text:
IPv6 address
An Internet Protocol Version 6 address (IPv6 address) is a numerical label that is used to identify a network interface of a computer or other network node participating in an IPv6 computer network.
An IP address serves the purpose of uniquely identifying an individual network interface of a host, locating it on the network, and thus permitting the routing of IP packets between hosts. For routing, IP addresses are present in fields of the packet header where they indicate source and destination of the packet.
IPv6 is the successor to the first addressing infrastructure of the Internet, Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). In contrast to IPv4, which defined an IP address as a 32-bit value, IPv6 addresses have a size of 128 bits. Therefore, IPv6 has a vastly enlarged address space compared to IPv4.
- 1 Addressing methods
- 2 Address formats
- 3 Representation
- 4 Address scopes
- 5 Address space
- 6 Special addresses
- 7 Stateless address autoconfiguration
- 8 Default address selection
- 9 Link-local addresses and zone indices
- 10 Domain Name System
- 11 Historical notes
- 12 References
- 13 External links
Addressing methods[edit]
IPv6 addresses are classified by the primary addressing and routing methodologies common in networking: unicast addressing, anycast addressing, and multicast addressing.[1]
- A unicast address identifies a single network interface. The Internet Protocol delivers packets sent to a unicast address to that specific interface.
- An anycast address is assigned to a group of interfaces, usually belonging to different nodes. A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to just one of the member interfaces, typically the nearest host, according to the routing protocol's definition of distance. Anycast addresses cannot be identified easily, they have the same format as unicast addresses, and differ only by their presence in the network at multiple points. Almost any unicast address can be employed as an anycast address.
- A multicast address is also used by multiple hosts, which acquire the multicast address destination by participating in the multicast distribution protocol among the network routers. A packet that is sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces that have joined the corresponding multicast group.
IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing. Broadcast's traditional role is subsumed by multicast addressing to the all-nodes link-local multicast group ff02::1. However, the use of the all-nodes group is not recommended, and most IPv6 protocols use a dedicated link-local multicast group to avoid disturbing every interface in the network.
Address formats[edit]
An IPv6 address consists of 128 bits.[1] For each of the major addressing and routing methodologies, various address formats are recognized by logically dividing the 128 address bits into bit groups and establishing rules for associating the values of these bit groups with special addressing features.
Unicast and anycast address format[edit]
Unicast and anycast addresses are typically composed of two logical parts: a 64-bit network prefix used for routing, and a 64-bit interface identifier used to identify a host's network interface.
General unicast address format (routing prefix size varies) bits 48 (or more) 16 (or fewer) 64 field routing prefix subnet id interface identifier
The network prefix (the routing prefix combined with the subnet id) is contained in the most significant 64 bits of the address. The size of the routing prefix may vary; a larger prefix size means a smaller subnet id size. The bits of the subnet id(entifier) field are available to the network administrator to define subnets within the given network. The 64-bit interface identifier is either automatically generated from the interface's MAC address using the modified EUI-64 format, obtained from a DHCPv6 server, automatically established randomly, or assigned manually.
A link-local address is also based on the interface identifier, but uses a different format for the network prefix.
Link-local address format bits 10 54 64 field prefix zeroes interface identifier
The prefix field contains the binary value 1111111010. The 54 zeroes that follow make the total network prefix the same for all link-local addresses (fe80::/64 link-local address prefix), rendering them non-routable.
Multicast address format[edit]
Multicast addresses are formed according to several specific formatting rules, depending on the application.
General multicast address format bits 8 4 4 112 field prefix flg sc group ID
The prefix holds the binary value 11111111 for any multicast address.
Currently, 3 of the 4 flag bits in the flg field are defined;[1] the most-significant flag bit is reserved for future use.
Multicast address flags[2] bit flag Meaning when 0 Meaning when 1 8 reserved reserved reserved 9 R (Rendezvous)[3] Rendezvous point not embedded Rendezvous point embedded 10 P (Prefix)[4] Without prefix information Address based on network prefix 11 T (Transient)[1] Well-known multicast address Dynamically assigned multicast address
The 4-bit scope field (sc) is used to indicate where the address is valid and unique.
There are special multicast addresses, like Solicited Node.
Solicited-Node multicast address format bits 8 4 4 79 9 24 field prefix flg sc zeroes ones unicast address
The sc(ope) field holds the binary value 0010 (link-local). Solicited-node multicast addresses are computed as a function of a node's unicast or anycast addresses. A solicited-node multicast address is created by copying the last 24 bits of a unicast or anycast address to the last 24 bits of the multicast address.
Unicast-prefix-based multicast address format[3][4] bits 8 4 4 4 4 8 64 32 field prefix flg sc res riid plen network prefix group ID
Link-scoped multicast addresses use a comparable format.[5]
An IPv6 address is represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits (two octets). The groups are separated by colons (:). An example of an IPv6 address is:
- 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
The hexadecimal digits are case-insensitive, but IETF recommendations suggest the use of lower case letters. The full representation of eight 4-digit groups may be simplified by several techniques, eliminating parts of the representation.
Leading zeroes in a group may be omitted, but each group must retain at least one hexadecimal digit.[1] Thus, the example address may be written as:
- 2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334
One or more consecutive groups of zero value may be replaced with a single empty group using two consecutive colons (::),[1] but the substitution may only be applied once in the address, because multiple occurrences would create an ambiguous representation. Thus, the example address can be further simplified:
- 2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334
The localhost (loopback) address, 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1, and the IPv6 unspecified address, 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0, are reduced to ::1 and ::, respectively.
During the transition of the Internet from IPv4 to IPv6, it is typical to operate in a mixed addressing environment. For such use cases, a special notation has been introduced, which expresses IPv4-mapped and IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses by writing the least-significant 32 bits of an address in the familiar IPv4 dot-decimal notation, whereas all preceding ones are written in IPv6 format. For example, the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address ::ffff:c000:0280 is written as ::ffff:192.0.2.128, thus expressing clearly the original IPv4 address that was mapped to IPv6.
Recommended representation as text[edit]
In an attempt to simplify IPv6 addresses, the standards provide flexibility in their representation. However, this also complicates several common operations: searching for a specific address in a text file or stream, and comparing two addresses to determine their equivalence. To mitigate these problems, the IETF has proposed a standard in RFC 5952 for a canonical format for rendering IPv6 addresses in text. Its specific recommendations are:
- Leading zeros in each 16-bit field are suppressed. For example, 2001:0db8::0001 is rendered as 2001:db8::1, though any all-zero field that is explicitly presented is rendered as 0.
- "::" is not used to shorten just a single 0 field. For example, 2001:db8:0:0:0:0:2:1 is shortened to 2001:db8::2:1, but 2001:db8:0000:1:1:1:1:1 is rendered as 2001:db8:0:1:1:1:1:1.
- Representations are shortened as much as possible. The longest sequence of consecutive all-zero fields is replaced by double-colon. If there are multiple longest runs of all-zero fields, then it is the leftmost that is compressed. E.g., 2001:db8:0:0:1:0:0:1 is rendered as 2001:db8::1:0:0:1 rather than as 2001:db8:0:0:1::1.
- Hexadecimal digits are expressed as lower-case letters. For example, 2001:db8::1 is preferred over 2001:DB8::1.
An IPv6 network uses an address block that is a contiguous group of IPv6 addresses of a size that is a power of two. The leading set of bits of the addresses are identical for all hosts in a given network, and are called the network's address or routing prefix.
Network address ranges are written in CIDR notation. A network is denoted by the first address in the block (ending in all zeroes), a slash (/), and a decimal value equal to the size in bits of the prefix. For example, the network written as 2001:db8:1234::/48 starts at address 2001:db8:1234:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 and ends at 2001:db8:1234:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff.
The routing prefix of an interface address may be directly indicated with the address by CIDR notation. For example, the configuration of an interface with address 2001:db8:a::123 connected to subnet 2001:db8:a::/64 is written as 2001:db8:a::123/64.
Address block sizes[edit]
The size of a block of addresses is specified by writing a slash (/) followed by a number in decimal whose value is the length of the network prefix in bits, rather than by explicitly specifying which addresses are in the block. For example, an address block with 48 bits in the prefix is indicated by /48. Such a block contains 2128 − 48 = 280 addresses. The smaller the value of the network prefix, the larger the block: a /21 block is 8 times larger than a /24 block.
Literal IPv6 addresses in network resource identifiers[edit]
Colon (:) characters in IPv6 addresses may conflict with the established syntax of resource identifiers, such as URIs and URLs. The colon has traditionally been used to terminate the host path before a port number.[6] To alleviate this conflict, literal IPv6 addresses are enclosed in square brackets in such resource identifiers, for example:
- http://[2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1319:8a2e:370:7348]/
When the URL also contains a port number the notation is:
- https://[2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1319:8a2e:370:7348]:443/
Literal IPv6 addresses in UNC path names[edit]
In Microsoft Windows operating systems, IPv4 addresses are valid location identifiers in Uniform Naming Convention (UNC) path names. However, the colon is an illegal character in a UNC path name. Thus, the use of IPv6 addresses is also illegal in UNC names. For this reason, Microsoft implemented a transcription algorithm to represent an IPv6 address in the form of a domain name that can be used in UNC paths. For this purpose, Microsoft registered and reserved the second-level domain ipv6-literal.net on the Internet (although they gave up the domain in January 2014[7]). IPv6 addresses are transcribed as a hostname or subdomain name within this name space, in the following fashion:
- 2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1319:8a2e:370:7348
is written as
- 2001-db8-85a3-8d3-1319-8a2e-370-7348.ipv6-literal.net
This notation is automatically resolved by Microsoft software without any queries to DNS name servers. If the IPv6 address contains a zone index, it is appended to the address portion after an 's' character:
- 2001:db8::1/32
is written as
- 2001-db8--1s32.ipv6-literal.net
Address scopes[edit]
Every IPv6 address, except the unspecified address (::), has a "scope",[8] which specifies in which part of the network it is valid.
In the unicast addressing method, link-local addresses and the loopback address have link-local scope, which means they are to be used in a directly attached network (link). All other addresses (except Unique local addresses) have global (or universal) scope, which means they are globally routable, and can be used to connect to addresses with global scope anywhere, or addresses with link-local scope on the directly attached network.
Unique local addresses are not globally routable, so their scope is limited to the extent of the network(s) in which they are used. These addresses will only be routed by routers or tunnels whose routing tables have been specifically configured to allow it.
The scope of an anycast address is defined identically to that of a unicast address.
For multicasting, the four least-significant bits of the second address octet of a multicast address (ff0s::) identify the address scope, i.e. the span over which the multicast address is propagated. Currently defined scopes[1] are:
Scope values Value Scope name Notes 0x0 reserved 0x1 interface-local Interface-local scope spans only a single interface on a node, and is useful only for loopback transmission of multicast. 0x2 link-local Link-local and site-local multicast scopes span the same topological regions as the corresponding unicast scopes. 0x3 realm-local Realm-local multicast scope is originally defined in RFC 7346, larger than link-local, automatically determined by topology and must not be larger than the following scopes.[9] 0x4 admin-local Admin-local scope is the smallest scope that must be administratively configured, i.e., not automatically derived from physical connectivity or other, non- multicast-related configuration. 0x5 site-local Link-local and site-local multicast scopes span the same topological regions as the corresponding unicast scopes. 0x8 organization-local Organization-local scope is intended to span multiple sites belonging to a single organization. 0xe global 0xf reserved
Address space[edit]
General allocation[edit]
The management of IPv6 address allocation process is delegated to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)[10] by the Internet Architecture Board and the Internet Engineering Steering Group. Its main function is the assignment of large address blocks to the regional Internet registries (RIRs), which have the delegated task of allocation to network service providers and other local registries. The IANA has maintained the official list of allocations of the IPv6 address space since December 1995.[11]
Only one eighth of the total address space is currently allocated for use on the Internet, 2000::/3, in order to provide efficient route aggregation, thereby reducing the size of the Internet routing tables; the rest of the IPv6 address space is reserved for future use or for special purposes. The address space is assigned to the RIRs in large blocks of /23 up to /12.[12]
The RIRs assign smaller blocks to local Internet registries that distributes them to users. These are typically in sizes from /19 to /32.[13][14][15] The addresses are typically distributed in /48 to /56 sized blocks to the end users.[16]
Global unicast assignment records can be found at the various RIRs or other websites.[17]
IPv6 addresses are assigned to organizations in much larger blocks as compared to IPv4 address assignments—the recommended allocation is a /48 block which contains 280 addresses, being 248 or about ×1014 times larger than the entire IPv4 address space of 232 addresses and about 2.8×1016 times larger than the /8 blocks of IPv4 addresses, which are the largest allocations of IPv4 addresses. The total pool, however, is sufficient for the foreseeable future, because there are 2128 (exactly 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456) or about 7.2×1038 (340 3.4trillion trillion trillion) unique IPv6 addresses.
Each RIR can divide each of its multiple /23 blocks into 512 /32 blocks, typically one for each ISP; an ISP can divide its /32 block into 65536 /48 blocks, typically one for each customer;[18] customers can create 65536 /64 networks from their assigned /48 block, each having 264 (18,446,744,073,709,551,616) addresses. In contrast, the entire IPv4 address space has only 232 (exactly 4,294,967,296 or about ×109) addresses. 4.3
By design, only a very small fraction of the address space will actually be used. The large address space ensures that addresses are almost always available, which makes the use of network address translation (NAT) for the purposes of address conservation completely unnecessary. NAT has been increasingly used for IPv4 networks to help alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion.
Special allocation[edit]
To allow for provider changes without renumbering, provider-independent address space – assigned directly to the end user by the RIRs – is taken from the special range 2001:678::/29.
Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) are assigned special addresses from the range 2001:7f8::/29 for communication with their connected ISPs.[19] Root name servers have been assigned addresses from the same range.
Reserved anycast addresses[edit]
The lowest address within each subnet prefix (the interface identifier set to all zeroes) is reserved as the "subnet-router" anycast address.[1] Applications may use this address when talking to any one of the available routers, as packets sent to this address are delivered to just one router.
The 128 highest addresses within each /64 subnet prefix are reserved to be used as anycast addresses.[20] These addresses usually have the 57 first bits of the interface identifier set to 1, followed by the 7-bit anycast ID. Prefixes for the network, including subnets, are required to have a length of 64 bits, in which case the universal/local bit must be set to 0 to indicate the address is not globally unique. The address with value 0x7e in the 7 least-significant bits is defined as a mobile IPv6 home agents anycast address. The address with value 0x7f (all bits 1) is reserved and may not be used. No more assignments from this range are made, so values 0x00 through 0x7d are reserved as well.
Special addresses[edit]
There are a number of addresses with special meaning in IPv6:[21]
Unicast addresses[edit]
Unspecified address[edit]
- ::/128 — The address with all zero bits is called the unspecified address (corresponding to 0.0.0.0/32 in IPv4).
This address must never be assigned to an interface and is to be used only in software before the application has learned its host's source address appropriate for a pending connection. Routers must not forward packets with the unspecified address.
Applications may be listening on one or more specific interfaces for incoming connections, which are shown in listings of active internet connections by a specific IP address (and a port number, separated by a colon). When the unspecified address is shown it means that an application is listening for incoming connections on all available interfaces.
Default route[edit]
- ::/0 — The default route address (corresponding to 0.0.0.0/0 in IPv4) covering all addresses (unicast, multicast and others).
Local addresses[edit]
- ::1/128 — The loopback address is a unicast localhost address. If an application in a host sends packets to this address, the IPv6 stack will loop these packets back on the same virtual interface (corresponding to 127.0.0.1/8 in IPv4).
- fe80::/10 — Addresses in the link-local prefix are only valid and unique on a single link. Within this prefix only one subnet is allocated (54 zero bits), yielding an effective format of fe80::/64. The least significant 64 bits are usually chosen as the interface hardware address constructed in modified EUI-64 format. A link-local address is required on every IPv6-enabled interface—in other words, applications may rely on the existence of a link-local address even when there is no IPv6 routing. These addresses are comparable to the auto-configuration addresses 169.254.0.0/16 of IPv4.
Unique local addresses[edit]
- fc00::/7 — Unique local addresses (ULAs) are intended for local communication. They are routable only within a set of cooperating sites.[22] The block is split into two halves, the upper half (fd00::/8) is used for "probabilistically unique" addresses in which a 40-bit pseudorandom number is used to obtain a /48 allocation. This means that there is only a small chance that two sites that wish to merge or communicate with each other will have conflicting addresses. No allocation method for the lower half of the block (fc00::/8) is currently defined. These addresses are comparable to IPv4 private addresses (10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 and 192.168.0.0/16)
Transition from IPv4[edit]
- ::ffff:0:0/96 — This prefix is designated as an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address. With a few exceptions, this address type allows the transparent use of the Transport Layer protocols over IPv4 through the IPv6 networking application programming interface. Server applications only need to open a single listening socket to handle connections from clients using IPv6 or IPv4 protocols. IPv6 clients will be handled natively by default, and IPv4 clients appear as IPv6 clients at their IPv4-mapped IPv6 address. Transmission is handled similarly; established sockets may be used to transmit IPv4 or IPv6 datagram, based on the binding to an IPv6 address, or an IPv4-mapped address. (See also Transition mechanisms.)
