text:
HMS Hood
HMS Hood, 17 March 1924
History | |
United Kingdom | |
Name: | Hood |
Namesake: | Admiral Samuel Hood |
Ordered: | 7 April 1916 |
Builder: | John Brown & Company |
Laid down: | 1 September 1916 |
Launched: | 22 August 1918 |
Commissioned: | 15 May 1920 |
In service: | 1920–1941 |
Identification: | Pennant number: 51 |
Motto: | Ventis Secundis (Latin: "With Favourable Winds")[1] |
Nickname(s): | Mighty Hood |
Fate: | Sunk during the Battle of Denmark Strait, 24 May 1941 |
Badge: | A Cornish chough bearing an anchor facing left over the date 1859[2] |
General characteristics | |
Class and type: | Admiral-class battlecruiser |
Displacement: | 46,680 long tons (47,430 t) deep load |
Length: | 860 ft 7 in (262.3 m) |
Beam: | 104 ft 2 in (31.8 m) |
Draught: | 32 ft 0 in (9.8 m) |
Installed power: | 144,000 shp (107,000 kW) |
Propulsion: |
Speed: |
Range: | 1931: 5,332 nautical miles (9,870 km; 6,140 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
Complement: |
Sensors and processing systems: |
Armament: |
Armour: | |
Aircraft carried: |
HMS Hood (pennant number 51) was the last battlecruiser built for the Royal Navy. Commissioned in 1920, she was named after the 18th-century Admiral Samuel Hood. One of four Admiral-class battlecruisers ordered in mid-1916, Hood had design limitations, though her design was revised after the Battle of Jutland and improved while she was under construction. For this reason she was the only ship of her class to be completed. As one of the largest and most powerful warships in the world, her prestige was reflected in her nickname 'The Mighty Hood'.
Hood was involved in several showing the flag exercises between her commissioning in 1920 and the outbreak of war in 1939, including training exercises in the Mediterranean Sea and a circumnavigation of the globe with the Special Service Squadron in 1923 and 1924. She was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet following the outbreak of the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.
When the Spanish Civil War broke out, Hood was officially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet until she had to return to Britain in 1939 for an overhaul. By this time, advances in naval gunnery had reduced Hood's usefulness. She was scheduled to undergo a major rebuild in 1941 to correct these issues, but the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 forced the ship into service without the upgrades.
When war with Germany was declared, Hood was operating in the area around Iceland, and she spent the next several months hunting between Iceland and the Norwegian Sea for German commerce raiders and blockade runners. After a brief overhaul of her propulsion system, she sailed as the flagship of Force H, and participated in the destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir. Relieved as flagship of Force H, Hood was dispatched to Scapa Flow, and operated in the area as a convoy escort and later as a defence against a potential German invasion fleet.
In May 1941, she and the battleship Prince of Wales were ordered to intercept the German battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, which were en route to the Atlantic where they were to attack convoys. On 24 May 1941, early in the Battle of the Denmark Strait, Hood was struck by several German shells, exploded and sank. Due to her perceived invincibility, the loss affected British morale.
The Royal Navy conducted two inquiries into the reasons for the ship's quick demise. The first, held soon after the ship's loss, concluded that Hood's aft magazine had exploded after one of Bismarck's shells penetrated the ship's armour. A second inquiry was held after complaints that the first board had failed to consider alternative explanations, such as an explosion of the ship's torpedoes. It was more thorough than the first board and concurred with the first board's conclusion.
Despite the official explanation, some historians continued to believe that the torpedoes caused the ship's loss, while others proposed an accidental explosion inside one of the ship's gun turrets that reached down into the magazine. Other historians have concentrated on the cause of the magazine explosion. The discovery of the ship's wreck in 2001 confirmed the conclusion of both boards, although the exact reason the magazines detonated is likely to remain unknown since that area of the ship was destroyed in the explosion.
Design and description[edit]
The Admiral-class battlecruisers were designed in response to the German Mackensen-class battlecruisers, which were reported to be more heavily armed and armoured than the latest British battlecruisers of the Renown and the Courageous classes. The design was revised after the Battle of Jutland to incorporate heavier armour and all four ships were laid down. Only Hood was completed, because the ships were very expensive and required labour and material that could be put to better use building merchant ships needed to replace those lost to the German U-boat campaign.[3]
Hood was significantly larger than her predecessors of the Renown class. As completed, she had an overall length of 860 feet 7 inches (262.3 m), a maximum beam of 104 feet 2 inches (31.8 m), and a draught of 32 feet (9.8 m) at deep load. This was 110 feet (33.5 m) longer and 14 feet (4.3 m) wider than the older ships. She displaced 42,670 long tons (43,350 t) at load and 46,680 long tons (47,430 t) at deep load, over 13,000 long tons (13,210 t) more than the older ships. The ship had a complete double bottom. Hood had a metacentric height of 4.2 feet (1.3 m) at deep load,[4] which minimised her roll and made her a steady gun platform.
The additional armour added during construction increased her draught by about 4 feet (1.2 m) at deep load, which reduced her freeboard and made her very wet. At full speed, or in heavy seas, water would flow over the ship's quarterdeck and often entered the messdecks and living quarters through ventilation shafts.[5] This characteristic earned her the nickname of "the largest submarine in the Navy".[6] The persistent dampness, coupled with the ship's poor ventilation, was blamed for the high incidence of tuberculosis aboard.[7] The ship's complement varied widely over her career; in 1919, she was authorised 1433 men as a squadron flagship; in 1934, she had 81 officers and 1244 men aboard.[8]
The propulsion system consisted of 24 Yarrow boilers, connected to Brown-Curtis geared steam turbines driving four propellers. The battlecruiser's turbines were designed to produce 144,000 shaft horsepower (107,000 kW), which would propel the ship at 31 knots (57 km/h; 36 mph), but during sea trials in 1920, Hood's turbines provided 151,280 shp (112,810 kW), which allowed her to reach 32.07 knots (59.39 km/h; 36.91 mph). She carried approximately 3,895 long tons (3,958 t) of fuel oil,[9] which gave an estimated range of 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km; 8,600 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph).[4]
Hood carried eight 42-calibre BL 15-inch Mk I guns in hydraulically powered twin gun turrets. The guns could depress to −5° and elevate to +30°. At maximum elevation, they fired a 1,920-pound (870 kg) shell to a maximum range of 30,180 yards (27,600 m). The turrets were designated 'A', 'B', 'X' and 'Y' from front to rear.[10][11] 120 shells were carried for each gun.[4]
Hood's secondary armament was a dozen 50-calibre BL 5.5-inch Mk I guns, each with 200 rounds.[4] They were shipped on shielded single pivot mounts fitted along the upper deck and the forward shelter deck. This high position allowed them to be worked during heavy weather as they were less affected by waves and spray compared with the casemate mounts of earlier British capital ships.[12] Two of these guns on the shelter deck were temporarily replaced by QF 4-inch Mk V anti-aircraft (AA) guns between 1938 and 1939. All the 5.5-inch guns were removed during another refit in 1940.[13] The gun fired a 82-pound (37 kg) shell to a maximum range of 17,770 yards (16,250 m).[14]
The original anti-aircraft armament consisted of four QF 4-inch Mk V guns on single mounts. These were joined in early 1939 by four twin mounts for the 45-calibre QF 4-inch Mark XVI dual purpose gun. The single guns were removed in mid-1939 and a further three twin Mark XIX mounts were added in early 1940.[15] This mounting could elevate from −10 to +80°. The Mk XVI gun fired about twelve 35-pound (16 kg) high-explosive shells per minute at a muzzle velocity of 2,660 ft/s (810 m/s). Against surface targets, it had a range of 19,850 yards (18,150 m) and a maximum ceiling of 39,000 ft (12,000 m), but an effective anti-aircraft range of much less.[16]
In 1931, a pair of octuple mountings for the 40-millimetre (1.6 in) QF 2-pounder Mk VIII gun were added on the shelter deck, abreast the funnels, and a third mount was added in 1937.[17] These gun mounts could depress to −10° and elevate to a maximum of +80°. The Mk VIII 2-pounder gun fired a 40-millimetre (1.6 in) 0.91-pound (0.41 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1,920 ft/s (590 m/s) to a distance of 3,800 yards (3,500 m). The gun's rate of fire was approximately 96–98 rounds per minute.[18]
Two quadruple mountings for the 0.5-inch Vickers Mk III machine gun were added in 1933 with two more mountings added in 1937.[17] These mounts could depress to −10° and elevate to a maximum of +70°. The machine guns fired a 1.326-ounce (37.6 g) bullet at a muzzle velocity of 2,520 ft/s (770 m/s). This gave the gun a maximum range of about 5,000 yd (4,600 m), although its effective range was only 800 yd (730 m).[19] To these were added five Unrotated Projectile (UP) launchers in 1940, each launcher carrying twenty 7-inch (180 mm) rockets.[17] When they detonated, the rockets shot out lengths of cable that were kept aloft by parachutes; the cable was intended to snag aircraft and draw up the small aerial mine which would destroy the aircraft.[20]
Six fixed 21-inch (530 mm) torpedo tubes were mounted on Hood, three on each broadside. Two of these were submerged forward of 'A' turret's magazine and the other four were above water, abaft the rear funnel.[4] The Mk IV torpedoes had a warhead of 515 pounds (234 kg) of TNT. They had two speed and range settings: 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph) with a maximum range of 13,500 yards (12,300 m) or 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph) to 5,000 yards (4,600 m). Approximately 28 torpedoes were carried.[21]
Fire control[edit]
Hood was completed with two fire-control directors. One was mounted above the conning tower, protected by an armoured hood, and was fitted with a 30-foot (9.1 m) rangefinder. The other was fitted in the spotting top above the tripod foremast and equipped with a 15-foot (4.6 m) rangefinder. Each turret was also fitted with a 30-foot (9.1 m) rangefinder.
