text:
Casualties of the Iraq War
Estimates of the casualties from the conflict in Iraq since 2003 (beginning with the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, and the ensuing occupation and insurgency) have come in many forms, and the accuracy of the information available on different types of Iraq War casualties varies greatly.
Various scientific surveys of Iraqi deaths resulting from the first four years of the Iraq War estimated that between 151,000 and over one million Iraqis died as a result of conflict during this time.[1] A later study, published in 2011, estimated that approximately 500,000 Iraqis had died as a result of the conflict since the invasion.[2] Counts of deaths reported in newspapers collated by projects like the Iraq Body Count project found 174,000 Iraqis reported killed between 2003 and 2013, with between 112,000-123,000 of those killed being civilian noncombatants.
For troops in the U.S.-led multinational coalition, the death toll is carefully tracked and updated daily, and the names and photographs of those killed in action as well as in accidents have been published widely. A total of 4,491 U.S. service members were killed in Iraq between 2003 and 2014.[3] Regarding the Iraqis (see Tables section below), however, information on both military and civilian casualties is both less precise and less consistent. Estimates of casualty levels are available from reporters on the scene, from officials of involved organizations, and from groups that summarize information on incidents reported in the news media.
- 1 Tables
- 2 Overview. Iraqi death estimates by source
- 2.1 Iraq war logs
- 2.2 Iraqi Health Ministry
- 2.3 The Associated Press
- 2.4 Iraq Body Count
- 2.5 Iraq Family Health Survey (with WHO)
- 2.6 Opinion Research Business (ORB) poll
- 2.7 United Nations
- 2.8 Lancet studies
- 2.9 PLOS Medicine Study
- 2.10 Ali al-Shemari (previous Iraqi Health Minister)
- 2.11 Costs of War Project
- 3 Overview. Death estimates by group
- 4 Overview. Iraqi injury estimates by source
- 5 Additional statistics for the Iraq War
- 6 Iraqi invasion casualties
- 7 Iraqi civilian casualties
- 8 Orphans
- 9 Iraqi refugees crisis
- 10 Non-Iraqi civilian casualties
- 11 Coalition military casualties
- 12 Iraqi insurgent casualties
- 13 Contractor casualties
- 14 Iraqi healthcare deterioration
- 15 Iraqi children suffering from psychological symptoms
- 16 Total Iraqi casualties
- 16.1 Various estimates
- 16.2 Iraq Body Count
- 16.3 Iraq Living Conditions Survey
- 16.4 Iraqiyun estimate
- 16.5 The Associated Press and Health Ministry. More information
- 16.6 Iraq Family Health Survey
- 16.7 Opinion Research Business survey of Iraqi war deaths in August 2007
- 16.8 D3 Systems poll in early 2007
- 16.9 Iraq Health Minister estimate in November 2006
- 16.10 2006 Excess Mortality Study
- 16.11 2004 Excess Mortality Study
- 17 Undercounting
- 18 See also
- 19 References
- 20 External links and references
The tables below summarize reports on Iraqi casualty figures.
Scientific surveys:
Source | Estimated violent deaths | Time period |
Iraq Family Health Survey | 151,000 violent deaths | March 2003 to June 2006 |
Lancet survey | 601,027 violent deaths out of 654,965 excess deaths | March 2003 to June 2006 |
Opinion Research Business survey | 1,033,000 deaths as a result of the conflict | March 2003 to August 2007 |
PLOS Medicine Survey[2] | Approximately 500,000 deaths in Iraq as direct or indirect result of the war. | March 2003 to June, 2011 |
Body counts:
Source | Documented deaths from violence | Time period |
Associated Press | 110,600 violent deaths | March 2003 to April 2009 |
Iraq Body Count project | 112,667–123,284 civilian deaths from violence. 174,000 civilian and combatant deaths[4][5][6][7] | March 2003 to March 2013 |
Classified Iraq War Logs[4][8][9][10] | 109,032 deaths including 66,081 civilian deaths.[11][12] | January 2004 to December 2009 |
Overview. Iraqi death estimates by source[edit]
Summary of casualties of the Iraq War. Possible estimates on the number of people killed in the invasion and occupation of Iraq vary widely,[13] and are highly disputed.[14] Estimates of casualties below include both the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the following Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present.
Iraq war logs[edit] |
Classified US military documents released by WikiLeaks in October 2010, record Iraqi and Coalition military deaths between January 2004 and December 2009.[4][8][9][10][15][15][16] The documents record 109,032 deaths broken down into "Civilian" (66,081 deaths), "Host Nation" (15,196 deaths),"Enemy" (23,984 deaths), and "Friendly" (3,771 deaths).[12][17] |
Iraqi Health Ministry[edit] |
The Health Ministry of the Iraqi government recorded 87,215 Iraqi violent deaths between January 1, 2005, and February 28, 2009. The data was in the form of a list of yearly totals for death certificates issued for violent deaths by hospitals and morgues. The official who provided the data told the Associated Press said the ministry does not have figures for the first two years of the war, and estimated the actual number of deaths at 10 to 20 percent higher because of thousands who are still missing and civilians who were buried in the chaos of war without official records.[18] |
The Associated Press[edit] |
Associated Press stated that more than 110,600 Iraqis had been killed since the start of the war to April 2009. This number is per the Health Ministry tally of 87,215 covering January 1, 2005, to February 28, 2009 combined with counts of casualties for 2003–2004, and after February 29, 2009, from hospital sources and media reports.[18] For more info see farther down at The Associated Press and Health Ministry. More information. |
Iraq Body Count[edit] |
The Iraq Body Count project (IBC) figure of Documented civilian deaths from violence is 155,923 – 174,355 as of March 2016. This includes reported civilian deaths due to Coalition and insurgent military action, sectarian violence and increased criminal violence.[19] The IBC site states: "it should be noted that many deaths will probably go unreported or unrecorded by officials and media."[20] The IBC website currently states that, "Further analysis of the WikiLeaks' Iraq War Logs may add 12,000 civilian deaths." |
Iraq Family Health Survey (with WHO)[edit] |
Iraq Family Health Survey for the World Health Organization.[21][22] On January 9, 2008, the World Health Organization reported the results of the "Iraq Family Health Survey" published in The New England Journal of Medicine.[23] The study surveyed 9,345 households across Iraq and estimated 151,000 deaths due to violence (95% uncertainty range, 104,000 to 223,000) from March 2003 through June 2006. Employees of the Iraqi Health Ministry carried out the survey.[24][25][26] See also farther down: Iraq Family Health Survey. |
Opinion Research Business (ORB) poll[edit] |
Opinion Research Business (ORB) poll conducted August 12–19, 2007, estimated 1,033,000 violent deaths due to the Iraq War. The range given was 946,000 to 1,120,000 deaths. A nationally representative sample of approximately 2,000 Iraqi adults answered whether any members of their household (living under their roof) were killed due to the Iraq War. 22% of the respondents had lost one or more household members. ORB reported that "48% died from a gunshot wound, 20% from the impact of a car bomb, 9% from aerial bombardment, 6% as a result of an accident and 6% from another blast/ordnance."[27][28][29][30][31] |
United Nations[edit] |
The United Nations reported that 34,452 violent deaths occurred in 2006, based on data from morgues, hospitals, and municipal authorities across Iraq.[32] |
Lancet studies[edit] |
The Lancet study's figure of 654,965 excess deaths through the end of June 2006 is based on household survey data. The estimate is for all excess violent and nonviolent deaths. That also includes those due to increased lawlessness, degraded infrastructure, poorer healthcare, etc. 601,027 deaths (range of 426,369 to 793,663 using a 95% confidence interval) were estimated to be due to violence. 31% of those were attributed to the Coalition, 24% to others, 46% unknown. The causes of violent deaths were gunshot (56%), car bomb (13%), other explosion/ordnance (14%), airstrike (13%), accident (2%), unknown (2%). A copy of a death certificate was available for a high proportion of the reported deaths (92% of those households asked to produce one).[33][34][35] |
PLOS Medicine Study[edit] |
The PLOS Medicine study's figure of approximately 460,000 excess deaths through the end of June 2011 is based on household survey data including at least 132,000 deaths that were caused directly by war-related violence. The estimate is for all excess violent and nonviolent deaths. That also includes those due to increased lawlessness, degraded infrastructure, poorer healthcare, etc. 405,000 deaths (range of 48,000 to 751,000 using a 95% confidence interval) were estimated as excess deaths attributable to the conflict. They estimated at least 55,000 additional deaths occurred that the survey missed, as the families had migrated out of Iraq. The survey found that more than 60% of excess deaths were caused by violence, with the rest caused indirectly by the war, through degradation of infrastructure and similar causes. The survey notes that although car bombs received more significant press internationally, gunshot wounds were responsible for the majority (63%) of violent deaths. The study also estimated that 35% of violent deaths were attributed to the Coalition, and 32% to militias. Cardiovascular conditions accounted for about half (47%) of nonviolent deaths, chronic illnesses 11%, infant or childhood deaths other than injuries 12.4%, non-war injuries 11%, and cancer 8%.[2] |
Ali al-Shemari (previous Iraqi Health Minister)[edit] |
Concerning war-related deaths (civilian and non-civilian), and deaths from criminal gangs, Iraq's Health Minister Ali al-Shemari said that since the March 2003 invasion between 100,000 and 150,000 Iraqis had been killed.[36] "Al-Shemari said on Thursday [November 9, 2006] that he based his figure on an estimate of 100 bodies per day brought to morgues and hospitals – though such a calculation would come out closer to 130,000 in total."[37] For more info see farther down at Iraq Health Minister estimate in November 2006. |
Costs of War Project[edit] |
176,000–189,000 people were killed in violence in the Iraq war, including 134,000 civilians (using Iraq Body Count's figures), according to the findings of the Costs of War Project, a team of 30 economists, anthropologists, political scientists, legal experts, and physicians assembled by Brown University and the Watson Institute to study the effects of wars involving the United States since 2001. The project also examined the economic costs of the Iraq war, as well as the human and economic cost of war in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[38][39][40] |
Overview. Death estimates by group[edit]
Iraqi Security Forces (aligned with Coalition)[edit] |
From June 2003, through December 31, 2010, there have been 16,623 Iraqi military and police killed based on several estimates.[41] The Iraq Index of the Brookings Institution keeps a running total of ISF casualties.[42] There is also a breakdown of ISF casualties at the iCasualties.org website.[43] |
Iraqi insurgents[edit] |
From June 2003, through September 30, 2011, there have been 26,320-27,000+ Iraqi insurgents killed based on several estimates.[44] |
Media and aid workers[edit] |
136 journalists and 51 media support workers were killed on duty according to the numbers listed on source pages on February 24, 2009.[45][46][47] (See Category:Journalists killed while covering the Iraq War.) 94 aid workers have been killed according to a November 21, 2007, Reuters article.[48][49] |
U.S. armed forces[edit] |
As of June 29, 2016, according to the U.S. Department of Defense casualty website, there were 4,424 total deaths (including both killed in action and non-hostile) and 31,952 wounded in action (WIA) as a result of Operation Iraqi Freedom. As a part of Operation New Dawn, which was initiated on September 1, 2010, there were 73 total deaths (including KIA and non-hostile) and 295 WIA.[51] See the references for a breakdown of the wounded, injured, ill, those returned to duty (RTD), those requiring medical air transport, non-hostile-related medical air transports, non-hostile injuries, diseases, or other medical reasons.[51][52][53][54][55][56][57] |
Coalition deaths by hostile fire[edit] |
As of 23 October 2011[update], hostile-fire deaths accounted for 3,777 of the 4,799 total coalition military deaths.[58] |
Armed forces of other coalition countries[edit] |
See Multinational force in Iraq. As of 24 February 2009[update], there were 318 deaths from the armed forces of other Coalition nations. 179 UK deaths and 139 deaths from other nations. Breakdown:[52][53][59]
Contractors[edit] |
Contractors. At least 1,487 deaths between March 2003 and June 2011 according to the list of private contractor deaths in Iraq. 245 of those are from the U.S.[60][61][62][63][64] Contractors are "Americans, Iraqis and workers from more than three dozen other countries."[65] 10,569 wounded or injured.[60] Contractors "cook meals, do laundry, repair infrastructure, translate documents, analyze intelligence, guard prisoners, protect military convoys, deliver water in the heavily fortified Green Zone and stand sentry at buildings – often highly dangerous duties almost identical to those performed by many U.S. troops."[66] A July 4, 2007, Los Angeles Times article reported 182,000 employees of U.S.-government-funded contractors and subcontractors (118,000 Iraqi, 43,000 other, 21,000 U.S.).[61][67] |
Overview. Iraqi injury estimates by source[edit]
Iraqi Human Rights Ministry[edit] |
The Human Rights Ministry of the Iraqi government recorded 250,000 Iraqi injuries between 2003 and 2012.[68] The ministry had earlier reported that 147,195 injuries were recorded for the period 2004–2008.[69] |
Iraqi Government[edit] |
Iraqi Government spokesman Ali al-Dabbagh reported that 239,133 Iraqi injuries were recorded by the government between 2004 and 2011.[70] |
Iraq war logs[edit] |
Classified US military documents released by WikiLeaks in October 2010, recorded 176,382 injuries, including 99,163 civilian injuries between January 2004 and December 2009.[71] |
Iraq Body Count[edit] |
The Iraq Body Count project reported that there were at least 20,000 civilian injuries in the earliest months of the war between March and July 2003.[72] A follow up report noted that at least 42,500 civilians were reported wounded in the first two years of the war between March 2003 and March 2005.[73] |
UN Assistance Mission for Iraq[edit] |
The United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) reported that there were 36,685 Iraqi injuries during the year 2006.[74] |
Iraqi Health Ministry[edit] |
The Health Ministry of the Iraqi government reported that 38,609 Iraqi injuries had occurred during the year 2007, based on statistics derived from official Iraqi health departments' records. Baghdad had the highest number of injuries (18,335), followed by Nineveh (6,217), Basra (1,387) and Kirkuk (655).[75] |
Additional statistics for the Iraq War[edit]
- Iraqis:
- Deadliest single insurgent bombings:[76]
- August 14, 2007. Truck bombs – 2007 Yazidi communities bombings (in northwestern Iraq):
- 796 killed.