- ::ffff:0:0:0/96 — A prefix used for IPv4-translated addresses which are used by the Stateless IP/ICMP Translation (SIIT) protocol.
- 64:ff9b::/96 — The "Well-Known" Prefix. Addresses with this prefix are used for automatic IPv4/IPv6 translation.[23]
- 2002::/16 — This prefix is used for 6to4 addressing. Here, an address from the IPv4 network 126.96.36.199/24 is also used.
Special-purpose addresses[edit]
- IANA has reserved a so-called 'Sub-TLA ID' address block for special assignments[24][25] which consists of 64 network prefixes in the range 2001:0000::/29 through 2001:01f8::/29. Three assignments from this block have been made:
- 2001::/32 — Used for Teredo tunneling (which also falls into the category of IPv6 transition mechanisms).
- 2001:2::/48 — Assigned to the Benchmarking Methodology Working Group (BMWG)[26] for benchmarking IPv6 (corresponding to 198.18.0.0/15 for benchmarking IPv4). Note: RFC 5180 specified the prefix 2001:0200::/48, which is not part of the RFC 4773 pool.[27]
- 2001:20::/28 — ORCHIDv2 (Overlay Routable Cryptographic Hash Identifiers).[28] These are non-routed IPv6 addresses used for Cryptographic Hash Identifiers.
- 2001:db8::/32 — This prefix is used in documentation.[29] The addresses should be used anywhere an example IPv6 address is given or model networking scenarios are described (corresponding to 192.0.2.0/24, 198.51.100.0/24, and 203.0.113.0/24 in IPv4.)[30]
- 0100::/64 — This prefix is used for discarding traffic.[31]
Deprecated and obsolete addresses[edit]
Multicast addresses[edit]
The multicast addresses ff0X:: where X is any hexadecimal value are reserved[1] and should not be assigned to any multicast group. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages address reservations.[32]
Some common IPv6 multicast addresses are the following:
Address Description Available Scopes ff0X::1 All nodes address, identify the group of all IPv6 nodes Available in scope 1 (interface-local) and 2 (link-local): - ff01::1 → All nodes in the interface-local
- ff02::1 → All nodes in the link-local
ff0X::2 All routers Available in scope 1 (interface-local), 2 (link-local) and 5 (site-local): - ff01::2 → All routers in the interface-local
- ff02::2 → All routers in the link-local
- ff05::2 → All routers in the site-local
ff02::5 OSPFIGP 2 (link-local) ff02::6 OSPFIGP Designated Routers 2 (link-local) ff02::9 RIP Routers 2 (link-local) ff02::a EIGRP Routers 2 (link-local) ff02::d All PIM Routers 2 (link-local) ff02::1a All RPL Routers 2 (link-local) ff0X::fb mDNSv6 Available in all scopes ff0X::101 All Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers Available in all scopes ff02::1:1 Link Name 2 (link-local) ff02::1:2 All-dhcp-agents 2 (link-local) ff02::1:3 Link-local Multicast Name Resolution 2 (link-local) ff05::1:3 All-dhcp-servers 5 (site-local) ff02::1:ff00:0/104 Solicited-node multicast address. See below 2 (link-local) ff02::2:ff00:0/104 Node Information Queries 2 (link-local)
Solicited-node multicast address[edit]
The least significant 24 bits of the solicited-node multicast address group ID are filled with the least significant 24 bits of the interface's unicast or anycast address. These addresses allow link-layer address resolution via Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) on the link without disturbing all nodes on the local network. A host is required to join a Solicited-Node multicast group for each of its configured unicast or anycast addresses.
Stateless address autoconfiguration[edit]
On system startup, a node automatically creates a link-local address on each IPv6-enabled interface, even if globally routable addresses are manually configured or obtained through "configuration protocols" (see below). It does so independently and without any prior configuration by stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC),[33] using a component of the Neighbor Discovery Protocol. This address is selected with the prefix fe80::/64.
In IPv4, typical "configuration protocols" include DHCP or PPP. Although DHCPv6 exists, IPv6 hosts normally use the Neighbor Discovery Protocol to create a globally routable unicast address: the host sends router solicitation requests and an IPv6 router responds with a prefix assignment.[34]
The lower 64 bits of these addresses are populated with a 64-bit interface identifier in modified EUI-64 format. This identifier is usually shared by all automatically configured addresses of that interface, which has the advantage that only one multicast group needs to be joined for neighbor discovery. For this, a multicast address is used, formed from the network prefix ff02::1:ff00:0/104 and the 24 least significant bits of the address.
Modified EUI-64[edit]
A 64-bit interface identifier is most commonly derived from its 48-bit MAC address. A MAC address 00:0C:29:0C:47:D5 is turned into a 64-bit EUI-64 by inserting FF:FE in the middle: 00:0C:29:FF:FE:0C:47:D5. When this EUI-64 is used to form an IPv6 address it is modified:[1] the meaning of the Universal/Local bit (the 7th most significant bit of the EUI-64, starting from 1) is inverted, so that a 1 now means Universal. To create an IPv6 address with the network prefix 2001:db8:1:2::/64 it yields the address 2001:db8:1:2:020c:29ff:fe0c:47d5 (with the underlined U/L (=Universal/Local) bit inverted to a 1, because the MAC address is universally unique).
Duplicate address detection[edit]
The assignment of a unicast IPv6 address to an interface involves an internal test for the uniqueness of that address using Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor Advertisement (ICMPv6 type 135 and 136) messages. While in the process of establishing uniqueness an address has a tentative state.
The node joins the solicited-node multicast address for the tentative address (if not already done so) and sends neighbor solicitations, with the tentative address as target address and the unspecified address (::/128) as source address. The node also joins the all-hosts multicast address ff02::1, so it will be able to receive Neighbor Advertisements.
If a node receives a neighbor solicitation with its own tentative address as the target address, then that address is not unique. The same is true if the node receives a neighbor advertisement with the tentative address as the source of the advertisement. Only after having successfully established that an address is unique may it be assigned and used by an interface.
Address lifetime[edit]
Each IPv6 address that is bound to an interface has a fixed lifetime. Lifetimes are infinite, unless configured to a shorter period. There are two lifetimes that govern the state of an address: the preferred lifetime and the valid lifetime.[35] Lifetimes can be configured in routers that provide the values used for autoconfiguration, or specified when manually configuring addresses on interfaces.
When an address is assigned to an interface it gets the status "preferred", which it holds during its preferred-lifetime. After that lifetime expires the status becomes "deprecated" and no new connections should be made using this address. The address becomes "invalid" after its valid-lifetime also expires; the address is removed from the interface and may be assigned somewhere else on the Internet.
Note: In most cases, the lifetime does not expire because new Router Advertisements (RAs) refresh the timers. But if there are no more RAs, eventually the preferred lifetime elapses and the address becomes "deprecated".
Temporary addresses[edit]
The globally unique and static MAC addresses, used by stateless address autoconfiguration to create interface identifiers, offer an opportunity to track user equipment—across time and IPv6 network prefix changes—and so users.[36] To reduce the prospect of a user identity being permanently tied to an IPv6 address portion, a node may create temporary addresses with interface identifiers based on time-varying random bit strings[37] and relatively short lifetimes (hours to days), after which they are replaced with new addresses.
Temporary addresses may be used as source address for originating connections, while external hosts use a public address by querying the Domain Name System.
Network interfaces configured for IPv6 use temporary addresses by default in OS X Lion or later Apple systems, and in Windows Vista, Windows 2008 Server or later Microsoft systems.
Default address selection[edit]
IPv6-enabled network interfaces usually have more than one IPv6 address, for example, a link-local and a global address, and permanent versus temporary addresses. IPv6 introduces the concepts of address scope and selection preference, yielding multiple choices for source and destination address selections in communication with another host.
The preference selection algorithm,[38] which selects the most appropriate address to use in communications with a particular destination (including the use of IPv4-mapped addresses in dual-stack implementations), is based on a user-customizable preference table that associates each routing prefix with a precedence level. The default table is as follows:[38]
Prefix Precedence Label Usage ::1/128 50 0 Localhost ::/0 40 1 Default unicast ::ffff:0:0/96 35 4 IPv4-mapped IPv6 address 2002::/16 30 2 6to4 2001::/32 5 5 Teredo tunneling fc00::/7 3 13 Unique local address ::/96 1 3 IPv4-compatible addresses (deprecated) fec0::/10 1 11 Site-local address (deprecated) 3ffe::/16 1 12 6bone (returned)
The default configuration places preference on IPv6, rather than IPv4, and on destination addresses within the smallest possible scope, so that link-local communication is preferred over globally routed paths when otherwise equally suitable. The prefix policy table is similar to a routing table, with the precedence value serving as the role of a link cost, where higher preference is expressed as a larger value. Source addresses are preferred to have the same label value as the destination address. Addresses are matched to prefixes based on the longest matching most-significant bit-sequence. Candidate source addresses are obtained from the operating system and candidate destination addresses may be queried via the Domain Name System (DNS).
Link-local addresses and zone indices[edit]
Because all link-local addresses in a host have a common prefix, normal routing procedures cannot be used to choose the outgoing interface when sending packets to a link-local destination. A special identifier, known as a zone index,[8] is needed to provide the additional routing information; in the case of link-local addresses, zone indices correspond to interface identifiers.
When an address is written textually, the zone index is appended to the address, separated by a percent sign (%). The actual syntax of zone indices depends on the operating system:
- the Microsoft Windows IPv6 stack uses numeric zone indices, e.g., fe80::3%1. The index is determined by the interface number;
- most Unix-like systems (e.g., BSD, Linux, OS X) use the interface name as a zone index: fe80::3%eth0.
- alternatively, on BSD based operating systems (including OS X), a numeric zone index can be used in the second 16-bit word, e.g.: fe80:1::3
Zone index notations cause syntax conflicts when used in uniform resource identifiers (URI), so the '%' character must be escaped via percent-encoding:[39] http://[fe80::3%25eth0]
Domain Name System[edit]
In the Domain Name System hostnames are mapped to IPv6 addresses by AAAA resource records, so-called quad-A records. For reverse lookup the IETF reserved the domain ip6.arpa, where the name space is hierarchically divided by the 1-digit hexadecimal representation of nibble units (4 bits) of the IPv6 address. This scheme is defined in RFC 3596.
As in IPv4, each host is represented in the DNS by two DNS records: an address record and a reverse mapping pointer record. For example, a host computer named derrick in zone example.com has the Unique Local Address fdda:5cc1:23:4::1f. Its quad-A address record is
derrick.example.com. IN AAAA fdda:5cc1:23:4::1f
and its IPv6 pointer record is
f.220.127.116.11.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.4.0.0.0.3.184.108.40.206.c.c.5.a.d.d.f.ip6.arpa. IN PTR derrick.example.com.
This pointer record may be defined in a number of zones, depending on the chain of delegation of authority in the zone d.f.ip6.arpa.
The DNS protocol is independent of its Transport Layer protocol. Queries and replies may be transmitted over IPv6 or IPv4 transports regardless of the address family of the data requested.
NAME | Domain name |
CLASS | Internet (1) |
TTL | Time to live in seconds |
RDLENGTH | Length of RDATA field |
RDATA | 128-bit IPv6 address, network byte order |
Transition challenges[edit]
As of 2009, many DNS resolvers in home-networking NAT devices and routers still handle AAAA records improperly.[40] Some of these simply drop DNS requests for such records, instead of properly returning the appropriate negative DNS response. Because the request is dropped, the host sending the request has to wait for a timeout to trigger. This often causes a slow-down when connecting to dual-stack IPv6/IPv4 hosts, as the client software will wait for the IPv6 connection to fail before trying IPv4. Use of the Happy Eyeballs algorithm by client software can mitigate this problem, by trying both IPv6 and IPv4 connections simultaneously, then using whichever connects first.
Historical notes[edit]
Deprecated and obsolete addresses[edit]
- The site-local prefix fec0::/10 specifies that the address is valid only within the site network of an organization. It was part of the original addressing architecture[41] in December 1995, but its use was deprecated in September 2004[42] because the definition of the term site was ambiguous, which led to confusing routing rules. New networks must not support this special type of address. In October 2005, a new specification[43] replaced this address type with unique local addresses.
- The address block 0200::/7 was defined as an OSI NSAP-mapped prefix set in August 1996,[44][45] but was deprecated in December 2004.[46]
- The 96-bit zero-value prefix ::/96, originally known as IPv4-compatible addresses, was mentioned in 1995[41] but first described in 1998.[47] This range of addresses was used to represent IPv4 addresses within an IPv6 transition technology. Such an IPv6 address has its first (most significant) 96 bits set to zero, while its last 32 bits are the IPv4 address that is represented. In February 2006, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) deprecated the use of IPv4-compatible addresses.[1] The only remaining use of this address format is to represent an IPv4 address in a table or database with fixed size members that must also be able to store an IPv6 address.
- Address block 3ffe::/16 was allocated for test purposes for the 6bone network in December 1998.[47] Prior to that, the address block 5F00::/8 was used for this purpose. Both address blocks were returned to the address pool in June 2006.[48]
- IPv6 addresses were originally registered in the Domain Name System (DNS) in the ip6 zone under the int top-level domain for reverse lookups. In 2000, the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) reverted their intentions to retire arpa, and decided in 2001 that the arpa top-level domain should retain its original function. Domains in ip6.int should be moved to ip6.arpa.[49] The ip6.int zone was officially removed on 6 June 2006.
- In March 2011, the IETF refined their recommendations for allocation of address blocks to end sites.[16] Instead of assigning either a /48, /64, or /128 (according to IAB's and IESG's views of 2001),[50] Internet service providers should consider assigning smaller blocks (for example a /56) to end users. The ARIN, RIPE & APNIC regional registries' policies encourage /56 assignments where appropriate.[16]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k RFC 4291, IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture, R. Hinden, S. Deering (February 2006)
- ^ Silvia Hagen (May 2006). IPv6 Essentials (Second ed.). O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-10058-2.
- ^ a b RFC 3956, Embedding the Rendezvous Point (RP) Address in an IPv6 Multicast Address P. Savola, B. Haberman (November 2004)
- ^ a b RFC 3306, Unicast-Prefix-based IPv6 Multicast Addresses, B. Haberman, D. Thaler (August 2002)
- ^ RFC 4489, A Method for Generating Link-Scoped IPv6 Multicast Addresses, J-S. Park, M-K. Shin; H-J. Kim (April 2006)
- ^ RFC 3986, Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax, T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L. Masinter (January 2005)
- ^ "ipv6-literal.net Domain History". who.is. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
- ^ a b RFC 4007, IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture, S.Deering, B. Haberman, T. Jinmei, E. Nordmark, B. Zill (March 2005)
- ^ RFC 7346, IPv6 Multicast Address Scopes, R Droms (August 2014)
- ^ RFC 1881, IPv6 Address Allocation Management, Internet Architecture Board (December 1995)
- ^ IPv6 address space at IANA. Iana.org (2010-10-29). Retrieved on 2011-09-28.
- ^ IPv6 unicast address assignments, IANA
- ^ DE-TELEKOM-20050113. Db.ripe.net. Retrieved on 2011-09-28.
- ^ "ARIN Number Resource Policy Manual: Initial allocation to ISPs".
- ^ "RIPE NCC IPv6 Address Allocation and Assignment Policy: Minimum allocation".
- ^ a b c RFC 6177, IPv6 Address Assignment to End Sites, T. Narten, G. Houston, L. Roberts, IETF Trust,(March 2011).
- ^ for example. Iana.org. Retrieved on 2011-09-28.
- ^ "IPv6 Addressing Plans". ARIN IPv6 Wiki. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
All customers get one /48 unless they can show that they need more than 65k subnets. [...] If you have lots of consumer customers you may want to assign /56s to private residence sites.
- ^ "Address Space Managed by the RIPE NCC". Retrieved 2011-05-22.
- ^ RFC 2526,Reserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast Addresses, D. Johnson, S. Deering (March 1999)
- ^ RFC 5156, Special-Use IPv6 Addresses, M. Blanchett (April 2008)
- ^ RFC 1918, Address Allocation for Private Internets, Y. Rekhter, B. Moskowitz, D. Karrenberg, G.J. De Groot, E. Lear (February 1996)
- ^ RFC 6052, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", C. Bao, C. Huitema, M. Bagnulo, M. Boucadair, X. Li, (October 2010)
- ^ RFC 4773, Administration of the IANA Special Purpose IPv6 Address Block, G. Huston (December 2006)
- ^ RFC 2928, Initial IPv6 Sub-TLA ID Assignments, R. Hinden, S. Deering, R. Fink, T. Hain (September 2000) The Internet Society
- ^ RFC 5180, IPv6 Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices, C. Popoviciu, A. Hamza, G. Van de Velde, D. Dugatkin (May 2008)
- ^ RFC 5180 Errata, RFC Editor, M. Cotton, R. Bonica, (April 2009)
- ^ RFC 7343 – An IPv6 Prefix for Overlay Routable Cryptographic Hash Identifiers Version 2 (ORCHIDv2)
- ^ RFC 3849, IPv6 Address Prefix Reserved for Documentation, G. Huston, A. Lord, P. Smith (July 2004)
- ^ RFC 5737, IPv4 Address Blocks Reserved for Documentation, J. Arkko, M. Cotton, L. Vegoda (January 2010), ISSN 2070-1721
- ^ RFC 6666, A Discard Prefix for IPv6, N. Hilliard, D. Freedman (August 2012)
- ^ IANA Internet Protocol Version 6 Multicast Addresses.
- ^ RFC 4862, IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration, S. Thomson, T. Narten, T. Jinmei (September 2007)
- ^ RFC 4861, Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6), T. Narten, E. Nordmark, W. Simpson, H. Holiman (September 2007)
- ^ Iljitsch van Beijnum (2006). "IPv6 Internals". The Internet Protocol Journal. 9 (3). pp. 16–29.
- ^ The privacy implications of stateless IPv6 addressing. Portal.acm.org (2010-04-21). Retrieved on 2011-09-28.
- ^ RFC 4941, Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6, T. Narten, R. Draves, S. Krishnan (September 2007)
- ^ a b RFC 6724, Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), D. Thaler, Ed., R. Draves, A. Matsumoto, T. Chown, The Internet Society (September 2012)
- ^ Representing IPv6 Zone Identifiers in Address Literals and Uniform Resource Identifiers. Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-09.
- ^ RFC 4074 Common Misbehavior Against DNS Queries for IPv6 Addresses, Y. Morishita, T. Jinmei. May 2005.
- ^ a b RFC 1884, IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture, R. Hinden, S. Deering (December 1995)
- ^ RFC 3879, Deprecating Site Local Addresses, C. Huitema, B. Carpenter (September 2004)
- ^ RFC 4193, Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses, R. Hinden, B. Haberman (October 2005)
- ^ RFC 4147, Proposed Changes to the Format of the IANA IPv6 Registry, G. Houston (August 2005)
- ^ RFC 1888, OSI NSAPs and IPv6, J. Bound, B. Carpenter, D. Harrington, J. Houldsworth, A. Lloyd (August 1996)
- ^ RFC 4048, RFC 1888 Is Obsolete, B. Carpenter (April 2005)
- ^ a b RFC 2471, IPv6 Testing Address Allocation, R. Hinden, R. Fink, J. Postel (December 1998)
- ^ RFC 3701, 6bone (IPv6 Testing Address Allocation) Phaseout, R. Fink, R. Hinden (March 2004)
- ^ RFC 3152, Delegation of IP6.ARPA, R. Bush (August 2001)
- ^ RFC 3177, "IAB/IESG Recommendations on IPv6 Address Allocations to Sites", IAB, IESG, (September 2001).
External links[edit]
- IP Version 6 multicast addresses
- Beijnum, van, Iljitsch (2005). Running IPv6. ISBN 1-59059-527-0.
- Elz, Robert (1996-04-01). "A Compact Representation of IPv6 Addresses (RFC1924)". IETF.
Represent any IPv6 address in 20 octets.
This humorous RFC specifies an alternative way of representing IPv6 addresses, using a base-85 encoding.