The secondary armament was primarily controlled by directors mounted on each side of the bridge. They were supplemented by two additional control positions in the fore-top, which were provided with 9-foot (2.7 m) rangefinders, fitted in 1924–25.[12] The anti-aircraft guns were controlled by a simple high-angle 2-metre (6 ft 7 in) rangefinder mounted on the aft control position,[22] fitted in 1926–27. Three torpedo-control towers were fitted, each with a 15-foot (4.6 m) rangefinder. One was on each side of the amidships control tower and the third was on the centreline abaft the aft control position.[12]
During the 1929–31 refit, a High-Angle Control System (HACS) Mark I director was added on the rear searchlight platform and two positions for 2-pounder "pom-pom" anti-aircraft directors were added at the rear of the spotting top, although only one director was initially fitted.[23] The 5.5-inch control positions and their rangefinders on the spotting top were removed during the 1932 refit. In 1934, the "pom-pom" directors were moved to the former locations of the 5.5-inch control positions on the spotting top and the 9-foot (2.7 m) rangefinders for the 5.5-inch control positions were reinstalled on the signal platform.
Two years later, the "pom-pom" directors were moved to the rear corners of the bridge to get them out of the funnel gases. Another "pom-pom" director was added on the rear superstructure, abaft the HACS director in 1938. Two HACS Mark III directors were added to the aft end of the signal platform the following year, and the Mark I director aft was replaced by a Mark III.[24] During Hood's last refit in 1941, a Type 279 air warning radar and a Type 284 gunnery radar were installed,[25] although the Type 279 radar lacked its receiving aerial and was inoperable.[26]
Hood's armour scheme was originally based on that of the battlecruiser Tiger with an 8-inch (203 mm) waterline belt. Unlike on Tiger, the armour was angled outwards 12° from the waterline to increase its relative thickness in relation to flat-trajectory shells. This change increased the ship's vulnerability to plunging (high-trajectory) shells as it exposed more of the vulnerable deck armour. 5,000 long tons (5,100 t) of armour was added to the design in late 1916, based on British experiences at the Battle of Jutland, at the cost of deeper draught and slightly decreased speed.
To save construction time, this was accomplished by thickening the existing armour, rather than redesigning the entire ship.[27] Hood's protection accounted for 33% of her displacement, a high proportion by British standards, but less than was usual in contemporary German designs (for example, 36% for the battlecruiser SMS Hindenburg).[28]
The armoured belt consisted of face-hardened Krupp cemented armour (KC), arranged in three strakes. The main waterline belt was 12 inches (305 mm) thick between 'A' and 'Y' barbettes and thinned to 5 to 6 inches (127 to 152 mm) towards the ship's ends, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. The middle armour belt had a maximum thickness of 7 inches (178 mm) over the same length as the thickest part of the waterline armour and thinned to five inches abreast 'A' barbette. The upper belt was 5 inches thick amidships and extended forward to 'A' barbette, with a short 4-inch (102 mm) extension aft.[29]
The gun turrets and barbettes were protected by 11 to 15 inches (279 to 381 mm) of KC armour, except for the turret roofs which were five inches thick. The decks were made of high-tensile steel. The forecastle deck ranged from 1.75 to 2 inches (44 to 51 mm) in thickness while the upper deck was 2 inches (51 mm) thick over the magazines and 0.75 inches (19 mm) elsewhere. The main deck was 3 inches (76 mm) thick over the magazines and 1 inch (25 mm) elsewhere, except for the 2-inch-thick slope that met the bottom of the main belt. The lower deck was 3 inches thick over the propeller shafts, 2 inches thick over the magazines and 1 inch elsewhere.[30]
The 3-inch plating on the main deck was added at a very late stage of construction and the four aftermost 5.5-inch guns and their ammunition hoists were removed in partial compensation. Live firing trials with the new 15-inch APC (armour-piercing, capped) shell against a mock-up of Hood showed that this shell could penetrate the ship's vitals via the 7-inch middle belt and the 2-inch slope of the main deck. A proposal was made to increase the armour over the forward magazines to 5 inches and 6 inches over the rear magazines in July 1919 in response to these trials.
To compensate for the additional weight, the two submerged torpedo tubes and the armour for the rear torpedo warheads were removed, and the armour for the aft torpedo-control tower was reduced in thickness from 6 to 1.5 inches (38 mm). However, the additional armour was never fitted pending further trials.[31] As completed, Hood remained susceptible to plunging shells and bombs.[30] The torpedo warhead armour was reinstated during the ship's 1929–31 refit.[26]
For protection against torpedoes, she was given a 7.5-foot (2.3 m)[30] deep anti-torpedo bulge that ran the length of the ship between the fore and aft barbettes. It was divided into an empty outer compartment and an inner compartment filled with five rows of water-tight "crushing tubes" intended to absorb and distribute the force of an explosion. The bulge was backed by a 1.5-inch-thick torpedo bulkhead.[32]
Hood was initially fitted with flying-off platforms mounted on top of 'B' and 'X' turrets, from which Fairey Flycatchers could launch.[33] During her 1929–31 refit, the platform was removed from 'X' turret and a trainable, folding catapult was installed on her quarterdeck, along with a crane to recover a seaplane. She embarked a Fairey IIIF from No. 444 Flight of the Royal Air Force. During the 1932 West Indies cruise, the catapult proved to be difficult to operate in anything but a calm sea, as it was frequently awash in bad weather. The catapult and crane were removed in 1932, along with the flying-off platform on 'B' turret.[34]
Battlecruiser or fast battleship[edit]
Although the Royal Navy always designated Hood as a battlecruiser, some modern writers such as Anthony Preston have classified her as a fast battleship, since Hood appeared to have improvements over the fast Queen Elizabeth-class battleships. On paper, Hood retained the same armament and level of protection, while being significantly faster.[35][36]
Around 1918, American commanders, including Vice-Admiral William Sims, commander of US naval forces in Europe, and Admiral Henry T. Mayo, commander of the Atlantic Fleet, became extremely impressed by Hood which they described as a "fast battleship", and they advocated that the US Navy develop a fast battleship of its own.[37] However, the US continued with their established design direction, the slower but well-protected South Dakota-class battleship and the fast and lightly armoured Lexington-class battlecruiser, both of which were later cancelled in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922.[38]
Influences from Hood showed on subsequent Lexington designs, with the reduction of the main armour belt, the change to "sloped armour", and the addition of four above-water torpedo tubes to the four underwater tubes of the original design.[39] To add to the confusion, Royal Navy documents of the period often describe any battleship with a maximum speed over 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) as a battlecruiser, regardless of the amount of protective armour. For instance, the never-built G3 battlecruiser was classified as such, although it would have been more of a fast battleship than Hood.[40]
The scale of Hood's protection, though adequate for the Jutland era, was at best marginal against the new generation of 16-inch (406 mm) gunned capital ships that emerged soon after her completion in 1920, typified by the American Colorado-class and the Japanese Nagato-class battleships. The Royal Navy were fully aware that the ship's protection flaws still remained, even in her revised design, so Hood was intended for the duties of a battlecruiser and she served in the battlecruiser squadrons through most of her career. Late in her career, Hood was outclassed by the armour and protective arrangement of World War II-era fast battleships, but few available "big gun" vessels could match Bismarck's speed, and in 1941 the Admiralty included Hood among the ships sent to engage the German battleship.[35]
Construction of Hood began at the John Brown & Company shipyards in Clydebank, Scotland, on 1 September 1916. Following the loss of three British battlecruisers at the Battle of Jutland, 5,000 tons of extra armour and bracing were added to Hood's design.[41] Most seriously, the deck protection was flawed—spread over three decks, it was designed to detonate an incoming shell on impact with the top deck, with much of the energy being absorbed as the exploding shell had to penetrate the armour of the next two decks.
