text:
On the Heels of Dinosaurs
Copyright © 1995 - 2010, Glen J. Kuban
[This article is being mirrored from http://paleo.cc/paluxy/onheel.htm.]
This distinct theropod dinosaur track, reportedly removed from the Paluxy in 1933 near the "Blue Hole" is mounted in the bandstand of the town square in Glen Rose, Texas. Surrounding it are large pieces of petrified wood, which is common in geologic formations overlying the Glen Rose limestone. |
As torrents of rain poured onto the rolling hills of Somervell County, Texas, walls of mud, water, and debris thundered through the once-peaceful Paluxy River Valley--engulfing trees, houses, people and animals, and sweeping them all downstream. Massive limestone slabs paving the river bottom were violently ripped from their prehistoric foundations, slammed together, and shattered. The locals called it "The Great Flood of 1908," one of the worst the town of Glen Rose, Texas had ever experienced. Although causing much loss of life and property, the tragic deluge also revealed unexpected scientific treasures--discoveries that would eventually make the small town famous. As aptly put by local historian Laurie Jasinski (2008), "it was a flood for the ages and a flood that revealed the ages."
Fran, one of the most complete Acrocanthosaurus atokensis skeletons. It was found in Oklahoma and is now on display at the North Carolina Museum of Natural History. |
Local Glen Rose resident Charlie Moss, cleaning a sauropod track. Photo circa 1934, courtesy of Beatrice Moss. |
Around 1910 another local youth named Charlie Moss and his brother Grady were fishing in the Paluxy River itself when they came across a trail of three-toed dinosaur tracks on a limestone shelf, along with a series of even more curious, oblong footprints (Andrus, 1975). Described by Charlie as "giant man tracks," these large, elongate footprints (typically 15-18 inches long) were as yet unknown to geologists, but evidently were soon accepted as genuine human footprints by many of the townspeople. For many years most locals seemed to regard these tracks as minor curiosities--evidently not realizing that the immense scientific implications of finding human and dinosaur footprints in the same rocks. Indeed, if confirmed, such a find would dramatically contradict the standard geologic timetable, which holds that dinosaurs (if we do not count birds) became extinct about 65 million years ago, whereas the first human remains are only a few million years old (a gap of over 60 million years). Moreover, the track beds in Glen Rose are now assigned by mainstream geologists to the lower part of the Cretaceous period, at or near the Aptian/Albian boundary, dated at about 113 million years (Young, 1974; Bergan and Pittman, 1990).
A trail of indistinct elongate tracks along the McFall property, probably similar to ones Charlie Moss and other locals mistook for giant "moccasin prints." Close inspection shows that they show indications of a widely splayed, tridactyl digit pattern. They are now interpreted as partially infilled metatarsal dinosaur tracks. |
Around the same time another local resident, George Adams (discoverer of the Wheeler Branch tracks) is known to have carved and sold at least several "giant man tracks" and dinosaur tracks on loose slabs of rock. George's nephew Wayland once even related his uncle's carving technique to a group of creationist researchers, noting that his uncle would start with a suitable sized block already containing a depression, and then carve in human features at his leisure under the shade of a tree (Morris, 1980, p. 110-126). Evidently this technique involved less chance of breakage than chiseling and transporting real tracks from the riverbed, and allowed one to readily add print details that were typically indistinct or lacking on real prints. On the other hand, Adams was evidently handicapped by his limited carving skill; of the several loose "man tracks" which still exist and are generally attributed to him, all show serious anatomic errors, including misplaced ball and arch, and excessively long, misshapen toes.
Both Adams and Ryals probably had economic rather than anti-evolutionary motives for their
track activities (which occurred during the Great Depression, when jobs were scarce). Ryals may have
believed he had cut out real human tracks, and Adams likely believed he was making improved versions
of the assumed "real" human tracks in the riverbed. At any rate, such carvings were limited in number,
and contrary to the suggestions of some authors, do not explain most of the alleged human tracks in the
Paluxy riverbed itself. Indeed, carvings would play a relatively minor role in the overall controversy.
However, they would help bring Glen Rose and its remarkable tracks to the attention of the outside
Roland Bird's Work
Somehow a pair of carved "man tracks" from Glen Rose wound up at a trading post in Gallup, New Mexico. There, in 1938, they were spotted by paleontologist Roland T. Bird during one of his field expeditions for the American Museum of Natural History. At a nearby shop he also noticed two dinosaur tracks on similar rock slabs. Bird immediately recognized both pairs of tracks as carvings-- noting the anatomic problems they contained--but he wondered what would have prompted someone to carve them. Upon being told that they originated in Glen Rose, Bird decided to take a detour there on the way home to investigate further.
Clifford Burdick with two of the loose track slabs that let paleontologist Roland T. Bird to Glen Rose. Both slabs are now widely acknowleged to be carvings made by Glen Rose resident George Adams during the late 1930's. |
The two loose "giant man track" slabs seen by Roland Bird in a Trading Post window, widely regarded as carvings. Note the very unnatural features, especially the multi-jointed toe marks. Two carved dinosaur tracks were also seen in the trading post window. |
In 1939 and 1940 Bird and a local crew dammed a large portion of the riverbed and chiseled out a large section of the tracks in numbered blocks, as part of a WPA project. These were distributed to a number of colleges and museums, with the lagest portion going to the American Museum in New York. After languishing in storage for years, these blocks were later reassembled into a dramatic display under a large sauropod skeleton at the American Museum (Bird, 1985).
Paleontologists often associated these sauropod tracks with the Pleurocoelus, based on sauropod bones from Texas and Oklahoma that appeared to belong to that genus; however, in 2007 they were reevaluated and argued to unique enough to warrant a new name: Paluxysaurus (Rose, 2007). The Texas state legislature subsequently declared Paluxysaurus to be the official state dinosaur.
The famous Paluxy trackways excavated by Roland T. Bird in 1939 and 1940, often interpeted as an ancient chase scene, with the large sauropod dinosaur being attacked by a carnivorous theropod dinosaur. However, the paces are relatively short, suggesing that the carnosaur may simiply have been following the same path. |
Although Bird never reported any real human tracks in the Paluxy Riverbed, his writings would inadvertently lead to the spread of the "man track" claims. In one of his articles Bird mentioned the carved "man tracks" that led him to Glen Rose, as well as rumors from locals that "giant man tracks" could be found in the Paluxy riverbed itself. Bird related that when he asked Jim Ryals to show him such tracks in the riverbed, Ryals could only show him a single specimen, which Bird referred to as a "mystery track." Bird described this as, "something about 15 inches long, with a curious elongated heel." Noting that the print was too indistinct to diagnose precisely, Bird suggested that it was made by some "hitherto unknown dinosaur or reptile" (Bird 1939, p. 257). He would later prove to have been "on the right track."
Creationists Embrace the "Man Tracks"
Soon Roland Bird's writings came to the attention of some strict creationists, who sought scientific evidence for their belief that the earth and all life was created less than about 15,000 years ago, rather than having evolved over millions of years. Among the first creationist advocates of the "man track" claims was Clifford Burdick, who helped found the Deluge Society, one of the first creationist groups in America. After a brief visit to the Paluxy, Burdick published an article in the Seventh Day Adventist magazine, Signs of the Times, proclaiming that the Paluxy contained clear human and dinosaur footprints, and that this dramatically refuted evolution while supporting the belief in a recent Creation and the formation of the fossil record during Noah's Flood (Burdick, 1950, 1955).
By interweaving Bird's comments about carved tracks with those referring to dinosaur tracks in the riverbed, Burdick implied that Bird himself had reported and excavated genuine human tracks from the Paluxy, and that his photographs showed examples of such tracks. However, Burdick's photos showed no natural looking human tracks in the riverbed--only the loose slabs Bird regarded as obvious carvings, some three-toed dinosaur tracks, and some ambiguous markings from outside Texas.
In the early 1960's the Paluxy "man tracks" became more widely known when photographs of the same loose carvings were featured in the landmark creationist book The Genesis Flood by John Whitcomb and Henry M. Morris (1961, p. 173-175). Like Burdick, Whitcomb and Morris suggested that these slabs were genuine "giant" human footprints known to have been excavated from the Paluxy riverbed--relying heavily on out-of-context statements by Roland Bird. A few years later, another creationist, A. E. Wilder-Smith, briefly visited the Paluxy at Burdick's invitation. In his subsequent 1965 book Mans Origin, Man's Destiny, Wilder-Smith followed the example of previous creationist authors in making strong "man track" claims based largely on inaccurate representations of Roland Bird's work and writings.
Stanley Taylor's Footprints in Stone
Douglas Block examining one of the supposed human tracks in the "Giant Run Trail" at the Taylor Site, during the filming of Footprints in Stone, 1969. The elongate print in the forground was selectively moistened to encourage a human shape; however, if one looks closely at the anterior of the track one can see indications of the splayed, infilled dinosaurian digits in a tridactyl pattern. |
Cross section (by the Loma Linda team) through one of the loose "man tracks" seen by Roand Bird in Gallup, NM. Note that the subsurface fossil structures (especially at at the left side of the photo) are abruptly truncated at the depression, indicating a carved origin. |
Ironically, a creationist team from Loma Linda University who studied the tracks about the same time as Taylor came to very different conclusions. Based largely on field work in 1970, the Loma Linda team (consisting of Berney Neufeld, Leonard Brand, and Art Chadwick), pointed out that the alleged human footprints on the Taylor Site (which they called "Series 2") and nearby original McFall Site (their "Series 1") showed indications of tridactyl, dinosaurian digits.