- August 14, 2007. Truck bombs – 2007 Yazidi communities bombings (in northwestern Iraq):
- Other deadly days:
- November 23, 2006, (281 killed) and April 18, 2007, (233 killed):
- "4 bombings in Baghdad kill at least 183. ... Nationwide, the number of people killed or found dead on Wednesday [, April 18, 2007, ] was 233, which was the second deadliest day in Iraq since Associated Press began keeping records in May 2005. Five car bombings, mortar rounds and other attacks killed 281 people across Iraq on November 23, 2006, according to the AP count."[77]
- November 23, 2006, (281 killed) and April 18, 2007, (233 killed):
- As of January 12, 2007, 500 U.S. troops have undergone amputations due to the Iraq War. Toes and fingers are not counted.[78]
- As of September 30, 2006, 725 American troops have had limbs amputated from wounds received in Iraq and Afghanistan.[79]
- A 2006 study by the Walter Reed Medical Center, which serves more critically injured soldiers than most VA hospitals, concluded that 62 percent of patients there had suffered a brain injury.[80]
- In March 2003, U.S. military personnel were wounded in action at a rate averaging about 350 per month. As of September 2007, this rate has increased to about 675 per month.[57]
- U.S. military: number unknown.
- An October 18, 2005, USA Today article reports:
- "More than one in four U.S. troops have come home from the Iraq war with health problems that require medical or mental health treatment, according to The Pentagon's first detailed screening of service members leaving a war zone."[81]
- An October 18, 2005, USA Today article reports:
- Iraqi combatants: number unknown
- As of November 4, 2006, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that 1.8 million Iraqis had been displaced to neighboring countries, and 1.6 million were displaced internally, with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing to Syria and Jordan each month.[82]
Iraqi invasion casualties[edit]
In March 2002 – before the Iraq War – at a news conference at Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, U.S. General Tommy Franks had said, "we don't do body counts."[83][84]
Franks reportedly estimated soon after the invasion that there had been 30,000 Iraqi casualties as of April 9, 2003.[85] That number comes from the transcript of an October 2003 interview of U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld with journalist Bob Woodward. They were discussing a number reported by The Washington Post.[when?] But neither could remember the number clearly, nor whether it was just for deaths, or both deaths and wounded.
A May 28, 2003, Guardian article reported "Extrapolating from the death-rates of between 3% and 10% found in the units around Baghdad, one reaches a toll of between 13,500 and 45,000 dead among troops and paramilitaries.[86]
An October 20, 2003, study[87][88] by the Project on Defense Alternatives at Commonwealth Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, stated that for March 19, 2003, to April 30, 2003, "Based on the analysis that follows we estimate that the 2003 Iraq war produced between 7,600 and 10,800 Iraqi combatant fatalities."
The study also stated: "Our analysis of the evidence leads to the conclusion that between 10,800 and 15,100 Iraqis were killed in the war. Of these, between 3,200 and 4,300 were noncombatants – that is: civilians who did not take up arms."
The study explained that to arrive at these numbers, they had adjusted the underlying incident reports from the field by reducing each count by anywhere from 20% to 60%, based on their own reliability assessments, in order to "control for casualty inflation – a prevalent form of bias."
The study author Carl Conetta reported: "All told, more than 40,000 Iraqis were killed or injured,"
The Iraq Body Count project (IBC) documented a higher number of civilian deaths up to the end of the major combat phase (May 1, 2003). In a 2005 report,[89] using updated information, the IBC reported that 7,299 civilians are documented to have been killed, primarily by U.S. air and ground forces. There were 17,338 civilian injuries inflicted up to May 1, 2003. The IBC says its figures are probably underestimates because: "many deaths will probably go unreported or unrecorded by officials and media."[20]
Iraqi civilian casualties[edit]
Estimates of Iraqi civilian casualties are highly disputed, and few sources have attempted to measure civilian casualties in Iraq.[90][91] Various estimates are discussed below, and elsewhere in this article. See also the section on total Iraqi casualties.
Iraq Body Count project[edit]
An independent UK/US group, the IBC project compiles reported Iraqi civilian deaths resulting from the invasion and occupation, including those caused directly by coalition military action, the Iraqi insurgency, and those resulting from excess crime. The IBC maintains that the occupying authority has a responsibility to prevent these deaths under international law.
The Iraq Body Count project (IBC project), incorporating subsequent reports, has reported that by the end of the major combat phase up to April 30, 2003, 7,419 civilians had been killed, primarily by U.S. air-and-ground forces.[19][89]
It shows a total range of at least 155,923 – 174,355 documented civilian deaths from violence in Iraq as of March 20, 2016.[19][92]
This total represents civilian deaths due to war-related violence that have been reported by media organizations, non-governmental-organization-based reports, and official records.[20] The IBC project has been criticized by some who believe it counts only a small percentage of the number of actual deaths because of its reliance on media sources.[31][93] The IBC project's director, John Sloboda, has stated, "We've always said our work is an undercount, you can't possibly expect that a media-based analysis will get all the deaths."[94] However, the IBC project rejects many of these criticisms as exaggerated or misinformed.[95]
Following are the yearly IBC Project civilian death totals, broken down by month from the beginning of 2003 until the US pullout in December 2011.[19]
Total (2003–2011): 116,277 |
Iraqi casualties | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Total |
2003 | 3 | 2 | 3977 | 3435 | 545 | 598 | 646 | 825 | 566 | 516 | 487 | 525 | 12,125 |
2004 | 610 | 663 | 1004 | 1303 | 655 | 909 | 834 | 878 | 1042 | 1029 | 1663 | 1120 | 11,710 |
2005 | 1203 | 1292 | 904 | 1145 | 1396 | 1347 | 1536 | 2290 | 1428 | 1301 | 1467 | 1133 | 16,442 |
2006 | 1546 | 1577 | 1957 | 1804 | 2277 | 2584 | 3298 | 2865 | 2565 | 2996 | 3084 | 2898 | 29,451 |
2007 | 3017 | 2678 | 2726 | 2565 | 2844 | 2199 | 2694 | 2481 | 1387 | 1324 | 1124 | 996 | 26,036 |
2008 | 858 | 1092 | 1667 | 1315 | 914 | 750 | 639 | 704 | 612 | 594 | 540 | 586 | 10,271 |
2009 | 372 | 407 | 438 | 589 | 428 | 563 | 431 | 653 | 343 | 441 | 226 | 478 | 5,369 |
2010 | 267 | 305 | 336 | 385 | 387 | 385 | 488 | 520 | 254 | 315 | 307 | 218 | 4,167 |
2011 | 389 | 254 | 311 | 289 | 381 | 386 | 308 | 401 | 397 | 366 | 279 | -- | -- |
Concerning the yearly totals, IBC project states: "All figures are taken from the "maximum" confirmed deaths in the IBC database. However, IBC's rates and counts will rise over the coming months, as data is still being added to the IBC database for 2006 and other periods covered here."[96]
The IBC project released a report detailing the deaths it recorded between March 2003 and March 2005[89] in which it recorded 24,865 civilian deaths. The report says the U.S. and its allies were responsible for the largest share (37%) of the 24,865 deaths. The remaining deaths were attributed to anti-occupations forces (9%), crime (36%) and unknown agents (11%). It also lists the primary sources used by the media – mortuaries, medics, Iraqi officials, eyewitnesses, police, relatives, U.S.-coalition, journalists, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), friends/associates and other.
People's Kifah[edit]
An Iraqi political party called the People's Kifah, or Struggle Against Hegemony (PK), reported the findings of what the spokesperson described as a survey conducted between March and June 2003 throughout the non-Kurdish areas of Iraq. The group reportedly tallied 36,533 civilians killed in those areas by June 2003. These figures were first published in August 2003 on the website of Jude Wanniski, a retired reporter for The Wall Street Journal.[97] While detailed town-by-town totals are given by the PK spokesperson, details of methodology are very thin and raw data is not in the public domain. A still-less-detailed report on this study appeared some months later on Al Jazeera's website.[98] The Al Jazeera report claims the study covered up to October 2003, but this cannot be accurate, as exactly the same figures were already published on the Wanniski website in August 2003. No further information on this alleged survey has materialized since.
The spokesperson in August 2003 said that there was no way to communicate the figures from Baghdad, so a party cadre took what was apparently the only copy of the data to Kurdistan, where he was kidnapped, leaving no trace of the raw data thereafter.
In December 2007, a member of Iraq's Anti-Corruption board is reported to have said there were five million orphans in Iraq – almost half of the country's children.[99][100] In March 2012, the Baghdad Provincial Council estimated, "the overall number of orphans across Iraq to be no more than 400,000," while a UN report from 2008 estimated the number to be around 870,000.[101] A large-scale survey of Iraqi households by UNICEF, published in 2012, estimated that between 800,000 and a million Iraqi children under 18 – or about five percent of Iraqi children – have lost one or both of their parents.[102][103]
Iraqi refugees crisis[edit]
As of November 4, 2006, the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that 1.8 million Iraqis had been displaced to neighboring countries, and 1.6 million were displaced internally, with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing to Syria and Jordan each month.[82]
As of 2007 more Iraqis had lost their homes and become refugees than the population of any other country. Over 3.9 million people, close to 16 percent of the Iraqi population, have become uprooted. Of these, around 2 million have fled Iraq and flooded other countries, and 1.9 million are estimated to be refugees inside Iraq.[104]
Roughly 40 percent of Iraq's middle class is believed to have fled, the U.N. said. Most are fleeing systematic persecution and have no desire to return. All kinds of people, from university professors to bakers, have been targeted by militias, Iraqi insurgents and criminals. An estimated 331 school teachers were slain in the first four months of 2006, according to Human Rights Watch, and at least 2,000 Iraqi doctors have been killed and 250 kidnapped since the 2003 U.S. invasion.[105]
Project Censored cites the large number of Iraqi refugees as additional support of their argument that the number of Iraqi casualties is much larger than generally addressed in the mainstream media.[14]
A May 25, 2007, article in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer noted that in the past seven months only 69 people from Iraq had been granted refugee status in the U.S.[106] As a result of growing international pressure, on June 1, 2007, the Bush administration said it was ready to admit 7,000 Iraqi refugees who had helped the coalition since the invasion. According to Washington, D.C.-based Refugees International, the U.S. has admitted fewer than 800 Iraqi refugees since the invasion, Sweden had accepted 18,000, and Australia had resettled almost 6,000.[107]
Non-Iraqi civilian casualties[edit]
Many non-combatants from both coalition and non-coalition countries have also been killed or wounded, including journalists and international aid personnel and foreign civilians. See the main overview chart at the top for numbers and more information.
Coalition military casualties[edit]
Coalition deaths by country USA: 4,491 |
For the latest casualty numbers see the overview chart at the top of the page. See also the icasualties.org site:[52]
Since the official handover of power to the Iraqi Interim Government on June 28, 2004, coalition soldiers have continued to come under attack in towns across Iraq.
National Public Radio, iCasualties.org, and GlobalSecurity.org have month-by-month charts of American troop deaths in the Iraq War.[13][108][109]
The British Casualty Monitor has a fortnightly updated graphical analysis of British casualties.[110]
The combined total of coalition and contractor casualties in the conflict is now over ten times that of the 1990–1991 Gulf War. In the Gulf War, coalition forces suffered around 378 deaths, and among the Iraqi military, tens of thousands were killed, along with thousands of civilians.
Troops fallen ill, injured, or wounded[edit]
See the overview chart at the top of the page for recent numbers.
On August 29, 2006, The Christian Science Monitor reported:[111] "Because of new body armor and advances in military medicine, for example, the ratio of combat-zone deaths to those wounded has dropped from 24 percent in Vietnam to 13 percent in Iraq and Afghanistan. In other words, the numbers of those killed as a percentage of overall casualties is lower."