The development of effective time-delay shells at the end of World War I made this scheme much less effective, as the intact shell would penetrate layers of weak armour and explode deep inside the ship.[42] In addition, she was grossly overweight compared to her original design, making her a wet ship with a highly stressed structure.[35]
She was launched on 22 August 1918 by the widow of Rear Admiral Sir Horace Hood, a great-great-grandson of Admiral Samuel Hood, for whom the ship was named. Sir Horace Hood had been killed while commanding the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron and flying his flag in Invincible—one of the three battlecruisers which blew up at the Battle of Jutland. In order to make room in John Brown's shipyard for merchant construction, Hood sailed for Rosyth to complete her fitting-out on 9 January 1920.[43] After sea trials, she was commissioned on 15 May 1920, under Captain Wilfred Tompkinson. She had cost £6,025,000 to build (roughly equivalent to £217 million today).[44]
With her conspicuous twin funnels and lean profile, Hood was widely regarded one of the finest-looking warships ever built. She was also the largest warship afloat when she was commissioned and retained that distinction for the next 20 years.[45] Her size and powerful armament earned her the nickname of "Mighty Hood" and she came to symbolise the might of the British Empire itself.[46]
Inter-war service[edit]
Shortly after commissioning on 15 May 1920, Hood became the flagship of the Battlecruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet, under the command of Rear Admiral Sir Roger Keyes. After a cruise to Scandinavian waters that year, Captain Geoffrey Mackworth assumed command. Hood visited the Mediterranean in 1921 and 1922 to show the flag and to train with the Mediterranean Fleet, before sailing on a cruise to Brazil and the West Indies in company with the Battlecruiser Squadron.[47]
Captain John im Thurn was in command when Hood, accompanied by the battlecruiser Repulse and Danae-class cruisers of the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron, set out on a world cruise from west to east via the Panama Canal in November 1923. The objective of the cruise was to remind the Dominions of their dependence on British sea power and encourage them to support it with money, ships and facilities. They returned home ten months later in September 1924 having visited South Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States and some smaller colonies and dependencies en route.[48]
While in Australia in April 1924, the squadron escorted the battlecruiser HMAS Australia out to sea where she was scuttled in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty.[49] The Battlecruiser Squadron visited Lisbon in January 1925 to participate in the Vasco da Gama celebrations before continuing on to the Mediterranean for exercises. Hood continued this pattern of a winter training visit to the Mediterranean for the rest of the decade. Captain Harold Reinold relieved Captain im Thurn on 30 April 1925 and was relieved in turn by Captain Wilfred French on 21 May 1927.[50]
Hood was given a major refit from 1 May 1929 to 10 March 1931, and afterwards resumed her role as flagship of the Battlecruiser Squadron under the command of Captain Julian Patterson. Later that year, her crew participated in the Invergordon Mutiny over pay cuts for the sailors. It ended peacefully and Hood returned to her home port afterwards.
The Battlecruiser Squadron made a Caribbean cruise in early 1932, and Hood was given another brief refit between 31 March and 10 May at Portsmouth. Captain Thomas Binney assumed command on 15 August 1932 and the ship resumed her previous practice of a winter cruise in the Mediterranean the next year. Captain Thomas Tower replaced Captain Binney on 30 August 1933. Her secondary and anti-aircraft fire-control directors were rearranged during another quick refit between 1 August and 5 September 1934.[51]
While en route to Gibraltar for a Mediterranean cruise, Hood was rammed in the port side quarterdeck by the battlecruiser Renown on 23 January 1935. The damage to Hood was limited to her left outer propeller and an 18-inch (460 mm) dent, although some hull plates were knocked loose from the impact. Temporary repairs were made at Gibraltar before the ship sailed to Portsmouth for permanent repairs between February and May 1935. The captains of both ships were court-martialled, as was the squadron commander, Rear Admiral Sidney Bailey. Tower and Bailey were acquitted, but Renown's Captain Sawbridge was relieved of command. The Admiralty dissented from the verdict, reinstated Sawbridge, and criticised Bailey for ambiguous signals during the manoeuvre.[52]
The ship participated in King George V's Silver Jubilee Fleet Review at Spithead the following August. She was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet shortly afterwards and stationed at Gibraltar at the outbreak of the Second Italo-Abyssinian War in October. Captain Arthur Pridham assumed command on 1 February 1936 and Hood returned to Portsmouth for a brief refit between 26 June and 10 October 1936. She formally transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet on 20 October, shortly after the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.[53] On 23 April 1937, the ship escorted three British merchantmen into Bilbao harbour despite the presence of the Nationalist cruiser Almirante Cervera that attempted to blockade the port.[54] Hood was refitted at Malta in November and December 1937 and had her submerged torpedo tubes removed.[55]
Captain Pridham was relieved by Captain Harold Walker on 20 May 1938 and he in turn was relieved when the ship returned to Portsmouth in January 1939 for an overhaul that lasted until 12 August.[56]
Hood was due to be modernised in 1941 to bring her up to a standard similar to that of other modernised World War I-era capital ships. She would have received new, lighter turbines and boilers, a secondary armament of eight twin 5.25-inch gun turrets and six octuple 2-pounder pom-poms. Her 5-inch upper armour strake would have been removed and her deck armour reinforced. A catapult would have been fitted across the deck and the remaining torpedo tubes removed. In addition the conning tower would have been removed and her bridge rebuilt.[57] The ship's near-constant active service, resulting from her status as the Royal Navy's most battle-worthy fast capital ship, meant that her material condition gradually deteriorated, and by the mid-1930s she was in need of a lengthy overhaul.
The outbreak of World War II made it impossible to remove her from service, and as a consequence she never received the scheduled modernisation afforded to other capital ships such as the battlecruiser Renown and several of the Queen Elizabeth-class battleships.[58] The ship's condensers were in such bad condition by this time that much of the output from the fresh-water evaporators was required to replenish the boiler feed water and could not be used by the crew to wash and bathe or even to heat the mess decks during cold weather as the steam pipes were too leaky. These problems also reduced her steam output so that she was unable to attain her designed speed.[59]
World War II[edit]
Captain Irvine Glennie assumed command in May 1939 and Hood was assigned to the Home Fleet's Battlecruiser Squadron while still refitting; when war broke out later that year, she was employed principally in patrolling the vicinity of Iceland and the Faroe Islands to protect convoys and intercept German merchant raiders and blockade runners attempting to break out into the Atlantic. On 25 September 1939, the Home Fleet sortied into the central North Sea to cover the return of the damaged submarine Spearfish. The fleet was spotted by the Germans and attacked by aircraft from the KG 26 and KG 30 bomber wings. Hood was hit by a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb from a Junkers Ju 88 bomber that damaged her port torpedo bulge and her condensers. By early 1940, Hood's machinery was in dire shape and limited her best speed to 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph); she was refitted between 4 April and 12 June.[60]
Operation Catapult[edit]
Hood and the aircraft carrier Ark Royal were ordered to Gibraltar to join Force H on 18 June where Hood became the flagship. Force H took part in the destruction of the French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir in July 1940. Just eight days after the French surrender, the British Admiralty issued an ultimatum that the French fleet at Oran intern its ships in a British or neutral port to ensure they would not fall into Axis hands. The terms were rejected and the Royal Navy opened fire on the French ships berthed there.
