text:
The Old Testament
from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Old Testament canon of the Christian Bible.
from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Old Testament canon of the Christian Bible.
For the Jewish Tanakh, see Hebrew Bible.
The Old Testament was compiled and edited by various men[3] over a period of centuries, with many scholars concluding that the Hebrew canon was solidified by about the 3rd century BC.[4][5]The Old Testament is the Christian term for the Hebrew Bible, a collection of religious writings by ancient Israelites[1] that form the first section of the Christian Bible, to which were added a second collection of writings referred to as the New Testament. The books included in the Old Testament (the Old Testament canon) varies markedly between Christian denominations; Protestants accept only the books of the official Jewish Hebrew Bible canon as their Old Testament but divide it into 39 books, while Catholics, the Eastern Orthodox, Coptic and Ethiopian churches accept a considerably larger collection of writings in their Old Testament canon.[2]
The books can be broadly divided into several sections: 1) the first five books or Pentateuch (Torah), 2) the history books telling the history of the Israelites, from their conquest of Canaan to their defeat and exile in Babylon; 3) the poetic and "Wisdom" books dealing, in various forms, with questions of good and evil in the world; 4) and the books of the biblical prophets, warning of the consequences of turning away from God.
Main articles: Biblical canon and Development of the Old Testament canon
The Old Testament contains 39 (Protestant) or 46 (Catholic) or more (Orthodox and other) books, divided, very broadly, into the Pentateuch (Torah), the historical books, the "wisdom" books and the prophets.[6]
The table uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Bible, such as the New American Bible Revised Edition, Revised Standard Version and English Standard Version. The spelling and names in both the 1609–10 Douay Old Testament (and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner (the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English) and in the Septuagint differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew Masoretic text.[a]
For the Orthodox canon, Septuagint titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions. For the Catholic canon, the Douaic titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions. Likewise, the King James Version references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament, such as "Esaias" (for Isaiah).
In the spirit of ecumenism more recent Catholic translations (e.g. the New American Bible, Jerusalem Bible, and ecumenical translations used by Catholics, such as the Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition) use the same "standardized" (King James Version) spellings and names as Protestant Bibles (e.g. 1 Chronicles as opposed to the Douaic 1 Paralipomenon, 1–2 Samuel and 1–2 Kings instead of 1–4 Kings) in those books which are universally considered canonical, the protocanonicals.
The Talmud (the Jewish commentary on the scriptures) in Bava Batra 14b gives a different order for the books in Nevi'im and Ketuvim. This order is also cited in Mishneh Torah Hilchot Sefer Torah 7:15. The order of the books of the Torah are universal through all denominations of Judaism and Christianity.
The disputed books, included in one canon but not in others, are often called the Biblical apocrypha, a term that is sometimes used specifically to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text and most modern Protestant Bibles. Catholics, following the Canon of Trent (1546), describe these books as deuterocanonical, while Greek Orthodox Christians, following the Synod of Jerusalem (1672), use the traditional name of anagignoskomena, meaning "that which is to be read." They are present in a few historic Protestant versions; the German Luther Bible included such books, as did the English 1611 King James Version.[b]
Empty table cells indicate that a book is absent from that canon.
Several of the books in the Eastern Orthodox canon are also found in the appendix to the Latin Vulgate,
formerly the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church.
Books in the Appendix to the Vulgate Bible
| |
Name in Vulgate | Name in Eastern Orthodox use |
3 Esdras | 1 Esdras |
4 Esdras | |
Prayer of Manasseh | Prayer of Manasseh |
Psalm of David when he slew Goliath (Psalm 151) | Psalm 151 |
The first five books – Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, book of Numbers and Deuteronomy – comprise the Torah, the story of Israel from the Genesis creation narrative to the death of Moses. Few scholars today doubt that it reached its present form in the Persian period (538–332 BC), and that its authors were the elite of exilic returnees who controlled the Temple at that time.[9]
The books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings follow, forming a history of Israel from the Conquest of Canaan to the Siege of Jerusalem c. 587 BC. There is a broad consensus among scholars that these originated as a single work (the so-called "Deuteronomistic history") during the Babylonian exile of the 6th century BC.[10] The two Books of Chronicles cover much the same material as the Pentateuch and Deuteronomistic history and probably date from the 4th century BC.[11]
Chronicles links with the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, which were probably finished during the 3rd century BC.[12] Catholic and Orthodox Old Testaments contain two (Catholic Old Testament) to four (Orthodox) Books of Maccabees, written in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.
The history books make up around half the total content of the Old Testament. Of the remainder, the books of the various prophets – Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel and the twelve "minor prophets" – were written between the 8th and 6th centuries BC, with the exceptions of Jonah and Daniel, which were written much later.[13] The "wisdom" and other books – Job, Proverbs and so on – date from between the 5th century BC and the 2nd or 1st BC, with the exception of some of the Psalms.[14]
God is consistently depicted as the one who created or put into order[15] the world and guides its history. Although he is not consistently presented as the only god who exists, he is always depicted as the only god whom Israel is to worship, and both Jews and Christians have always interpreted the bible as an affirmation of the oneness of God.[16]
The Old Testament stresses the special relationship between God and his chosen people, Israel, but includes instructions for proselytes as well. This relationship is expressed in the biblical covenant (contract) between the two, received by Moses. The law codes in books such as Exodus and especially Deuteronomy are the terms of the contract: Israel swears faithfulness to Yahweh, and God swears to be Israel's special protector and supporter.[16]
Further themes in the Old Testament include salvation, redemption, divine judgment, obedience and disobedience, faith and faithfulness, among others. Throughout there is a strong emphasis on ethics and ritual purity, both of which God demands, although some of the prophets and wisdom writers seem to question this, arguing that God demands social justice above purity, and perhaps does not even care about purity at all. The Old Testament's moral code enjoins fairness, intervention on behalf of the vulnerable, and the duty of those in power to administer justice righteously. It forbids murder, bribery and corruption, deceitful trading, and many sexual misdemeanors. All morality is traced back to God, who is the source of all goodness.[17]
The problem of evil plays a large part in the Old Testament. The problem the Old Testament authors faced was that a good God must have had just reason for bringing disaster (meaning notably, but not only, the Babylonian exile) upon his people. The theme is played out, with many variations, in books as different as the histories of Kings and Chronicles, the prophets like Ezekiel and Jeremiah, and in the wisdom books like Job and Ecclesiastes.[17]
From scripture to canon: formation of the Old Testament
Main articles: Books of the Bible and Biblical canon
The interrelationship between various significant ancient manuscripts of the Old Testament, according to the Encyclopaedia Biblica (1903) Some manuscripts are identified by their siglum. LXX here denotes the original Septuagint. |
Greek, Latin and Protestant Old Testaments
See also: Development of the Hebrew Bible canon, Development of the Old Testament canon, Septuagint, and Books of the Latin Vulgate
The process by which scriptures became canons and Bibles was a long one, and its complexities account for the many different Old Testaments which exist today. Timothy H. Lim, a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh, states that, "The Old Testament (OT) or Tanak was written in Hebrew and Aramaic. This collection of books was not written by one man, nor did it drop down from heaven as assumed by fundamentalists. It is not a magical book, but a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing."[18] By about the 5th century BC Jews saw the five books of the Torah (the Old Testament Pentateuch) as having authoritative status; by the 2nd century BC the Prophets had a similar status, although without quite the same level of respect as the Torah; beyond that, the Jewish scriptures were fluid, with different groups seeing authority in different books.[19]
Greek Bible
The scriptures were first translated into Greek in Alexandria between about 280–130 BC.[20] These early Greek translations – supposedly commissioned by Ptolemy Philadelphus – were called the Septuagint (Latin: "Seventy") from the supposed number of translators involved (hence its abbreviation "LXX"). This Septuagint remains the basis of the Old Testament in the Eastern Orthodox Church.[21]
