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Get an overview of this hotelBeachfront Rhodes apartments in Haraki with kitchens
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Located in Haraki, this apartment is within a 15-minute walk of Haraki Beach and Faraklos Castle. Archangel Michael's Orthodox Church and Kalathos Beach are also within 6 mi (10 km).
Property Features
Along with express check-in, this apartment has express check-out and free WiFi in public areas.
Room Amenities
All apartments are individually decorated and offer balconies and showers. Kitchens with refrigerators are standard, and guests will also find coffee makers and TVs. Weekly housekeeping is available.
Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new windowAngela Studios
Apartment Amenities
Angela Studios features express check-in and express check-out. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access.
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Total number of rooms - 3
- Number of floors - 2
- Free WiFi
- Free parking nearby
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Kitchen
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free parking nearby
Room Amenities
- Sofa bed size
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Access via exterior corridors
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Coffee/tea maker
- Private bathroom
- Balcony
- Individually furnished
- Individually decorated
- Kitchen
- Weekly housekeeping provided
- Shower only
- Television
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Scuba diving nearby
- Water skiing nearby
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Ecotours nearby
- Fishing on site
- Snorkeling on site
- Boat tours on site
Apartment Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-in time ends at 8 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Hotel Registry Number - 1143K112K0481900
Apartment Name
- Angela Studios
- Angela Studios Apartment
- Angela Studios Apartment Rhodes
- Angela Studios Rhodes
We should mention
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 1500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation. This property offers transfers from the airport. Guests must contact the property with arrival details 72 hours prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Set meals are served in guestrooms only (no menus or public dining).
National Rating
For the benefit of our customers, we have provided a rating based on our rating system.


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It's no secret that children and adults with attention deficit disorder (ADD ADHD) often struggle to focus on tasks they find uninteresting.
High distractibility -- in children with ADHD who are unable to stay focused on a classroom lecture or in adults with ADD who never get around to doing their paperwork -- is a key ADHD symptom and diagnosis criterion.
What you might not know about ADHD is that there's another side: the tendency for children and adults with attention deficit disorder to focus very intently on things that do interest them. At times, the focus is so strong that they become oblivious to the world around them.
For children, the object of "hyperfocus" might be playing a video game or watching TV. For adults, it might be shopping or surfing the Internet. But whatever holds the attention, the result is the same: Unless something or someone interrupts, hours drift by as important tasks and relationships fall by the wayside.
"People who think ADD means having a short attention span misunderstand what ADD is," says Kathleen Nadeau, Ph.D., a psychologist in Silver Spring, Maryland, and the author of ADD-Friendly Ways to Organize Your Life. "A better way to look at it is that people with ADD have a disregulated attention system."
Instant rewards
Like distractibility, hyperfocus is thought to result from abnormally low levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is particularly active in the brain's frontal lobes. This dopamine deficiency makes it hard to "shift gears" to take up boring-but-necessary tasks.
You're Not Ditzy or Lazy or Bored — You Have Inattentive ADHD
"Children and adults with ADD have difficulty shifting attention from one thing to another," says Russell Barkley, Ph.D., a research professor of psychiatry at SUNY Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, New York. "If they're doing something they enjoy or find psychologically rewarding, they'll tend to persist in this behavior after others would normally move on to other things. The brains of people with ADD are drawn to activities that give instant feedback."
In the view of Larry Silver, M.D., a psychiatrist at Georgetown University Medical School in Washington D.C., such intense concentration is actually a coping mechanism.
"It's a way of dealing with distraction," Silver says. "College kids with ADHD tell me they intentionally go into a state of intense focus to get work done. Younger kids do the same thing unconsciously when they're doing something pleasurable, like watching a movie or playing a computer game. Often they aren't even aware that they're focusing so intensely."
Lost opportunities
There's nothing inherently harmful about hyperfocus. In fact, it can be an asset. Some ADDers, for example, are able to channel their focus on something productive, such as a school- or work-related activity. Others allow themselves to hyperfocus on something as a reward for completing a dull but important task.
Next: Breaking the Spell of Hyperfocus, Part 2

subset: commoncrawl


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Ironbuds from Acoustic Forge - under $50 ecobuds
" I am tired of: throwing away earphones, wasting money, and destroying the environment. Ironbuds promised to be an answer to all three - imho they've cracked it. What is surprising is how good they sound. Been waiting a year for Acoustic Forge to release these. I posted in the forums about 8 months ago about them - but Thomas (the CEO) announced they were having some difficulties..." --intelegant
Woodees IESW101V Vintage Noise Isolating Stereo Earphones
"First of all, I'd like to mention overall view of this headphones, it's really stylish. I've listened to them with Fiio E6. Without burn-in, their sound IMO is extremely owerbrighten, but after 20-25 hours it's become more straight and normal. I think this headphones sounds good for vocals, instrumentals and classical music, due to nice airy highs and mids. On some rock songs they're..." --cleg


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Burnett's struggles continue in L.A.
A.J. Burnett's bad month of June reached a new low this afternoon. For the first time in more than a year, Burnett failed to get a single out in the fourth inning. He pitched three-plus innings, walked a season-high six batters and took his fifth straight loss, 9-4, against the Dodgers. Burnett has not pitched more than four innings in any of his past three starts, but his was the first time since June 9 of last year that he failed to get more than nine outs. On the bright side, Mark Teixeira hit his third home run in the past seven games and extended his hitting streak to seven games.
Associated Press photo of Francisco Cervelli tagging out Matt Kemp on a play at the plate.


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According to this article owners of fat pets could be fined or jailed under new government rules. The rules set out a pet code of conduct and owners could be penalised with a fine of up to £20,000 if they fail to follow it. The rules are designed to protect animals from cruelty but many of them are just common sense. They include providing mental stimulation for pets, giving animals somewhere suitable to live and to go to the toilet and making sure upstairs windows are cat proofed. It all seems a little simplistic and in my opinion any responsible pet owner will already know they need to take these measures.
Page rendered at Saturday, 25 March 2017 17:33:38 (GMT Standard Time, UTC+00:00)
Disclaimer The opinions expressed herein are my own personal opinions and do not represent my employer's view in anyway.


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The Dubai College headmaster, Dr Carlo Ferrario, has tendered his resignation after becoming disgruntled with the KHDA Dubai schools report which gave Dubai College (DC) a not so hot doxycycline cost canadabuy doxycycline chlamydia zyban buy zyban online bestellen purchase prednisone Prednisone natural alternative Good rating earlier this year. DC would be regarded as one of the best British curriculum schools in Dubai by many students, parents, and teachers. Certainly better than Jumeirah College which did manage to get to the top of the class with an Outstanding rating from the KHDA.
Reports in the Khaleej Times, The National, the Gulf News all quoted parts of a letter the Dr Ferrario sent to parents yesterday (25 October 2009?) saying, amongst other things, "The principal reason for my decision lies in the evolving educational landscape in Dubai. Over the past two years this has changed markedly with the level of intervention from external agencies in the operation of the school reaching levels that, in my view, compromise its independence and with which I do not feel comfortable as a headmaster,"
Dubai College is located in the Al Sufouh area of Dubai, next door to the International School of Choueifat Dubai, which was apparently just as Good as Dubai College according to the KHDA. Dubai Collegians won't have been happy about that.
So how would you rate those three schools? In order from best to worst according to the Dubai school ratings on dubaifaqs.com as of 25 October 2009:
- Dubai College (rated 4 stars, 4 stars, and 4 stars by students, parents, and teachers)
- Jumeirah College (rated 2½, 2½, and 2½ stars)
- Choueifat School Dubai (rated 2½, 2½, and 2 stars)
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The bar was officially raised with last week's stunning penultimate installment, so the pressure is on for a big finish. While we're all dying to know what happens — Will Rick's group stand their ground and defend the prison against the Governor's Woodbury army, or will they pack up and move on? Will Andrea survive the Governor's wrath? Will Daryl and Carol finally hook up? — take a look at three exclusive images from the episode plus a few more stills AMC released today to see if you can spot any clues.
Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and Carl (Chandler Riggs) share some father-son quality time:
Walkers circle the prison grounds:
Carl eyes something meaningful:
He's really grown up, hasn't he?
Are Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman) and Sasha (Sonequa Martin-Green) committed to the Governor's (David Morrissey) cause?
Will Daryl (Norman Reedus) grow closer to Carol (Melissa McBride), or will losing Merle push him away?
What are Rick, Michonne (Danai Gurira) and Daryl up to here?
Check out more images from the finale and past episodes in "The Walking Dead" Season 3 gallery.