Many U.S. veterans of the Iraq War have reported a range of serious health issues, including tumors, daily blood in urine and stool, sexual dysfunction, migraines, frequent muscle spasms, and other symptoms similar to the debilitating symptoms of "Gulf War syndrome" reported by many veterans of the 1991 Gulf War, which some believe is related to the U.S.'s use of radioactive depleted uranium.[112]
A study[113] of U.S. veterans published in July 2004 in The New England Journal of Medicine on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental disorders in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans found that 5 percent to 9.4 percent (depending on the strictness of the PTSD definition used) suffered from PTSD before deployment. After deployment, 6.2 percent to 19.9 percent suffered from PTSD. For the broad definition of PTSD that represents an increase of 10.5 percent (19.9 percent – 9.4 percent = 10.5 percent). That is 10,500 additional cases of PTSD for every 100,000 U.S. troops after they have served in Iraq. ePluribus Media, an independent citizen journalism collective, is tracking and cataloging press-reported possible, probable, or confirmed incidents of post-deployment or combat-zone cases in its PTSD Timeline.[114]
Information on injuries suffered by troops of other coalition countries is less readily available, but a statement in Hansard indicated that 2,703 U.K. soldiers had been medically evacuated from Iraq for wounds or injuries as of October 4, 2004, and that 155 U.K. troops were wounded in combat in the initial invasion.[115]
Leishmaniasis has been reported by U.S. troops stationed in Iraq, including visceral leishmaniasis.[116]
Accidents and negligence[edit]
As of August 2008, sixteen American troops have died from accidental electrocutions in Iraq according to the Defense Department.[117] One soldier had been electrocuted in a shower, while another had been electrocuted in a swimming pool. KBR, the contractor responsible, had been warned by employees of unsafe practices, and was criticised following the revelations.[118]
Nightline controversy[edit]
Ted Koppel, host of ABC's Nightline, devoted his entire show on April 30, 2004, to reading the names of 721 of the 737 U.S. troops who had died thus far. He did not mention deaths in Afghanistan. (The show had not been able to confirm the remaining sixteen names.)
Claiming that this would constitute a political statement, the Sinclair Broadcast Group took the action of barring the seven ABC network-affiliated stations it controls from airing the show. The decision to censor the broadcast drew criticism from both sides, including members of the armed forces, opponents of the war, MoveOn.org, and most notably Republican U.S. Senator John McCain, who denounced the move as "unpatriotic" and "a gross disservice to the public".
As of January 18, 2007, there were at least 500 American amputees due to the Iraq War. According to a January 18, 2007, Time magazine article, the 500th victim was a 24-year-old corporal, who lost both legs in a roadside bomb explosion on January 12, 2007. He was cared for at the military hospital in Landstuhl, Germany, and then was transferred to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, located in Washington, D.C.
The article reports: "The 500 major amputations — toes and fingers aren't counted — represent 2.2% of the 22,700 U.S. troops wounded in action. But the number rises to 5% in the category of soldiers whose wounds prevent them returning to duty."[78]
However, in a presentation given by Dean Kamen at a TED conference in March 2008, Dean reports that a senior Department of Defense official disclosed that "1,600 of the kids we've sent out have come back missing at least one full arm. Whole arm. Shoulder disartic..."[119]
Traumatic brain injuries[edit]
A March 4, 2009, article in USA Today[120] reported that according to a Pentagon estimate, as many as 360,000 U.S. veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts may have suffered traumatic brain injuries (TBI), including 45,000 to 90,000 veterans with persistent symptoms requiring specialized care. (A separate estimate for the Iraq conflict alone was not specified.)
A February 2007 article in Discover, "Dead Men Walking – What Sort of Future Do Brain-Injured Iraq Veterans Face?", reports: "One expert from the VA estimates the number of undiagnosed TBIs at over 7,500. Nearly 2,000 brain-injured soldiers have already received some level of care, ..."[121]
USA Today reported in November 2007:
At least 20,000 U.S. troops who were not classified as wounded during combat in Iraq and Afghanistan have been found with signs of brain injuries, according to military and veterans records compiled by USA TODAY.
The data, provided by the Army, Navy and Department of Veterans Affairs, show that about five times as many troops sustained brain trauma as the 4,471 officially listed by The Pentagon through September 30. These cases also are not reflected in the Pentagon's official tally of wounded, which stands at 30,327.[122]
Mental illness and suicide[edit]
A top U.S. Army psychiatrist, Colonel Charles Hoge, told the U.S. Congress in March 2008 that nearly 30 percent of troops on their third deployment suffer from serious mental-health problems, and that one year was not enough time between combat tours.[123]
A March 12, 2007, Time article[124] reported on a study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine. About one third of the 103,788 veterans returning from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars seen at U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs facilities between September 30, 2001, and September 30, 2005, were diagnosed with mental illness or a psycho-social disorder, such as homelessness and marital problems, including domestic violence. More than half of those diagnosed, 56 percent, were suffering from more than one disorder. The most common combination was post-traumatic stress disorder and depression.
In January 2008, the U.S. Army reported that the rate of suicide among soldiers in 2007 was the highest since the Army started counting in 1980. There were 121 suicides in 2007, a 20-percent jump over the prior year. Also, there were around 2100 attempted suicides and self-injuries in 2007.[125] Other sources reveal higher estimates.[126]
Time magazine reported on June 5, 2008:
Data contained in the Army's fifth Mental Health Advisory Team report indicate that, according to an anonymous survey of U.S. troops taken last fall, about 12% of combat troops in Iraq and 17% of those in Afghanistan are taking prescription antidepressants or sleeping pills to help them cope. ... About a third of soldiers in Afghanistan and Iraq say they can't see a mental-health professional when they need to. When the number of troops in Iraq surged by 30,000 last year, the number of Army mental-health workers remained the same – about 200 – making counseling and care even tougher to get.[123]
In the same article Time also reported on some of the reasons for the prescription drug use:
That imbalance between seeing the price of war up close and yet not feeling able to do much about it, the survey suggests, contributes to feelings of "intense fear, helplessness or horror" that plant the seeds of mental distress. "A friend was liquefied in the driver's position on a tank, and I saw everything", was a typical comment. Another: "A huge f______ bomb blew my friend's head off like 50 meters from me." Such indelible scenes — and wondering when and where the next one will happen — are driving thousands of soldiers to take antidepressants, military psychiatrists say. It's not hard to imagine why.[123]
Concern has been expressed by mental health professionals about the effects on the emotional health and development of returning veterans' infants and children, due to the increased rates of interpersonal violence, posttraumatic stress, depression, and substance abuse that have been reported among these veterans.[127][128][129] Moreover, the stressful effects of physical casualties and loss pose enormous stress for the primary caregiver that can adversely affect her or his parenting, as well as the couple's children directly.[130] The mental health needs of military families in the aftermath of combat exposure and other war-related trauma have been thought likely to be inadequately addressed by the military health system that separates mental health care of the returning soldier from his or her family's care, the latter of whom is generally covered under a contracted, civilian managed-care system.[128][131]
Rape, sexual assault, sexual harassment[edit]
BBC News reported April 17, 2009, "According to several studies of the US military funded by the Department of Veteran Affairs, 30% of military women are raped while serving (14% of them gang raped), 71% are sexually assaulted, and 90% are sexually harassed."[132]
According to data reported by BPW/USA, despite representing 15% of the US troops in Iraq, female soldiers only account for 2% of the war casualties, with half of them being reported as suicides caused by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Because of the given figures and as BPW/denounces, military women were 15 times more likely to be raped by their fellows than die in the war.[133]
Iraqi insurgent casualties[edit]
In 2003, 597 insurgents were killed, according to the U.S. military.[134] From January 2004 through December 2009 (not including May 2004 and March 2009), 23,984 insurgents were estimated to have been killed based on reports from Coalition soldiers on the frontlines.[135] In the two missing months from the estimate, 652 were killed in May 2004,[136] and 45 were killed in March 2009.[137] In 2010, another 676 insurgents were killed.[138] In January and March through October 2011, 451 insurgents were killed.[139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147] Based on all of these estimates some 26,405 insurgents/militia were killed from 2003, up until late 2011.
However, this number could be an overestimate and may include some civilian fatalities, since there have been contradictions between the figures released by the U.S. military and those released by the Iraqi government. For example, the U.S. military's number of insurgents killed in 2005, is 3,247, which is in contrast to the Iraqi government's figure of 1,734.[148] In 2007, 4,544 militants were killed according to the Iraqi ministries,[149] while the U.S. military claimed 6,747 died. Also, in 2008, 2,028 insurgents were reported killed[150] and in 2009, with the exception of the month of June, 488 were killed according to the Iraqi Defence Ministry.[151] These numbers are also not in line with the U.S. military estimate of some 3,984 killed in 2008 and 2009.[152]
U.S. military- and Iraqi Defence Ministry-provided numbers, including suicide bombers
- 2011 – 451 (not including February & August)
- 2010 – 676
- 2009 – 488 (not including June)
- 2008 – 2,028
- 2007 – 6,747 (U.S. military), 4,544 (Iraqi Defence Ministry)
- 2006 – 3,902
- 2005 – 3,247 (U.S. military), 1,734 (Iraqi Defence Ministry)
- 2004 – 6,801
- 2003 – 603
In addition as of August 22, 2009, approximately 1,719 suicide-bombers had also been reported killed.
- 2009 – 73
- 2008 – 257
- 2007 – 442[153]
- 2006 – 297[153][154]
- 2005 – 478[155]
- 2004 – 140[155]
- 2003 (from August to December) — 32[156]
Grand total — 21,221–26,405 insurgents dead
On September 28, 2006, an Al Qaeda leader claimed that 4,000 foreign insurgents had been killed in the war.[157]
On June 6, 2008, an Iraqi Army official revealed that about 6,000 Al Qaeda fighters were among the insurgents killed since the start of the war up until April 2008.[158]
Insurgent deaths, like civilian deaths, are hard to count or estimate. See:[159][160]
See also the examples of undercounting shown in one of the sections below.
The Lancet surveys did not ask respondents if the dead they were reporting were combatants or not.
Contractor casualties[edit]
Their status as civilian is controversial. They are employees of U.S. government contractors and subcontractors, private military contractors, U.S. Department of Defense, etc. The contractors come from many nations including Iraq and the U.S.
A July 4, 2007, Los Angeles Times article reports:
"More than 180,000 civilians — including Americans, foreigners and Iraqis — are working in Iraq under U.S. contracts, according to State and Defense department figures obtained by the Los Angeles Times. ...
"The numbers include at least 21,000 Americans, 43,000 foreign contractors and about 118,000 Iraqis — all employed in Iraq by U.S. tax dollars, according to the most recent government data."[67]
A July 3, 2007, Reuters article reports:
"The department said it had recorded 990 deaths — 917 in Iraq and 73 in Afghanistan — by the end of March. Since then, according to incident logs tallied by Reuters in Baghdad and Kabul, at least 16 contractors have died in Iraq and two in Afghanistan. ...
"The Labor Department's statistics put the number of wounded in Iraq between March 1, 2003 and March 31, 2007 as 10,569. The corresponding figure for Afghanistan, from September 2001 to March 2007, is 2,428. ...
"Joseph McDermott, the Assistant Inspector General for Iraq, quoted Labor Department statistics as saying that of 900-plus contractors killed by the end of April, 224 were U.S. citizens."[60]
From a New York Times article published May 19, 2007:
"At least 146 contract workers were killed in Iraq in the first three months of the year, by far the highest number for any quarter since the war began in March 2003, according to the Labor Department, which processes death and injury claims for those working as United States government contractors in Iraq.[65]
The April 30, 2007, quarterly report to Congress of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction states:
- "Since Iraq reconstruction began, 916 death claims for civilian contractors working on U.S.-funded projects in Iraq have been filed. In the quarter ending March 31, 2007, the Department of Labor reported 146 new death claims. DoS reports that 16 U.S. civilians died in Iraq this quarter. Since the beginning of the U.S. reconstruction effort, 224 U.S. civilians have died in Iraq."[62][63][64]
A February 23, 2007, Associated Press article reports that there are 120,000 contractors. It states that through the end of 2006 there have been 769 deaths and "3,367 injuries serious enough to require four or more days off the job."[161]
A January 28, 2007, Houston Chronicle article[162] reports that the Pentagon estimates around 100,000 contractors are currently in Iraq, and that the Pentagon does not track contractor deaths. The article reports: "Halliburton's KBR is the largest military contractor operating in Iraq, with more than 50,000 employees and subcontractors working there, as well as in Kuwait and Afghanistan."
The article reports from Labor Department information that more than 770 civilian contractors of U.S.-based companies in Iraq died between March 2003 and December 31, 2006. 7,761 have been injured in Iraq. "How many of these civilian-contractor casualties were American citizens is unknown. Labor officials say they cannot provide a breakdown by nationality."
The article also reports:
- The Labor Department has these numbers because it tracks workers' compensation claims by injured workers or families of slain contractors under the federal Defense Base Act. "Using employee time lost is a kind of a weird way to track casualties", Singer noted. "But it's part of the bizarre nature of this industry and the way it's been used in Iraq." Still, the Labor Department figures don't tell the full story.
An October 10, 2006, Reuters article[163] reports, "Their number in Iraq is estimated at up to 100,000, from highly-trained former special forces soldiers to drivers, cooks, mechanics, plumbers, translators, electricians and laundry workers and other support personnel."
