text:
John C. Frémont
John C. Frémont | |
5th Territorial Governor of Arizona | |
In office October 6, 1878 – October 11, 1881 |
Appointed by | Rutherford B. Hayes |
Preceded by | John Philo Hoyt |
Succeeded by | Frederick Augustus Tritle |
United States Senator from California |
In office September 10, 1850 – March 3, 1851 |
Preceded by | None (Statehood) |
Succeeded by | John B. Weller |
Personal details | |
Born | John Charles Frémont January 21, 1813 Savannah, Georgia |
Died | July 13, 1890 New York City, New York |
(aged 77)
Political party | Republican |
Spouse(s) | Jessie Benton Frémont |
Relations | Thomas Hart Benton (father-in-law) |
Children | John Charles Frémont Jr. |
Alma mater | College of Charleston |
Profession | Soldier |
Religion | Episcopalian |
Signature | |
Military service | |
Allegiance | United States of America |
Service/branch | United States Army Union Army |
Years of service | 1838–48 1861–64 |
Rank | Major General |
Commands | California Battalion Department of the West |
John Charles Frémont or Fremont (January 21, 1813 – July 13, 1890) was an American military officer, explorer, and politician who became the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for the office of President of the United States. During the 1840s, when he led four expeditions into the American West, that era's penny press and admiring historians accorded Frémont the sobriquet The Pathfinder.[1]
During the Mexican–American War, Frémont, a major in the U.S. Army, took control of California from the California Republic in 1846. Frémont then proclaimed himself military Governor of California; however, for that he was convicted in court martial for mutiny and insubordination. After President Polk commuted his sentence, Frémont led a fourth expedition, which cost ten lives, seeking a rail route over the mountains around the 38th parallel in the winter of 1849. He retired from military service and settled in California. Frémont acquired massive wealth during the California Gold Rush, but he was soon bogged down with lawsuits over land claims, between the dispossession of various land owners during the Mexican–American War and the explosion of Forty-Niners immigrating during the Rush. These cases were settled by the U.S. Supreme Court allowing Frémont to keep his property. Frémont became one of the first two U.S. senators elected from the new state of California in 1850. He was the first presidential candidate of the new Republican Party, carrying most of the North. He lost the 1856 presidential election to Democrat James Buchanan when Know-Nothings split the vote and Democrats warned his election would lead to civil war.
During the American Civil War, he was given command of Department of the West by President Abraham Lincoln. Although Frémont had successes during his brief tenure as Commander of the Western Armies, he ran his department autocratically, and made hasty decisions without consulting Washington D.C. or President Lincoln. After Frémont's emancipation edict that freed slaves in his district, he was relieved of his command by President Lincoln for insubordination. In 1861, Frémont was the first commanding Union general who recognized an "iron will" to fight in Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant and promoted him commander at the strategic base near Cairo, Illinois. After the Civil War, Frémont's wealth declined after investing heavily and purchasing an unsuccessful Pacific Railroad in 1866. Frémont served as Governor of Arizona appointed by President Rutherford B. Hayes and served from 1878 to 1881. Frémont, retired from politics and financially destitute, died in New York City in 1890.
Historians portray Frémont as controversial, impetuous, and contradictory. Some scholars regard him as a military hero of significant accomplishment, while others view him as a failure who repeatedly defeated his own best purposes. The keys to Frémont's character and personality may lie in his being born illegitimately, his ambitious drive for success, self-justification, and passive-aggressive behavior.[2][3]
- 1 Early life and education
- 2 Frémont's exploratory expeditions
- 3 Mariposa gold estate
- 4 U.S. Senator from California
- 5 Republican presidential candidate
- 6 Civil War
- 7 Radical Republican presidential candidacy
- 8 Later life
- 9 Death
- 10 John C. Frémont Jr.
- 11 Legacy
- 12 Genealogy
- 13 See also
- 14 Notes
- 15 Sources
- 16 Further reading
- 17 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Frémont's mother, Anne Beverley Whiting, was the youngest daughter of socially prominent Virginia planter Col. Thomas Whiting. The colonel died when Anne was less than a year old. Her mother married Samuel Cary, who soon exhausted most of the Whiting estate. At age 17, Anne married Major John Pryor, a wealthy Richmond resident in his early 60s. In 1810, Pryor hired Charles Frémon (Louis-René Frémont b. 1768 in Québec), a French-Canadian immigrant who had escaped from a British prison, to tutor his wife. In July 1811, Pryor learned that his wife, Anne Whiting Pryor, and Frémon were having an affair. Confronted by Pryor, the couple left Richmond together on July 10, 1811, creating a scandal that shook city society.[4] Pryor published a divorce petition in the Virginia Patriot, in which he charged that his wife had "for some time past indulged in criminal intercourse."
Mrs. Pryor and Frémon moved first to Norfolk, Virginia, to live as a couple (though unmarried); they later settled in Savannah, Georgia. Mrs. Pryor financed the trip and purchase of a house in Savannah by selling recently inherited slaves valued at $1,900. When the Virginia House of Delegates refused Mr. Pryor's divorce petition, it was impossible for the couple to marry. In Savannah, Mrs. Pryor took in boarders while Frémon taught French and dancing. On January 21, 1813, their first child, John Charles Frémon, was born.[5] The son was born out of wedlock, a serious social handicap. A household slave called Black Hannah helped raise young John.[6]
In 1818, Frémont's father Frémon died, leaving Mrs. Pryor to take care of John and several young children alone on a limited inherited income.[7] Mrs. Pryor and her family moved to Charleston, South Carolina. The young Frémont was known to be "precious, handsome, and daring," and he had an apt ability at gaining protectors.[7] A lawyer, John W. Mitchell, provided for Frémont's education, and in May 1829 Frémont entered Charleston College. Frémont continued at Charleston College, while teaching at intervals in the countryside. He was expelled from the college for irregular attendance in 1831. Although Frémont did not graduate, he had been grounded in mathematics and natural sciences.[7]
In Andrew Jackson, His Life and Times, H. W. Brands wrote that Frémont added the accented E and the T to his surname later in life.[8] But in John Charles Frémont: Character as Destiny, Andrew Rolle wrote that Frémont began using the accent in 1838 at the age of 25. Relying on Pierre-Georges Roy (1922), Rolle relates how Charles Frémon was originally named Louis-René Frémont, born in Québec City, Canada, on December 8, 1768 (he died in 1818 in Norfolk, Virginia). He had changed his name to Charles Fremon or Frémon to avoid pursuit by British naval agents.[9] Thus, John reclaimed his father's true French name.[6]
After attending the College of Charleston from 1829 to 1831,[10] Frémont was appointed a teacher of mathematics aboard the sloop USS Natchez. In July 1838 he was appointed a second lieutenant in the Corps of Topographical Engineers, and assisted and led multiple surveying expeditions through the western territory of the United States and beyond. In 1838 and 1839 he assisted Joseph Nicollet in exploring the lands between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. In 1841 with training from Nicollet, Frémont mapped portions of the Des Moines River.
Marriage to Senator Benton's daughter[edit]
In 1841 John C. Frémont (age 28) married Jessie Benton, daughter of Senator Thomas Hart Benton from Missouri.[11] Benton, Democratic Party leader for more than 30 years in the Senate, championed the expansionist movement, a political cause that became known as Manifest Destiny. The expansionists believed that the North American continent, from one end to the other, north and south, east and west, should belong to the citizens of the U.S. They believed it was the nation's destiny to control the continent. This movement became a crusade for politicians such as Benton and his new son-in-law. Benton pushed appropriations through Congress for national surveys of the Oregon Trail, the Oregon Country, the Great Basin, and Sierra Nevada Mountains to California. Through his power and influence, Senator Benton obtained for Frémont the leadership of each expedition.
Frémont's exploratory expeditions[edit]
The opening of the American West began in 1804 when President Thomas Jefferson, envisioning a Western empire, sent Lewis and Clark to find a passage to the Pacific Ocean and sent the Pike expedition to explore the south west.[12] British and American fur trappers, including Peter Skene Ogden and Jedediah Smith, explored much of the American West in the 1820s.[13][14][15]
Beginning in 1842, Frémont led four expeditions that continued this tradition of western exploration, building on and adding to the work of earlier pathfinders to expand knowledge of the American West. Between the third and fourth expeditions, Frémont's career took a fateful turn because of the Mexican–American War.
First expedition[edit]
Frémont first met frontiersman Kit Carson on a Missouri River steamboat in St. Louis during the summer of 1842. Frémont was preparing to lead his first expedition and was looking for a guide to take him to South Pass, in present-day Wyoming. South Pass, discovered by Jedediah Smith, was by that time the most popular way across the continental divide. Carson offered his services, as he had spent much time in the area. The five-month journey, made with 25 men, was a success. He wrote A Report on an Exploration of the Country Lying between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains on the Line of the Kansas and Great Platte Rivers, which was printed in newspapers across the country; the public embraced his vision of the west not as a place of danger but wide open and inviting lands to be settled.[16] As Hampton Sides says, "Frémont became an instant celebrity, a champion of expansion, a conqueror wielding not a sword but a compass and a transit."[16] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow said after the report, "Frémont has touched my imagination. What a wild life, and what a fresh kind of existence! But ah, the discomforts!"[16] The success led to a new expedition planned for the next summer.
Second expedition[edit]
Frémont's successful first expedition led quickly to a second, begun in the summer of 1843. The more ambitious goal this time was to map and describe the second half of the Oregon Trail, from South Pass to the Oregon Country. Due to Carson's proven skills as a guide, Fremont invited him to join the second expedition. They followed a route north of the Great Salt Lake, down the Snake River to the Columbia River and in to Oregon.
Farther west along the Columbia, they came within sight of the Cascade Range peaks and mapped Mount St. Helens and Mount Hood. Rather than continue west through the Columbia River gorge to Fort Vancouver, the party turned south along the eastern flank of the Cascades.
Looping back to the east to stay on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, they turned south again as far as present-day Minden, Nevada. From there, the expedition turned west into the Sierra Nevada, becoming some of the first Americans to see Lake Tahoe. Carson led the party to a new pass through the Sierra, which Frémont named Carson Pass in his honor. Once successfully over the high pass, the party descended the American River valley to Sutter's Fort (Spanish: Nueva Helvetia) at present-day Sacramento, California.