The results of Hood's fire are not known exactly, but she damaged the French battleship Dunkerque, which was hit by four fifteen-inch shells and was forced to beach herself. Hood was straddled during the engagement by Dunkerque; shell splinters wounded two men. Dunkerque's sister ship, Strasbourg, managed to escape from the harbour. Hood and several light cruisers gave chase, but gave up after two hours: Hood had dodged a salvo of torpedoes from a French sloop and had stripped a turbine reaching 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph).[61]
Return to home waters[edit]
Hood was relieved as flagship of Force H by Renown on 10 August, after returning to Scapa Flow. On 13 September, after a short refit, she was sent to Rosyth along with the battleships Nelson and Rodney and other ships, to be in a better position to intercept a German invasion fleet. When the threat of an invasion diminished, the ship resumed her previous roles in convoy escort and patrolling against German commerce raiders. Twice, Hood was dispatched against enemy warships. On 28 October she sailed to intercept the "pocket battleship" Admiral Scheer, and again on 24 December to locate the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper, but Hood failed to find either ship.
In January 1941, the ship began a refit that lasted until March; even after the refit she was still in poor condition, but the threat from the German capital ships was such that she could not be taken into dock for a major overhaul until more of the King George V-class battleships came into service. Captain Ralph Kerr assumed command during the refit, and Hood was ordered to sea in an attempt to intercept the German battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst upon the refit's completion in mid-March. Unsuccessful, she was ordered to patrol the Bay of Biscay against any breakout attempt by the German ships from Brest. Hood was ordered to the Norwegian Sea on 19 April when the Admiralty received a false report that the German battleship Bismarck had sailed from Germany. Afterwards, she patrolled the North Atlantic before putting into Scapa Flow on 6 May.[62]
Battle of the Denmark Strait[edit]
When Bismarck sailed for the Atlantic in May 1941, Hood, together with the newly commissioned battleship Prince of Wales, was sent out in pursuit along with several other groups of British capital ships to intercept the German ships before they could break into the Atlantic and attack Allied convoys. Hood was commanded by Captain Ralph Kerr and was flying the flag of Vice-Admiral Lancelot Holland. The German ships were spotted by two British heavy cruisers (Norfolk & Suffolk) on 23 May, and Holland's ships intercepted Bismarck and her consort, the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, in the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland on 24 May.[63]
The British squadron spotted the Germans at 05:37 (ship's clocks were set four hours ahead of local time – the engagement commenced shortly after dawn),[64] but the Germans were already aware of their presence, Prinz Eugen's hydrophones having previously detected the sounds of high-speed propellers to their southeast. The British opened fire at 05:52 with Hood engaging Prinz Eugen, the lead ship in the German formation, and the Germans returned fire at 05:55, both ships concentrating on Hood. Prinz Eugen was probably the first ship to score when a shell hit Hood's boat deck, between her funnels, and started a large fire among the ready-use ammunition for the anti-aircraft guns and rockets of the UP mounts.[65]
Just before 06:00, while Hood was turning 20° to port to unmask her rear turrets, she was hit again on the boat deck by one or more shells from Bismarck's fifth salvo, fired from a range of approximately 16,650 metres (18,210 yd).[66] A shell from this salvo appears to have hit the spotting top, as the boat deck was showered with body parts and debris.[67] A huge jet of flame burst out of Hood from the vicinity of the mainmast,[Note 1] followed by a devastating magazine explosion that destroyed the aft part of the ship. This explosion broke the back of Hood, and the last sight of the ship, which sank in only three minutes, was her bow, nearly vertical in the water.[66] A note on a survivor's sketch in the British RN Historical Branch Archives gives 63°20′N 31°50′W / 63.333°N 31.833°W as the position of the sinking.
Hood sank with 1418 men aboard. Only three survived: Ordinary Signalman Ted Briggs, Able Seaman Robert Tilburn, and Midshipman William John Dundas.[68] The three were rescued about two hours after the sinking by the destroyer Electra, which spotted substantial debris but no bodies.[69][Note 2]
Aftermath of the sinking[edit]
Prince of Wales was forced to disengage by a combination of damage from German hits and mechanical failures in her guns and turrets after Hood was sunk. Despite these problems, she had hit Bismarck three times. One of these hits contaminated a good portion of the ship's fuel supply and subsequently caused her to steer for safety in occupied France where she could be repaired. Bismarck was temporarily able to evade detection, but was later spotted and sunk by the British on 27 May.[70]
The official Admiralty communiqué on the loss, broadcast on the day of the sinking, reported that: "during the ... action, HMS Hood ... received an unlucky hit in a magazine and blew up."[71] The first formal board of enquiry into the loss, presided over by Vice-Admiral Sir Geoffrey Blake, reported on 2 June, less than a fortnight after the loss. It endorsed this opinion, stating that:
(c) (The) probable cause of the loss of HMS Hood was direct penetration of the protection by one or more 15-inch shells at a range of 16,500 yards [15,100 m], resulting in the explosion of one or more of the aft magazines.[72]
The conduct of the inquiry became subject to criticism, largely because no verbatim record of witnesses' testimony had been kept. Moreover, Sir Stanley V. Goodall, Director of Naval Construction came forward with an alternative theory, that the Hood had been destroyed by the explosion of her own torpedoes. As a result, a second Board was convened under Rear Admiral Sir Harold Walker and reported in September 1941.[73] This investigation was "much more thorough than was the first, taking evidence from a total of 176 eyewitnesses to the disaster",[74] and examined both Goodall's theory and others (see below). The Board came to a conclusion almost identical to that of the first board, expressed as follows:
That the sinking of Hood was due to a hit from Bismarck's 15-inch shell in or adjacent to Hood's 4-inch or 15-inch magazines, causing them all to explode and wreck the after part of the ship. The probability is that the 4-inch magazines exploded first.[73]
Both boards of enquiry exonerated Vice-Admiral Holland from any blame regarding the loss of Hood.[75]
Memorials to those who died are spread widely around the UK, and some of the crew are commemorated in different locations. One casualty, George David Spinner,[76] is remembered on the Portsmouth Naval memorial,[77] the Hood Chapel at the Church of St John the Baptist, in Boldre, Hampshire, and also on the gravestone of his brother, who died while serving in the Royal Air Force in 1942, in the Hamilton Road Cemetery, Deal, Kent.[78]
Modern theories on the sinking[edit]
The exact cause of the loss of Hood remains a subject of debate. The principal theories include the following causes:
- A direct hit from a shell penetrated to a magazine aft. Such a shell could only have come from Bismarck, since Prinz Eugen was no longer firing at Hood at the time of the explosion. As noted above, this version of events was almost taken for granted at the time of the sinking. Doubt first arose as a result of eyewitness testimony that the explosion that destroyed Hood originated near the mainmast, well forward of the aft magazines (for example, the sketch shown prepared for the second board of enquiry by Captain Leach of Prince of Wales).