The workers were puzzled by the elongate shapes of the tracks at the Taylor and McFall sites, which they tentatively attributed to erosion acting on typical bipedal dinosaur tracks. They noted, however, that the tridactyl traces at the anteriors undoubtedly indicated a dinosaurian, not a human, trackmaker. They concluded that the "man tracks" at the State Park Shelf were not tracks of any kind, but merely erosional markings that had been selectively highlighted with water or oil to appear more humanlike. The team also examined and cross sectioned several "man tracks" on loose blocks, and concluded that they were probable carvings, based on anatomic errors, problematic subsurface features, and the knowledge that such tracks had been carved in Glen Rose. The Loma Linda team's overall conclusion was that there the Paluxy did not provide valid evidence for the coexistence of humans and dinosaurs (Neufeld, 1975, p. 75).
Man Track Claims at their Heyday
The "Original McFall Site" trail of elongate tracks, located a few hundred meters upstream of the Taylor Site. The prints on this ledge were promoted as human by Fred Bierle, but were acknowleged by other creationists to show dinosaurian features. Note the anterior spaying and tridactyl pattern on the lower two tracks. The tracks are now regarded as mud-collapsed metatarsal dinosaur tracks, and have eroded significantly since they were first documented in the 1970s. |
Early Mainstream Reactions
For many years most mainstream scientists largely ignored the "man track" claims, sometimes implying that they did not want to dignify the claims with serious consideration. Ironically, this may have only fanned the flames of the controversy, allowing creationist to claim the humanlike prints had not been adequately addressed by "evolutionists." Those noncreationists who did comment publicly on the matter generally dismissed all the "man tracks" as carvings, or as erosion marks, or as middle toe impressions of large bipedal dinosaurs (Langston, 1979). Although some carvings and erosion marks have been involved in the controversy, none of these explanations would end up being the correct explanation for the most numerous and celebrated "man tracks," such as those on the Taylor Site. The "human" prints in Taylor's film and other creationist works were often lacking in detail, and fell short of the strong claims about them. Yet some of the pictured trails did appear to consist of striding sequences of roughly human-like footprints, any previously known dinosaur tracks. A mystery remained.
My Own Investigations Begin
State Park Shelf "Broadfoot" tracks. Interpreted by some early creationist workers as a pair of human footprints, these and other "man tracks" on the "State Park Shelf" site are erosional features. The depressions were often selectively moistened to encourage human-like shapes. |
Taylor Site, facing west, 1980. Taylor Trail proceeds from bottom left to center top of photo. Track IIS,-5 is at bottom, where the Taylor Trail intersects the IID "Deep Dino" trail. |
We soon concluded, as did the Loma Linda team (whose work we were not yet aware of), that some of the alleged human tracks, such as those on the "State Park Shelf" were merely erosional features and random irregularities of the rock surface. When we selectively applied water to the markings, we found that we could closely replicate the features in creationist photos. However, without such enhancement none of the markings showed clear or convincing human features, and many contained features incompatible with real human prints, especially in regard to bottom contours.
Taylor Trail track IIS,-2, showing indications of three-doed dinosaurian digit pattern at anterior. Photo by Larry McKenze, taken during Kuban/Barthomew expedition, 1980. |
However, we were much more excited and intrigued at what we found at the Taylor Site, which we located with the assistance of Emmett McFall (since deceased) whose property bordered the site. While removing the sediment and debris from the site, we soon saw that the alleged "man tracks" there were real elongate footprints, occurring in left-right striding trails. And some did have roughly humanlike shapes. But as we exposed and cleaned more of the site, we found that at least some prints in each trail splayed widely at the anterior end, and/or exhibited shallow traces of long, tridactyl, digit patterns--more compatible with dinosaur toes than human ones. Moreover, on some of the prints the longest anterior grove appeared on the outside of the foot--whereas the human "big toe" would be on the inside of the foot (and would not normally make such long impressions). It became increasingly apparent that the alleged "man tracks" at the site were neither human footprints, nor merely eroded specimens of typical three-toed dinosaur tracks (as suggested by the Loma Linda team), but evidently some type of unusual dinosaur tracks with elongate "heels."
Metatarsal Dinosaur Tracks Recognized
Sketch made by author in fall of 1980, proposing what a clearer example of a metarsal dinosaur track would look like, and how such tracks may look superficially human-like when the digits are indistinct. |
While delving into the scientific literature on dinosaur tracks, I could find no previous reports of metatarsal dinosaur tracks in striding trails, although some had been long known as resting or stooping tracks, attributed to small ornithopod (bipedal, plant-eating) dinosaurs from early Jurassic rocks in New England (Lull, 1953). Some of the paleontologists I initially consulted seemed skeptical that bipedal dinosaurs would walk this way, or leave such tracks. Yet as I took additional trips to study and map further tracksites (noted below), the evidence mounted that some dinosaurs did just that.
Support from Ernest Booth
In the course of my research into past Paluxy work, I was referred to Ernest Booth, a former biology teacher with creationist leanings, who was running a small educational media company called Outdoor Pictures. Booth had visited the Paluxy tracks around the same time as Taylor and the Loma Linda team, and like the latter, had concluded that many of the tracks were forms of elongate dinosaur tracks, while others were selectively highlighted erosional markings, and still others (on loose blocks) probable carvings. Although he had not yet published his findings, he related in phone conversations and correspondence with me that he was disturbed over the way other creationists were depicting the tracks as clearly human. He explained that he had repeatedly urged the "man track" proponents to reconsider their position in view of conflicting evidence, to little avail. Upon sharing my findings with him, Booth indicated that he agreed with my conclusions, and offered to collaborate in a publication on the subject.
Carl Baugh Enters the Paluxy
Just as I was beginning to consider the "man track" controversy largely resolved except for the publishing phase, the affair took on a new dimension when a former Baptist minister named Carl Baugh entered the scene in 1982. Baugh, who claimed several advanced degrees in science and theology, all of which are questionable, (Kuban, 1989b), began to excavate new sections of the McFall ledge, herein referred to as the Baugh/McFall sites.
Carl Baugh's first excavation site, 1982. It contained a trail of dinosaur tracks with partial metatarsal impressions, which Baugh interpreted as human tracks overlapping dinosaur tracks, and an isolated depression (shown close up in the accampanying photo) that Baugh claimed as another human track. He erected a black metal plaque naming the trackmaker "Baughanthropus." |
One of the tridactyl dinosaur tracks with partial metatarsal impression, promoted by Baugh as a dinosaur track overlapping a human track. |
One of Carl Baugh's first alleged "man tracks," --an indistinct elongate depression near a dinosaur trail but not in a striding sequence. It is visible below the black plaque in the photo at left. It might represent a touch of the dinosaur's tail or other body part, or a place where a plant fossil once occurred. |
Before long Baugh had announced the discovery of numerous clear human prints, some reputedly so distinct one could distinguish male from female (Baugh, 1982; Taylor, 1982). Some creationist organizations (such as ICR and CRS) appeared cautious of such claims, and either ignored or weakly supported them in their publications. However, other groups such as BSA actively promoted Baugh's work and claims (Bartz, 1982a, 1982b) despite the serious problems they entailed (summarized below). Meanwhile, Baugh also promoted his own claims through local schools, churches, video tapes, newsletters, press releases, and creationist conferences. As time went on, Baugh claimed even more human tracks, as well as other alleged out-of-order fossils, including "giant cat prints," a "human tooth," a "hammer,", a fossil "finger," and a Cretaceous "trilobite" (Baugh, 1987), all later refuted by other workers. By 1984 Baugh had established a small "Creation Evidences Museum" near Dinosaur Valley State Park from which to further support his claims and activities.
Baugh Sites Examined
In my study of Baugh/McFall sites in 1982 and 1983 I found that none of the "man tracks" there closely resembled real human prints. Some were mud-collapsed and/or poorly preserved specimens of metatarsal dinosaur tracks. Several in striding sequence were dinosaur tracks with partial metatarsal impressions; these Baugh had identified as human tracks overlapping dinosaur tracks. Others were long (and sometimes curved), incompletely cleaned grooves which occurred near dinosaur trails. These may have represented intermittent impressions of the dinosaur's tail, snout, or other body parts. Other "man tracks" were vague, shallow, often isolated depressions (not in striding trails), with only a remote resemblance to human footprints. One set of "toe marks" were composed of an invertebrate burrow system (made by ancient worms or crustaceans). Other alleged "toes" were small notches or grooves at the margins of vague depressions, formed by selectively abrading or pushing into firm marl (limy clay) left at the margins of incompletely cleaned depressions, or gouging at friable portions of the limestone. Often this was done under the pretense of "uncovering" toes; such misconduct by Baugh was repeatedly witnessed by myself, Alfred West and others present at the site, and can be seen in one of Baugh's own video tapes (Baugh, 1982).
Baugh's so-called "Max" giant print. Besides its immense size and unnatural features (especially the lack of normal bottom contours), the author confirmed that the print margins were entirely composed of marl (the hard clay above the track surface) that had been gouged to suggest a human-like shape. |
Despite Baugh's creative efforts, none of the markings on his excavations closely resembled real human footprints. Many of the print outlines, alleged toe marks, and other features showed unnatural shapes, sizes, and positions. As time went on Baugh's boldness in manipluating field evidence seemed to increase; at one point he claimed to have excavated a giant human print (dubbed "Max") which was almost 26 inches long. As this author and others confirmed by first-hand examination, it had been merely gouged into the firm marl overyling the limestone track surface. It's bottom countours and other features conflicted severely with those of a real human print, even aside from its monstously large size.