From that point, Frémont followed Smith's trail south along the eastern edge of the San Joaquin Valley, then turning back to the east through Tehachapi Pass and present-day Las Vegas before regaining Smith's trail north through Utah and back to South Pass. Frémont's path verified that all the land in the Great Basin (centered on modern-day Nevada between Reno and Salt Lake City) was endorheic, without any outlet rivers flowing towards the sea. The finding contributed greatly to a better understanding of North American geography, and disproved a longstanding legend of a 'Buenaventura River' that flowed out the Great Basin across the Sierra Nevada.
Upon his return, Frémont produced a new map in 1845 that included the second expedition, and Frémont's conclusion that the still-unmapped areas of the Great Basin were "...believed to be filled with lakes and rivers which have no communication with the sea...".[17]
Congress published Frémont's "Report and Map"; it guided thousands of overland immigrants to Oregon and California from 1845 to 1849. In 1849 Joseph Ware published his Emigrants' Guide to California (OCLC 2356459),[18] which was largely drawn from Frémont's report, and was to guide the forty-niners through the California Gold Rush. Frémont's report was more than a travelers' guide – it was a government publication that achieved the expansionist objectives of a nation and provided scientific and economic information concerning the potential of the trans-Mississippi West for pioneer settlement.[19] For his expeditionary work, he received a brevet promotion to captain in July 1844.
One of Frémont's reports from an expedition inspired the Mormons to consider Utah for settlement.[11]
Third expedition[edit]
On June 1, 1845, John Frémont and 55 men left St. Louis, with Carson as guide, on the third expedition. The stated goal was to locate the source of the Arkansas River, on the east side of the Rocky Mountains.[20] Upon reaching the Arkansas River, however, Frémont suddenly made a hasty trail straight to California, without explanation. Arriving in the Sacramento Valley in early 1846, he promptly sought to stir up patriotic enthusiasm among the American settlers there. He promised that if war with Mexico started, his military force would protect the settlers.[21] Frémont nearly provoked a battle with Gen. José Castro near Monterey, camped near the summit of what is now named Fremont Peak. A conflict would likely have resulted in the annihilation of Frémont's group, as Gen. Castro had the ability to organize thousands of troops.[22] Frémont fled Mexican-controlled California, and went north to Oregon, making camp at Klamath Lake.[23]
After a May 9, 1846 Indian attack on his expedition party, Frémont retaliated by attacking a Klamath Indian fishing village named Dokdokwas the following day, although the people living there might not have been involved in the first action.[24] The village was at the junction of the Williamson River and Klamath Lake. On May 10, 1846, the Frémont group completely destroyed it.[25] Afterward, Carson was nearly killed by a Klamath warrior. As Carson's gun misfired, the warrior drew to shoot a poison arrow; however, Frémont, seeing that Carson was in danger, trampled the warrior with his horse. Carson felt that he owed Frémont his life.[24]
Mexican–American War[edit]
After meeting with President James K. Polk, Frémont left Washington, D.C. on May 15, 1845. He raised a group of 62 volunteers in St. Louis.[26] He arrived at Sutter's Fort on December 10, 1845.[27] He went to Monterey, California, to talk with the American consul, Thomas O. Larkin, and Mexican commandante Jose Castro.[28]
In June 1846, at San Rafael mission, John Frémont sent three men, one of whom was Kit Carson, to confront three unarmed men debarking from a boat at Point San Pedro. Kit Carson asked John Frémont whether they should be taken prisoner. Frémont replied, "I have got no room for prisoners." They advanced on the three and deliberately shot and killed them. One of them was an old and respected Californian, Don José de los Reyes Berreyesa, whose son, the Alcalde of Sonoma, had been recently imprisoned by Frémont. The two others were twin brothers and sons of Don Francisco de Haro of Yerba Buena, who had served two terms as the first and third Alcalde of Yerba Buena (later renamed San Francisco).
These murders were observed by Jasper O'Farrell, a famous architect and designer of San Francisco, who wrote a letter detailing it to the Los Angeles Star, published on September 27, 1856. This eyewitness account, together with others, were widely published during the presidential election of 1856. John Frémont was running as the first anti-slavery newly organized Republican Party nominee versus Democrat James Buchanan, who was the previous U.S. Secretary of State and Millard Fillmore, former 13th President and nominee of the last gasp of the Whig Party.
It is widely speculated that this incident, together with other military blunders, sank Frémont's political aspirations.[29]
Early on July 7, 1846, the frigate USS Savannah and the two sloops, USS Cyane and USS Levant of the United States Navy, captured Monterey, California, and raised the flag of the United States.[30] Commodore John D. Sloat, commanding the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron had his proclamation read in and posted in English and Spanish: "... henceforth California would be a portion of the United States."[31] Soon to be Commodore Robert F. Stockton was put in charge of land operations on July 23, 1846. Frémont was appointed major in command of the California Battalion, also called U.S. Mounted Rifles, which he had helped form with his survey crew and volunteers from the Bear Flag Republic, now totaling 428 men.[32][33] Unknown to anyone in California until October 1846, Frémont had been commissioned a lieutenant colonel the previous May by President James K. Polk while organizing a new regiment of mounted riflemen to fight the newly declared Mexican–American War.[34]
In late 1846 Frémont, acting under orders from Commodore Robert F. Stockton, led a military expedition of 300 men to capture Santa Barbara, California, during the Mexican–American War. Frémont led his unit over the Santa Ynez Mountains at San Marcos Pass in a rainstorm on the night of December 24, 1846. In spite of losing many of his horses, mules and cannons, which slid down the muddy slopes during the rainy night, his men regrouped in the foothills (behind what is today Rancho Del Ciervo) the next morning, and captured the presidio and the town without bloodshed. A few days later Frémont led his men southeast toward Los Angeles, accepting the surrender of the leader Andrés Pico and signing the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847, which terminated the war in upper California.[35]
On January 16, 1847, Commodore Stockton appointed Frémont military governor of California following the Treaty of Cahuenga. However, U.S. Army Brigadier General Stephen Watts Kearny, who allegedly outranked both Stockton and Frémont, had orders from President Polk and secretary of war William L. Marcy to serve as military governor.[36] He asked Frémont to give up the governorship, which the latter stubbornly refused to do before finally relenting. Ordered to march with Kearny's army back east, Frémont was arrested on August 22, 1847 when they arrived at Fort Leavenworth. He was charged with mutiny, disobedience of orders, assumption of powers, along with several other military offenses. Ordered by Kearny to report to the adjutant general in Washington to stand for court-martial, Frémont was convicted of mutiny, disobedience of a superior officer and military misconduct.[37]
While approving the court's decision, President James K. Polk quickly commuted Frémont's sentence of dishonorable discharge due to his services. Polk felt that Frémont was guilty, however he wished to placate Thomas Hart Benton , a powerful Senator and Frémont's father in law who felt that Frémont was innocent. Frémont resigned his commission and settled in California.[38] In 1847 he purchased the Rancho Las Mariposas land grant in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains near Yosemite.
Fourth expedition[edit]
In 1848 Frémont and his father-in-law Sen. Benton developed a plan to advance their vision of Manifest Destiny, as well as restore Frémont's honor after his court martial. With a keen interest in the potential of railroads, Sen. Benton had sought support from the Senate for a railroad connecting St. Louis to San Francisco along the 38th parallel, the latitude which both cities approximately share. After Benton failed to secure federal funding, Frémont secured private funding. In October 1848 he embarked with 35 men up the Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas rivers to explore the terrain. The artists and brothers Edward Kern and Richard Kern, and their brother Benjamin Kern, were part of the expedition.[39]
On his party's reaching Bent's Fort, he was strongly advised by most of the trappers against continuing the journey. Already a foot of snow was on the ground at Bent's Fort, and the winter in the mountains promised to be especially snowy. Part of Frémont's purpose was to demonstrate that a 38th parallel railroad would be practical year-round. At Bent's Fort he engaged "Uncle Dick" Wootton as guide, and at what is now Pueblo, Colorado, he hired the eccentric Old Bill Williams and moved on.
Had Frémont continued up the Arkansas, he might have succeeded. On November 25 at what is now Florence, Colorado, he turned sharply south. By the time his party crossed the Sangre de Cristo Range via Mosca Pass, they had already experienced days of bitter cold, blinding snow and difficult travel. Some of the party, including the guide Wootton, had already turned back, concluding that further travel would be impossible. Benjamin Kern and "Old Bill" Williams were killed while retracing the expedition trail to look for gear and survivors.
Although the passes through the Sangre de Cristo had proven too steep for a railroad, Frémont pressed on. From this point the party might still have succeeded had they gone up the Rio Grande to its source, or gone by a more northerly route, but the route they took brought them to the very top of Mesa Mountain.[40] By December 12, on Boot Mountain, it took ninety minutes to progress three hundred yards. Mules began dying and by December 20, only 59 animals remained alive.
It was not until December 22 that Frémont acknowledged that the party needed to regroup and be resupplied. They began to make their way to Taos in the New Mexico Territory. By the time the last surviving member of the expedition made it to Taos on February 12, 1849, 10 of the party had died. Except for the efforts of member Alexis Godey,[41] another 15 would have been lost.[42] After recuperating in Taos, Frémont and only a few of the men left for California via an established southern trade route.
Edward and Richard Kern joined J.H. Simpson's military reconnaissance expedition to the Navajos in 1849, and gave the American public some of its earliest authentic graphic images of the people and landscape of Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Colorado; with views of Canyon de Chelly, Chaco Canyon, and El Morro (Inscription Rock).[43]
In 1850 Frémont was awarded the Founders Medal by the Royal Geographical Society for his various exploratory efforts.[44]
Fifth expedition[edit]
In the fall of 1853, Frémont embarked on another expedition to identify a viable route for a transcontinental railroad along the 38th parallel. The party journeyed between Missouri and San Francisco, California, over a combination of known trails and unexplored terrain. A primary objective was to pass through the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada Mountains during winter to document the amount of snow and the feasibility of winter rail passage along the route. His photographer (daguerreotypist) was Solomon Nunes Carvalho.
