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Creamy Pasta with Florets
"'Cottage cheese is the surprising base for the wonderfully creamy sauce that coats the pasta and veggies in this side dish,' notes Barbara Toher of Lexington,...
pasta, broccoli, cauliflower, cayenne, garlic, olive oil, parmesan cheese, sour cream, +salt
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Creamy Pasta With Florets
Posted for safe keeping.
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Hey fellow kongregate out there! Before I tell you a bit about myself let me talk to you about Kongregate. I remember the first time I went on Kongregate. First ever account was WBdogs6666 and I remember playing my first ever game here which is Bloons Tower Defense 4. My first ever badge was the easy badge in Bloons TD4. I'll tell you, I've been on Kongregate since the middle of 2012. Now as Xdeath1, I will be part of Kongregate by making games and earning badges. Oh yeah, and spending kreds. Not to mention, making some friends. I am a simple developer too which means I make such simple games. I think Kongregate is the best ever site ever! ABOUT ME: HOBBY: FAVOURITES: GOALS: ABOUT ME ELEMENTS: TOP GAMES I MAKE (BY RATING): USEFUL TIPS: Feel free to go to my website which is found here:Xdeath1's website. Activity Feed |

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She's building the factories of tomorrow, one cell at a time
Imagine factories, crowded with not thousands but millions of unpaid laborers that often work until they drop dead on the assembly line, only to be replaced by others given no choice but to finish the task. That's the utopian future Dr. Angela Belcher has been working to build, and now she has been awarded the prestigious $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize for her efforts.
Her laborers, however, are unlikely to take notice: Belcher's work primarily employs viruses, carefully selected and deployed to help rework and rewire a range of materials, crafting everything from batteries and solar cells to industrial pollution.
"I have a collaboration where we've been using yeast, not viruses, as a way to convert waste CO2 from a powerplant," she told me. "On a small scale, we've shown that's possible, and it's all about doing it at a larger scale."
To Belcher, no matter which of the weighty world problems she is tackling that day, the fundamental approach is the same.
"I've never been accused focusing," she said. "Whether it's cancer cells or solar cells or batteries, it's the same materials processing to me."
That "unfocused" approach has already lead to advances: Belcher co-founded Siluria Technologies in 2007 to convert methane gas into fuel fit for transportation, and Cambrios Technologies, which develops touch- and LCD-screen coatings for phones and monitors.
And that's all moonlighting from a job as a materials science and biological engineering professorship at MIT.
"Angela Belcher is an extraordinary inventor," said Joshua Schuler, executive director of the Lemelson-MIT Program, in a statement announcing Belcher's award. "She has taken a single idea and applied it to develop a remarkable portfolio of inventions that span a multitude of industries and will ultimately benefit business, society, and the environment."
The $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize is one of a number of awards the foundation gives out each year, honoring achievements that apply scientific progress to economic and social well-being.
Understandably, this is not Belcher's first national recognition: In 2004, she was honored with a MacArthur Fellowship. In 2009, the Globe profiled her work as part of a larger look at the emerging field of nanotechnology.
But just like her millions of laborers, her main source of inspiration also worked unpaid.
Rather than seeing biologic engineering as a Frankensteinian mashup of man and machine, Belcher said she was continuing on nature's own traditions that predate human meddling by millions of year; specifically, she often cites the abalone mollusk shell, which builds upon a small organic material with calcium carbonate, create a hardier shell than the mollusk could grow alone.
The only difference is humanity does not have the luxury of time that evolution has.
"We don't have 50 million years," she told me, saying that water, energy, and healthcare were some of her driving interests now. "It's about learning from natural processes and evolution, and taking advantage of billions of years of evolution, and trying to apply that to other processes now."


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The AirPort Express range has the right to feel unloved. Unlike Apple's other lines, which are refreshed on a rigid annual schedule, the company's humble wireless base station had sat unchanged since March 2008. At that time the first generation iPhone was still the current model and now the sixth generation iPhone 5 is just around the corner. The tech world has been revolutionised over this period, so can we expect a similar step forward from the new AirPort Express?
The short answer is no… but it doesn't need to be. The cogs in the wireless standards industry turn much more slowly than those driving the smartphone revolution so evolution is the name of the game. As such the 2012 AirPort Express still performs the same functions as its ageing forebear: it can work as a wireless router when connected to a modem, extend the range of an existing wireless network, bring AirPlay wireless audio streaming to any stereo or dock and AirPrint wireless printing to any connected printer. Like the 2008 Apple AirPort Express the 2012 model also still doesn't support external storage.
Where the new AirPort Express unit does differ is its support for simultaneous dual band 802.11n Wi-Fi over both 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands (the 2008 unit made you choose one or the other). This functionality was added to the AirPort Extreme and Time Capsule back in 2009 so it is primarily a catch-up feature. In addition Apple has added a LAN port alongside the existing WAN port, but surprisingly this only operates at 10/100Mbit rather than Gigabit Ethernet which has widely become the industry standard.
So where do the real innovations come from? Apple being Apple means the most obvious step forward is in design. Whereas the 2008 model plugged directly into a socket, in 2012 Apple has repackaged the AirPort Express into the 90 x 90 x 23mm case of the Apple TV. The fact it is white rather than black and 30 grams lighter (240g vs. 270g) helps you tell them apart and you get the benefit of the same premium build quality, but otherwise it is clear Apple has done a little industrial recycling.
That said this move is to be commended. The old AirPort Express had to be plugged directly into a power socket which meant it was typically positioned close to the ground – the worst possible place for making the most of your Wi-Fi signal. By contrast the 2012 AirPort Express no longer has this limitation and its extreme minimalist design means it can be positioned just about anywhere without obtrusion.
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seems to me like their are different kinds/tiers of legionaries in the teutoburg forest video, with the weaker ones actually wearing exactly the same armor as those in the prologue campaign preview.
the armor of the stronger ones does look, well, stronger, but i don't think the weaker ones look unprofessional. this isn't the medieval era where everyone was wearing plate armor, after all :D
i'm surprised to see that the units in the prologue video are called "veteran legionaries" though, as they do indeed look more like hastati or principles to me.


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A 50-year-old man has been jailed for three years for the sexual violation of a 7-year-old girl.
John Ernest Huysamen of Waitara was present for his sentencing at Hawera District Court last Wednesday after admitting charges of unlawful sexual connection and indecent assault of a female under 12 last year.
Crown prosecutor Josie Mooney read the victim impact statement written by the girl's mother to the court. In the statement, the mother said, "My daughter has lost the innocence and the magic of childhood" and described a girl who was now unhappy, withdrawn and blamed herself for the events.
While the statement was read to the court, Huysamen kept his head bent and his eyes lowered.
Defence lawyer Kelly Marriner said her client was remorseful and that he wanted to "undertake rehabilitation". She added that his eventual deportation would mean he was able to receive family support which was not available to him in New Zealand.
Judge Michael Behrens spoke directly to Huysamen, warning him that his "attitude" regarding rehabilitation, wherein he had specified that the facilitator should have the same "religious convictions" as he did, meant that "you are saying you don't want rehabilitation".
Judge Behrens also stated there was a clear breach of trust as well as premeditation in the offending, with another aggravating factor being the age of both the victim and Huysamen.
Judge Behrens said Huysamen had originally claimed that he thought it was his wife in bed with him, however he then submitted a guilty plea to the two charges. Judge Behrens added that Huysamen had told the 7-year-old girl to come to his room after her parents were asleep.