An April 2, 2004, Boston Globe article[164] reports: "Just how much the growing security burden in Iraq is costing US taxpayers is hard to gauge because few reconstruction contracts are made public and there is no official estimate of how many security specialists are active there. Analysts estimate that corporations have some 30,000 to 40,000 workers in Iraq"
Concerning the number of security-related contractors an April 19, 2004, New York Times article[165] states: "But more and more, they give the appearance of private, for-profit militias — by several estimates, a force of roughly 20,000 on top of an American military presence of 130,000.
That article also reports: "Sorting out lines of authority and communication can be complex. Many security guards are hired as 'independent contractors' by companies that, in turn, are sub-contractors of larger security companies, which are themselves subcontractors of a prime contractor, which may have been hired by a United States agency."
An April 13, 2004, Robert Fisk article[166] reports: "At least 18 000 mercenaries, many of them tasked to protect US troops and personnel, are now believed to be in Iraq."
The article reported: "At least 80 foreign mercenaries — security guards recruited from the United States, Europe and South Africa and working for American companies — have been killed in the past eight days in Iraq." The article noted that this was more than the roughly 70 coalition troops who were killed in the same period.
Iraqi healthcare deterioration[edit]
A November 11, 2006, Los Angeles Times article[167] reports:
- The [Iraq] nation's health has deteriorated to a level not seen since the 1950s, said Joseph Chamie, former director of the U.N. Population Division and an Iraq specialist. "They were at the forefront", he said, referring to healthcare just before the 1991 Persian Gulf War. "Now they're looking more and more like a country in sub-Saharan Africa."
A November 9, 2006, International Herald Tribune article reported what Iraq's Health Minister, Ali al-Shemari, said about the issue:
- Al-Shemari said Iraq needed at least 10 years to rebuild its infrastructure, and that the medical situation in the country was "gloomy." There was a shortage of medical supplies, which sometimes took months to reach the country from abroad, while roadblocks prevented people from getting to hospitals, he said. No hospital has been built in Iraq since 1983, and the country's 15,000 available hospital beds were well short of the 80,000 beds needed. The minister also noted that many doctors had left the country. "We need help from anybody", Al-Shemari said.[36]
Iraqi children suffering from psychological symptoms[edit]
Seventy percent of children are suffering from trauma-related symptoms according to a study of 10,000 primary school students in the Sha'ab section of north Baghdad, conducted by the Iraqi Society of Psychiatrists and the World Health Organization. "We're now finding an elevation of mental health disorders in children – emotional, conduct, peer, attention deficit", according to Iraqi psychiatrist Hashimi. "A number are even resulting in suicide."[168]
Total Iraqi casualties[edit]
Estimates of the total number of Iraqi war-related deaths are highly disputed. National Public Radio has a bar chart with various estimates.[13] Project Censored has named the "corporate media blackout" of the number of Iraqi deaths caused by the Iraq war (which it estimates at over one million) as the number-one censored story for 2009.[14] The estimated number of orphans across Iraq has ranged from 400,000 (according to the Baghdad Provincial Council), to five million (according to Iraq's anti-corruption board). A UN report from 2008 placed the number of orphans at about 870,000.[99][101]
Various estimates[edit]
In December 2005 President Bush said there were 30,000 Iraqi dead. White House spokesman Scott McClellan later said it was "not an official government estimate", and was based on media reports.[169][170]
The United Nations reported that 34,452 violent civilian deaths occurred in 2006, based on data from morgues, hospitals, and municipal authorities across Iraq.[32]
For 2006, a January 2, 2007, Associated Press article reports: "The tabulation by the Iraqi ministries of Health, Defence and Interior, showed that 14,298 civilians, 1,348 police and 627 soldiers had been killed in the violence that raged across the country last year. The Associated Press figure, gleaned from daily news reports from Baghdad, arrived at a total of 13,738 deaths."[171] The Australian reports in a January 2, 2007, article: "A figure of 3700 civilian deaths in October '[2006]', the latest tally given by the UN based on data from the Health Ministry and the Baghdad morgue, was branded exaggerated by the Iraqi Government."[172] Iraqi government estimates include "people killed in bombings and shootings but not deaths classed as 'criminal'." Also, they "include no deaths among the many civilians wounded in attacks who may die later from wounds. Nor do they include many people kidnapped whose fate remains unknown."[172]
A June 25, 2006, Los Angeles Times article, "War's Iraqi Death Toll Tops 50,000",[173] reported that their estimate of violent deaths consisted "mostly of civilians" but probably also included security forces and insurgents. It added that, "Many more Iraqis are believed to have been killed but not counted because of serious lapses in recording deaths in the chaotic first year after the invasion, when there was no functioning Iraqi government, and continued spotty reporting nationwide since." Here is how the Times got its number: "The Baghdad morgue received 30,204 bodies from 2003 through mid-2006, while the Health Ministry said it had documented 18,933 deaths from 'military clashes' and 'terrorist attacks' from April 5, 2004, to June 1, 2006. Together, the toll reaches 49,137. However, samples obtained from local health departments in other provinces show an undercount that brings the total well beyond 50,000. The figure also does not include deaths outside Baghdad in the first year of the invasion."
Iraq Body Count[edit]
The Iraq Body Count (IBC) project has recorded the numbers of civilians killed in violence since the 2003 invasion of Iraq based on a "comprehensive survey of commercial media and NGO-based reports, along with official records that have been released into the public sphere. Reports range from specific, incident based accounts to figures from hospitals, morgues, and other documentary data-gathering agencies." Current IBC figures, to December 2010, place the number of civilians killed at 99,151–108,234. The IBC was also given access to the WikiLeaks disclosures of the Iraq War Logs and has estimated that these documents show the total number of Iraqi deaths since the 2003 invasion to be over 150,000, with about 80% being civilian.[136][174]
Iraq Living Conditions Survey[edit]
A study commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), called the Iraq Living Conditions Survey (ILCS), sampled almost 22,000 households across all Iraqi provinces. It estimated 24,000 war-related violent deaths by May 2004 (with a 95 percent confidence interval from 18,000 to 29,000). This study did not attempt to measure what portion of its estimate was made up of civilians or combatants. It would include Iraqi military killed during the invasion, as well as "insurgents" or other fighters thereafter.[175] This study has been criticized for various reasons. For more info see the section in Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties that compares the Lancet and UNDP ILCS studies.
Iraqiyun estimate[edit]
In the introduction of the report for the 2006 Lancet survey are listed some previous death estimates. One was the Iraqiyun estimate: "An Iraqi non-governmental organisation, Iraqiyun, estimated 128,000 deaths from the time of the invasion until July, 2005, by use of various sources, including household interviews." The reference listed in the Lancet report: "NGO Coordination Committee in Iraq. Iraq emergency situation, final report. Baghdad: NGO Coordination Committee in Iraq, 2006."[33] A July 2005 United Press International (UPI) article said the number came from the chairman of the Iraqiyun humanitarian organization in Baghdad, Dr. Hatim al-'Alwani. He said 55 percent of those killed were women, and children aged 12 and under. The UPI article reported: "Iraqiyun obtained data from relatives and families of the deceased, as well as from Iraqi hospitals in all the country's provinces. The 128,000 figure only includes those whose relatives have been informed of their deaths and does not include those were abducted, assassinated or simply disappeared."[176] A 2010 book by Nicolas Davies reported the Iraqiyun estimate, and that Iraqiyun was affiliated with the political party of Interim President Ghazi Al-Yawer. Davies wrote: "The report specified that it included only confirmed deaths reported to relatives, omitting significant numbers of people who had simply disappeared without trace amid the violence and chaos."[177][178] A peer reviewed article by Professor Michael Spagat notes that "a single UPI article is the sole basis for the claim that a survey was done," and that no official report on this survey has ever surfaced. The paper also notes that the UPI article is repeating claims made in a report by Mafkarat al-Islam, or Islam Memo, a source that has been referred to by Middle East historian Juan Cole as "the radical Sunni Arab newspaper", and which a US State Department report has described as "perhaps the most unreliable source of 'news' on the internet", describing how it repeatedly reported that large numbers of US toops had been killed when few or none had been killed.[179]
The Associated Press and Health Ministry. More information[edit]
The Associated Press reported that the Health Ministry of the Iraqi government had recorded 87,215 violent deaths of Iraqi citizens since the beginning of 2005. The data was in the form of a list of yearly totals for death certificates issued for violent deaths by hospitals and morgues between January 1, 2005, and February 28, 2009. The number excludes thousands of people who are missing and civilians who were buried in the chaos of war without official notice. If included, those would raise the number of dead for that period by 10 to 20 percent according to the government official who provided the data to The Associated Press.[18]
The Associated Press used this data to estimate that more than 110,600 Iraqis had been killed since the start of the war to April 2009. This number is derived by combining the Health Ministry tally of 87,215 with counts of casualties for 2003–2004, and after March 1, 2009, from hospital sources and media reports, citing Iraq Body Count as its main source for this data. The AP article stated that it had "reviewed the Iraq Body Count analysis and confirmed its conclusions by sifting the data and consulting experts. The AP also interviewed experts involved with previous studies, prominent Iraq analysts and provincial and medical officials to determine that the new tally was credible."
The AP also reported: "Experts said the count constitutes an important baseline, albeit an incomplete one. Richard Brennan, who has done mortality research in Congo and Kosovo, said it is likely a 'gross underestimate' because many deaths go unrecorded in war zones. The Iraqi Body Count numbers are likely even more incomplete, given that many killings occurred in incidents journalists were unaware of or in inaccessible areas. Mass graves have been turning up as improved security allows patrols in formerly off-limits areas, but how many remain will never be known."[18]
Iraq Family Health Survey[edit]
The Iraq Family Health Survey published in the New England Journal of Medicine surveyed 9,345 households across Iraq and was carried out in 2006 and 2007. It estimated 151,000 deaths due to violence (95% uncertainty range, 104,000 to 223,000) from March 2003 through June 2006.
The study was done by the "Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group", a collaborative effort of six organizations: the Federal Ministry of Health, Baghdad; Kurdistan Ministry of Planning, Erbil; Kurdistan Ministry of Health, Erbil; Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology, Baghdad; World Health Organization Iraq office, Amman, Jordan; World Health Organization, Geneva.
Opinion Research Business survey of Iraqi war deaths in August 2007[edit]
A September 14, 2007, estimate by Opinion Research Business (ORB), an independent British polling agency, suggests that the total Iraqi violent death toll due to the Iraq War since the U.S.-led invasion is in excess of 1.2 million (1,220,580). Although higher than the 2006 Lancet estimate through June 2006, these results, which were based on a survey of 1,499 adults in Iraq from August 12–19, 2007, are more or less consistent with the figures that were published in the Lancet study.[28][29][30][31]
On January 28, 2008, ORB published an update based on additional work carried out in rural areas of Iraq. Some 600 additional interviews were undertaken and as a result of this the death estimate was revised to 1,033,000 with a given range of 946,000 to 1,120,000.[27][180]
Participants of the ORB survey were asked the following question:
"How many members of your household, if any, have died as a result of the conflict in Iraq since 2003 (ie as a result of violence rather than a natural death such as old age)? Please note that I mean those who were actually living under your roof."
The revised results[180] were
Number of deaths in household |
Percent of responders |
None | 72% |
One | 14% |
Two | 3% |
Three | 1% |
Four or more | "more than zero but less than 0.5%" |
Don't know | 2% |
No answer | 8% |
This ORB estimate has been strongly criticised as exaggerated and ill-founded in peer reviewed literature[181]
D3 Systems poll in early 2007[edit]
From February 25 to March 5, 2007, D3 Systems [21] conducted a poll for the BBC, ABC News, ARD and USA Today.[182][183][184][185][186][187]
ABC News reported: "One in six says someone in their own household has been harmed. ... 53 percent of Iraqis say a close friend or immediate family member has been hurt in the current violence. That ranges from three in 10 in the Kurdish provinces to, in Baghdad, nearly eight in 10."[183]
The methodology was described thus: "This poll for ABC News, USA Today, the BBC and ARD was conducted February 25 – March 5, 2007, through in-person interviews with a random national sample of 2,212 Iraqi adults, including oversamples in Anbar province, Basra city, Kirkuk and the Sadr City section of Baghdad. The results have a 2.5-point error margin. Field work by D3 Systems of Vienna, Virginia, and KA Research Ltd. of Istanbul."[183][185][188]
There was a field staff of 150 Iraqis in all. That included 103 interviewers, interviewing selected respondents at 458 locales across the country.[185] "This poll asked about nine kinds of violence (car bombs, snipers or crossfire, kidnappings, fighting among opposing groups or abuse of civilians by various armed forces)."[185]
Question 35 asked:
"Have you or an immediate family member – by which I mean someone living in this household – been physically harmed by the violence that is occurring in the country at this time?"
Here are the results[185] in percentages:
Groups | Yes | No | No opinion |
All | 17 | 83 | 0 |
Sunni | 21 | 79 | 0 |
Shiite | 17 | 83 | 0 |
Kurdish | 7 | 93 | 0 |
17% of respondents reported that at least one member of the household had been "physically harmed by the violence that is occurring in the country at this time." The survey did not ask whether multiple household members had been harmed.
