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The Milky Way: |
This book offers an intimate guide to the Milky Way, taking readers on a grand tour of our home Galaxy's structure, genesis, and evolution, based on the latest astronomical findings. In engaging language, it tells how the Milky Way congealed from blobs of gas and dark matter into a spinning starry abode brimming with diverse planetary systems--some of which may be hosting myriad life forms and perhaps even other technologically communicative species. William Waller vividly describes the Milky Way as it appears in the night sky, acquainting readers with its key components and telling the history of our changing galactic perceptions. The ancients believed the Milky Way was a home for the gods. Today we know it is but one galaxy among billions of others in the observable universe. Within the Milky Way, ground-based and space-borne telescopes have revealed that our Solar System is not alone. Hundreds of other planetary systems share our tiny part of the vast Galaxy. We reside within a galactic ecosystem that is driven by the theatrics of the most massive stars as they blaze through their brilliant lives and dramatic deaths. Similarly effervescent ecosystems of hot young stars and fluorescing nebulae delineate the graceful spiral arms in our Galaxy's swirling disk. Beyond the disk, the spheroidal halo hosts the ponderous--and still mysterious--dark matter that outweighs everything else. Another dark mystery lurks deep in the heart of the Milky Way, where a supermassive black hole has produced bizarre phenomena seen at multiple wavelengths. Waller makes the case that our very existence is inextricably linked to the Galaxy that spawned us. Through this book, readers can become well-informed galactic "insiders"--ready to imagine humanity's next steps as fully engaged citizens of the Milky Way. "The Milky Way is a good overview of our knowledge of the Milky Way. . . . [F]or those who want to get up to speed on the Milky Way, or simply refresh their knowledge of it, this book can help the reader become an insider about our galactic home."--Jeff Foust, Space Review "[E]rudite, yet eminently accessible. . . . Another component of the author's winning strategy is evident in the book's subtitle; it's the most immediate example of Waller's playful and plainspoken use of language, an approach that helps make this exploration of our immediate stellar neighborhood a joy to read."--ForeWord "The Milky Way: An Insider's Guide is a very comprehensive and up-to-date survey of its subject. The overall impression it leaves one with is of our galaxy as a very busy place, fizzing with what the author, in a particularly felicitous phrase, calls 'vigorous fecundity.' Our little burg may be a mere speck in the grand scheme of things, but there's a lot going on here."--John Derbyshire, American Spectator "The breadth of material Waller covers is astonishing. . . . As a space journalist, I'll definitely keep this book on my shelf."--Elizabeth Howell, Universe Today "[R]ich with fascinating detail. . . . The author delivers everything we need in a book about our Galaxy, bringing a welcome depth to our appreciation of those clear, dark nights."--Alastair Gunn, BBC Sky at Night "[W]ell-written and accessible. . . . Strongly recommended, as this volume should have a wide readership among student and lay astronomers."--Library Journal "[A] thrilling story of our home galaxy, quite the best I've seen in popular astronomy books."--Simon Mitton, Times Higher Education Preface vii Subject Areas: | |||||||
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The Children's Migration
It moved more boys and girls than the Children's Crusade of the Middle Ages—and to far happier conclusions
December 1974 | Volume 26, Issue 1
Its objects are to help this class by opening Sunday Meetings and Industrial Schools, and, gradually as means shall be furnished, by forming Lodging-houses and Reading-rooms for children, and by employing paid agents whose sole business shall be to care for them. …
We hope, too, especially to be the means of draining the city of these children, by communicating with farmers, manufacturers, or families in the country, who may have need of such for employment. …
The response was immediate and astounding. As Brace described it in one of his books, The Dangerous Classes of New York and Twenty Years' Work Among Them , first published in 1872: Most touching of all was the crowd of wandering little ones who immediately found their way to the office. Ragged young girls who had nowhere to lay their heads; children driven from drunkards' homes; orphans who slept where they could find a box or a stairway; boys cast out by stepmothers or stepfathers; newsboys, whose incessant answer to our question, "Where do you live?" rung in our ears—"Don't live nowhere!" Little bootblacks, young peddlers, "canawl-boys," who seem to drift into the city every winter, and live a vagabond life; pickpockets and petty thieves trying to get honest work; child beggars and flower-sellers growing up to enter courses of crime—all this motley throng of infantile misery and childish guilt passed through our doors, telling their simple stories of suffering and loneliness and temptation, until our hearts became sick; and the present writer, certainly, if he had not been able to stir up the fortunate classes to aid in assuaging these fearful miseries, would have abandoned the post in discouragement and disgust.
Emigration—emigration to homes in the country—declared Brace, was the answer, the most sensible and economical way of getting children out of this frightful environment. And so, scarcely a month after the organization of the new society, a Mr. and Mrs. May of Woodstock, Connecticut, were presented with the first child placed out—a thirteen-year-old lad named Franklin Mathieson, whom they took to live with them.
Placing out was not in itself a new idea. The system had been used in France for centuries, with considerable success. But Brace proposed that the foster homes be free . On the farms of America, he felt, there was always room for one more pair of hands to help with the chores. With an abundance of good food and the prevalence of Christian charity, the addition of another child to a farm home could only be a blessing.
Under Brace's plan families deemed suitable by representatives of the society could select a child from its roster of boys and girls. The prospective foster parents promised to take good care of the child, to provide him with a "Christian home," and to see that he received schooling. The society did not pay them, nor did they pay the society. Brace insisted that this was not "binding out," or indenture, a common practice under which a young person was bound by a legal contract to work for a certain period in return for board and keep. In fact, older children who were placed with farm families by the society were to be paid for their labors.
The whole system was remarkably informal. If at any time the new foster family or employer felt things weren't working out, or if the child seemed unhappy or appeared to be mistreated when an agent of the Children's Aid Society came back to check on him, the arrangement could be terminated and a new home sought for the society's ward.
During the first year, 1853, children were placed in nearby New York, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania farm homes on an individual basis. Soon, however, it became clear that the demand for children from babies to husky teen-agers was so great and so widespread, and the number of homeless children in New York City so vast, that some other way had to be found to bring adults and children together. In September, 1854, one of the agents employed by the new society, the Reverend E. P. Smith, chaperoned west the first of the hundreds of groups of emigrant children who were to make the orphan trains almost a part of American folklore.
The destination of this trailblazing group, boys ranging in age from seven to fifteen, was the little town of Dowagiac in southwestern Michigan. To reach it they travelled by boat to Albany, by train to Buffalo, by lake boat from Buffalo to Detroit ("with the addition of a touch of seasickness, and of the stamping, neighing, and bleating of a hundred horses and sheep over our heads"), and from Detroit to Dowagiac in a car of the Michigan C.R.R. The juvenile emigrants embarked from New York on a Wednesday evening. At three A.M. on Sunday their train chugged into Dowagiac, where they spent the rest of the night sleeping on the station platform.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
ahul Bose News
14th Mumbai Film Festival: Sridevi, Anil Kapoor, Manisha Koirala, Jaya Bachchan, Ashutosh Gowariker attend opening
Mumbai's fave film event kickstarted with some star power
The much-awaited 14th Mumbai Film Festival kickstarted at NCPA, Mumbai on Thursday, October 19 with Bollywood celebrities like Jaya Bachchan, Anil Kapoor, Manisha Koirala, Anupam Kher and Sridevi in attendance for the star-studded opening ceremony. Actor Sridevi, Jaya and filmmakers Ashutosh Gowariker and Ramesh Sippy, along with Shyam Benegal, chairman of organising body Mumbai Academy of Moving Image (MAMI), lit the ceremonial lamp for the eight-day cine extravaganza. Click here to read more -


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In this Issue:
Bet big. FORTUNE reports the truth in business and gives top executives the practical knowledge they need to maximize their success. Take a look for yourself.
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Also try other popular digital magazines like Inc. Magazine,Moneyin our Business and Finance Magazinessection.
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We have to admit, given how long this movie has been kicking around in development, we've been wary of any news. Indeed, the last we heard anything about the movie was in the spring when Hugh Jackman — who was originally attached over two years ago when Antoine Fuqua was going to direct — came back on board, with "Incendies" helmer Denis Villeneuve behind the camara with promises of a November 2013 release. And then nothing. But it looks like the wheels are in motion as another talent has come on board.
The always formidable Melissa Leo has joined the film, which certainly keeps our interest high in this one. Written by Aaron Guzikowski ("Contraband"), the Black List script revolves around a small-town carpenter named Keller (Jackman) whose young daughter and best friend are kidnapped. After the cops fail to find them, Keller takes the law into his own hands, but in the process runs up against the big city detective assigned to the case. No word yet on who Leo will play — one of the detectives? — but hopefully we'll find out soon. Also, Variety's report fails to make mentoin of Villeneuve at all, but we hope he's still on board. Then again, he's got "The Darling" brewing with Jessica Chastain attached so who knows if there is a scheduling clash (or even if that movie is moving forward).
Anyhow, the plan right now is start shooting early next year once Jackman is done with "The Wolverine" and hopefully this movie that was churning for a while, finally gets out of the starting gate.


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Host SUNY New Paltz, the top seed, advanced to the SUNYAC title game by beating fifth-seeded Plattsburgh in the tourney semifinals.
New Paltz (23-3) will try to win its first SUNYAC title when it faces second-seeded Geneseo (20-6) at 4 p.m. Saturday at New Paltz. Michelle Valle had 14 points and 14 rebounds for New Paltz. Teammates Maliqua Fisher, Alex McCullough and Alyssa Gratien each had 10 points.
Goshen High graduate Kathleen Payne had a game-high 23 points for Plattsburgh (15-12).
Feb. 22 SUNY New Paltz roundup: Women's basketball reaches title game
Feb 23, 2013 at 2:00 AM


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We are a group dedicated to making good mods. Fell (me) is the leader, and is (hopefully) friendly and nice :3 . If you want to join, join and you can help me and anyone else nice enough to join make mods. If you don't want to make mods, you coud suggest things to put in them, such as features, maps, plots, characters etc. So, please join if you want to help make mods, or help me learn how to make mods, we work with RA3, half life 2, and any other game I have that's moddable. thanks, Fell
No videos were found in the gallery requested. Upload some media to liven this place up.