He then imposed a prison sentence of four years, which was reduced by 25 per cent in recognition of the guilty plea.


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Hi I am level 3, I am looking to practice 3-4 times per week in the parc at montreal St Leonard, corner Jean talon and lacordaire. Nice court. it is Free. No long waiting list. e-mail me free on monday to saturday between 12h-17h.
Bonjour je suis niveau 3. je veux pratiquer 3-4 fois par semaine dans un parc a montreal St leoanrd au coin de Jean talon et Lacordaire, belle court, c Gratuit, pas de longue attende. e-mail moi disponible du lundi au samedi de 12h-17h.
Replies to This Discussion
Hi I'm about a 3 right now and looking to practice as well. I'm free from this Tuesday and on, the earlier the better. Contact me at [edit: please share private info via PM or Friend Request]. Thanks.
tuesday at 12 h is it ok for you, alway better to have time to eat and digest 1.5 hour before .
best spot i know so far is corner Jean talon and lacordaire, free court free parking no line up.
Yes 12 noon tomorrow is good for me. JT & Lac. is good to play. I will see you then. E-mail me at [edit: please share private info via PM or Friend Request] and we can exchange cell numbers if you wish. Thanks.
[edit: please share private info via PM or Friend Request] louis
I go there once in a while, and they are indeed nice courts. I could play quite often in june if you want. Let me know!
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Chevron, Exxon and BP among companies most responsible for climate change since dawn of industrial age, figures show
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It is the German view that strategic reserves are the principal striking force in defense, and the determining factor in developing offensive successes. On the Soviet-German front, strategic reserves consist of divisions and units stationed on that front and subordinated to the command of an army or army group. Newly formed or reorganized units are are also used as strategic reserves. As a rule, these reserves consist of mobile units possessing great striking power and include armored, motorized, and reinforced infantry divisions. Their principal task is to assure successes already achieved.
The number of units included in the strategic reserve of an army or army group depends on conditions prevailing on the front and on the availability of troops. Ordinarily the German High Command aims at creating strong reserve forces, even if this leads to the weakening of first-line troops. Experience on the Soviet-German front indicates the following average strength of strategic reserves: In an army, one to three divisions; in an army group, two to five divisions.
Depending on circumstances and the nature of anticipated operations, the headquarters of the army group or the High Command retains control of the strategic reserves, concentrating their action on one decisive sector with the purpose of delivering a mighty striking blow. Thus, in preparing for the Kursk offensive in the summer of 1943, the German High Command reorganized the central group of armies and moved strategic reserves from other fronts to this sector. This enabled them to concentrate in the Orel-Belgorod area 17 Panzer, 3 motorized, and 18 infantry divisions.
Strategic reserves intended for defensive operations are formed preferably from armored and motorized divisions. Their task is liquidation of enemy break-throughs and restoration of the former line of defense. Counteroffensives, with limited objectives, are also undertaken when conditions are favorable.
On the subject of utilization of mobile troops for counteroffensive purposes, there exist special instructions based on the experience of recent combat operations on the Soviet-German front. Entitled "Instructions for the Utilization of Panzer Formations," and issued by the German High Command, they categorically prohibit dispersion of strategic reserves and direct their undivided utilization in the sector of the main attack.
These Instructions continue: "If an army has in reserve several tank formations, these should be used as a unified force. In the event the enemy breaks through the defensive front at several points simultaneously, all tanks held as strategic reserve must be employed as a unit in liquidating the breakthrough in one sector first, before proceeding to deal with the other sectors. When only parts of an armored division go into action, they are in most cases seriously hampered by dangers arising on the flanks."
In spite of these Instructions, however, the Germans often were forced to use their strategic reserves piecemeal and prematurely. To seal the many breaches made by Soviet forces in their defense lines, the Germans often employed not only their tactical reserves, but also the strategic reserves intended for mass action against Soviet troops.
A good illustration of this is afforded by the defensive operations of the German Sixth Army in the Nikopol area early in February 1944. Here the command of the Sixth Army had formed in good time a strategic reserve composed of the Ninth and Twenty-fourth Panzer Divisions which were concentrated in the vicinity of the anticipated main line of advance of Soviet troops. Unfavorable conditions on the front forced the German command, toward the end of January, to transfer the Twenty-fourth Panzer Division to the Kirovograd sector and the Ninth Panzer Division to the city of Krivoi-Rog.
Thus, at the time of the Red Army's offensive northwest of Nikopol, headquarters of the Sixth Army had no strategic reserve. A belated attempt to recall the Ninth Panzer Division proved disastrous. This division arrived late on the battlefield and was badly defeated as soon as it went into action.
There have been instances when armored and motorized divisions designated as strategic reserves were used as replacements for defeated units. Thus the infantry divisions of the German XI Army Corps, retreating toward Kremenchug in September 1943, were so badly shaken up that they were incapable of any organized resistance. The corps command was forced to send to the first line of defense the SS-Panzer Divisions Das Reich, Totenkopf, and Grossdeutschland—units taken from strategic reserves—under cover of which the remnants of the defeated divisions were withdrawn.
In the fall of 1943, when the Germans were trying to fortify themselves on the western bank of the Dnepr River, Fieldmarshal von Mannstein, commander of the Southern Army Group, issued a directive ordering the reinforcement of infantry divisions stationed on the first line of defense and the formation of a strategic reserve. Believing, however, that during the autumn season of bad roads the Red Army would be unable to undertake large-scale offensive operations, he charged the strategic reserve with minor tasks, such as reenforcement of threatened sectors or relief of front-line units. "During the season of bad roads." the German directive stated, "location of reserves must be different than in dry and freezing weather. They should be placed closer to the first line of defense and at points near the river where enemy crossings may be anticipated."
But the Red Army was able to upset the calculations of the German High Command and deliver a decisive blow at a time when it was least expected by the enemy.
The view of the German High Command on the question of surprise in the transition from defensive to offensive warfare is of interest. It believes that achievement of strategic surprise through employment of armored and mechanized reserves is highly problematic, if it requires the bringing up and concentration of large forces from the rear. This view is stressed in the following instructions:
"Arrival of panzer divisions from the rear cannot, as a rule, be concealed from enemy reconnaissance. Strategic surprise, if at all possible, can be attained only be undetected concentration of large forces. Therefore, the aim of the High Command is to create conditions for tactical surprise."
The first prerequisite of tactical surprise, according to the Germans, is retention at any cost of positions considered important for future counterattacks. If this is not possible, an orderly retreat to advantageous positions from which counterattacks can be organized is recommended. In launching a tank counteroffensive the Germans aim at delivering not frontal but flank blows.
When the Soviets attack in superior force the Germans halt their counteroffensive and organize for defense. The German High Command permits resumption of the counteroffensive only after the Soviet attack has exhausted itself and the Germans again enjoy superiority. It is strictly forbidden to throw strategic reserves, particularly panzer divisions, into counteroffensive action immediately on arrival in the sector and without preliminary preparations. [Editor's Note.—Soviet communiques in August 1944, however, reported at least one instance in which these instructions were violated by the Germans in a critical situation. A panzer division was rushed from the march directly into action and completely destroyed by Soviet forces.]