text:
The Horse Forum
- Horse Training
- - training to Jump?
training to Jump? I am thinking of loaning a new forest mare, and it says shes very green at jumping because shes never been taught. I'm just wondering about how to train her and any tips, i would like to be able to do small cross poles etc.. not massive or anything because I dont want to push her too far PLEASE reply, any tips or helpful advice will be gratefully received:-) |
I'd just like to add, shes 11 years old and is quite good on the flat and dressage. :-) |
It is great that she is already good on the flat/dressage, because the better the flatwork the better the jumps. Has she done any ground pole work, yet? If not this is where you will need to start. You can start with just one pole on the ground and walk over it a few times, if she is doing well with this and confident with it you can add more. You could set single poles down randomly around the arena and practice keeping a nice steady and relaxed walk going over all the poles. You could build up to placing 2 on each long side and 1 on each short side. After the walk feels good, you could try it in trot, keeping the relaxed rhythmic feeling that you had in walk. I would do all of this in a nice relaxed long and low frame. Once that is going well you can try setting up about 3 poles in a row around 9 feet apart and walk over them, once that is going well you can try the same in trot. Once that is going well you could try around 4 poles but with the spacing set closer together, around 4 foot 6 inches apart or 5 foot (it kind of depends on how big your horse is or how big of a stride he has). Also remember to set the poles just to the inside of the track giving you enough room to be able to ride around the outside track. Also, never use only 2 poles set at the smaller distance, the horse may try and jump both at the same time, it is better to have at least 4 poles for this. Remember too, the smaller distance between the poles is for trotting only. You can both walk and trot over the poles set 9 feet apart though. Once you can do all of this at the walk and trot keeping everything nice and relaxed and rhythmic, long and low, you could try setting down a single pole and canter over it. Then maybe set another one down on the other long side. Just remember the goal is to be able to ride over the poles set out in a variety of different ways and in the walk trot and canter like they aren't even there. It should feel like your regular flatwork with poles in the way! Once you can do all this with your horse you can start to think about adding a low crosspole jump after a line of poles. Once you get to this stage I would suggest making sure to have someone experienced or preferably an instructor there with you who will help you to make sure everything is set up correctly and that you and your horse stay safe. Have fun! |
Since you don't already have her, make sure that when you do get her you spend as much time as you need to working on your flatwork and getting to know her before trying to introduce something new to her. Stay within her comfort zone until you get to know each other. |
All times are GMT -4. The time now is 08:10 AM. |
Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.8
Copyright ©2000 - 2017, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.
vBulletin Security provided by
vBSecurity v2.2.2 (Pro) -
vBulletin Mods & Addons Copyright © 2017 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.
User Alert System provided by
Advanced User Tagging (Pro) -
vBulletin Mods & Addons Copyright © 2017 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Learn the Secrets of Nintendo's 3DS From the Man Behind Mario Kart and NintendogsBrian Crecente1/18/11 11:00amFiled to: GdcGdc 2011Game Developers ConferenceOriginalEventNintendo3dsHideki konnocliff bleszinskiSatoru IwataRare95EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink With the annual Game Developers Conference set to kick off next month, we're starting to learn much more about the talks, including one that promises to walk us through the creation of the Nintendo 3DS.AdvertisementHideki Konno plans to lecture about the development process of the Nintendo 3DS, a perfect fit for a show that will also feature Nintendo president Satoru Iwata key noting and a talk from the studio behind Donkey Kong Country Returns.This year's Game Developer Conference will also include a rare talk by Epic's Cliff Bleszinski, who will take a break from those endless Bulletstorm videos to discuss the industry lessons he's learned and how he applies them to the road ahead. The talk promises to include the often vocal Bleszinski's thoughts on "AAA gaming, social gaming and the connected future."AdvertisementThe show kicks off on Feb. 28 this year and as always, we'll be there covering the talks, interviewing the developers and spotting the trends.GDCReply95 repliesLeave a reply