At the second board, expert witnesses suggested that what was observed was the venting, through the engine-room ventilators, of a violent—but not instantaneous—explosion or deflagration in the 4-inch magazines. The same deflagration would have collapsed the bulkhead separating the 4-inch and 15-inch magazines, resulting very quickly in a catastrophic explosion similar to those previously witnessed at Jutland. This theory was ultimately adopted by the board.[79]
- A shell, falling short and travelling underwater, struck below the armoured belt and penetrated to a magazine. During the same action, Prince of Wales received a hit of this type from a 15-inch shell, which travelled underwater for about 80 feet (25 m), struck about 28 feet (8 m) below the waterline, penetrated several light bulkheads and fetched up, without exploding, against the torpedo bulkhead. The second board considered this theory improbable, arguing that the fuse, had it worked at all, would have detonated the shell before it reached the ship. According to Jurens's calculations, one of Bismarck's shells that fell approximately 20 feet (6.1 m) short of Hood could have penetrated the side of the ship beneath the armour belt and would have detonated in the vicinity of the ship's magazines if the fuse worked.[80]
- The ship was destroyed by the explosion of her own torpedoes. According to Goodall's theory, the ship's torpedoes could have been detonated either by the fire raging on the boat deck or, more probably, by a direct hit from Bismarck. This would have blown out the side of the ship, destroying the girder strength of the hull; the force of water entering the hole, at a speed of nearly 30 knots (56 km/h), would then shear the stern section from the rest of the hull.[81]
- The fire on the boat deck penetrated to a magazine. Evidence given to the second board indicated that the doors for the 4-inch ammunition supply trunks were closed throughout the action. It remains possible that a door or trunk could have been opened up by an enemy shell, admitting flames to the magazine. Alternative routes for admission of flame could have been the ventilation or venting arrangements of the magazines or, as Ted Briggs suggested, through the floor of a 15-inch gunhouse.[82]
- The explosion was initiated by 4-inch ammunition stored outside the magazines. Writing in 1979, the naval historian Antony Preston claimed that the aft magazines of Hood were "surrounded by additional 4-inch (102 mm) anti-aircraft shells outside the armoured barbettes. Such unprotected stowage could have been detonated either by the boat-deck fire or by a shell from Bismarck."[83]
- The ship was blown up by her own guns. At the second board, eyewitnesses reported unusual types of discharge from the 15-inch guns of Hood, suggesting that a shell could have detonated within the gun, causing an explosion within the gunhouse. It is possible that, under the stress of combat, the safety measures, introduced after the disasters at Jutland to prevent such an explosion reaching the magazines, could have failed.[84]
An extensive review of these theories (excepting that of Preston) is given in Jurens's 1987 article. Its main conclusion is that the loss was almost certainly precipitated by the explosion of a 4-inch magazine, but that there are several ways this could have been initiated, although he rules out the boat deck fire or the detonation of her torpedoes as probable causes. In Jurens's opinion, the popular image of plunging shells penetrating Hood's deck armour is inaccurate, as by his estimation the angle of fall of Bismarck's 15-inch shells at the moment of the loss would not have exceeded about 14°, an angle so unfavourable to penetration of horizontal armour that it is actually off the scale of contemporaneous German penetration charts. Moreover, computer-generated profiles of Hood show that a shell falling at this angle could not have reached an aft magazine without first passing through some part of the belt armour. On the other hand, the 12-inch belt could have been penetrated, if Hood had progressed sufficiently far into her final turn.[85]
A more recent development is the discovery of Hood's wreck. Inspection of the wreck has confirmed that the aft magazines did indeed explode. The stern of the Hood was located, with the rudder still in place, and it was found that this was set to port at the time of the explosion. Furthermore, a section of the bow immediately forward of 'A' turret is missing, which has led historian and former Dartmouth lecturer Eric J. Grove and expedition leader David Mearns to believe that "either just before or just after leaving the surface, the bow suffered massive internal damage from an internal explosion",[86] possibly a partial detonation of the forward 15-inch magazines.
It has been suggested that the fatal fire spread from the aft end of the ship through the starboard fuel tanks, since the starboard side of Hood "appears to be missing most, if not all of its torpedo bulge plating".[86]
The evidence of the wreck refutes Goodall's theory of a torpedo explosion, while the eyewitness evidence of venting from the 4-inch magazine prior to the main explosion conflicts with the theory that the Hood was blown up by her own guns. The other theories listed above remain valid possibilities.[87]
In 2001, British broadcaster Channel 4 commissioned shipwreck hunter David Mearns and his company, Blue Water Recoveries, to locate the wreck of Hood, and if possible, produce underwater footage of both the battlecruiser and her attacker, Bismarck. This was to be used for a major event documentary to be aired on the 60th anniversary of the ships' battle.[88] This was the first time anyone had attempted to locate Hood's resting place.[89] Mearns had spent the previous six years privately researching the fate of Hood with the goal of finding the battlecruiser, and had acquired the support of the Royal Navy, the HMS Hood Association and other veterans groups, and the last living survivor, Ted Briggs.[88]
The search team and equipment had to be organised within four months, to take advantage of a narrow window of calm conditions in the North Atlantic. Organisation of the search was complicated by the presence on board of a documentary team and their film equipment, along with a television journalist who made live news reports via satellite during the search. The search team also planned to stream video from the remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) directly to Channel 4's website.[88]
After footage of Bismarck was collected, Mearns and the search team began scanning a 600-square-nautical-mile (2,100 km2) search box for Hood; completely covering the area was estimated to take six days. Areas that Mearns felt were more likely to hold the wreck were prioritised, and the side-scan sonar located the battlecruiser in the 39th hour of the search.[89]
Hood's wreck lies on the seabed in pieces among two debris fields at a depth of about 2,800 metres (9,200 ft).[90] The eastern field includes the small piece of the stern that survived the magazine explosion, as well as the surviving section of the bow and some smaller remains such as the propellers. The 4-inch fire-control director lies in the western debris field. The heavily armoured conning tower is located by itself a distance from the main wreck. The amidships section, the biggest part of the wreck to survive the explosions, lies inverted south of the eastern debris field in a large impact crater. The starboard side of the amidships section is missing down to the inner wall of the fuel tanks and the plates of the hull are curling outward; this has been interpreted as indicating the path of the explosion through the starboard fuel tanks.
It is further supposed that the small debris fields are the fragments from the aft hull where the magazines and turrets were located, since that section of the hull was totally destroyed in the explosion. The fact that the bow section separated just forward of 'A' turret is suggestive that a secondary explosion might have occurred in this area.[91] Other researchers have claimed that the final salvo fired by Hood was not a salvo at all, but flame from the forward magazine explosion, which gave the illusion of Hood firing for the last time.[92] This damage, ahead of the armoured bulkhead, could have been implosion damage suffered while Hood sank, as a torpedo room that had been removed during one of her last refits approximates the site of the break.
It was the opinion of Mearns and White who investigated the wreck that this was unlikely as the damage was far too limited in scale, nor could it account for the outwardly splayed plates also observed in that area.[93] Bill Jurens points out that there was no magazine of any kind at the location of the break and that the location of the break just forward of the forward transverse armoured bulkhead suggests that the ship's structure failed there as a result of stresses inflicted when the bow was lifted into the vertical position by the sinking stern section. Furthermore, the current position of the plates at the edge of the break only reflects their last position, not the direction that they first moved.[94]
The forward section lies on its port side, with the amidships section keel up. The stern section rises from the seabed at an angle. This position shows the rudder locked into a 20° port turn, confirming that orders had been given (just prior to the aft magazines detonating) to change the ship's heading and bring the aft turrets 'X' and 'Y' to bear on the German ships.[95]
In 2002, the site was officially designated a war grave by the British government. As such, it remains a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act of 1986.[96]
Expeditions to retrieve ship's bell[edit]
In 2012, the British Government gave permission for Mearns to return to the site of Hood's final resting place to retrieve one of her two ship's bells which were lying in a small open debris field some way from the wreck herself. With the backing of the HMS Hood Association, Mearns planned to return the bell to Portsmouth where it would form part of the first official and permanent memorial to the sacrifice of her last crew at the newly refitted National Museum of the Royal Navy.[97][98]
The expedition also took the opportunity to re-film the wreck and survey her using techniques unavailable in 2001. As before, with the exception of the attempted retrieval of the ship's bell, a strict look-but-don't-touch policy was adhered to.