It varies in many places from the Masoretic Text and includes numerous books no longer considered canonical in other traditions: 1st & 2nd Esdras, Judith, Tobit, 3rd & 4th Maccabees, the Book of Wisdom, Sirach, and Baruch.[22] Early modern Biblical criticism typically explained these variations as intentional or ignorant corruptions by the Alexandrian scholars, but most recent scholarship holds it is simply based on early source texts differing from those later used by the Masoretes in their work.
The Septuagint was originally used by Jews so thoroughly Hellenized that their knowledge of Greek was better than their Hebrew. The ever-increasing number of gentile converts to Christianity created a growing need for translations of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek and Latin. The three most acclaimed early interpreters were Aquila of Sinope, Symmachus the Ebionite, and Theodotion; in his Hexapla, Origen placed his edition of the Hebrew text beside its transcription in Greek letters and four parallel translations: Aquila's, Symmachus's, the Septuagint's, and Theodotion's. The so-called "fifth" and "sixth editions" were two other Greek translations supposedly miraculously discovered by students outside the towns of Jericho and Nicopolis: these were added to Origen's Octapla.[23]
In 331, Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople. Athanasius[24] recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans. Little else is known, though there is plenty of speculation. For example, it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists, and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus are examples of these Bibles. Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles.[25] There is no evidence among the canons of the First Council of Nicaea of any determination on the canon, however, Jerome (347–420), in his Prologue to Judith, makes the claim that the Book of Judith was "found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures".[26]
Latin Bible
In Western Christianity or Christianity in the Western half of the Roman Empire, Latin had displaced Greek as the common language of the early Christians, and about 400 AD Pope Damasus I commissioned Jerome, the leading scholar of the day, to produce an updated Latin bible to replace the Vetus Latina. Sometime in the centuries after the Septuagint (exactly when is disputed) the Rabbis (Jewish religious scholars and teachers) defined the Jewish canon, which is a much shorter canon of only 24 books, and Jerome used it (commonly called the Hebrew Bible) instead of the Greek Old Testament as the basis for his translation, citing "Hebraica Veritas" (Latin: Truth of the Hebrew). His Vulgate (i.e. common language) Old Testament became the standard bible used in the Western Church, specifically as the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate, while the Churches in the East continued, and still continue, to use the Septuagint.[27]
Jerome had wanted to drop all the books that did not appear in the Hebrew Bible, but St Augustine, a bishop and another great scholar of the day, opposed him and won the argument, notably at the Council of Carthage on 28 August 397. In the 16th century the Protestant reformers reopened the debate, and sided with Jerome, but only for their own congregations[citation needed]: yet although Protestant Bibles now have only those books that appear in the Jewish Bible, they have them in the order of the Greek Bible.[28]
Rome, largely in reaction to this attack on tradition, officially adopted a canon, the Canon of Trent, which can be seen as following Augustine's Carthaginian Councils or the Council of Rome,[p] and includes most, but not all, of the Septuagint (3 Ezra and 3 and 4 Maccabees are excluded);[29] the Anglicans after the English Civil War adopted a compromise position, restoring the 39 Articles and keeping the extra books that were excluded by the Westminster Confession of Faith, but only for private study and for reading in churches, while Lutherans kept them for private study, gathered in an appendix as Biblical Apocrypha.[28]
Other versions
While the Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions of the Hebrew Bible are the best known Old Testaments, there were others. At much the same time as the Septuagint was being produced, translations were being made into Aramaic, the language of Jews living in Palestine and the Near East and likely the language of Jesus: these are called the Aramaic Targums, from a word meaning "translation", and were used to help Jewish congregations understand their scriptures.[30]
For Aramaic Christians there was a Syriac translation of the Hebrew Bible called the Peshitta, as well as versions in Coptic (the everyday language of Egypt in the first Christian centuries, descended from ancient Egyptian), Ethiopic (for use in the Ethiopian church, one of the oldest Christian churches), Armenian (Armenia was the first to adopt Christianity as its official religion), and Arabic.[30]
Christian theology and the Old Testament
Main article: Christian views on the old covenant
Christianity is based on the claim that the historical Jesus is also the Christ, as in the Confession of Peter. This claim is in turn based on Jewish understandings of the meaning of the Hebrew term messiah, which, like the Greek "Christ", means "anointed". In the Hebrew Scriptures it describes a king anointed with oil on his accession to the throne: he becomes "The LORD's anointed" or Yahweh's Anointed. By the time of Jesus, some Jews expected that a flesh and blood descendant of David (the "Son of David") would come to establish a real Jewish kingdom in Jerusalem, instead of the Roman province.[31]
Others stressed the Son of Man, a distinctly other-worldly figure who would appear as a judge at the end of time; and some harmonised the two by expecting a this-worldly messianic kingdom which would last for a set period and be followed by the other-worldly age or World to Come. Some thought the Messiah was already present, but unrecognised due to Israel's sins; some thought that the Messiah would be announced by a fore-runner, probably Elijah (as promised by the prophet Malachi, whose book now ends the Old Testament and precedes Mark's account of John the Baptist). None predicted a Messiah who suffers and dies for the sins of all the people.[31] The story of Jesus' death therefore involved a profound shift in meaning from the tradition of the Old Testament.[32]
The name "Old Testament" reflects Christianity's understanding of itself as the fulfillment of Jeremiah's prophesy of a New Covenant (which is similar to "testament" and often conflated) to replace the existing covenant between God and Israel (Jeremiah 31:31).[1] The emphasis, however, has shifted from Judaism's understanding of the covenant as an eternal contract between God and Israel to one between God and those who are "in Christ".[33]
See also
- Abrogation of Old Covenant laws
- Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts
- Books of the Bible
- Covenant (biblical)
- Expounding of the Law
- Hebrew Bible: Timeline
- Law and Gospel
- List of ancient legal codes
- List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
- Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
- Quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament
- Supersessionism
- Biblical narratives and the Quran
- Jump up ^ Generally due to derivation from transliterations of names used in the Latin Vulgate in the case of Catholicism, and from transliterations of the Greek Septuagint in the case of the Orthodox (as opposed to derivation of translations, instead of transliterations, of Hebrew titles) such Ecclesiasticus (DRC) instead of Sirach (LXX) or Ben Sira (Hebrew), Paralipomenon (Greek, meaning "things omitted") instead of Chronicles, Sophonias instead of Zephaniah, Noe instead of Noah, Henoch instead of Enoch, Messias instead of Messiah, Sion instead of Zion, etc.
- Jump up ^ The foundational Thirty-Nine Articles of Anglicanism, in Article VI, asserts these disputed books are not used "to establish any doctrine," but "read for example of life." Although the Biblical apocrypha are still used in Anglican Liturgy,[7] the modern trend is to not even print the Old Testament apocrypha in editions of Anglican-used Bibles.
- Jump up ^ The 24 books of the Hebrew Bible are the same as the 39 books of the Protestant Old Testament, only divided and ordered differently: the books of the Minor Prophets are in Christian Bibles twelve different books, and in Hebrew Bibles, one book called "The Twelve". Likewise, Christian Bibles divide the Books of Kingdoms into four books, either 1–2 Samuel and 1–2 Kings or 1–4 Kings: Jewish Bibles divide these into two books. The Jews likewise keep 1–2 Chronicles/Paralipomenon as one book. Ezra and Nehemiah are likewise combined in the Jewish Bible, as they are in many Orthodox Bibles, instead of divided into two books, as per the Catholic and Protestant tradition.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k This book is part of the Ketuvim, the third section of the Jewish canon. They have a different order in Jewish canon than in Christian canon.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d The books of Samuel and Kings are often called First through Fourth Kings in the Catholic tradition, much like the Orthodox.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Names in parentheses are the Septuagint names and are often used by the Orthodox Christians.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Some Eastern Orthodox churches follow the Septuagint and the Hebrew bibles by considering the books of Ezra and Nehemiah as one book.
- ^ Jump up to: a b The Catholic and Orthodox Book of Esther includes 103 verses not in the Protestant Book of Esther.