Iraq Health Minister estimate in November 2006[edit]
In early November 2006 Iraq's Health Minister Ali al-Shemari said that he estimated between 100,000 and 150,000 people had been killed since the March 2003 U.S.-led invasion.[36][37][189][190] The Taipei Times reported on his methodology: "Al-Shemari said on Thursday [, November 9, 2006,] that he based his figure on an estimate of 100 bodies per day brought to morgues and hospitals – though such a calculation would come out closer to 130,000 in total."[37] The Washington Post reported: "As al-Shemari issued the startling new estimate, the head of the Baghdad central morgue said Thursday he was receiving as many as 60 violent death victims each day at his facility alone. Dr. Abdul-Razzaq al-Obaidi said those deaths did not include victims of violence whose bodies were taken to the city's many hospital morgues or those who were removed from attack scenes by relatives and quickly buried according to Muslim custom."[190]
From a November 9, 2006, International Herald Tribune article:[36]
"Each day we lost 100 persons, that means per month 3,000, per year it's 36,000, plus or minus 10 percent", al-Shemari said. "So by three years, 120,000, half year 20,000, that means 140,000, plus or minus 10 percent", he said, explaining how he came to the figures. "This includes all Iraqis killed — police, ordinary people, children", he said, adding that people who were kidnapped and later found dead were also included in his estimate. He said the figures were compiled by counting bodies brought to "forensic institutes" or hospitals.
From a November 11, 2006, Taipei Times article:[37]
An official with the ministry also confirmed the figure yesterday [November 10, 2006], but later said that the estimated deaths ranged between 100,000 and 150,000. "The minister was misquoted. He said between 100,000–150,000 people were killed in three-and-a-half years", the official said.
2006 Excess Mortality Study[edit]
The October 2006 Lancet study[33][34] estimated total excess deaths up to July 2006. Total deaths (civilian and non-civilian) include all additional deaths due to increased lawlessness, degraded infrastructure, poorer healthcare, etc.. The survey estimated 654,965 excess deaths related to the war. The 2006 study involved surveys between May 20 and July 10, 2006. More households were surveyed than during the 2004 study, allowing for a 95% confidence interval of 392,979 to 942,636 excess Iraqi deaths. The result was disputed by President Bush, epidemiologists, demographers, the Iraq Body Count, and many others, based both on the number of deaths and the alleged methodology.[191]
Although the British Government disputed the accuracy of the Lancet survey, the U.K. Ministry of Defence's chief scientific adviser wrote in an email on the day of publication that the survey's methods were "close to best practice" and the study design was "robust".[192] An October 12, 2006, San Francisco Chronicle article[193] reported: "Asked at the news conference what he thinks the number is now, Bush said: 'I stand by the figure a lot of innocent people have lost their life.' At a separate Pentagon briefing, Gen. George Casey, the top U.S. commander in Iraq, said that the [Lancet] figure 'seems way, way beyond any number that I have seen. I've not seen a number higher than 50,000. And so I don't give it that much credibility at all'."
John Tirman, who commissioned and directed the funding for the 2nd Lancet study,[194] and has reviewed various data and methodologies[195][196] has estimated "the number of war-related dead to be at least 600,000 and possibly as much as one million".[197] Tirman has praised as "most accurate"[198] the review published in Conflict and Health March 7, 2008, "Iraq War mortality estimates: A systematic review".[199]
2004 Excess Mortality Study[edit]
The October 2004 Lancet study[200] done by public health experts from Johns Hopkins University and published on October 29, 2004, in The Lancet medical journal, estimated that 100,000 "excess" Iraqi deaths from all causes had occurred since the U.S. invasion began. The study did not attempt to measure how many of these were civilian, but the study's authors have said they believe that the "vast majority" were non-combatants, based on 7% of the casualties being women and 46% being children under the age of 15 (including Falluja data). To arrive at these excess death figures, a survey was taken from 988 Iraqi households in 33 clusters throughout Iraq, in which the residents were asked how many people lived there and how many births and deaths there had been since the war began. They then compared the death rate with the average from the 15 months before the war. Iraqis were found to be 1.5 times more likely to die from all causes after the invasion (rising from 0.5% to 0.79% per year) than in the 15 months preceding the war, producing an estimate of 98,000 excess deaths. This figure excluded data from one cluster in Falluja, which was deemed too much of an outlier for inclusion in the national estimate. If it included data from Falluja, which showed a higher rate of violent deaths than the other 32 clusters combined, the increased death rate would be raised from 1.5 to 2.5 fold, violent deaths would be 58 times more likely with most of them due to air-strikes by coalition forces, and an additional 200,000 fatalities would be estimated.[201]
The study contains the following Summary:[clarification needed]
- Background: In March 2003, military forces, mainly from the USA and the UK, invaded Iraq. We did a survey to compare mortality during the period of 14.6 months before the invasion with the 17.8 months after it.
- Methods: A cluster sample survey was undertaken throughout Iraq during September 2004. 33 clusters of 30 households each were interviewed about household composition, births, and deaths since January 2002. In those households reporting deaths, the date, cause, and circumstances of violent deaths were recorded. We assessed the relative risk of death associated with the 2003 invasion and occupation by comparing mortality in the 17.8 months after the invasion with the 14.6-month period preceding it.
- Findings: The risk of death was estimated to be 2.5-fold (95% CI 1.6–4.2) higher after the invasion when compared with the preinvasion period. Two-thirds of all violent deaths were reported in one cluster in the city of Falluja. If we exclude the Falluja data, the risk of death is 1.5-fold (1.1–2.3) higher after the invasion. We estimate that 98,000 more deaths than expected (8000-194,000) happened after the invasion outside of Falluja and far more if the outlier Falluja cluster is included. The major causes of death before the invasion were myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accidents, and other chronic disorders whereas after the invasion violence was the primary cause of death. Violent deaths were widespread, reported in 15 of 33 clusters, and were mainly attributed to coalition forces. Most individuals reportedly killed by coalition forces were men. The risk of death from violence in the period after the invasion was 58 times higher (95% CI 8.1–419) than in the period before the war.
- Interpretation: Making conservative assumptions, we think that about 100,000 excess deaths, or more have happened since the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Violence accounted for most of the excess deaths and air strikes from coalition forces accounted for most violent deaths. We have shown that collection of public-health information is possible even during periods of extreme violence. Our results need further verification and should lead to changes to reduce noncombatant deaths from air strikes.
See Lancet study for more details of the methodology and subsequent controversy about the study.
The neutrality of this section is disputed. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
Some studies estimating the casualties due to the war in Iraq say there are various reasons why the estimates and counts may be low.
On February 24, 2009, Morning Edition discussed what a Baghdad central morgue statistics office worker reported to them:
the number of deaths the morgue registers never corresponds with numbers from the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Interior. "They do it on purpose", he says. "I would go home and look at the news. The ministry would say 10 people got killed all over Iraq, while I had received in that day more than 50 dead bodies just in Baghdad. It's always been like that – they would say one thing but the reality was much worse."[202]
A January 31, 2008 Perspective in the New England Journal of Medicine contains the following discussion of undercounting Iraqi civilian casualties in household surveys:
" ... sometimes it was problematic or too dangerous to enter a cluster of households, which might well result in an undercount; data from the Iraq Body Count on the distribution of deaths among provinces were used to calculate estimates in these instances. If the clustering of violent deaths wasn't accurately captured, that could also increase uncertainty.
The sampling frame was based on a 2004 count, but the population has been changing rapidly and dramatically because of sectarian violence, the flight of refugees, and overall population migration. Another source of bias in household surveys is underreporting due to the dissolution of some households after a death, so that no one remains to tell the former inhabitants' story. "[203]
A January 10, 2008, Washington Post article reported: "Previous research has shown that household surveys typically miss 30 to 50 percent of deaths. One reason is that some families that have suffered violent deaths leave the survey area. ... Some people are kidnapped and disappear, and others turn up months or years later in mass graves. Some are buried or otherwise disposed of without being recorded. In particularly violent areas, local governments have effectively ceased to function, and there are ineffective channels for collecting and passing information between hospitals, morgues and the central government."[26]
On November 10, 2006, The Washington Post reported: "Accurate figures on the number of people who have died in the Iraq conflict have long been the subject of debate. Police and hospitals often give widely conflicting figures of those killed in major bombings. In addition, death figures are reported through multiple channels by government agencies that function with varying efficiency."[190]
The October 2006 Lancet study[33][34] states: "Aside from Bosnia, we can find no conflict situation where passive surveillance [used by the IBC] recorded more than 20% of the deaths measured by population-based methods [used in the Lancet studies]. In several outbreaks, disease and death recorded by facility-based methods underestimated events by a factor of ten or more when compared with population-based estimates. Between 1960 and 1990, newspaper accounts of political deaths in Guatemala correctly reported over 50% of deaths in years of low violence but less than 5% in years of highest violence."[33] The report describes no other specific examples except for this study of Guatemala.
The Lancet reference used is to Patrick Ball, Paul Kobrak, and Herbert F. Spirer and their 1999 book, State Violence in Guatemala, 1960–1996: A Quantitative Reflection.[204] From the introduction:
- "The CIIDH database consists of cases culled from direct testimonies and documentary and press sources."
They report in chapter seven:[205]
- "Figure 7.1 shows that in the CIIDH database, most of the information for human rights violations prior to 1977 comes from press sources. ... Approximately 10,890 cases were coded from the newspapers. Sixty-three percent of the press cases were taken from Prensa Libre, 10 percent from El Gráfico, 8 percent from La Hora and El Impacto respectively, and 6 percent from El Imparcial. The remaining 5 percent is made up by eight other newspapers."
But they reported that in later, more violent years:
- "When the level of violence increased dramatically in the late 1970s and early 1980s, numbers of reported violations in the press stayed very low. In 1981, one of the worst years of state violence, the numbers fall towards zero. The press reported almost none of the rural violence."
There is a list[206] of figures, tables, and charts in the book that can be used to calculate what percentage of the deaths were reported by the 13 Guatemalan newspapers for each year when compared to testimonies of witnesses compiled by popular organizations.
Juan Cole wrote in an October 11, 2006, article:[91] "There is heavy fighting almost every day at Ramadi in al-Anbar province, among guerrillas, townspeople, tribes, Marines and Iraqi police and army. We almost never get a report of these skirmishes and we almost never are told about Iraqi casualties in Ramadi."
A July 28, 2004, opinion piece by Robert Fisk published by The Independent[207] reports that "some families bury their dead without notifying the authorities."
Stephen Soldz, who runs the website "Iraq Occupation and Resistance Report", wrote in a February 5, 2006, article:[208] "Of course, in conditions of active rebellion, the safer areas accessible to Western reporters are likely to be those under US/Coalition control, where deaths are, in turn, likely to be due to insurgent attacks. Areas of insurgent control, which are likely to be subject to US and Iraqi government attack, for example most of Anbar province, are simply off-limits to these reporters. Thus, the realities of reporting imply that reporters will be witness to a larger fraction of deaths due to insurgents and a lesser proportion of deaths due to US and Iraqi government forces."
A June 25, 2006, Los Angeles Times article[173] reports: "Many more Iraqis are believed to have been killed but not counted because of serious lapses in recording deaths. ... The [Los Angeles] Times attempted to reach a comprehensive figure by obtaining statistics from the Baghdad morgue and the Health Ministry and checking those numbers against a sampling of local health departments for possible undercounts."
An October 19, 2006, Washington Post article[191] reports: "The deaths reported by officials and published in the news media represent only a fraction of the thousands of mutilated bodies winding up in Baghdad's overcrowded morgue each month. ... Bodies are increasingly being dumped in and around Baghdad in fields staked out by individual Shiite militias and Sunni insurgent groups. Iraqi security forces often refuse to go to the dumping grounds, leaving the precise number of bodies in those sites unknown. Civilian deaths, unlike those of American troops, often go unrecorded."
On October 11, 2006, Middle East Professor Juan Cole wrote:
"But last May [2006], the government authorities in Basra came out and admitted that security had collapsed in the city and that for the previous month, one person had been assassinated every hour. Now, that is 24 dead a day, just from political assassination. Apparently these persons were being killed in faction fighting among Shiite militias and Marsh Arab tribes. We never saw any of those 24 deaths a day reported in the Western press. And we never see any deaths from Basra reported in the wire services on a daily basis even now. Has security improved since May? No one seems even to be reporting on it, yes or no."[91]
The Australian reports in a January 2, 2007, article[172] that Iraqi government casualty estimates include "people killed in bombings and shootings but not deaths classed as 'criminal'." Also, they "include no deaths among the many civilians wounded in attacks who may die later from wounds. Nor do they include many people kidnapped whose fate remains unknown."
In a November 7, 2004, press release[209] concerning the October 2004 Lancet study the Iraq Body Count project (IBC) states: "We have always been quite explicit that our own total is certain to be an underestimate of the true position, because of gaps in reporting or recording".
One of the sources used by the media are morgues. Only the central Baghdad area morgue has released figures consistently. While that is the largest morgue in Iraq and in the most consistently violent area, the absence of comprehensive morgue figures elsewhere leads to undercounting. IBC makes it clear that, due to these issues, its count will almost certainly be below the full toll in its 'Quick FAQ' on its homepage.