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Brainwavs HM5 Review
Brainwavs are company known mainly for their rather impressive budget IEMs in which I have reviewed one of their older models and although it didn't actually impress me that much it was still a solid contender for its price. Now I have their flagship headphone for review and this is perhaps the most OEMed headphone that you can find. Fischer Audio for a start do a version and then so do loads of little unheard of companies in the audio world such as studiospares. However I will be reviewing the Brainwavs version and what you get for that price.
It is a headphone that is got great features for the price as well as marketed as having a flat response that sounds very appealing to me and I still have yet to find a negative opinion about these headphones.
They retail for about £75 in the UK.
The set-up I have used is the normal, as I have started using a new portable rig, which is the Hippo CriCri amplifier connected through a LOD to an iPod Nano 3G with Apple Lossless and MP3 on it.
I also used my old set-ups of my iPhone 4, Cowon J3 (with FLAC) and my iMac with my Objective 2 amplifier. I also have paired these with a few other amps such as the MiuAudio MRB.
Build Quality/Design:
The design of these is very lush and these are really pleasant to look at. That being said I would not say that these are fashionable by any means. It has a sophisticated look if anything. They are all black with the silver crescents on the cups shrouding the Brainwavs logo.
The build is rather goo considering that these come with two removable cables and a sturdy construction. The cable is terminated in a metal jack that has a gold plug and a massive strain relief. The cable before the split is a dual cable with both channel cables stuck together. The y-split is just a chunk of plastic that is nothing major. The connectors that go into the cups are also sturdy with a nice strain relief to them.
The chassis of the headphones such as the yoke are all a plastic and the headband has an under layer of metal. However what is plastic feels strong and what metal feels stronger. The cups are very nice and the cups and pads can be removed and replaced/modified and you can get the likes of wooden cups for them. However that is if a problem ever occurred with the stock gear which I doubt because the cups seem to have a layer of brushed aluminum that feels great.
You get a slightly different to normal selection with these but are very nice nonetheless.
First off you get some spare ear pads that are slightly firmer and a more memory foam material. This is a very nice addition as it will be handy if the first pads were ever to perish or just because you prefer the sound or comfort of the other ones.
You also get another cable with them. The one is use is the one for portable use and that is at 1.2m and the other one is better for home use at 3m. This is quite handy as the extra extension can come in handy and the short one is great and necessary for on the go.
You also get the usual adapters including a ¼ inch one and a airplane adapter.
Finally there packaging doubles up as a storage case that is padded with foam and is just great for looking after them with a cutout of the headphones inside them.
The comfort of these is a bit iffy to be honest. While the pads are soft and on initial though they have little clamping force, this changes quite quickly and then you start to notice some force and then it can get painful. They are also rather heavy. Another thing is because they are so big on your head and cover so much they can make you really hot.
The isolation is rather impressive. I is not going to isolate music like many of my in ear monitors or the likes of that but these handily will beat any on ear headphones and destroy open backed headphones. The only over the ear headphones that isolate better are my Rock It R-Shield and the Beats Pro also did. However I have noticed little bit of sound leaking in. However this all matters very little as these are not ideal to take out the house.
Microphonics (Cable Noise):
These have very low microphonics that will not trouble anyone and they do not even have the faintest if tapping noises for example. So need to worry about this department.
By what I am about to write I do not want to cause any upsets or arguments as this topic can be seen as a sour subject. These have had roughly 100 hours now of use and burn in combined. As burn in is not scientifically proven this all could be mental and happening in my head but in the case that it does happen I recommend burning them in as in my personal experience I have noted improvements which have a massive impact on my enjoyment factor, so don't make any irrational decisions after listening to them out the box.
Sound Quality:
The sound quality is on the thin line between neutral to the bass being ever so slightly emphasized. I say this because the overall sound is a tad dark due to the slight falling behind of the mids and treble. Nothing is horribly behind or muddy and the bass is far from huge and dominant. The overall sound is fairly fast and smooth.
Soundstage and instrument separation:
These are closed headphones and with that there is no denying that the soundstage is a closed one. It is lying on the claustrophobic side and we could definitely do a bit better although there is width and height presents and a slight bit of depth making the sound two-dimensional and on the verge of three-dimensional nothing is more than average and it only just gets out of your head space. It is overall no crying shame and will still do better than any closed or ported on ear headphones I have heard but it is also nothing to be overjoyed about.
The instrument separation on these is not the greatest but nothing sounds like it is coming from identical spots. Then again it is not a headphone that allows you to pinpoint where every little headphone is coming from to clearly. However it is all not muddy or muddled, just not crystal clear.
The is a slight notch in the mid-bass frequencies and they keep flat cleanly into the bass and then start to drop as we get real low into the sub-bass but it maintains it still fairly well. The mid-bass is quite quick and does not damage the midrange hugely. It is on the tighter side though in comparison to the boomy side and is actually really quick. Texture is also very nice with good layering and it makes bass a pleasure.
The extension as I mentioned before is very flat and linear and it does give a nice thump from the deep sub-bass regions. You get a fairly strong rumble and it is very satisfying.
The midrange is slightly tilted behind the bass and the thinnest of veils over it and a little bit of coloration as well. They are also on the warm side ever so slightly but could pass for dry also. Other than that they are rather smooth, not the most detailed but very pleasant and to the point with a very natural tone. I think the mids are very enjoyable because the tad of warmth to them stops them being sooo boring like dry mids can be. Timbre is great and drums are amazing, great impact and speed and beautifully realism and the same thing goes for guitar.
Treble is a bit lacking and it is also a bit on the harsh and tinny sound. It lacks a bit of extension and sparkles and just wants to demand a bit more attention. I would not go as far as saying that it sounds harsh but it sounds a bit wobbly at times and lacks overall smoothness. However there is still enough present to stop these being dark which is good and it is still not awesome, just lacking parts in it.
These are far from a perfect headphone but then nothing is in this price range and the flaws are clearly outweighed by what these do well. These almost hit a completely flat and neutral response and have a very strong signature and that still maintains enough bass for everyone. What we have here is almost a Vsonic GR07 in headphone from with more bass emphasis and warmth, which can not be said as a bad thing. So if you're looking for a enjoyable headphone bordering on flat around the £100 price point then these are your best bet.
Edited by Swimsonny - 9/14/12 at 1:07pm


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I never know until the final stitch goes in how my quilt really turns out and I absolutely dread it when my quilt does not lay flat but does the wave. In this case, the wave went completely around the quilt and I could not leave it as is. Heck, I don't want the couple getting sea-sick just looking at their gift! :o)
But, it can be easily fixed and knitting yarn has been my buddy for a few years now. Blocking does help but it would not be enough for this quilt.
Next post, I'll show you how I fix my binding to lay flat.
Today, I was invited to join a new mini-quilt swap at http://fourseasonsquiltswap.blogspot.com/. I think this will be such fun and my name will be added to the list. If you are interested, please take a peek to see what is involved with this swap.


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The tiers are 6, 8, 10. The top is Italian cream, middle is red velvet, and the bottom tier is WASC. My goal in life is to have sharp edges some day. That being said, I am very upset I don't know how to work my new camera to make the colors come out so crisp and bright. This is a really pretty, bright purple but I can't get the pictures to come out. The flower was inspired of course by the amazing CORRIECAKES!! TY again CORRIE!!!
Tags: birthday wedding purple cake shawna flower


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Controlling Cholesterol For Dummies, 2nd Edition
Table of Contents
Author Information
Part I: Getting Up Close and Personal with Cholesterol.
Chapter 1: Mapping the Heart Land.
Chapter 2: Comparing Cholesterol's Risks and Benefits.
Chapter 3: Rating Your Cholesterol-Related Risk.
Part II: Eating Your Way to Lower Cholesterol.
Chapter 4: Writing Rules for a Cholesterol-Lowering Diet.
Chapter 5: Building a Cholesterol-Lowering Diet.
Chapter 6: Pinning Down the "How-To's" For a Cholesterol-Lowering Diet.
Part III: Leading a Cholesterol-Lowering Lifestyle.
Chapter 7: Weighing Weight's Weight on Cholesterol.
Chapter 8: Exercising Options to Control Your Cholesterol.
Chapter 9: Weeding Out Tobacco's Role in High Cholesterol.
Chapter 10: The Grape, the Grains, and Your Cholesterol.
Part IV: Cutting Cholesterol with Nutrients and Medicine.
Chapter 11: Vitamins, Minerals, and Other Good Stuff.
Chapter 12: Prescribing Lower Cholesterol.
Chapter 13: Identifying Meds That Raise Cholesterol.
Chapter 14: Mouth-Watering Morsels for Special Occasions.
Part V: The Part of Tens.
Chapter 15: Ten Clicks to Reliable Cholesterol Information.
Chapter 16: Ten Nutrition Web Sites.
Chapter 17: Ten Cholesterol Myths.
Chapter 18: Ten (Okay, Eleven) "Eureka!" Cholesterol Moments.
Appendix: Calories and Other Nutrients in Food.
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At Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, we focus on performing research that seeks to understand the causes, progression and effects of the diseases and complex medical conditions that affect our patients. Through research, we strive for advancement and growth in preventative, diagnostic and therapeutic care—thereby improving the quality of life for our patients and their families.
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Clinical Trials
If you're interested in participating in a research study, you'll want to learn as much as you can about it before deciding whether to participate.
Research Internships
Gillette offers students the opportunity to test their inclinations toward clinical research and careers in medicine through a summer research internship program.
Research Administration
Research Administration is experienced with the details of research requirements. We provide a range of services essential to the research process.