Frémont followed the Santa Fe Trail, passing Bent's Fort before heading west and entering the San Luis Valley of Colorado in December. The party then followed the North Branch of the Old Spanish Trail, crossing the Continental Divide at Cochetopa Pass and continuing west into central Utah. But following the trail was made difficult by snow cover. On occasion, they were able to detect evidence of Captain John Gunnison's expedition, which had followed the North Branch just months before.
Weeks of snow and bitter cold took its toll and slowed progress. Nonessential equipment was abandoned and one man died before the struggling party reached the Mormon settlement of Parowan in southwestern Utah on February 8, 1854. After spending two weeks in Parowan to regain strength, the party continued across the Great Basin and entered the Owens Valley near present-day Big Pine, California. Frémont then journeyed south and crossed the Sierra Nevada Mountains and entered the Kern River drainage, which was followed west to the San Joaquin Valley.
Frémont arrived in San Francisco on April 16, 1854. Having completed a winter passage across the mountainous west, Frémont was optimistic that a railroad along the 38th Parallel was viable and that winter travel along the line would be possible through the Rocky Mountains.[45]
Mariposa gold estate[edit]
When Frémont entered California in 1849, he was informed by Sonora Mexicans that gold had been discovered.[46] An American consul to California, Thomas Larkin, had purchased Frémont seventy square miles of land in the Sierra foothills by Mariposa. Frémont hired Mexicans to work the gold fields on his property for a percentage share.[46] Within weeks their diggings produced enormous sums of gold and Frémont became very wealthy. His wife, Jessie Frémont, said enormous bags of gold weighing one hundred pounds were produced. Having accumulated wealth through gold, Frémont acquired large landholdings in San Francisco. Frémont lived a wealthy lifestyle in Monterey while developing his Mariposa gold estate.[46]
U.S. Senator from California[edit]
In 1847, before his fourth expedition, Frémont had served briefly as Military Governor of California. Upon the admission of California as a State into the Union in 1850, Frémont was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate, one of the first two senators from California, serving only 175 days from September 10, 1850, to March 3, 1851. He was a Free Soil Democrat and was defeated for reelection largely because of his strong opposition to slavery.
Republican presidential candidate[edit]
In 1856 Frémont (age 43) was the first presidential candidate of the new Republican Party. Initially Frémont was asked to be the Democratic candidate by former Virginia Governor John B. Floyd and the powerful Preston family.[46] Frémont announced that he was for Free Soil Kansas and was against the enforcement of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law.[46] Republican leaders Nathaniel P. Banks, Henry Wilson, and John Bigelow were able to get Frémont to join their political party.[46] The Republican campaign used the slogan "Free Soil, Free Men, and Frémont" to crusade for free farms (homesteads) and against the Slave Power.
Abusive campaign tactics[edit]
As was typical in presidential campaigns of the 19th century, the candidates stayed at home and said little. The campaign was particularly abusive, as the Democrats attacked Frémont's illegitimate birth and alleged Frémont was Catholic.[46] In a counter-crusade against the Republicans, the Democrats criticized Frémont's military record and warned that a victory by Frémont would bring civil war. Frémont's powerful father-in-law, Senator Benton, praised Frémont but announced his support for the Democratic candidate James Buchanan.[47]
At the time of his campaign he lived on Ninth Street in Staten Island, New York. The campaign was headquartered near his home (St. George) next to the Clifton ferry landing. Many campaign rallies were held on the lawn, now the corner of Greenfield and Bay Street.[48] Frémont was defeated, having placed second to James Buchanan in a three-way election; he did not carry the state of California. Frémont received 114 electoral votes to 174 votes received by Buchanan. Millard Fillmore ran as a third party candidate representing the American Party. The popular vote went to Buchanan who received 1,836,072 votes to 1,342,345 votes received by Frémont in November 4, 1856.[46] Fremont carried 11 states, and Buchanan carried 19. The Democrats were better organized while the Republicans had to operate on limited funding. After the campaign, Frémont returned to California and devoted himself to his mining business on the Mariposa gold estate, estimated by some to be valued ten million dollars.[46] Frémont's title to Mariposa land had been confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1855.[46]
Civil War[edit]
At the start of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln wanted to appoint Frémont as the American minister to France, thereby taking advantage of his French ancestry and the popularity in Europe of his anti-slavery positions. However Secretary of State William Henry Seward objected to Frémont's radicalism and the appointment was not made.[49]
Instead, Frémont was promoted to Union Army Major General on May 15, 1861 and then made Commander of the Department of the West on July 1, 1861. Frémont brought with him his skills and great reputation as the Pathfinder, and he was focused on driving the Confederate forces from Missouri.[50] His term as Commander of the Department of the West was controversial, at times successful, and lasted until November 2, 1861, when he was abruptly dismissed by President Lincoln for insubordination and corruption charges in his supply line. In the Hall Carbine Affair, Fremont was accused of overpaying for badly needed but arguably obsolescent rifles.[51] Frémont replaced William S. Harney, who had negotiated the Harney-Price Truce, which permitted Missouri to remain neutral in the conflict as long as it did not send men or supplies to either side. His main goal as Commander of the Western Armies was to protect Cairo, Illinois at all costs in order for the Union Army to move southward on the Mississippi River.[52] Both Frémont and his subordinate, General John Pope, believed that Ulysses S. Grant was the fighting general needed to secure Missouri from the Confederates. Frémont had to contend with a hard-driving Union General Nathaniel Lyon, whose irregular war policy disturbed the complex loyalties of Missouri.[53]
Department of the West (1861)[edit]
Command and duties[edit]
On July 25, 1861, Frémont formally took command of a Department of the West that was in crisis.[50][54] Earlier in May, a tough, impetuous Regular Army captain, Nathaniel Lyon, exercising irregular authority, led troops who captured a legal contingent of Missouri state militia camped in a Saint Louis suburb; during the capture, civilians were killed.[50] Missouri had not officially seceded from the Union when Lyon was promoted brigadier general by President Abraham Lincoln and appointed temporary commander of the Department of the West.[50] Lyon, who believed a show of force would keep Missouri in the Union, effectively declared war on the secession-minded Missouri governor Claiborne Jackson, who was driven by Lyon to the Ozarks. Lyon occupied Jefferson City, the state capital, and installed a pro-Union state government.[50] However, Lyon became trapped at Springfield with only 6,000 men (including Union Colonel Franz Sigel and his German corps).[55] Cairo was a Union-occupied city on the Mississippi River, vital to the security of the Union Army's western war effort. It contained too few troops to defend against a Confederate attack.[54] Compared to the Confederates, Frémont's forces were dispersed and disorganized.[54] This was the situation when Frémont took command of the Department of the West.[50]
Frémont's duties upon taking command of the Western Department were broad, his resources were limited, and the secession crisis in Missouri appeared to be uncontrollable.[53] Frémont was responsible for safeguarding Missouri and all of the Northwest.[56] Frémont's mission was to organize, equip, and lead the Union Army down the Mississippi River, reopen commerce, and break off the Western part of the Confederacy.[57] Frémont was given only 23,000 men, whose volunteer 3-month enlistments were about to expire.[57] Western Governors sent more troops to Frémont, but he did not have any weapons with which to arm them. There were no uniforms or military equipment either, and the soldiers were subject to food rationing, poor transportation, and lack of pay.[57] Fremont's intelligence was also faulty, leading him to believe the Missouri state militia and the Confederate forces were twice as numerous as they actually were.[57]
Frémont ran his headquarters in St. Louis in a manner which has been described as "like a European autocrat." Perhaps this was due to a sojourn through France prior to his appointment by President Lincoln. A rumor spread in Washington that Frémont was planning to start his own republic or empire in the West.[58] Like a feudal lord, Frémont set up a headquarters bodyguard of 300 Kentucky men, chosen for their uniform physical attributes.[59] Frémont's supply line, headed by Major Justice McKinstrey,[60] also came under scrutiny for graft and profiteering. Frémont surrounded himself with his friends and businessmen from California who helped ensure he got the supplies he needed one way or another.[60] The imbroglio became a national scandal, and Frémont was unable to keep a handle on supply affairs. A Congressional investigation followed. As a result, Frémont lost much needed support from the powerful Blair family[clarification needed] and friends in Washington D.C.[60]
Response to Confederate threat[edit]
Responding the best he could to the Confederate and state militia threat, Frémont raised volunteer troops, purchased open market weapons and equipment, and sent his wife Jessie to Washington D.C., where she lobbied President Lincoln for more reinforcements.[54] Lyon was ordered to retreat, while Frémont personally sent reinforcement troops to Cairo rather than to Lyon, who had requested more troops. Frémont believed with some accuracy that the Confederates were planning to attack Cairo. Lyon hastily chose to attack Confederate General Sterling Price at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, rather than retreat.[54] During the battle Lyon was shot through the heart and died instantly. As the Union line broke, similar to the first Battle of Bull Run in the east, the Confederates won the battle. Western Missouri was now open for Confederate advancement.[61] Frémont was severely criticized for the defeat and for Lyon's death, having sent troops to reinforce Cairo, rather than to help Lyon's depleted forces 10 miles south of Springfield.