Quote from an IBC note:[210] "The Iraq Body Count (IBC) estimate for x350, like that for x334, was made possible by examination of the detailed data supplied to the Associated Press (AP) by the morgues surveyed in AP's 23 May 2004 survey of Iraqi morgues."
That May 23, 2004, Associated Press article[211] points out the lack of morgue data from many areas of Iraq. Also, it states: "The [Baghdad] figure does not include most people killed in big terrorist bombings, Hassan said. The cause of death in such cases is obvious so bodies are usually not taken to the morgue, but given directly to victims' families. Also, the bodies of killed fighters from groups like the al-Mahdi Army are rarely taken to morgues."
Systematic underreporting by U.S.[edit]
An April 2005 article by The Independent[212] reports:
- "A week before she was killed by a suicide bomber, humanitarian worker Marla Ruzicka forced military commanders to admit they did keep records of Iraqi civilians killed by US forces. ... in an essay Ms Ruzicka wrote a week before her death on Saturday and published yesterday, the 28-year-old revealed that a Brigadier General told her it was 'standard operating procedure' for US troops to file a report when they shoot a non-combatant. She obtained figures for the number of civilians killed in Baghdad between February 28 and April 5 [2005], and discovered that 29 had been killed in firefights involving US forces and insurgents. This was four times the number of Iraqi police killed."
The December 2006 report of the Iraq Study Group (ISG) found that the United States has filtered out reports of violence in order to disguise its perceived policy failings in Iraq.[213] A December 7, 2006, McClatchy Newspapers article[213] reports that the ISG found that U.S. officials reported 93 attacks or significant acts of violence on one day in July 2006, yet "a careful review of the reports for that single day brought to light more than 1,100 acts of violence." The article further reports:
- "The finding confirmed a September 8 McClatchy Newspapers report that U.S. officials excluded scores of people killed in car bombings and mortar attacks from tabulations measuring the results of a drive to reduce violence in Baghdad. By excluding that data, U.S. officials were able to boast that deaths from sectarian violence in the Iraqi capital had declined by more than 52 percent between July and August, McClatchy newspapers reported."
From the ISG report itself: "A murder of an Iraqi is not necessarily counted as an attack. If we cannot determine the source of a sectarian attack, that assault does not make it into the database. A roadside bomb or a rocket or mortar attack that doesn't hurt U.S. personnel doesn't count."[213]
According to Project Censored, the undercounting and underreporting of Iraqi casualties has led to a widespread belief among the U.S. public that very few Iraqis have been killed, with an average "estimate" of under 10,000 reported by an Associated Press poll in February 2007.[14]
Casualties caused by criminal and political violence[edit]
In May 2004, Associated Press completed a survey[211] of the morgues in Baghdad and surrounding provinces. The survey tallied violent deaths from May 1, 2003, when President Bush declared an end to major combat operations, through April 30, 2004.
From the AP article:
- In Baghdad, a city of about 5.6 million, 4,279 people were recorded killed in the 12 months through April 30, [2004], according to figures provided by Kais Hassan, director of statistics at Baghdad's Medicolegal Institute, which administers the city's morgues. "Before the war, there was a strong government, strong security. There were a lot of police on the streets and there were no illegal weapons", he said during an AP reporter's visit to the morgue. "Now there are few controls. There is crime, revenge killings, so much violence." The figure does not include most people killed in big terrorist bombings, Hassan said. The cause of death in such cases is obvious so bodies are usually not taken to the morgue, but given directly to victims' families. Also, the bodies of killed fighters from groups like the al-Mahdi Army are rarely taken to morgues.
Accidental trauma deaths from car accidents, falls, etc. are not included in the numbers. The article reports that the numbers translate to 76 killings per 100,000 people in Baghdad, compared to 39 in Bogotá, Colombia, 7.5 in New York City, and 2.4 in neighboring Jordan. The article states that there were 3.0 killings per 100,000 people in Baghdad in 2002 (the year before the war).
Morgues surveyed in other parts of Iraq also reported large increases in the number of homicides. Karbala, south of Baghdad, increased from an average of one homicide per month in 2002 to an average of 55 per month in the year following the invasion; in Tikrit, north of Baghdad, where there were no homicides in 2002, the rate had grown to an average of 17 per month; in the northern province of Kirkuk, the rate had increased from 3 per month in 2002 to 34 per month in the survey period.[211]
See also[edit]
- Aviation accidents and incidents in Iraq War
- Campaign for Innocent Victims in Conflict
- International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq
- Iraq Body Count project
- Iraqi Health Ministry casualty survey
- Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties
- ORB survey of Iraq War casualties
- Post-traumatic stress disorder
- Suicide bombings in Iraq since 2003
- Violence against academics in post-invasion Iraq
- United States casualties of war
- Civilian casualty ratio
- ^ See Tables section below
- ^ a b c Hagopian, Amy; Flaxman, Abraham D.; Takaro, Tim K.; Esa Al Shatari, Sahar A.; Rajaratnam, Julie; Becker, Stan; Levin-Rector, Alison; Galway, Lindsay; Hadi Al-Yasseri, Berq J.; Weiss, William M.; Murray, Christopher J.; Burnham, Gilbert; Mills, Edward J. (15 October 2013). "Mortality in Iraq Associated with the 2003–2011 War and Occupation: Findings from a National Cluster Sample Survey by the University Collaborative Iraq Mortality Study". PLoS Medicine. 10 (10): e1001533. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001533. PMC 3797136. PMID 24143140. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "Operation Iraqi Freedom | Iraq" (PDF). iCasualties. May 28, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ^ a b c Staff writer (October 23, 2010). "Iraq War Logs: What the Numbers Reveal". Iraq Body Count. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- ^ "Civilian deaths from violence in 2003–2011". Iraq Body Count. January 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ^ "Civilian deaths from violence in 2012". Iraq Body Count. January 1, 2013.
- ^ "The War in Iraq: 10 years and counting :: Iraq Body Count". iraqbodycount.org. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
- ^ a b Rogers, Simon (October 23, 2010). "Wikileaks Iraq: Data Journalism Maps Every Death — Data Journalism Allows Us To Really Interrogate the Wikileaks Iraq War Logs Release. Here Is the Statistical Breakdown — and Data for You To Download". Data Blog – Facts Are Sacred (blog on The Guardian). Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- ^ a b "Iraq: The War Logs". The Guardian.
- ^ a b Carlstrom, Gregg (October 22, 2010; last modified October 24, 2010 (at November 21, 2010)). "WikiLeaks Releases Secret Iraq File — Al Jazeera Accesses 400,000 Secret US Military Documents, Which Reveal the Inside Story of the Iraq War". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
- ^ "The WikiLeaks Iraq War Logs: Greatest Data Leak in US Military History". Der Spiegel. October 22, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
- ^ a b Leigh, David (October 22, 2010). "Iraq War Logs Reveal 15,000 Previously Unlisted Civilian Deaths — Leaked Pentagon Files Contain Records of More than 100,000 Fatalities Including 66,000 Civilians". The Guardian. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- ^ a b c Editors – Katz, Jeffrey; Doug Roberts, Doug; Sutherland, J.J. (undated). "The Toll of War — U.S. Troop Fatalities in Iraq since March 2003 — A Month-by-Month Count of U.S. Troops Killed in the Conflict" (bar chart of various death toll estimates). NPR. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Over One Million Iraqi Deaths Caused by US Occupation". Project Censored.
- ^ a b Staff writer (October 24, 2010). "Secret Iraq Files — US Turned Blind Eye To Torture" Archived November 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
- ^ Staff writer (undated). "Iraq War Logs — Related Articles, Background Features and Opinions about this Topic" (gateway/portal page of site). Der Spiegel. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
- ^ Staff writer (October 22, 2010). "WikiLeaks Iraq FAQs — What the Logs Really Say". Der Spiegel. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Gamel, Kim (April 14, 2009). "AP Impact: Secret Tally Has 87,215 Iraqis Dead". Associated Press (via Boston Herald). Full article
- ^ a b c d "Iraq Body Count database". Iraqbodycount.org. July 24, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
- ^ a b c Iraq Body Count project. Source of IBC quote on undercounting by media is here [1].
- ^ [dead link]"WHO Country Office in Iraq. Iraq Family Health Survey". World Health Organization (WHO).
- ^ Press release (January 9, 2008). "New Study Estimates 151,000 Violent Iraqi Deaths Since 2003 Invasion".World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ Alkhuzai AH, Ahmad IJ, Hweel MJ, Ismail TW, et al. (2008). "Violence-Related Mortality in Iraq from 2002 to 2006". The New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (2): 484–93. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0707782. PMID 18184950.
- ^ Staff writer (January 10, 2008). "New Study Says 151,000 Iraqi Dead – One of the Biggest Surveys So Far of Iraqis Who Have Died Violently Since the US-Led Invasion of 2003 Has Put the Figure at About 151,000". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
- ^ Boseley, Sarah (January 10, 2008). "151,000 Civilians Killed Since Iraq Invasion — Figures Up to June 2006 from Household Survey — Government Accepts New estimate on Death Toll. The Guardian. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ a b Brown, Davia; Partlow, Joshua (January 10, 2008)."New Estimate of Violent Deaths Among Iraqis Is Lower". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ a b "Update on Iraqi Casualty Data" by Opinion Research Business. January 2008.
- ^ a b "More than 1,000,000 Iraqis Murdered". September 2007. Opinion Research Business. PDF report: "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
- ^ a b Susman, Tina (September 14, 2007). "Poll: Civilian Death Toll in Iraq May Top 1 Million". Los Angeles Times (via commondreams.org). Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ a b Beaumont, Peter; Walters, Joanna (September 16, 2007). "Greenspan Admits Iraq Was About Oil, As Deaths Put at 1.2 Million". The Observer (via commondreams.org). Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ a b c Staff writer (September 18, 2007). "The Media Ignore Credible Poll Revealing 1.2 Million Violent Deaths In Iraq" Archived November 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Media Lens. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ a b (registration required) Tavernise, Sabrina (January 17, 2007). "Iraqi Death Toll Exceeded 34,000 in '06, U.N. Says". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d e 2006 Lancet study. ""Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey"" (PDF). Archived September 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. (242 KB). By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. The Lancet, October 11, 2006
- ^ a b c Supplement to 2006 Lancet study: ""The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002–2006"" (PDF). (603 KB). By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doosy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts.
- ^ Opinion essay (numerous signatories) (October 21, 2006). "The Iraq Deaths Study Was Valid and Correct". The Age. Retrieved September 2, 2010
- ^ a b c d [dead link]"Iraqi Health Minister Estimates as Many as 150,000 Iraqis Killed by Insurgents". International Herald Tribune. November 9, 2006.
- ^ a b c d Staff writer (November 11, 2006). "Iraqi Death Toll Estimates Go as High as 150,000". Agence France-Presse/Associated Press (via Taipei Times). Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ "Home | Costs of War". costsofwar.org. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
- ^ "Estimated cost of Iraq War is 190,000 lives and $2.2 trillion - News from Brown". Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ "Iraq war 10 years later: Was it worth it? - CSMonitor.com". csmonitor.com. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
- ^ 260 killed in 2003,[2] 15,196 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009),[3] 67 killed in March 2009,[4] and 1,100 killed in 2010,"Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved 2014-12-20. thus giving a total of 16,623 dead
- ^ Database (undated; updated "every two weeks"). "Iraq Index — Tracking Reconstruction and Security in Post-Saddam Iraq" Archived May 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Brookings Institution. Retrieved September 3, 2010. (For the latest total of Iraqi police and military killed download the PDF file of the most recent Iraq Index, and look in the table of contents.)
- ^ Database (undated). "Operation Iraqi Freedom" "Iraqi Deaths" Archived March 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. iCasualties.org. Retrieved September 3, 2010. (An iCasualties.org breakdown of deaths in Iraq. See the ISF (Iraqi Security Forces) column.)
- ^ 597 killed in 2003,[5], 23,984 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009),[6] 652 killed in May 2004,[7] 45 killed in March 2009,[8] 676 killed in 2010,[9] 366 killed in 2011 (with the exception of February),[10][11][12][13][14][15][permanent dead link]"Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved 2011-10-22."Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-15. thus giving a total of 26,320 dead
- ^ iCasualties: Iraq Coalition Casualty Count – Journalists Killed.
- ^ Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). IRAQ: Journalists in Danger.
- ^ Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). Media Workers Killed in Iraq Since March 2003.
- ^ [dead link] Ryan, Missy (November 21, 2007). "War-Weary Aid Groups Weigh Risk, Need in Iraq". Reuters.
- ^ NGOs Coordination Committee in Iraq.
- ^ John Pike. "globalsecurity.org". Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ a b OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM (OIF) U.S. CASUALTY STATUS * FATALITIES AS OF: June 29, 2016, 10 a.m. EDT
- ^ a b c iCasualties.org (was lunaville.org). Benicia, California. Patricia Kneisler, et al.., "Iraq Coalition Casualty Count".
- ^ a b "Forces: U.S. & Coalition Casualties" Archived June 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.. CNN, From March 2003 onwards.