text:
Pushing this back until tomorrow. It's probably for the best anyway. Some drivers weren't good about bike lanes and my response to this was less than mature and more than a little self-indulgent. And not even in a cool way either. I'll write this one off as a bad night, but first I'll have to write it. Pop quiz: Friday Coffee Club is
A) a Dragnet-themed espresso bar/nightclub
B) a security device that deters coffee theft
C) an informal gathering of #bikeDC at M.E. Swings
D) a misheard diner order of fried egg COUGH COUGH and club sandwich.
E) a useful framing device around which to come up with a silly pop quiz.
Seeya tomorrow.
3 comments:
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Personal use of any state‑owned vehicle is prohibited. It is the responsibility of the employee to see that the vehicle is used only for state business.
Any state employee who drives a state‑owned vehicle must pass a defensive driving class, and have a valid Nebraska driver's license. The license must be in the employee's possession while operating the state vehicle. All traffic violations are the responsibility of the operator.
Amended 9-17-03; amended 7-9-15.


text:
Today the spotlight shines on........................Cori
Lisa McKay's 2007 novel, My Hands Came Away Red, is one of the most moving and beautifully written stories I have read. If you haven't read this book, I encourage you to do so without delay, whether you are a teen or an adult :)
Lisa has been kind enough to share about her main character, Aussie girl Cori, and we have added pictures of how we imagined the rest of her missions team to look!
For those of you have read this story, we'd love to know what you think!
Brief physical description
I deliberately didn't include a lot of physical detail about Cori in the book. There were a couple of reasons for that. I usually hate it when the narrators of books written in the first person look in the mirror and "take inventory" and describe what they look like. Personally, I think it's very hard to pull off narrator self-description without it coming across as cheesy, and I really don't like cheesy. But, just as importantly, I wanted people reading the story to paint Cori in their own minds, to have a clear vision of her in their own minds, or even to be able to take her on and "wear her" as they were reading.
Perhaps a young Emily Blunt as Cori?
Max Thieriot as Kyle (Photo by Micheal Bezjan)
Strengths and weaknesses
Cori is frank, smart, cool-under-pressure, practical, down-to-earth, and persistent. She's strong and independent. But some of her weaknesses (as with many of us, I think) are what you could call negative extensions of those positive traits. Cori's persistence sometimes become stubbornness, and her strong independent streak makes it difficult for her to show weakness and accept help from others, to accept that some things are outside her control, or to accept that there may not be answers to the difficult questions she asks in this story – or at least answers that satisfy her.
Miley Cyrus as Drew
Quirk (if any)
Does making up stories about an imaginary twelve year old boy, Jip, and his pet monkey, Kiki, count? As a distraction and a coping mechanism Cori and the others on the team regularly devise elaborate plotlines for these imaginary characters when things get tough.
Josh Hartnett as Brendan
Your inspiration for the character
Cori's strengths are ones that I wish I had had the gracious fortitude to consistently display on my own, very challenging, short-term mission trip when I was a teen. Cori's weaknesses… alas, they're all mine. Okay, I'm sort of kidding. But only sort of. In terms of Cori's spiritual struggles, however, I will own those fully. The questions that Cori and the others grapple in the face of violence are questions that I struggled with at various times and in various forms during the decade that it took to write this story. It was this deep character and spiritual challenge that I was most interested in when I started to write – that question of what would happen to all of the characters, with their different personalities, in the face of great challenge.
Julia Stiles as Elissa
Background to the story
Cori signs up to take a mission trip to Indonesia during the summer after her senior year of high school. Inspired by happy visions of building churches and seeing beautiful beaches, she gladly escapes her complicated love life back home. Five weeks after their arrival, a sectarian and religious conflict that has been simmering for years flames to life with deadly results on the nearby island of Ambon. Within days, the church building the team had constructed is in ashes, its pastor and fifty villagers are dead, and the six terrified teenagers are stranded in the mountainous jungle with only the pastor's teenage son to guide them to safety. Ultimately, Cori's emotional quest to rediscover hope proves just as arduous as the physical journey home.
Wednesday, 24 June 2009
Special Character Spotlight ~ Lisa McKay's Cori
4 comments:
- Deborah said...
this book totally needs to be made into a real movie. i loved it. - 9:34 am
- Barb said...
This is an absolutely wonderful book! I HIGHLY recommend it.
- 12:48 pm
- Tracy said...
Thank you!!!! I, like Rel, found this book to be completely enthralling. Thanks for the extra insight to Cori.
- 6:01 pm
- Melanie said...
To be truthful, I've never heard of this book, but it sounds like a great read. I'll have to check it out!
- 11:15 pm
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)