When critical observers visited the site, Baugh would often state that the prints were perfect when first found, but that the toes had "eroded away quickly." Indeed, they did often deteriorate quickly--much more quickly than real features in rock, because such toes were typically composed of marl or clay incompletely or selectively removed from the substrate. Real track features generally remain recognizable for years or even decades. Baugh's other alleged out-of-order fossils were found to be similarly lacking in scientific support, as reviewed in a later section.
The Alfred West Site -- Lessons in Track Variability
In 1982 I arranged another trip to Glen Rose with the goal of locating clearer specimens of metatarsal dinosaur tracks, as well as studying Carl Baugh's recent excavations. During early attempts to locate and interview Baugh himself, I was referred to Alfred West, a local rancher who had assisted Baugh in his work. West guided me to the Baugh excavation sites, explaining what the various markings were claimed to be, and how he had grown increasingly disillusioned with Baugh's claims and methods. As we discussed the evidence there, including some metatarsal tracks at the Baugh sites, I mentioned my findings on the Taylor Site, and my desire to document clearer specimens of such metatarsal tracks. To my surprise, West informed me that many such tracks existed right along his own property, which bordered the Paluxy.
A portion of a trail of metatarsal tracks on the Alfred West Site. Track IIDW13 at bottom is one of the best preserved metatarsal tracks in the Paluxy, but the next track in sequence is more mud- collapsed and thus shows a less distinct, more human-like shape (and could become even more human like with erosion and/or infilling). |
I immediately began to clean, map and study the site, with the assistance of West and his wife Martha, who expressed surprise that no one had paid much attention to the site before, despite its obvious relevance to the track controversy. Baugh showed no interest when West it to him. John Morris briefly mentioned the site (which he called "Shakey Springs") in his 1980 book (pp. 94 and 235), stating that it contained unidentified elongated dinosaur tracks that "under some circumstances might be mistaken for human." However, Morris did not explain under what circumstances they could be mistaken, or relate them to the similarly shaped tracks he called "human" on other sites. Indeed, had the West Site tracks been fully described, they would have severely undermined the human track identifications elsewhere. West commented that similar elongate dinosaur tracks could be found "all up and down the river." He was right. Besides being prevalent at the West, Baugh/McFall, and Taylor Sites, metatarsal dinosaur tracks have since been documented in several other areas of the riverbed.
Such metatarsal dinosaur tracks not only appeared to explain the "best" of the creationist "man tracks," but in my view are also the most likely source of the original "giant man track" sightings by local residents decades earlier. After all, metatarsal dinosaur tracks with indistinct digits marks often look more like large human tracks than anything else the townspeople would have been familiar with at the time. Despite their being misinterpreted for decades, they are also remarkably common in the Paluxy (actually outnumbering non-metatarsal tracks on some sites). For more details on the metatarsal dinosaur track phenomena, see "Elongate Dinosaur Tracks" (Kuban, 1986a, 1986d, 1986e).
The "man track" carvings and mistaken erosion marks were thus not the cause of the "man track" claims as previously suggested by some, but rather were likely secondary developments after the presumed existence of giant human tracks had become established in the minds of the locals.
The Raiders of the Lost Tracks
By the early 1980's some mainstream scientists and "creationist watchers" began to take more interest in addressing the human track claims. In 1982 a team of four scientists (Laurie Godfrey, Ron Hastings, John Cole, and Steve Schafersman), who dubbed themselves the "Raiders of the Lost Tracks," traveled to the Paluxy to conduct on-site investigations--focusing primarily on the Baugh/McFall sites and the State Park Shelf.
In their subsequent reports , the Raiders noted that none of the tracks at the Baugh/McFall sites showed clear human features, and that some were shallow erosional irregularities and parts of invertebrate burrows. At the State Park shelf they observed (as others had before) that the "man tracks" were erosional features. (Schafersman, 1983). Similar analyses, plus a good refutation of the carved "man track" slabs, were published in an issue of the journal Creation/Evolution (Cole and Godfrey, 1985), whose cover proclaimed, "Paluxy River Footprint Mystery--Solved."
However, the team unfortunately missed the most prevalent "man track" phenomena (the metatarsal dinosaur tracks), and misdiagnosed some of the markings at the sites they visited. This was probably due in part to the brevity of their visit (only a few days), and their not having seen all the sites and evidence. Even at the Baugh sites they were not able to do much cleaning or mapping, and except for some preliminary work by Hastings, they had not seen the Taylor Site in person (which was under shallow water). Nor were they familiar with the Alfred West Site. Thus, Godfrey initially misconstrued (based largely on photos and previous suggestions by others) that the Taylor Site tracks "man tracks" were middle digit impressions of typical tridactyl tracks, where mud had slumped over the outer digit marks (Godfrey, 1981). Another report (Milne and Schafersman, 1983) suggested that a creationist photo showed that some of the Taylor Site tracks were typical tridactyl tracks whose side digits were covered with sand (actually the light areas thought to be sand-covered were actually brushed- off parts of the substrate). In the C/E report, the Raiders described the Taylor Site "man tracks" as simply "poor" specimens of bipedal dinosaur tracks, and mistook the partial metatarsal impressions at the Baugh sites as dinosaur hallux (digit one) marks (Cole and Godfrey, 1985). (True hallux marks, when present, are generally tiny, pointed impressions positioned toward the inside rear of the foot, not blunt elongations directly behind it).
Although the Raiders field work was thus incomplete, they did provide the first substantial mainstream critique of the Paluxy claims, and also addressed some of Baugh's other alleged "out-of- order" fossils and artifacts, discussed later.
Kuban/Hastings Collaboration and New Evidence
Taylor Trail, west end, 1984. Track IIS,+2 at bottom. This was perhaps the most renown alleged human trail. Note anterior splaying and indications of a tridactyl (3 toed) dinosaurian digit pattern. |
Shortly after our collaboration began, Hastings and I independently discovered interesting color and texture features on many of the Taylor Site tracks. The colorations, ranging from bluish gray to rust- brown, more precisely defined the track boundaries than did the topographic relief (indentations) alone, and occurred on some newly discovered tracks with little or no relief, and in some cases even positive (raised) relief. On many of the tracks both the dinosaurian digit marks and the metatarsal segments were more distinctly defined by these color/texture boundaries, further confirming the metatarsal dinosaur track identification (Kuban 1986d ; Hastings 1987a).
Hastings and I were originally perplexed at the source of the color distinctions (initially thinking they might related to a geo-chemical change relating to pressure from the trackmaker's steps). However, we soon pursued a more likely hypothesis, that the colorations related to secondary sediment infillings. This concept was initially advocated by Kyle Davies, a paleontologist from the University of Texas to whom I showed the tracks in September of 1985, and soon became increasingly well supported with additional study. Evidently secondary sediment had become trapped and hardened into the original track depressions (in ancient times), and later , after modern exposure, had partially eroded or sloughed out of some of the prints (more so in the center and rear portions, being more tightly trapped in the narrow digit areas).
Infilling Conclusion Confirmed
Taylor Trail, under shallow water, 1985. The infilling areas are more brownish than in 1984, providing distinct contrast with the limestone substrate. Track IIS,+2 at bottom. |
Taylor Trail track IIS,+4, 1985, under shallow water. Compare with the non-infilled dinstinct metatarsal tracks on the Alfred West site. |
Taylor Site, central portion. Under shallow water, 1985. Here two alleged human trails, the Giant Run (GR) Trail and Taylor (IIS) trails intersect with each other and another infilled metatarsal dinosaur track sequence, IIDW. |
In order to test the infilling concept, in 1985 Ron Hastings and I obtained permission from the Texas Department of Parks and Wildlife to take small, cylindrical core samples across the coloration boundaries, and into the subsurface. The core samples clearly confirmed the infilling conclusion. They showed distinct subsurface boundaries between two sediment types, extending several centimeters downward and inward, as would be expected for infilled tracks. Microscopic analysis of the cores (done with the assistance of Wann Langston at the University of Texas, James Farlow of Indiana/Purdue University, and Joseph Hannibal of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, further elucidated the composition of the core samples. The infilling material was found to be finer-grained, more dolomitic, and more iron rich sediment than the surrounding substrate. The main color of the infilling was a light bluish-gray, except for some rusted areas at the surface, evidently representing oxidation of the iron within the infilling.
Core sections, clearly showing that the surface color and texture distinctions related to infillings of the original track depressions. Note that the infillings extend well into the subsurface in each case. |
"Pseudo-mantracks" result from metatarsal dinosaur tracks whose digits are subdued by infilling, mud-collapse, erosion, or a combination of factors |
In October of 1985 Hastings and I gave a tours of the Taylor and West Sites to Raiders team member Steve Schafersman, and to paleontologist James Farlow (mentioned above), who was conducting his own track research focusing on sauropod tracks in Texas (Farlow, 1987; Farlow et al, 1989). Both were impressed with the evidence at both sites, and agreed that the Taylor Site tracks were infilled, metatarsal dinosaur tracks. With help from Farlow and other paleontologists (many of whom had acquired a renewed interest in dinosaur footprints in recent years), I also began to compile additional examples of metatarsal dinosaur trackways from sites in other parts of the U.S., as well as other countries (Kuban, 1986d).