While commanding the Department of the West, Frémont was looking for a brigadier general to command a post at Cairo.[62] At first Frémont was going to appoint John Pope, but upon the recommendation of Major McKinstry, he interviewed unobtrusive Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant.[63] Grant had a reputation for being a "drifter and a drunkard" in the Old Army, but Frémont viewed Grant independently using his own judgement.[64] Frémont concluded that Grant was an "unassuming character not given to self elation, of dogged persistence, of iron will."[63] Frémont chose Grant and appointed him commander of the Cairo post in October 1861.[63] Grant was sent to Ironton, with 3,000 untrained troops, to stop a potential Confederate attack led by Confederate General William J. Hardee.[54] Immediately thereafter, Frémont sent Grant to Jefferson City, to keep it safe from a potential attack by Confederate General Price a week after the Battle of Wilson's Creek.[65] Grant got the situation in control at Jefferson City, drilling and disciplining troops, increased supply lines, and deploying troops on the outskirts of the city.[65] The city was kept safe as Price and his troops, badly battered from the Battle of Wilson's Creek, retreated.[66]
With Price retreating, Frémont become more aggressive and went on the offensive.[67] Frémont knew the key to victory in the West was capturing control of the Mississippi River for the Union forces. Frémont decided to meet Confederate General Leonidas Polk head-on to control the trunk of the Mississippi.[67] In a turning point of the Civil War, on August 27, 1861 Frémont gave Ulysses S. Grant field command in charge of a combined Union offensive whose goal was to capture Memphis, Vicksburg, and New Orleans, to keep Missouri and Illinois safe from Confederate attack.[67] On August 30, Grant assumed charge of the Union Army on the Mississippi.[68] With Frémont's approval, Grant proceeded to capture Paducah, Kentucky, without firing a shot, after Polk had violated Kentucky neutrality and had captured Columbus. The result was that the Kentucky legislature voted to remain in the Union.[69]
Desiring to regain the upper hand and make up for Union loss at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, Frémont and 40,000 troops set out to regain Springfield. On October 25, 1861, Frémont's forces won the First Battle of Springfield. This was the first Union victory in the West. On November 1, Frémont ordered Grant to make a demonstration against Belmont, a steamboat landing across the river from Columbus, in an effort to drive Confederate General Price from Missouri.[70] Grant had early requested to attack Columbus, but Frémont had overruled Grant's initiative.[71]
Emancipation edict controversy[edit]
On August 30, 1861, Frémont, without notifying President Lincoln, issued a controversial proclamation putting Missouri under martial law.[72] Frémont made this emancipation proclamation in response to the Confederate tactic of guerrilla warfare and to reduce Confederate sympathies in the stronger slave-holding counties.[72] The edict stipulated that civilians in arms would be subject to court martial and execution, the property of those who aided secessionists would be confiscated, and the slaves of rebels would be emancipated.[72] President Abraham Lincoln, fearing that Frémont's emancipation order would tip Missouri (and other slave states in Union control) to the southern cause, asked Frémont to revise the order. Frémont refused to do so, and sent his wife to plead the case. President Lincoln reprimanded her husband and told Jessie that Frémont "should never have dragged the Negro into the war."[73] Lincoln responded by publicly revoking the proclamation and relieving Frémont of command on November 2, 1861, simultaneous to a War Department report detailing Frémont's iniquities as a major general. Although Lincoln opposed Frémont's method of emancipation, the episode had a significant influence on Lincoln. In January 1863, Lincoln issued his own Emancipation Proclamation.
Mountain Departments (1862)[edit]
In March 1862 Frémont was placed in command of the Mountain Departments of Virginia, Tennessee and Kentucky. Early in June 1862 he pursued the Confederate General Stonewall Jackson for eight days, finally engaging part of Jackson's force, led by Richard S. Ewell, at Battle of Cross Keys, on June 8. The battle ended in Confederate advantage and Frémont slipped away, saving his army.
When the Army of Virginia was created on June 26, to include General Frémont's corps with John Pope in command, Frémont declined to serve on the grounds that he was senior to Pope, and for personal reasons. He went to New York City, where he remained throughout the war, expecting to receive a command, but none was given to him.[74][75]
Radical Republican presidential candidacy[edit]
In 1860 the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln for president, who won the presidency and then ran for re-election in 1864. The Radical Republicans, a group of hard-line abolitionists, were upset with Lincoln's positions on the issues of slavery and post-war reconciliation with the southern states. On May 31, 1864, the short-lived Radical Democracy Party nominated Frémont (age 51) for president. This fissure in the Republican Party divided the party into two factions: the anti-Lincoln Radical Republicans, who nominated Frémont, and the pro-Lincoln Republicans.
Later life[edit]
In 1864 the Frémonts purchased an estate in the Hudson Valley near Tarrytown from the newspaper publisher James Watson Webb. They named it Pocaho, an Indian name. For Jessie it was a chance to recapture some of the charm and isolation of living in the countryside, now that John had retired from politics.[76]
The state of Missouri took possession of the Pacific Railroad in February 1866, when the company defaulted in its interest payment. In June 1866 the state, at private sale, sold the road to Frémont. Frémont reorganized the assets of the Pacific Railroad as the Southwest Pacific Railroad in August 1866. In less than a year (June 1867), the railroad was repossessed by the state of Missouri after Frémont was unable to pay the second installment on his purchase.[77]
Their financial straits required the Frémonts to sell Pocaho in 1875, and to move back to New York City.[78]
Frémont was appointed and served as the Governor of the Arizona Territory by President Rutherford B. Hayes and served from 1878 to 1881. Frémont, however, spent little time in the territory; eventually he was asked to resume his duties or resign, and chose resignation.[79] Destitute, the family depended on the publication earnings of his wife Jessie.
Frémont lived on Staten Island in retirement.
On Sunday, July 13, 1890, Frémont (age 77) died of peritonitis at his residence at 49 West Twenty-fifth Street in New York. His death was unexpected and his brief illness was not generally known. On Tuesday, July 8, Frémont had been affected by the heat of a particularly hot summer day. On Wednesday he came down with a chill and was confined to his bedroom. His symptoms progressed to peritonitis (an abdominal infection) which caused his death.[80] At the time he died, Frémont was popularly known as the "Pathfinder of the Rocky Mountains". He was buried in Rockland Cemetery in Sparkill, New York.
John C. Frémont Jr.[edit]
General Frémont and his wife, Jessie, were the parents of John Charles Frémont Jr., who was born in San Francisco on April 19, 1851, became a rear admiral in the US Navy, serving from 1868 to 1911, and died in Boston, Massachusetts on March 7, 1911. The younger Frémont served as commander of the monitor USS Florida (1903–05), naval attache to Paris and St. Petersburg (1906–08), commander of the battleship USS Mississippi (1908–09) and, finally as commandant of the Boston Navy Yard (1909–11).[citation needed]
Frémont collected a number of plants on his expeditions, including the first recorded discovery of the Single-leaf Pinyon by a European American. The genus (Fremontodendron) of the California Flannelbush (Fremontodendron californicum) is named for him, as are the species names of many other plants, including the chaff bush eytelia[81][82] (Amphipappus fremontii), Western rosinweed (Calycadenia fremontii), pincushion flower (Chaenactis fremontii), goosefoot (Chenopodium fremontii), silk tassel (Garrya fremontii), moss gentian (Gentiana fremontii), vernal pool goldfields (Lasthenia fremontii), tidytips (Layia fremontii), desert pepperweed (Lepidium fremontii), desert boxthorn (Lycium fremontii), barberry (Mahonia fremontii), bush mallow (Malacothamnus fremontii), monkeyflower (Mimulus fremontii), phacelia (Phacelia fremontii), desert combleaf (Polyctenium fremontii), cottonwood tree (Populus fremontii), desert apricot (Prunus fremontii), indigo bush (Psorothamnus fremontii), mountain ragwort (Senecio fremontii), yellowray gold (Syntrichopappus fremontii), and chaparral death camas (Toxicoscordion fremontii).
- The strait between Marin county and San Francisco County in California was named the Golden Gate in Fremont's memoirs, coining the name that would become the namesake and later grace the Golden Gate Bridge
- Four US states named counties in his honor: Colorado, Idaho, Iowa and Wyoming.
- Several states also named cities, villages, and towns after him, including New York, California, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, Utah, Indiana, and Wisconsin. The largest city that bears his name is Fremont, California.
- Likewise, Fremont Peak in the Wind River Mountains, Fremont Peak in San Benito County, California, and Fremont Peak in the San Francisco Peaks near Flagstaff, Arizona are also named for the explorer, as are the Fremont Trail (the path of Fremont's march into Santa Barbara in December 1846) and Fremont Campground in the Los Padres National Forest.
- Also Fremont Canyon in Wyoming on the North Platte river is named in his honor as well as Pathfinder Reservoir which is just upstream from the canyon.
- The Fremont River, a tributary of the Colorado River in southern Utah, was named after Frémont, as was Fremont Island in the Great Salt Lake.
- Archaeologists named the prehistoric Fremont culture after the river, as the first archaeological sites of the culture were discovered near its course.
- The Seattle neighborhood of Fremont is indirectly named for him, as it was named after the hometown of the early residents from Fremont, Nebraska.
The city of Elizabeth, South Australia (now a part of the city of Playford) named a local park and high school Fremont in recognition of the sister city relationship it had with Fremont, California. The high school has since merged with Elizabeth High School, so the Pathfinder's legacy is carried by Fremont-Elizabeth City High School.
The United States honored Fremont in 1898 with a commemorative stamp as part of the Trans-Mississippi Issue.
The "largest and most expensive trophy in college football is a replica of a cannon that accompanied Captain John C. Frémont on his expedition through Oregon, Nevada and California in 1843–44". The annual game between the University of Nevada, Reno and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas is for possession of the Fremont Cannon.[84][85]
A barbershop chorus in Fremont, Nebraska, is named the Pathfinder Chorus.[86] The Fremont Pathfinders Artillery Battery[87] is an American Civil War reenactment group from the same community.
Fremont Street in Las Vegas, Nevada, is named in his honor, as are streets in Tempe, Arizona; Tucson, Arizona; Bridgeport, Connecticut; Chicago, Illinois; Manhattan, Kansas; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Springfield, Missouri; Crawford, Nebraska; Minden, Nevada; Reno, Nevada; Grant City, Staten Island, New York; Klamath Falls, Oregon; Portland, Oregon; River Falls, Wisconsin; Kiel, Wisconsin; and Casper, Wyoming as well as several streets in cities in California such as Fremont; Monterey; Seaside; Stockton; San Mateo; San Francisco and Sunnyvale.
Portland, Oregon has several other locations named after Frémont, such as the Fremont Bridge. In addition, the Fremont Highway #019 carries Oregon Route 31 for 120 miles (193 km) through the Oregon outback. The Fremont Highway begins at the south end of La Pine near the upper end of the Deschutes River in central Oregon. The highway runs from there in a southeasterly direction and ends at Valley Falls north of Lakeview in the south central part of the state. Captain Frémont named "Summer Lake" and "Winter Ridge" in December 1843 during an expedition through the area.[88] The community of Summer Lake is situated along the Fremont Highway and takes its name from the nearby lake named by Frémont. South and west of Summer Lake is the Fremont-Winema National Forest.