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Review: Bluelounge Saidoka Lightning Dock
No company's new products have been impacted more negatively by Apple's recent Lightning transition than Bluelounge's. Previously known for beautiful but slightly too expensive docking and charging solutions, Bluelounge used CES to debut a lineup of new Lightning products, including a novel new keychain-sized cable called Kii ($40) and a desktop iPhone charging dock called Saidoka ($50). The company's representatives seemed to know that the prices weren't right -- Dock Connector versions would each be offered for a whopping $20 less -- but Bluelounge suggested that it didn't have any choice given Apple's higher fees for Lightning connectors. So what we're left with today are two accessories that are both quite nice, but just too expensive for what they offer.
Saidoka is one of the cooler-looking options among the small selection of iPhone 5 docks currently on the market. The plastic dock is a rounded rectangle, and almost entirely flat, with a gentle inner recline leading down to the Lightning connector at the bottom. It is designed to sit like a tray atop a table or desk, positioning the iPhone's screen upwards at roughly the same angle as Apple's keyboards and Magic Trackpad. Bluelounge includes a rubber insert for bare iPhones, while the bare plastic unit allows for very limited case compatibility when it's not installed. A fabric Micro-USB cable is also included, and plugs into the top edge for charging and syncing.
At 3.25" wide, 4.5" deep, and a little over 0.5" tall, Saidoka is quite compact—larger than an iPhone, but smaller than the Magic Trackpad. The glossy white or black plastic shell feels somewhat hollow, although not necessarily cheap. Underneath are two micro-suction strips embedded in a plate of matte plastic. Peel off a thin layer of plastic and they'll help to anchor the dock on your desk, so that it doesn't move around if it gets jostled, or if the iPhone vibrates. Because it's not a traditional adhesive, the material doesn't leave a mark, and be repositioned at will. Saidoka is not, however, designed to be stuck to a wall; the iPhone's angle would be precarious and the suction strips wouldn't be secure enough to hold everything reliably.
Inserting and removing the iPhone is as easy as snapping it in place, and pulling it out when you're done. Thanks to the micro-suction strips, the dock won't tug outwards with the iPhone as you pull away. Unfortunately, Bluelounge has to deal with the same case compatibility issues that other licensed Lightning accessory makers have been stuck with. Because Apple mandates a considerable amount of plastic around the Lightning plug, and contradictorily specifies smaller port openings for cases, very few cases actually allow an electronic connection. The only ones that work with Saidoka are shell-style cases, which we don't generally recommend using due to their poor protection.
We truly like the concept behind Saidoka, but unfortunately, the issues of case compatibility and price greatly reduce the value. The display angle is smart, and the ease of use is right where it should be; the overall design is simple, but not boring. Unfortunately, $50 is just too much to pay, particularly when using a case—something most iPhone users do—is so limited. These factors make Saidoka almost the definition of a B- rating. It's a good idea and a pretty good product, but the price and case compatibility reduce what otherwise would have been broad general appeal.
Editors' Note: iLounge only reviews products in "final" form, but many companies now change their offerings - sometimes several times - after our reviews have been published. This iLounge article provides more information on this practice, known as revving. |


text: U.S.S. (USS) preceding the names of vessels are the abbreviation of United States Ship. It is frequently but erroneously stated that the second S stands for Steamship or Steamer. But these letters were use$ in this connection before the days of steam-propelled vessels. They are used only with the names of vessels in the United States Navy; as, U.S.S. "Texas," U.S.S. "Maine." The names of vessels in the United States, merchant marine are preceded by the letters S.S.; as, S.SL "Leviathan." S.S". is the official abbreviation for steamship. HM.S. preceding the name. of a. vessel stands for His (or Her) Majesty's Ship. The letters are used in connection only with vessels in the British service. Popularly HM.'.S. is supposed to be the abbreviation of His Majesty's Steamer, but the letters were used in the names of British ships long before the commercial development of the steamboat. HM.S. is also the abbreviation of His Majesty's Service.


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In the berry season the stemmer shown in the sketch is a very handy article for the kitchen.
His body was found some hours afterwards, hanging in a woods near stemmer's Run.
The cigar maker, the lump manufacturer and the stemmer all find in this State the article just suited to their various purposes.
Raisins of the third class are sent to the stemmer and a large proportion of them then go to the seeder.
information science, human language
A program or algorithm which determines the morphological root of a given inflected (or, sometimes, derived) word form -- generally a written word form.
A stemmer for English, for example, should identify the string "cats" (and possibly "catlike", "catty" etc.) as based on the root "cat", and "stemmer", "stemming", "stemmed" as based on "stem".
English stemmers are fairly trivial (with only occasional problems, such as "dries" being the third-person singular present form of the verb "dry", "axes" being the plural of "ax" as well as "axis"); but stemmers become harder to design as the morphology, orthography, and character encoding of the target language becomes more complex. For example, an Italian stemmer is more complex than an English one (because of more possible verb inflections), a Russian one is more complex (more possible noun declensions), a Hebrew one is even more complex (a hairy writing system), and so on.
Stemmers are common elements in query systems, since a user who runs a query on "daffodils" probably cares about documents that contain the word "daffodil" (without the s).
(This dictionary has a rudimentary stemmer which currently (April 1997) handles only conversion of plurals to singulars).


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Horseback Hunting Bossier City LA
Shreveport, LA
Bossier City, LA
Shreveport, LA
Bastrop, LA
Alexandria, LA
Mon - Sat 9:00 AM - 10:00 PMSun 10:00 AM - 7:00 PM
Shreveport, LA
Baton Rouge, LA
Baton Rouge, LA
Bossier City, LA
Hunting on Horseback: The Original ATV
Several years ago, when ATV's were just getting popular as hunting vehicles, I remember coming out of a high-country basin on my favorite horse, leading two others loaded with a nice bull elk. I was within 300 yards of the nearest jeep road, and perched on the road were two hunters astride ATV's. Their binoculars were focused on the faraway ridges, none of which were accessible by any vehicle, and even from a distance, I could sense their frustration. While ATV manufacturers seem to have convinced the hunting public that it just isn't possible to hunt without a machine between your legs, I beg to differ. Hunting from horseback can be extremely successful. The advantages of horseback hunting are numerous: access, stealth, load-carrying capacity, and maneuverability are all greater on horseback. Access In many regions of Colorado and the West, the best public-land hunting is in wilderness areas, where motorized vehicle traffic is strictly forbidden. While some of the wilderness areas are bisected by jeep roads, it is the rare occasion that a hunter gets a shot at game from a road. The animals clearly know where the roads are and stay well away from them; sometimes several miles away. Dedicated hikers can reach into the back country to hunt, but I've discovered an interesting phenomenon. From my observations, most hunters don't want to hike more than an hour and a half from a vehicle. In most wilderness settings, the hunting just starts getting good after a two-hour ride in. When you tie up your horse after riding in two hours, your legs are still fresh for a serious stalk. Stealth It's another interesting phenomenon that a hunter can often approach game on horseback, making more noise and with a higher profile, closer than he can approach on foot. Old-timers will tell you that the rhythm of a horse's footfalls sound much like a large big-game animal such as an elk, and we often see elk grazing together with our horses in our mountain pastures. Consequently, elk and deer are much less wary when a horse approaches. At any rate, horses are exponentially quieter than ATV's, which have been proven to produce a noise at a pitch that spooks game at long distances. Load Carrying Capacity When we ride far back in to stalk game, we almost always take a packhorse with us, or at least a pair of saddle panniers to drape over a riding saddle. A stout packhorse can carry up to 250 pounds of weight, which is about the field-dressed carcass weight of a small bull elk. When we bag an animal far from the trailhead, we quarter it out, strip out the backstraps and the rib meat, and load it on the horses for the ride out. Those multiple gut-busting trips of freighting elk meat out on your back are just a bad memory. Manueverability It's amazing how many places a horse can go-certainly far more places than any motorized vehicle. I prefer to scout out my hunting location and then ride to within half a mile, then tie up my horse and start hunting. I have... |
Click here to read the rest of this article from BigGameHunt.net


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"Kangaroo should be our national food."
Josh Whiteland shows Jeremy Story Carter around the Ngilgi Caves in the costal area of Yallingup in Western Australia's South West. Read the full article here.
Source: ABC News | Duration: 4min 11sec
Topics: agribusiness, livestock, aboriginal, indigenous-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander, indigenous-music, indigenous-culture, indigenous-protocols, indigenous-other-peoples, indigenous-policy, food-and-beverage


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Madrasah Education Board Dakhil exam 2012 result.
When Dakhil examination 2012 result of Madrasah education board will be published in 2012? How will we get the Madrasah board Dakhil 2012 exam result and where it will be published ? Only the single solution is Bookmark tutionspot.blogspot.com and input your roll number and get your Dakhil exam 2012 result of Madrasah education board.
There is another burning question, why we can not access result from www. Madrasaheducationboardresults.gov.bd and teletalk education ministry at the public results ( P.Sc, J.S.C, JDC, S.s.c, Dakhil , H.Sc and Alim) publishing priod?
The reasons behind that are:
- Most of the result seeker hit govt. result site at the same time.
- The bandwidth ( access capability) is not more than 100000 at the same time.
- Bangladeshi education board does not published results from only single database platform.
- Bangladeshi internet is not to stronger than outer side of the country who are trying to get result of their relative from foreign country at the result publishing time etc.
You may watch video on youtube how will tutionspot publish S.s.c 2012 result through it own webpage.
We will attach the result searching database query webpage just 2 days before of Dakhil exam 2012 result of Madrasah education board on the publishing day.
You may get the S.s.c , dakhil, vocational (s.s.c) , Vocational (dakhil) exam 2012 Result from below boards .