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- About this Journal ·
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- Table of Contents
Journal of Nanomaterials
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 718979, 6 pages
Synthesis of Al(OH) Nanostructures from Al(OH) Microagglomerates via Dissolution-Precipitation Route
1Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
2Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
Received 13 January 2013; Accepted 23 April 2013
Academic Editor: Wancheng Zhu
Copyright © 2013 Bo Yu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A facile method was developed to synthesize Al(OH)3 nanostructures from Al(OH)3 microagglomerates by dissolution in 9.0 mol·L−1 NaOH at 115°C followed by dilution and aging of the solution at room temperature. The influence of Al(OH)3 nanoseed and surfactants as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the formation of the Al(OH)3 nano-structures was investigated. The experimental results indicated that the Al(OH)3 microspheres composed of nanoparticles were prepared in the blank experiment, while dispersive Al(OH)3 nano-particles with a diameter of 80–100 nm were produced in the presence of Al(OH)3 nano-seed and CTAB.
1. Introduction
The synthesis of Al(OH)3 nanostructures has been paid much attention in recent years owing to their unique properties and wide applications in plastics, rubbers, papers, glasses and medicines, and so forth [1–4]. Al(OH)3 microparticles were usually produced in the aluminum metallurgical factories via the Bayer route, which included the leaching of the bauxite ores at alkaline hydrothermal condition (150–250°C), the removing of impurities as Si and Fe at elevated temperatures, and the precipitation of the Al(OH)3 microparticles in the presence of Al(OH)3 seed by gradually cooling of the sodium aluminate solution from 90–100°C to 50–60°C which usually lasted 48–72 h [5–8]. Many wet chemical methods have been developed to synthesize the Al(OH)3 nanostructures. For example, Li et al. [9] produced the Al(OH)3 nanowhiskers with a length of 8–12 m and a diameter of 100 nm by dropping 0.05 moL·L−1 HCl to 1.6 moL·L−1 sodium aluminate at 60°C. Chen et al. [10] synthesized the Al(OH)3 hexagonal plates with a diameter of 100–200 nm and a thickness of 20–30 nm by carbonation of the sodium aluminate solution at room temperature. Li et al. [11] produced the Al(OH)3 nanoparticles with an average size of 30–40 nm from the dilute sodium aluminate solution containing 0.4 moL·L−1 NaOH in the presence of α-Al2O3 nanoseed and polyethylene glycol 20000 (PEG20000). However, some problems still existed in the former methods, such as low efficiency in the dilute system, the use of the expensive organic solvents, and the discharge of waste water or byproducts. Wang et al. synthesized Al(OH)3 particles with an average diameters of 0.5–1.2 m by dissolution of the agglomerated Al(OH)3 microagglomerates with an average diameter of 1.5 m in 2.0 moL·L−1 NaOH solution at 90–100°C and then cooled down to 50–70°C. Up to now, it is still a challenge to develop a moderate, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of Al(OH)3 nanostructures.
Herein, a facile dissolution precipitation method was developed in this paper to synthesize Al(OH)3 nanostructures from Al(OH)3 microagglomerates. The influences of the Al(OH)3 nanoseed and the surfactants including SDS, PEG6000, and CTAB on the formation of Al(OH)3 nanostructures were discussed.
2. Experimental
2.1. Experimental Procedure
Figure 1 shows the morphology and the thermogravimetric analysis of the raw material and the Al(OH)3 seed. Al(OH)3 raw material was Provided by an aluminum metallurgical factory in Shandong province, China. Al(OH)3 seed was synthesized by coprecipitation of 0.5 moL·L−1 Al(NO3)3 and 1.0 moL·L−1 NaOH at room temperature, keeping the initial molar ratio of Al(NO3)3 to NaOH at 1 : 3. As shown in Figure 1(a), Al(OH)3 raw material was composed mainly of the irregular agglomerates with a diameter of 5–20 μm, and the weight loss (36.11%) occurred between 30 and 800°C should be attributed to the removal of the crystal water; thus, the formula for the raw material was deduced as Al2O3·3.20H2O. The data in Figure 1(b) showed that the particle size of the Al(OH)3 seed was 20–40 nm and the weight loss between 30 and 800°C was 35.04%, and then the formula for the seed was deduced as Al2O3·3.15H2O.
Figure 2 shows the flow chart for the formation of the Al(OH)3 nanostructures from the Al(OH)3 microagglomerates.
Dissolution of Al(OH)3 in NaOH solution. 66.4 g of Al(OH)3 raw material was dissolved in 110 mL of 3.0–11.0 moL·L−1 NaOH at 115°C for 0.5 h to prepare the sodium aluminum solution with or without the existence of the un-dissolved Al(OH)3. The solutions or the supernatants were used to analyze the dissolution of Al(OH)3.
Formation of Al(OH)3 nanostructures. 66.4 g of Al(OH)3 raw material was dissolved in 110 mL of 9.0 moL·L−1 NaOH at 115°C for 0.5 h to get the sodium aluminum solution. The solution was then cooled down to room temperature and diluted with deionized water to get a solution containing 3.0 moL·L−1 NaOH. Then, a certain amount of the Al(OH)3 nanoseed and surfactant (SDS, EDTA, or PEG 6000) were added to the diluted sodium aluminum solution to produce a solution containing 0.125 moL·L−1 Al(OH)3 nanoseed and 13.0 g·L−1 surfactant. The sodium aluminum solution was aged for 0–10.0 h to fabricate the Al(OH)3 precipitate. Then, the Al(OH)3 precipitate was washed by deionized water and ethanol and dried at 105°C for 4.0 h. All of the chemical reagents used in the experiments were analytical grade without further purification.
2.2. Analysis
The morphology of the samples was examined by the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, JSM 7401F, JEOL, Japan). The structures of the samples were identified by the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD, D8 Advance, Bruker, Germany) patterns using Cu Kα radiation ( nm). The composition of the samples was identified by the thermogravimetric analyzer (TG/DSC, Mettler Toledo, Switzerland). The concentration of the soluble Al ion was analyzed by the EDTA complex-Zn2+ titration method [12].
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Dissolution of Al(OH)3 Microagglomerates in NaOH Solution
Figure 3 shows the dissolution of the Al(OH)3 microagglomerates in 3.0–11.0 moL·L−1 NaOH solutions. In the experimental conditions, the increase of NaOH concentration from 3.0 moL·L−1 to 11.0 moL·L−1 favored the dissolution of Al(OH)3. It was found that the raw material was dissolved completely if [NaOH] 9.0 moL·L−1. Therefore, 9.0 moL·L−1 NaOH was adapted to dissolve the Al(OH)3 raw material in the later experiments.
3.2. Precipitation of Al(OH)3 at Room Temperature
3.2.1. Influence of Al(OH)3 Nanoseed
Figure 4 shows the morphology of the Al(OH)3 nanostructures formed in the absence and presence of Al(OH)3 nanoseed. As shown in Figures 4(a)–4(c), agglomerated microspheres were prepared in the blank experiment. The microspheres were composed of the plates with a diameter of 0.6–1.0 m and a thickness of 0.2-0.3 μm, and the plates were made up of the nanoparticles with a diameter of 80–100 nm. The diameters of the microspheres formed at 2.0 h, 6.0 h, and 10.0 h were 0.5–1.5 μm, 1.0–3.5 μm, and 1.0–4.0 μm, respectively, revealing that the sizes of the microspheres increased with the increase of the aging time. Dispersive Al(OH)3 nanoplates with a diameter of 250–350 nm and a thickness of 100 nm were produced in the presence of 0.125 moL·L−1 Al(OH)3 nanoseed, and the morphology of the nanoplates formed at 2.0 h, 6.0 h, and 10.0 h were quite similar to each other.
Figure 5 shows the TG curves and the XRD patterns of the Al(OH)3 nanoplates formed in the presence of Al(OH)3 nanoseed. As shown in Figure 5(a), a weight loss of 35.91% occurred in the temperature range of 30–800°C; thus, the formula of the Al(OH)3 nanoplates was deduced as Al2O3·3.17H2O. The phenomenon that the number of water molecular was slightly higher than 3.0 revealed that some water was absorbed physically by the Al(OH)3 nanoplates. Most of the diffraction peaks in Figure 6(b) can be indexed as gibbsite (PDF no. 74-1775, Å, Å, and Å), and the peak at 2θ = 40.506° revealed that a minor amount of bayerite (PDF no. 20-0011, Å, Å, and Å) also existed in the Al(OH)3 nanoplates.
Figure 6 shows the influence of Al(OH)3 nanoseed on the precipitation of Al(OH)3 nanostructures. The precipitation of Al(OH)3 was accelerated by the addition of Al(OH)3 nanoseed obviously. 63.0% of the soluble Al ion in the sodium aluminate solution was converted to the Al(OH)3 precipitate after aging for 2.0 h, while only about 1.0% of the soluble Al ion was precipitated after aging for 2.0 h in the blank experiment.
The influence of Al(OH)3 nanoseed on the morphology and the precipitation of the Al(OH)3 nanostructures may be explained as follows. In the absence of Al(OH)3 nanoseed, Al(OH)3 was first precipitated homogeneously and slowly from the sodium aluminate solution, and the Al(OH)3 fine particles formed at the early aging stage acted as the nucleus for the subsequent precipitation of Al(OH)3, leading to the gradual growth of the agglomerated microspheres. Meanwhile, in the presence of Al(OH)3 nanoseed, many Al(OH)3 nanoparticles were added to the initial sodium aluminate solution, and they acted as the nucleus for the later heterogeneous precipitation of Al(OH)3 from the sodium aluminate solution, leading to the fast conversion of most of the soluble Al ion to Al(OH)3 within 2.0 h of aging and producing Al(OH)3 nanoplates with quite similar shapes.
3.3. Influence of Surfactants
The influence of the surfactants including SDS, PEG6000, and CTAB on the morphology of the Al(OH)3 precipitates was shown in Figure 7. Al(OH)3 precipitates were prepared after aging treatment of the sodium aluminate solutions containing 0.125 moL·L−1 Al(OH)3 nanoseed and 13.0 g·L−1 surfactant (SDS, PEG6000, or CTAB) for 10.0 h. Compared with those formed in the sole existence of Al(OH)3 nanoseed (Figure 6(f)), Al(OH)3 nanoparticles with smaller sizes were prepared in the presence of Al(OH)3 nanoseed and surfactants. Al(OH)3 nanoparticles with a diameter of 200–300 nm, 150–250 nm, and 80–100 nm were produced in the presence of SDS, PEG6000, and CTAB, respectively. The order of the influence of the surfactants on the formation of the Al(OH)3 nanoparticles was CTAB>PEG6000>SDBS, and this phenomenon may be related to the interactions between the Al(OH)3 surfaces and the surfactants. The surfaces of Al(OH)3 formed in the concentrated NaOH solutions were negative charged owing to the adsorption of [13] which were easier to absorb the cationic surfactants as CTAB and difficult to absorb the nonionic surfactants as PEG6000 or the anionic surfactants as SDS.
Figure 8 shows the schematic diagram for the influence of Al(OH)3 nanoseed and the surfactants on the precipitation of Al(OH)3 from the sodium aluminate solution. Generally, the existence of Al(OH)3 nanoseed promoted the heterogeneous precipitation of Al(OH)3, and the adsorption of the surfactants as SDS, PEG6000 and CTAB, especially the cationic surfactant CTAB, on the surfaces of Al(OH)3 inhibited the growth of the Al(OH)3. The coinfluence of the Al(OH)3 nanoseed and CTAB on the precipitation of Al(OH)3 from the sodium aluminate solution led to the formation of the dispersive Al(OH)3 nanoparticles with a diameter of 80–100 nm.
4. Conclusion
Al(OH)3 nanostructures were synthetized from Al(OH)3 microagglomerates by dissolution of the Al(OH)3 microagglomerates in 9.0 moL·L−1 NaOH at 115°C for 0.5 h followed by dilution and aging of the solution at room temperature. The experimental results indicated that the Al(OH)3 microspheres composed of nanoparticles were prepared in the blank experiment, while dispersive Al(OH)3 nanoparticles with a diameter of 80–100 nm were formed in the presence of 0.125 moL·L−1 Al(OH)3 nanoseed and 13.0 g·L−1 CTAB.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (nos. 51174125 and 51234003).
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Jim Carroll delivered an excellent and powerful keynote at our annual Innovation Summit. We selected Jim because of his accessibility and passion to tailor his expertise to fit our vision, this combination produced exceptional results. We will certainly be partnering with Jim in the future and recommend you do the same.
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People were really excited and energetic. I got comments about your presentation and the day as a whole like "home run" and "perfect." Your presentation was policy in a thought provoking way - and with the focus on the future and technology, the Denver Chamber of Commerce will surely see this as a great "jumping off point" to their broader transportation conversation.
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The DFRobot 4WD Arduino Mobile Platform is intended for use with the DFRobot ROMEO Microcontroller and includes 4x drive motors, 4x wheels and a complete chassis with mounting hardware. The included second level allows you to add more electronics and define a modular layout. The rectangular hole allows for a servo to be attached and be used for several purposes like a movable camera or a robotic arm. The high-strength aluminum alloy body material provides flexibility in rapid movement particularly in outdoor grass, gravel, sand or sloped surface. Increased life span of the electronics and gears due to the chasis study structure. The 4WD Arduino Mobile Platform is also suitable for robot competitions and research related projects.
A variety of sensors can be easily added and kept protected from external damage. The bottom sturdy case keeps the motors and battery pack protected to avoid fall damage. If you have built from salvaged parts before, you can tell the difference from a high-strength aluminum alloy that holds parts together and is tailored for sensors and electronic assembly.
Warning: Motor encoders are not compatible with this platform
- 4WD Arduino mobile robot development platform
- 4 high-quality micro-speed motor
- Complete chassis with mounting hardware
- Variety of sensors can be added
- 4WD Mobile platform Motors: 3 ~ 7.5V DC
- Speed: 90cm/s
- Dimensions: 200 x 170 x 105mm (7.9 x 6.7 x 4.1 in)
- Motor Specification ( FIT0016 )
- Wiki Manual (ROB0003)
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- 3D model