Other places named for him include John C. Fremont Senior High School in Los Angeles, Fremont High School in Plain City, Utah, Fremont Senior High School in Oakland, California, and the John C. Fremont Branch Library located on Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles. Elementary schools in Santa Ana, California;Glendale, California; Modesto, California; Long Beach, California; Colorado Springs, Colorado; Taylorsville, Utah; and Carson City, Nevada bear his name, as do junior high or middle schools in Mesa, Arizona; Pomona, California; Las Vegas, Nevada; Roseburg, Oregon; and Oxnard, California. Fremont High School in Sunnyvale, California, is named for the explorer and its annual yearbook is called The Pathfinder. In addition, the Fremont Hospital in Yuba City, California, and the John C. Fremont Hospital, in Mariposa, California, (where Frémont and his wife lived and prospered during the Gold Rush) are named for him. There is also a John C. Fremont Library in Florence, Colorado.
The U.S. Army's (now inactive) 8th Infantry Division (Mechanized) is called the Pathfinder Division, after Frémont. The gold arrow on the 8th ID crest is called the "Arrow of General Frémont." The 8th Division was based at Camp Fremont in Menlo Park, California during World War I.
In 2013, the Georgia Historical Society erected a historical marker at the birthplace of John C. Frémont in Savannah, Georgia.
- In 1966, Dick Simmons played Fremont, with Phillip Pine as Kit Carson and Michael Pate as scout Frenchy Godey in the episode, "Samaritans, Mountain Style," of the syndicated television series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Robert Taylor. In the story line, Carson and Gody, as part of the Fremont expedition, stop to help a settler in dire straits.[89]
- In 1977, the actor Robert Reed played Frémont in the two-part "Kit Carson and the Mountain Men" on NBC's The Wonderful World of Disney. Christopher Connelly played Kit Carson; Rodolfo Hoyos Jr., General Manuel Armijo. The two-part episode was originally telecast as a television movie.[90]
- The 1983 historical novel, Dream West, by western writer David Nevin[91][92] covers the life, loves and times of Frémont. The novel was later adapted into a television mini-series of the same name with Richard Chamberlain as Frémont.[93]
- In 1940, the movie Kit Carson was made; Dana Andrews played Captain Frémont, who travelled the Oregon Trail to California, hiring Kit Carson (played by Jon Hall) as his scout.[94]
Frémont's great-grandfather, Henry Whiting, was a half-brother of Catherine Whiting. She married John Washington, uncle of George Washington.[95][96][97]
See also[edit]
- ^ Allan Nevins, Frémont, the West's Greatest Adventurer: Being a Biography from Certain Hitherto Unpublished Sources of General John C. Frémont, Together with His Wife, Jessie Benton Frémont, and Some Account of the Period of Expansion which Found a Brilliant Leader in the Pathfinder (1928)
- ^ Andrew Rolle, "Exploring an Explorer: California, Psychohistory, and John C. Fremont," Southern California Quarterly, March 1994, Vol. 76#1 pp 85–98
- ^ Andrew F. Rolle, John Charles Fremont: Character As Destiny (1991)
- ^ Nevins pp. 3–7. Chaffin pp. 19–21
- ^ Chaffin, pp. 21–22
- ^ a b Rolle, Andrew (1991). John Charles Frémont: Character as Destiny. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 2–5. ISBN 0-585-35954-7.
- ^ a b c Dictionary of American Biography, p. 19
- ^ Brands, H. W. (2005). Andrew Jackson, His Life and Times. Garden City: Doubleday. pp. 188–190. ISBN 0-385-50738-0.
- ^ Roy, Pierre-Georges (1922). Les petites choses de notre histoire. Lévis: Quatrième série. pp. 164–168.
- ^ "John C. Fremont".
- ^ a b Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1900). "Frémont, John Charles". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
- ^ Rhonda (2012), p. 64
- ^ Beck (1989), 27, 28
- ^ Barbour (2012), p. 5
- ^ Morgan (1953), p. 7
- ^ a b c Hampton Sides (2006). Blood and Thunder. Anchor Books. p. 82.
- ^ John Charles Frémont (1845). "Map of an exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842 and to Oregon & north California in the years 1843-44". Norman B. Leventhal map Center. Boston Public Library. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ "The emigrant's guide to New Mexico, California, and Oregon:".
- ^ Stephen Craig Weiss, "The John C. Fremont '1842, 1843–'44 Report' and Map," Journal of Government Information, May 1999, Vol. 26#3 pp 297–313
- ^ Janin, Hunt; Carlson, Ursula (2009). Trails of Historic New Mexico: Routes Used by Indian, Spanish and American Travelers Through 1886. McFarland. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7864-4010-8.
- ^ Sides, Hampton (2006). Blood and Thunder: An Epic of the American West. Random House, Inc. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0-7393-2672-5.
- ^ Sides, 2006, p. 124
- ^ Sides, 2006, p. 125
- ^ a b Sides, 2006, p. 154
- ^ Sides, 2006, p. 153
- ^ Denton, Sally (Winter 2011), "Frémont Steals California", American Heritage, p. 33, retrieved December 25, 2011
- ^ Denton, Sally (Winter 2011), "Frémont Steals California", American Heritage, p. 34, retrieved December 25, 2011
- ^ Denton, Sally (Winter 2011), "Frémont Steals California", American Heritage, p. 35, retrieved December 25, 2011
- ^ Eldredge, Zoeth Skinner (1912). "APPENDIX D The Murder of Berreyesa and the De Haros". The Beginnings of San Francisco from the Expedition of Anza, 1774 to the City Charter of April 15, 1850: With Biographical and Other Notes. New York, New York, United States: John C. Rankin Company. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
- ^ "Commodore John Sloat". US-Mexican War, Public Broadcasting Service.
- ^ Harlow p. 124
- ^ Denton, Sally (Winter 2011), "Frémont Steals California", American Heritage, p. 38, retrieved December 25, 2011
- ^ Bancroft p. 253
- ^ Polk p. 413, Entry for Thursday, 21st May, 1846
- ^ Tompkins, Walker A. Santa Barbara, Past and Present. Santa Barbara, CA: Tecolote Books, 1975, pp. 33–35.
- ^ Groom, Winston: Kearny's March: The Epic Creation of the American West, 1846–1847 (p.249)
- ^ Groom, Winston: Kearny's March: The Epic Creation of the American West, 1846–1847 (p. 259)
- ^ Borneman, Walter R., Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America. New York, NY,: Random House Books, 2008, pp. 284–85.
- ^ Google Books: "Edward M. Kern, Artist and Explorer", by William Joseph Hefferman; University of California, Berkeley, 1951.
- ^ Both Patricia Richmond in Trail to Disaster and David Roberts in A Newer World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000) detail the exact route.
- ^ "Alexis Godey". American National Biography Online. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
- ^ Roberts, David, A Newer World, page 241
- ^ Campbell Grant (1978). Canyon De Chelly: Its People and Rock Art. p. 98. ISBN 9780816505234.
- ^ "List of Past Gold Medal Winners" (PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
- ^ Spence, Mary Lee, ed. (1970). The Expeditions of John Charles Frémont; Chapter 3; Travels from 1848 to 1854. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dictionary of American Biography, p. 22
- ^ Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857 (1947) pp 496–502
- ^ Republican National Political Conventions 1856–2008[dead link]
- ^ Don H. Doyle, The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War (2014) p 58-59
- ^ a b c d e f Catton, p. 10
- ^ Wasson, R. Gordon (1943). The Hall Carbine Affair: a study in contemporary folklore. Pandick Press.
- ^ Catton, p 27
- ^ a b Catton, p. 11
- ^ a b c d e f Smith, Jean Edward Smith, Grant (2001) p. 115
- ^ Smith, p. 114
- ^ Catton, pp 11-12
- ^ a b c d Catton, p. 12
- ^ Catton, p. 30, 34
- ^ McFeely, p. 88
- ^ a b c Catton, pp 25-26
- ^ Smith, p. 116
- ^ Catton, p. 28
- ^ a b c Catton, p. 29
- ^ Catton, pp. 28, 29
- ^ a b Smith, p 116
- ^ Smith, pp. 116-117
- ^ a b c Smith, p. 117
- ^ Smith, pp. 117-118
- ^ Smith, p. 119
- ^ Catton, p. 67
- ^ Catton, pp. 66–67
- ^ a b c Carwardine, pp. 177–178
- ^ Carwardine, p. 179
- ^ U.S. Civil War Generals – Union Generals – (Frémont)
- ^ "John Charles Fremont".
- ^ Denton, Sally (2007). Passion and Principle, John and Jessie Fremont, The Couple whose Power, Politics, and Love Shaped Nineteenth-Century America. Bloomsbury. p. 347. ISBN 978-1-59691-019-5.
- ^ "100 Years of Service". 1960. Retrieved April 20, 2006.
- ^ Denton, page. 354
- ^ Walker, Dale L. (1997). Rough Rider: Buckey O'Neill of Arizona. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 0-8032-9796-3. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
- ^ "The Old Pathfinder Dead; Gen. John C. Fremont Expired at his Home Yesterday", New York Times, July 14, 1890
- ^ Morhardt, Sia; Morhardt, J. Emil (2004). California Desert Flowers: an Introduction to Families, Genera, and Species. University of California Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-520-24003-2.
- ^ Edmund Carroll Jaeger (1940). Desert Wild Flowers. Stanford University Press. pp. 259–. ISBN 978-0-8047-0365-9.
- ^ IPNI. Frém.
- ^ http://farm1.static.flickr.com/26/47910472_e2b264ee9a.jpg?v=0
- ^ "Nevada Wolf Pack History". College Football History. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ^ "The Pathfinder Chorus". Retrieved February 14, 2014.
- ^ History of the Pathfinders Fremont Pathfinders Artillery Battery. URL retrieved on February 19, 2007
- ^ "Travel Oregon : Lodging & Attractions OR : Oregon Interactive Corp.".
- ^ Death Valley Days: Samaritans, Mountain Style at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Kit Carson and the Mountain Men at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Nevin, David (1983). Dream West. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-765-31398-7.
- ^ Hevesi, Dennis (March 22, 2011). "David Nevin, Author of Historical Novels, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
- ^ Dream West at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Kit Carson at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Robert H. Wynn, "John Charles Fremont, Explorer!", 'Bob and Brenda Exploring' Newsletter, March 2006, Issue No. 16. URL retrieved on January 7, 2007.