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A Structured Approach to Demand Generation Analytics
Demand generation leaders know it's not true, though. So what is the key to better demand generation analytics? How can we better tie buying and content/channel interactions to opportunities and closed revenue in a closed-loop fashion — to fuel our demand process optimization ? Successful demand generation analytics must bridge the two.
3 Skills Demand Generation Marketers Must Master Or Risk Going Extinct
Demand gen marketers are a lot like hunter gatherers. Can demand generation marketers really learn from cavemen? Do demand generation marketers have to adapt to changing environments, specifically changes in technology? Demand generation isn't much different from hunting and tracking. Successful demand generation analytics must bridge the two.
10 Things Your CEO Needs to Know Now about B2B Demand Generation
Fearless Competitor
10 Things Your CEO Needs to Know Now about B2B Demand Generation. A beleaguered salesperson recently reached out to me and said " I've called EVERYONE in our Salesforce.com database and I have zero prospects! This man badly needs the help of a marketing leader well versed in B2B demand generation, who can create a program to fill sales funnels with warm leads.
DemandCon: Why Storytelling Drives Demand Generation [Video]
It's All About Revenue
As an example of this, Ernst pointed to Salesforce.com. For Ernst, demand generation starts with great storytelling. Demand Generation B2B b2b marketing Content Marketing crm DemandCon Forrester Research Jeff Ernst lead management Lead Nurturing Salesforce salesforce.com stories storytelling TEDby Jesse Noyes | Tweet this. Ernst remedy for this? Facebook.
A Marketing Automation Evangelist and Change Management
Today we launched our latest eBook, Change Management – Staying Relevant, Predictive and Sane in the Changing Landscape of Demand Generation , a joint venture by Mathew Sweezey , author and Marketing Automation Evangelist for Salesforce.com and Carlos Hidalgo , CEO and Principal, ANNUITAS. Want to learn more about change management and Demand Generation Strategy?
My List of Demand Generation Vendors, and Who They Sell To
Customer Experience Matrix
One of the audience members at the B2B Marketing University in Boston asked about demand generation systems for small businesses, and how to distinguish among the vendors in general. The table below presents a reasonably comprehensive list of demand generation (a.k.a. Most offer a CRM option (typically priced at $10 to $20 per seat per month) for companies who don't want to pay for Salesforce.com. Tags: demand generation marketing automation software selection demand generation I also promised a blog post on the topic. Here it is.
Salesforce "State of Marketing" Report: Better Happy Than Good
The Point
In fact, there are many companies who may be perfectly ecstatic with marketing outcomes, until you dig deeper to discover that their campaigns aren't really generating the results that matter. 75 percent of high-performing teams report that social is generating ROI. You can download a copy of the report here (registration required.).
5 Common Content Syndication Mistakes
The Point
Though it predates what we think of today as "content marketing," content syndication is still a cornerstone of many B2B companies' demand generation strategies. If you offer a white paper on "Salesforce.com Success Tips" you'll attract users of Salesforce.com. And yet content syndication is no slam dunk. Excessive Use of Filters. So, filters are a balancing act.
Is Salesforce.com a Player in Marketing Automation Software?
Salesforce.com is the cloud computing darling of customer relationship management (CRM) software. So, where does Salesforce.com stand as a marketing automation solution? Up front, Salesforce.com will garner appeal because the marketing app is bundled with the Sales Cloud 2 product. So, when should Salesforce.com make your marketing automation software shortlist?
Measuring the True Impact of Marketing Campaigns: A Conversation with Bonnie Crater
The Point
In 2011, she became President and CEO of Full Circle CRM , a company dedicated to helping VPs of Marketing use Salesforce.com to get accurate and useful performance data about marketing campaigns. First, we're focused on the data inside Salesforce.com to ensure we deliver complete and accurate database of information that can be shared across sales and marketing teams.
B2B Marketing's Measurement Problem
Digital B2B Marketing
In most B2B organizations, Salesforce.com or a similar solution is the system of record. Ultimately most B2B marketers focused on lead generation come to the conclusion that banners don't drive leads , print advertising is ineffective or telemarketing still reigns supreme. Demand Generation Measurement lead generation SalesforceYour Turn.
Buying B2B Email Marketing Lists: Challenges and Recommendations
Digital B2B Marketing
Your Turn Will inbound marketing erode list buying, or will companies like Data.com (formerly JigSaw, now part of SalesForce.com) integrate data purchases into B2B sales and marketing operations and make them a key part of day-to-day activity? Demand Generation B2B lists buying email lists Data.com DemandGen Reports email lists IDC Oceanos Salesforce.com
The Rise of the Marketing Technologist Part 3: People, Process, Content and then Technology
I was sitting in some client meetings recently going over their Demand Generation Strategy, and something struck me as out of the ordinary…but in a good way. Moving from tactics-based marketing to strategic Demand Generation will most likely require the development of a new skill set within your team. Guess what, marketers? Step One: People. Step Two: Process.
The Problem With Account-Based Marketing
The vendors we work with for demand generation and the technologies we have invested in have yet to grow and evolve to accommodate the account-based approach, forcing us to work within the confines of their systems and continue to make decisions based on demographics, and not firmographics. Consider how leads vs. contacts work in Salesforce.com.
Marketing Automation 2014 Industry Overview: What the Surveys Tell Us
Customer Experience Matrix
Mintigo's conclusion across 186,500 B2B companies was that just three percent were using the most common marketing automation systems: Oracle Eloqua , Marketo, HubSpot, and Salesforce.com Pardot. b2b marketing automtion industry overview demand generation lead management software marketing automation 2014 industry forecast marketing software Here's how I see things.
Why Change Management Comes into Play in B2B Marketing
That's just not that easy to do while trying to drive demand for your organization. This week is Dreamforce14 , the Salesforce.com mega-event that takes over half of San Francisco. I revisited a recent ANNUITAS eBook, Change Management – Staying Relevant, Productive and Sane in the Changing Landscape of Demand Generation, co-produced with Mathew Sweezey from Salesforce.com and pulled out two big barriers to change: Lack of Leadership: Change needs to come from the top, and be demonstrated by example. There's no better time to be a B2B marketer – we know that.
Salesforce.com and Oracle Buy Social Marketing Systems: Not the End of Marketing As We Know It
Customer Experience Matrix
Salesforce.com yesterday announced agreement to buy social media publishing vendor Buddy Media for $689 million, thereby adding another big fluffy piece to its "marketing cloud". Just for symmetry, it's worth pointing out that Salesforce.com acquired its own social monitoring system, Radian6 , in March 2011. Salesforce.com is another story. But Salesforce.com could close those gaps by gradually extending its existing products. This might actually be easier than acquiring a separate marketing automation system and shoe horning it into other Salesforce.com components.
Great work with Find New Customers client Mintigo yesterday
Fearless Competitor
I told Sophia about the Salesforce.com blog post publishing on October 20th called " The Importance of Attitude." Don't miss The Importance of Attitude publishing at Salesforce.com on October 20th. Salesforce.com loved this story too, about how I was so badly hurt and going through a divorce, but i never stopped smiling and never complained. contact-form] Filed under: B2B demand generation , Clients , Find New Customers , Management best practices , Remarkable content , sales challenges , Sales knowledge , sales leadership. Thanks, Sophia.
The 14 Best Marketing Automation Tools
Now owned by and tightly integrated with Salesforce.com, Pardot should at least be on the consideration list of marketing automation tools for any SMB already using Salesforce. Integrates with popular platforms like Microsoft Dynamics and Salesforce.com. Marketing can't be automated.) Here are 14 of the best marketing automation tools based on their popularity with reviewers.
The World-Class Network of Jeff Ogden of Find New Customers
Fearless Competitor
The story of the fall was highlighted by the great Salesforce.com blog post, The Importance of Attitude. One of the most important assets of anyone in marketing today is their network. And I'm proud of my network – for good reason. who directed all the shows. I want to be humble and understated but that's the only way to describe the network. Thank you Craig and Watchitoo!
Marketing Automation's Unhappy Users: Trouble in Paradise?
Customer Experience Matrix
The great hope is that acquisitions by Oracle , Salesforce.com , Adobe , and other big software vendors finally push the industry across this classic Geoffrey Moore chasm from the beachhead niche to mainstream users, but that's by no means certain to happen. As I mentioned in last week''s post , I'm writing a paper on stages of marketing automation deployment.
More New Systems Challenge the Marketing Automation Status Quo
Customer Experience Matrix
It also provides the rest of the standard marketing automation functions, including landing pages and microsites, Web behavior tracking, lead scoring, and integration with Salesforce.com. Simple contact management is built into the system, or users can integrate with Salesforce.com, vTiger, SecondCRM, Wordpress, and Zoho. Although this approach is popular, there are others. to $9.99
What The Top 4% of Account-Based Marketers Have in Common
I just received the latest issue of ABM in Action (October 2016), a monthly eMagazine dedicated to Account-Based Marketing from the publishers of Demand Gen Report, and I had to comment on the lead article. Don't short-circuit the fundamentals of demand generation strategy when you embrace ABM. Only 4% said ABM is an effective way to create brand awareness or interest.".
Content Selling: How Sales Can Better Leverage Marketing Content
The Point
Recently I had the opportunity to sit down with Daniel Chalef, CEO of KnowledgeTree , developers of an intriguing new solution, built for both Salesforce.com and mobile (iOS), that enables sales teams to instantly find, surface, and present the ideal content in any selling situation. telesales Content marketing content selling daniel chalef knowledgetree salesforce.com sirius decisions
6Sense Finds B2B Prospects Using Web Site Activities
Customer Experience Matrix
Standard integrations are available for Salesforce.com , Oracle Eloqua and Marketo. 6sense b2b demand generation b2b lead scoring predictive marketing predictive modeling sales prospecting web scanning web scraping I mentioned 6Sense briefly in a recent post about vendors who help companies find prospects on the Web. Since then, I've had a more detailed briefing, which clarified that their scope extends well beyond prospect lists to predictive models applied across all stages of the purchase cycle. and from a network of third-party Web sites. Formal release was in May 2014.
Raab Report: Neolane, Aprimo, and Eloqua Rate Highest for Large Company B2B Marketing Automation
Customer Experience Matrix
This group had about 1,400 clients in mid-2012, generating an estimated $85 million in revenue. Marketo and Oracle (specifically, Oracle CRM On Demand Marketing ) are considerably further back in the leader quadrant. demand generation systems marketing software product reviews b2b marketing automation vendor rankings Raab VEST report large company marketing automation
2014 is the Year of Video in B2B Marketing
Fearless Competitor
For more on video, please read this post from the wildly popular Salesforce.com blog:- written by yours truly. 5 Tips for Video in B2B marketing Filed under: B2B demand generation , B2B lead generation , Demand Generation , Video. B2B demand generation B2B lead generation Demand Generation Video sight and sound Video Production Services
Why sales isn't off the hook for generating referral leads
Originally published on Salesforce.com. Marketers get it, too, and they're ready to help sales teams generate more referrals and follow up on the great leads. Before marketing can generate qualified referral leads, they need to know how your team defines "qualified.". Yet, while most formal lead-generation efforts are now owned and managed by marketing, only 51.3
eTrigue Puts a New Interface on Mature Marketing Automation Features
Customer Experience Matrix
This works directly from a Salesforce.com database, using the Salesforce.com email engine but applying eTrigue email authoring, campaign structures, Web tracking, and lead scores. eTrigue small business software demand generation b2b marketing automationWith mature features and a $1,000 per month starting price, the system is worth a look. The answer is a definite…maybe.
Demand Generation Vendor Traffic Rankings
Customer Experience Matrix
Summary: Based on Web traffic rankings, new demand generation vendors with low prices are gaining market presence. Last November, after much consideration of alternatives , I settled on Alexa three-month Web traffic rankings as a reasonable way to measure the relative market presence of demand generation vendors. The leaders among demand generation systems are still Eloqua , Silverpop and Marketo. Judging from the press releases on their Web site, this may be due to a new release last October that added Salesforce.com integration. Ready yet?)
Marketing Automation Systems are on the Rise
Marketing Automation and Demand Generation b2b marketing tactics email service providers marketing automation software marketing automation systems Marketo Microsoft Dynamics Raab Associates Salesforce.com what is marketing automationGuest post by Gene Morris. Two common business terms combined describe the an increasingly popular outreach tool: marketing automation.
Going Big on Small: Joe Payne on HubSpot's $32M Round
It's All About Revenue
The pattern of conversations will look something like this: First there will be a burst of emotion (observers will shout congratulations from the rooftops and laud HubSpot for attracting Google Ventures and Salesforce.com as investors). And as niches go, HubSpot's is a compelling one: They sell demand generation and web traffic tools to companies with fewer than 100 employees. The strong players are benefitting from this increase in awareness and demand. Demand Generation Eloqua funding Google Ventures hubspot investment Joe Payne salesforce.com Venture Capital
The Two-Step for Sales Enablement
It's All About Revenue
Fact: We use Salesforce.com as our CRM, including the Chatter application. Treat the sales team like a prospect and deliver materials to them the same way the demand generation team does. Sales & Marketing Alignment b2b marketing content for sales crm Demand Generation lead management marketing automation sales and marketing alignment sales enablement Salesforce Chatter salesforce.comby Melissa Madian | Tweet this There was a time I would experience a what-if-no-one-reads-my-stuff panic before sending information out to the sales team.
Optify Lets Agencies Provide Small Business with Marketing Automation, Distributed Marketing, and Sales Enablement
Customer Experience Matrix
Landing pages can be attached to an auto-responder email, while standard fields on forms are automatically mapped to Salesforce.com. CRM integration is currently limited to sending data to Salesforce.com. marketing services marketing automation small business marketing demand generation industry trends sales enablement marketing automation trends distributed marketing
LoopFuse Offers No-Frills Demand Generation
Customer Experience Matrix
Summary: LoopFuse offers attractive but limited demand generation functions at an easy-to-swallow price. It's been nearly a year since I took my first close look at the LoopFuse OneView demand generation system. LoopFuse provides a graphic email designer that can generate both text and HTML versions. Unlike most demand generation vendors, LoopFuse does not host landing pages or Web forms for its clients. Another wizard helps users to generate HTML forms from scratch. Tags: demand generation marketing automation loopfuse
RightNow, Oracle and The Customer
It's All About Revenue
Most of the buzz has focused either deal size (more than 9x revenue) or competitive implications (particularly what the acquisition means for Salesforce.com's Service Cloud). Demand Generation Evernote Oracle RightNow salesforce.comby Joe Payne | Tweet this Oracle announced yesterday that it will acquire RightNow Technologies, a SaaS company that provides customer service solutions. I'll let the journalists, analysts and affected companies debate those two issues. Me, I have a different angle. The answer: the customer. RightNow stands for something.
Company-Level Data in Demand Generation Systems
Customer Experience Matrix
I had an interesting email conversation last month with a Raab Guide buyer about the nuances of company-level data management in demand generation systems. He started from the perfectly reasonable premise that the demand generation system should give an overview of activity for all leads associated with a given company. The first is how the demand generation system treats company-level data. Some of the demand generation systems do indeed have a separate company table: it is one of the marks of a sophisticated design. So far so good.