- ^ Jump up to: a b The Latin Vulgate, Douay-Rheims, and Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition place First and Second Maccabees after Malachi; other Catholic translations place them after Esther.
- Jump up ^ In Greek Bibles, 4 Maccabees is found in the appendix.
- Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox churches include Psalm 151 and the Prayer of Manasseh, not present in all canons.
- ^ Jump up to: a b In Catholic Bibles, Baruch includes a sixth chapter called the Letter of Jeremiah. Baruch is not in the Protestant Bible or the Tanakh.
- Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox Bibles have the books of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah separate.
- Jump up ^ Hebrew (minority view); see Letter of Jeremiah for details.
- ^ Jump up to: a b In Catholic and Orthodox Bibles, Daniel includes three sections not included in Protestant Bibles. The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are included between Daniel 3:23–24. Susanna is included as Daniel 13. Bel and the Dragon is included as Daniel 14. These are not in the Protestant Old Testament.
- Jump up ^ Augustine's "2 of Esdras" could be 1 Esdras and Ezra-Nehemiah as in the Septuagint and Orthodox canon or Ezra and Nehemiah as in the Vulgate and Catholic canon.
- Jump up to: a b Jones 2001, p. 215.
- Jump up ^ Barton 2001, p. 3.
- Jump up ^ Lim, Timothy H. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 41.
- Jump up ^ Riches, John (2000). The Bible: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-19-285343-1.
- Jump up ^ Philip R. Davies in The Canon Debate, page 50: "With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty."
- Jump up ^ Boadt 1984, pp. 11, 15–16.
- Jump up ^ The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments (PDF), Orthodox Anglican, "Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer, the Benedictus es and Benedicite, are taken from the Apocrypha. One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book (Tob. 4: 8–9). Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to be read in the daily, Sunday, and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer. There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary [Books used are: II Esdras, Tobit, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, Three Holy Children, and I Maccabees.]"
- Jump up ^ Britannica, 1911
- Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 1998, p. 184.
- Jump up ^ Rogerson 2003, pp. 153–54.
- Jump up ^ Coggins 2003, p. 282.
- Jump up ^ Grabbe 2003, pp. 213–14.
- Jump up ^ Miller 1987, pp. 10–11.
- Jump up ^ Crenshaw 2010, p. 5.
- Jump up ^ There is a major discussion in the field of theology about the meaning of the word "bara", the secod word of Genesis. Some interpret it as "created" (out of nothing), but others argue it was "remodelled/ordered" (something existing before)
- ^ Jump up to: a b Barton 2001, p. 9.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Barton 2001, p. 10.
- Jump up ^ Lim, Timothy H. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 41.
- Jump up ^ Brettler 2005, p. 274.
- Jump up ^ Gentry 2008, p. 302.
- Jump up ^ Würthwein 1995.
- Jump up ^ Jones 2001, p. 216.
- Jump up ^ Cave, William. A complete history of the lives, acts, and martyrdoms of the holy apostles, and the two evangelists, St. Mark and Luke, Vol. II. Wiatt (Philadelphia), 1810. Accessed 6 Feb 2013.
- Jump up ^ Apol. Const. 4
- Jump up ^ The Canon Debate, pp. 414–15, for the entire paragraph
- Jump up ^ "Book of Judith". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. Canonicity: "..."the Synod of Nicaea is said to have accounted it as Sacred Scripture" (Praef. in Lib.). It is true that no such declaration is to be found in the Canons of Nicaea, and it is uncertain whether St. Jerome is referring to the use made of the book in the discussions of the council, or whether he was misled by some spurious canons attributed to that council".
- Jump up ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 91–99.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Barton 1997, pp. 80–81.
- Jump up ^ Soggin 1987, p. 19.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Würthwein 1995, pp. 79–90, 100–4.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Farmer 1991, pp. 570–71.
- Jump up ^ Juel 2000, pp. 236–39.
- Jump up ^ Herion 2000, pp. 291–92.
- Bandstra, Barry L (2004), Reading the Old Testament: an introduction to the Hebrew Bible, Wadsworth, ISBN 978-0-495-39105-0
- Barton, John (1997), How the Bible came to be, Westminster John Knox Press, ISBN 978-0-664-25785-9
- ——— (2001), "Introduction to the Old Testament", in Muddiman, John; Barton, John, Bible Commentary, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-875500-5
- Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1998), "The Pentateuch", in Barton, John, The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-48593-7
- Boadt, Lawrence (1984), Reading the Old Testament: an introduction, Paulist Press, ISBN 978-0-8091-2631-6
- Brettler, Marc Zvi (2005), How to read the Bible, Jewish Publication Society, ISBN 978-0-8276-1001-9
- Bultman, Christoph (2001), "Deuteronomy", in Barton, John; Muddiman, John, Oxford Bible Commentary, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-875500-5
- Coggins, Richard J (2003), "1 and 2 Chronicles", in Dunn, James DG; Rogerson, John William, Commentary on the Bible, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0
- Crenshaw, James L (2010), Old Testament wisdom: an introduction, Westminster John Knox Press, ISBN 978-0-664-23459-1
- Davies, GI (1998), "Introduction to the Pentateuch", in Barton, John, Oxford Bible Commentary, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-875500-5
- Dines, Jennifer M (2004), The Septuagint, Continuum, ISBN 978-0-567-08464-4
- Farmer, Ron (1991), "Messiah/Christ", in Mills, Watson E; Bullard, Roger Aubrey, Mercer dictionary of the Bible, Mercer University Press, ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7
- Gentry, Peter R (2008), "Old Greek and Later Revisors", in Sollamo, Raija; Voitila, Anssi; Jokiranta, Jutta, Scripture in transition, Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-16582-3
- Grabbe, Lester L (2003), "Ezra", in Dunn, James DG; Rogerson, John William, Commentary on the Bible, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0
- Hasel, Gerhard F (1991), Old Testament theology: basic issues in the current debate, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-0537-9
- Herion, Gary A (2000), "Covenant", in Freedman, David Noel, Dictionary of the Bible, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2
- Jobes, Karen H; Silva, Moises (2005), Invitation to the Septuagint, Baker Academic
- Jones, Barry A (2000), "Canon of the Old Testament", in Freedman, David Noel, Dictionary of the Bible, William B Eerdmans, ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2
- Juel, Donald (2000), "Christ", in Freedman, David Noel, Dictionary of the Bible, William B Eerdmans, ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2
- Lim, Timothy H. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- McLay, Tim (2003), The use of the Septuagint in New Testament research, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-6091-0
- Miller, John W (2004), How the Bible came to be, Paulist Press, ISBN 978-0-80914183-8
- Miller, John W (1987), Meet the prophets: a beginner's guide to the books of the biblical prophets, Paulist Press, ISBN 978-0-8091-2899-0
- Rogerson, John W (2003), "Deuteronomy", in Dunn, James DG; Rogerson, John William, Commentary on the Bible, Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0
- Schniedewind, William M (2004), How the Bible Became a Book, Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-521-53622-6
- Soggin, J. Alberto (1987), Introduction to the Old Testament, Westminster John Knox Press, ISBN 978-0-664-22156-0
- Würthwein, Ernst (1995), The text of the Old Testament: an introduction to the Biblia Hebraica, William B Eerdmans, ISBN 978-0-8028-0788-5
Further reading
- Anderson, Bernhard. Understanding the Old Testament. ISBN 0-13-948399-3
- Bahnsen, Greg, et al., Five Views on Law and Gospel (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993).
- Berkowitz, Ariel; Berkowitz, D'vorah (2004), Torah Rediscovered (4th ed.), Shoreshim, ISBN 0-9752914-0-8.
- Dever, William G (2003), Who Were the Early Israelites?, Grand Rapids, MI: William B Eerdmans, ISBN 0-8028-0975-8.
- von Rad, Gerhard (1982/1984), Theologie des Alten Testaments [Theology of the Old Testament] (in German), Band 1–2, München: Auflage .
- Hill, Andrew; Walton, John (2000), A Survey of the Old Testament (2nd ed.), Grand Rapids: Zondervan, ISBN 0-310-22903-0.
- Kuntz, John Kenneth (1974), The People of Ancient Israel: an introduction to Old Testament Literature, History, and Thought, Harper & Row, ISBN 0-06-043822-3.
- Lancaster, D Thomas (2005), Restoration: Returning the Torah of God to the Disciples of Jesus, Littleton \ publisher = First Fruits of Zion.
- Papadaki-Oekland, Stella, Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts of the Book of Job, ISBN 978-2-503-53232-5.
- Rouvière, Jean-Marc (2006), Brèves méditations sur la Création du monde [Brief meditations on the creation of the World] (in French), Paris: L'Harmattan.
- Salibi, Kamal (1985), The Bible Came from Arabia, London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-224-02830-8.
- Schmid, Konrad (2012), The Old Testament: A Literary History, Minneapolis: Fortress, ISBN 978-0-8006-9775-4.
- Silberman, Neil A; et al (2003), The Bible Unearthed (hardbackISBN 0-684-86912-8 ), New York: Simon & Schuster, , ISBN 0-684-86913-6 (paperback).
- Sprinkle, Joseph 'Joe' M (2006), Biblical Law and Its Relevance: A Christian Understanding and Ethical Application for Today of the Mosaic Regulations (clothboundISBN 0-7618-3371-4 ), Lanham, MD: University Press of America, and ISBN 0-7618-3372-2 (paperback).