- ^ Many official U.S. tables at "Military Casualty Information"
- ^ latest injury, disease, and other-medical totals
- ^ Latest fatality and wounded-in-action totals
- ^ a b c "Global War on Terrorism — Operation Iraqi Freedom, By Month". United States Department of Defense. "Prepared by: Defense Manpower Data Center. Statistical Information Analysis Division."
- ^ Iraq Coalition Casualties: Military Fatalities Archived March 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine..
- ^ iCasualties OIF: Fatalities By Country Archived April 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine..
- ^ a b c Debusmann, Bernd (July 3, 2007). "In Outsourced U.S. Wars, Contractor Deaths Top 1,000". Reuters. Retrieved September 2, 2010. 10,569 wounded and 933 deaths in Iraq. 224 are U.S. citizens.
- ^ a b iCasualties OIF: Contractor Deaths Archived March 20, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.. Incomplete list.
- ^ a b [dead link]"Reconstruction Report: 916 Death Claims for Civilian Contractors in Iraq". USA Today. April 30, 2007.
- ^ a b "Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction: April 2007 Report" Archived February 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine..
- ^ a b Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction. ""April 30, 2007 Quarterly Report to Congress (Highlights, All Sections and Appendices)"" (PDF). Archived February 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. (10.8 MB)
- ^ a b Broder, John M.; Risen, James (May 19, 2007). "Death Toll for Contractors Reaches New High in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved September 2, 2010. "workers from more than three dozen other countries".
- ^ Roberts, Michelle (February 24, 2007). "Contractor Deaths Add Up in Iraq". Associated Press (via the Deseret Morning News). Retrieved September 2, 2010. "...often highly dangerous duties almost identical to those performed by many U.S. troops."
- ^ a b Miller, T. Christian (July 4, 2007). "Private Contractors Outnumber U.S. Troops in Iraq". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 2, 2010. 182,000 contractors: "21,000 Americans, 43,000 foreign contractors and about 118,000 Iraqis".
- ^ "70,000 people killed in Iraq since 2003, says Human Rights Ministry" Archived January 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. AKnews March 14, 2012
- ^ "Breakdown of Iraqis killed in war from 2004–2008". Associated Press October 14, 2009
- ^ "More than 69,000 Iraqis killed between "2004–2011" – al-Dabbagh". Aswat al-Iraq February 29, 2012
- ^ "The War in Numbers" by James Ball, October 22, 2010
- ^ "Adding Indifference to Injury". Iraq Body Count August 7, 2003
- ^ "A Dossier of Civilian Casualties in Iraq 2003–2005". Iraq Body Count July 19, 2005
- ^ "Human Rights Report 1 November – 31 December 2006". UN Assistance Mission for Iraq
- ^ "MoH reveals figures of 2007 violence victims". National Iraqi News Agency June 21, 2008
- ^ Staff writer (January 17, 2007). "Chronology — The Deadliest Bomb Attacks in Iraq". Reuters (via AlertNet). Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ [dead link] Hurst, Steven R.; Frayer, Lauren. "4 Bombings in Baghdad Kill at Least 183" Archived April 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. Associated Press (via 'Yahoo! News).
- ^ a b Weisskopf, Michael (January 18, 2007). "A Grim Milestone: 500 Amputees". Time. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ Zimmerman, Eilene (November 8, 2006). "Getting Amputees Back on Their Feet — Navy's One-Stop, State-of-the-Art Rehabilitation Center in California Helps War Injured Realize Goals". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ Brain trauma a 'silent epidemic' among Iraq veterans Archived January 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. By Moni Basu. November 19, 2006. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
- ^ Zoroya, Gregg (October 18, 2005). "1 in 4 Iraq Vets Ailing on Return". USA Today. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ a b [dead link] Higgins, Alexander G. (November 3, 2006). "U.N.: 100,000 Iraq Refugees Flee Monthly". Boston Globe.
- ^ "Tommy Franks – Wikiquote". "we don't do body counts." March 2002 in Afghanistan.
- ^ Epstein, Edward (March 23, 2002). "Success in Afghan War Hard To Gauge — U.S. Reluctance To Produce Body Counts Makes Proving Enemy's Destruction Difficult". San Francisco Chronicle (via GlobalSecurity.org). Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ [dead link]"Secretary of Defense Interview with Bob Woodward — 23 Oct, 2003". United States Department of Defense: News Transcript. April 19, 2004.
- ^ Steele, Jonathan (May 28, 2003). "Body Counts — The Western Media Focused on the Number of Civilians Killed in Iraq, But the Country's Ill-Prepared Armed Forces Suffered Far Greater Losses". The Guardian. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ Press release (October 28, 2003). "New Study Finds: 11,000 to 15,000 Killed in Iraq War; 30 Percent are Non-Combatants; Death Toll Hurts Postwar Stability Efforts, Damages US Image Abroad" Archived October 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.. Project on Defense Alternatives (via Common Dreams NewsCenter). Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ Conetta, Carl (October 23, 2003). "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict — Project on Defense Alternative Research Monograph #8". Project on Defense Alternatives (via Commonwealth Institute). Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ a b c ""A Dossier of Civilian Casualties 2003–2005"" (PDF). (650 KB). Iraq Body Count project. Report covers from March 20, 2003, to March 19, 2005, based on data available by June 14, 2005.
- ^ Karagiozakis, Maria (June 22, 2009). Counting Excess Civilian Casualties of the Iraq War: Science or Politics? Archived November 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance. Retrieved September 3, 2010. (Also — Abstract (June 22, 2009). "Counting Excess Civilian Casualties of the Iraq War: Science or Politics?"[dead link]. Human Security Report Project. Retrieved September 3, 2010.)
- ^ a b c Cole, Juan (October 11, 2006). "655,000 Dead in Iraq since Bush Invasion". Informed Comment (blog at juancole.com). Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ "''(IBC Recent Events)''". Iraqbodycount.org. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
- ^ Staff writer (April 28, 2006). "Iraq Body Count — Media Lens Responds". Newsnight. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Fuller, David. (April 28, 2006) "Virtual War Follows Iraq Conflict". BBC News (via Newsnight). Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ "Speculation is no substitute: a defence of Iraq Body Count"
- ^ "Year Four: Simply the Worst". Press Release 15, Iraq Body Count.
- ^ [dead link] Wanniski, Jude (August 21, 2003). "Civilian War Deaths in Iraq". wanniski.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-09.
- ^ [dead link] Janabi, Ahmed (July 31, 2004). "Iraqi Group: Civilian Toll over 37,000". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on September 11, 2005.
- ^ a b Uruknet (December 15, 2007). "US Labor Against the War : 5 million Iraqi orphans, anti-corruption board reveals Voices of Iraq". Uslaboragainstwar.org. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ^ Staff writer (May 10, 2008). "Five Million Orphans in Iraq — Alive in Baghdad: Most Orphanages a Disgrace, This Is a Story of One That Works". The Real News. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ a b ""Draft law seeks to provide Iraqi orphans with comprehensive support" by Khalid al-Tale, 27 March 2012". Mawtani. March 27, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ "Iraq Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Final Report, 2011" September 2012
- ^ ""Iraq conflict: Crisis of an orphaned generation" by Caroline Hawley, BBC News, Baghdad, 27 November 2012". BBC News. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ Arnove, Anthony (essay, March 20, 2007). "Billboarding the Iraq Disaster". Asia Times Online. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Lochhead, Carolyn (January 16, 2007). "Conflict in Iraq — Iraq Refugee Crisis Exploding — 40% of Middle Class Believed To Have Fled Crumbling Nation". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ McFeatters, Ann (essay, May 25, 2007). "Iraq Refugees Find No Refuge in America". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Reid, Tim (June 2, 2007). "US in Iraq for 'Another 50 Years'". The Australian. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ iCasualties: OIF US Fatalities by month. At iCasualties.org
- ^ U.S. Casualties in Iraq. At GlobalSecurity.org
- ^ "British Casualty Monitor: Tracking the War in Iraq". Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ Knickerbocker, Brad (August 29, 2006). "In Iraq, Fewer Killed, More Are Wounded — New Data Show Better Technology and Tactics Are Keeping Fatalities Down, But Injuries Remain High". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Hastings, Deborah (August 12, 2006). "Is An Armament Sickening U.S. Soldiers?". Associated Press (via Common Dreams NewsCenter. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
- ^ (registration required) Hoge, M.D., Charles W.; Castro, PhD, Carl A.; Messer, PhD, Stephen C.; McGurk, PhD, Dennis; Cotting, PhD, Dave I.; and Koffman, M.D., M.P.H., Robert L. (July 1, 2004). "Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care". The New England Journal of Medicine.
- ^ ePluribus Media. PTSD Timeline Archived February 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. Database of reported OEF/OIF cases.
- ^ "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 4 October 2004". The United Kingdom Parliament. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
- ^ Korzeniewski, K; Olszański, R. "Leishmaniasis among soldiers of stabilization forces in Iraq. Review article". Int Marit Health. 55: 155–63. PMID 15881551.
- ^ Staff writer (July 25, 2008). "Pentagon: 16 Soldiers Died from Electric Shock". Associated Press (via USA Today. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
- ^ (registration required) Risen, James (May 4, 2008). "Despite Alert, Flawed Wiring Still Kills G.I.'s". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- ^ [16]; TED (conference)
- ^ Zoroya, Gregg (March 4, 2009). "360,000 Veterans May Have Brain Injuries". USA Today. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Mason, Michael (February 23, 2007). "Dead Men Walking — What Sort of Future Do Brain-Injured Iraq Veterans Face?". Discover. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
- ^ Zoroya, Gregg (November 22, 2007). "20,000 Vets' Brain Injuries Not Listed in Pentagon Tally". USA Today. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ a b c Thompson, Mark (June 5, 2008). "America's Medicated Army". Time. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Wallis, Claudia (March 12, 2007). "Casualty of War: Mental Health". Time. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Staff writer (January 31, 2008). "Army Report Reveals 121 Suspected Suicides Among Soldiers in 2007, 20 Percent Increase Over 2006". Associated Press (via Fox News). Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ 18 veterans commit suicide each day. April 26, 2010. Army Times.
- ^ Schechter, D.S.; Davis, B.E. (2007). "Parenting in Times of Crisis". Pediatric Annals. 36 (4): 216–222. doi:10.3928/0090-4481-20070401-11.
- ^ a b Psychiatric Annals
- ^ Sayers, S.L.; Farrow, V.A.; Ross, J.; Oslin, D.W. (2009). "Family Problems Among Recently Returned Military Veterans Referred for a Mental Health Evaluation". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 70 (2): 163–170. doi:10.4088/jcp.07m03863.
- ^ McFarlane, A.C. (2009). "Military Deployment: The Impact on Children and Family Adjustment and the Need for Care". Current Opinions in Psychiatry. 22 (4): 369–373. doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32832c9064.
- ^ Schechter, D.S.; Davis, B.E. (2007). "Parenting in Times of Crisis". Pediatric Annals. 36 (4): 216–222. doi:10.3928/0090-4481-20070401-11.
- ^ Women at war face sexual violence. April 17, 2009. BBC News.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2012. Retrieved 2015-02-04.. August, 2008 BusinessWoman Magazine.
- ^ Michaels, Jim (September 27, 2007). "19,000 Insurgents Killed in Iraq Since '03". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
- ^ Leigh, David (October 22, 2010). "Iraq war logs reveal 15,000 previously unlisted civilian deaths". The Guardian. London.
- ^ a b "Iraq War Logs: What the numbers reveal". Iraq Body Count. October 23, 2010. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ^ "March violence claims 252 Iraqi lives | ReliefWeb". Reliefweb.int. April 1, 2009. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ^ Viola Gienger (December 30, 2010). "Iraq Civilian Deaths Drop for Third Year as Toll Eases After U.S. Drawdown". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ "Jan Iraq death toll highest in four months". The Age. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ "Two U.S. troops killed in Iraq". UPI. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ "Iraq monthly death toll falls in April". Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ "Iraq death toll in May lowest in 2011". Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ Death toll spikes for Iraqis, US troops
- ^ "Iraq death toll for July second highest in 2011". MSN. Retrieved October 27, 2014.[permanent dead link]
- ^ 239 people killed in Iraq in August and killed by the U.S. military Archived January 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Death toll in Iraq falls in September Archived October 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Iraq death toll up sharply in October
- ^ Staff writer (January 4, 2006). "Nearly 6,000 Killed in Iraq Violence in 2005". People's Daily. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ "Civilian casualties drop dramatically in Iraq". Reuters. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ Staff writer (January 1, 2009). "Iraq Hails Lowest Monthly Death Toll in Nearly Three Years — Government Figures Reveal 6,226 Iraqis Killed in Iraq in 2008, Down from 6,772 in 2007". Middle East Online. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ "Rantburg article". Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ 25,287 killed from 2003 through 2009, of which 19,429 were killed up to September 22, 2007, [17] with and additional 1,865 killed until the end of 2007, leaving 3,984 to have died in 2008 and 2009
- ^ a b Calderwood, James (April 2, 2007). "Suicide Bombings in Iraq on the Rise". Associated Press (via Fox News). Retrieved 2010-09-03.