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'21yrs gap' Baek Jiyoung Thank you Seventeen's Mingyu&Jun for Contemporary Performance
'21yrs gap' Baek Jiyoung Thank you Seventeen's MingyuJun for FreshFunctionalityJun 30, 2016 02:34
A large sunbaenim to Seventeen, Baek Jiyoung expresses her gratitude to contributors Mingyu and Jun referring to their special degree at MBC Thank You Festival.
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Baek Jiyoung should be in realityhappy to proportion a at ease phase with rookies. Watch their hot performance below:
Comparable VideosBaek Ji Young,Jun,MINGYU,NEWS Facebook Twitter Google


text:
Infertility | |
Classification and external resources | |
Specialty | Urology, gynecology |
DiseasesDB | 21627 |
MedlinePlus | 001191 |
eMedicine | med/3535 med/1167 |
MeSH | D007246 |
Infertility is the inability of a person, animal or plant to eusocial species (mostly haplodiploid insects).
In humans, infertility may describe a woman who is unable to conceive as well as being unable to carry a pregnancy to full term. There are many biological and other causes of infertility, including some that medical intervention can treat.[1] Infertility rates have increased by 4% since the 1980s, mostly from problems with fecundity due to an increase in age.[2] About 40% of the issues involved with infertility are due to the man, another 40% due to the woman, and 20% result from complications with both partners.[3]
Women who are fertile experience a natural period of fertility before and during ovulation, and they are naturally infertile during the rest of the menstrual cycle. Fertility awareness methods are used to discern when these changes occur by tracking changes in cervical mucus or basal body temperature.
Definition 1
- World Health Organization 1.1
- United States 1.2
- United Kingdom 1.3
- Other definitions 1.4
- Primary vs. secondary infertility 1.5
Effects 2
- Psychological impact 2.1
- Social impact 2.2
Causes 3
- Sexually transmitted disease 3.1
- Genetic 3.2
- Other causes 3.3
- Females 3.4
- Males 3.5
- Combined infertility 3.6
- Unexplained infertility 3.7
- Diagnosis 4
Treatment 5
- Medical treatments 5.1
- Tourism 5.2
- Epidemiology 6
Society and culture 7
- Ethics 7.1
- Developing countries 7.2
- See also 8
- References 9
- Further reading 10
- External links 11
Demographers tend to define infertility as childlessness in a population of women of reproductive age, whereas the epidemiological definition refers to "trying for" or "time to" a pregnancy, generally in a population of women exposed to a probability of conception.[4] The time needed to pass (during which the couple tries to conceive) for that couple to be diagnosed with infertility differs between different jurisdictions. Existing definitions of infertility lack uniformity, rendering comparisons in prevalence between countries or over time problematic. Therefore, data estimating the prevalence of infertility cited by various sources differs significantly.[4] A couple that tries unsuccessfully to have a child after a certain period of time (often a short period, but definitions vary) is sometimes said to be subfertile, meaning less fertile than a typical couple. Both infertility and subfertility are defined as the inability to conceive after a certain period of time (the length of which vary), so often the two terms overlap.
World Health Organization
- Use dmy dates from February 2012
- Articles with contributors link
- All pages needing factual verification
- WorldHeritage articles needing factual verification from March 2015
- Articles with inconsistent citation formats
- Commons category template with no category set
- Commons category without a link on Wikidata
- Fertility medicine
- Infertility
- Fertility
- RCOG clinical guidelines for infertility (concise guidelines)
- Fertility: Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems, 2004 (extensive guidelines)
- Fertility treatment and clinics in the UK
- GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on CATSPER-Related Male Infertility
- CBC Digital Archives – Fighting Female Infertility
- InterNational Council on Infertility Information Dissemination
- Infertility not just a Female Problem
- Assisted Reproduction in Judaism
- Facing Life Without Children When It Isn't by Choice
- Patient Voices – Infertility
- World Congress on Controversies in Obstetrics, Gynecology & Infertility (COGI)
- Penn Researcher Looks at Infertility's Impact on Women
External links
- Fertility: Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems. London: RCOG Press. 2004.
- Anjani Chandra et al. (2013). Infertility and Impaired Fecundity in the United States, 1982-2010: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
- Pamela Mahoney Tsigdinos (2009). Silent Sorority: A Barren Woman Gets Busy, Angry, Lost and Found. BookSurge Publishing. p. 218.
Further reading
Gerrits, T., & Shaw, M. (2010). Biomedical infertility care in sub-Saharan Africa: a social science review of current practices, experiences and view points. Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn, 2(3), 194–207.
Inhorn, Marcia C. 2003. "Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt." Social Science & Medicine 56(9):1837-1851. Lock, Margaret and Vinh-Kim Nguyen. 2011. An anthropology of biomedicine: Wiley-Blackwell.
- ^ Makar RS, Toth TL (2002). "The evaluation of infertility". Am J Clin Pathol. 117 (Suppl): S95–103.
- ^ Maheshwari, A. (2008). Human Reproduction. pp. 538–542.
- ^ Hudson, B. (1987). The infertile couple. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh.
- ^ a b Gurunath S, Pandian Z, Anderson RA, Bhattacharya S (2011). "Defining infertility--a systematic review of prevalence studies". Human Reproduction Update 17 (5): 575–88.
- ^ "WHO | Infertility". Who.int. 2013-03-19. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
- ^ Cooper TG, Noonan E, von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HW, Behre HM, Haugen TB, Kruger T, Wang C, Mbizvo MT, Vogelsong KM (2010). "World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics". Hum. Reprod. Update 16 (3): 231–45.
- ^ Fertility: Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems (PDF). London: RCOG Press. 2004.
- ^ "Fertility: assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems, section: Defining infertility".
- ^ http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/infertility/DHS-CR9.pdf
- ^ Mascarenhas et al. 2012. National, Regional, and Global Trends in Infertility Prevalence Since 1990: A Systematic Analysis of 277 Health Surveys
- ^ http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/infertility/definitions/en/
- ^ Cousineau TM, Domar AD (2007). "Psychological impact of infertility". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 21 (2): 293–308.
- ^ Donor insemination Edited by C.L.R. Barratt and I.D. Cooke. Cambridge (England): Cambridge University Press, 1993. 231 pages., page 13, citing Berger (1980)
- ^ Domar AD, Zuttermeister PC, Friedman R (1993). "The psychological impact of infertility: a comparison with patients with other medical conditions". J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 14 (Suppl): 45–52.
- ^ Beutel M, Kupfer J, Kirchmeyer P, Kehde S, Köhn FM, Schroeder-Printzen I, Gips H, Herrero HJ, Weidner W (Jan 1999). "Treatment-related stresses and depression in couples undergoing assisted reproductive treatment by IVF or ICSI". Andrologia 31 (1): 27–35.
- ^ "Recovery From Traumatic Loss: A Study of Women Living Without Children After Infertility". Doctorate in Social Work (DSW) Dissertations. Paper 20. 2012
- ^ Donor insemination Edited by C.L.R. Barratt and I.D. Cooke. Cambridge (England): Cambridge University Press, 1993. 231 pages., page 13, in turn citing Connolly, Edelmann & Cooke 1987
- ^ Schmidt L, Christensen U, Holstein BE (Apr 2005). "The social epidemiology of coping with infertility". Hum Reprod. 20 (4): 1044–52.
- ^ "The invisible pain of Infertility". Redbook. October 2011
- ^ Khetarpal A, Singh S (2012). "Infertility: Why can't we classify this inability as disability?". The Australasian medical journal 5 (6): 334–9.
- ^ Lis, R.; Rowhani-Rahbar, A.; Manhart, L. E. (2015). "Mycoplasma genitalium Infection and Female Reproductive Tract Disease: A Meta-Analysis". Clinical Infectious Diseases.
- ^ Ljubin-Sternak, Suncanica; Mestrovic, Tomislav (2014). "Review: Clamydia trachonmatis and Genital Mycoplasmias: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health". Journal of Pathogens 2014 (183167).
- ^ a b Zenzes MT (2000). "Smoking and reproduction: gene damage to human gametes and embryos". Hum. Reprod. Update 6 (2): 122–31.
- ^ Mark-Kappeler CJ, Hoyer PB, Devine PJ (November 2011). "Xenobiotic effects on ovarian preantral follicles". Biol. Reprod. 85 (5): 871–83.
- ^ Seino T, Saito H, Kaneko T, Takahashi T, Kawachiya S, Kurachi H (June 2002). "Eight-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in granulosa cells is correlated with the quality of oocytes and embryos in an in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program". Fertil. Steril. 77 (6): 1184–90.
- ^ Gharagozloo P, Aitken RJ (July 2011). "The role of sperm oxidative stress in male infertility and the significance of oral antioxidant therapy". Hum. Reprod. 26 (7): 1628–40.
- ^ Nili HA, Mozdarani H, Pellestor F (2011). "Impact of DNA damage on the frequency of sperm chromosomal aneuploidy in normal and subfertile men". Iran. Biomed. J. 15 (4): 122–9.
- ^ Shamsi MB, Imam SN, Dada R (November 2011). "Sperm DNA integrity assays: diagnostic and prognostic challenges and implications in management of infertility". J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 28 (11): 1073–85.
- ^ Jangir RN, Jain GC (May 2014). "Diabetes mellitus induced impairment of male reproductive functions: a review". Curr Diabetes Rev 10 (3): 147–57.
- ^ Livshits A, Seidman DS (Nov 2009). "Fertility issues in women with diabetes". Womens Health (Lond Engl) 5 (6): 701–7.
- ^ Andreeva P (2014). "[Thyroid gland and fertility] [Article in Bulgarian]". Akush Ginekol (Sofiia) 53 (7): 18–23.
- ^ Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N (2014). "Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms". Hum Reprod Update 20 (4): 582–93.
- ^ Lasa, JS; Zubiaurre, I; Soifer, LO (2014). "Risk of infertility in patients with celiac disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies". Arq Gastroenterol 51 (2): 144–50.
- ^ Hozyasz, K (Mar 2001). "Coeliac disease and problems associated with reproduction". Ginekol Pol 72 (3): 173–9.
- ^ Sher, KS; Jayanthi, V; Probert, CS; Stewart, CR; Mayberry, JF (1994). "Infertility, obstetric and gynaecological problems in coeliac sprue". Dig Dis 12 (3): 186–90.
- ^ Reichman DE, White PC, New MI, Rosenwaks Z (Feb 2014). "Fertility in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia". Fertil Steril 101 (2): 301–9.
- ^ van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH (2011). "Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: A systematic review". Human Reproduction Update 17 (5): 605–619.
- ^ Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM, Moreno-Grau JM, Ten J, Roca M, Moreno-Grau S, Bernabeu R (June 2008). "Exposure to environmental toxins in males seeking infertility treatment: a case-controlled study". Reprod Biomed Online 16 (6): 842–50.
- ^ Smith EM, Hammonds-Ehlers M, Clark MK, Kirchner HL, Fuortes L (February 1997). "Occupational exposures and risk of female infertility". J Occup Environ Med. 39 (2): 138–47.
- ^ Regulated fertility services: a commissioning aid – June 2009, from the Department of Health UK
- ^ "Common virus linked to male infertility - 26 October 2001". New Scientist. 2001-10-26. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
- ^ "Virus linked to infertility". BBC News. 2001-10-27. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
- ^ "Infertility & STDs - STD Information from CDC". cdc.gov.
- ^ Dr. Martha E. Wittenberg. "STDs That Can Cause Infertility". LIVESTRONG.COM.
- ^ "5 Most Common Causes of Infertility". HowStuffWorks.
- ^ About infertility & fertility problems from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority.
- ^ Lessy, B.A. (2000) Medical management of endometriosis and infertility: 1089-1096.
- ^ "Are You At Your Optimal Weight?". Chelsea Fertility NYC. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
- ^ "Should I Freeze My Eggs". Information on Egg Freezing. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
- ^ Balen AH, Dresner M, Scott EM, Drife JO (2006). "Should obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome receive treatment for infertility?". BMJ 332 (7539): 434–5.
- ^ Mishail, A., et al. (2009) Impact of a second semen analysis on a treatment decision making in the infertile man with varicocele: 1809-1811
- ^ Unexplained Infertility Background, Tests and Treatment Options Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago
- ^ Altmäe S, Stavreus-Evers A, Ruiz JR, Laanpere M, Syvänen T, Yngve A, Salumets A, Nilsson TK (2010). "Variations in folate pathway genes are associated with unexplained female infertility". Fertility and Sterility 94 (1): 130–137.
- ^ Infertility Help: When & where to get help for fertility treatment
- ^ "Failures (with some successes) of assisted reproduction and gamete donation programs". Human Reproduction Update 19 (4): 354–365. 2013.
- ^ Edmund S. Sabanegh, Jr. (20 October 2010). Male Infertility: Problems and Solutions. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 82–83.
- ^ Paul McFedries. "fertility tourism - Word Spy". wordspy.com.
- ^ Himmel W, Ittner E, Kochen MM, Michelmann HW, Hinney B, Reuter M, Kallerhoff M, Ringert RH; Ittner, E; Kochen, MM; Michelmann, HW; Hinney, B; Reuter, M; Kallerhoff, M; Ringert, RH (1997). "Voluntary Childlessness and being Childfree". British Journal of General Practice 47 (415): 111–8.
- ^ a b "An error has occurred - NICE". nice.org.uk.
- ^ HFEA Chart on reasons for infertility
- ^ Khan, Khalid; Janesh K. Gupta; Gary Mires (2005). Core clinical cases in obstetrics and gynaecology: a problem-solving approach. London: Hodder Arnold. p. 152.
- ^ Sahlgrenska University Hospital. (translated from the Swedish sentence: "Cirka 10% av alla par har problem med ofrivillig barnlöshet.")
- ^ a b chicagotribune.com Heartache of infertility shared on stage, screen By Colleen Mastony, Tribune reporter. 21 June 2009
- ^ O'Neill Desmond (2009). "Up with ageing". BMJ 339: b4215.
- ^ "EUROPA". europa.eu.
- ^ Assisted Human Reproduction Canada
- ^ "Independent Theatre Association". Independent Theatre Association.
- ^ (Inhorn 2003 p1841)
- ^ (Lock and Nguyen 2011 p.269)
- ^ (Gerrits and Shaw 2010)
- ^ (Lock and Nguyen 2011 p.269-270)
- ^ (Lock and Nguyen 2011 p.263)
- ^ a b (Inhorn 2003 p.1842)
- ^ "Infertility in Africa. [Popul Sci. 1992] - PubMed - NCBI". Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2013-03-25. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
- ^ (Inhorn 2003 p.1841)
- ^ a b (2003 p.1839)
- ^ (Inhorn 2003 p.1831)
- ^ (Inhorn 2003 p.1842-3)
- ^ (Gerrits and Shaw 2010)
- ^ "IVF as cheap as £170, doctors claim". BBC News. 8 July 2013.
- ^ (Gerrits and Shaw 2010)
- Advanced maternal age
- Childlessness
- Conception device
- Inherited sterility in insects
- Medical ethics
- Oncofertility, fertility in cancer patients
- Surrogate marriage
See also
High costs may also be a factor and research by the Genk Institute for Fertility Technology, in Belgium, claimed a much lower cost methodology (about 90% reduction) with similar efficacy, which may be suitable for some fertility treatment.[80] At the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo, the prevention and treatment of infertility was accepted into the program of action for reproductive healthcare. Infertility has shown to have a greater affect on developing nations than on birth rates or population control, but also on a social level as well. Reproduction is a large aspect of life for many cultures within developing nations, and infertility can lead to social and familial problems such as rejection or abandonment as well as personal psychological issues. Currently, fertility treatment options and programs are only available through private health sectors in developing nations and little-to-no treatment is available through public health sectors. The fertility treatment options offered through the private sectors are often costly or not easily accessible. Additionally, counseling is considered an essential aspect of fertility treatment, and due to lack of education and resources such forms of therapy remain scarce as well. While quality fertility care is not readily available in developing nations (such as sub-Saharan African countries), a standard procedure of care could be easily implemented for a low cost as a basic intervention. The lack of fertility treatment is problematic, and high birth and population rates are every reason to implement treatment options rather than reject them.[81]
Due to the assumptions surrounding issues of hyper-fertility in developing countries, ethical controversy surrounds the idea of whether or not access to assisted reproductive technologies should comprise a critical aspect of reproductive health or at least, whether or not the distribution and access of such technologies should be subject to greater equity.[75] However, as highlighted by Inhorn [76] the overarching conceptualisation of infertility, to a great extent, disguises important distinctions that can be made within a local context, both demographically and epidemiological and moreover, that these factors are highly significant in the ethics of reproduction. An important factor, argues Inhorn,[76] is the positioning of men within the paradigm of reproductive health, whereby because rates of general infertility mask differences between male and female infertility, men remain a largely invisible facet within the theorisation and discourse surrounding infertility, as well as the related treatments and biotechnologies. This is particularly significant given that male infertility accounts for more than half of all cases of infertility [77] and moreover, it is evident that the attitudes and behaviours of men have profound implications for the reproductive health of both individuals and couples.[78] For example, Inhorn [73] notes that when couples in Egypt are faced with seemingly intractable infertility problems - due to a range of family and societal pressures that centre around the place of children in constituting the gender identity of men and women - it is often the women who is forced to seek continued treatment; this continues to occur, even in known instances of male infertility and that the constant seeking of treatment frequently becomes iatrogenic for the women. Inhorn states that infertility often leads to "marital demise, physical violence, emotional abuse, social exclusion, community exile, ineffective and iatrogenic therapies, poverty, old age insecurity, increased risk of HIV/AIDS, and death"[79] Significantly, Inhorn demonstrates that this phenomenon can not simply be explained by a lack of knowledge, rather it occurs in a complex interaction between the centrality of children in the male gender identity as a symbol of maturity and the relative lack of power of women in Egyptian society, whereby they effectively become scapegoats for a culturally accepted narrative as a site of blame for the lack of childlessness. It should be emphasised that this is not simply an issue of "women oppressed by men" but rather, that men and women both share the burden of this narrative, but in different, unequal and highly complex ways. Therefore, while the notion that reproductive health is a 'women's issue', may have powerful social currency, especially within popular discourse and indigenous systems of meaning, the reality of infertility suggests that medical and health paradigms have a significant part to play in challenging the validity of this entrenched belief . Moreover, the effectiveness of any therapeutic intervention, medical or otherwise will be contingent on such outcomes and has an important part to play in the alleviation of gendered suffering, especially the burden imposed on women, who continue to suffer disproportionately from the effects of infertility.