Mss employment by the Germans of armored formations belonging to strategic reserves took place during the counteroffensive in the direction of Zhitomir in November 1943, at Korsun-Shevchenkovsky in 1944, and quite recently in the area northwest of Iassy, Romania. In each of these operations an average of 3 to 6 armored divisions and up to 7 infantry divisions were employed. Their action was under the protection of aviation which made about 1,500 sorties daily. In addition, the enemy employed a large number of artillery and rocket units of the GHQ reserve. The Germans failed in all these counteroffensives. Meeting stubborn resistance of Soviet troops, the enemy was forced to terminate the operation after sustaining heavy losses in men and equipment.
It is worth noting certain characteristics of German tactics during a counteroffensive having a limited objective. As a preliminary to active operations, the enemy conducts combat reconnaissance along the entire sector of the intended break-through. Ground troops, supported by air units operating in groups of about 120 planes, methodically attack the opponent's defense lines, particularly his artillery firing points. The Germans are given to mass employment of artillery and 6-barrel rocket launchers. The infantry acts with great circumspection, only after extensive aviation and artillery preparation, and with the immediate support of large numbers of tanks. Especially noteworthy is the enemy's rapid regrouping of troops with the object of diverting the opponent's forces from the direction of the principal blow. Finally, the Germans have recently intensified their activity in night operations.
The German High Command appears to be preoccupied with the task of reinforcing the tactical reserves of first-line divisions and creating strategic reserves. However, the shortage of manpower and armament, and general conditions on the Soviet-German front and in the west, make the accomplishment of this task extremely difficult.


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Some have called astronomy religion's mother. From England's Stonehenge to New Mexico's Chaco Canyon, many of religion's ancient artifacts turn out to be observatories marking important sky events. The Bible begins with creation stories and Matthew's Gospel leads with a genealogy, then the story of a star directing Wise Men to the birthplace of Jesus.
It's thought now that these astrologers saw two objects in the sky moving so close that they appeared to touch. Such an event is called a conjunction. In the year 3 B.C., Jupiter was in close conjunction with the star Regulus in the constellation Leo. Such a sky event would have called for the Magi's attention. After Jupiter's encounter with Regulus, it continued on its path through the star field, but then entered retrograde. It headed back to Regulus for a second conjunction. After this second pass it reversed course again for yet a third rendezvous, a triple conjunction, an extremely rare event.
To qualify as Bethlehem's star, Jupiter also would have had to have been ahead as the Magi trekked south from Jerusalem to Bethlehem. Sure enough, in December of the year 2 B.C., if the Magi looked south in the wee hours, there hung Jupiter over the town of Jesus' birth.
It's in the southwestern sky in North America now, after sunset.
On an evening last month my wife and I took our new amateur telescope to a rural site. After taking a good look at Jupiter and its four moons, I pointed the scope almost directly upward to an area of the sky between the constellations Andromeda and Cassiopeia. Pushing the barrel around I located a cloud in the eyepiece, a haze of unearthly light, the famous Andromeda galaxy.
To see this object well requires a dark, clear night. With the unaided eye it appears as nothing more than an indefinite, mysterious glow, a diffuse, elongated smear perhaps two or three times the width of the Moon. In autumn and early winter it's almost directly overhead every night in the Northern Hemisphere, seen, even without a telescope, as a smear of light on the blackboard of the night sky. It's the farthest one can see with the naked eye.
Continue on your Lenten journey with FREE seasonal formation and liturgical articles from our sister publication, Celebration Publications.
Visit the new online resource page here.
Galileo's rival, Simon Marius, is credited with the first telescopic observation of the galaxy in December 1612. He described the nebula as an indefinite glow "like a candle shining through the horn window of a lantern."
There is a good reason this patch of light appears so faint. It's been traveling some 2.9 million years to reach us, traveling all that time at the tremendous velocity of 671 million miles per hour.
The light that bounced off the telescope's mirror and into my eye is around 25,000 centuries old and began its journey around the time of the dawn of human consciousness. It's at least 480 times older than the Pyramids.
When it began its nearly 15 quintillion (15, followed by 18 zeros)-mile journey Earthward, mastodons and saber-toothed tigers roamed over much of America and prehistoric humans were struggling for existence in what is now the Olduvai Gorge of East Africa.
What's more, this is also the light that helped humanity first comprehend the unimaginably huge scale of our universe.
For centuries this object in Andromeda was considered to be a gaseous nebula, one of many visible in the skies and located in our own Milky Way galaxy. In 1923, astronomer Edwin Hubble, using the newly built Mount Wilson 100-inch telescope, found dozens of variable stars in Andromeda, and determined their distance. He calculated that Andromeda must be at least 10 times farther away than the farthest stars in the Milky Way. The Andromeda nebula was really a galaxy. This discovery implied that other, even fainter, spirals were probably also galaxies even farther away.
Hubble published his work in 1929 and changed forever our view of the universe. Astronomers no longer thought our galaxy was the entire universe. Now they know that the universe is composed of hundreds of billion galaxies, each galaxy containing a few hundred billion stars. Incredibly, there are, in fact, more stars in our universe than there are grains of sand on all our planet's beaches, playground boxes and deserts. Math students at the University of Hawaii once made that calculation. For the stars, it's the number 7 followed by 22 zeros.
The space telescope named after Hubble has revealed the extent of the galaxies, the basic units of creation. If you cross two sewing pins at arm's length against the sky, that tiny area covers thousands and thousands of them.
What then do these two celestial phenomena -- Bethlehem's star and Andromeda's vast stellar city -- say to us now?
Episcopal Bishop John Shelby Spong said recently: "Critics seem not to recognize how badly compromised that entity called Christian orthodoxy has become. ... No thinking person can today assert, for example, that the Earth is at the center of the universe. Yet that assertion remains a far greater component of orthodox Christianity ... than these defenders of the faith seem willing to admit." The great Catholic theologian Thomas Aquinas also famously wrote: "A mistake about the universe means a mistake about God."
It's not difficult to recalibrate our faith based on the relationship between these two great revelations of Divine Mystery seen in the heavens. Both confer on us, the sky watchers, blessedness and dignity as we reimagine what it means that the creator of the unimaginably vast universe that gave us all birth became one of us, and probably shivered as well in the thrall of the great beauty of the night sky overhead.
[Rich Heffern is an NCR staff writer. His e-mail address is email@example.com.]
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text:
(1) Mon Jan 03 2005 13:26 My 2004 Christmas Letter:
Christmas 2004
Dear Friends and Family:
Happy New Year! At least we hope it will be. 2004 was a tough year worldwide, with war, terrorism, natural disasters, a presidential election which we will not discuss, and not even a new Harry Potter book to ease the pain. Here on this home front, it's been rough too, what with cycling in and out of the hospital and scratching to stay alive, but there have been a few bright spots.
I began 2004 in San Antonio, where I spent New Years with my sister Anne. I was on my way to Little Rock, taking a car to my son Leonard, who was there working on the Wesley Clark campaign. It was an adventure-filled trip, and after that I didn't go many places the rest of the year, just a couple of quick jaunts to San Francisco and Utah. Mostly my life is very quiet. I go to teach my class at the college, come home, go back to bed for the rest of the day, and then in the evening do some genealogy. I also stay busy being the bulletin typist and newsletter editor at church. This is harder than it sounds, because I have to chase people down and pound their news out of them, and then they argue when I try to take their picture. It reminds me of being on the school paper in high school–some things never change.
Leonard is still developing software in San Francisco, Susie and John are starting John's last ( ! ) semester at BYU, and Rachel graduated from UCLA this year and is home with me. I hardly ever see her because she is working two jobs, but it's nice to have someone in the house besides me and the dogs and cats and fishies. I still can't believe I've gotten all of my children through college. Ten years ago my goal was to live long enough to see them through high school, and here we are in 2005, looking at a new year, watching them build their lives, and wondering what the future will bring.
