Whose needs trump whose? Schreiber imported Muthana to feel good about himself, while his production requires the kid to prepare vegan treats. Contracted to produce a documentary, Davenport is no less needy than her subject. She wants Muthana to just be himself, naïvely expressing his gratitude ("I love George Bush—he changed my life") and prejudices (describing Everything Is Illuminated, which deals in part with the Holocaust, as "a movie defending the Jewish theory"). Meanwhile, someone on the project has sent cameras to Muthana's Baghdad friends. Their video letters urge him not to even think of venturing back to Iraq. Muthana appears stunned—somehow, the job he's been given editing the wrap-party gag reel seems . . . petty.
Understandably, Muthana wants to get a U.S. visa, but since he doesn't know how, the Everything Is Illuminated producers (anxious to rid themselves of this ungrateful pest) conclude that he's a slacker and lacks initiative. Worse: Is he really in danger, or is he just manipulating them? One producer actually tells Muthana to return to Baghdad, write a screenplay, and then call him in Hollywood. Later, the same producer will introduce the high-concept notion—embraced by Davenport as her ruling metaphor—that helping Muthana has turned out to be the boondoggle equivalent of invading Iraq.
Davenport frequently shows herself giving her subject advice—suggesting, among other things, that he be more honest and "real" on camera. Muthana does take direction, albeit in his own way. Cast as a hustler, he necessarily becomes one—managing to extend his Czech visa and get a gig on the set of the sci-fi action flick Doom. Davenport (who continued to film Muthana in Prague) drolly cuts from footage of Iraqi carnage to a field of zombie corpses on the Doom set. Confusion breeds confusion. Doom's star—Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson—thinks Muthana might be a hero, like himself, and in the movie's supreme gesture (self-interested or not?), makes it possible for the young exile to pursue his dream at some dubious professional academy in London: "You're going to film school, buddy!"
It's a chaotic situation and an appropriately chaotic film, filled with Davenport's anxious asides to the camera. But no one is more invested in Muthana than she, and he knows it. ("What's your next project—a guy from Afghanistan?" he sneers.) Davenport keeps giving Muthana money; he accuses her of making a documentary designed to demonstrate American goodness and Iraqi weakness, then demands an additional $10,000 or he'll quit her project. (He even holds footage for ransom.) It's at this point in their mutual guilt-tripping that Davenport presents the televised image of George W. Bush promising to "stay the course."
Whereas she had originally hoped for a happy ending, Davenport tells us, she's now looking for an exit strategy. From her perspective, Operation Filmmaker is both. Aggravating as her experience may have been, the filmmaker has managed to have her cake and eat it, too. As a teacher at the New York Film Academy tells her, straight-faced, after viewing a video monologue submitted by the desperate Muthana: "He's very, very castable in today's market." Operation Filmmaker proves it.
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There is something special about an antique piece of furniture. The history of a particular item, the question of who created it and where it came from. We are usually much more drawn to older pieces of furniture and we love the adventure and challenge of finding them at garage sales, flea markets, thrift stores, or online. Sixinch is an international furniture and design company with locations in Belgium, Portugal, and Japan. Their New Classics collection is based on beautiful designs from the past. Check them out after the jump.
• 1 Louis 1
• 2 Louis XL
• 3 Louis 2B
• 4 Louis 3
• 5 New Classics Collection at Viso, a retail space
The New Classics collection could be a perfect choice for a retail store, hotel, office, or any setting that requires multiple matching pieces. Conveniently it offers classical lines on new furniture. For our home we would definitely choose a true antique over the new designs, but for some this collection could be a great option.
You can check out the rest of the collection on the Sixinch website.


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Syntactic Confectionery Delight | |
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Re^3: use ftp with perl?by blue_cowdawg (Monsignor) |
on Dec 11, 2012 at 21:07 UTC ( #1008408=note: print w/replies, xml ) | Need Help?? |
Show us what you tried and what errors you got. I've been using the module for years without an issue. Peter L. Berghold -- Unix Professional Peter -at- Berghold -dot- Net; AOL IM redcowdawg Yahoo IM: blue_cowdawg
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June 24th, 2013, 04:44 PM | #21 |
Senior Member
We are talking about an 11 year old truck. You expect no maintenance? When they were new most got put in under warranty. Also you said labor, I assumed most on this site would get the removal tool and do them theirselves.