The original attempt, sponsored by Paul Allen and using his yacht Octopus, was abandoned after ten days in September 2012 due to unfavourable weather conditions.[90] In 2015, the same team attempted a second recovery operation and the Hood's bell was finally retrieved on 7 August 2015. It is expected to undergo conservation work before being put on display.[99]
Surviving relics[edit]
Some relics from the time of Hood's sinking still exist. A large fragment of the wooden transom from one of Hood's boats was washed up in Norway after her loss and is preserved in the National Maritime Museum in London.[100] A metal container holding administrative papers was discovered washed ashore on the Norwegian island of Senja in April 1942, almost a year after the Battle of the Denmark Strait. The container and its contents were subsequently lost, but its lid survived and was eventually presented to the Royal Navy shore establishment HMS Centurion in 1981.[100][101]
Other surviving relics are items that were removed from the ship prior to her sinking:
5.5-inch guns[edit]
Two of Hood's 5.5-inch guns were removed and replaced during a refit in 1935, and subsequently shipped to Ascension Island, where they were installed as a shore battery in 1941, sited on a hill above the port and main settlement, Georgetown,[Note 3] where they remain. The guns were restored by the Royal Air Force in 1984.[13]
The Ascension Island guns saw action only once, on 9 December 1941, when they fired on the German U-boat U-124,[102] as it approached Georgetown on the surface to shell the cable station or sink any ships at anchor. No hits were scored, but the submarine crash-dived.[103]
Fragments of propeller from a collision with HMS Renown[edit]
As a result of a collision off the coast of Spain on 23 January 1935, one of Hood's propellers struck the bow of Renown. While dry-docked for repairs, Renown had fragments of this propeller removed from her bilge section. The pieces of the propeller were kept by dockyard workers: "Hood" v "Renown" Jan. 23rd. 1935 was stamped on one surviving example, and "Hood V Renown off Arosa 23–1–35" on another. Of the known surviving pieces, one is privately held and another was given by the Hood family to the Hood Association in 2006.[100] Recently a third piece has come to light in Glasgow, where the Hood was built. It is held by a private collector and stamped HMS HOOD v HMS RENOWN 23 1 35.[104]
- ^ According to the testimony of Captain Leach, "... between one and two seconds after I formed that impression [of a hit on Hood] an explosion took place in the Hood " (Jurens, p. 131)
- ^ Actor Jon Pertwee had been a sailor in Hood, but was transferred shortly before the Bismarck action for officer training.
- ^ 7°55′36.71″S 14°24′19.03″W / 7.9268639°S 14.4052861°W – corrected from Google Earth, which has a public domain picture of the emplaced weapons
- ^ Taylor, p. 15
- ^ "FAQ". HMS Hood Association. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
- ^ Roberts 1997, pp. 60–61
- ^ a b c d e Raven and Roberts, p. 67
- ^ Taylor, pp. 92, 94
- ^ Taylor, p. 92
- ^ Taylor, p. 123
- ^ Taylor, p. 231
- ^ Roberts 1997, pp. 76, 79, 80
- ^ Campbell, pp. 25–28
- ^ Roberts 1997, p. 89
- ^ a b c Burt, p. 297
- ^ a b "HMS Hood's 5.5" Guns on Ascension Islands". HMS Hood Association. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- ^ Campbell, p. 40
- ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 193, 195
- ^ Campbell, p. 56
- ^ a b c Raven and Roberts, p. 195
- ^ Campbell, pp. 71–74
- ^ Campbell, p. 78
- ^ Campbell, p. 100
- ^ Roberts 2001, pp. 17–18
- ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 68
- ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 189
- ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 189–95
- ^ Burt, p. 308
- ^ a b Roberts 2001, p. 21
- ^ Burt, pp. 297–98
- ^ Friedman, pp. 168–9, 171–72
- ^ Roberts 1997, p. 113
- ^ a b c Burt, p. 299
- ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 68–69
- ^ Roberts 1997, p. 111
- ^ Taylor, p. 78
- ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 189–91
- ^ a b c "Designing HMS Hood". HMS Hood Association. 30 November 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
- ^ Preston 2002, p. 96
- ^ Hone, p. 23
- ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 76
- ^ Morison and Polmar, pp. 71–72
- ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 90
- ^ Burt, p. 298
- ^ Brown, pp. 170–71
- ^ Taylor, pp. 15, 19
- ^ Parkes, p. 644
- ^ Burt, pp. 295, 303
- ^ Taylor, p. 20
- ^ Taylor, pp. 234–35
- ^ Taylor, pp. 70, 236
- ^ Bastock, p. 38
- ^ Taylor, pp. 236–38
- ^ Taylor, pp. 237–38
- ^ Taylor, pp. 165–66, 167
- ^ Burt, pp. 309–10
- ^ Taylor, pp. 172–3, 238–40
- ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 191
- ^ Taylor, p. 240
- ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 195–97
- ^ Raven and Roberts, p. 197
- ^ Taylor, p. 39
- ^ Taylor, pp. 192, 240–41
- ^ Taylor, pp. 202–03
- ^ Taylor, pp. 241–42
- ^ Stephen, pp. 74–76
- ^ Kennedy, pp. 78, 108
- ^ Taylor, pp. 218–21
- ^ a b Jurens, et al., p. 4
- ^ Taylor, p. 221
- ^ "HMS Hood Association: Frequently Asked Questions". HMS Hood Association. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- ^ Taylor, p. 224
- ^ Stephen, pp. 81–83, 97
- ^ Taylor, p. 226
- ^ "ADM 116/4351: Report on the Loss of HMS Hood". HMS Hood Association. 16 March 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ a b "ADM 116/4351: Report on the Loss of HMS Hood". HMS Hood Association. 16 March 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
- ^ Jurens, p. 139
- ^ Chesneau, p. 173
- ^ "HMS Hood Crew Information". HMS Hood Association. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
- ^ "Memorials in Southsea — Portsmouth Naval Memorial". InPortsmouth. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
- ^ "Tombstone of H. and George Spinner". Retrieved 3 July 2010.
- ^ Jurens 1987, p. 139
- ^ Jurens 1987, pp. 147–51
- ^ Jurens 1987, p. 152
- ^ Jurens 1987, pp. 152–53
- ^ Preston 1979, p. 109
- ^ Jurens 1987, p. 154
- ^ Jurens 1987, pp. 122–61
- ^ a b "The July 2001 Channel 4 Expedition to Locate and Film the Wrecks of Hood and Bismarck". HMS Hood Association. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
- ^ Jurens et al., p. 16
- ^ a b c Mearns, p. 75
- ^ a b Mearns, p. 76
- ^ a b "Recovery of HMS Hood's ship's bell abandoned". BBC News. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
- ^ Mearns and White, pp. 206–07
- ^ Chesneau, p. 179
- ^ Mearns and White, p. 206
- ^ Jurens, et al., p. 15
- ^ Chesneau, p. 180
- ^ "Statutory Instrument 2006 No. 2616 The Protection of Military Remains Act of 1986 (Designation of Vessels and Controlled Sites) Order 2006". Queen's Printer of Acts of Parliament. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
- ^ "Recovery of H.M.S. Hood's Bell". HMS Hood Association. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ "H.M.S. Hood's Bell news release" (PDF). Royal Navy. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ "HMS Hood's bell has been successfully recovered". Paul Allen. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
- ^ a b c "Relics and Artefacts from Hood". HMS Hood Association. 13 September 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
- ^ "Relics of HMS Hood – Ledger Container Lid". HMS Hood Association. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
- ^ "U-124". uboat.net. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ Graham Avis (9 February 2002). "And So Back To Conflict". History of Ascension. Ascension Island Heritage Society. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ "HMS Hood v HMS Renown propeller fragment".
- Brown, David K. (2003). The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922 (reprint of the 1999 ed.). London: Caxton Editions. ISBN 1-84067-531-4.
- Bastock, John (1975). Australia's Ships of War. Cremorne, NSW: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-12927-4.