One milestone of 2004 was the passing of my father-in-law, Dalton Richardson. I was terrified of him when I first came into the family as a foolish bride, but over the years I grew to love him very much. It was a difficult and sad time for the whole family, but we derive great comfort from the Gospel of Jesus Christ and the knowledge that we can all be together again in the next life.
An adventure this summer was surgery to put a tube in my stomach–a fairly rare procedure with a scary fatality rate, but the whispered hope that if it were successful, I would be able to be taken off the IV and catheter. That has not happened, but I think the quality of my life has improved a tiny fraction. I am always interested in scientific things, and today's medical advances allow us to see things like the inside of our own stomachs, which I find fascinating even as other people are disgusted. The doctor said when he went in there, he was amazed that someone in such bad shape could still be alive and walking around, but I guess I just don't know any better, so I keep on keeping on. If I could get unhooked from these tubes, I would travel more, so we shall see what the future brings.
I am getting a new email address, and I don't know what it will be, but email@example.com should be good until March, as is email@example.com. So check out my weblog at www.crummy.com/jabberwocky for an update when I get the new address. I try to blog every day, so if you are ever wondering about me, you can go there to see, and you can even leave a comment by clicking on the little speech bubble by the date.
I close by sending my love to all of you. Let's raise a toast in this new year for memories of times past and the affection we share, and a hope for a future built upon faith, hope, and charity, which is the pure love of Christ. I remember the good times we have had in the past and look forward to a peaceful future.
Love, Frances
- Comments:
Posted by anonymous at Mon Jan 03 2005 17:06
Happy New Year to you! May there be some good days ahead.Marianne


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Vespula germanica
European wasp | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Suborder: | Apocrita |
Family: | Vespidae |
Genus: | Vespula |
Species: | V. germanica |
Binomial name | |
Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793) |
Vespula germanica (European wasp, German wasp, or German yellowjacket) is a species of wasp found in much of the Northern Hemisphere, native to Europe, Northern Africa, and temperate Asia. It has been introduced and is well-established in many other places, including North America, South America (Argentina and Chile), Australia, and New Zealand. German wasps are part of the family Vespidae and are sometimes mistakenly referred to as paper wasps because they build grey paper nests, although strictly speaking, paper wasps are part of the subfamily Polistinae. In North America, they are also known as yellowjackets.
Taxonomy and phylogeny[edit]
Vespula germanica belongs to the genus Vespula, which includes various species of social wasps that are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, these wasps are most commonly known as yellowjackets, but this name also applies to species within the sister genus Dolichovespula. Members of the Vespula genus are often confused with other genera, especially the paper wasp Polistes dominula. Colonies of V. germanica share many characteristics with those of V. vulgaris (common wasp) and V. pensylvanica (western yellowjacket), so they are very often studied together.[1]
Description and identification[edit]
The German wasp is about 13 mm (0.5 in) long, has a mass of 74.1 ± 9.6 mg,[2] and has typical wasp colours of black and yellow. It is very similar to the common wasp (V. vulgaris), but unlike the common wasp, has three tiny black dots on the clypeus. German wasps also have black dots on their abdomens, while the common wasp's analogous markings are fused with the black rings above them, forming a different pattern. However, the identification of this species might be difficult because this black mark on its clypeus can sometimes appear broken, once again making it look extremely similar to V. germanica.
Distribution and habitat[edit]
V. germanica originated in Europe, Asia, and North Africa and can now be found in sections of almost every continent. It has established populations in North America, South America, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. German yellowjackets are known to be especially successful and destructive invaders of new territories. These wasps are polyphagous predators which feed on native arthropods, and because they are able to outcompete many other animals for food, they have caused considerable harm to the indigenous wildlife of areas which they have invaded. V. germanica disperses at a rate of no more than 1000 m per year, so their rapid dispersal is most likely being aided by accidental human transport of hibernating queens. This normally leads to a bottleneck effect during the establishment of new populations, which explains the significant genetic differentiation often found among geographically distant populations.[3]
The nest is made from chewed plant fibres, mixed with saliva. The majority of nests are found in the soil below ground. A significant portion of nests are found in artificial structures such as attics, and a small portion are found above ground.[4]
Colony cycle[edit]
A single queen initiates a nest in the spring by constructing an embryonic nest, which contains a series of hexagonal cells. These cells are used to house one wasp through the immature stages of life: egg, larval instars, and pupae. The colony grows rapidly during the summer with a huge increase in worker numbers and nest size. By the end of summer, the rate of growth slows considerably and more males are produced than workers, and the focus is shifted from building small cells to building cells that are 30-40% larger. These new cells house the new queens and males. In the fall, the new queens begin hibernation, while the old queens die off and the colony collapses. In some cases, the nests may survive through the winter and reach the next season. If this occurs, the nest will become polygynous and reach a much larger size than in the previous year.[4]
V. germanica nests are strongly affected by climate. Average colonies in Australia contain over 9500 small workers and 3600 large queen and male cells. By the end of May, colonies in Australia have 15,000 wasps emerging from small cells and 2500 wasps emerging from the large cells. This is up to 80% more than colonies observed in England where climate conditions are much less favorable. Additionally, a significant number of nests in Australia are able to survive the winter, in comparison to England where none of the nests survive. This demonstrates that V. germanica nests can reach a substantial size in tolerable climate conditions.[4]
Worker specialization[edit]
High variation in the sequence and diversity of tasks performed by V. germanica workers suggests limited temporal polyethism exists within the species. Temporal polyethism is a mechanism in which workers specialize on tasks in a sequential order throughout their lives, instead of performing numerous tasks concurrently. The typical order of tasks in V. germanica is nest work, pulp foraging, carbohydrate foraging and protein foraging. Only 61% of the wasps observed perform more than two of these tasks during their lifetimes. Additionally, about 40% of the wasps specialize on only one task per day, but these individuals varied with respect to age and sequence of task performance. The schedule of temporal polyethism found in V. germanica is highly accelerated when compared to other Hymenoptera, which is likely related to worker lifespan. Vespula workers may not live long enough to benefit from a strict system of worker specialization in which workers repeatedly perform one task.[5]
Mating behavior[edit]
Vespula germanica queens are typically polyandrous. The queens mate with a moderate number of males, usually between one and seven, with no optimal number of mates. In addition, mating events are independent of each other, which discredits the hypothesis that queens terminate mating behavior after mating with a male that possesses an optimal set of attributes.[6]
V. germanica workers are unable to mate, so are incapable of producing diploid offspring. In some nests, however, the workers produce male offspring. Worker reproduction has been documented in other Vespula wasp colonies, but usually only after the death of the queen. However, workers of V. germanica have been found reproducing in the presence of a queen.[6]
Foraging behavior[edit]
Vespula germanica are known to be opportunistic predators and scavengers. They are extremely efficient at both hunting for small, live food sources as well as collecting from large stationary sources.[7] It is believed that the flexibility in V. germanica's foraging behavior is a key factor in their ability to rapidly colonize new areas in a variety of ecological environments. As scavengers, V. germanica are forced to make numerous trips between the location of the food source and the nest, where the larvae are kept and fed.[8] This calls for V. germanica foragers to be very adept at relocating previously explored food sources.