text: Monitor the Activity of Your Installed Chrome Apps and ExtensionsMelanie Pinola6/11/14 9:00amFiled to: downloadschrome downloadschrome extensionschrome appssecurityprivacy44EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkWant to know what your installed Chrome apps and extensions are really up to? Google's Chrome App and Extensions Developer Tool will help you audit the activity behind those apps and extensions.AdvertisementThe tool, a Chrome app itself, was introduced earlier this year for developers to debug apps and extensions, but the new auditing feature is fit for developers and power users alike. With it, you can see the activities your apps and extensions have performed recently, as well as see what they're doing in realtime. There's a special privacy section to highlight activities that use your information, such as reading website cookies or seeing your open tabs. You can also search by URL to see if an extension has modified matching web pages.AdvertisementLearn more about the tool on Google's Chromium blog or install the app with the link below to give it a look.Chrome Apps & Extensions Developer Tool | Chrome Web StoreReply4 repliesLeave a reply


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A Lexington family says they're thankful for some Christmas elves.
Their outdoor Christmas display, at their home on Sandersville road, was blown apart by Sunday's high winds.
John Bryant says the family didn't have time to fix the display as they headed off to church Sunday morning; when they returned some of it had been repaired.
The Bryants now have a sign in their front yard thanking the unknown elves who helped put the display back together.
Family Says, "Thank You" to Christmas Elves
Updated: Mon 10:08 PM, Dec 24, 2007