Implications for Dinosaur Locomotion and Behavior
The metatarsal dinosaur tracks invited new insights into dinosaur locomotion and behavior. Hastings and I pondered: what would cause certain bipedal dinosaurs to sometimes make metatarsal, apparently plantigrade tracks? One possibility we considered is that such tracks may have been made by dinosaurs walking in a lowered, crouched position, perhaps while foraging for food, or stalking prey. Such a lowered position would significantly decrease the angle at the talus (ankle), thus fostering metatarsal impressions. Another possibility was that some dinosaurs may have walked more flat-footed in attempts to gain firmer footing in soft or slippery sediment. Or, perhaps some dinosaurs had an unusual leg anatomy that would encourage such behavior (most of the metatarsal tracks represent somewhat smaller dinosaurs, with narrower digits, than most of the digitigrade tracks near Glen Rose). A final possibility is that the tracks represent a pathology of some sort, which seems less likely, in view of the numbers of trails involved, and the lengths of the paces (generally at least as long as that expected for typical digitigrade tracks). In any case, the evidence was plain that the posterior track extensions were metatarsal impressions, not merely eroded specimens of typical tridactyl dinosaur tracks, nor incidental products of a dinosaur foot sinking in deep mud, since the metatarsi were often fully and flatly impressed, especially at the Alfred West site (Kuban 1986d, p. 58-62).
Drawimgs B and C represent possible trackmaker postures associated with metatarsal tracks and plantigrade locomotion by bipedal dinosaurs. |
Significance of the Color Distinctions
The infilling/coloration phenomenon not only made the metatarsal dinosaur track identification regarding the Taylor Site more obvious, but also was scientifically interesting in its own right. It illustrated that tracks can act like sediment traps (even in ancient times), and underscored the importance of cleaning a tracksite well in order to not miss tracks that may be defined more distinctly by infilling boundaries than topographic relief. In fact, the color-distinct infillings allowed Hastings and I to discover many previously unknown tracks and trackways in the Paluxy, including several new trails at the Taylor Site, including the only trail in the Paluxy that can be confidently attributed to an ornithopod (bipedal, plant-eating) dinosaur. We also wondered if metatarsal tracks, and/or color distinct infilled tracks, would be found at sites outside the Paluxy, which turned out to be the case (Kuban 1986a, p. 68- 69; 1986b, p. 439-440; Martin, 1986).
Baugh's Work Further Criticized
During this Taylor Site work in 1984 and 1985, Hastings and I also continued our mapping and study of the Baugh/McFall sites, while Baugh and his followers continued to excavate new sections, finding more "man tracks" with each exposure. By this time a growing number of creationists were becoming disenchanted with Baugh's methods and claims, especially after he seriously botched an excavation of an important Acrocanthosaurus dinosaur skeleton one of his associates discovered a few miles upriver (Potter, 1984b). Alfred West had grown so disturbed with Baugh's increasing improprieties and unfounded claims that he went to a local newspaper to try to set the record straight. In the resulting article, West related that he had personally observed that Baugh's methods were very unscientific, and his claims flatly contradicted by the physical evidence (Potter, 1984a). Shortly thereafter the same newspaper printed an editorial by myself supporting West's comments and briefly summarizing my own research (Kuban, 1984).
Subsequently, further critiques were also published by the Raiders and others on Baugh's alleged "out of order" artifacts and fossils, including an alleged "human tooth," "trilobite," a hammer, and a "human finger" (Baugh, 1987). The tooth, found in the Paluxy in 1987, was demonstrated to be a Cretaceous fish tooth (Hastings, 1987b, 1995). The trilobite, reportedly found decades ago in the Paluxy, was not documented in situ, and is of dubious origin at best. Both the trilobite and its surrounding matrix are unlike other fossils found in the Paluxy, but are like many prepared specimens of the common midwestern genus Calymene, routinely sold at gem and fossil shows Glen Rose (Hastings, 1986, p. 24). The hammer, reportedly from a paleozoic formation near London, Texas, is encased in a concretion and thus may be unrelated to the age of the host rock (Godfrey and Cole, 1985, p. 46); Kuban (1979). The "human finger" was reportedly found in a loose gravel pile and thus cannot be linked to a specific formation. Moreover, most workers consider it just an interesting shaped stone, not a real fossilized finger. Other artifacts from Texas and elsewhere claimed by Baugh to be "out-of-order" fossils are similarly lacking in scientific support (Strahler, 1990).
In 1985 I was deeply saddened to learn that my friend and ally, Ernest Booth, had recently passed away. I became even more resolved to formally publish my findings on the Paluxy matter to and help set the record straight, as Booth always wanted.
Creationist Leaders Revisit the Paluxy
Although criticisms of Baugh's work seemed to have little positive effect on him, I wanted to give other human track advocates a final opportunity to reevaluate their Paluxy claims before formally publishing my findings. I had for years invited the leaders of ICR on several past occasions to revisit the sites and restudy the evidence, but now decided to send many recent photographs, site diagrams, and other documentation in order to illustrate the full extent of evidence against the past claims.
In response, John Morris of ICR, Paul Taylor (now running the film company founded by his deceased father, Stan), and other company representatives, accepted my invitation to join me at the sites in October of 1985. While I pointed out to them the various metatarsal dinosaur tracks at the Alfred West site, and their similar but largely infilled counterparts at the Taylor Site, Morris and Taylor expressed concern that they had made serious errors in the past. Taylor stated that he would stop circulating Footprints in Stone, and Morris indicated that he would probably stop selling his book. Although they insisted on uncovering some Taylor Site tracks under water and mud along the north bank (which we were able to view using an aquarium pushed through the water), they afterward agreed that all the tracks viewed at the site showed evidence of dinosaurian origin. We also reviewed the "man tracks" at the Baugh sites, which Morris and Taylor did not defend, and discussed the State Park Shelf markings (considered erosional features by most), which they did not feel worth revisiting. I then asked Taylor and Morris if they could point to any markings, anywhere in the Paluxy, which they still believed to be human or even probable human footprints. They could not.
Man track Enthusiasts Backtrack
Within days after the on-site meetings, Paul Taylor did stop distributing the film, and many months later John Morris did stop selling his book. However, their published statements on the matter fell short of full or frank retractions of past claims, and misrepresented recent work and evidence. Both suggested the human track claims were now merely "in question," and that they had done the bulk of careful field work in recent years. They also suggested that some of the markings may still be human, and suggested that the dinosaurian interpretation of the Taylor Site tracks relied entirely on suspicious "surface stains," (Taylor, 1985), with Morris even insinuating that they might have been fraudulently applied (Morris, 1985; Morris, 1986). Thus they obscured the abundant evidence that the colorations related to secondary infillings, and the fact that the dinosaurian interpretation was not dependent on the colorations, but was also well supported by other evidence such as tridactyl digit impressions (where the infilling was incomplete or partly sloughed out on many of the tracks). Nor did they clarify that such dinosaurian digit indentations on the Taylor Site tracks were noticed as early as 1970 by the Loma Linda team--long before the infilling features were even recognized (Kuban, 1986b).
Despite these serious problems in Morris' and Taylor's statements, they did prompt other creationist groups to cease or temper their "man track" promotions. Several creationist organizations acknowledged that the "man tracks" were now in serious doubt, or that creationists should no longer use them as evidence against evolution (Burrows, 1986). However, some repeated and endorsed Morris's unfounded suggestions of artificial staining, (Lang, 1986; Snelling, 1986), and a few individuals (such as Baugh) continued to defend at least some of the "man track" claims (Valentine, 1986), suggesting that Morris and Taylor were hasty in admittng even possible mistakes.
Later in 1986 one of the more reputable creationist groups, Students for Origins Research, invited me to publish my findings in their quarterly periodical Origins Research, including maps and photos of the Taylor Site evidence (Kuban, 1986a). Shortly thereafter the anti-creationist journal Creation/ Evolution requested from me and published a similar summary (Kuban, 1986c). In order to avoid any misunderstanding about my motives, I included an "afterward" in the latter article stating that my purpose was "not to attack creationism but to help set the record straight on the true nature of the Paluxy evidence."
Formal Publication of the Metatarsal Track and Color Distinction Evidence
I hoped OR and C/E articles would help clarify the Paluxy evidence to those interested in the controversy from either camp. However, I still looked forward to having my findings published in a more formal scientific format. Coincidentally, about the same time James O. Farlow informed me about an upcoming scientific conference, entitled "The First International Symposium on Dinosaur Tracks and Traces." The conference was to be held in Albuquerque, New Mexico later that year, and would feature track researchers from all over the world. Taking Farlow's advice, I subsequently wrote and was privileged to present two papers at the conference: one on elongate, metatarsal dinosaur tracks and another the color distinct tracks (Kuban 1986d, Kuban 1986e). The papers focused on the scientific aspects of these phenomena, about which the attending scientists seemed very interested, judging from the lively question/answer sessions after the talks. However, during the presentations I also mentioned their connection to the "man track" claims, and a number of attendees expressed relief that the claims (which many had heard about) had finally been given a more complete explanation. Several dinosaur "trackers" approached me afterward to say that they too had seen similar elongate dinosaur tracks on various sites.
Coworker Ronnie J. Hastings balancing above a trail of large, infilled, color-distinct ornithopod tracks with positive relief, on a steep hillside west of Denver, CO, recognized shortly after the 1986 International Conference on Dinosaur Tracks and Traces in Albuquerque, NM. |
The End (Almost) of the Controversy
In more recent years most creationists have largely abandoned the Paluxy "man track" claims, although a few individuals continue to promote them. Carl Baugh, whose once promoted the Taylor Site tracks as human but later claimed he never did so (after the 1985 backpedaling by other creationists), reversed himself yet again by claiming along with Don Patton that the Taylor Site tracks were both human and dinosaurian. That is, they claimed the dinosaur tracks contained human tracks within them (Baugh, 1987)--a claim as unsupported by the physical evidence as the original track claims (Kuban, 1989a). Baugh and Patton also continue to claim that the "Burdick Track" and other loose slabs from Glen Rose are authentic (Baugh, 2005), despite the fact that they show serious anatomic problems, and are considered probable carvings even by most creationist workers. In recent years Baugh and associates have also promoted a number of "new" alleged human tracks and supposed "out of place" artifacts from outside Glen Rose, including the "Zapata track", "A.M. Coffee Track", "Lake Erie sea monster", and a "Limestone Cowboy." However, none of these have stood up to close scrutiny, nor to my knowleged are any of these supported by major creationist organizations.