Cognitive plasticity[edit]
The ability to relocate previously discovered food sources is only one example of the diverse cognitive mechanisms at play within V. germanica's behaviors. V. germanica foragers continue to visit a feeder after food removal, but are able to rapidly remove associations that no longer provide a reward. The amount of time that the foragers continue to search these sites depends on the number of times they had visited it in the past. The choices made by V. germanica take into account both current and past experiences. These abilities imply that these wasps have important learning and memory capacities which enable them to memorize various resource characteristics, including the route to resources, as well as specific spatial location with respect to local landmarks. In addition, V. germanica wasps have been shown to have sensorimotor learning capacities which allow them to associate visual stimuli with certain motor responses.[8] This reported high cognitive plasticity enables V. germanica wasps to inhabit a variety of regions. Its flexibility in nesting and diet habits in conjunction with its foraging capabilities may help explain the success with which V. germanica has invaded so many different ecological areas.[7]
Kin selection[edit]
V. germanica queens are typically polyandrous.[9] Because the queen mates with multiple males, the workers are more closely related to the queen's sons than to sons of other workers.[6] These asymmetries in relatedness are believed to be a factor leading to worker policing within colonies.[9]
Male skew[edit]
Male reproductive skew within V. germanica indicates that males do not contribute equally to the production of offspring when compared to females. The level of skew observed was higher among males in nests with queens that mated with multiple males. Reproductive skew may be linked to patterns of sex allocation, but sex ratio data for Vespula colonies suggest that a split-sex ratio is not produced. This contradicts the theory that the reproductive skew seen in V. germanica is part of an evolutionary strategy of males due to asymmetries in relatedness.[6]
Worker policing[edit]
Worker policing is selected for when it benefits the colony. These benefits are achieved through various measures, such as increasing colony efficiency and establishing a female-based sex allocation ratio. Worker policing is especially seen in colonies where the queens mate with multiple males. This is because, on average, the workers are more closely related to sons of the queen than to those of other workers. In the past, V. germanica was thought to be an exception to the general pattern that high mating frequency led to low levels of worker reproduction. However, recent studies have indicated that while worker reproduction is occurring at a considerable rate, worker policing keeps these worker-laid eggs from reaching adulthood. This is demonstrated by the results of a study carried out in Belgium, which showed that while an estimated 58.4% of male eggs were laid by workers, only 0.44% of the adult males were the workers' sons. These numbers indicate the efficiency with which worker policing is carried out. Policing by aggression, which prevents workers from laying eggs in the first place, leads to increases in colony productivity, while policing by eating the eggs of workers is more likely to result in sex-ratio benefits.[9]
V. germanica wasps have a very diverse diet. They are known to eat carrion, live arthropods, fruit,[8] honeydew, and processed human food and garbage.[10] They are opportunistic scavengers and hunters, and are able to obtain food from a variety of different sources.[7] For example, many species of Vespula wasps have been observed feeding on dead honey bees (Apis mellifera) found outside the beehive entrance in the late summer.[11] This flexibility in diet is very beneficial since V. germanica often must compete for resources with the native biota in the areas it invades.[12]
Pest status[edit]
This species is considered a pest in most areas outside its native range, though its long residency in North America is such that it is not treated with any level of urgency there, in contrast to areas such as South America, where the introduction is more recent, and the impacts far more dramatic, prompting a greater degree of concern over control measures.[13]
Along with the closely related common wasp and two species of Polistes, the German wasp is considered to be a pest in New Zealand. It was probably introduced in the late 19th century, but did not appear in large numbers until around 1940.[14] Wasp numbers reach their greatest densities in beech forest of the South Island, due to the abundance of honeydew produced by the beech scale insect in this type of forest. It has a serious effect on the forest ecology, since less honeydew remains available for the native birds. German wasps were, however, quickly succeeded in much of the South Island and its beech forests by the introduction of the common wasp in the 1970s.[15][16]
- ^ Archer, M.E. (1985). "Population Dynamics of the Social Wasps Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica in England". Journal of Animal Ecology. 54: 473. doi:10.2307/4492.
- ^ "Does size matter? — Thermoregulation of 'heavyweight' and 'lightweight' wasps". Retrieved 16 May 2013.
- ^ Goodisman, Michael . (2001). "Hierarchical genetic structure of the introduced wasp Vespula germanica in Australia". Molecular Ecology. 10: 1423–1432. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01291.x.
- ^ a b c Kasper, Marta (2008). "Colony characteristics of Vespula germanica in a Mediterranean climate>". Australian Journal of Entomology. 47: 265–274. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2008.00658.x.
- ^ Hurd, Christine (2007). "Temporal polyethism and worker specialization in the wasp, Vespula germanica". Journal of Insect Science. 7.
- ^ a b c d Goodisman, Michael. (2002). "Mating and reproduction in the wasp Vespula germanica". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 51.
- ^ a b c D'Adamo, Paola (2007). "Foraging behavior related to habitat characteristics in the invasive wasp Vespula germanica". Insect Science. 14.
- ^ a b c Lozada, Mariana (2011). "Past Experience: a Help or a Hindrance to Vespula germanica Foragers?". Insect Behavior. 24.
- ^ a b c Bonckaert, Wim .; Vuerinckx, K.; Billen, J.; Hammond, R. L.; Keller, L.; Wenseleers, T. (2007). "Worker policing in the German wasp Vespula germanica". Behavioral Ecology. 19 (2): 272–278. doi:10.1093/beheco/arm128.
- ^ D'Adamo, Paola (2009). "Flexible Foraging Behavior in the Invasive Social Wasp Vespula germanica>". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 102.
- ^ Coelho, J.R. (1995). "Load-lifting capacities of three species of yellowjackets (Vespula) foraging on honey-bee corpses>". Functional Ecology. 9: 171. doi:10.2307/2390561.
- ^ Masciocchi, Maite (2010). "Competition for food between the exotic wasp Vespula germanica and the native ant assemblage of NW Patagonia: evidence of biotic resistance?". Biological Invasions. 12: 625–631. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9469-5.
- ^ Successful Removal of German Yellow Jackets by Toxic Baiting
- ^ Pest Animal Control Bay of Plenty environment report. Retrieved 7 January 2007
- ^ R. J. Harris, C. D. Thomas & H. Moller; Thomas; Moller (1991). "The influence of habitat use and foraging on the replacement of one introduced wasp species by another in New Zealand". Ecological Entomology. 16 (4): 441–448. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1991.tb00237.x.
- ^ "Vespula Wasp Factsheet" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 2012-05-19.
External links[edit]
- Differences between Yellowjackets and Hornets
- Photographs of Yellowjackets (and other insects) in flight
- Yellowjackets - Center for Invasive Species Research


text:
Samsung SSD 840 Pro (256GB) Review
by Anand Lal Shimpi on September 24, 2012 7:00 AM EST- Posted in
- Storage
- SSDs
- Samsung
- Samsung SSD 840
If we had an award for most improved in the SSD space, it would have to go to Samsung. When we first encountered Samsung MLC drives a few years ago they were pretty bad. Prices were high and performance was low. Samsung offered no end-user upgradable firmware for those early drives either, although that was eventually rectified. The first Samsung MLC SSDs were reliable, they just weren't worth the money when you had much better options from companies like Intel.
Samsung had all of the right pieces for success however. Like Intel, Samsung made its own NAND, controller and wrote its own firmware. Unlike Intel, Samsung stuck to the vertically integrated formula.