- ^ "The Diaries of George Washington", Vol. 2, 1976. The George Washington Papers, The Library of Congress. URL retrieved on January 7, 2007.
- ^ Genealogical convolution, RootsWeb. URL retrieved on January 7, 2007.
- Allen Johnson; Dumas Malone, eds. (1931). Dictionary of American Biography Frémont, John Charles. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 19–23.
- Bancroft, Hubert H. (1886). History of California. San Francisco: The History Company, Vol V.
- Catton, Bruce (1963). Terrible Swift Sword. Garden City, New York: Double Day & Company Inc.
- Polk, James K.; Quaife,, Milo M., Editor & Annotator (1910). The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845 to 1849, Volume 1. Chicago.
- The Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the years 1843–'44. Washington: Gales and Seaton. 1845.
- The Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Oregon and California, to Which is Added A Description of the Physical Geography of California. With Recent Notices of the Gold Region from the Latest and Most Authentic Sources. Buffalo: Derby Orton & Mulligan. 1853.
- The Life of Col. John Charles Fremont and His Narrative of Explorations and Adventures in Kansas, Nebraska, Oregon and California. New York and Auburn: Miller, Orton & Mulligan. 1856.
Further reading[edit]
- Brandon, William, The Men and the Mountain (1955) ISBN 0-8371-5873-7. An account of Frémont's failed fourth expedition.
- Chaffin, Tom, Pathfinder: John Charles Frémont and the Course of American Empire, New York: Hill and Wang, 2002 ISBN 978-0-8090-7557-7
- Denton, Sally, Passion and Principle, John and Jessie Fremont, The Couple whose Power, Politics, and Love Shaped Nineteenth-Century America, New York: Bloomsbury, 2007 978-1-59691-019-5
- Eyre, Alice, The Famous Fremonts and Their America, Boston: The Christopher Publishing House, 1948; Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 61-13063
- Gano, Geneva M. "At the Frontier of Precision and Persuasion: The Convergence of Natural Philosophy and National Philosophy in John C. Fremont's '1842, 1843–44 Report and Map,'" ATQ ("The American Transcendental Quarterly"), Sept 2004, Vol. 18#3 pp 131–154
- Goetzmann, William H. Army Exploration in the American West 1803–1863 (Yale University Press, 1959; University of Nebraska Press, 1979)
- Harvey, Miles, The Island of Lost Maps: A True Story of Cartographic Crime, Random House, 2000, ISBN 0-375-50151-7, ISBN 0-7679-0826-0.
- Herr, Pamela. Jessie Benton Frémont: American Woman of the 19th century (1988), biography of his wife
- Menard, Andrew. Sight Unseen: How Frémont's First Expedition Changed the American Landscape (University of Nebraska Press, 2012) 249 pp.
- Miller, David. "Heroes' of American Empire: John C. Frémont, Kit Carson, and the Culture of Imperialism, 1842–1898," Dissertation Abstracts International, 2008, Vol. 68 Issue 10, p4447
- Nevins, Allan, Fremont: Pathmarker of the West, Volume 1: Fremont the Explorer; Volume 2: Fremont in the Civil War (1939, rev ed. 1955)
- Roberts, David (2001), A newer world: Kit Carson, John C. Fremont and the claiming of the American west, New York: Touchstone ISBN 0-684-83482-0
- Rolle, Andrew F. (1991). John Charles Fremont: Character As Destiny. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806131357
- Smith, Jean Edward. Grant (2001)
- Tompkins, Walker A. Santa Barbara, Past and Present. Tecolote Books, Santa Barbara, CA, 1975.
Primary sources[edit]
- First biography: Dellenbaugh, Frederick S (1914). Fremont and '49. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
- Harper's Weekly political cartoon, "That's What's the Trouble with John C."; Fremont's 1864 challenge to Lincoln's re-nomination.
- David H. Miller and Mark J. Stegmaier, James F. Milligan: His Journal of Fremont's Fifth Expedition, 1853–1854; His Adventurous Life on Land and Sea, Arthur H. Clark Co., 1988. 300 pp.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John C. Frémont. |
- Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: John C. Frémont
- United States Congress. "John C. Frémont (id: F000374)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-05-01
- The Generals of the American Civil War – Pictures of John Charles Frémont
- Guide to the Frémont Family Papers at The Bancroft Library
- Memoirs of my life : including in the narrative five journeys of western explorations during the years 1842, 1843–4, 1845–6–7, 1848–9, 1853–4 by John c. Fremont
- Address of welcome to General John C. Fremont, governor of Arizona territory, upon the occasion of his reception by his associates of the Association Pioneers of the Territorial Days of California, at their headquarters, Sturtevant House, New York, on ... August 1, 1878
- "Las Mariposas" Photos of Frémont's Mariposa gold estate taken in 1860. PDF
- Birthplace of John C. Frémont historical marker – Georgia Historical Society
- Works by John C. Frémont at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about John C. Frémont at Internet Archive
- Texts on Wikisource:
- "Frémont, John Charles". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
- "Frémont, John Charles". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
- Obituary in: "Obituary Notes". Popular Science Monthly. 37. September 1890.
- "To John C. Fremont," a poem from In War Time by John Greenleaf Whittier
Political offices | ||
Preceded by John Philo Hoyt |
Governor of Arizona Territory 1878–1881 |
Succeeded by Frederick Augustus Tritle |
United States Senate | ||
New title | Senator from California (Class 1) 1850–1851 Served alongside: William M. Gwin |
Succeeded by John B. Weller |
Party political offices | ||
New political party | Republican nominee for President of the United States 1856 |
Succeeded by Abraham Lincoln |
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- United States military governors of California
- United States Senators from California
- Union Army generals
- United States Army generals
- California Republicans
- Radical Republicans
- Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees
- United States presidential candidates, 1856
- Recipients of American presidential pardons
- Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
- People from Mariposa County, California
- People from Savannah, Georgia
- People from Staten Island
- People from Tarrytown, New York
- Burials in New York
- Deaths from peritonitis
- American people of French-Canadian descent
- Arizona Republicans
- New York Republicans
- Taxa named by John C. Frémont
- 19th-century American Episcopalians
- 19th-century American people
- 19th-century American politicians
- 19th-century American scientists
- 19th-century explorers
- Activists from New York


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By Mariela Rosario | 08/30/2010 - 09:15
Lea Michele rocked an elaborately ruffled (and impeccably tailored) navy blue Oscar de la Renta gown last night to the Emmy Awards that had everyone buzzing! We gasped and screamed Olé, but we want to know what you think. So, tell us:
Read more
By Lee Hernandez | 08/10/2010 - 15:30
Glee star, Lea Michelle, 23, has been tapped to guest star on the Sept. 26 season premiere of the long running cartoon series, The Simpsons.
Read more
By Kate Sandoval | 08/09/2010 - 16:30
Twilight may have swept most of the awards at last night's Teen Choice Awards taping, but our favorite Latina stars stole the spotlight on the red carpet with their stunning hair and makeup. We've given them some awards of our own! Let us know if you agree. (You can catch the 12th annual Teen Choice Awards tonight at 8 p.m. EST on FOX.)
Read more
By Kate Sandoval | 07/30/2010 - 13:30
As these sexy Latina celebs know, there's no better time to master an updo than this summer. Why? Because it makes you look hot, but keeps you cool. Here are five trends to try.
Read more
By Kate Sandoval | 07/24/2010 - 13:00
Considering bangs? Before you make the cut, you'll want to see the way these Latina celebs are rocking the style. Each one cut bangs that flatter her distinct face shape—and looks beautiful for it! Check out the pics, find the face shape most like yours, then go for that style.
Read more
By Damarys Ocaña Perez | 07/22/2010 - 18:00
Oh, the precariousness of being a former child star. On one hand, you have tragic, hot-mess stories like that of Lindsay Lohan, who went to jail on Tuesday, and Gary Coleman, who died broke last month.
Read more
By Lee Hernandez | 04/26/2010 - 12:00
Latinos don't fit into any one mold. We come in all shapes, sizes and colors—and our TV stars are no exception. Last week, Latina.com reader Maria Ortiz proved that when she pointed out that Glee star, Lea Michelle, is actually part-Spanish (she has Sephardic Jewish heritage) on our Facebook fan page. Maria's observation prompted us to think of other Latin TV stars who people might not know are Latin.
Read more

subset: commoncrawl


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N/A, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15228
Having depressive symptoms can be extremely frustrating. Others can perceive your symptoms as you being lazy, uninterested, or lacking motivation. Depression doesn't have to make you feel alone. Talking to someone about these and many other symptoms can be helpful. Maybe you have symptoms and you aren't really even sure what they mean or where they are coming from. This is often seen with depression as well. Talking to a counselor can be helpful in gaining clarity.
680 Lincoln Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15202
You don't have to suffer any longer. You certainly don't have to suffer alone. John Neyman is a therapist on a mission to help make a difference in your world. The sky is blue above the clouds. the sun is still shining even when you can't see it. Depression is a very difficult problem to solve. but there are answers. There are Universal Laws that when put into motion will work. it is the cause and effect--they have to work. They will work for you, but you will never know if you don't call John Neyman today!


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Currently finalising the voiceover on this commercial I've been working on for six months.
My initial instinct - make it as short as possible. Aren't voiceovers just some burbling sound that goes on in the background, completely ignored by one and all?
The Skoda 'Baking Of' ad doesn't have one at all. Nor does the new Sony ad. (Yes, I know some of you hate it. Screw you! Heavy-metal poodles rule!)
A very influential person here at BBH thinks the public is now bored of what he calls "57+3", by which he means a 60-second ad that consists of a 57-second visual metaphor followed by a 3-second super at the end which explains it.
Also in the 'voiceovers are good' camp you might find the wonderful new Golf ad and, going back a bit, Guinness "Surfer".
(Although you could argue these are 'soundscapes' not genuine voiceovers.)
So what to do? Well, the fact is that our ad does need at least some explanatory voiceover (it's a relatively new product we're selling).
And given a certain groundswell here against "57+3", and a wholly understandable desire at the client end to say some impressive things about their product, it looks like the voiceover is going to be fairly long.