Despite this, infertility has profound effects on individuals in developing countries, as the production of children is often highly socially valued and is vital for social security and health networks as well as for family income generation.[72] Infertility in these societies often leads to social stigmatization and abandonment by spouses.[73] Infertility is, in fact, common in sub-Saharan Africa. Unlike in the West, secondary infertility is more common than primary infertility, being most often the result of untreated STIs or complications from pregnancy/birth.[74]
Infertility is often not seen (by the West) as being an issue outside industrialized countries.[68] This is because of assumptions about overpopulation problems and hyper fertility in developing countries, and a perceived need for them to decrease their populations and birth rates.[69] The lack of health care and high rates of life-threatening illness (such as HIV/AIDS) in developing countries, such as those in Africa, are supporting reasons for the inadequate supply of fertility treatment options.[70] Fertility treatments, even simple ones such as treatment for STIs that cause infertility, are therefore not usually made available to individuals in these countries.[71]
Developing countries
- Regulatory bodies are also found in Canada [66] and in the state of Victoria in Australia [67]
- A similar model to the HFEA has been adopted by the rest of the countries in the European Union. Each country has its own body or bodies responsible for the inspection and licencing of fertility treatment under the EU Tissues and Cells directive [65]
- One of the best known is the HFEA – The UK's regulator for fertility treatment and embryo research. This was set up on 1 August 1991 following a detailed commission of enquiry led by Mary Warnock in the 1980s
Many countries have special frameworks for dealing with the ethical and social issues around fertility treatment.
- High-cost treatments are out of financial reach for some couples.
- Debate over whether health insurance companies (e.g. in the US) should be required to cover infertility treatment.
- Allocation of medical resources that could be used elsewhere
- The legal status of embryos fertilized in vitro and not transferred in vivo. (See also Beginning of pregnancy controversy).
- Pro-life opposition to the destruction of embryos not transferred in vivo.
- IVF and other fertility treatments have resulted in an increase in multiple births, provoking ethical analysis because of the link between multiple pregnancies, premature birth, and a host of health problems.
- Religious leaders' opinions on fertility treatments; for example, the Roman Catholic Church views infertility as a calling to adopt or to use natural treatments (medication, surgery, and/or cycle charting) and members must reject assisted reproductive technologies.
- Infertility caused by DNA defects on the Y chromosome is passed on from father to son. If natural selection is the primary error correction mechanism that prevents random mutations on the Y chromosome, then fertility treatments for men with abnormal sperm (in particular ICSI) only defer the underlying problem to the next male generation.
There are several ethical issues associated with infertility and its treatment.
Other individual examples are referred to individual subarticles of assisted reproductive technology
Pixar's Up contains a depiction of infertility in an extended life montage that lasts the first few minutes of the film.[64]
Perhaps except for infertility in science fiction, films and other fiction depicting emotional struggles of assisted reproductive technology have had an upswing first in the latter part of the 2000s decade, although the techniques have been available for decades.[63] Yet, the number of people that can relate to it by personal experience in one way or another is ever growing, and the variety of trials and struggles is huge.[63]
Society and culture
- Some estimates suggest that worldwide "between three and seven per cent of all couples or women have an unresolved problem of infertility. Many more couples, however, experience involuntary childlessness for at least one year: estimates range from 12% to 28%." [58]
- Fertility problems affect one in seven couples in the UK. Most couples (about 84%) who have regular sexual intercourse (that is, every two to three days) and who do not use contraception get pregnant within a year. About 92 out of 100 couples who are trying to get pregnant do so within two years.[59]
- Women become less fertile as they get older. For women aged 35, about 94% who have regular unprotected sexual intercourse get pregnant after three years of trying. For women aged 38, however, only about 77%. The effect of age upon men's fertility is less clear.[59]
- In people going forward for IVF in the UK, roughly half of fertility problems with a diagnosed cause are due to problems with the man, and about half due to problems with the woman. However, about one in five cases of infertility has no clear diagnosed cause.[60]
- In Britain, male factor infertility accounts for 25% of infertile couples, while 25% remain unexplained. 50% are female causes with 25% being due to anovulation and 25% tubal problems/other.[61]
- In Sweden, approximately 10% of couples wanting children are infertile.[62] In approximately one third of these cases the man is the factor, in one third the woman is the factor, and in the remaining third the infertility is a product of factors on both parts.
Prevalence of infertility varies depending on the definition, i.e. on the time span involved in the failure to conceive.
Fertility tourism is the practice of traveling to another country for fertility treatments.[57] It may be regarded as a form of medical tourism. The main reasons for fertility tourism are legal regulation of the sought procedure in the home country, or lower price. In-vitro fertilization and donor insemination are major procedures involved.
Other medical techniques are e.g. tuboplasty, assisted hatching, and Preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
ART techniques generally start with stimulating the ovaries to increase egg production. After stimulation, the physician surgically extracts one or more eggs from the ovary, and unites them with sperm in a laboratory setting, with the intent of producing one or more embryos. Fertilization takes place outside the body, and the fertilized egg is reinserted into the woman's reproductive tract, in a procedure called embryo transfer.
If conservative medical treatments fail to achieve a full term pregnancy, the physician or WHNP may suggest the patient undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF). IVF and related techniques (ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT) are called assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques.
Medical treatment of infertility generally involves the use of fertility medication, medical device, surgery, or a combination of the following. If the sperm are of good quality and the mechanics of the woman's reproductive structures are good (patent fallopian tubes, no adhesions or scarring), a course of ovarian stimulating medication maybe used. The physician or WHNP may also suggest using a conception cap cervical cap, which the patient uses at home by placing the sperm inside the cap and putting the conception device on the cervix, or intrauterine insemination (IUI), in which the doctor or WHNP introduces sperm into the uterus during ovulation, via a catheter. In these methods, fertilization occurs inside the body.
Medical treatments
Treatment depends on the cause of infertility, but may include counselling, fertility treatments, which include in vitro fertilization. According to ESHRE recommendations, couples with an estimated live birth rate of 40% or higher per year are encouraged to continue aiming for a spontaneous pregnancy.[55] Treatment methods for infertility may be grouped as medical or complementary and alternative treatments. Some methods may be used in concert with other methods. Drugs used for both women and men[56] include clomiphene citrate, human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, aromatase inhibitors, and metformin.
A doctor or WHNP takes a medical history and gives a physical examination. They can also carry out some basic tests on both partners to see if there is an identifiable reason for not having achieved a pregnancy. If necessary, they refer patients to a fertility clinic or local hospital for more specialized tests. The results of these tests help determine the best fertility treatment.
Women over the age of 35 should see their physician or WHNP after six months as fertility tests can take some time to complete, and age may affect the treatment options that are open in that case.
If both partners are young and healthy and have been trying to conceive for one year without success, a visit to a physician or women's health nurse practitioner (WHNP) could help to highlight potential medical problems earlier rather than later. The doctor or WHNP may also be able to suggest lifestyle changes to increase the chances of conceiving.[54]
In the US, up to 20% of infertile couples have unexplained infertility.[52] In these cases abnormalities are likely to be present but not detected by current methods. Possible problems could be that the egg is not released at the optimum time for fertilization, that it may not enter the fallopian tube, sperm may not be able to reach the egg, fertilization may fail to occur, transport of the zygote may be disturbed, or implantation fails. It is increasingly recognized that egg quality is of critical importance and women of advanced maternal age have eggs of reduced capacity for normal and successful fertilization. Also, polymorphisms in folate pathway genes could be one reason for fertility complications in some women with unexplained infertility.[53]
Unexplained infertility
In some cases, both the man and woman may be infertile or sub-fertile, and the couple's infertility arises from the combination of these conditions. In other cases, the cause is suspected to be immunological or genetic; it may be that each partner is independently fertile but the couple cannot conceive together without assistance.
Combined infertility
. primary ciliary dyskinesia Infertility associated with viable, but immotile sperm may be caused by [51] The main cause of male infertility is low
- ovulation problems (e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to anovulatory infertility.[50])
- tubal blockage
- pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like tuberculosis
- age-related factors
- uterine problems
- previous tubal ligation
- endometriosis
- advanced maternal age
Common causes of infertility of females include:
Sometimes it can be a combination of factors, and sometimes a clear cause is never established.
Other factors that can affect a woman's chances of conceiving include being overweight or underweight,[48] or her age as female fertility declines after the age of 30.[49]
Another major cause of infertility in women may be the inability to ovulate. Malformation of the eggs themselves may complicate conception. For example, polycystic ovarian syndrome is when the eggs only partially developed within the ovary and there is an excess of male hormones. Some women are infertile because their ovaries do not mature and release eggs. In this case synthetic FSH by injection or Clomid (Clomiphene citrate) via a pill can be given to stimulate follicles to mature in the ovaries.
For women, problems with fertilisation arise mainly from either structural problems in the Fallopian tube or uterus or problems releasing eggs. Infertility may be caused by blockage of the Fallopian tube due to malformations, infections such as chlamydia and/or scar tissue. For example, endometriosis can cause infertility with the growth of endometrial tissue in the Fallopian tubes and/or around the ovaries. Endometriosis is usually more common in women in their mid-twenties and older, especially when postponed childbirth has taken place.[47]
The following causes of infertility may only be found in females. For a woman to conceive, certain things have to happen: intercourse must take place around the time when an egg is released from her ovary; the system that produces eggs has to be working at optimum levels; and her hormones must be balanced.[46]
German scientists have reported that a virus called Adeno-associated virus might have a role in male infertility,[41] though it is otherwise not harmful.[42] Other diseases such as chlamydia, and gonorrhea can also cause infertility, due to internal scarring (fallopian tube obstruction).[43][44][45]
DNA damage
- DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[23] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[24] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[25]
- DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[26] smoking,[23] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[27] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature[28]
General factors
- Diabetes mellitus,[29][30] thyroid disorders,[31] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[32][33][34][35] adrenal disease[36]
Hypothalamic-pituitary factors
- Hyperprolactinemia
- Hypopituitarism
- The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1.5 and 95% confidence interval of 1.1–2.0.[37]
Environmental factors
- solvents or silicones, physical agents, chemical dusts, and pesticides.[38][39] Tobacco smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers.[40]
Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are:
Other causes
A Robertsonian translocation in either partner may cause recurrent spontaneous abortions or complete infertility.
Infections with the following sexually transmitted pathogens have a negative effect on fertility: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Syphilis. There is a consistent association of Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract syndromes. M. genitalium infection is associated with increased risk of infertility.[21][22]
Sexually transmitted disease
There are legal ramifications as well. Infertility has begun to gain more exposure to legal domains. An estimated 4 million workers in the U.S. used the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) in 2004 to care for a child, parent or spouse, or because of their own personal illness. Many treatments for infertility, including diagnostic tests, surgery and therapy for depression, can qualify one for FMLA leave. It has been suggested that infertility be classified as a form of disability.[20]
In an effort to end the shame and secrecy of infertility, Redbook in October 2011 launched a video campaign, The Truth About Trying, to start an open conversation about infertility, which strikes one in eight women in the United States. In a survey of couples having difficulty conceiving, conducted by the pharmaceutical company Merck, 61 percent of respondents hid their infertility from family and friends.[19] Nearly half didn't even tell their mothers. The message of those speaking out: It's not always easy to get pregnant, and there's no shame in that.
In many cultures, inability to conceive bears a stigma. In closed social groups, a degree of rejection (or a sense of being rejected by the couple) may cause considerable anxiety and disappointment. Some respond by actively avoiding the issue altogether; middle-class men are the most likely to respond in this way.[18]
Social impact
Emotional stress and marital difficulties are greater in couples where the infertility lies with the man.[17]
The emotional losses created by infertility include the denial of motherhood as a rite of passage; the loss of one's anticipated and imagined life; feeling a loss of control over one's life; doubting one's womanhood; changed and sometimes lost friendships; and, for many, the loss of one's religious environment as a support system.[16]
Infertility may have profound psychological effects. Partners may become more anxious to conceive, increasing sexual dysfunction.[13] Marital discord often develops in infertile couples, especially when they are under pressure to make medical decisions. Women trying to conceive often have clinical depression rates similar to women who have heart disease or cancer.[14] Even couples undertaking IVF face considerable stress.[15]
The consequences of infertility are manifold and can include societal repercussions and personal suffering. Advances in assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, can offer hope to many couples where treatment is available, although barriers exist in terms of medical coverage and affordability. The medicalization of infertility has unwittingly led to a disregard for the emotional responses that couples experience, which include distress, loss of control, stigmatization, and a disruption in the developmental trajectory of adulthood.[12]
Psychological impact
Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth.
Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least five years since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.
Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least five years, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[10] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[11]
Primary vs. secondary infertility
Researchers commonly base demographic studies on infertility prevalence on a five-year period.[9] Practical measurement problems, however, exist for any definition, because it is difficult to measure continuous exposure to the risk of pregnancy over a period of years.
Other definitions
In the UK, previous NICE guidelines defined infertility as failure to conceive after regular unprotected sexual intercourse for 2 years in the absence of known reproductive pathology.[7] Updated NICE guidelines do not include a specific definition, but recommend that "A woman of reproductive age who has not conceived after 1 year of unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse, in the absence of any known cause of infertility, should be offered further clinical assessment and investigation along with her partner, with earlier referral to a specialist if the woman is over 36 years of age.[8]
United Kingdom
These time intervals would seem to be reversed; this is an area where public policy trumps science. The idea is that for women beyond age 35, every month counts and if made to wait another 6 months to prove the necessity of medical intervention, the problem could become worse. The corollary to this is that, by definition, failure to conceive in women under 35 isn't regarded with the same urgency as it is in those over 35.
- a woman under 35 has not conceived after 12 months of contraceptive-free intercourse. Twelve months is the lower [6]
- a woman over 35 has not conceived after 6 months of contraceptive-free sexual intercourse.
One definition of infertility that is frequently used in the United States by reproductive endocrinologists, doctors who specialize in infertility, to consider a couple eligible for treatment is:
United States
" | Infertility is "a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse (and there is no other reason, such as breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea). Primary infertility is infertility in a couple who have never had a child. Secondary infertility is failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy. Infertility may be caused by infection in the man or woman, but often there is no obvious underlying cause. | " |