I remember arguing with Samsung engineers a few years ago about the importance of random IO performance compared to sequential speed. I remember feeling like they were making the same mistake that all SSD makers were making back then: heavily prioritizing sequential IO when it was a failure to deliver good random IO performance as well that really hurt SSD adoption. Although the first Samsung SSDs weren't very good, they got better over time. While the first generation couldn't be recommended, the Samsung SSD 470 could. It still wasn't our favorite drive, but it finally brought performance up to a reasonable level. Last year's 830 release showed us that Samsung woke up. Today, Samsung is adding two new members to the family: the Samsung SSD 840 and the 840 Pro. The former is the first productized consumer SSD to use Samsung's 21nm 3-bit-per-cell MLC (aka TLC) NAND, while the latter is Samsung's new flagship drive using 21nm 2bpc MLC NAND.
Unfortunately we don't have samples of the unique TLC SSD 840, just the MLC 840 Pro. Despite the use of TLC NAND, Samsung claims the vanilla 840 should offer similar performance to the current 830. Samsung also claims that endurance should be reasonable for consumer workloads.
The 840 Pro should be tangibly faster than the 830 thanks to a new controller, new firmware and new NAND:
Samsung SSD 840 Pro vs 830 | ||||
Samsung SSD 830 (256,512GB) | Samsung SSD 840 Pro (256,512GB) | |||
Sequential Read | 520MB/s | 540MB/s | ||
Sequential Write | 400MB/s | 450MB/s | ||
Random Read | 80K IOPS | 100K IOPS | ||
Random Write | 36K IOPS | 78K IOPS | ||
Active Power Use | 0.24W | 0.068W | ||
Idle Power Use | 0.14W | 0.042W |
While the 830 used Samsung's 27nm MLC NAND, the 840 Pro uses Samsung's latest 21nm MLC NAND. The move to 21nm will eventually drive NAND pricing lower, although today Samsung expects price parity between the TLC equipped 840 and the old MLC 830. The 840 Pro should sell for a 25 - 30% premium over the current 830.
Samsung SSD 840 Pro Pricing | ||||||
Samsung SSD 840 Pro | $99.99 | $149.99 | $269.99 | $599.99 |
The move to 21nm is also coupled with a move to a 400Mbps Toggle 2.0 NAND interface. Block and page sizes remain the same for 2bpc MLC 21nm NAND, and maximum capacity per die is still 8GB. Although beyond the scope of this article, 3bpc TLC 21nm NAND sees 50% slower program/erase times compared to the 2bpc MLC 21nm NAND.
Both the 840 and 840 Pro use Samsung's 4th generation SSD controller. Samsung's MAX controller was used in the SSD 470, its successor, the MBX controller, wasn't used in retail drives, while MCX debuted in the 830 and MDX is in the 840/840 Pro. The basic architecture of the controller hasn't changed. Internally there are three ARM9 cores now running at 300MHz. Update: Samsung originally listed ARM9 cores but has since told us that there are three ARM Cortex R4s inside of the new MDX controller.
The MDX controller features a hardware AES-256 encryption engine that's managed using a system BIOS password like most other drives in this class.
The MDX controller is paired with 512MB of LPDDR2-1066 in the Samsung SSD 840 Pro, doubling up the DRAM used in the 830 as well as increasing bandwidth to DRAM by 33%:
SSD DRAM Size Comparison | |||||
Drive | Controller | DRAM Size | DRAM Speed | ||
Corsair Neutron GTX | LAMD LM87800 | 256MB | DDR2-800 | ||
Crucial m4 | Marvell 88SS9174 | 256MB | DDR3-667 | ||
Intel SSD 320 | Intel X25-M G3 | 64MB | SDR-166 | ||
Intel SSD 520 | SandForce SF-2281 | 0MB | - | ||
OCZ Vertex 4 | Indilinx Everest 2 | 512MB/1GB | DDR3-800 | ||
Samsung SSD 830 | Samsung MCX | 256MB | DDR2-800 | ||
Samsung SSD 840 Pro | Samsung MDX | 512MB | LPDDR2-1066 |
The 840 Pro will be available in 64 - 512GB capacities. Although the controller supports up to 1TB of NAND, Samsung believes that the ultra-high-density NAND required to hit 1TB is too cost prohibitive at this point. Spare area is set at around 7% by default, although users will be able to adjust it via Samsung's SSD Magician utility. The vanilla 840 on the other hand will boast more spare area (likely to help manage endurance on the TLC NAND) and will launch at 120GB, 250GB and 500GB capacities as a result.
The 256GB SSD 840 Pro features 8 x 32GB NAND devices on the front of the PCB and nothing on the back
The 840 comes with a 3 year warranty compared to a 5 year warranty on the 840 Pro.
The 840 Pro drops the brushed aluminum look of the 830 for slightly more modern, flat black styling. The drives will be available in a 2.5" 7mm form factor, similar to the 830.
Samsung SSD 840 Pro (top) vs. Samsung SSD 830 (bottom)
Both drives will be available on October 15th, however in advance of the release Samsung provided us with a beta sample for review. We were only able to get a 256GB 840 Pro initially but we've already asked Samsung for additional capacities. The other bad news is after running through our client test suite and preparing the drive for a run through our enterprise suite, our pre-production sample died. This isn't the first time we've had an SSD die during our test process, pretty much every company has seen a failure during one of our reviews, but despite Samsung's excellent track record even it isn't immune from early issues. These drives are a few weeks away from retail and Samsung will be getting our sample back this week to figure out what went wrong.
Update: My replacement 840 Pro also died, I have shipped both drives back to Samsung and are waiting for their analysis of the failures.
Update 2: It looks like this may have been a firmware issue. Retail drives should ship with fixed firmware.
The Test
Intel Core i7 2600K running at 3.4GHz (Turbo & EIST Disabled) - for AT SB 2011, AS SSD & ATTO |
Motherboard: |
Intel DH67BL Motherboard |
Chipset: |
Intel H67 |
Chipset Drivers: |
Intel 18.104.22.1685 + Intel RST 10.2 |
Memory: | Corsair Vengeance DDR3-1333 2 x 2GB (7-7-7-20) |
Video Card: | eVGA GeForce GTX 285 |
Video Drivers: | NVIDIA ForceWare 190.38 64-bit |
Desktop Resolution: | 1920 x 1200 |
OS: | Windows 7 x64 |
96 Comments
View All Comments
iwod - Tuesday, September 25, 2012 - link
True but i think there will be a bottleneck somewhere else once we hit certain number of Random Read. Anand already has results that any more then 40~50MB/s random wrote give us any more benefits. I think it would be similar for Random Read as well although we have so far not reach that point yet.
Of coz these results are with today's software. Things could be different again when we reach that limit. Reply -
leboon - Monday, September 24, 2012 - link
Thanks for the review. I must say that the random comments interspersed throughout the article about the regular 840--which isn't even being reviewed-- seemed rather strange and out of place.
On topic though, this new Samsung drive looks very promising and I'm looking forward to grabbing one of them when they're released, to breathe new life into an aging laptop. Reply -
Kristian Vättö - Monday, September 24, 2012 - link
That's because we didn't get any information about the regular 840 until a few hours before the NDA was lifted, but at least I feel like it was still important to note that such drive exists.