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Your eye doctor will tell you how much of this medicine to use and how often. Do not use more medicine or use it more often than your doctor tells you to.
Your doctor may order 2 or more eye drops to be used together. You should wait at least 5 minutes before putting another eye drop in the same eye.
Remove contact lenses before using this medicine. Wait at least 15 minutes after using this medicine before putting the contact lenses back in.
To use:
The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
If you miss a dose of this medicine, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.
Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.
Your eye doctor will want to examine your eyes at regular visits to make sure that this medicine is working properly and is not causing unwanted effects.
This medicine may cause the iris (colored part), eyelid, or eyelashes of your treated eye to turn brown. Your eyelashes may also become longer, thicker, and darker. Some of these changes may be permanent even if you stop using travoprost. Check with your doctor if you have any questions about this.
Check with your doctor right away if you have an eye injury, eye infection, or plan to have eye surgery.
Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.
Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:
Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:
Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Portions of this document last updated: March 01, 2017
Original article: http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/travoprost-ophthalmic-route/side-effects/drg-20066464
Copyright © 2017 Truven Health Analytics Inc. All rights reserved. Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes.

subset: commoncrawl


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Looks like Oxford Square at White Flint is no longer available on Rent.com which means this information is likely out of date.
Make sure to check out these similar properties in the area.
Contact for details
Located in the heart of North Bethesda, only minutes from I-495 and I-270 in Montgomery County, your new home at Oxford Square is the perfect combination of serenity and excitement. Prefer not to walk to all that is nearby? Bus stops are located at our community, including a Metrobus stop providing access to the White Flint Metro! Our location is also ideal for NIH, Bethesda Naval Hospital and NRC employees. Along with the convenience of an excellent location, the abundance of on-site amenities and features at your new home offer a unique selection in the area that you will only find at Oxford Square, including controlled access entry, individual washers and dryers, modern eat-in kitchens, balconies and patios, a swimming pool, a fitness center, playground and picnic areas with grills in a beautiful setting with oak accents, picnic areas, and wooded views. Not only do we allow pets, but our pet fees are among the lowest around.
Our lease terms are: 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 13 months, 14 months (Please note that lease terms may vary, are subject to change without notice, and are based on availability. Inquire with property staff for complete details).
Pet Policy: $50 pet rent. $350 non-refundable pet fee. Restrictions: Breed Restrictions Apply. Up to 2 pets per home. No aggressive breeds and/or exotic pets. $350 non-refundable fee per pet, $50 monthly pet rent per pet. * *Service Animals are not subject to any pet fees or pet rent.
Dogs Allowed. Cats Allowed. Pets Accepted. Call for service animal policy.
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Mikal Peveto is a sneaker addict. Imelda Marcos, notorious for owning innumerable pairs of shoes, had nothing on him: He owns 400 pairs. Moreover, he sported a tattoo of Nike's signature swoosh. Today, that corporate logo is gone–from his arm and from many of his running shoes. Instead, he prefers an image of a spider.
Peveto, 38, is the creative director of Customatix.com, a fledgling sports apparel company that just might represent the future of e-tailing. Based in Santa Cruz, California, the company allows footwear fans to design their own sneakers, choosing colors, symbols and fabrics. The blueprint is transmitted to the company's factory in China, and the shoes are shipped within two weeks. Want pink and green running shoes with silver laces? You can get them (there's no filter for taste).
The carriage trade has always had its custom goods–$3,000 Savile Row suits or a $30,000 custom perfume concoction from the House of Creed. With the help of the Internet, where Dell Computer advances the cause, personalized goods can be made affordable for the masses.
Levi's sells made-to-fit jeans for $55. Nike sells customized sneakers for $50 to $100 a pair. Mattel sells customized Barbie dolls for $40. Procter & Gamble will soon let coffee fans blend their own java. And at Reflect.com, owned by P&G, cosmetics are whipped up to order and shipped in packages labeled with the customer's name. Prices, typically, are not outlandishly higher than the ones on department store goods.
Like Nike, Customatix.com lets armchair designers create their sneakers, which appear instantly in a 3-D image on the screen. Both companies also allow customers to personalize foot fare with their own slogan (though Nike's version, for now, also comes with the swoosh). Both offer nine shoe styles, but Customatix delivers more visual variety: For one model, Customatix has 29 colors and 16 design steps; a Nike model, at www.nikeid.com, offers 3 basic color schemes and 12 accent colors in 3 steps. The Customatix footwear runs for $85 delivered.
This isn't an immensely profitable business yet. David Ward, the CEO of Customatix.com, says that his basic costs are $40 per pair of shoes, plus an $8 import duty and a pricey UPS charge for delivery to the U.S. Although Nike won't discuss its margins, it can probably land a mass-produced $80 retail sneaker on U.S. shores for $20 or less. The Dell mail-order distribution model, of course, cuts out the retail store, an expensive part of the shoe industry, and eliminates inventory writedowns.
The cost of doing business could be one reason Adidas, New Balance and Reebok haven't jumped in. If they do, the five-month-old Customatix.com is a likely acquisition target. In that event it may have to scrap its current ads: "Shoes designed by you. Not the corporate Mafia."


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Newlyweds Justin Timberlake and Jessica Biel spent their honeymoon in Tanzania after exchanging vows in southern Italy last month.
The Hollywood couple wed at the Borgo Egnaza resort on October 19 and the pair jetted off to the African coast two days later to begin a romantic vacation.
During their honeymoon, Timberlake and Biel explored the local wildlife on a safari through the Singita Grumeti, a private reserve in Serengeti Park, and enjoyed a hot air balloon ride.
Biel is no stranger to Tanzania – she successfully climbed to the peak of Mount Kilimanjaro during a charity trek in 2010 with fellow actors Emile Hirsch and Isabel Lucas, and rapper Lupe Fiasco.


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My period was fairly short when I started using my cup, but since using it, it's gone from 4 days MAX, to my most recent period was 1 day of flow and one day of light light spotting.
So I'm wondering if anyone else has noticed having shorter periods?
(I did look in the tags but I didn't see anything that fit this.
TIA gals!
Current Mood: curious


text:
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Controller, Office of the | |
Business Intelligence | |
Suite 150 UM Gables One Tower | |
Off Campus Location Locator: 2912 | |
Fax Number: (305) 284-4850 | |
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Carlos Quesada, Database Analyst |
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We're Still at War: Photo of the Day for July 15, 2011
U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class Robert Russell, platoon sergeant, crosses the Tarnek River in Qalat City, Afghanistan, July 9. Russell is a member of Provincial Reconstruction Team Zabul's security force. PRT Zabul is comprised of Air Force, Army, Department of State, U.S. Agency for International Development of Agriculture and U.S. Army Corps of Engineer personnel who work with the government of Afghanistan to improve governance, stability, and development throughout the province. Photo via US Army.


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Saltwater Fishing in Feb?
Me and a buddy will have some free time around the first of February. We have never bonefished before. Where should we go this time of year?
My choice would be Bahamas - Exuma, Eluthera, Long Island etc. Numbers of fish on the flats may be down in the cooler months but the ones that do show up tend to be on the larger side :D
Think south
I would look at going as far south (i.e. close to the equator) as possible in February. The Bahamas are awesome. February is a bit iffy in terms of wind/weather. Take a look at Belize or someplace down there. Have a great trip.
Feb. bonefish
If you want to stay stateside because of cost, the further down the Keys you go the better off you'll be. Not so much because of air temps, but because of wind.
Prevailing winds down there are from the East. The upper and middle keys--Key Largo (mile marker 113) to west of Islamorada (mile marker 80)--geographically are situated as east-west land masses. The lower keys, from Big Pine Key (mile marker 30) to Key West, geographically run north south. That means that you can tuck into the lee of the mangrove islands and hide from the wind--which ALWAYS blows in the keys. You can wade Lower Matecombe west of Islamorada. It's easy to spot because everyplace else along the ocean (south) side is built up. There's a crabber's place on the right side of the road--lots of crab traps--and a wide open area on the ocean. That's a large flat that's all easy to wade. The Florida Bay side (north) is very mucky and nearly unwadable. If you go to Ohio Key, park at the bridge and wade the big flat on the ocean. Check the tides, though. If the tide's out, so are the fish. You need incoming water, moving toward high tide, to expect any bones. I don't usually guide down there unless it's a regular client who wants to do a week of bones. But Bruce Chard is good. Or simply call Christina at Sea Boots Outfitters on Big Pine or the names of some local guides. Get back to me if you have any other questions that I might be able to help you with. Otherwise, have fun!!! Oh, one other thing. Get a motel room ASAP. They don't come easy in the keys during the winter. Tight Loops, CapT |
Great scoop Tony!
Say, is the Green turtle inn sign still there? I am down in early May on business :hehe: |
I don't recall the Green Turtle Inn. Where was/is it?
May is a great time in the keys. Motel rates are back down, tourists are gone except for tarpon anglers, and the tarpon--if you're lucky--are back from Africa. Where will you be down there? I'll be guiding tarpon off Sarasota and Boca Grande from mid-May through late June. CapT |
Lower Matecumbe west of Islamorada. That's where I caught my first bone on my own! Maybe we can hook up in May... business meeting in Miami, I plan to take extra days off to hit the keys.
Juro |
Well, you might do OK. at the prviously mentioned spots, but weather is sketchy almost everywhere in Feb.
Christmas Island would be your best bet at that time of the year. Call our site sponsor Kaufman's Streamborn for more info. They have one of the best travel programs. I have also heard that the Red fishing in Louisiana is very good at that time of year. Let us know how it goes, Eddie |
Having just returned from the Keys yesterday, I gotta say that although you need to get a little lucky with the weather this time of year , there are no bigger bones than in the Keys.
It took all week but when the cold front had passed and the wind stopped, Thursday and Friday were awsome. Flat & Calm, 77 degrees and the bonefish were hungry. I rented a 17' whaler w/50 hp on Friday and went about two miles out in the gulf side till I hit the flats about 10 miles west of Islamorada and had tailing and schooling fish all day. The tally for the day, 2 snapper Jacks on the way out (they were bustin on top and after a tough week I had to get the skunk out of the boat early) and 7 Bonefish including one that was bigger than I ever could have imagined. I'll try to post some pictures after I develop and scan them as soon as I can and I will follow up with a full trip report as well. But, just so you know, my new most favorite place for bonefish is the Florida Keys. BTW, Juro the Green Turtle is still there as well as the Cracked Conch up in Key Largo, man that conch chowder, conch fritters and cold beer was incredible, but the Key Lime Pie was the best.:smokin: |
keys, food and bonefish
JURO--I'm filling up dates in May for tarpon, but let me know when you're going to be out here and if I'm not booked I'll see if we can hook up and maybe get you into some poons. I'm an easy freeway shot nearly the whole way (Alligator Alley, the north on
I-75 about 50 miles to the Happy Hunting Ground. BCASEY--Yeah, I've had a lot of fun with keys bonefish. Put a pal of mine who'd never done it into ONE fish on a horribly windy day near Big Pine when I couldn't hide even there. He hooked one that went (no fish story) about 12 pounds. I was scanning the water when he hooked up. All I heard was, "Tooooooooony---ZZZZZZZZIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINNNNNNNNNNGB AM!!!!!!" A truly large bonefish. I said, "Rex, guys have spent many years and many thousands of dollars trying to hook a bonefish like that. You got yours--all except for landing it, of course, on your first day out." Go figure! CapT |
Great report Case - nice going!!
Just the thing to warm up a chilly winter night ;) |
Are you still looking for a bonefishing destination for you and your friend? If so, I know of a great place to go for your first time bonefishing and they will be able to take care of the two of you know problem. If you would like more information feel free to e-mail me and I will give you all the details and be able to answer any of you questions you might have. Take care, Tim e-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com |
Case, that sounds like a great trip and day..I look forward to seeing those pictures.. What flies were you using?
I should have the pics with me in Marlboro on Sunday, You gonna be there then? I don't know the names of the flies I was using but I'm gonna e-mail BonefishBob and ask for a picture of them or maybe have him send me some more and I can snap a pic and post it. What I have left are pretty beat up by those fish! Hope to see you at the show. |
Case -
You don't know how bad I wish I hitchhiked in your suitcase... the shack nasties are settin' in on me and with the highs this week expected to be in the teens around here it's not going to get any better. Sounds like an AWESOME trip, cool adventure renting a boat and heading out to those flats! Something you'll never forget for sure. I look forward to seeing those pics at the show! |
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text:
Washington's Blog
Thursday, October 14, 2010
A new Gallup poll shows that a majority of Americans view the government as too powerful and obtrusive.
The poll found:
* 59% of Americans now believe the federal government has too much power
* 46% believe "the federal government poses an immediate threat to the rights and freedoms of ordinary citizens". Only slightly more (51%) disagree with that statement *
* Gallup notes:
One can say with 95% confidence that the maximum margin of sampling error is ±4 percentage points.
That means that as much as half of Americans may actually agree the government poses a threat.
Know what's important: Having a Healthy Food Supply like eFoodsDirect is Essential (AD)