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Mutualism (economic theory)
Mutualism is an economic theory and anarchist school of thought that advocates a society where each person might possess a means of production, either individually or collectively, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market.[1] Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual-credit bank that would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate, just high enough to cover administration.[2] Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value that holds that when labor or its product is sold, in exchange, it ought to receive goods or services embodying "the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility".[3] Mutualism originated from the writings of philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
Mutualists oppose the idea of individuals receiving an income through loans, investments, and rent, as they believe these individuals are not laboring. Though Proudhon opposed this type of income, he expressed that he had never intended "...to forbid or suppress, by sovereign decree, ground rent and interest on capital. I think that all these manifestations of human activity should remain free and voluntary for all: I ask for them no modifications, restrictions or suppressions, other than those which result naturally and of necessity from the universalization of the principle of reciprocity which I propose."[4] Insofar as they ensure the worker's right to the full product of their labor, mutualists support markets (or artificial markets) and property in the product of labor. However, they argue for conditional titles to land, whose ownership is legitimate only so long as it remains in use or occupation (which Proudhon called "possession");[5] thus advocating personal property, but not private property.
Although mutualism is similar to the economic doctrines of the 19th-century American individualist anarchists, unlike them, mutualism is in favor of large industries.[6] Therefore, mutualism has been retrospectively characterized sometimes as being a form of individualist anarchism,[7] and as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism as well.[8] Proudhon himself described the "liberty" he pursued as "the synthesis of communism and property."[9]
Mutualists have distinguished mutualism from state socialism, and do not advocate state control over the means of production. Benjamin Tucker said of Proudhon, that "though opposed to socializing the ownership of capital, [Proudhon] aimed nevertheless to socialize its effects by making its use beneficial to all instead of a means of impoverishing the many to enrich the few...by subjecting capital to the natural law of competition, thus bringing the price of its own use down to cost."[10]
- History 1
Theory 2
- Free association 2.1
- Mutual credit 2.2
- Contract and federation 2.3
- Gradualism and dual-power 2.4
- Mutualism and capitalism 3
- Criticisms 4
- Mutualism today 5
- See also 6
Notes and references 7
- Notes 7.1
- References 7.2
- Bibliography 8
- External links 9
Mutualism, as a term, has seen a variety of related uses.
Kendal, Ohio. By 1846, Pierre Joseph Proudhon was speaking of "mutualité" in his writings, and he used the term "mutuellisme," at least as early as 1848, in his "Programme Révolutionnaire." William B. Greene, in 1850, used the term "mutualism" to describe a mutual credit system similar to that of Proudhon. In 1850, the American newspaper The Spirit of the Age, edited by William Henry Channing, published proposals for a "mutualist township" by Joshua King Ingalls[15] and Albert Brisbane,[16] together with works by Proudhon,[17] William B. Greene, Pierre Leroux, and others. During the Second French Republic (1848–1852), Proudhon had his biggest public effect through journalism. He got involved with four newspapers: Le Représentant du Peuple (February 1848 – August 1848); Le Peuple (September 1848 – June 1849); La Voix du Peuple (September 1849 – May 1850); Le Peuple de 1850 (June 1850 – October 1850). His polemical writing style, combined with his perception of himself as a political outsider, produced a cynical, combative journalism that appealed to many French workers but alienated others. He repeatedly criticised the government's policies and promoted reformation of credit and exchange. He tried to establish a popular bank (Banque du peuple) early in 1849, but despite over 13,000 people signing up (mostly workers), receipts were limited falling short of 18,000FF and the whole enterprise was essentially stillborn. Proudhon ran for the constituent assembly in April 1848, but was not elected, although his name appeared on the ballots in Paris, Lyon, Besançon, and Lille, France. He was successful, in the complementary elections of June 4, and served as a deputy during the debates over the National Workshops, created by the February 25, 1848, decree passed by Republican Louis Blanc. The workshops were to give work to the unemployed. Proudhon was never enthusiastic about such workshops, perceiving them to be essentially charitable institutions that did not resolve the problems of the economic system. He was against their elimination unless an alternative could be found for the workers who relied on the workshops for subsistence.
Proudhon was surprised by the Revolutions of 1848 in France. He participated in the February uprising and the composition of what he termed "the first republican proclamation" of the new republic. But he had misgivings about the new provisional government, headed by Dupont de l'Eure (1767–1855), who, since the French Revolution in 1789, had been a longstanding politician, although often in the opposition. Proudhon published his own perspective for reform which was completed in 1849, Solution du problème social ("Solution of the Social Problem"), in which he laid out a program of mutual financial cooperation among workers. He believed this would transfer control of economic relations from capitalists and financiers to workers. The central part of his plan was the establishment of a bank to provide credit at a very low rate of interest and the issuing of exchange notes that would circulate instead of money based on gold.
Mutualism has been associated with two types of currency reform. [19]
Later, Benjamin Tucker, editor of the anarchist publication Liberty, connected his economic views with those of Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Josiah Warren and Karl Marx, taking sides with Proudhon and Josiah Warren:
The economic principles of Modern Socialism are a logical deduction from the principle laid down by Adam Smith in the early chapters of his "Wealth of Nations," – namely, that labor is the true measure of price ... Half a century or more after Smith enunciated the principle above stated, Socialism picked it up where he had dropped it, and in following it to its logical conclusions, made it the basis of a new economic philosophy ... This seems to have been done independently by three different men, of three different nationalities, in three different languages: Josiah Warren, an American; Pierre J. Proudhon, a Frenchman; Karl Marx, a German Jew ... That the work of this interesting trio should have been done so nearly simultaneously would seem to indicate that Socialism was in the air, and that the time was ripe and the conditions favorable for the appearance of this new school of thought. So far as priority of time is concerned, the credit seems to belong to Warren, the American, – a fact which should be noted by the stump orators who are so fond of declaiming against Socialism as an imported article. Benjamin Tucker. Individual Liberty[20]
Mutualist ideas found a fertile ground in the nineteenth century in Spain. In Spain Ramón de la Sagra established the anarchist journal El Porvenir in La Coruña in 1845 which was inspired by Proudhon´s ideas.[21] The [23] According to the Encyclopedia Britannica "During the Spanish revolution of 1873, Pi y Margall attempted to establish a decentralized, or "cantonalist", political system on Proudhonian lines."[21] Pi i Margall was a dedicated theorist in his own right, especially through book-length works such as La reacción y la revolución (en:"Reaction and revolution" from 1855), Las nacionalidades (en:"Nationalities" from 1877), and La Federación from 1880. For prominent anarcho-syndicalist Rudolf Rocker "The first movement of the Spanish workers was strongly influenced by the ideas of Pi y Margall, leader of the Spanish Federalists and disciple of Proudhon. Pi y Margall was one of the outstanding theorists of his time and had a powerful influence on the development of libertarian ideas in Spain. His political ideas had much in common with those of Richard Price, Joseph Priestly (sic), Thomas Paine, Jefferson, and other representatives of the Anglo-American liberalism of the first period. He wanted to limit the power of the state to a minimum and gradually replace it by a Socialist economic order."[24]
For historian of the First International G. M. Stekloff: "In April, 1856, there arrived from Paris a deputation of Proudhonist workers whose aim it was to bring about the foundation of a Universal League of Workers. The object of the League was the social emancipation of the working class, which, it was held, could only be achieved by a union of the workers of all lands against international capital. Since the deputation was one of Proudhonists, of course this emancipation was to be secured, not by political methods, but purely by economic means, through the foundation of productive and distributive co-operatives."[25] Later "It was in the 1863 elections that for the first time workers' candidates were run in opposition to bourgeois republicans, but they secured very few votes...agroup of working-class Proudhonists (among whom were Murat and Tolain, who were subsequently to participate in the founding of the (First) International issued the famous Manifesto of the Sixty, which, though extremely moderate in tone, marked a turning point in the history of the French movement. For years and years the bourgeois liberals had been insisting that the revolution of 1789 had abolished class distinctions. The Manifesto of the Sixty loudly proclaimed that classes still existed. These classes were the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The latter had its specific class interests, which none but workers could be trusted to defend. The inference drawn by the Manifesto was that there must be independent working-class candidates."[26] For Stekloff "the Proudhonists, who were at that date the leaders of the French section of the International. They looked upon the International Workingmen's Association as a sort of academy or synagogue, where Talmudists or similar experts could "investigate" the workers' problem; where in the spirit of Proudhon they could excogitate means for an accurate solution of the problem, without being disturbed by the stresses of a political campaign. Thus Fribourg, voicing the opinions of the Parisian group of the Proudhonists (Tolain and Co.) assured his readers that "the International was the greatest attempt ever made in modern times to aid the proletariat towards the conquest, by peaceful, constitutional, and moral methods, of the place which rightly belongs to the workers in the sunshine of civilisation."[27]
"The Belgian Federation threw in its lot with the anarchist International at its Brussels Congress, held in December, 1872...those taking part in the socialist movement of the Belgian intelligentsia were inspired by Proudhonist ideas which naturally led them to oppose the Marxist outlook."[28]
Nineteenth-century mutualists considered themselves [29] While still oriented towards cooperation, mutualists favor free market solutions, believing that most inequalities are the result of preferential conditions created by government intervention.[30] Mutualism is something of a middle way between classical economics and socialism, with some characteristics of both. Modern-day Mutualist Kevin Carson, considers anarchist mutualism to be "free market socialism."
Proudhon supported labor-owned cooperative firms and associations[31] for "we need not hesitate, for we have no choice ... it is necessary to form an ASSOCIATION among workers ... because without that, they would remain related as subordinates and superiors, and there would ensue two ... castes of masters and wage-workers, which is repugnant to a free and democratic society" and so "it becomes necessary for the workers to form themselves into democratic societies, with equal conditions for all members, on pain of a relapse into feudalism."[32] As for capital goods (man-made, non-land, "means of production"), mutualist opinions differs on whether these should be commonly managed public assets or private property.
Mutualism also had a considerable influence in the libertarian collectivists Varlin, Malon, and Lefrangais, and the bakuninists Elie and Elisée Reclus and Louise Michel."[33]
The primary aspects of mutualism are free association, mutualist credit, contract (or federation/confederation), and gradualism (or dual-power). Mutualism is often described by its proponents as advocating an "anti-capitalist free market".
Mutualists argue that most of the economic problems associated with capitalism each amount to a violation of the cost principle, or as Josiah Warren interchangeably said, "Cost the limit of price." It was inspired by the labor theory of value, which was popularized, though not invented, by Adam Smith in 1776 (Proudhon mentioned Smith as an inspiration). The labor theory of value holds that the actual price of a thing (or the "true cost") is the amount of labor that was undertaken to produce it. In Warren's terms, cost should be the "limit of price," with "cost" referring to the amount of labor required to produce a good or service. Anyone who sells goods should charge no more than the cost to himself of acquiring these goods.
Free association
Mutualists argue that association is only necessary where there is an organic combination of forces. For instance, an operation that requires specialization and many different workers performing their individual tasks to complete a unified product, i.e., a factory. In this situation, workers are inherently dependent on each other—and without association they are related as subordinate and superior, master and wage-slave.
An operation that can be performed by an individual without the help of specialized workers does not require association. Proudhon argued that peasants do not require societal form, and only feigned association for the purposes of solidarity in abolishing rents, buying clubs, etc. He recognized that their work is inherently sovereign and free. In commenting on the degree of association that is preferable Proudhon said:
In cases in which production requires great division of labour, it is necessary to form an ASSOCIATION among the workers... because without that they would remain isolated as subordinates and superiors, and there would ensue two industrial castes of masters and wage workers, which is repugnant in a free and democratic society. But where the product can be obtained by the action of an individual or a family... there is no opportunity for association.[34]
For Proudhon, mutualism involved creating "industrial democracy", a system where workplaces would be "handed over to democratically organised workers' associations ... We want these associations to be models for agriculture, industry and trade, the pioneering core of that vast federation of companies and societies woven into the common cloth of the democratic social Republic."[35] He urged "workers to form themselves into democratic societies, with equal conditions for all members, on pain of a relapse into feudalism." This would result in "Capitalistic and proprietary exploitation, stopped everywhere, the wage system abolished, equal and just exchange guaranteed."[36] Workers would no longer sell their labour to a capitalist but rather work for themselves in co-operatives.
As Robert Graham notes, "Proudhon's market socialism is indissolubly linked to his notions of industry democracy and workers' self-management."[37] K. Steven Vincent notes in his in-depth analysis of this aspect of Proudhon's ideas that "Proudhon consistently advanced a program of industrial democracy which would return control and direction of the economy to the workers." For Proudhon, "... strong workers' associations ... would enable the workers to determine jointly by election how the enterprise was to be directed and operated on a day-to-day basis."[38]
Mutual credit
Mutualists argue that free banking should be taken back by the people to establish systems of free credit. They contend that banks have a monopoly on credit, just as capitalists have a monopoly on the means of production, and landlords have a monopoly on land. Banks are essentially creating money by lending out deposits that do not actually belong to them, then charging interest on the difference. Mutualists argue that by establishing a democratically run mutual bank or credit union, it would be possible to issue free credit so that money could be created for the benefit of the participants rather than for the benefit of the bankers. Individualist anarchists noted for their detailed views on mutualist banking include Proudhon, William B. Greene, and Lysander Spooner.
Some modern forms of mutual credit are LETS and the Ripple monetary system project.
In a session of the French legislature, Proudhon proposed a government-imposed income tax to fund his mutual banking scheme, with some tax brackets reaching as high as 331⁄3 percent and 50 percent, which was turned down by the legislature.[39] This income tax Proudhon proposed to fund his bank was to be levied on rents, interest, debts, and salaries.[40][41] Specifically, Proudhon's proposed law would have required all capitalists and stockholders to disburse one sixth of their income to their tenants and debtors, and another sixth to the national treasury to fund the bank.[42]
This scheme was vehemently objected to by others in the legislature, including Frédéric Bastiat;[42] the reason given for the income tax's rejection was that it would result in economic ruin and that it violated "the right of property."[43] In his debates with Bastiat, Proudhon did once propose funding a national bank with a voluntary tax of 1%.[44] Proudhon also argued for the abolition of all taxes.[45]
Contract and federation
Mutualism holds that producers should exchange their goods at cost-value using systems of "contract." While Proudhon's early definitions of cost-value were based on fixed assumptions about the value of labor-hours, he later redefined cost-value to include other factors such as the intensity of labor, the nature of the work involved, etc. He also expanded his notions of "contract" into expanded notions of "federation." As Proudhon argued,
I have shown the contractor, at the birth of industry, negotiating on equal terms with his comrades, who have since become his workmen. It is plain, in fact, that this original equality was bound to disappear through the advantageous position of the master and the dependent position of the wage-workers. In vain does the law assure the right of each to enterprise ... When an establishment has had leisure to develop itself, enlarge its foundations, ballast itself with capital, and assure itself a body of patrons, what can a workman do against a power so superior?[46]