There will be a review ASAP though. I just came back to my hotel room and found a gift box with a 250GB 840 in it :-) Reply -
nathanddrews - Monday, September 24, 2012 - link
-Stimpy Reply -
Grok42 - Monday, September 24, 2012 - link
Quit yammering and get to testing and writing! I'm guessing that is the 840 non-pro? Never mind, don't answer that, just focus. Reply -
dishayu - Monday, September 24, 2012 - link
Active power : 0.068W
Surely this has to be a mistake? I can't imagine any drive today with such low active power today. Reply -
DanNeely - Monday, September 24, 2012 - link
I'd like to know what Samsung's measuring for that number too; Anand measured the 840 pro an order of magnitude higher during write operations. Unless that number is just for the controller and not for the flash too there's something not right about the gap between that number and what AT's measuring. Reply -
iwod - Monday, September 24, 2012 - link
I think that is only the controller. You have to include the LP-DDR2 as well.
Its Working power is still higher then Intel. Although i dont like sammy, i hope the final product will be even better then this. Reply -
LGrill - Monday, September 24, 2012 - link
I was thinking the same thing. Reply -
ssj3gohan - Monday, September 24, 2012 - link
This is completely correct. Anandtech and basically every other review site out there measures power consumption wrong: they measure it while *not* booted into an OS that supports SATA power management. With DIPM (device initiated power management) enabled, the drive should hit this power consumption easily.
Same goes for pretty much every other SATA SSD these days. They're all well below 0.3W idle except for Sandforce drives. For instance, all Intel drives (intel- and marvell-based) are about 75 to 100mW idle. Reply


text:
MANCHESTER, England (AP) — Manchester United slumped to a 2-1 loss at relegation-threatened Stoke in the Premier League on Saturday to puncture the optimism generated by Juan Mata's arrival and leave the reigning champions with a huge task to finish in the Champions League positions.
United's eighth defeat of a wretched campaign means Liverpool, which currently occupies the fourth and final Champions League place, could go nine points clear of its fierce rival by beating West Bromwich Albion on Sunday.
Charlie Adam scored both of Stoke's goals at Britannia Stadium either side of Robin van Persie's equalizer, with a miserable day for seventh-place United capped by first-half injuries to center halves Jonny Evans and Phil Jones that forced them off. It was Stoke's maiden win over United in the Premier League, and first since 1984.
"I don't know what we have to do to win," said United manager David Moyes.
Everton bounced back from its derby thrashing by Liverpool in midweek by coming from behind to beat Aston Villa 2-1 and climb to fifth above Tottenham, which drew 1-1 at Hull.
Cardiff climbed off the bottom by scoring two goals in 73 seconds at the start of the second half to defeat Norwich 2-1. That left Fulham, which was overwhelmed 3-0 at home to Southampton, two points adrift in last place.
West Ham completes the bottom three even though it beat Swansea 2-0 thanks to a brace by Kevin Nolan. That win was marred by a red card to striker Andy Carroll for elbowing an opponent.
The other match saw Sunderland earn a second straight 3-0 win at Newcastle in the northeast derby, sparking anger and frustration by home fans disillusioned by the sale of star player Yohan Cabaye to Paris Saint-Germain this week.
Such is the tightness of the bottom half of the table, Sunderland — like Stoke — is now nearer mid-table than the relegation zone.
With Mata joining from Chelsea for a club-record fee last week and both Wayne Rooney and Van Persie back fit, things looked like turning around for United and its under-pressure manager David Moyes.
Most thought the comfortable 2-0 win over Cardiff on Tuesday would be the first in a run of victories to lift the champions up to the top four, but they came unstuck at the hands of a gutsy Stoke side managed by a former United favorite, Mark Hughes.
"I thought we were, to a man, fantastic," said Hughes, who played 467 games for United. "We got a great reward for a huge amount of effort."
Stoke enjoyed some fortune with the first goal, with Adam's long-range free kick in the 38th taking a wicked deflection off Michael Carrick and flying into the far corner past stranded goalkeeper David de Gea.
Mata set up Van Persie to make it 1-1 in the 47th but Adam grabbed what proved to be the winner from 25 yards five minutes later.
"It is a massive result against a great team," Adam said.
Belgium forward Kevin Mirallas popped up with Everton's winning goal from a free kick in the 85th minute, after Steven Naismith had canceled out Leandro Bacuna's opener for Villa.
Everton is provisionally a point behind neighbor Liverpool, which beat its Merseyside rival 4-0 on Tuesday.
Tottenham moved four points clear of United after Paulinho's 61st-minute goal earned a draw against Hull, which took the lead through Shane Long's first goal for the club since his recent move from West Brom.
Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
Profiteers in the medical CT scan business took a big hit last week from a major new government report on the causes of breast cancer.
Published by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), the health arm of the National Academy of Sciences, the exhaustive analysis found that medical radiation, particularly the large radiation dose delivered by CT scans, is the foremost identifiable cause of breast cancer.[1]
Almost 230,480 new cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed this year in the United States, and about 40,000 women will die of the disease, roughly one out of every 3,875 women.
Tags: Breast Cancer, Cancer, CT scan, Medicine, Radiation, Technology, Women


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You might also like: | Uranus | SATURN | PLUTO | VENUS | JUPITER | Today's featured page: Antarctica |
Our subscribers' grade-level estimate for this page: 3rd - 4th |
Table of Contents | Enchanted Learning All About Astronomy |
Site Index |
Our Solar System | Stars | Glossary | Printables, Worksheets, and Activities | ||||||
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Introduction to Neptune | Inside Neptune | Neptune's Rings | Neptune's Atmosphere and the Great Dark Spot | Neptune's Moons | Activities, Web Links |
Neptune cannot be seen using the eyes alone. Neptune was the first planet whose existence was predicted mathematically (the planet Uranus's orbit was perturbed by an unknown object which turned our to be another gas giant, Neptune).
Neptune is about 30,775 miles (49,528 km) in diameter. This is 3.88 times the diameter of the Earth. If Neptune were hollow, it could hold almost 60 Earths.
Neptune is the fourth largest planet in our Solar System (after Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus).
Neptune's mass is about 1.02 x 1026 kg. This is over 17 times the mass of the Earth, but the gravity on Neptune is only 1.19 times of the gravity on Earth. This is because it is such a large planet (and the gravitational force a planet exerts upon an object at the planet's surface is proportional to its mass and to the inverse of its radius squared).
A 100-pound person would weigh 119 pounds on Neptune.
Each day on Neptune takes 19.1 Earth hours. A year on Neptune takes 164.8 Earth years; it takes almost 165 Earth years for Neptune to orbit the sun once.
Since Neptune was discovered in 1846; since then it completed about a single revolution around the sun.
Neptune is about 30 times farther from the sun than the Earth is; it averages 30.06 A.U. from the sun. Occasionally, Neptune's orbit is actually outside that of Pluto; this is because of Pluto's highly eccentric (non-circular) orbit. During this time (20 years out of every 248 Earth years), Neptune is actually the farthest planet from the Sun (and not Pluto). From January 21, 1979 until February 11, 1999, Pluto was inside the orbit of Neptune. Now and until September 2226, Pluto is outside the orbit of Neptune.
At aphelion (the point in Neptune's orbit farthest from the sun) Neptune is 4,546,000,000 km from the sun, at perihelion (the point in Neptune's orbit closest from the sun) Neptune is 4,456,000,000 km from the sun.
Neptune's rotational axis is tilted 30 degrees to the plane of its orbit around the Sun (this is few degrees more than the Earth). This gives Neptune seasons. Each season lasts 40 years; the poles are in constant darkness or sunlight for 40 years at a time.
The mean temperature is 48 K.