text:
Impact of Umbilical Cord Cleansing With 4.0% Chlorhexidine on Neonatal Mortality (CHX)
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- How to Read a Study Record
Condition | Intervention | Phase |
Omphalitis Infection |
Behavioral: chx once Behavioral: CHX x 7 days Behavioral: dry cord care |
Phase 3 |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Allocation: Randomized Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment Masking: Open Label Primary Purpose: Prevention |
Official Title: | Impact of Umbilical Cord Cleansing With Chlorhexidine on Neonatal Mortality and Omphalitis in Rural Sylhet District of Bangladesh |
- neonatal mortality [ Time Frame: 3 Month intervals ]
- omphalitis among live born infants. [ Time Frame: 3 Month intervals ]
- newborn care practices [ Time Frame: 3 Years ]
- care seeking behaviors [ Time Frame: 3 Years ]
- morbidity measures, including sepsis and omphalitis [ Time Frame: 3 Years ]
Estimated Enrollment: | 28797 |
Study Start Date: | May 2007 |
Study Completion Date: | November 2010 |
Primary Completion Date: | November 2009 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) |
Arms | Assigned Interventions |
Experimental: 1
4.0% chlorhexidine cleansing of the cord during home visits by project workers for the first 7 days after birth
Behavioral: CHX x 7 days
4.0% chlorhexidine cleansing of the cord during home visits by project workers for the first 7 days after birth
Experimental: 2
4.0% chlorhexidine cleansing of the cord applied once by a project worker visiting the newborn in the home as soon as possible after birth
Behavioral: chx once
4.0% chlorhexidine cleansing of the cord applied once by a project worker visiting the newborn in the home as soon as possible after birth
Active Comparator: 3
dry cord care
Behavioral: dry cord care
Household members are instructed to apply nothing to the newborn's umbilical cord stump.
Detailed Description:
Of the annual four million neonatal deaths, 99% occur in developing countries, and more than one-third globally can be attributed to infections. In areas with high-mortality rates, the proportion attributable to infections is as high as 50%. Many infections in infants can be prevented or treated with already existing measures, yet finding the best way to provide these measures in communities that are limited in resources need to be identified. Applying chlorhexidine to the umbilical cord of newborns may be a simple way to help reduce neonatal mortality and morbidity in the community at low cost.
A study by our group was recently completed in Nepal. It was a large community-based, factorial-designed trial in southern Nepal to: (1) assess the impact of newborn total body skin cleansing with 0.25% chlorhexidine on neonatal mortality and morbidity and (2) assess the impact of cleansing of the umbilical stump with 4% chlorhexidine on omphalitis and neonatal mortality.
The results of these studies have suggested that chlorhexidine antisepsis interventions may significantly reduce neonatal mortality and omphalitis. A single full body cleansing of the neonate with chlorhexidine as soon as possible after birth reduced mortality among low birth weight (LBW) infants by 28%. Repeated cleansing of the umbilical stump with chlorhexidine reduced the rate of severe cord infection by 75% and, if this treatment was begun within the first 24 hours following birth, reduced neonatal mortality by 34%.
In rural Bangladesh, over 90% of women deliver at home with only untrained local women or family members in attendance, and low birth weight babies are delivered approximately 30% of the time. The overall neonatal mortality rate exceeds 36 per 1000 live births and in order to reduce this burden, simple, cost-effective interventions that can be delivered at the community level are urgently needed. Given the potential impact of repeated chlorhexidine cleansing of the cord demonstrated in the Nepal trial, a replication study of this regimen and further investigations of more simple regimens are necessary. The number of treatments necessary to reduce neonatal mortality has important programmatic implications for who can deliver the intervention, and how it is packaged.
Ages Eligible for Study: | up to 7 Days (Child) |
Sexes Eligible for Study: | All |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
- live-born infants delivered in one of three upazillas of Sylhet District (Zakiganj, Khanaighat, Beanibazar)
- married women of reproductive age within their individual target areas listed above
Exclusion Criteria:
- individuals outside of the target area in Sylhet(Zakiganj, Khanaighat, Beanibazar)
- infants not met at home by a project worker during the first seven days of life
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00434408
Bangladesh | |
Rural Sylhet District | |
Sylhet, Bangladesh |
Principal Investigator: | Abdullah H Baqui, MBBS, DrPH | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |
Principal Investigator: | Shams El Arifeen | International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh |
Publications automatically indexed to this study by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number):
Responsible Party: | Dr. Abdullah H. Baqui, Professor, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT00434408 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: |
IRB00000146 GHSA00030001900 ( Other Grant/Funding Number: Save the Children 131 ) |
Study First Received: | February 9, 2007 |
Last Updated: | August 9, 2011 |
Keywords provided by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health:
omphalitis neonates umbilical cord infection |
infant mortality neonate morbidity chlorhexidine |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine gluconate Anti-Infective Agents, Local |
Anti-Infective Agents Disinfectants Dermatologic Agents |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 24, 2017