- Burt, R. A. (1993). British Battleships, 1919–1939. London: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 1-85409-068-2.
- Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
- Chesneau, Roger (2002). Hood — Life and Death of a Battlecruiser. London: Cassell Publishing. ISBN 0-304-35980-7.
- Friedman, Norman (1978). Battleship Design and Development 1905–1945. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-135-1.
- Johnston, Ian; Buxton, Ian (2013). The Battleship Builders - Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships (Hardback) . Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-027-6.
- Hone, Trent (2011). "High-Speed Thoroughbreds: The US Navy's Lexington Class Battle Cruiser Designs". In Jordan, John. Warship 2011. London: Conway. ISBN 978-1-84486-133-0.
- Jurens, Bill (1987). "The Loss of HMS Hood—A Re-Examination". Warship International. Toledo, OH: International Naval Research Organization. XXIV (2): 122–180. ISSN 0043-0374.
- Jurens, William; Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O., Jr.; Roberts, John; Fiske, Richard (2002). "A Marine Forensic Analysis of HMS Hood and DKM Bismarck" (pdf). The Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
- Kennedy, Ludovic (1974). Pursuit: The Chase and Sinking of the Bismarck. London: Wm Collins & Sons. ISBN 0-304-35526-7.
- Mearns, David (2009). The Search for the Sydney. Pymble, NSW: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7322-8889-1. OCLC 301679923.
- Mearns, David; White, Rob (2001). Hood and Bismarck: The Deep Sea Discovery of an Epic Battle. London: Channel 4. ISBN 0-7522-2035-7.
- Morison, Samuel Loring; Polmar, Norman (2003). The American Battleship. St. Paul, MN: MBI. ISBN 0-7603-0989-2.
- Parkes, Oscar (1990). British Battleships (reprint of the 1957 ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4.
- Preston, Antony (1979). Sea Power: A Modern Illustrated Military History. London: Phoebus Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89673-011-5.
- Preston, Antony (2002). The World's Worst Warships. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-754-6.
- Raven, Alan; Roberts, John (1976). British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-817-4.
- Roberts, John (1997). Battlecruisers. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-068-1.
- Roberts, John (2001). The Battlecruiser Hood. Anatomy of the Ship (Revised ed.). London: Conway. ISBN 0-85177-900-X.
- Stephen, Martin (1988). Sea Battles in Close-Up: World War 2. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-556-6.
- Taylor, Bruce (2008). The Battlecruiser HMS Hood: An Illustrated Biography, 1916–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-86176-216-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: |
- HMS Hood Association
- HMS Hood Today – Wreck Overview Description of the wreck state, and many annotated photographs.
- Books and Magazines
- Official Records Pertaining to HMS Hood
- Battle of the Denmark Strait Documentation Resource
- Hunt for the Hood Includes colour photographs and a log of the expedition.
- HMS Hood 1920 Official Royal Navy page.
- Battle of Denmark Strait A song tribute to the Hood.
- Obituary of Ted Briggs – last survivor.
- Imperial War Museum Interview with survivor Robert Tilburn
- 1918 ships
- 2001 archaeological discoveries
- Admiral-class battlecruisers
- Clyde-built ships
- Maritime incidents in May 1941
- Protected Wrecks of the United Kingdom
- Battlecruisers of the Royal Navy
- World War II battlecruisers of the United Kingdom
- World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
- Naval magazine explosions
- Saint Helena and Dependencies in World War II


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text:
This is not about the American Dream or a Horatio Alger story. (Does anybody remember him?) Nor is it mythmaking. It's made of sterner stuff than that. Although there are 16,000 or so books about Lincoln, and a famous movie with Henry Fonda as the young Lincoln, there's enough freshness in this late portrait to animate anyone eligible to watch a movie with the PG-13 rating.
To whet an appetite, there's the excerpt available on the Internet where the president, played by Daniel Day Lewis, explains his political philosophy to two young men working in the White House telegraph office. Lincoln recalls Euclid's 2,000-year-old dissertation on mechanical reasoning, the principle that "things that are equal to the same thing are equal to each other." Euclid says it's "self-evident." Lincoln agrees.
Such nuggets of wisdom abound, along with references from Shakespeare and a bawdy story about a portrait of George Washington hanging in an outhouse to inspire relief for British soldiers in the Revolutionary War. Lincoln was a learned man, but he was earthy, too. He drew on deep learning and applied it widely. He talks in parables and finds a story to illustrate just about every situation and strategy.
In one scene, while he waits with his Cabinet for news of the shelling of Wilmington, N.C., he begins a story: "I heard tell once." The phrase so exasperates Secretary of War Edwin Stanton that he walks away, telling the president, "I don't believe that I can bear to hear another one of your stories right now." This is no marble president on a pedestal.
But Steven Spielberg's "Lincoln" is an epic of sorts. It begins in the middle of things. The Civil War, though nearing the end, has been going on for four years. Lincoln is the old "war horse," but unlike Spielberg's earlier movie of that name, "Lincoln" has only one brutal battle scene.
The most poignant evocation of war shows Lincoln riding through a field of ripped and rotting corpses, and Lincoln takes off his stovepipe hat in homage to the dead, North and South and Americans all. This is not a hymn to "arms and the man" so much as a long mournful dirge played on the strings of banjos, fiddles and the keys of a parlor piano. It's as gritty and earthbound as the America of Mark Twain.
This "Lincoln" is not about heroism and ideals, but about reality and fighting for what's right, even when "right" is seen from two distinctly different points of view -- or, as Lincoln puts it, "the right as God gives us to see the right." If there was no room to compromise over slavery before the war, the struggles for compromise are not over afterward because the winds of war still blow. They merely change direction.
While every schoolchild knows that Abe Lincoln freed the slaves, not many that I've met actually know how he did it. Few seem to understand that the Emancipation Proclamation freed only the slaves in the 11 Confederate states. Fewer still know why Lincoln thought it crucial before he began his second term, and before the war was over, to enact the 13th Amendment to give all men equality under the law. That's the tight focus of the movie.
I watched "Lincoln" with two precocious teenagers, who in spite of their bravado and smarts leaned toward the screen to listen closely to Lincoln's complicated and legalistic explanation of why the country needed the 13th Amendment. They conceded they learned things they didn't know about both the law and Lincoln. (So did I.)
This is a talky movie. Compared to popular 3-D spectacles, it's muted and low-key. Many reviewers have written about how it's "relevant" today, and that Barack Obama could learn from Lincoln's cunning to keep from falling off the fiscal cliff. A knowing titter goes through audiences in Washington when Thaddeus Stevens, the radical Republican abolitionist from Pennsylvania, castigates Lincoln for his inability to win legislative compromise. "I lead," Lincoln says. "You ought to try it."
But it's about a lot more than relevance. It informs as it entertains, engages, enrages, champions, challenges and reminds once again how hard it is to bring about change in a democracy -- and do it with malice toward none.


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Steven Sinofsky / MSDN Blogs:
Metro style browsing and plug-in free HTML5 … For the web to move forward and for consumers to get the most out of touch-first browsing, the Metro style browser in Windows 8 is as HTML5-only as possible, and plug-in free. The experience that plug-ins provide today is not a good match …
Technologizer, VentureBeat, CNET News, Computerworld, PC Magazine, Ars Technica, Gamasutra, Cult of Mac, The Brooks Review, InfoQ, InfoWorld, Electronista, eWeek, ITProPortal, Lifehacker, AllThingsD, The Register, ITworld.com, blog.chron.com, TechSpot, WinRumors, Hardware 2.0 Blog, Liliputing, This is my next, AnandTech and ConceivablyTech
Mat Honan / Gizmodo:
If You Already Hate Windows 8 Then You Hate Technology — I hate the term fanboy. It's a pejorative meant to denigrate someone's opinion. A conversation-ender. After applying it to someone, really there's nothing left to say. But seeing the reaction to Windows 8, I get why people use it.