Neptune's existence was predicted in 1846, after calculations showed perturbations in the orbit of Uranus. The calculations were done independently by both J.C. Adams and Le Verrier. Neptune was then observed by J.G. Galle and d'Arrest on September 23, 1846.
Neptune was visited by NASA's Voyager 2 in August, 1989. Before this visit, virtually nothing was known about Neptune.
This is the symbol of the planet Neptune. |
Find It!, a quiz on Neptune.
Neptune Cloze Printout: A fill-in-the-blanks activity on the planet Neptune. Answers
An interactive puzzle about Neptune
How to write a report on a planet - plus a rubric.
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Pathway Connectivity is now shipping Revision 2 of its DIN-rail mountable LED Dimmer, the eDIN #1008. With LED wiring still being novel to many installers, the 1008 has been redesigned for greater robustness and protection from accidental damage. Each of the six outputs is now fuse-protected against mis-wiring, with two spare fuses shipped on every card. An onboard DMX-present relay is user-wired as either open or closed, while a contact closure "panic" input drives all outputs to full ...
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233 US 331 Hammond Packing Company v. State of Montana
34 S.Ct. 596
58 L.Ed. 985
HAMMOND PACKING COMPANY, Plff. in Err.,
No. 278.
Submitted March 11, 1914.
Decided April 13, 1914.
Mr. M. S. Gunn for plaintiff in error.
[Syllabus from pages 331-333 intentionally omitted]
Mr. D. M. Kelly, Attorney General of Montana, and Mr. J. H. Alvord for defendant in error.
Mr. Justice Holmes delivered the opinion of the court:
This is an action to recover a license tax of 1 cent per pound sold for carrying on the business of selling oleomargarin. The answer, with some allegations not now material, admitted the facts and set up that § 4064 of the Political Code of Montana, as amended, by which the tax was imposed, violates the 14th Amendment. That is the only question raised here, so that other incidental or preliminary matters need not be mentioned. Judgment was entered for the state on the pleadings and the judgment was affirmed by the supreme court of the state.
The argument for the plaintiff in error is that, the tax being pronounced or assumed by the state courts to be a tax for revenue, it is unjustifiable to put oleomargarin in a class by itself and to discriminate, for instance, between it and butted. But we see no obstacle to doing so in the Constitution of the United States. Apart from interference with commerce among the states, a state may restrict the manufacture of oleomargarin in a way in which it does not hamper that of butter. Capital City Dairy Co. v. Ohio, 183 U. S. 238, 245, 246, 46 L. ed. 171, 175, 176, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 120. It even may forbid the manufacture altogether. Powell v. Pennsylvania, 127 U. S. 678, 32 L. ed. 253, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 992, 1257. It may express and carry out its policy as well in a revenue as in a police law. Quong Wing v. Kirkendall, 223 U. S. 59, 62, 56 L. ed. 350, 351, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 192. The case really has been disposed of by previous decisions of this court. McCray v. United States, 195 U. S. 27, 62, 63, 49 L. ed. 78, 98, 99, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 769, 1 Ann. Cas. 561.
Judgment affirmed.


text:
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Yangshuo Eden YHA,opened in February 2016. Yangshuo Eden YHA is located in a quiet village surrounded by an... Más información »
We are located in the business-residential area of Yangshuo, easily accessible and conveniently located just 3... Más información »
Cape Hope Hotel is located at 10, yangshuo county road, Lijiang river, convenient transportation, walking is the... Más información »
Zhi hostel which is a hostel about travelling,reading and the meaning of life. Zhi hostel is in the heart of quaint... Más información »
Welcome to our hostel. It is the best for your holiday in Yangshuo. Our hostel is in the center of the center but... Más información »
Yangshuo Spring Hyatt Hotel is located in Ten Lis Gallery Road 321, near Dragon River, Gongnong Bridge, 350 meters to... Más información »


text:
A software utility that helps users download the latest drivers for their Intel hardware components contained a vulnerability that could have allowed man-in-the-middle attackers to execute malicious code on computers.
The tool, known as the Intel Driver Update Utility, can be downloaded from Intel's support website. It provides an easy way to find the latest drivers for various Intel chipsets, graphics cards, wireless cards, desktop boards, Intel NUC mini PCs or the Intel Compute Stick.
The vulnerability stems from the tool using unencrypted HTTP connections to check for driver updates. Such connections can be intercepted and modified by attackers located on the same local network as affected computers or in control of a router along their Internet connection paths.
The flaw was discovered by researchers from Core Security and was reported to Intel in November. The chip maker fixed the issue and released an updated version of the tool on Tuesday.
Intel Driver Update Utility users are strongly advised to download the latest version from Intel's support website.
The Core Security researchers found that the utility was checking for new driver versions by downloading XML files from Intel's website over HTTP. These files included the IDs of hardware components, the latest driver versions available for them and the corresponding download URLs. This information was displayed in the tool's interface and users would have to confirm the installation of any available updates.
The tool was designed to check that the download URLs pointed to files hosted under the intel.com domain name. However, man-in-the-middle attackers would have been able to both modify the XML files in transit and to bypass the tool's domain check by using techniques such as ARP poisoning and DNS spoofing, the Core researchers said in an advisory.
This vulnerability is the latest in a string of serious flaws found over the past year in support software distributed by hardware manufacturers.
Join the CIO New Zealand group on LinkedIn. The group is open to CIOs, IT Directors, COOs, CTOs and senior IT managers.


text:
FIFA Threatens Hard-Line Approach to Racism
FIFA president Sepp Blatter has called for clubs to be punished with points deductions and relegation if they are found guilty of racist abuse.
"It is not enough to give a fine," Blatter told FIFA.com. "Playing a game without spectators is one of the possible sanctions, but the best would be the deduction of points and the relegation of a team, because finally the club is responsible for their spectators."
"It is a phenomena where football is a victim of our society," added Blatter.
"Discrimination and racism is everywhere in our society. We in football cannot be made responsible for what happens in our society.
"But nowhere in the world -- regarding all the problems you can have in your private life, in business, in politics -- can you solve a problem by running away.
"I agree with and support the movement of Boateng -- as I have said -- as it was a strong warning. It is now up to us to take the adequate steps.
"What I feel we should do is give instructions to our national associations and the confederations -- specifically to the disciplinary committees -- to be very strong."
The ugly face of racism has reared its head far too often over the past 18 months with several high-profile incidents catching the headlines.
Earlier this month FIFA imposed a one-match spectator ban on Bulgaria for racist abuse by their fans of a Denmark player.
FIFA explained: "It was reported by both the referee and the Match Commissioner ...that Denmark's Patrick Mtiliga was subjected to racist abuse by a group of Bulgarian supporters each time he touched the ball after entering the field in the 54th minute.
"In the 73rd minute, the Match Commissioner spoke to the 4th official, and a public address warning was given to the home fans by the announcer. Although the level of abuse subsided, audible racist abuse still continued until the final whistle."
FIFA sanctions against Bulgaria was unprecedented since this was the first time that the governing body barred fans from attending a match due to discrimination issues.
Bulgaria has vowed to appeal.
- » Special Olympics Athletes Back From Austria with 9 Medals
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- » Daniel Ivanov-Aoiyama With 3rd Consecutive Victory in Osaka
- » Bulgaria's Dimitrov Squanders 4 Match Balls at Indian Wells
- » Bulgarian Stanimir Belomazhev Achieves Historical gold
- » Levski-CSKA Football Game Affects Sofia Traffic


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