Gradualism and dual-power
Beneath the governmental machinery, in the shadow of political institutions, out of the sight of statemen and priests, society is producing its own organism, slowly and silently; and constructing a new order, the expression of its vitality and autonomy...[47]
Mutualism and capitalism
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was one of the most famous philosophers who articulated thoughts on the nature of property. He is known for claiming that "property is theft", but is less known for the claims that "property is liberty" and "property is impossible". According to Colin Ward, Proudhon did not see a contradiction between these slogans. This was because Proudhon distinguished between what he considered to be two distinct forms of property often bound up in the single label. To the mutualist, this is the distinction between property created by coercion and property created by labor. Property is theft "when it is related to a landowner or capitalist whose ownership is derived from conquest or exploitation and [is] only maintained through the state, property laws, police, and an army". Property is freedom for "the peasant or artisan family [who have] a natural right to a home, land [they may] cultivate, [...] to tools of a trade", and the fruits of that cultivation—but not to ownership or control of the lands and lives of others. The former is considered illegitimate property, the latter legitimate property.
Proudhon argued that property in the product of labor is essential to liberty, while property that strayed from "possession" ("occupancy and use") was the basis for tyranny and would lead a society to destroy itself. The conception of entitlement property as a destructive force and illegitimate institution can be seen in this quote by Proudhon,
Then if we are associated for the sake of liberty, equality, and security, we are not associated for the sake of property; then if property is a natural right, this natural right is not social, but anti-social. Property and society are utterly irreconcilable institutions. It is as impossible to associate two proprietors as to join two magnets by their opposite poles. Either society must perish, or it must destroy property. If property is a natural, absolute, imprescriptible, and inalienable right, why, in all ages, has there been so much speculation as to its origin? – for this is one of its distinguishing characteristics. The origin of a natural right! Good God! who ever inquired into the origin of the rights of liberty, security, or equality? (What is Property?)
Mutualist, Clarence Lee Swartz, says in What is Mutualism:
It is, therefore, one of the purposes of Mutualists, not only to awaken in the people the appreciation of and desire for freedom, but also to arouse in them a determination to abolish the legal restrictions now placed upon non-invasive human activities and to institute, through purely voluntary associations, such measures as will liberate all of us from the exactions of privilege and the power of concentrated capital.
Swartz also states that mutualism differs from anarcho-communism and other collectivist philosophies by its support of private property: "One of the tests of any reform movement with regard to personal liberty is this: Will the movement prohibit or abolish private property? If it does, it is an enemy of liberty. For one of the most important criteria of freedom is the right to private property in the products of ones labor. State Socialists, Communists, Syndicalists and Communist-Anarchists deny private property."
However, Proudhon warned that a society with private property without equality would lead to statist-like relations between people.
The purchaser draws boundaries, fences himself in, and says, 'This is mine; each one by himself, each one for himself.' Here, then, is a piece of land upon which, henceforth, no one has right to step, save the proprietor and his friends; which can benefit nobody, save the proprietor and his servants. Let these multiply, and soon the people ... will have nowhere to rest, no place of shelter, no ground to till. They will die of hunger at the proprietor's door, on the edge of that property which was their birth-right; and the proprietor, watching them die, will exclaim, 'So perish idlers and vagrants.'[48]
Unlike capitalist private-property supporters, Proudhon stressed equality. He thought all workers should own property and have access to capital. He stressed that in every cooperative "every worker employed in the association [must have] an undivided share in the property of the company".[49] This distinction Proudhon made between different kinds of property has been articulated by some later anarchist and socialist theorists as one of the first distinctions between private property and personal property; the latter having actual use-value to the individual possessing it.
In Europe a contemporary critic of Proudhon was the early [51] Unlike and against Proudhon, he argued that, "it is not the product of his or her labor that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature."[52][53][54] Returning to New York he was able to serialise his book in his periodical Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement social. Published in 27 issues from June 9, 1858, to February 4, 1861, Le Libertaire was the first anarcho-communist journal published in the United States.
One area of disagreement between mutualists and labor cheques" is a form of compulsion.[56]
Collectivist anarchist Mikhail Bakunin was an adamant critic of Proudhonian mutualism as well,[57] stating, "How ridiculous are the ideas of the individualists of the Jean Jacques Rousseau school and of the Proudhonian mutualists who conceive society as the result of the free contract of individuals absolutely independent of one another and entering into mutual relations only because of the convention drawn up among men. As if these men had dropped from the skies, bringing with them speech, will, original thought, and as if they were alien to anything of the earth, that is, anything having social origin."[58]
Criticism from pro-market sectors has been common as well. Economist [59]
Mutualism today
Kevin Carson is a contemporary mutualist and author of Studies in Mutualist Political Economy. In its preface Carson describes this work as "an attempt to revive individualist anarchist political economy, to incorporate the useful developments of the last hundred years, and to make it relevant to the problems of the twenty-first century."[60] Contemporary mutualists are among those involved in the Alliance of the Libertarian Left and in the Voluntary Cooperation Movement.
Carson holds that [62]
Carson argues that the centralization of wealth into a class hierarchy is due to state intervention to protect the ruling class, by using a money monopoly, granting patents and subsidies to corporations, imposing discriminatory taxation, and intervening militarily to gain access to international markets. Carson's thesis is that an authentic free market economy would not be capitalism as the separation of labor from ownership and the subordination of labor to capital would be impossible, bringing a class-less society where people could easily choose between working as a freelancer, working for a fair wage, taking part of a cooperative, or being an entrepreneur. He notes, as did Tucker before him, that a mutualist free market system would involve significantly different property rights than capitalism is based on, particularly in terms of land and intellectual property.
See also
- Geolibertarianism
- Individualist anarchism
- Individualist anarchism in France
- Labor theory of property
- Labor theory of value
- Left-libertarianism
- Left-wing market anarchism
- Libertarian socialism
- Socialist economics
- Syndicalism
- Worker cooperative
- Workplace democracy
- Workers' self-management
Notes and references
- ^ "Involved with radical politics and in his contact with the Marxists, he [Proudhon] soon rejected their doctrine, seeking rather a middle way between socialist theories and classical economics." - Irving Horowitz, The Anarchists, 1964, Dell Publishing
- ^ Some critics object to the use of the term capitalism in reference to historical or actually existing economic arrangements, which they term mixed economies. They reserve the term for the abstract ideal or future possibility of a genuinely free market. This sort of free-market capitalism may closely follow Carson's free-market anti-capitalism in its practical details except for the fact that Carson does not recognize a right of an individual to protect land that he has transformed through labor or purchased to be protected when he is not using it. Carson, like other mutualists, only recognize occupancy and use as the standard for retaining legitimate control over something. According to Carson, "For mutualists, occupancy and use is the only legitimate standard for establishing ownership of land, regardless of how many times it has changed hands. An existing owner may transfer ownership by sale or gift; but the new owner may establish legitimate title to the land only by his own occupancy and use. A change in occupancy will amount to a change in ownership. Absentee landlord rent, and exclusion of homesteaders from vacant land by an absentee landlord, are both considered illegitimate by mutualists. The actual occupant is considered the owner of a tract of land, and any attempt to collect rent by a self-styled landlord is regarded as a violent invasion of the possessor's absolute right of property. (p. 200. of Carson's "Mutualist Political Economy").
- ^ See The Iron Fist Behind The Invisible Hand.
- ^ "For mutualists, occupancy and use is the only legitimate standard for establishing ownership of land, regardless of how many times it has changed hands. According the mutualist Kevin Carson "A change in occupancy will amount to a change in ownership." An existing owner may transfer ownership by sale or gift; but the new owner may establish legitimate title to the land only by his own occupancy and use. A change in occupancy will amount to a change in ownership. Absentee landlord rent, and exclusion of homesteaders from vacant land by an absentee landlord, are both considered illegitimate by mutualists. The actual occupant is considered the owner of a tract of land, and any attempt to collect rent by a self-styled landlord is regarded as a violent invasion of the possessor's absolute right of property. (p. 200. of Carson's "Mutualist Political Economy." (editor's emphasis)
- ^ "Introduction". Mutualist.org. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ Miller, David. 1987. "Mutualism." The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 11
- ^ Tandy, Francis D., 1896, Voluntary Socialism, chapter 6, paragraph 15.
- ^ Proudhon's Solution of the Social Problem, Edited by Henry Cohen. Vanguard Press, 1927.
- ^ Swartz, Clarence Lee. What is Mutualism? VI. Land and Rent
- ^ Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements, Broadview Press, 2004, p. 20
- ^ Carson, Kevin A. Studies in Mutualist Political Economy Preface.
^ Avrich, Paul. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, Princeton University Press 1996 ISBN 978-0-691-04494-1, p.6
Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, Blackwell Publishing 1991 ISBN 0-631-17944-5, p.11 - ^ Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, What Is Property?, p. 281.
- ^ Tucker, Benjamin, State Socialism and Anarchism, State Socialism and Anarchism
- ^ Fourier, Charles, Traité (1822), cited in Arthur E. Bestor, Jr., "The Evolution of the Socialist Vocabulary", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Jun., 1948), 259-302.
- ^ New-Harmony Gazette, I, 301-02 (14 June 1826) cited in Arthur E. Bestor, Jr., "The Evolution of the Socialist Vocabulary", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Jun., 1948), 259-302.
- ^ Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History Of Libertarian Ideas And Movements. Broadview Press. p. 100
- ^ Swartz, Clarence Lee. What is Mutualism?
- ^ Joshua King Ingalls, "A Practical Movement for Transition," Spirit of the Age, II, 13 (March 30, 1850), p. 202-4.
- ^ Albert Brisbane, "The Mutualist Township," The Spirit of the Age, II, 12 (March 23, 1850), 179-183.; II, 13 (March 30, 1850), 200-202.
- ^ Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, "The Coming Era of Mutualism," Spirit of the Age, I, 7 (August 18, 1849), 107-8.
- ^ Wendy McElroy. "The culture of individualist anarchist in Late-nineteenth century America"
- ^ by Benjamin TuckerIndividual Liberty
- ^ a b "Anarchism" at the Encyclopedia Britannica online.
- ^ George Woodcock. Anarchism: a history of libertarian movements. Pg. 357
- ^ George Woodcock. Anarchism: a history of libertarian movements. Pg. 357
- ^ "Anarchosyndicalism" by Rudolf Rocker
- ^ History of The First International by G. M. Stekloff. London. Martin Lawrence Limited
- ^ History of The First International by G. M. Stekloff. London. Martin Lawrence Limited
- ^ History of The First International by G. M. Stekloff. London. Martin Lawrence Limited
- ^ History of The First International by G. M. Stekloff. London. Martin Lawrence Limited
- ^ "A Mutualist FAQ: A.4. Are Mutualists Socialists?". Mutualist.org. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ Libertarian Socialism by Paul E. Gagnon
^ Hymans, E., Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, pp. 190–1,
Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements, Broadview Press, 2004, pp. 110 & 112 - ^ General Idea of the Revolution, Pluto Press, pp. 215–216 and p. 277
- ^ Woodcock, George (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. The World Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0140168211.
- ^ "Some background about the name: What is mutualism?". Mutualism.de. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ Guerin, Daniel (ed.) No Gods, No Masters, AK Press, vol. 1, p. 62
- ^ The General Idea of the Revolution, Pluto Press, p. 277 and p. 281
- ^ "Introduction", General Idea of the Revolution, p. xxxii
- ^ Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the Rise of French Republican Socialism, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1984, p. 230 and p. 156
- ^ Anderson, Edwin Robert. 1911. The Income Tax: A Study of the History, Theory and Practice of Income Taxation at Home and Abroad. The MacMillan Company. p. 279
- ^ Burton, Richard D. E. 1991. Baudelaire and the Second Republic: Writing and Revolution. Oxford University Press. p. 122
- ^ Corkran, John Frazer. 1849. History of the National Constituent Assembly, from May, 1848. Harper & Brothers. p. 275
- ^ a b Martin, Henri, & Alger, Abby Langdon. A Popular History of France from the First Revolution to the Present Time. D. Estes and C.E. Lauria. p. 189
- ^ Augello, Massimo M., Luigi, Marco Enrico. 2005. Economists in Parliament in the Liberal Age. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 123
- ^ "Suppose that all the producers in the republic, numbering more than ten millions, tax themselves, each one, to the amount of only one per cent of their capital ... Suppose that by means of this tax a bank be founded, in Competition with the Bank (miscalled) of France, discounting and giving credit on mortgages at the rate of one-half of one per cent." Henry Cohen, ed. Proudhon's Solution of the Social Problem. Vanguard Press, 1927. pp 118–9.
- ^ Henry Cohen, ed. Proudhon's Solution of the Social Problem. Vanguard Press, 1927. p 46.
- ^ System of Economical Contradictions, p. 202
- ^ Proudhon, General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century. Translated by John Beverly Robinson. New York: Haskell House Publishers, Ltd., 1923, 1969 [1851]. p 243.
- ^ Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. What is Property? p. 118
- ^ quoted by James J. Martin. Men Against the State, p. 223
- ^ Joseph Déjacque, De l'être-humain mâle et femelle - Lettre à P.J. Proudhon par Joseph Déjacque (in French)
- ^ The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective. "150 years of Libertarian".
- ^ Graham, Robert (2005). Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas: from Anarchy to Anarchism (300 Ce to 1939). Black Rose Books.
- ^ "l'Echange", article in Le Libertaire no 6, September 21, 1858, New York. [9]
- ^ Déjacque criticized French mutualist anarchist Pierre Joseph Proudhon as far as "the Proudhonist version of Ricardian socialism, centred on the reward of labour power and the problem of exchange value. In his polemic with Proudhon on women's emancipation, Déjacque urged Proudhon to push on 'as far as the abolition of the contract, the abolition not only of the sword and of capital, but of property and authority in all their forms,' and refuted the commercial and wages logic of the demand for a 'fair reward' for 'labour' (labour power). Déjacque asked: 'Am I thus... right to want, as with the system of contracts, to measure out to each — according to their accidental capacity to produce — what they are entitled to?' The answer given by Déjacque to this question is unambiguous: 'it is not the product of his or her labour that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature.' [...] For Déjacque, on the other hand, the communal state of affairs — the phalanstery 'without any hierarchy, without any authority' except that of the 'statistics book' — corresponded to 'natural exchange,' i.e. to the 'unlimited freedom of all production and consumption; the abolition of any sign of agricultural, individual, artistic or scientific property; the destruction of any individual holding of the products of work; the demonarchisation and the demonetarisation of manual and intellectual capital as well as capital in instruments, commerce and buildings."Alain Pengam. "Anarchist-Communism"
- ^ Kropotkin, Peter. The Wage System, Freedom Pamphlets No. 1, New Edition 1920
- ^ Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Broadview Press 2004. p. 168
- ^ Bookchin, Murray. The Spanish Anarchists. AK Press. 1996. p. 25
- ^ Cited in Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism by Murray Bookchin, from Maximoff, Political Philosophy of Bakunin, p. 167
- ^ Reisman, George. Mutualism's Support for the Exploitation of Labor and State Coercion. [10]
- ^ Kevin Carson. Studies in Mutualist Political Economy.
- ^ Carson, Kevin. Mutualist Political Economy, Preface
- ^ Carson, Kevin A. Carson's Rejoinders. Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 20, No. 1 (Winter 2006): 97-136, pp. 116, 117
- Thomas B Backer. The mutualists : the heirs of Proudhon in the first international, 1865–1878. University of Cincinnati, 1978
External links
- Mutualism from The Conquest of Power, by Albert Weisbord
- by Josiah WarrenPlan of the Cincinnati Labor for Labor Store
- Proudhon and Anarchism by Larry Gambone — contains a discussion on Proudhonist mutualism
- Mutual Banking by William B. Greene
- What is Mutualism? by Clarence Lee Swartz (1927) - A classic text on Mutualism
- Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution Peter Kropotkin 1902
- Anarchist-Mutualism by John William Lloyd, a criticism
- Studies in Mutualist Political Economy by Kevin Carson. For more of Carson's points of view about mutualism you can check his blog.
- Vol. 20 Num. 1.Journal of Libertarian Studies This issue is devoted to Kevin Carson's Studies in Mutualist Political Economy. It includes critiques and Carson's rejoinders.
- Mutualism: A Philosophy for Thieves by George Reisman.