- ^ Jervis, Rick (May 9, 2006). "Car Bombings Down in Iraq, Military Says". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
- ^ a b Jervis, Rick (January 22, 2006). "Attacks in Iraq Jumped in 2005". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
- ^ http://www.e-prism.org/images/memo78.pdf page 80, Figure 5
- ^ [dead link] "Al Qaeda Leader: Over 4,000 Foreign Insurgents Killed in Iraq" Archived November 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.. Associated Press (via WFAN). September 28, 2006.
- ^ (subscription required) Staff writer (June 6, 2008). "Six Thousand Al Qaida Fighters Killed in Iraq Says Top Official". iraqupdates.com. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Staff writer (July 26, 2005). "50,000 Iraqi Insurgents Dead, Caught". The Washington Times. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Staff writer (September 8, 2004). "Civilian, Insurgent Deaths Hard To Tally — Neither U.S. Nor Iraq Regime Keeps Count". Scripps Howard News Service (via Seattle Post-Intelligencer). Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ [dead link] Roberts, Michelle (February 23, 2007). "Iraq Contractor Deaths Go Little Noticed". The Guardian.
- ^ Ivanovich, David; Clanton, Brett (January 28, 2007). "Contractor Deaths in Iraq Nearing 800 — Toll Has Surged in Past Months, But Civilians Still Line Up for the Jobs". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ [dead link] Debusmann, Bernd (October 10, 2006). "In Iraq, Contractor Deaths Near 650, Legal Fog Thickens" Archived October 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.. Reuters.
- ^ Cambanis, Thanassis; Glain, Stephen (April 2, 2004). "As Insurgent Attacks Increase, So Do Contractors' Costs". Boston Globe. Abstract] only (full article (subscription required)). Abstract. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ Barstow, David (April 19, 2004). "Security Companies: Shadow Soldiers in Iraq". The New York Times. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ [dead link] Fisk, Robert; Cockburn, Patrick (April 13, 2004). "Deaths of Scores of Mercenaries Hidden from View". The Star.
- ^ Roug, Louise (November 11, 2006). "Decrepit Healthcare Adds to Toll in Iraq". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Palmer, James (March 19, 2007). "Protestors Plead for Peace — Civilian Toll: Iraqis Exhibit More Mental Health Problems". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
- ^ George W. Bush, "President Discusses War on Terror and Upcoming Iraqi Elections". White House transcript. December 12, 2005. Says 30,000 Iraqi dead.
- ^ Staff writer (December 12, 2005). "Bush: Iraqi Democracy Making Progress — President Compares Iraq's Struggle to America's Founding". CNN. Retrieved September 3, 2010. "I would say 30,000, more or less, have died as a result of the initial incursion and the ongoing violence against Iraqis", Bush said. CNN writes: "White House spokesman Scott McClellan later said Bush was basing his statement on media reports, 'not an official government estimate.'"
- ^ Staff writer (January 3, 2007). "Bruised and Battered: Iraqi Toll Crosses 16000 in '06". Associated Press (via The Indian Express). Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ a b c [dead link] Macdonald, Alastair (January 2, 2007). "Iraq Civilian Deaths Hit New Record". The Australian.
- ^ a b Roug, Louise; Smith, Doug (June 25, 2006). "War's Iraqi Death Toll Tops 50,000 — Higher Than the U.S. Estimate But Thought To Be Undercounted, the Tally Is Equivalent to 570,000 Americans Killed in Three Years" Archived March 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. Los Angeles Times (via Common Dreams NewsCenter). Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ "Methods". Iraq Body Count. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ^ "Iraq Living Conditions Survey 2004". United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on May 29, 2006.
- ^ Iraqi civilian casualties. United Press International. July 12, 2005. Archived here [18] too.
- ^ Blood on Our Hands: The American Invasion and Destruction of Iraq. Book by Nicolas J.S. Davies. Published June 2010. ISBN 1-934840-98-X, ISBN 978-1-934840-98-6. Iraqiyun info is from page 139.
- ^ "Unreported Iraqi war deaths revealed by Wikileaks are only the tip of an iceberg." By Nicolas Davies. October 24, 2010. Article is here [19], too.
- ^ "www.informaworld.com". Retrieved October 27, 2014.
- ^ a b "Revised Casualty Analysis. New Analysis 'Confirms' 1 Million+ Iraq Casualties". January 28, 2008. Opinion Research Business. Word Viewer for.doc files.
- ^ "Conflict Deaths in Iraq: A Methodological Critique of the ORB Survey Estimate" Archived July 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. By Michael Spagat and Josh Dougherty
- ^ Staff writer (March 19, 2007). "Iraq Poll 2007: In Graphics". BBC News. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ a b c Langer, Gary (March 19, 2007). "Voices From Iraq 2007: Ebbing Hope in a Landscape of Loss — National Survey of Iraq". ABC News. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ "The Polling Unit: Archives 2007". ABC News. See links in March 2007 section titled "March 2007 National Survey of Iraq".
- ^ a b c d e ABC News/USA Today/BBC/ARD Poll. March 19, 2007. Detailed results with tables, charts, and graphs.
- ^ "Iraq Poll 2007". D3 Systems poll (February 25 to March 5, 2007) for BBC, ABC News, ARD and USA Today.
- ^ Page, Susan (March 19, 2007). "Democracy's Support Sinks". USA Today. Retrieved September 3, 2010. PDF report.
- ^ Staff writer (March 19, 2007). "Iraq Poll: Note on Methodology — National Survey of Iraq". March 19, 2007. ABC News. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Todd, Robb S. (November 9, 2006). "Official: 150,000 Iraqis Killed Since 2003 — Iraqi Health Minister Says Three Injured for Every Person Killed Since U.S.-Led Invasion". CBS News. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ a b c Hurst, Steven R. (November 10, 2006). "Iraqi Official: 150,000 Civilians Dead". Associated Press (via The Washington Post). Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ a b Knickmeyer, Ellen (October 19, 2006). "One-Day Toll in Iraq Combat Is Highest for U.S. in Months — At Least 12 Killed in Fresh Attacks on Iraqi Police Facilities". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Bennett-Jones, Owen (March 26, 2007). "Iraqi Deaths Survey 'Was Robust'". BBC World Service (via BBC News'). Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Badkhen, Anna (October 12, 2006). "Critics Say 600,000 Iraqi Dead Doesn't Tally — But Pollsters Defend Methods Used in Johns Hopkins Study". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ "Right-Wingers Can't Cover Up Iraq's Death Toll Catastrophe". By John Tirman. January 21, 2008. AlterNet.
- ^ PR Watch / By Diane Farsetta (March 1, 2008). "How Many Iraqis Have Really Died?". Alternet. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ^ AlterNet / By John Tirman (July 19, 2011). "1 Million Dead in Iraq? 6 Reasons the Media Hide the True Human Toll of War – And Why We Let Them". Alternet. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ^ "The Human Cost of the War in Iraq". Mit.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ^ "John Tirman: Was There a War in Iraq?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ^ "Full text | Iraq War mortality estimates: a systematic review". Conflict and Health. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ^ Roberts, Les; Lafta, Riyadh; Garfield, Richard; Khudhairi, Jamal; Burnham, Gilbert (October 29, 2004). "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey". The Lancet. 368: 1421–8. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.88.4036. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69491-9. PMID 17055943.
- ^ "Study Puts Iraqi Toll at 100,000". CNN. October 29, 2004. Archived from the original on 2006-06-15.
- ^ Garcia-Navarro, Lourdes (February 24, 2009). "Though Numbers Unclear, Iraqi Deaths Touch Many". Morning Edition (National Public Radio). Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ "Perspective from The New England Journal of Medicine — Estimating Excess Mortality in Post-Invasion Iraq.". NEJM January 31, 2008. Catherine A. Brownstein, M.P.H., and John S. Brownstein, PhD
- ^ Ball, Patrick; Kobrak, Paul; and Spirer, Herbert F. (1999). State Violence in Guatemala, 1960–1996: A Quantitative Reflection. American Association for the Advancement of Science (Washington, D.C.). Retrieved September 3, 2010. OCLC 654670530.
- ^ "Chapter 7: Reporting the Violence". From 1999 book. By Patrick Ball, Paul Kobrak, and Herbert F. Spirer.
- ^ "List of Figures". From 1999 book. By Patrick Ball, Paul Kobrak, and Herbert F. Spirer.
- ^ Fisk, Robert (July 28, 2004). "Baghdad Is a City That Reeks with the Stench of the Dead" (opinion piece). The Independent. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Soldz, Stephen (February 5, 2006). "When Promoting Truth Obscures the Truth: More on Iraqi Body Count and Iraqi Deaths". ZNet. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Press release (November 7, 2004). "IBC Response to the Lancet Study Estimating '100,000' Iraqi Deaths". Iraq Body Count project. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Iraq Body Count
- ^ a b c Cooney, Daniel (May 23, 2004). "5,500 Iraqis Killed, Morgue Records Show". Associated Press (via The United Jerusalem Foundation). Retrieved September 3, 2010. (Article is here [20] also (via the China Daily). Retrieved September 3, 2010.)
- ^ Buncombe, Andrew (April 20, 2005). "Aid Worker Uncovered America's Secret Tally of Iraqi Civilian Deaths" Archived January 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. The Independent (via Common Dreams NewsCenter). Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ a b c Landay, Jonathan S. (December 7, 2006). "Study Says Violence in Iraq Has Been Underreported" Archived December 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.. McClatchy Newspapers (via Common Dreams NewsCenter). Retrieved September 3, 2010.
External links and references[edit]
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
(Additional links not found in the two reference sections higher up.)
- U.S. military casualties only
- "Faces of the Fallen", The Washington Post database of all U.S. service-member casualties from Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)
- "A Look At Those Who Died in Iraq", The New York Times interactive
- U.S. Military Casualties, United States Department of Defense
- "Honor the Fallen", database of U.S. troops killed in Iraq and Afghanistan wars.
- "U.S. Military Deaths in Bush's Iraq Quagmire", chart
- U.S. deaths in Vietnam and Iraq, comparative graph of casualties from beginning of conflicts, www.lies.com
- U.S. Casualties in Iraq, globalsecurity.org
- U.S. Military Personnel Wounded in Iraq & Afghanistan: A Running Log.
- "U.S. Casualties of War as Announced by the Department of Defense 2003–2007". A list of U.S. military casualties by date order beginning 2003 and updated daily.
- American Widow Project – Resources.
- "Purple hearts" – documentary interviews U.S. military casualties. In English with very short section in Dutch that is missing English subtitles.
- The Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Wellbutrin, Celexa, Effexor, Valium, Klonopin, Ativan, Restoril, Xanax, Adderall, Ritalin, Haldol, Risperdal, Seroquel, Ambien, Lunesta, Elavil, Trazodone War. Feb 6, 2011. By Jennifer Senior. New York magazine.
- Coalition (including U.S. and contractors) casualties only
- CNN list of U.S. & Coalition Casualties in Iraq since 2003
- "Iraq War Coalition Fatalities", Flash graphic of Iraq map showing Coalition casualties over time with location, obleek.com
- Casualty Monitor – Tracking the War in Iraq
- USAID: We don't know how many contractors we have working for us in Iraq. "ePluribus Media has repeatedly filed FOIA requests on a range of topics related to contractors in Iraq."
- Iraqi casualties only
- Les Roberts seminar at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, on April 13, 2005; uploaded in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5vD_Ub2K_c on October 25, 2006.
- Conetta, Carl (February 18, 2004). "Disappearing the Dead: Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Idea of a "New Warfare" Project on Defense Alternatives.
- Schwartz, Michael (July 6, 2007). "War on Iraq: Is the United States Killing 10,000 Iraqis Every Month? Or Is It More?". AlterNet.
- "Iraqi Civilian Deaths Increase Dramatically After Invasion". Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. October 28, 2004.
- Korb, Lawrence J.; Biddle, Stephen (September 25, 2007). "Violence by the Numbers in Iraq: Sound Data or Shaky Statistics?". Council on Foreign Relations.
- Iraqi Casualty Monitor – Tracking the cost of war
- Estimating Mortality in Civil Conflicts: Lessons from Iraq. A June 2007 working paper by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
- Iraqimemorial.org – Online database of Artist's proposals and projects as memorials to the civilian casualties from the Iraq war
- Casualty photos
- Kamiya, Gary (August 23, 2005). "Iraq: The Unseen War". Salon.com. The photos.
- "The Reach of War. A Deadly Search for Missing Soldiers". Slideshow narrated by the photographer Michael Kamber. May 23, 2007. The New York Times. Article: "As Comrades Search, Fatal Bomb Wreaks Havoc". By Damien Cave.
- Photo Gallery: Death and Destruction in Baghdad on Nov. 23, 2006. Der Spiegel.
- General and miscellaneous
- "Wage Peace Movie", 2-minute web movie about casualties in Iraq from the American Friends Service Committee
- "Eyes Wide Open", a traveling exhibition on the human cost of war
- "Iraq: Journalists in Danger – A statistical profile of journalists killed on duty since March 2003 in Iraq", Committee to Protect Journalists
- "Likely Humanitarian Scenarios", UN internal memo predicting 100,000 direct and 400,000 indirect casualties as a result of the invasion, December 10, 2002
- "iraqimemorial.org", online database and traveling exhibition of proposals and projects to memorialize the civilian casualties in Iraq