text:
Law, Relationships, and Private Enforcement: Transactional Strategies of Russian Enterprises
We examine how Russian enterprises do business with one another, focusing on the strategies used to obtain efficiency and predictability in their transactions. Using survey data, the paper analyzes the relative importance of relational contracting, self-enforcement, enterprise networks, private security firms, administrative institutions, and courts. Enterprise-to-enterprise negotiations are preferred, but courts are used when disputes resist resolution through negotiation. Consistently, little evidence suggests enterprises resort to private enforcement, indicating overstatement in the supposed connection between weakness in law and the mafia's rise. Legacies of the old administrative enforcement mechanisms are few, although enterprise networks from Soviet days remain resilient.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Length: | 47 pages |
Date of creation: | Sep 1998 |
Handle: | RePEc:umd:umdeco:98-001 |
Contact details of provider: | Postal: Department of Economics, University of Maryland, Tydings Hall, College Park, MD 20742 Web page: http://www.econ.umd.edu/ |
Order Information: | Postal: Department of Economics, University of Maryland, Tydings Hall, College Park, MD 20742 Email: |
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text:
Cooking with Faith : 125 Classic and Healthy Southern Recipes
By: and and
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- Synopsis
- You wouldn't know it by looking at her, but Faith Ford loves to eat. In fact, the beautiful and talented actress who played Corky Sherwood on "Murphy Brown" for ten years is also a passionate, expert home cook. Growing up in Pineville, Louisiana, she learned the great Southern classics from her mother and grandmother - Smothered Chicken, Smoky Beef Brisket, Catfish Po'Boy, Buttermilk Biscuits, Creamy Cheese Grits, Fluffy Lemon Ice Box Pie, and Chocolate Sheet Cake with Fudge Icing. As a young model and actress living in New York and Los Angeles, Faith learned to modify her favorite dishes from home into more healthful, calorie-conscious fare: Crispy Oven-Fried Chicken, Dilled Egg White Salad, Roasted Five Vegetable Soup with Turkey Meatballs, Sauteed Green Beans with Fresh Herbs, Faith's Lighter Cheese Grits Frittata, Cranberry Orange Slush, and Faith's Peach and Pecan Crumble.Cooking with Faith has the best of both of Faith's worlds - a combination of the homespun, heirloom recipes Faith grew up with and the lighter, healthier, more modern versions and creations. This is food to live with day to day and this is food to celebrate with or just indulge a longing for comfort and home. In addition to the 120 recipes, there will be delightful anecdotes of growing up on a small family farm in the American South as well as 8 pages of full color photography and 20 black and white photographs throughout.
- Copyright:
- 2004
Book Details
- Book Quality:
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- 9781451603941
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- 9781416569626
- Publisher:
- Simon & Schuster
- Date of Addition:
- 12/03/12
- Copyrighted By:
- Mark Thomas
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- No
- Language:
- English
- Categories:
- Nonfiction, Cooking, Food and Wine, Health, Mind and Body
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- This is a copyrighted book.
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How would I go about finding the ip address of my viewer and then figuring out what city/state they are viewing from? Thanks for the help. I hope this is understandable.
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A Swiss goalie has scored a contender for goal of the season after netting a long distance stunner for amateur side Dardania Lausanne last week.
Dominique Niederhauser rushed out of his own box to collect the ball off his chest before sending a strike downfield with his left foot.
The ball amazingly sailed over the Genolier-Begnins goalie for a 75-metre plus goal.
Niederhauser's side went on to win 6-1.