At first I was gutted. But then I realised that, if I could make the words interesting enough, maybe it can work.
To paraphrase Claude Hopkins: "People don't listen to voiceovers. They listen to words they find interesting."
So, fingers crossed. (When they're not typing the 100th draft of my VO...)
Wednesday, June 13, 2007
How Long Should A Voiceover Be?
14 comments:
- Charles Frith said...
There's not much V/O when whizzing through on a PVR but I'd be inclined to agree that tail enders are cliche and probably more likely to be ignored.
I wont bill you for this nugget :) - 7:49 AM
i think a good voiceover can compliment the ad, of course it depends on whether you have people talking in your ad as it is. i find storytelling voiceover very interesting and engaging.
the "engaging" VO, regardless of length, is the boring bit. crap ads have taught us all that. no getting away from it. so...cast a great voice!
i will solve this one for you. You should cast a black woman from the deep south of USA. i have no idea what you're advertising but that's a random idea you'd never have. black woman from the south=money. - 9:46 AM
- Rob Mortimer said...
Voiceovers are the bit people ignore unless they are interesting.
They have to be better written than any other part of an for people to listen...
Good luck!
I like that Sony ad, not sure if it matches balls though. - 4:50 PM
So you actually work in the VO of the ad, after you shoot it?
I tought it was only me who had this kind of bad habit, heh.
Surely it's even more hard than coming up with a line after coming up with a brilliant visual that doesn't quite make sense by itself.
No tips here, I'm just a novice but good luck guys. - 5:49 PM
Tail enders are cliche? What nonsense! So now some planner (I guess that's where this is coming from) has decided to invent some other rule to make the creatives job even harder. Before the 57+3 we were subjected to non stop wall to wall vo ads and how boring were they? Why does there have to be a rule? Surely whatever is right for the product and the message to be communicated is the answer?
- Pseudonim said...
57+3? bollocks.
A rule isn't a rule unless you stick to it. Just do whatever feels interesting, worth watching.
Fuck everything else. - 8:21 PM
That paraphrase of Claude Hopkins - were you perhaps thinking of Howard Gossage, who said "People read what interests them. And sometimes it's an ad."
Hopkins is good, though. I recently re-read Scientific Advertising and found it full of gems. He's not infallible, though.
"Advertising pictures should not be eccentric." Quite. - 8:28 PM
57+3, wall to wall VO, Bite n smile. It's all good. As long as it's creative, relevant and completey original. It's like all the new media people who have christened TV advertising as 'interruption media' and then bang on about how the consumer hates to be interrupted. I don't know about you but i'm absolutely fine being interrupted as long as you've got something interesting to say. Phew - feel much better now.
Are these the same new media people who 'interrupt" my surfing with their bloody pop ups? Now there's a new media category that needs consigning to history before tv and other so called traditional media
- Helen said...
Just an anecdotal observation from my living room that's kind of relevant:
These days one of us is usually looking at a laptop screen while the other watches something they like on TV. Voiceovers (and soundtacks I suppose, but I've noticed it more with voiceovers) are what directs attention from one screen to the other.
That Golf ad is a case in point, my husband looked up with his mouth open in wonder - having ignored all the previous 30 minutes of TV. - 3:43 AM
Good point Helen. Thats very true.
A voiceover should be exactly 22 seconds and three frames long, however long your ad is. Even if it's a ten seconder. Just say it quicker.
nice one helen - same in our house


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Vinod Gupta, CEO of Everest LLC, Asserts that Obama Is Right -- the Rich Are Not Paying Their Fair Share of Taxes
Nov 14, 2012, 08:35 ET
LAS VEGAS, Nov. 14, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Vinod Gupta, CEO of Everest LLC, shares his thoughts on U.S. tax rates:
"I agree with President Obama that the rich just aren't paying their fair share. That is why we have a widening wealth gap. When I sold my business, I paid a tax rate of 15%. I felt guilty because my employees were paying a higher rate on their income than I did.
"Most of the wealthy people pay taxes on their investment income. If they make an investment and hold it even for a year, they only pay 15% taxes on that investment, a ridiculously low rate. Most of us invest money because we stand to make a profit on it. Tax consideration is not a major part of our investment decision.
"Therefore, investment income should be treated as ordinary income and we should pay the same rates on this money as we would our ordinary money. There should be no difference in the tax rate between ordinary income and so-called long-term investment income (one year is hardly long-term anyways). In that case, if the top tax rate is 30%, more income would be generated for the treasury and it would hardly impact our investment decisions. All of the private equity and hedge fund billionaires will pay 30% on their carried income, as well. Right now, they are practically getting away with murder by paying just 15% in taxes.
"In addition, the federal government needs to be cutting their spending. They could easily cut their spending by 10% across the board and reduce the budget deficit without making a dent in their services to the taxpayers. The federal government is bloated anyways.
"Let's not forget that during the Clinton presidency, taxes were raised, federal spending was restrained, and this country experienced the biggest economic growth in modern history. We even had a budget surplus, but wasted it all by giving tax cuts to the rich and participating in unnecessary wars during the Bush administration.
"I reaffirm my belief that President Obama is right that millionaires are just not paying their fair share of taxes. I don't believe in a flat tax. I also don't believe in class warfare by calling it a millionaire's tax, because after all, they work hard for their money. It's appropriate not to raise taxes on families earning less than $250,000 a year, but families earning more than this should pay a tax rate of at least 30%, no matter how they earn their money. This allows them to keep two out of every three dollars they earn."
Vinod Gupta
9017 Greensboro Lane
Las Vegas, NV 89134
This press release was issued through eReleases® Press Release Distribution. For more information, visit http://www.ereleases.com.
SOURCE Vinod Gupta


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The gas stations surveyed by the Daily Journal showed prices declined in 11 of 13 stations and two held steady at the other two.
The lowest price found today was Fulton, at $3.18 a gallon, followed closely by Sherman at $3.19.
The highest price, for the second week in a row, is Ripley, at $3.37.
Statewide, the average was $3.32, down 4 cents from a week ago. The national average of $3.59 also is 4 cents lower.
Click here for more prices in the region at the Biz Buzz Blog.


text: Author has written 30 stories for Anime X-overs, Naruto, Kuroshitsuji, D.Gray-Man, Sengoku Basara/戦国BASARA, Hellsing, Katekyo Hitman Reborn!, +Anima, Hetalia - Axis Powers, 07-Ghost, and Hunter X Hunter. Hey! I'm The Battle Angel I love writing as much as I like sweet things! I'm a proud otaku and amongst my other hobbies I love art! I also own my own mini herd of plush unicorns and names are: Tiki, Bjorn and Polka. I also adore cats and have my own named Fuzzy. |


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High Torque RC Servo Motor with metal gears |
Product ID: NRS-995 Weight: 77 gms Price: Rs.1,148.92 Ask a question about this product |
Introduction NRS-995 is a high torque metal gear servo with dual ball bearings. It gives whooping 15.5Kg to 17kg cm torque. This servo motor is ideal for making your own hexapod, walking insects, heavy duty sensor / camera pod. Servo motors are used in radio control models. They are very useful in robotics applications because of there small size and low cost. Servomotor has built in motor, gearbox, position feedback mechanism and motor controller. The servo motor can be controlled to move any position just by using simple pulse controlling. This motor has three wire interfaces for control and power supply. All the robots from NEX Robotics support this servo motor. Specifications
Motor Pinout Brown cable ---- GndRed cable ---- 5V Supply Voltage Orange cable ---- PWM Signal NRS-995 Servo Motor's metal gears and dual bearings at the output shaft Dimensions
Micro, Mini and Standard Servo Motors size comparison Visit forum for Online Discussion on this product |
ROHS Compliant : YES |
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Former South African president F.W. de Klerk will speak at next year's Junior League of Toledo charity event.
Mr. de Klerk will be the guest speaker at the organization's 12th annual Toledo After Hours set for Jan. 25 at SeaGate Centre downtown. The league expects 1,500 guests to attend the black-tie gala that will include a private reception, dinner, and remarks by Mr. de Klerk.
"A lot of the people who were our sponsors last year ... were very interested in F.W. de Klerk. We gave them several options and that was really a consensus," Becky Hartline, public relations chairman for the event, said. The sponsors include area business representatives, she said.
Mr. de Klerk is widely credited with initiating the end of bans on black liberal movements, the release of political prisoners, and the drafting of a democratic constitution in South Africa.
In 1993 he shared the Nobel Peace Prize with ANC leader and former South African President Nelson Mandela, whom he freed from 27 years in prison.
One local African-American leader criticized the visit from someone who has defended aparthied in the past.
"The Junior League, of course, is free to spend its considerable resources inviting de Klerk or any other racist," Victor Goode, an African-American attorney with Advocates for Basic Legal Services and the chairman of the NAACP's legal redress committee, said.
"[Mr. De Klerk's] visit to Toledo may provide us an opportunity to talk about the issue of reparation to black folks in this country," Mr. Goode said.
Jan Baker, the Junior League president, could not be reached for comment yesterday.
Mr. de Klerk's steadfast belief that you must "have courage, integrity, and honesty in order to turn a country around," won him a Time Magazine's Man of the Year award, noted a news release distributed by the Junior League.
Mr. de Klerk was most recently an executive deputy president in South Africa's Government of National Unity under President Mandela. He resigned from politics in 1997 but two years later established a foundation in his own name. Its goal is "to continue the success and stability of the new multicultural South African democracy," the news release said.
Toledo After Hours is a major fund-raiser of the league, which has returned nearly $1 million to the community since its inception in 1989, through donations and community projects.


text:
Most Innovative Door
2010 Crystal Achievement Award Winners
Large Manufacturer
The PGT doors were recognized for their versatility. Incorporating many features designed to provide flexibility for installers, |
Series 670 and 770 Sliding Glass Doors
PGT Industries
N. Venice, Fla.
Designed to provide versatility, as well as performance, SGD 670 and WinGuard 770 series doors are offered in configurations from one panel to eight panels as by-pass, pocket or corner doors, ranging in size from 6 feet, 8 inches up to 10 feet tall with monolithic glass, insulating glass, and laminated insulating glass options.