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June 24th, 2013, 04:56 PM | #22 |
goof ball
So you think 24122 members are going to change injectors themselves? Do you realize there was a class action case pending on the injector issue that the great bail out wiped off the books. The 2003 duramax injector issue is/was more than just a maintenance issue.
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June 24th, 2013, 05:03 PM | #23 | |
Senior Member
June 24th, 2013, 06:23 PM | #24 |
Senior Member
I know it's 11 years old and might need some attention, but injectors vs maintenance items is a huge $$$ difference. Also given the odd situation under the hood makes me think there is something going on, who would put a intake on a truck and not mess with more of it. I really don't want something thats been messed with by a diesel ricer or something. No stacks on it at least.
The more I look into it the more I think there is a problem with this thing, should it feel fast? I punch it getting on the highway and there is a 2-3 second lag while you hear the turbo spin up and then it goes a bit better than my 5.3 suburban. Not much better though. |
June 24th, 2013, 08:09 PM | #26 |
Senior Member
No. The t case wears through after a lot of mile. My 03 is quick. Long bed dually crew cab. Love the truck. Put ~30k on it. It now has almost 200k on it and it starts great, runs great, pulls great. Don't know if the injectors were replaced or not. More than likely. I just ordered a fass fuel system for it. Help save the cp3 and injectors. I service my filter every 10k so I haven't seen any dirt in my intake yet. So I'm gonna keep running the k&n for now.
June 24th, 2013, 09:10 PM | #27 |
Street Queen
Isn't the hesitation you speak of the turbo spooling up?
Also known as turbo lag? The plastic pc missing on the engine is the resonator cover? Sometimes plugged , along with a cold air intake to try and gain more of a whistle out of the turbo. DURAMAXFORUM.COM All the info you need to know. |
June 24th, 2013, 09:17 PM | #28 |
Street Queen
I also agree with the oiled filter comments.
From what I have researched a cold air intake will only really start to make a difference on motors producing over 500hp. I have an 04 max with 105,000 and I did the pump rub fix (transfer case)as it is referred to just for my own insurance. Still no injector work for mine. |
June 24th, 2013, 10:26 PM | #29 |
Senior Member
I agree with the cold air intakes not being needed for a mild truck. But although a k&n is not the greatest. I would still go for an aftermarket replacement filter.
June 24th, 2013, 11:26 PM | #30 |
Senior Member
What is better about an aftermarket filter vs a OEM style paper filter is stock or mildly modified diesel applications?
June 25th, 2013, 11:28 AM | #31 |
Wheelin the HD
June 25th, 2013, 12:22 PM | #32 | |
Sam Brown
June 25th, 2013, 12:33 PM | #33 |
Senior Member
Well I did gain over 2mpg by putting the aftermarket filter in it. That's the only plus I found. But its worth it to me. I went from 13.7 city to 16.1city. So that's an extra 80+ miles per 32 gallon tank. But working on medium and heavy duty diesels professionally for the last 7yrs doesn't make me an expert. I do not drive my truck daily. More like once a week and on trips. I only put 28k on it in 3yrs. I am happy with my 03. I do think I got lucky with a good truck though.
Last edited by koochman450r; June 25th, 2013 at 12:38 PM. |
June 25th, 2013, 12:40 PM | #34 | |
Sam Brown
I really need a second vehicle! |
June 25th, 2013, 04:24 PM | #35 | |
Senior Member
June 25th, 2013, 04:57 PM | #36 |
Senior Member
Over on duramaxforum.com, a lot of those guys like the S&B Dry cold air intakes. Mine is still stock and will be replacing the the air filter with a new stock one soon. They claim the stock intake on the duramax is good for around 500hp and 550hp if you do the air intake mod(remove front plastic part from air box).
And as stated, duramax owners remove the 'engine cover' and plug it to get a loader turbo with a deeper tone out the exhuast. I removed mine and plugged it due to the rubber boot cracking. Didn't really make a difference on my truck but its all stock. |
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