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No problem. She is more then welcome to come and stay. There will be several woman there that she can talk to if she is so inclined. So she won't be the only one.
No problem. She is more then welcome to come and stay. There will be several woman there that she can talk to if she is so inclined. So she won't be the only one.
Husband, Father, and Friend.
Scout Master and Cub Master for Troop/Pack 705 of
Lodge is, by far, the #1 mfr for them.
GSI makes some, but they are AL, so it kinda defeats the purpose . They weigh like 25% of the cast iron ones though!
Feet vs. no feet? Feet are for camp fire/open hearth. Useless on a range, a pain in a oven. Feet-free ovens are great on the stove, and great in the oven, but they can be a pain on a fire (unless you've got a tripod, which is real handy!)
All of them have a flat top, but there are two types of tops: rimmed and plain. Obviously, the rimmed holds coals better so you get heat from all directions - like an oven. Plain tops can be fine, but don't have the rim to hold the coals
Cabelas carry a lot of them too, if your closer to CT or Maine than Foxborough. Kittery Trading Post also carries a lot. (EDIT: yeah, your in Dartmouth, so Foxborough is a lot closer lol, but that's some general info for everyone else too)
I might make it out this time, but again, no promises. Hopefully by then I'll be working. Or at least getting money from DUA (filed a claim May 4th, and haven't seen a penny yet...).
I'd have to tell my wife about the dutch oven cooking and she'd try to break out some recipes lol.
Looks like some decent hiking trails out there too.
Lodge (http://www.lodgemfg.com) is the best by far and the cast iron Dutchs are made in Tenn. Their porcelain ones though are made in China. I believe that the Camp Chef are also made in China. You also might consider the "combo" unit (product LCC3) as the lid can easily be used as a fry pan. It doesn't have legs though and requires a "lid stand" to create space under the bottom of the Dutch. (http://www.lodgemfg.com/cooking-acce...age=2&Items=12)
Grey Eagle To have happiness, one must share it; for happiness was born a twin. Lord Byron
Well it looks like (at this time) I will be able to make it. Don't know if my wife will come (if see does my dog Georgie will come too). And next weekend I'm camping with my oldest friend (he's not really the oldest, but I've known him the longest), and he might try the hammock out. So he too would be a maybe like the wife and Georgie (yep, my dog got reffered to by name twice, my friend and wife, nope...
Would love to join you guys! Especially since there is a cabelas on the way! (rte 91 in Hartford)
Come on up. Would love to have ya.
Last edited by Nighthauk; 06-22-2013 at 07:48.
Husband, Father, and Friend.
Scout Master and Cub Master for Troop/Pack 705 of
Finally got a Lodge 12" DO with legs. Whooooo hoooooo. Now I need to decide what to cook in it for the first time.