text:
eyeglasses online https://eyeweardock.com/shop/eyeglasses/
Please Note: Premium Regular spots are sold out!
There are still several Premium Large spots available but please call to verify.
Contact Lisa Goodell at email@example.com for more information.
The 2016 VLCT Town Fair will be held on Wednesday, Ocotber 5, 2016 and Thursday, October 6, 2016 at the Champlain Valley Exposition in Essex, Jct., Vermont.
NEW! Extended show hours!
Wednesday, October 5th Exhibitor Reception! VLCT board members, annual meeting attendees and staff will join exhibitors for a reception in the exhibit hall on Wednesday evening. This event is free for attendees and includes a variety of benefits for exhibitors who sponsor. Times TBD but likely from 4:30 to 7:00. Exhibitors taking part in the reception will need to be set-up by 4:30.
Show hours are 8:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. on Thursday, October 6th.
Registered exhibitors may set up on Wednesday, October 5th from Noon to 4:30 p.m. or from 6:00 to 7:30 a.m. on Thursday, October 6th. Booths must be set up by 7:30 a.m. on Thursday.
There is no online form for booth staff registration. To register your booth staff please do so on the Exhbitor Booth Registration Form, or email Lisa at email@example.com. Meals are not included with registration and must be pre-purchased. There is a very limited number available the day of the event. Booth staff are welcome to join attendees at the annual Turkey Luncheon or to purchase a box lunch.
Need electrical at your booth? CVE staff will be available on Wednesday during set-up hours to provide electrical. No need to pre-book!
Rooms are available at The Essex. Please call (800) 727-4295 to reserve your overnight accomodations.


text:
It's hard to think of any current band that's gotten as much mileage out of non-album releases as Belle and Sebastian has. Right when the Glasgow pop collective was starting out, its streak of winning EPs helped to define the band almost as much its full-lengths, taking an all-killer-no-filler approach to them: When most groups might throw together a maxi-single with one strong track surrounded by a cover, a demo, and a moldy oldie from second guitarist's first band, Belle and Sebastian never considered such offerings as merely something to tide over its growing fanbase between albums, instead taking advantage of each opportunity to try new approaches and develop its craft. Neither too hard nor too easy to track down, titles like Lazy Line Painter Jane and 3…6…9 Seconds of Light, both from 1997, helped make a new cult every time out for Belle and Sebastian, forging a personal bond between them and their fans that's still uncommon to this day.
Over time, the quality and frequency of these standalone EPs have provided a good barometer for taking the temperature of Belle and Sebastian. So whereas the early recordings helped to build the mystique of the communal band, such mini-albums became fewer and farther between, as B&S eventually settled into a more common practice of taking an album single and backing it with b-sides that were definitely b-sides. It's not nothing, then, that B&S's latest compilation The Third Eye Centre feels relatively slight in terms of the level of craftsmanship as well as the sheer volume of tracks when compared to the earlier EP collection Push Barman to Open Old Wounds, even though this the new anthology covers a longer span of time, 2003-2011 to 1997-2001. Overall, The Third Eye Centre ends up more along the lines of an odds'n'sods grab-bag than a compendium of essential tracks. Indeed, there's a lot more tangential stuff over the span of 19 tracks and nearly 70 minutes than you imagined there was in the Belle and Sebastian catalog, the set topped off with three remixes, an instrumental, and way too many non-Stuart-Murdoch-led numbers—around half the disc, if you're counting at home.
So even though B&S apparently made a concerted effort at sequencing the collection, The Third Eye Centre still feels somewhat disjointed, perhaps not so unexpected with this type of project, but at least a little bit with this particular band. The choice of opening track is telling in this case, with Third Eye leading off with the Avalanches' remix of Dear Catastrophe Waitress single "I'm a Cuckoo": While the track itself is one of the stronger pieces here and the best alternate take in the B&S discography, with the Avalanches' world-inflected samples particularly befitting the song, it still seems like Belle and Sebastian is ceding a bit of itself starting Third Eye this way. Interspersed through the album, the remixes of Write about Love's "I Didn't See It Coming" and non-album standout "Your Cover's Blown" break the flow of the collection, the latter an odd inclusion because the original—and superior version—is left off.
On the whole, it's almost as if Belle and Sebastian is vying for its own identity and direction here, with the scattershot quality of Third Eye reflecting the group's democratization. While Belle and Sebastian could likely have only stayed together this long by allowing more voices than just Stuart Murdoch's distinctive and dominant one to shine through, the band's musical sense of self has felt less stable the longer it has gone on, the result being more uneven material since its canonical early work. Certainly, The Third Eye Centre still does showcase some top-shelf songwriting by Murdoch, though it requires a little more digging to find it than you might think. The jaunty cocktail-pop of "Love on the March" and the spry, organ-laced "Your Secrets" find Murdoch at his brightest and crispest, while the tender storytelling of "Desperation Made a Fool of Me" matches the coy sweetness of his initial work with the greater proficiency of a band that's undoubtedly grown as performers.
Most compelling of all on Third Eye is "The Eighth Station of the Cross Kebab House, originally appearing the 2005 Bosnia benefit album Help!: A Day in the Life. Here, Murdoch shows he can be as astutely political as he is achingly poignant, as he relates one of his characteristic tales of shy love while touching on tensions in Gaza as a young Israeli soldier—"the girl with the gun"—crosses paths with a Palestinian boy, with their biggest bone of contention being their tastes in music ("He listens to hip hop in Gaza / She listens to Coldplay in Lod"). Indeed, the humanity in Murdoch's songwriting comes through as powerfully as ever here, serious and touching without being heavy-handed as he lets the detail-rich description fill in the story and play to your imagination.
It's just that such moments don't have the same impact as they should when they get lost in the shuffle as The Third Eye Centre goes off in too many directions. In particular, Third Eye feels as much like a showcase for guitarist Stevie Jackson as anything else, with enough of his tracks to fill out a mini-album under his own name. While Jackson's compositions are sprinkled throughout the group's discography, the contributions here tend to sound closer to his solo work than his B&S output, with more of an emphasis here on his twangy guitar pop on such cuts like "Last Trip" and "(I Believe In) Travelin' Light" than the more baroque elements his main gig has become increasingly known for. Add to the Jackson-led tracks a few lead turns by jack-of-all-trades Sarah Martin on "Heaven in the Afternoon" and the remix of "I Didn't See It Coming", and it gets to be like there are too many chefs in the kitchen.
For any other band, The Third Eye Centre would be a strong enough original album, much less as a collection of b-sides and rarities. But since this band is hardly any other band, especially working in this kind of format, the hit-and-miss compilation is much more of a spottier proposition for a group with as strong and distinctive a profile as Belle and Sebastian have.
Tibet House's 30th Anniversary Benefit Concert Celebrated Philip Glass' 80th
// Notes from the Road
"Philip Glass, the artistic director of the Tibet House benefits, celebrated his 80th birthday at this year's annual benefit with performances from Patti Smith, Iggy Pop, Brittany Howard, Sufjan Stevens and more.
READ the article