Innovative elements include interchangeable and reversible panel interlocks that allow for easy reconfiguration on the job site without the risky re-glazing process, in most circumstances, and with minimum parts. It gives installers the ability to field change from standard stack to reverse stack with no costly reglazing or reordering required. Panels can be installed or removed from the interior or exterior so condo applications are a breeze.
Numerous finish options are available. Raised handle or recess pulls with dual-point mortise lock provides security. The recess pull allows for completely flush panels in a pocket opening.
Small/Medium Manufacturer
Nana Wall's door offers the flexibility of both a French door and a large opening wall. |
VSW65 Single Track Slider with Center Swing Doors
Nana Wall Systems
Mill Valley, Calif..
The new VSW65 door combines the look and function of French doors with the ability to slide
Narrow stiles and rails maximize glass area. Hinges, sliding and multipoint locking hardware are concealed and integrated into
Other 2010 Crystal Achivement Award Winners:
Most Innovative Window
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Door |
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Unique Innovation
Window Energy Profiler/Sales Brochure EDTM Inc. |
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Atlantic Windows |
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IG Production/Glazing |
Most Innovative Marketing Progam
Large Manufacturer Energy Tax Credit (ETC) Glass Package Simonton Windows |
Small/Medium Manufacturer |
Best Product Literature
Large Manufacturer |
Small/Medium Manufacturer |
Best Industry Web Site
Large Manufacturer |
Small/Medium Manufacturer |
Supplier |
Return to the Crystal Achievement Awards 2010 home page


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Grains can be a polarizing food, but whether you love them or hate them, we can all agree on one thing: boring grain dishes should be tossed out with the chaff. This week-long series is all about inventive, refreshing grain salads: full of flavor, and perfect for summer. If we have one basic goal here, it's to make believers out of naysayers, and give inspiration to those already converted.
If you ask me, fattoush is one of the best things in the world: It's bright, crunchy, and colorful. Plus, it has a bracing vinaigrette I just adore. With that in mind, this quinoa salad takes those same Middle Eastern flavors and ties them together with a sumac-laced lemon vinaigrette. Fortunately, the mix of tart, dried cherries, mint, parsley, salty feta, and pomegranate seeds is enough to make you forget you're eating healthy.
I prepared my quinoa in the microwave according to the package directions and found it worked quite well, though it required a longer cooking time than the directions suggested. The standard ratio of two parts water to one part grain, however, was just right. Be sure to let the quinoa cool before adding the ingredients and dressing the salad. In fact, making it ahead of time and refrigerating it for a few hours is wise.
The salad dressing, made with a brightly acidic lemon vinaigrette, is spiked with sumac—a unique spice from the ground fruit of a flowering shrub. It imparts a bold, tart flavor that, in my mind, you shouldn't do without. I realize that not everyone lives near a Middle Eastern market; however, you can (and really should) purchase some online. It's available on Amazon as well as from purveyors such as The Spice House and Penzeys. Once you have it, you'll find other uses—believe me. If you so choose, though, you may omit it from the recipe and it'll still work out fine.


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Do you use checking jigs and fixtures?
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure
How do you check tube fabrications to ensure they meet quality standards? Do you ship parts without checking them and hope that the next time the phone rings it isn't a prelude to a tirade from a disgruntled customer? Or do you check finished parts only to realize that your scrap rate is too high and wish you had checked them at earlier stages of the manufacturing process?
The effect that checking fixtures have on your operating bottom line is so important that they should be given a much higher priority than most tube fabricators give them. The cost of quality checking fixtures should be included in every bid when quoting jobs. In fact, costs incurred because of quality problems are much lower in jobs that include such fixtures compared to the costs of a similar job that does not include quality fixtures.
When bidding a job, many companies look for areas in which they can cut costs to get the job—but fixtures is not a place to cut. Tube fabricators that figure in a little more for fixtures will save in terms of quality and waste in the long run. Inserting checking fixtures at the right points in the fabrication process can help to reduce or even eliminate costs in other areas. An added benefit is that checking fixtures let equipment operators know exactly what is required when starting a job.
More Fixtures, Tighter Tolerances
The majority of your customers demand tolerances that get continually tighter. If you are unable to meet their requirements, they will move to another supplier who will, and it might be awhile before you are able to gain their confidence again. Customers want parts that have closer tolerances for many valid reasons, the most important of which is that assembled components fit together better. This allows your customer to reduce or eliminate assembly jigs and fixtures; it reduces or eliminates quality problems; and it results in a better finished product for your customer.
Furthermore, machine builders, tooling builders, and fixture builders have come up with better products that are available to you, and your typical customer knows this. In other words, your customer has two goals: He wants to manufacture better finished goods, and he wants you to manufacture better intermediate goods. Customers know that encouraging you to purchase newer and more advanced equipment is one way to accomplish both of these goals. When it comes to tube fabrication, fixtures play a big part in it.
Why are fixtures required? and Where are they required? are the two questions to ask yourself when bidding a job. Building fixtures into the manufacturing process and then passing the why and the where along to the equipment operators help the operators to catch quality issues as they come up. Many of you might say, "That's how we do it now," but think about it—do you really take the time necessary to prevent quality problems, or do you just rip through the process and take a close look at quality control when a problem crops up?
Who Should Build the Fixture?
Some tube fabricators I work with have their own in-house fixture design and build department that allows them to build the level of quality each job requires into each fixture. But make no mistake, fixture building is an art that requires experience to do the job right. Otherwise, a lot of money can be wasted. I work with some companies that are not very good at building fixtures so they are constantly facing quality challenges.
Some companies are dedicated to building fixtures and will work closely with you to design and build whatever you want. I suggest that you develop a relationship with one of these companies if you don't do a satisfactory job in-house. While a fixture builder might seem a little expensive, remember that if it helps achieve better quality, reduce waste, and cut down on daily problems and headaches, the money spent will be well worth it.
Try to give the fixture manufacturer the exact product you want fixtured, all the necessary prints of the product, and a list of the points you want checked. This type of approach helps the fixture builder determine what type of fixture will work best for the project. Providing all this information upfront also saves time.
Longer Lead-times
It's up to tube fabricators to communicate with fixture builders about lead-times. Lead-times are shrinking in nearly every industry, and the tube fabrication industry is no exception. Some fixture manufacturers have lost business because their lead-times were too long. Who did the business go to? In some cases, to the tube fabricator. While many of these companies did not want to specialize in this field, they did so because they felt they did not have any other choice. The tubing industry as a whole requires shorter lead-times, and the fixture industry is going to have to adjust its lead-times too.
Dave Petrack
Proto-1 Manufacturing LLC
P.O. Box 399
Winneconne, WI 54986
Fax: 920-582-4492
Published In...
The Tube & Pipe Journal
The Tube & Pipe Journal became the first magazine dedicated to serving the metal tube and pipe industry in 1990. Today, it remains the only North American publication devoted to this industry and it has become the most trusted source of information for tube and pipe professionals.


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Green planners to rack brains with South Side in mind
February 26, 2014 11:58 PMPittsburgh is awash in streets that become rapids of rain rushing to storm drains. The optimal corridor to try to alter that course may be 21st Street on the South Side.
Toward that end, the Green Infrastructure Network is calling on engineers, architects, ecologists and artists to commit to a three-day charrette in April to help design a green infrastructure template for 12 blocks -- from South Side Park at the top of the hill to the Three Rivers Heritage Trail at the Monongahela River.
"The goal is to create a model on an urban planning scale to guide policy forward," said Joel Perkovich, chair of the South Side Green Infrastructure project and the sustainable design and programs manager at Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens. "This is also a reflection of our efforts to be competitive with cities that are pursuing strong water management strategies."
Friday is the official registration deadline but participants won't be turned away if spaces are available, he said. The planning-and-design sessions are April 10-12 and begin and end with public presentations. For more information and to participate, visit www.southsidegreen.com/tickets/.
Dan Sentz, the city's environmental planner, proposed 21st Street when the network requested proposals last year. His project beat out nine other sites for several reasons: 21st Street is unusually wide, with notable green spaces on either end; the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy already had targeted it for a grant for more trees; and the city planning department specified its potential as "a complete street, everything you want a 21st century street to do," Mr. Sentz said.
"It is significant in providing connections, with room for traffic [and transit], curb lane parking, a bike lane and a significant stormwater management feature."
What it wouldn't have room for is the renegade parking down the middle, where an old trolley line used to be. A 21st-century 21st Street would more likely catch stormwater in a median strip of plants.
The 2008 federal consent decree that requires Alcosan and local communities to reduce stormwater overflow has spurred several green infrastructure plans and projects regionally. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency gave Alcosan until 2026 to comply with the Clean Water Act by eliminating sewage overflows into waterways.
Alcosan had begun studying green infrastructure's role when last month the EPA judged its $2 billion "gray" plan for larger underground pipes and tanks insufficient. This month, the federal decree was modified to give Alcosan a chance to phase in green infrastructure.
The committee planning the 21st Street project is hopeful about the timing of the leniency.
"The opportunity is historic to include [in rate payers' investment] green space that cleans air and water, increases property values and improves neighborhood development," Mr. Perkovich said.
"Everybody and their brother wants to do a rain garden demonstration project, but demonstrations are the past," Mr. Sentz said. "We know green infrastructure works and we need real projects. I think the [meeting] will provide the detail and documentation funders like to see."
The Green Infrastructure Network is made up of design, academic, community and environmental groups and institutions. Many have created "a robust demand for green solutions" since the 2008 consent decree, Mr. Perkovich said.
Those solutions include rain-slowing street design, street and parking lot garden swales, green roofs, permeable pavement and rain barrels.
Arthur Tamilia, director of environmental compliance for Alcosan, said the April planning meeting, of which Alcosan is a sponsor, "will be an intense discussion, design and planning process. Alcosan is encouraged by opportunities like this, and certainly any of these projects will provide information and opportunity for us to incorporate into our plan. The results of green infrastructure planning can help Alcosan determine how much we build or what we build."
Mr. Sentz said city officials like the idea of a 21st Street model and that the results "could be transformative. Probably the only people who won't like it are the renegades who are getting free parking."
Diana Nelson Jones: firstname.lastname@example.com or 412-263-1626. Read her blog City Walkabout at www.post-gazette.com/citywalk.