text:
What do you guys think about a 4/3 no hood today? Tryin to avoid the 5/4/3
Results 1 to 10 of 16
Thread: hood?
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Mar 31, 2010, 04:37 PM #1Senior Member
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Mar 31, 2010, 05:02 PM #2
I just got outta the water about an hour ago and I think u need the hood... I was in a 43 mutant with the hood and the wind was rippin and it helped cut that down alot... i suggest it
Mar 31, 2010, 05:25 PM #4Senior Member
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Ok ill stick with the 5/4/3 today hopefully there is a little somthing tomorrow morn ill go with the 4/3 then see how it all plays out. Thanks guys
read about surfer's ear, google it or use wikipedia and I think you will want to keep the hood for a couple more weeks...
Mar 31, 2010, 06:31 PM #6
Here's a little ditty about a first hand account of surfer's ear.
Warning: pics and video may be considered "gross" to some...
How many people on this board have had surfers ear? 30 years of winter surfing for me and so far no hearing loss, just wondering how common this is, never heard of it before the last few years.
so, there's hope! more doctors are turning to the micro-chisel method! Yes, that's right, chisel in your ear... I'll keep the hood. Don't ever want to pay that price...
Mar 31, 2010, 08:25 PM #9
i was diagnosed with it about 5 years ago. Symptoms - persistent ear infections, partical loss of hearing in one or both ears for days on end. It is the MOST ANNOYING thing imaginable. Dr. says I'm 80% to closure and i have had the surgery scheduled twice and then cancelled after being symptom free for a month or two.
Ive managed to stay mostly sympton free for a year by wearing ear plugs every session when my hood is off. today i wore the hood and roasted! Nobody else in the lineup had their hood up today. Fun waves around 3 p.m. btw