A smattering of other authors also continue to heavily promote Paluxy "man tracks" or the related claims mentioned above, including Ronald Powell of Christian International Ministeries (Powell, 2006), who follows Clifford Burdick's example of distorting Roland Bird's early writings to suggest that Bird saw and accepted genuine human footprints in the Paluxy.
Some human track claims also have been made for sites in Arizona (Rosnau et al., 1990), but these appear equally unconvincing (Kuban, 1992), as do some rehashings of old Paluxy claims (MacKinney, 1989). In 1994 a "Paluxy Task Force" formed by BSA but later disbanded by the same group, independently published a small book (Helfinstine and Roth, 1994) defending claims of Baugh and associates; however, their photographs failed to demonstrate any convincing human tracks or other "out of order" fossils. Rather than scientifically dispute the metatarsal dinosaur track explanation for many of the "man track" claims, the authors simply omitted any mention of the concept.
Aside from these and a few other exceptions, most creationist leaders seem willing to let the track controversy fade. The Bible-Science Association (which ceased publication of the BSA newsletter and renamed itself "Creation Moments" in 1997), and has made only a few unsupportive comments on the claims in recent years. ICR, although still selling The Genesis Flood with "man track" claims intact, appears content to leave the issue "in question" and "mysterious." Even the Creation Research Society, whose journal published articles on "humanlike" tracks in Arizona in 1990, has since made little mention of the subject. In 1987, Art Chadwick of Loma Linda University, wrote an update in Origins reaffirming the conclusions of the 1970 Loma Linda team, and summarizing the more recent work that further confirmed the dinosaurian nature of the most renown "human" tracks (Chadwick, 1987). Likewise, to its credit, the increasingly prominent creatioist organization Answers in Genesis (AIG) included the Paluxy tracks among its list of "Arguments we think creationists should NOT use." The Biblical Creation Society (BCS), a creationist group headquartered in Great Britian, installed a web article in 2002 which gave a mostly accurate summary of the controversy, largely supported my research and conclusions, and took Baugh, Patton, John Morris, and Kent Hovind to task for their faulty Paluxy "man track" promotions, and even criticized Baugh's dubious credential claims--something most creationist groups have ignored.
Nevertheless, AIG, ICR, CRS, BCS, and other strict creationist organizations continue to promote a young earth and the belief that humans and dinosaurs were contemporaries. In fact, right after cautioning creationists about the Paluxy evidence, the AIG web site asserts "However there is much evidence that dinosaurs and humans co-existed." If one follows the associated web link, however, one finds only a list of articles on largely speculative matters such as living sauropod dinosaurs in Africa, and supposed "Human and Dinosaur Tracks" in Turkmenistan, Russia (Golovin, 1996). Ironically, the latter article presents no compelling case for "human" tracks. All that was actually reported (and not well documented) was a single "humanlike" marking, which as the Paluxy tracks demonstrate, is hardly convincing evidence human origin. Golovin acknowledges that "one needs to be cautious about accepting the prints described on the basis of just this report. None of our sources has been able to obtain any further information on the prints, nor any photograph to this date." One wonders then why the markings were called "Human" in the title, or why AIG claims there is "much evidence" of human/dinosaur coexistence. In fact, this assertion appears inconsisent with other statements on the AIG website. For example, another AIG article acknowledges, "As far as we are aware at the present time, there are no indisputable human fossils in the fossil record that we could say belong to the pre-Flood human culture(s)." (Snelling, 1991). Another AIG article states, "We can only concur that there is no definite unequivocal evidence of human remains in those rock strata that can definitely be identified as Flood sediments." (Batten et al, 2005).
Claims of human tracks occurring alongside dinosaur tracks have not stood up to close scientific scrutiny, and in recent years have been largely abandoned even by most creationists. Although genuine dinosaur tracks are abundant in Texas, the alleged Paluxy "man tracks" involve a variety of misidentified phenomena. The most celebrated "man tracks" on the Taylor Site are forms of "metatarsal" dinosaur tracks--made by dinosaurs which, at least at times, made elongate prints by impressing their metatarsi (soles and heels) as they walked, rather than walking on their toes only. When the digit marks on such elongate/metatarsal tracks are subdued by sediment infilling, mud- collapse, erosion, or a combination of factors, the metatarsal segment at the rear often presents an oblong shape that roughly resembles a large human footprint. Other alleged "man tracks" include erosional features and indistinct markings of uncertain origin, some of which were enhanced with water or oil at times to appear more human. A smaller number of "man tracks" are outright carvings or heavily doctored depressions (most of these occur on loose blocks of rock). Claims of other "out of order" fossils and artifacts from Texas and elsewhere are also not supported by compelling scientific evidence.
Andrus, Pearl.Et. Al. 1975, Somervell Sketches, Self Published. p. 26. Although Andres attributes the first track discovery to Ernest (Bull) Adams, most other sources, including newspaper articles during the year of the discovery, credit Bull's brother George Adams with this discovery. Some authors such as James Farlow (1993) indicate that the year of the discovery was 1908, but local newspaper accounts at the time confirm that it occurred in the spring of 1909 (probably March 2009, since the Weekly Enterprise (Cleburn, TX) of April 8, 1909 indicated that George Adams found the tracks "some weeks since...").
Batten, Don, Ken Ham, Jonathan Sarfati, and Carl Wieland, 2006, Where are all the Human Fossils? Web version at: http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs2/4419.asp Another version of the article appears on the ChristianAnswers.net website at: www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c014.html, indicated to be an excerpt from Creation Magazine, Dec 91-Feb 92, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 28-33.
Baugh, Carl E., 1982, Enemies Survived Together for A While (Video Tape). Creation Evidences Museum, Glen Rose, TX.
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Bergan, Gail R, and Jeffrey G. Pittman, eds., 1990, Nearshore Clastic Carbonate Facies and Dinosaur Trackways in the Glen Rose Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Central Texas. GSA Field Trip #8, The Dallas Geological Society, Dallas, Texas.
Beierle, Fredrick P. 1974. Giant Man Tracks. Prosser, WA. Perfect Printing. 35 pp.
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Bird, Roland T., 1985, Bones For Barnum Brown: Adventures of a Dinosaur Hunter. Schreiber, V. T. ed. Texas Christian University Press, Fort Worth, 225 pp.
Booth, Ernest, 1982, Correspondence with author (Glen Kuban) regarding Paluxy controversy. Copies provided upon request.
Burrows, William D. 1986, The End of the Paluxy Footprint Story? North American Creation Movement Newsletter. Victoria, B.C., Canada, March, No. 36. p. 3-5.
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Dougherty, Cecil N., 1979 (6th edition), Valley of the Giants. Bennett Printing Co., Cleburne, TX., 76 pp.
Farlow, James O., 1987, Lower Cretaceous Dinosaur Tracks, Paluxy River Valley, Texas. SCGSA, Waco.
Farlow, James O. , Pittman, Jeffrey G., and Michael Hawthorne. 1989, Brontopodus birdi Lower Cretaceous Sauropod Footprints from the U.S. Gulf Coast Plain, In Gillette and Lockley (1989), Dinosaur Tracks and Traces. Cambridge University Press, New York, p. 371-394.
Gillette, D. D., and M. G. Lockley, 1989, Dinosaur Tracks and Traces. Cambridge University Press, New York, 454 p.
Godfrey, 1981, An Analysis of the Creationist Film Footprints in Stone. Creation/Evolution, Vol. 6, pp. 23-30.
Golovin, Sergei, 1996, Creation, Vol. 18 No. 4, p. 52 (September 1996).
Hastings, Ronnie J., 1985, Tracking Those Incredible Creationists. Creation/Evolution, Issue XXI, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 30-42.
Hastings, Ronnie J., 1986, Tracking Those Incredible Creationists: The Trail Continues. Creation/Evolution, Issue XVII, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 19-27.
Hastings, Ronnie J., 1987a, New Observations on Paluxy Tracks Confirm Their Dinosaurian Origin. Journal of Geological Education, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 4-15.
Hastings, Ronnie J., 1987b, Creationists' "Glen Rose Man" Proves to be a Fish Tooth (as Expected). NCSE Reports, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 14-15.
Hastings, Ronnie J., 1988, Rise and Fall of the Paluxy Man Tracks. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith (Journal of the ASA), Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 144-155.
Hastings, Ronnie J., 1995, A Tale of Two Teeth, or, the Best of, the Worst of Teeth. Creation/Evolution, Issue 36. Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-14.
Helfinstine, Robert F., and Jerry D. Roth, 1994, Texas Tracks and Artifacts.: Do Texas Fossils Indicate Coexistence of Men and Dinosaurs? Privately published by authors. 109 pp.
Jasinski, Laurie E., 2008, Dinosaur Highway: A History of Dinosaur Valley State Park, Texas Christian University Press.
Kuban, Glen J. 1984, Researcher Doubts Tracks On Paluxy Were Made by Man. Cleburne Times-Review, Oct. 21, p. 3A.
Kuban, Glen J., 1986a, The Taylor Site Man Tracks. Origins Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-9.
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Review of ICR Impact Article 151, Origins Research, Vol. 9, No. 1.
Kuban, Glen J., 1986c, A Summary of The Taylor Site Evidence.