text:
- 4 years ago by Emma Bracy
- 1 Comment »
- Share a Tip
Want to win an amazing sweepstakes? Look no further! More
Want to win an amazing sweepstakes? Look no further! More
When I was about twelve, I joined an "exclusive" Animorphs club where you got the typical perks: A monthly newsletter (in print!), upcoming news about the series… and a kick-ass Animorphs necklace with the books' logo on it. That simple charm was one of my most treasured possessions in my geeky adolescence because I really felt like I was a part of the series. Now, I've found today's equivalent: The mockingjay pins that Lionsgate is handing out at its Hunger Games booth at Comic-Con. More
How about some chick lit to start our springtime off? I've got a great book by Jennifer Weiner to give to one lucky reader. The book is called Certain Girls and is a sequel to Jennifer's popular Good in Bed. … More
Want to buy Jessica Simpson's Fancy perfume at Macy's but you're a little short on cash? I've got just the solution. Head on over to the BabyLune blog and enter to win a $20 Macy's gift certificate. All you have … More
It's the day after Christmas and and I've got lots of giveaways going on at the various b5 blogs I'm writing. There are so many great prizes there's bound to be something to catch your eye. THere's what you can … More
Congratulations to Jenny, who was the winner of Jessica Simpson's Christmas CD! Jenny was our second commenter and chosen at random from Random.org. (Goes to show you not to be shy if you're one of the first to comment! I'm … More
The Starked Holiday Contest is now closed. Thanks to everyone who entered! Feel free to check back soon for an announcement on the winner! To celebrate the holidays, the Starked.com entertainment blogs want to give you a chance to win … More
I've got a lot of contests going on right on at various blogs I'm writing. So take a look, it may mean an extra Christmas present for you! Over at Diabetes Notes, you can win a 4-mile walking DVD. At … More
Image credit: splashnewsonline.com. Wanna get two free tickets to see Fall Out Boy? They'll be playing a 90-minute concert at the Noika Theatre in Times Square to celebrate the release of their new album, Folie à Deux on December 16th. … More
I just got another copy of Jessica Simpson's Christmas Album, Rejoice, in and can't wait to give it away to all you loyal readers! This is a great album. I've got a full list of the songs from this album … More
A few years ago Jessica Simpson made an Christmas album, and at the time I remember thinking… "ugh, another singer with yet another Christmas album." But here's the surprise, Jess' album Rejoice is really good. She has the perfect amount … More
Congrats to Jane, who is the winner of the 1,000 Recipes cookbook giveaway. If you didn't get a chance yet, be sure to enter the Jessica Simpson giveaway I have going on over at the Gossip on Sports blog.
Have any of you tried Jessica Simpson's hair extension products? If you haven't, why not try entering for a win? The Hair U Wear website is giving away any free Jessica Simpson and Ken Paves HairDo Clip-in extension, Raquel Welch … More
I've got a ton of giveaways going on at the various blogs I'm writing. Be sure to check them out: At this blog, of course, you can win a copy of 1,000 Low Fat Recipes. At the Career and Kids … More


text:
BGH Integrates Facebook
Over the last few days we have taken a few steps to integrate Facebook.com with BigGameHunt.net. On most pages of our site you will now find the familiar Recommend button to share a given article, news item, review, etc with your network of friends and family on Facebook.
We have also set up a BigGameHunt Facebook page here. If you would like to follow some of our latest info on Facebook you can do so by visiting the linked page and adding it to your likes. Depending on the interest in Facebook, we may come up with some novel ways for you to separate the streams of info coming from BGH into specific areas of your interest.
Note that if you don't use Facebook and have no interest in Facebook, that's just fine. We integrated these Facebook features because some members of our community use Facebook and we wanted to make it easier to share and follow BGH on Facebook. There is no requirement to have a Facebook account in order to fully use BGH.
If you have suggestions about how we could improve the BGH Facebook page, please comment below or send us a PM or email.
- bghjournal's blog
- Login or register to post comments
OK... I think it is a fine
OK... I think it is a fine idea to put BGH on facebook for those that have accounts and as a way to get it out there for more people to see. But...
I do not have a facebook acount and I do not think I will in the near future... and I am a college student. I also did not jump on the myspace bandwagon when that was big. I have seen these sights ruin too many people. There are a lot of people that have become addicted (and I am not using that term loosley) to these sights. They are on them non stop all day long, from the time they get up, to the time they go to bed. Phones with internet have made the problem worse. Most of the people that have been spoiled by these sites are in my generation, I'll give you that. Most of the people that use these sites from most of your guys' generations have used it for a good purpose such as the reasons that CA_Vermonster brought up. Although I can think of one example where an older woman has become addicted as well. Many people have not gotten jobs over these sites, had their relationships torn apart by them and people have lost their jobs and a startling number of young people have killed themselves over things that have taken place on these sites. That is sad and I see these sites in a mostly negative light.
But like I said, I think it can only be good for BGH.
social media
Until now BGH has not been involved in any social media. We really thought it was simply a fad, but now believe that people do indeed use facebook and other social media to communicate and share information. Posting on other sites like facebook seems redundant, but we'll try it and see if people use it or not.
None of us here at BGH really uses facebook much (if at all) so it's new territory for us.
Yep, people have become
Yep, people have become addicted to facebook and other social media sources. i would hate to look at my hours spent online at BGH this month.
This post will focus on the
This post will focus on the basics of using facebook. It is not intended for the experienced user but is intended for someone who is a BGH member and saw the news that BGH is now integrated with facebook. They are wondering what is facebook and how do I use i? This article is intended to get that person started using facebook.
So if you are reading this, then I am assuming you do not have a facebook account. The first thing to do is to sign up for one. It is easy and it is free.
1. Go to www.facebook.com
2. This will bring you to the login page where you will see a series of boxes asking for your signup information. You will be asked to enter your first and last name and an email address. You will then assign a password and enter information about gender and birthday and that is it.
Once you have an account you can then start having fun, but there is one thing you must do first. One of the most important steps after getting an account is to set your privacy settings. This limits who can see your account, what information they see and if people can search for you. To access your privacy settings and to set them, click on your "account" in the upper right hand corner and select "privacy setting" from the drop down menu. It is pretty simple to set up your privacy settings from there. Remember, do this first before moving on.
Facebook can find friends for you by using your email account to search for friends. I imagine some people do this, but I do not. I just do not like the idea of having facebook having access to my email account and sending out friend requests to everyone in it. I prefer to be more selective in who I send a friend request to.
To find friends to go to the top of your home page, the very top above all your information and look for the box that has "search" in it along with a little magnifying glass. In this box you can type the name of a friend for whom you are looking.
It is likely that you will get more than one person with that name. To narrow the search click on the title, "people" from the menu on the left. This will bring up an advanced search that allows you to narrow your search by city. This often narrows it so you can find your friend, but sometimes it takes a little more searching and a bit of detective work to find your friend.
You will not be able to see much information about your friend because most people limit the information available to non-friends. So you will have to send them a friend request that they will have to accept for you to be a friend. Yes, you may be a friend in real-life, but you are not a facebook friend until they confirm you.
It works the same way for you. You will receive friend requests and you will have to decide whether to confirm them as a friend or to ignore the request. Such power!
Once you have friends you will see what they are up to these days. They may post tidbits about their life and photographs. You can send each other messages. There is also a chat feature so you can have a dialogue with them while online.
The other feature is using the search feature to look for pages that are of interest to you such as hunting pages. Type in "big game hunt" and you will receive hundreds of pages to "like." Click on the "like" button and you will be added to the members who like that page and its topic. You can then follow what is going on with the page.
I did not immediately find www.biggamehunt.net's page when I typed that search string in so I typed biggamehunt and found it. I simply clicked on the "like" button and I was added to the list of the other 45 people who like the page. This is a good way to find people who share your interests.
As noted at the start, this post is not intended for the advanced user, but is simply intended to get the novice started. Follow these steps and start exploring a new world that has millions of users world wide.
I guess that's a good
I guess that's a good idea...I mean, I don't have a facebook account...what is the big draw for having a facebook page...just to share info with other members...I guess it's a way of sharing my age, not having a facebook account or seeing the purpose for one...Can anyone explain why I should have a facebook account...or better yet, why do you have an account on facebook?
I actually had alot of fun
I actually had alot of fun with it when I first signed up. For me, it was about reconnecting with old friends. I got in touch with dozens of "friends" from high school and college that I had not seen in 15 to 20 years. It was pretty cool. Plus, with my family being 3000 miles away, it is a quick and easy way to share photos, videos, and stories of our kids with their grandparents.
I like the fact that you can select different privacy levels to set who can actually view your photos, personal information, and such. Lets you know that your photos re not being plastered around the net for everyone to use.
Other people use it as a blog, political stuff, senseless posts, and a place to play games. I think having BGH ont here will be cool. I will have to look it up when I get home.
Speaking of games, some
Speaking of games, some people spend hours and hours plaing Farmville and other games. It is a real subculture that I know very little about and dont really have an interest.
What is Farmville? It's a
What is Farmville? It's a town close to here is all I know. But that isn't what you're talking about.
Not to hijack thias blog, but
Not to hijack thias blog, but Farmville is sort of an online fantasy game for farmers... :lol: It's like simcity, or any of those role player games. You have a "farm" that you operate online. It's quite a fad among facebook users. They actually had a lady in Florida recently that shook her baby to death because it was crying while she was trying to play Farmville. really sad.
Anyway, I checked out the page last night. Very nice. It looks like mostly stuff we already get here by being members on the site, but it will be a good way to reach out to others that may not know about BGH yet.
That's sad to hear about the
That's sad to hear about the death of a defenseless baby. Hopefully she'll get what is coming to her.
It is a game on facebook. I
It is a game on facebook. I have never played it, but I believe you have a farm and you can earn points or pay for points to buy equipment, stock, etc. You basically build and manage a farm and from what I hear, people spend lots of time on it.
Crazy for them to spend time
Crazy for them to spend time doing something like that when they could be enjoying the outdoors instead.
Some people live on
Some people live on facebook. It is their life.
I think there are several
I think there are several reasons to have a facebook account. Some use it to socialize and meet new friends, play games and hang out in cyberspace. Other use it as means to communicate and share photos with familiy and friends. Another reason is to find old friends or to be found by old friends.
Professionals use it to network and finally some use it to find out what is going on with their profession or politics. People use facebook to share information about various campaigns, events and other happenings and if you're not in their circle you're not in the know.
Will your life suffer without it? Of course not, but it can be a tool for some people and for others just a way to connect with others.