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World's Prettiest Castle Towns
What does a fairy-tale Renaissance palace in Italy have in common with a fortress in South Korea? Both are surrounded by communities that are just as intriguing as the castles themselves. Here we bring you the 10 best town-and-crown day trips in the world.
Segovia, Spain
Even if you've never set foot in Spain, the Alcázar Castle will likely look familiar to you. It's believed to be the inspiration for the original Cinderella Castle in Disneyland, in Anaheim, Calif., and it has appeared in countless postcards and photos since. The original 14th-century structure was destroyed by a fire, but its cylindrical turrets, peaked roofs, and soaring stone walls were faithfully re-created in the 1880s, with marvelously designed murals inside depicting famous battle scenes. The Alcázar is surrounded by a deep moat and looms over the small, hill town of Segovia, which is connected by a drawbridge. The walled community itself is a faithful re-creation of the bright side of Middle Ages life, with crafts shops and beer halls done up in true retro style. Segovia also has an amazingly well-preserved Roman aqueduct with 166 graceful arches and the famous Vera Cruz church, which was consecrated in 1208 by the Knights of Templar to house a relic of the True Cross.
Getting There: The town of Segovia is easily reached via a one-hour-and-45-minute high-speed train ride northwest of Madrid (tickets $11).
Visiting: Admission to the Alcázar Castle is $6 for adults.
Louisbourg, Canada
Set on the Atlantic Coast of Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Louisbourg began life peacefully enough in 1713 as a fishing port. But when the Anglo-French struggle for Canada began a few years later, the French colonists started building a series of stone city walls, transforming the sleepy village into a massive fortress. Today, the entire town is a national historic site, crawling with visitors, historical reenactors, and—some say—more than its fair share of resident ghosts. There's a phantom sea captain who's said to haunt the ramparts that overlook Louisbourg's pretty harbor; there's the nurse known to walk among the remains of the old hospital; and there's the mischief-maker who causes trouble by the fort's coal-fired hearth, where white-aproned bakers make fresh bread every day for visitors. Just outside the bastion's walls is the Louisbourg Playhouse, which presents traditional colonial dance performances every day during the summer months.
Getting There: From the mainland, Louisbourg is best reached by car. You cross the Canso Causeway onto Cape Breton Island. Continue on to the city of Sydney. From the NS Highway 125, you take exit 8 onto Route 22 to Louisbourg.
Visiting: The fort is open from mid-May to late October. Admission is $17.60 for adults.
Matsumoto, Japan
Matsumoto-jo is a compound set in the shadow of snow-topped Mt. Hotaka in central Japan. It was built in 1592, making it the country's oldest surviving wooden castle. The main tower is surrounded by pagoda-like tiers, which are painted black and white, and a moat teeming with colorful koi carp. The castle was built on top of a series of mazelike passageways, designed to disorient and trap intruders. Visitors today, however, are welcomed and given tours. Outside the castle walls, Matsumoto seems designed for pedestrians, with wide, tree-lined boulevards tracing the breezy Metoba River. You can also explore the fascinating merchant—or nakamachi—district, a hub of low-slung, tile-roofed buildings where local artisans sell crafts and handiwork, such as furniture made without any nails.
Getting There: The Azusa and Super Azusa express trains run from Tokyo's Shinjuku Station to Matsumoto every half hour. The journey takes about two hours and 40 minutes, and one-way fares cost $79 for non-reserved seats and about $86 for reserved seats. The castle is about a 15-minute walk from Matsumoto train station.
Visiting: Admission to the castle is about $7.80.
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text: The ASL program includes two full years (16 credits) of language and culture study. Students will have the opportunity to understand Deaf culture and its dynamics as well as to articulate their responses to relevant social aspects and values of Deaf culture and the community. Students can consult the ASL faculty to create a self-designed minor in Deaf Studies.