Creation/Evolution, V. 6, No. 1, p. 10-18.
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Elongate Dinosaur Tracks. In Gillette, David D.
and Martin G. Lockley, eds., Dinosaur Tracks and
Traces, 1989, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 57-72
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Color Distinctions and Other Curious Features of Dinosaur Tracks Near Glen Rose, Texas. In: Gillette,
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Kuban, Glen J., 1989a, Retracking Those Incredible Man Tracks.
NCSE Reports, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Special section.).
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An Examination of Carl Baugh's Credentials. NCSE Reports, Vol. 9, No. 6, p. 15-
Kuban, Glen J., 1992, Do Human Footprints Occur in the Kayenta of Arizona?
Origins Research. V. 14, No. 2, p. 7, 12, 16.
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Institute, Richfield, MN., p. 1.
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and Natural History Survey, Vol. 81, pp. 193-196.
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Footprints). Journal of Geologic Education, Vol. 31 , p. 111-123.
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text:
TPM Livewire
Scientific American Editor: I Don't Plan To Appear On Fox Again
Michael Moyer appeared Wednesday morning on "Fox & Friends" to talk about the tech trends for the future, and wanted to discuss about the impact of climate change. He said he suggested it even though he knew there was little chance the show's producers would let him run with it.
"About the only interesting thing that the scientific community is sure will happen in the next 50 years is that climate change is going to get worse, and that we're going to have to deal with the impacts," Moyer told TPM in an email. "So I put that as one of my talking points. I understood that there was little chance the topic would make it into the show, but I'm not going to self-censor myself from the get-go."
"The Fox producer came back and very politely and matter-of-factly said that we would have to replace the climate change item," he added.
Instead of climate change, Moyer discussed finding distant planets with the "Fox & Friends" hosts.
Moyer expressed surprise that his account of an uncomfortable experience behind-the-scenes of the show's set generated interest, writing that "we all know that Fox doesn't talk about climate change unless it's to belittle the science (or scientists)." Cordial as the experience was, Moyer doesn't expect to be invited back.
"I only tweeted out the experience once I had made the decision not to go on again," he wrote.
"There are some things that in science and scientific discourse are not controversial at all," Moyer said in a follow-up phone call. "I hope that we can all as a society agree to at least discuss them and come up with good solutions. Just because you don't want something to be true doesn't make it not true."
Beyond the silence on climate change, Moyer said he found the show's segments on Benghazi and on whether Secretary of State John Kerry should resign as examples of coverage he thought "seemed to be inventing controversy where none existed."
"I found the tone and topics of coverage while I was sitting in the green room this morning to be not something that I wanted to be a part of in the future," he said. "I didn't realize that the drumbeat of conservative propaganda was so ubiquitous on the show."
Moyer also published an account of his experience with Fox News and climate change on his Scientific American blog here.
A video of his appearance was briefly removed from the Fox News website on Wednesday morning but was back by the afternoon.
TPM has reached out to Fox News for comment and received no response.
Watch below, courtesy of Fox News:
This post has been updated.
Image via Fox News

subset: commoncrawl


text:
[vslider name="katiesongs"]
My daughter Katie is 6 years old and loves music. She just started to write songs in her journal and share them with me. With her starting pace being a song a day, I am feeling a little bit of a slacker when it comes to the craft.
I could always steal one of Katie's and claim it as my own. She's too small to stop me.


text:
By Devarchit Varma
These are testing times for English cricket. Just days after being toppled from the top spot in International Cricket Council (ICC) Test rankings, they have lost their captain and one of their mainstays in the batting.
The media and cricket fraternity may go speculating the reasons for Andrew Strauss' sudden retirement and some link it to the Kevin Pietersen row. Whatever be the reasons, here is no doubt that Strauss' decision has put England in bit of a bother.
England weren't doing that bad under him and they would have surely got back to winning ways, given the fact that they consider Test cricket as the pinnacle and do all the necessary things to make sure things fall in place for them.
Being toppled from the top spot would have indeed been one of the low points in Strauss' otherwise glorious career, but it also presented him yet another chance to prove his mettle and restore the pride of English cricket.
Strauss' next assignment as skipper would have been in November-December 2012 for a four-match series in India. He had ample amount time to chalk out the plans and be fully prepared for it.
Strauss was gifted with leadership qualities, and was respected not only by his teammates but by the opposition as well. England have lost a leader who took them to become potent force in world cricket.
Despite announcing retirement from one-day and Twenty20 cricket, Strauss was at times seen in the England dressing room during their limited-overs clashes, perhaps keeping a sharp eye on developments and performances.
Strauss was more a leader, less a captain. He took the baton and responsibility from where Nasser Hussain and Duncan Fletcher left, and took English cricket to unprecedented heights along with coach Andy Flower. It was a winning chemistry – something that England will be hard-pressed to find.
As a captain, Strauss ended his tenure with 24 wins in 50 Test matches, second highest after Michael Vaughan in England's history. Vaughan had 26 wins in 51 Tests as England captain, and three more Test wins would have made Strauss the most successful England captain ever.
Strauss' struggle with the bat was one possible factor in his retirement. Strauss' last hundred came against a lowly West Indies at Nottingham in May 2012, a series wherein he hit one more century. Strauss also had a poor 2011 with no Test century to his name.
But such run-famine never affected Strauss the captain, as he remained calm and in control on the field. In fact, he led England to a memorable 4-0 rout of India in 2011 to help England climb the summit of Test cricket.
Looking at the challenges ahead, England selectors and management would have liked to have someone with Strauss' calibre and experience in their ranks. He could have continued as a batsman, with important tours of India and New Zealand ahead and the Ashes series in 2013. England would have liked to have a settled opening pair in Strauss and Alastair Cook.
The 35-years-old Strauss hadn't had too many fitness issues and could have continued as a batsman. Sadly, that was not to be.
The truth may never be known, but the Pietersen saga probably hurt and drained Strauss out. It is disheartening for any leader to discover that one of his troops not only dislikes him, but also discusses his team with the opponents.
Strauss belonged to the rare league of England captains – to have won the Ashes Down Under as well at home. Strauss led England to Ashes wins in 2009 and 2010, and provided significant contribution as a batsman in 2005.
His triumphs as a captain in the most anticipated Test cricket contests put him in the league of Sir Leonard Hutton and Mike Brearley – who won the Ashes both at home and in Australia.
With more than 7,000 runs in 100 Tests and 4,200 runs in 127 One-Day Internationals, Strauss was one of England's most successful players in both the formats.
England may not miss Strauss the batsman or Strauss the cricketer, but they'll surely rue the absence of Strauss the leader.
(Devarchit Varma is a cricket fanatic who finds nothing more exciting to do than to write, watch or talk about the sport. Having played the game at club and college level, he now pursues his passion as a scribe)


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The shower is no place for Spartan minimalism. You deserve the best: Spoil yourself with a shampoo that elevates hair washing to a luxury that is to be savored. Keep hair soft, protected, and free from tangle with this lightweight shampoo—which is gentle enough for daily use. Made without parabens or sodium chloride, this shampoo calls upon coconut, corn, and oat for a gentle wash that strengthens strands while ridding them of product build-up. Lychee extract protects the deterioration of natural keratin, preserving your hairs natural texture.
First off, this shampoo smells amazing, and I wish the scent lingered all day. The packaging is beautiful, which is always a nice bonus. It leaves my hair feeling clean but not stripped, and a little goes a long way. I'm so glad I discovered this brand, and I can't wait to try more Oribe products.
5In terms of smell and overall feel, it did its part. When it came to a DAILY use shampoo, I think this misses the mark a bit. I will give it this; my scalp is on the sensitive side so it has been a struggle finding a good shampoo for myself.
I think if you are an average consumer of shampoos with no special needs, this would be a great add to mix it up from time to time (I have found that occasional sporadic use really gives it more of a pop).


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Home > XE Währungsrechner > XE: (PKR/EUR) Pakistan Rupie zu Eurozone Kurs
The dollar lost ground to an outperforming euro following forecast-beating PMI data out of the Eurozone, ebbed back to near net unchanged levels versus the yen after clocking a two-day high during the Tokyo session, and held generally tight ranges ... Read More ▶
The dollar has been under pressure following the failure of Trump's healthcare reform bill, which has cast doubt over his ability to push through his other reform bills. USD-JPY has been the biggest mover, with markets demanding the safe haven yen. ... Read More ▶
FX Trade was nervous in N.Y. on Friday, though ranges overall were relatively narrow, and the dollar mixed. Uncertainty over the outcome of the House healthcare bill was behind the market chop, with wrangling going on between House leadership and ... Read More ▶
Autom. Aktualisier. starten
Unsere Währungsbewertungen zeigen, dass der beliebteste Pakistan Rupie Wechselkurs PKR-GBP Kurs ist. Der Währungscode für Rupees ist PKRund das Währungssymbol ist ₨.
Unsere Währungsbewertungen zeigen, dass der beliebteste Euro Wechselkurs USD-EUR Kurs ist. Der Währungscode für Euro ist EURund das Währungssymbol ist €.
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Have you ever purchased from PartSelect.com before?
Thank you for helping make our site better.
PartSelect Number PS11746830
This door gasket can be installed by simply pressing it into the channel around the door.
This part works with the following brands: Whirlpool, Admiral, Estate, Inglis, Kenmore, KitchenAid, Roper, Maytag, Crosley, Jenn-Air, Hardwick, Magic Chef, Amana, Caloric & Glenwood.