text:
Artist description:
I wish I had something decent to give to you... I downloaded the new driver for my tablet today, so I should be able to draw in java more fluently now than before. What used to be angular lines will now be smooth curves : u : But until next time..orz
Java Draw Created Dec 12, 2012 640 x 460px Unless noted Copyright 2012 Sadako93.
We encourage you to submit a comment and let the artist know what you think of this drawing. Please log in or join to post a comment.
Post a comment
even though its sadly not loading v.v you can already tell how amazing it is in the thumbnail ;-;mmjjjjjjxdkfr
Awww thank you ; u ; It was just a dumb quick sketch anyway... besides, java isn't wanting to work correctly for me for some reason anyway :/
PICTURE! Y U NO LOAD?! It just shows an infinite white canvas, that still has the loading thingy ;_;
Yeah, I know TTnTT I'm really sorry.. I'm not sure why it's doing this...


text:
Just wanted to draw your attention to this wonderful little HID device (http://www.leobodnar.com/products/BU0836X/), which is a really simple solution for anyone wishing to make their own controllers.
I just took delivery of the 'A' version (thought I'd check out the cheaper option first) and I'm really pleased with it; cheap, dead simple to set up, USB powered, very low jitter, decent resolution – what more could you ask for?
I found it via MidiHid (http://code.google.com/p/midihid/), which is also worth a look, and was particularly chuffed because I'd been wanting to build something out of the little beauty attached below, which is an old video effects generator that was being thrown out where I work. Check out those wooden end cheeks and the clicky membrane switches – sooo eighties!
I'd worked out the pins for the switching matrix and was just wondering how to do the matrix decoding, when I came across the BUO836 thing, which has matrix decoding built-in! Plus 8 analogue inputs, which takes care of the three pots and the joystick, and leaves three spare for the CV outs of my Theremax – sorted!
Because of the way the switches are matrixed, I actually only have 31 switches working (not quite a Monome, then) and I've not sorted the Tmax CV inputs yet, but everything else is working a treat. Hi picks it up straight away, as long as it's plugged in when you launch Max, and it was usable with a minimum of mapping and scaling in Max. I'll post something on Youtube soon, cheers Roger
Log in to reply
Let us tell you about notable Max projects, obscure facts, and creative media artists of all kinds.


text:
Life will come to a standstill in India and Pakistan in a few hours when the cricket teams of the two countries clash in the 2014 Asia Cup. For the cricket fans of the two countries, this is one match which they don't want their team to lose. Vineet Varma talks to three Indian fans ahead of the India-Pakistan match on Sunday.
Cricket fan Krishna Kumar (24) is eagerly awaiting the much-awaited contest like everyone else. The MBA student says, "I think it is going to be a great contest. The flat tracks used during the tournament will help the batsmen of either side to post huge scores. The toss will play an important role in determining which team gets the upper hand. The side batting second has a better chance of winning the game as the dew factor will come into play as bowlers will find it difficult to grip the ball. Pakistan have quality seamers in Umar Gul and Junaid Khan and, unlike the Indian fast bowlers, will be threatening. The role of the spinners could be decisive as the track could assist the slow bowlers. Virat Kohli has been in good knick in recent times and if he plays a big knock as he has been doing with regularity in the previous few matches then India surely look set to seal the contest with a flourish. I see India as favourites as they have a good track record in the sub-continent and also considering the fact that they will have the edge in the batting department. I expect the game to be a clash between the Pakistani bowling and the Indian batting."
Aldon Quadros (17) a first-year BMM student, also felt India would be favourties because of India's strong batting line-up. But unlike Krishna Kumar, Quadros expects the side batting first to win the match as it could be a belter of a track and posting a big total could mean pressure of chasing. Where Quadros is in agreement with Krishna was India's trump card: Virat Kohli. "He [Kohli] is the man to watch out for in the Indian batting line-up and has the ability to tear apart the strong Pakistani bowling attack to shreds, thanks to his wide array of strokes."
In India everybody has an opinion when it comes to cricket and 12-year-old Chaitali is no exception. The ninth-grader, at Kohli fanatic, said: "I love the way India bats and though Pakistan have a strong bowling, I think India will clinch a close encounter."
(Vineet Varma is a writer at Cricket Country. He can be followed @Vinfire19)


text:
Texas Adventurous and experimental
Good Points +- I love everything about this product...the feel, the look, the length and even the smell :D
It was a bit thick and long at first but I adjusted to it and it definitely hits the spot every time I use "him".
The texture is so nice and the vein ridged detail makes it more pleasurable. The suction is great too in the shower, I am a thick girl and have thick everything so it withstands me well with no movement unless it's between a tile so the suction has to be on a flat surface.
I have no regrets at all about this dildo. I even practice my sucking since I'm not at all experienced in that part, and it helps a lot according to my husband. I'm sure if you're debating on buying this like I was you will not be disappointed.
Bad Points −- No cons at all.
Published on: March 29 2017