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PlayStation Help
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General Discussions
Members Views
Steve F STAFF
June 2003
Read an interesting article today (click
) to read it.
For me, it raised some interesting questions.
Do people really want some small handheld device that is
June 2003
What can we say? People never stop learning... that means we never stop progressing!!
It's sad though, we let our minds work so hard and left our physical being. As a result, abtronics and diet pills came! you'll be in shape that you really didn't worked hard for it!!
Surely mind is the dangerous thing in this world!!
so everybuddy!! lets break it!! :doh:
I'm sorry..... am I still on the subject? :unsure:
June 2003
I'd just as well have the items that do the functions I want without any extra "features".If I do feel the need for anything else,then I'll start looking into the devices.The problem with "all-in-one" devices is if one part decides to not work and you have to get it serviced,you are out of luck for accessing the rest.
June 2003
For starters, I do not feel the need for these 'all in one' devices since I don't think I'm so lazy that I am incapable of getting up off my fat
to perform another task. If I'm on the phone and want to get onto my computer, I don't mind the walk around the corner in my house to do so!! I don't feel the need for all this 'convenience', since to me, it turns out to be more
convenient in the long run. The errant bills, the devices not working and requiring phone calls, setting up scheduled times for repair et al. Not to mention the already-mentioned fact that, when one part goes, the whole of the thing goes, and you're left without
at all! Forget that!!
I'd rather keep my gaming console for gaming, my computer for computing, my phone for talking, my camera for taking pics..... and all the rest. 'Advances' in technology aren't always forward, if ya know what I mean. And, sometimes, when they are, it's just farther and farther forward into pain-in-the-@ssville.
June 2003
I would just like to comment that for anyone with plans for buying an N-Gage from Nokia which is launch October 7th for $299.
If you plan on buying it then i would like to say, don't, if you must spend $300 then my address is.........well i think you get the point. If not, i'll put it in layman's terms. The N-Gage is an utter waste of space, money, time, am i missing anything here? It's a poor handheld gaming system, it's a poor cellphone, It has other features too? Yeah, notice how they don't talk about those.......because the phone and handheld parts are the top two priorities for Nokia.......so you can guess on everything else.
So, to sum things up, Nokia N-Gage should be a big fat no-no for anyone who wants good gaming. Get a GBA SP for $100 and play some Sword of Mana and Final Fantasy Tactics Advance until the PSP comes out in fall 2004 and then you can truly be happy(or at least i hope so.......) You heard it here first folks.....well......probably not first but the N-Gage really isn't all that good. Well, i hope that you all enjoy posting and have fun gaming.
Jim B STAFF
June 2003
Nice Topic Steve...
I think I have to agree with the general sway of oppinions here, in that the reason many of us switched to gaming on a console was that they were better/simpler than trying to play games on a PC.
Sure you can type letters, do your accounts and draw a few nice pictures on your home computer, but I remember losing whole weekends trying to get games to run on it. The appeal of just popping a CD into a console and playing something that looked like an arcade quality game was massive at the time.
Even now, you can buy a PS2, Xbox etc... for the cost of a slightly above average PC graphics card.
I am sure many of you have gone through a similar situation regarding mobile phones... I have just spent 2 hours trying to narrow down the choice from phones which seem to offer a million different features:
But when you think about it, you only hear the polyphonic ring tones for a few seconds before you answer the phone
The games keep you interested for a few days due to their simplicity and size of screen
Picture messenging loses its appeal after a few snapshots
...and who wants to have to smarten themselves up before answering the phone (video phones). All it would take is a bad-hair-day or a nasty spot on the face and you would need to put a bag over your head every time it rings.
oh yeah, and can someone explain the point of a colored screen-saver on a mobile phone when it spends most of its time in a pocket or bag ?
At the end of the day, I wanted a new phone that is smaller, lighter and has better quality reception... pretty much the same reasons at the last time I bought a phone 3 years ago.
My view is if several single products do their job much better than an all-in-one product then I would buy the single products every time.
June 2003
I agree with everyone who has posted before me.
I find that these all-in-one-magic-boxes don't do near the quality job that they should.
Is taking pictures with your cell phone honestly that big a feature to appeal to so many people? The commercials would have you think so.
I remember when we got our cell phone and it had games on it, I thought I had the latest thing. Little did I know what was to come.
I would not use for a quarter of the features on most of the cell phones being sold today. I don't want them, I don't need them, I certainly don't want to pay for them.
June 2003
I just think that instead of developing these all singing, all dancing gadgets, the bods should be concentrating on making the 'separates' more efficient.
I wonder if they ever do market research to ascertain exactly what people want?
I for one have never used any of the games on my phone - it is bad enough when the battery runs out during a conversation, without placing a further drain on the power by playing games.
As Suze says, I have a perfectly good camera so why would I want to take pix with my phone?
Although, I suppose there is the advantage that if you are out and something catches your eye, you could quickly snap it.
An example of this was a few times in Durham when Chris and I saw the most amazing 'Stavros' character.
Would have been so good to get a pic! The guy was awesome!
But I have lived my life this long without having things with bells and whistles, I am guessing that I can live without them for a while longer!
June 2003
I have to agree with all of you. My PS2 is used for one purpose alone, games. I have a stereo for my CDs I have a DVD player for my DVDs and never do the disks go into a machine that isn't specifically designed for it.
As far as the cell phones go I don't understand why I have credit cards, house and car keys and eyeglasses down at the bar that haven't been picked up for years. However the sacred cell phone is always picked up within 24 hours. And the people who lose them are shattered because all their numbers were in there. It would appear that the ability to scribble a number down or comprehend a phone book is a thing of the past.
I understand the added gimmicks are a way to sway customers, but do we really need a Swiss Army Cell Phone? Or a phone with a built in hair dryer so while talking while driving to work gives you one more thing to do than watch the road?
I think simpler is better, hell we have two cordless phones which are constantly being searched for, but I can always find the one on the wall. :pump:
Chris S STAFF
June 2003
Here's a story I'll call...
How hand held technology saved our a$$e$
Last weekend my mother came to visit. We rented a boat and took it out on the lake for a day of fishing and "tubing" (you know where you pull an innertube attached to a rope behind the boat) Anyways, of course we were out in the lake pretty far when the motor died. After about 30 mins of farting around with it, we finally decided to call the marina on mom's cell phone. Luckily they were able to talk us through the problem and after a few minutes we got the boat started again. If they hadn't, I suppose we could have taken a picture of our location with the phone and sent it to them for rescue purposes but with our luck the marina probably didn't have the capability to receive it. And we probably could have played games on the phone waiting for the rescue, but we did have fishing poles and that was the main reason we were there. It might have been fun texting all our friends and relatives to share our humiliation but the story just seems to lose some of it's appeal when not told in person. The bottom line is the cell phone DID help save our butts but all the other features were basically useless. Now I don't own a cell phone but I would consider buying one now if only for use in emergency situations. Mine won't need all the "bells and whistles" available although from what I've read, soon I won't have much choice in that.
Magnus A STAFF
July 2003
I don't like to agree, it lies not in my nature. So therefor I have been thinking about the many good things about having multi-tool-phones.
First of all we have to recognize that there are a difference in god plug ins and not so good plug ins, and they are different for different persons.
I mean a gps in the phone must be great if you're lost at sea or the woods and you can call someone up and give an exact location instead of "I see a bunch of trees to my right and an anthill on my left, and then theree's a big sun in the sky just ahead".
The feature that let's you send a text message saying "Pharmacy" or "Subway" to a certain number and then reply with the adress of the closest one is also a good one.
I don't know why the poor games or the annoying polytone melodies always comes up as an demostration of the phoecompanies abilitys to invent new functions to the phones. Maybe it's because they are the once used the most.
However, I do feel a "need" to have multi functions built in to one device. I am one of those "bad-packers" when going traveling that don't really know what to bring and therefor brings everything exept the things I need. In my backpack I always bring along (besides the insuline and I doubt they'll be building shots into phones in any near future) camera, pocket radio, wallet and phone. Now all of these can be bulit in to one device. I don't think you could call it a phone any more, more of "the Phollet-cam". (Hmm, maybe that's were part of the problem lies, peoples labels on things. A phone is supposed to be a phone. I'm gonna mail Sony-Ericsson right away!!)
The poor quality of the devices built into the "phollet-cam" compared to the separate gizmos is an other thing. Why get many badly functioning things stocked together when you could have many different well working things. All you gain is space, and there is still plenty of that to go around.
I do however feel that we will get more multi functional devices and get rid of our (what's the opposite of multi, solo?) gadgets.
If you have seen and remembered movies like The lawnmowerman were they use gloves to type with (in a VR enviroment, but still). There are such devices in progress. You slip on a thing on your hands and then, if you got the correct finger setting and know were all the keys are at the keyboard by heart, you can type on thin air.
With a thing like that and an internet access via the phone (spammers rejoyce) you could post in the forums when ever you get an idea, you don't have to wait until you get home or to a public computor.
As soon as the picture quality of digital cams in phones reaches an acceptable level and price I'm sure most people will not only own one but also wonder how in the world they were able to live without one for oh so many years.
To finish this of (BTW can you tell I got alot of typing stored up in me wanting to get out?) I belive that equiping phones with extra features brings only good things, as long as the extra features fill a function (one that doesn't is that screensaver???). I guess that we have to think over what we want and support those features (i.e. buy those kinds of phones) in order for them to evolve. I'm sure the phone industy is doing their best to come up with better batteries and covarage anyway.
July 2003
Going to go against the flow here - I *love* my multi-functional stuff!!
The two PCs are used for the usual stuff - word processing, pictures, etc. We also game (online and offline) and communicate via e-mail, voice (MSN and Roger Wilco) and webcams (on our last *quarterly* phone bill, the charge for calls made was
July 2003
I believe that one gadget that does everything brilliantly is of course the best thing to have, rather than many different things connected together by bluetooth (for example).
However, some things are unnecessary, such as 3G on a phone, since how many other people do you know that actually have another video phone?
A camera in a phone is good, especially if you travel a lot. I remeber going out cycling once ad there was a sunset over the river, with all these trees on either side and a magnificent glass/metal bridge in front, wishing that i had a camera phone.
I would rather have a mp3 player in my phone rather than an iPod, because and iPod costs
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Welcome to the Department of Public Works website. Public Works provides services integral to our community on a daily basis. Our department's mission is to provide quality services with commitment, courtesy and pride. In partnership with the Palo Alto community, we strive to offer efficient, cost effective and environmentally responsible services that make Palo Alto a beautiful, vibrant and appealing City in which to live and work.
Director of Public Works, Mike Sartor, oversees the diverse responsibilities that range from the construction and maintenance of public facilities, streets, sidewalks and storm drains; implementation of Citywide sustainability initiatives; administration of the National Flood Insurance Program; oversight of the City's Urban Forest; approval of construction work done in the City right-of-way; operation of the City Fleet; Waste Management and Recycling; Palo Alto Airport operations and the administration and operation of the Regional Water Quality Control Plant. The Department is comprised of four divisions - Airport OperationsOperates and maintains the Palo Alto Airport, the 3rd busiest airport in the Bay Area.Engineering ServicesDesigns and constructs City-owned facilities, streets, sidewalks, storm drains and parks infrastructure; provides engineering support to City Departments and the private development community for construction in the public right of way.
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In 2014, New York State expanded its Medicaid program. Now, single people earning $16,105 a year or less, or a family of 4 with income of $32,913 or less, may be eligible for free health insurance see chart (for more detail on income limits). You can find out whether you qualify for Medicaid by clicking on the button to the right or by calling us at 866-241-3404.
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Where Were You On 9/11/2001? [PHOTOS]
Marcy, NY (WIBX) – Where were you on September 11, 2001?
The photos below are courtesy of listener Harry Noriega, a former New York City Police Officer was a first responder and part of the team of those who conducted ongoing cleanup efforts. Look closely for a few familiar faces. Post your own photos on our Facebook page and let us know where you were, or how you explained the events to your children or grandchildren in today's Question of the Day:


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I've seen a lot of sad things in American politics in my lifetime -- the resignation of a president who became a national disgrace after he oversaw a campaign of break-ins and cover-ups, another who circumvented the Constitution to trade arms for hostages, and yet is now hailed as national hero. And those paled to what we have seen in the last seven years -- flagrant disregard for the Constitution, the launching of a "pre-emptive" war on false pretenses, and discussions about torture and other shocking abuses inside the White House inner sanctum.
But now it's come to this: A new low that I never imagined was even possible.
President Bush went on foreign soil today, and committed what I consider an act of political treason: Comparing the candidate of the U.S. opposition party to appeasers of Nazi Germany -- in the very nation that was carved out from the horrific calamity of the Holocaust. Bush's bizarre and beyond-appropriate detour into American presidential politics took place in the middle of what should have been an occasion for joy: A speech to Israeli's Knesset to honor that nation's 60th birthday.
But here's what he said:
JERUSALEM (CNN) – In a particularly sharp blast from halfway around the world, President Bush suggested Thursday that Sen. Barack Obama and other Democrats are in favor of "appeasement" of terrorists in the same way U.S. leaders appeased Nazis in the run-up to World War II.
"Some seem to believe we should negotiate with terrorists and radicals, as if some ingenious argument will persuade them they have been wrong all along," said Bush, in what White House aides privately acknowledged was a reference to calls by Obama and other Democrats for the U.S. president to sit down for talks with leaders like Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
"We have heard this foolish delusion before," Bush said in remarks to the Israeli Knesset. "As Nazi tanks crossed into Poland in 1939, an American Senator declared: 'Lord, if only I could have talked to Hitler, all of this might have been avoided.' We have an obligation to call this what it is — the false comfort of appeasement, which has been repeatedly discredited by history."
As a believer in free speech, I think Bush has a right to say what he wants, but as a President of the United States who swore to uphold the Constitution, his freedom also carries an awesome and solemn responsibility, and what this president said today is a serious breach of that high moral standard.
Of course, there are differences of opinion on how America should handle Iran, and that's why we're having an election here at home, to sort these issues out -- hopefully with respect and not with emotional and inaccurate appeals. Not only is the president's comment a gross misrepresentation of Barack Obama's stance on the issue, but ironically, it comes just a day after his own Secretary of Defense, Robert Gates, said of Iran: "We need to figure out a way to develop some leverage . . . and then sit down and talk with them." Is Gates a Nazi appeaser-type, too? And Bush has been hardly consistent on this point, either. Look at his own dealings with oil-rich Libyan dictator Moammar Gadhafi, linked to deadly terror attacks like Pan Am Flight 103.
But what Bush did in Israel this morning goes well beyond the accepted confines of American political debate, When the president speaks to a foreign parliament on behalf of our country, his message needs to be clear and unambiguous. Our democracy may look messy to outsiders, and we may have our disagreements with some sharp elbows thrown around, but at the end of the day we are not Republicans or Democrats or liberals or conservatives.
We are Americans.
And you, Mr. Bush, are the leader of us all. To use a diplomatic setting on foreign soil to score a cheap political point at home is way beneath your office, way beneath your country, and way beneath the people you serve. You have been handed an office once uplifted to great heights by fellow countrymen from Washington to Lincoln to Roosevelt to Eisenhower, and have plunged it so deeply into the Karl-Rove-and-Rush-Limbaugh-fueled world of political destruction and survival of all costs that have lost all perspective -- and all sense of decency. To travel to Israel and to associate a sitting American senator and your possible successor in the Oval Office with those who at one time gave comfort to an enemy of the United States is, in and of itself, an act of political treason.
In another irony, this comes from an administration that has already committed such grave abuses that its former officials are becoming fearful of traveling overseas, lest they be arrested for war crimes. Despite the alleged crimes and misdemeanors of the Bush administration, the Democrats who control the House have until now been restrained in their use of the impeachment process, hoping that the final eight months of our American nightmare can pass by quickly. Indeed, one has to wonder how much of Bush's outrageous statement this morning arose from fear -- fear that a President Obama will go after his wrongdoing in 2009.
Today, it's a whole new ballgame. I believe this treacherous statement by a U.S. president in Israel is a signal to the Democrats in the House in Washington, that it's time to play its Constitutional role in ending this trauma, before even greater acts against the interest of America are wrongly committed in our name.


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Cards again beat Pirates 2-1 in extras, win in 11th
Matt Carpenter takes pride in giving St. Louis baseball fans their money's worth.
Matt Carpenter takes pride in giving St. Louis baseball fans their money's worth.
Hundreds of people went to the Bowery Tavern in Struthers to support the family.
The latest forecast for Youngstown, Ohio and surrounding areas.
Consider it fitting for a team whose secondary is in the midst of a long awaited makeover.
Brilliant but untested, American Pharoah was put to a fight in the Kentucky Derby and won.
No splash, no sizzle, and surprisingly, no quarterback.
All American Cards and Comics in Warren offered customers a free comic book in recognition of the special day.
An open house was held Saturday in downtown Warren where plans were laid out for every neighborhood in the city, pinpointing vacant homes.
Votes can be cast Sunday at local boards of election from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m.
The Ohio Department of Natural Resources holds the event every year so everyone can experience the fun of fishing without a cost.
The Blue Devils used balanced hitting to get by Heartland Christian, 7-2 Saturday at the Columbiana Youth Baseball Complex.
The Cardinals used a big 4th inning to take down Marlington, 15-6 Saturday at Cene Park.
A project manager informed property owners that surveyors may enter their property without permission.
The latest weather forecast for Youngstown, Ohio and surrounding areas.
Multiple arrests and citations were associated with the checkpoints.
Four years ago, his brother was shot and killed following an argument and fight.
A couple more inches on his 5-foot-9 frame and Senquez Golson probably would have been long gone.
Kensington Palace said the baby was born at 8:34 a.m. London time.
The NFL draft is all about the future. Except when legends of the game steal the show.
The Cardinals have won four in a row, and 14 of their last 17 at home against Pittsburgh.
"I always feel like the next day, regardless of what month, let's go play today's game," Francona said.
The doctor talks about high fructose corn syrup and why it is bad for you.
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Simona's Blog: Hello, Madrid
Published May 02, 2014 12:15
Friday, May 2, 2014
Hello everyone and welcome to my first WTA Blog :)
I arrived in Madrid on Thursday morning. After Stuttgart I went back home to Bucharest for a few days, because I felt a little bit of pain with my injury - I injured my right ankle before Fed Cup - and I wanted to have it checked. But now I'm here, I'm feeling good, and I'm ready to start this tournament!
Speaking of Fed Cup, it was amazing because we won, but for me it wasn't great because of the injury. I couldn't prepare very well for it. The rain also made it very difficult - I had to play two matches on the Sunday, and against Ivanovic I was tired, but Sorana played very well there and beat them :)
Many people came out to support us in Bucharest, even though it was Easter. It was amazing. And it was an amazing atmosphere. When they were singing our national anthem it was very impressive.
Let me tell a little bit about what I've done today, my first full day here in Madrid. I did some running for about 20 or 30 minutes after I woke up, then I went for breakfast, then I had a practice session for about an hour and a half with Pavlyuchenkova - we played points. Then I had lunch and came here for the WTA's All Access Hour! I also helped at the draw. Before I went to the draw I said it would be good to play a qualifier first round, so I would get a Sunday start, and it happened, so I'm happy!
This tournament means a lot to me. Mr. Tiriac gave me a wildcard here every time I needed it, and last year I started to play really well here, seeing that I can play a higher level. My goal here this year is to win a few matches and enjoy this one, because I feel good here, and the courts are very nice.
I'll be practicing on the stadium court here today too. I think I have a chance to play there this year, and I'd like to prepare for that as much as I can. I'm looking forward to seeing how it plays.
Thank you all for reading my blog! Don't forget to send me your questions...
Have a good night :)