This part fixes the following symptoms:
It wasn,t the door gasket leaking but the dispenser grommet, although I replaced both of them. I'm glad I read somone else's review because I would'nt have known about the dispenser gasket and would have had the same problem that I started with. Thanks for great service and delivery times!!!
Help other customers find the most helpful instructions.
Were these instructions helpful?
I thought that the door gasket might be the problem but after reading some of the articles on Parts Select web sight, I could see that it might also be the soap dispenser latch grommet and at the cost of the grommet it was well worth replacing that also. I replaced them both and because I did, I can't say which actually caused the leak but it doesn't leak any more.
I replaced the door gasket. Very simple. Pulled out the old and inserted the new. This seemed to be the most likely and most easily fixable solution, but, unfortunately, the leak continues. I will now have to disassemble the door to look for a different solution.
Opened the door pulled the gasket and pushed the new one in place. It fit perfectly exactly the right item from the microfiche for my exact model. Only wish I had done it sooner before the leaking water wrecked my laminate floor, another project....
Replaced door gasket. Very easy to remove and install. Just pulled out by hand and wiped out groove before replacing with new gasket. Unfortunately a very small leak is still present. Will need to investigate detergent door as I have been told this may be the next logical area for a leak to occur.
I followed Gregg's advice (from Woodbury, MN)posted on your site from ordering what I needed to installing the parts. Parts were delivered in the late afternoon and before dinner time the dishwasher was fixed. It was a simple repair and my dishwasher no longer leaks.
Thanks for the instructions. It helped. However, there should be more attention spent with the seal at each end. On one side it is evident that the seal should be flush to the bottom of the door. However, the right side seems to indicate that the excess seal should be left hanging out. That is what I did the previous time I replaced the seal. Soon it started leaking. This time I made both sides of the seal flush with the bottom of the door. Also the first time I installed the seal, it was too short. I had to reset and slightly pull the seal to increase length.
before ordering parts i noticed lower right side of door gasket was missing about 1 inch. when ordering door gasket i thought for the low cost of latch grommet i should order that also....glad i did. pulled out old door gasket, cleaned where new gasket would go and replaced it. tried the washer and when it reached the main wash the leak started again. took the 7 screws out of door removed 2 nuts and replaced the dispenser door latch grommet.....problem solved. dont think because the old grommet looks fine that is not bad. im not a "repair kind of guy " but this was easy and toof 20 min.
The door seal is easily removed just by pulling it from its groove. The new door seal can just as easily be pushed into its groove for the repair. All that was needed was to clean the surfaces thoroughly before replacing the seal


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About this font family
A simple little typeface for all things technical. A faux monospaced, semi-serif with rounded corners that you will never forget.
The name comes from a British slang word that means "tech-savy person".
Or simply "nerd".
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Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
Wayne County Bridge #173 on Mineral Springs Road over Greens Fork
Location: County Road Over Number Other Location Information Wayne Mineral Springs Road Greens Fork
173 0.39 miles north of SR 38 and the town of Greens Fork, Indiana
Statistics: Owner Length Width Year Built Type Wayne County, Indiana 165 Feet (Three 55 Foot Spans) 17.6 Feet 1921 Three Span, Concrete T-beam
Builder: Unknown Status: Pending Comments: This 3-span, concrete T-beam was built in 1921. The bridge is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, but is not select for preservation, per the Programmatic Agreement Regarding Management and Preservation Indiana's Historic Bridges. The status of this bridge is currently "pending," which means that its future is currently unknown as the Section 106 historic review process is on-going.
Depending on the outcome of Section 106 consultation, interested parties may be able to utilize the bridge. The County is now accepting proposals for the rehabilitation and reuse, or the storage and future reuse of the bridge. Proposals will also be accepted for the salvage of elements that may be stored for future repair of similar historic bridges.
Contact: Name Address Phone Andrew J. Wortkoetter, Wayne County Highway Department PO BOX 7


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Cottages of charm Aywaille and the vicinity
Popular cities
Select the services
select the capacity
Gite Hagoheid
Gite Hagoheid (Sprimont Liege)
Environ 3 km de Aywaille
8 persons
6 children
Located in Rouvreux a small village with stunning views, the cottages of Hagoheid open their doors. "Le Petit Granit", with a capacity of 5-6 people (3 bedrooms), and "Blue Stone", which ... Read more
Les Gites d'Ogne
Les Gites d Ogne (Sprimont Liege)
Environ 5 km de Aywaille
22 persons
At the edge of the Belgian Ardennes, in a peaceful rural village named Sprimont, at 20 km from Liege and Spa, charming self-catering holiday rentals arranged in a 17th century ... Read more
Cottage Sur les Ramparts
Sur les Ramparts (Limbourg Liege)
Environ 24 km de Aywaille
4 persons
Cottage Quietude Champetre
Quietude Champetre (Jalhay Liege)
Environ 24 km de Aywaille
4 persons
"Quiétude champêtre" (Peaceful countryside) proposes you a micro cottage of more than 60m2 for 4 persons.
This consists in a full kitchen with fridge, ceramic hobs and a mixed oven. A ... Read more
Cottage L'Horizon Studio And Apparts
L Horizon Studio and Apparts (Malmedy Liege)
Environ 29 km de Aywaille
4 persons
In the countryside, quiet setting, each appartment and studios are equipped with kitchenette, TV and private bathroom (shower, toilet, sink), with magnificent views of the Hautes Fagnes. Fees for: Infrared cabin ... Read more


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Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the US and Canada. It is the second largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron (and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia). Hydrologically, the lake is a large bay of Lake Michigan–Huron, having the same surface elevation as Lake Huron. It is bounded, from west to east, by the U.S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan.
Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States; the others are shared with Canada. It has a surface area of 22,400 square miles (58,000 km2), making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area (Lake Baikal, in Russia, is larger by water volume), and the fifth largest lake in the world. It is 307 miles (494 km) long by 118 miles (190 km) wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles (2,640 km) long. The lake's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet (279 ft; 85 m), while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet (923 ft; 281 m).
Favorite photos
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Get in touch with 33 Touristlink members who want to visit Lake Michigan or with Robert Brownfarley, Voyageseuropa and 39 others who already have been here.


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John Madden plays every shift as though his life depends upon it. It's one of the reasons he was selected the Selke Trophy winner as best defensive forward after his sophomore season (2000-01) and why he was runner-up to Jere Lehtinen of the Dallas Stars earlier this spring. Fiercely courageous, Madden loved the photograph and asked a friend to secure a copy so that he could have it duplicated and signed for friends. The photo epitomized the John Madden the NHL has come to know - a warrior and a champion.
When the package arrived, Madden tore through the wrapping, anxious to study the picture once again. But 'Mad Dog' got a surprise - instead of the victor standing bloodied and bruised, his friend had used a computer program to touch up the photo. The black eyes had been artfully erased and the stitches had now mysteriously disappeared. "Ah, man!!" Madden sighed. "What the hell is THIS? Sports is supposed to be all about unedited drama. I don't even recognize the guy in this picture!" His friend had decided to airbrush out the badges of courage of which John Madden was so proud.
Late in the evening on Wednesday, July 16, the Stanley Cup arrived in East Hampton, Connecticut. The heritage town, although known as 'Belltown USA,' is decidedly quiet, and Madden's Stanley Cup celebration reflected his neighbourhood. John and his wife Lauren wanted this Stanley Cup victory to be subdued yet meaningful, and decided to share their celebration with two special couples -- Madden's childhood friend Sheldon and his wife plus a university pal, Rob, with his wife. The couples hung out at the Madden home, reminiscing and catching up on their respective lives while the Stanley Cup sat nearby.
Thursday, the couples continued their visit with the addition of John and Lauren's two children. Photographs of the group were taken, including some posed in John's prized 1964 Corvette. In the Devils' dressing room during the season, Madden and assistant coach Larry Robinson often fell into conversations about their classic sports cars.
The couples retired to the garage for a serious game of table hockey, competing for the Stanley Cup. Later, the six examined the names inscribed on the Cup, throwing trivia related to past winners at each other. John's knowledge of hockey history is quite good; remarkable in fact for a 28-year old. It was a wonderful day spent thoroughly enjoying time spent with close friends. As intense as 'Mad Dog' might be on the ice, he was a study in relaxation during his day with the Cup, savouring every special moment.
Return for Friday's installment of the Stanley Cup Journal when the Cup follows Brian Rafalski to Waupaca, Wisconsin.
Kevin Shea is a hockey historian and writer based in Toronto.


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La Controra Hostel Naples
Real Reviews
Real reviews from fellow travellers
These are trusted reviews from guests who have actually stayed here. We hope you find them helpful.
Note: we only give a property a rating once it has received a minimum of 3 reviews.