text:
2008-06-08, 06:40 | Link #242 |
Join Date: Sep 2006
I need a clarification about the TV ratings and how they are conducted, due to my lack of Japanese.
Special boxes are given to the households that are connected to the TV set to see exactly which channel the viewers are watching? If so, exactly what percent of the households own that device? 5 % or more? Or is the survey filled through questionnaire, phone or online? I'd interested to see the sample population of this research. |
2008-06-08, 07:51 | Link #243 |
AS Oji-kun
Join Date: Nov 2006
Location: Hanging out with some strange girls!
Age: 67
Ratings methodologies are discussed in some detail earlier in this thread; I have some postings on the subject as does rooboy. Unfortunately the ratings methodology document that I mentioned there has vanished from Video Research, Ltd.'s web site. I didn't see a replacement item, but I didn't look too hard. The site map for the English site is here; a map with sample sizes by locale can be found here.
Video Research uses "people meters" as does Nielsen in the US. Meters are attached to every television in the home and collect viewing data continuously throughout the day. Buttons on the device are pressed by different household members to indicate that they are in the room at that time. I hope you've taken a statistics course so that you understand what matters in sampling is not the fraction of the universe that is sampled (your 5% figure above), but the total size of the sample. Accuracy only improves in proportion to the square root of the sample size, so you need to quadruple the sample to double your accuracy. Since costs grow linearly there are real limits on how much more accuracy is worth. Most ratings services use a sample in the vicinity of 2,000 households.
Last edited by SeijiSensei; 2008-06-23 at 23:50. Reason: various diddly typos, etc. |
2008-06-08, 11:04 | Link #244 |
Join Date: Sep 2006
Thanks for the detail.
I asked because I thought there would be also other factors available except age and gender, eg like education, profession , wages, number of children, married or unmarried couples etc. But it seems ithis is not available to the public. This would be usefull especially for the late night shows. Often you get the impression in Japan that shows with 1% TV rating are watched by the whole population. |
2008-06-12, 20:46 | Link #247 |
Senior Member
Join Date: Jan 2007
Age: 25
sorry if this is off topic
Is it true that even though Japan made anime... the people in Japan dont really have much interest in it? My friend tells me that people in Asia are more interested in it especially places like Hong Kong and Gong Zhou |
2008-06-12, 21:03 | Link #248 |
The Comet has Come
Join Date: Feb 2008
Location: Republic of California
Age: 39
Might be a little like living near a major tourist attraction or theme park. You yourself may never go there, or go there once because "It is always there" or "Yeah, so its right over there. Nothing special about it".
People who live in Orange Country have that kind of feeling about Disneyland, and people who live in the San Francisco Bay have that feeling about Pier 39.
2008-06-17, 22:49 | Link #249 | |
Senior Member
Join Date: Jan 2007
Oh, and for those interested, here's some more ratings numbers from the past. These are the Top 10 Anime Rankings for the week of February 28th to March 6th, 1994: 01. Dragon Ball Z - 26.8% 02. Sazae-san - 26.1% 03. Crayon Shin-chan - 25.4% 04. Kiteretsu Daihyakka - 22.5% 05. Slam Dunk - 21.4% 06. Yu Yu Hakusho - 20.6% 07. Tsuyoshi Shikkari Shinasai - 19.9% 08. Doraemon - 17.8% 09. Tico of the Seven Seas - 16.0% 10. Sailor Moon R: The Last Episode - 14.4% Source: http://bbs.enjoykorea.jp/tbbs/read.p...73603&tab=five |
2008-06-22, 03:07 | Link #251 | |
Join Date: Sep 2006
Last edited by petran79; 2008-06-22 at 03:23. |
2008-06-22, 18:09 | Link #252 | |
Translator, Producer
But not having a new YPC5 episode was kinda sad... They made up for it, though, since this week's episode was pretty decently animated.
2008-06-22, 18:27 | Link #253 | |
Senior Member
Join Date: Jan 2007
Not sure what the record is, though I thought I read somewhere that the first Astro Boy series in the 1960's scored a 40% rating one time. |
2008-06-23, 01:53 | Link #254 | |
Junior Member
Join Date: Jun 2008
Siegel Clyne, Destinyblade, SeijiSensei, and manny others...
I want to thank you for the reaserch you have givin and shared here. being new, I started with this thread after googling a favorit t.v. Japanese show and hoping it went up in the ratings. and instead saw it droped... can i be wrong? Quote:
droping out like that is not bad...right? to add a thank you to everyone who has put up much information. I am now subscribing to this thread for its informative content and would like to know what anime is on t.v. Last edited by Awazo; 2008-06-23 at 01:58. Reason: to add a thank you |
2008-06-23, 02:48 | Link #255 |
Lets be reality
Join Date: May 2007
It happens, it's late at night and MBS air it the day before so you can watch it on NicoNico or grab the raw and watch it Sat afternoon instead of staying up to 2 am or even staying home to watch. A lot of other shows dropped as well that week and the week before that....
*1.6% (*4.1%) 05/24 (Sat) *1:23am-*1:53am TV Tokyo Golgo 13 Also you really shouldn't pay too much attention to tv ratings for shows aired late at night, Code Geass and Haruhi were in the 1-2% range and those 2 shows are some of the best selling tv anime series on dvd period. Frontier is selling a lot of cd singles and albums and it's dvd/blueray preorders are pretty damn good too. |
2008-06-23, 04:55 | Link #256 | |
Join Date: Sep 2006
Problem is that back then in the 60s and 70s the number of televisions and phones was more limited and so many adults and kids visited friends or relatives to watch their favourite show. Which means that 40 % back then, could actually mean 70-80 % in today's standards. So Dog of Flanders, though with a slight margin, may be the first in popularity. Also Battleship Yamato had to be cancelled because Heidi had more TV ratings. So a similar situation existed back then too. Add also the limited number of TV channels so you had not many alternatives, even though the few you had were good. Even so, the less TV channels, the more time you have to do something better. I think the popular shows back then must have been around that rating. Many of them were innovative for their time (and some still are). Also in other countries where anime series were exported or co-produced, the shows reached similar ratings. (Eg shows like Heidi and Mazinger in Spain or the success of shows like Candy worldwide). Also had to do with the fact that there were only 2-3 TV channels and VHS was unknown. Whereas now with so many shows and channels, such ratings are impossible to reach. Not even events like Wold Cup finals or music contests reach such ratings. If anime today is more popular it is also more fragmented. Stll if you dont have any idea about anime, it is better at least to know it through the older series, rather than Pokemon. |
2008-06-23, 23:24 | Link #259 |
AS Oji-kun
Join Date: Nov 2006
Location: Hanging out with some strange girls!
Age: 67
This is a complicated question. I'm going to compress about half a semester of basic statistics into a single AS posting.
Let's imagine that we take a sample of 2,000 homes and find that 4% of those homes (or 80 in total) are watching a particular show. Now imagine we take another sample of 2,000 homes and find in that sample that 72 of the homes, or 3.6%, are tuned to the show. In another sample we find 84 viewers, or 4.2%. If we could carry out this type of "repeated sampling" and than plot the frequency distribution (or "histogram") of these estimates, we'd find they fit the "normal" distribution, that well-known bell-shaped curve. Statisticians measure sampling accuracy using the standard deviation of this distribution of successive estimates. A profoundly important result in statistics called the Central Limit Theorem actually guarantees that this distribution of estimates will exactly fit the normal curve. Knowing this fact, we can calculate the standard deviation for this distribution of viewing estimates in repeated samples. That quantity is formally called the "standard error of estimate" and is the basis for those "margin of error" values that are reported for public opinion polls. The standard error depends on two quantities. It's proportional to the standard deviation in the population of the characteristic we seek to measure (viewing show X in this case) and inversely proportional to the square root of the sample size. The formula is Standard Error = Population Standard Deviation / sqrt(Sample Size) Now it turns out that, for proportions, the Population Standard Deviation depends only on the percentage watching. Let p be the proportion of people watching a particular show and N be the sample size. Then it turns out the standard error is SE(p) = sqrt[p(1-p)/N] So for your example of 4% (or 0.04 expressed as a proportion), we have the following calculation: SE(0.04) = sqrt(0.04*0.96/2000) = 0.0044 So if we took repeated samples of size 2,000 from a population where 4% are watching a show, they would describe a normal curve. One characteristic of the normal distribution is that 95% of the results willl fall within two standard errors of the mean. In our case that means we'd get numbers between approximately 0.04-2*0.0044 and 0.04+2*0.0044, or between 3.1% and 4.9%. So it's possible that, in the population, as few as 3% of the homes, or as many as 5%, are watching this show, but it's highly unlikely that the true viewing figure is as low as 2% or as high as 6%. Spoiler for Advanced material:
Can we reduce this range of error? Yes, by increasing the sample size, since the population standard deviation is determined entirely by p. The problem is that the standard error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size. So if I wanted to halve the error range, I'd need to quadruple the sample. Unfortunately costs don't have the same relationship to sample size; in social surveys, costs are generally linearly proportional to the sample size. So, in practice, you decide how big an error you're willing to tolerate and invest in sample size accordingly. 2,000 actually looks like a pretty good choice for programs that draw 4% or less of the audience. Even at 4% the 95% confidence interval is under 2, so a 4 is probably not really either a 3 or a 5 in the population, and definitely not a 2 or a 6. Finally, notice that the numerator of the standard error gets smaller and smaller as the population proportion heads toward zero or one. The maximum error is at 50%. There is no minimum error, of course; the confidence interval just continues to shrink as you get closer to the endpoints. I hope this made some sense. None of this stuff has much to do with intuition. You need to see and understand the math to appreciate the power of statistical sampling. You might also note that nowhere did I say anything about how large the population is. All these results assume an infinitely-sized population. Spoiler for More advanced material:
Last edited by SeijiSensei; 2008-06-24 at 01:56. |
2008-06-24, 00:44 | Link #260 |
Senior Member
Join Date: Jan 2006
Oh, I've made a mistake in my earlier calculation, I meant 1% for 2000.
Kinda forgot where exactly should 2 go in that formula (Population Standard Deviation / sqrt(Sample Size))*100%. PSD is considered to be 1/2 for rough error estimations. And don't forget that humans have extremely uneven distribution of tastes, complicating matters greately. (just try and measure anime popularity near Akihabara!). |
Thread Tools | |


text:
Items where Author is "Taniguchi, N."
Group by: Item Type | No Grouping Jump to: Article Number of items: 1.
ArticleHashim, O.H.; Kobayashi, K.; Taniguchi, N. (1992) Interaction of artocarpus lectins with human-iga does not involve asparagine-linked oligosaccharide of the immunoglobulin. Biochemistry International, 27 (3). pp. 423-429. ISSN 0158-5231 |


text:
Adam Schefter @AdamSchefter
RT @MikeReiss: Free-agent RB Danny Woodhead agrees to 2-year deal with the Chargers, per source.
Adam Schefter @AdamSchefter
RT @MikeReiss: Free-agent RB Danny Woodhead agrees to 2-year deal with the Chargers, per source.
And like that you will never hear about this guy ever again. He got a 2-year deal Jeez what is wrong with the Chargers they're probably going 4-12 next year.
Good for you, Woodchuck.
I would have liked to see DW stick around on the Pats for a couple more years, but when Leon was signed I knew he was a goner. Too bad, he's a gamer. Wishing him Good Luck with the Chargers.
I'll never understand why Jets fans hate this kid.
We should've dropped McKnight's ass like a bad habit and kept Woodhead around.
Woodhead sucks... He brings nothing the typical available guy couldn't bring.
And that is why he's going to the Chargers and will likely be out of football in a couple of years. He puts up some numbers because he has one of the greatest QB's any of us will ever see and people think he's good?
McKnight isn't much better because of the fumbles but he has some special qualities that Woodhead will never have.
Neither of them are starters or even good backups for different reasons so it's not even worth talking about.
No Woodhead doesn't suck at all, anyone saying that is living in a dream world. He's a very useful ancillary player who can play some specials, is an excellent receiver out of the back field and can be used in some running plays in a pinch. He's earned his spot in the NFL and though never a star is a useful piece of the puzzle if used correctly.
Nobody hates him but Pats fans and a small minority of Jets fans overrate the sh*t out of Danny Giveshead because he caught some passes from Brady in the flats last couple seasons. Yeah b/c no other RB has ever been able to do that.
McKnight is not a bad player he averaged 6.0 ypc last season and 4.3 in 2010.
He can't run inside between the tackles in a conventional offense. Yeah, when Brady spreads out the defense and they are in the dime ofcourse Goodhead can run up the middle anyone can.
He returns kicks? Any halfway competent NFL skill position player can return kicks.
I will never understand the boy-love people on this site have for this guy it's like they want another Wayne Chrebet-type so badly.
Just in time for Leon to take his place as an ex-Jet making plays out of the backfield for NE.
Surprisingly though, at this stage in their careers I think Woodhead brings more to the table than Leon does. LW hasn't done much in the base offense for the past three years.
Pats average height has gone up 4" in 2 days.


text:
21st Century Medicine: Drinking for two - stopping the harm from alcohol in pregnancy
15 August 2012
'Our children are our greatest asset' says Professor Elizabeth Elliott, paediatrician at the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, and Professor of Paediatrics and Child Health at the University of Sydney. Yet many children suffer brain damage even before they are born, through exposure to alcohol in the womb.
In her lecture, Professor Elliott will describe the features of FASD and the efforts currently being made around Australia to prevent alcohol use in pregnancy and FASD. She will also speak about how to identify and assist children with FASD and how to support their parents and carers. She will highlight the need to restrict access to alcohol through legislative changes and to change drinking behaviours in Australian communities.
Time: 6.00pm - 7.30pm
Location: Law School Lecture Theatre 101
Cost: Free but booking is essential
Contact: Sydney Ideas
Phone: 9351 2943
Email: 210a22272d2f4b1a072b0201762900113a4e0b6c1c0a075c102052
More info: http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/21st-century/reproductive.php


text:
Please enter a maximum of 5 recipients. Use ; to separate more than one email address.
14 April 2014
Hires high-yield investment management veteran, Andrew Wilmont
Read more: Neuberger Berman high yield
Neuberger Berman has expanded its global high-yield team with the appointment of Andrew Wilmont. Wilmont will be lead European high-yield portfolio manager, based in London. The hiring coincides with the asset manager's plans to introduce a European high-yield fund for non-US investors. "High yield has matured into a global asset class and we're delighted to expand our investment capabilities and the range of strategies Neuberger Berman offers to clients with an investor of Andrew's calibre," said Ann Benjamin, chief investment officer for non-investment grade strategies. Wilmont will report to Benjamin. Dik van Lomwel, head of Emea and Latin America for Neuberger Berman, said the firm is committed to building a full suite of global non-investment grade solutions for investors. Wilmont was most recently head of European high-yield investments at Alcentra. Before that he served as head of European high-yield strategies at AXA Investment Managers. He was previously a high-yield portfolio manager at Pareto Partners, and a high-yield credit analyst at New Flag Asset Management. He began his high-yield investment career in 1997 at Gulf International Bank.
{{article|fields:'dates'|date:dateArticleFormat}} | {{article|fields:'authors'}}
All comments are subject to editorial review. All fields are compulsory.