text:
As we get closer to the holiday frenzy, everyone is slowing down a bit, gearing up for their New Years shows, and taking a calm-before-the-storm break. Not much this week in the way of Grateful Dead news, but there are still tickets available for Furthur on the 29th and 30th in San Francisco. Tickets are also now available for their Spring run, which includes 2 shows in Boston, a stop in CT, and an 8 night run at the Beacon Theater in New York City. Can't wait until April to see the boys again? Then play the Grateful Dead Game! You can create your own dancing bear, hop on and off tour, hang out in virtual shakedown, and even rage the show, with the goal of putting together "The Epic Tour" by voting on Epic Shows.
Phish announced another tour, but don't get your hopes up- it's only couch tour. Yes, luckily Phish will webcast their 4 night run at Madison Square Garden for all those unfortunate souls who couldn't make it to the show. With 10 different high definition camera angles, and high quality live audio mixing, this is not an event to be missed, if you can't actually be there. Made other plans for New Years Eve? Not to worry, phans who purchase the webcast of any night have a 48 hours to watch it, so you can experience the Phish without skipping out on NYE.
And as I'm sure you've heard by now, Big Red is working with indie gods The National and Mates of State on a new solo album. He's coming out of left field in 2012, with this record and a symphany tour, but this is apparently exactly what he wanted, according to co-producer Peter Katis. Katis has worked with Trey several other times before, and on a number of indie-scene hit records, but he's never done something quite like this and says the sound is going be a mix of Anastasio's eclectic rock and his own experimental indie pop tunes. There is one clip circulating from his appearance at the Beacon during The National's show on Friday night, and we'll let you be the judge of this new thing he's up to.
Umphrey's is keeping up saturated with live releases and video. From the 4/20/2011 show in Austin, TX, which was a killer 2 set show, featuring a "1348" for the ages. It comes any way you want, physical, download, etc, and you can sample the songs online before you buy. Heading to the Pageant for some live Umph during New Years Eve? If so, stop by the in-store show at Vintage Vinyl on the 29th for a signing and intimate NYE preview. Pick up a copy of the new album while you're there and the boys will gift you a limited edition poster. Definitely worth a trip if you're in Missouri this upcoming holiday weekend. ~ Carly Shields