- " Very friendly welcome. Nice spacious room. Great garden and lounge. "
- 22 Feb 2017 Anonymous England
- " My experiences at this hostel has been very good. The kitchen facilities are pretty good. The breakfast is just okay, but the dinner is pretty for 3 euros as well. The location is pretty good as well and excellent value. You are very close to metro to get to alot of different sites. "
- 18 Dec 2016 Anonymous USA
- " It was a great hostel. Location was very close to a bus stop and just 100 or 200 meters from the Salvatore Rosa metro stop on Line 1. Lots of shops and bakeries in the area and a few restaurants. The hostel has a very well stocked kitchen and I usually cooked dinner there. Staff was great. Security excellent. Breakfast was marginal but free. The only drawback was that the Internet didn't really seem to work in many of the rooms but there were plenty of comfortable common areas where it did. "
- 18 Nov 2016 Anonymous USA
- " Loved this hostel! The staff was amazing. Kindest service I've gotten in a hostel so far. They give you a map and show all the best places of the city in detail. I stayed for three nights and every night there was complimentary pasta, pizza etc., often cooked by the staff. Extra! Breakfast also included. Athmosphere awesome. But can't give 100% because the bathrooms really desperately need a renovation, only lukewarm water in the showers and some mold in the ceiling and caulkings. But loved it. "
- 10 Sep 2016 Anonymous Finland
- " We only stayed here one night, as we were leaving the next day after a month long trip. But I can definitely recommend this hostel and agree what a lot of other people has written. The atmosphere is great, nice staff, a garden to chill out in, nice facilities. Only small complaint was that the AC in our room was actually too strong - almost got a little cold in there. Of course, if we would've stayed longer we would've telled the staff and they would probably have fixed it. Thumbs up! "
- 19 Jul 2016 Rickard Sweden
- " the staff is great!! "
- 15 Jul 2016 Evelien Netherlands
- " Great and helpful staff. Nice athmosphere. "
- 13 Jul 2016 Torsten Germany
- " The rooms were very spacious and the staff was really great! The location wasn't too bad but you had to walk up and down a hill everyday to the city center. "
- 01 Jul 2016 Anonymous USA
- " The most amazing hostel i hve been the staff were really nice and friendly and provided all help when needed . Rooms are neat, clean and spacious. Bathroom are clean. Great atmosphere. And naples is really nice city . Will definetely recommend to my friend 👍🏻👍🏻 "
- 27 Jun 2016 akshita India
- " Great staff and nice location, not in the centre but that is a good thing! "
- 18 Jun 2016 Alexandra USA


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Befriending Small Deaths – Big Deaths
Dominie Cappadonna
May 10–12, 2013
Approaching death with curiosity, courage and spiritual skills allows for fearlessness in facing the unknown. The small deaths of broken-heartedness, sickness, aging, loss of work and more, offer us practice moments that apply to the big death at the end of life. Relating in a profound way with our small deaths, we build resilience and positive qualities to strengthen our encounter with dying moments as they arise.
We meet inside the Great Stupa and burial grounds for gentle experiential processes and meditations that draw upon universal principles, as well as Shamanic and Buddhist teachings. For individuals and those who work in the death and dying field.
Click here to read Dominie Anne Cappadonna's recent blog post
Dominie Cappadonna
Dominie Cappadonna, PhD, CT, is a transpersonal psychotherapist, mentor, death awareness educator and contemplative chaplain. Dominie's work, Radiant Living~Luminous Dying: Guiding Midlife~Elder Passages and Beyond, facilitates life and death transitions. As a Buddhist practitioner, she co-guides seminars such as One Year to Live, Conversations on Death, and Community Care Circles for Natural Transitions.


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Hi Azure Pack fans!
In the past 2 years or so, we have acquired a lot of experience with Azure Pack. We created a Wiki which was intended to collect the scattered locations of all the blogs, videos, articles and whitepapers. But as we observed, this wiki has also stimulated the growth of content, as how cool is it to be on this now famous Azure Pack Wiki <grin>.
Many features you will first see in Microsoft's public cloud, will gradually become available on premise. I have added several new sections relevant to both public Azure and private Azure.
The Wiki has grown to such extreme length that the TechNet Wiki was no longer suitable and publishing to it became a nightmare.
For this reason I make the Azure Pack Wiki available in OneNote Online. If you edit the Wiki in your local version of Microsoft OneNote, you can also use the hyperlinks.
You can find the latest update of the Azure Pack Wiki here for viewing and here for editing if you want to add content. Please add NEW behind the title of the added content.
Hope you like it!
Best regards, Hans Vredevoort Hyper-V MVP Twitter: @hvredevoort |
Marc van Eijk Windows Azure MVP Twitter: @_marcvaneijk |


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Difference between revisions of "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"
Revision as of 13:12, 29 November 2012
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines [1] is an island nation in the Caribbean, north of Trinidad and Tobago. It shares the southernmost Grenadines Islands with the independent island nation of Grenada. ContentsUnderstandBananas and other agricultural products remain the staple of this lower-middle income country's economy. Although tourism and other services have been growing moderately in recent years, the government has been ineffective at introducing new industries. Unemployment remains high, and economic growth hinges upon seasonal variations in the agricultural and tourism sectors. HistoryWhile the English were the first to lay claim to St. Vincent in 1627, the French would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St. Vincent shortly before 1700. Carib Indians aggressively prevented European settlement on St. Vincent until the 18th century. African slaves, whether shipwrecked or escaped from St. Lucia or Grenada and seeking refuge in St. Vincent, intermarried with the Caribs. St. Vincent was ceded to Britain by the Treaty of Paris in 1763), restored to French rule in 1779 and regained by the British under the Treaty of Versailles in 1783. Slavery was abolished in 1834; the resulting labour shortages on the plantations attracted Portuguese immigrants in the 1840s and east Indians in the 1860s. From 1763 until independence, St. Vincent passed through various stages of colonial status under the British and it was granted associate statehood status on October 27, 1969, giving it complete control over its internal affairs. Following a referendum in 1979, St. Vincent and the Grenadines became the last of the Windward Islands to gain full independence. Natural disasters have plagued the country throughout the 20th century. In 1902, Soufrière volcano erupted, killing 2,000 people. Much farmland was damaged, and the economy deteriorated. In April 1979, La Soufriere erupted again. Although no one was killed, thousands had to be evacuated, and there was extensive agricultural damage. In 1980 and 1987, hurricanes devastated banana and coconut plantations; 1998 and 1999 also saw very active Hurricane seasons, with hurricane Lenny in 1999 causing extensive damage to the west coast of the island. ClimateTropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November). LandscapeVolcanic, mountainous. Highest point: Soufriere volcano (St Vincent) 1,234 m Regions
Get inBy planeThe largest airport is E.T. Joshua Airport just outside of the capital of Kingstown. Most flights in and out are relatively local, mostly flying to nearby islands such as Canouan, St. Lucia, Barbados, and Saint Kitts. A new international airport is under construction and is estimated to be completed in 2015, at which time E.T. Joshua will cease operation. By boatThe islands have many docks and bays, including two large enough to accommodate a cruise ship. Despite this, very few cruises stop in the country and the vast majority of travellers come to the country either by aeroplane or by yacht. Get aroundThe island is relatively small, but the mountainous landscape makes it difficult to get around. The main highways run along the coasts and as such it is necessary to drive around the whole of the island to get from one side to the other. In terms of public transportation the island is served by a large number of privately owned vans that act as a bus service. These vans have an "H" at the beginning of their license plates, meaning they are "for hire." Cost to ride is EC$1. Many of them have graphics on the front. Driving is on the left. By boatWindward Islands [2] - Windward Islands, one of the worlds largest yacht charter companies, can take care of all crewed charter (no bareboat available) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Operating from 8 international offices (USA, UK, Germany, France, Spain, Switzerland, Caribbean, Monaco). TripSailor [3] - Marinas and Cruising Logs in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. TalkThe main language on the islands is English. As a former British colony, British spellings are more common than American spellings. SeeDo
BuyJu-C Cola & Hairoun Beer The official currency of St. Vincent and the Grenadines is the East Caribbean Dollar (XCD). The exchange rate is US$1 = EC$2.67. A helpful hint: When using US dollars, multiply the price you see by .4 and you will get change back. Most merchants accept both paper U.S. and all forms of E.C. currency. U.S. coins are not accepted, as the central bank does not accept them as currency. CostsEatSurfside Restaurant - between Calliaqua and Ratho Mill (turn at Sunsail) DrinkIn Kingstown, the water is safe to drink, but be a bit careful at some other locations. The water quality can vary depending upon the season of the year and how the water (often rain water) is collected. Bitter Lemon is a popular soda. Hairoun is a popular locally produced beer. Adventurous drinkers will want to try Black Wine. SleepMany tourists arrive in the Grenadines, stay at a resort, and never get the opportunity to interact with the citizens. If you want to get a taste of the true culture, consider a guest house or apartment in Kingstown. Fort View Guest House in Edinboro is a good choice. It is within walking distance of downtown Kingstown. LearnWorkStay safeHurricanes are an annual risk. The La Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent is occasionally active, but a sophisticated advance warning system is in place and resulted in zero casualties in its latest eruption in 1979. Stay healthyThe US government suggests that hepatitis A and B shots be given to anyone travelling in the Caribbean, however there are no major health risks in the country. RespectContactSt. Vincent uses the North American style of calling codes, where all local numbers are seven digits. The area code for the islands is 784, which makes all international numbers for Saint Vincent in the form of 1-784-XXX-XXXX


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Geodude (Vending S1)
From Bulbapedia, the community-driven Pokémon encyclopedia.
(Redirected from Geodude (Vending Series 1))
This article is about a Japanese Pokémon Trading Card Game card which has not yet been officially released in English and, hence, may not be released outside of Japan. As such, this article may contain translated Japanese terms instead of English terms. |
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Geodude (Japanese: イシツブテ Isitsubute) is a Fighting-type Basic Pokémon card. It is part of the Extended Sheet 1.
Card text
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Pokédex data
Geodude - Rock Pokémon | ||
No. | Height | Weight |
074 | 1'04" (0.4 m) | 44.0 lbs. (20 kg) |
Pokédex entry | ||
石ころに似ているので、気が付かずに踏んだり、つまづいたりしてしまう。 |
Tackle and Harden are both moves in the Pokémon games that Geodude can learn. This card's Pokédex entry comes from Pokémon Blue.
This article is part of Project TCG, a Bulbapedia project that aims to report on every aspect of the Pokémon Trading Card Game. |