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Since the end of the Cold War, Russian and U.S. leaders have valued arms control agreements as symbols of a new era of cooperation. Generally they've been disappointed. The new agreement--announced by Presidents Barack Obama and Dmitry Medvedev on March 26--may prove an exception to this rule. Both Obama and Medvedev have seen the treaty, which lays out cuts of hundreds of strategic nuclear warheads and delivery vehicles as the main lever of their so-called "reset." Negotiated after a period of mutual suspicion and nasty rhetoric, it will be seen by many as a sign that better times are at hand. At a minimum, it will be a welcome diplomatic achievement for each president.
U.S. policymakers have in mind a chain of other payoffs as well. They want the new treaty to establish their bona fides at two large multilateral forums this spring--the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington in April, and the Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference in New York in May. They seem to see a START agreement as laying the foundations for other arms control ventures--UN Security Council agreement on sanctions against Iran, Senate ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, negotiation of a treaty to cut off production of fissile materials for future bomb-making, perhaps a Russian-American agreement on tactical nuclear weapons, or even a revival of the treaty on conventional forces in Europe.
The new START treaty, in other words, is expected to be the key that turns a great many other locks--and the administration is counting on a fast-track ratification process to help the process along. By taking its time in negotiation--and avoiding charges that they were cutting corners to get an agreement at any price--Obama and his advisers have surely helped their chances in the next phase. But they have generally underestimated how long it takes Congress to act. The process of ratification, which requires approval from 67 senators, will inevitably bring out a few real challenges to the treaty.
The most important of these, at least conceptually, will be the same problem that has dogged arms control between the superpowers for decades--the relationship between offensive and defensive systems. It was President George W. Bush's abrogation of the ABM Treaty in 2002 that made Russia unwilling to bring the START II treaty, signed in 1993, into force. Even in the Clinton administration, U.S. efforts to develop limited defenses against the missiles of "rogue states" like North Korea and Iran excited Russian suspicions that their own nuclear deterrent might somehow be undermined as well. More recently, Obama's plans for defensive radars and interceptors in Europe led some Russian officials to say these might eventually prove more threatening than what the Bush administration had planned. And when Russian negotiators proposed new language to limit U.S. defensive efforts, the result was a major delay in talks.
Senators examining the final document will have to satisfy themselves that the administration did not give away anything important to keep Russia happy on this score. Democrats who favor ratification will insist that vague preambular language about a link between offense and defense--said to be part of the breakthrough in talks--has no practical or legal meaning. Republicans who want to undermine the administration's case will probe the negotiating record for hidden commitments. In exchange for their votes some will try to exact pledges to accelerate defensive programs.
This debate is unlikely to imperil ratification. But the underlying problem will not go away. As long as U.S. strategists see "rogue state" capabilities increasing, they will pursue defensive systems, no matter how dubious technically. And as long as Russian strategists treat old-fashioned strategic nuclear parity as a requirement of their own security, they will keep saying that the United States is threatening them.
Years from now, if both sides can shake off a preoccupation with each other's nuclear capabilities, this dynamic may disappear. But the new treaty will not put it to rest.


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Nissan and Second Harvest Food Bank of Middle Tennessee have partnered to "double your impact" during the first two weeks of December. For every dollar donated to Second Harvest, Nissan will match the donation up to $100,000, enabling the organization to provide eight meals for each dollar donated Dec. 3 – 15.
"More than one million Tennesseans are struggling to put food on the table every day," said Jaynee Day, President and CEO of Second Harvest. "Demand for our services continues to grow and we are working hard to ensure that we can meet the needs of our community. We are grateful for Nissan's continued support of our mission and we hope the community will participate and give generously over the next few weeks."
All funds raised during the campaign will aid the Food Bank in its efforts to raise 10 million meals this holiday season. To date, the campaign has raised nearly 2 million meals. The Feeding Hope Challenge provides funding for Second Harvest's feeding programs and food resources for emergency food assistance programs in 46 counties in Middle and West Tennessee.
To participate, simply make a financial contribution between Dec. 3-15 at www.secondharvestmidtn.org.
For more information on supporting the Feeding Hope Challenge, please visit www.secondharvestmidtn.org. Updates are also available on Twitter (@2harvestmidtn), Facebook (Second Harvest Food Bank of Middle Tennessee) and at www.secondharvestmidtn.org/blog/.


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Leonard Cohen is a Canadian singer-songwriter, musician, poet, novelist, and artist. Cohen published his first book of poetry in Montreal in 1956 and his first novel in 1963. His work often deals with the exploration of religion, isolation, sexuality and complex interpersonal relationships.
Musically, Cohen's earliest songs (many of which appeared on the 1967 album, Songs of Leonard Cohen) were rooted in European folk music. In the 1970s, his material encompassed pop, cabaret and world music. Since the 1980s his high baritone voice has evolved into lower registers (bass baritone and bass), with accompaniment from electronic synthesizers and female backing singers. Over two thousand renditions of Cohen's songs have been recorded. He has been inducted into both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame and is also a Companion of the Order of Canada, the nation's highest civilian honour. While giving the speech at his induction into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 10, 2008, Lou Reed described Cohen as belonging to the "highest and most influential echelon of songwriters."
Cohen was born in 1934 in Westmount, Montreal, Quebec, into a middle-class Jewish family. His father was of Polish ancestry. His mother, of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry, emigrated from Lithuania. He grew up in Westmount on the Island of Montreal. His father, Nathan Cohen, owned a substantial Montreal clothing store, and died when Leonard was nine years old. Like many other Jewish families with names like Cohen, Kahn, and Kagan, Cohen's family claimed descent from the Kohanim: "I had a very Messianic childhood," he told Richard Goldstein in 1967. "I was told I was a descendant of Aaron, the high priest." He attended Herzliah High School, where he studied with poet Irving Layton. As a teenager he learned to play the guitar, subsequently forming a country-folk group called the Buckskin Boys. His father's will provided Leonard with a modest trust income, sufficient to allow him to pursue his literary ambitions.
"Hallelujah" is a song written by Canadian recording artist Leonard Cohen, originally released on his album Various Positions (1984). Achieving little initial success, the song found greater popular acclaim through a cover by John Cale, which inspired a cover by Jeff Buckley. Buckley's version is the most enduringly popular and critically acclaimed cover of the song to date. It is the subject of the book The Holy or the Broken: Leonard Cohen, Jeff Buckley & the Unlikely Ascent of "Hallelujah" (2012) by Alan Light. In a New York Times review of the book, Janet Maslin praises the book and the song, noting that "Cohen spent years struggling with his song 'Hallelujah.' He wrote perhaps as many as 80 verses before paring the song down."
Following its increased popularity after being featured in the film Shrek, many cover versions have been performed by many and various singers, both in recordings and in concert, with over 300 versions known. The song has been used in film and television soundtracks and televised talent contests..
Hallelujah – Cohen
Now I've heard there was a secret chord
That David played, and it pleased the Lord
But you don't really care for music, do you?
It goes like this
The fourth, the fifth
The minor fall, the major lift
The baffled king composing HallelujahHallelujah, Hallelujah
Hallelujah, HallelujahYour faith was strong but you needed proof
You saw her bathing on the roof
Her beauty and the moonlight overthrew you
She tied you
To a kitchen chair
She broke your throne, and she cut your hair
And from your lips she drew the HallelujahHallelujah, Hallelujah
Hallelujah, HallelujahYou say I took the name in vain
I don't even know the name
But if I did, well really, what's it to you?
There's a blaze of light
In every word
It doesn't matter which you heard
The holy or the broken HallelujahHallelujah, Hallelujah
Hallelujah, HallelujahI did my best, it wasn't much
I couldn't feel, so I tried to touch
I've told the truth, I didn't come to fool you
And even though
It all went wrong
I'll stand before the Lord of Song
With nothing on my tongue but HallelujahHallelujah, Hallelujah
Hallelujah, Hallelujah
- Audio from the 1984 album, Various Positions:


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Curious George is squinting at me with a look that says he's about to ask a difficult question. Probably about the economy.
"Miss..." he repeats, "Why do we have wars?"
Excellent. I've been waiting for an opportunity to put my B in GCSE History to use. Curious George resents superficial responses. For every answer you give he has another five questions to fire at you. A simple conversation quickly becomes a challenging episode of Mastermind. And it's never your chosen category.
So I try not to leave any stone unturned, launching into an enthusiastic explanation about territory, religion, money, oil and revolt against the government. I cover four or five dictators, as many decades, World War I and World War II, Iraq, Palestine, Iran, North Korea, Egypt, Syria and Northern Ireland.
I'm grabbing stones and sticks to demonstrate people, boundaries and possession. He is gazing at me with admirable concentration. Curious George has excellent listening skills, though he keeps interrupting me with more questions.
Finally I stop. And breathe.
"So....so with Hitler....he just...wasn't really very nice, and so some people didn't like him?" Curious George says, thoughtfully.
I decide I haven't provided enough anti-Hitler material.
"No, no George. More than that. Hitler was a really bad man, almost nobody liked him. Everyone hated him. The only people that liked him were evil too."
"So a bit like David Cameron? Cause some people don't like him. So he's bit like Hitler?"
Oh God. What have I done? I didn't say that, did I? I'll have to set him straight.
"No no no, George. Hitler killed people. On purpose. He was really evil, a criminal! David Cameron hasn't killed anyone, not directly, not on purpose. Some people don't like him because they don't agree with the rules he makes, but he's not anything like Hitler."
"Hitler murdered a lot of innocent people." I repeat.
George stops and thinks for a second.
"Oh I see. So....we can just say, David Cameron is not as bad as Hitler."
You can say that George, I reassure him.
You can definitely say that.