Todd Bishop / GeekWire:
First Look: Xbox Live on Windows 8 (Video)
First Look: Xbox Live on Windows 8 (Video)
Engadget, This is my next, The Microsoft Blog, All about Microsoft Blog, WinRumors, The Windows Blog, The Next Web and Redmond Pie
Tom Warren / WinRumors:
iPad iOS 5 vs Windows 8 Slate [video]
iPad iOS 5 vs Windows 8 Slate [video]
App Advice, BGR, 9to5Mac, GottaBeMobile, SlashGear and Cult of Mac, Thanks:marylin_ad
Ina Fried / AllThingsD:
Research In Motion Earnings At Low End of Forecast as Cash Drops by Half — BlackBerry manufacturer Research In Motion said on Thursday reported sales and earnings at the low end of its forecast and below what many analysts had been expecting. — The smartphone and tablet maker said that revenue …
Between the Lines Blog, Guardian, GigaOM, LAPTOP Magazine, Digital Trends, CNET News, The Tech Trade, Business Insider, Tech Trader Daily, Shiny Objects, BGR, Computerworld, This is my next, VentureBeat, Market Wire, Tech Trader Daily, Between the Lines Blog, BGR, Gizmodo, GottaBeMobile, SlashGear, FierceWireless, Reuters and The Next Web
Steve Kovach / Business Insider:
OUCH! RIM Shipped Just 200,000 PlayBooks Last Quarter — RIM's earnings are out! — It's not good. Major miss. — The PlayBook numbers are really, really bad. Just 200,000 shipped versus estimates of 600,000 to 700,000. — Ouch! — Perspective: Apple shipped …
paidContent, SplatF, The Loop, @johnprice167 and Liliputing
Alastair Sharp / Reuters:
BlackBerry maker RIM profit falls 47 percent
BlackBerry maker RIM profit falls 47 percent
Engadget, CrackBerry.com blogs and @thehartley
Jessica E. Vascellaro / Digits:
Arrington Talks New Blog (and How He ALMOST Stayed at AOL) — Michael Arrington is returning to the blogosphere. — The blogger, who is leaving AOL and TechCrunch over a fight over his new venture capital fund, said in an interview that he plans to start a personal blog in the coming days.
Business Insider
Michael Arrington / @arrington:
I'll be launching my new (personal) blog in a couple of days.
I'll be launching my new (personal) blog in a couple of days.
VatorNews, Betabeat, L.A. Times Tech Blog, @paulcarr, @arrington and @johnmaloney
Jason Kincaid / TechCrunch:
Barry Diller Skewers AOL For Firing Michael Arrington From TechCrunch
Barry Diller Skewers AOL For Firing Michael Arrington From TechCrunch
MediaPost, Real Dan Lyons Web Site and Business Insider, more at Mediagazer »
Jemima Kiss / Guardian:
More TechCrunch drama as Arrington-backed startup wins blog's contest — Despite claiming transparency, TechCrunch readers are not convinced that a 'Habbo Hotel for Facebook' was a deserving winner of a coveted award — If you were wondering what that rumbling, thunderous sound is …
VentureBeat, bizjournals, Digital Trends, Epicenter, New World Notes, TechCrunch Disrupt SF 2011, Daring Fireball and @paulcarr
Phil Goldstein / FierceWireless:
AT&T to launch LTE Sunday, Sept. 18 — AT&T Mobility (NYSE:T) will launch its first five LTE markets this Sunday Sept. 18, AT&T CFO John Stephens said during an appearance at the Bank of America Merrill Lynch Media, Entertainment & Communications conference.
Krishna Panicker / The Big Blog:
New Facebook Integration with Skype 5.4 for Mac OS X Beta — You may have noticed that we now release updates for Skype for Mac quicker than ever before. We've released a number of updates in 2011 which included, amongst other features, a brand new interface, video call control bar and HD-quality video calling.
9to5Mac, ReadWriteWeb, PC Magazine, MacRumors, The Next Web, GigaOM, Mashable!, MacStories, VentureBeat, SlashGear, CNET News, Electronista, TUAW and Cult of Mac
Jay Yarow / Business Insider:
Google Working On A "Mind-Blowing" Flipboard Copycat — Not exactly shocking, since Google likes to try copying all hot products, but it's apparently working on a Flipboard copycat, according to Robert Scoble. — Scoble posted the scoop on Google+ citing a source working with Google.
Robert Scoble and GigaOM, more at Mediagazer »
Nicholas Carlson / Business Insider:
Google Is Secretly Spending Hundreds Of Millions Of Dollars Turning YouTube Into A Cable Alternative — Now we know what Google's "big ass ideas" for YouTube, Web TV, and (maybe) Hulu are: build an alternative to cable. — Last spring, news broke that Google would spend $100 million loading YouTube up with original content.
Felix Salmon
MG Siegler / TechCrunch:
Google+ Opens First APIs: Read-Only And No Circle Access For Now — A week ago, we noted the talk amongst developers that a Google+ API could be months away. The next day, we learned that Google was reaching out to "trusted" developers — among them, Google Ventures-backed startups — to try out their early stab at the API.
Inside Social Games, Open Source Blog, Business Insider, Google Developers and Technology Review
David Flynn / Australian Business Traveller:
Boeing chooses Android for 787 Dreamliner's entertainment system — While Apple continues to score wins in the use of its iPad for inflight entertainment, Boeing has chosen its nemesis - Google's Android operating system - to provide music, video and even airline-specific apps for the next-gen 787 Dreamliner.
GeekWire, SlashGear, Gizmodo and GottaBeMobile
Edwin Chan / Reuters:
HP execs misled investors before August stock crash: lawsuit — (Reuters) - Hewlett-Packard Co and top executives misled investors for months before unveiling a series of major decisions, such as the demise of the TouchPad, that hammered its shares, a shareholder alleged in a proposed class-action lawsuit filed this week.
Between the Lines Blog and The Next Web
Stuart Miles / Pocket-lint:
Qualcomm details next-gen 2.5GHz Snapdragon processors — Your phone is only going to get faster and better in the future, according to Qualcomm, as it's outlined the next step for its Snapdragon processor at its Innovation Qualcomm event in Istanbul. — The company's processors …
Electronista, PhoneArena, TechSpot, Liliputing and IntoMobile
Diane Bartz / Reuters:
Fifteen lawmakers ask Obama to OK AT&T merger — (Reuters) - Fifteen Democratic lawmakers asked the Obama administration on Thursday to approve AT&T Inc's proposed purchase of T-Mobile USA. — Representative Heath Shuler and 14 other Democrats sent a letter to President Barack Obama arguing that the deal …
Heath Shuler, GeekWire, PC Magazine, L.A. Times Tech Blog, MediaFile, TechFlash and TechCrunch
Philip Elmer-DeWitt / Fortune:
Apple's brand value rises to No. 2 in the world, after Google — The Apple logo is now worth $39.3 billion according to Brand Finance — 30 Top U.S. Brands. Click to enlarge. Source: Brand Finance — Microsoft (MSFT) is down 9% to $39 billion. Google (GOOG) is up 9% to nearly $48.3 billion.
PhoneArena, 9to5Google, 9to5Mac, Mashable! and Electronista
Eric Franklin / CNET News:
Archos G9 tablets offer high storage at low prices — Each G9 tablet includes 250GB of storage. The 10.1-inch 101 G9 is pictured here. — Last month we briefly covered Archos' two new tablets, and now the company has seen fit to provide us with more details. Some of them are quite juicy.
Ars Technica, TechCrunch, Gizmodo, Engadget and Liliputing
Om Malik / GigaOM:
Instagram wannabes... Today when I was reading about Vlix, a mobile video sharing app that adds Instagram-like filters, which is joining a long line of start-ups and apps that are trying to do precisely the same thing, I was reminded of what Detroit Tigers manager Jim Leyland said - "You can't appoint a leader; it just happens."
Eric Savitz / The Tech Trade:
Facebook Should Buy WebOS, Jefferies Analyst Proposes — Well, here is the weirdest idea of the day so far. — Jefferies analyst Peter Misek wrote in a research note this morning that Facebook would be the best buyer for Hewlett-Packard's WebOS software business.
BGR, eWeek and Tech Trader Daily
Dan Levine / Reuters:
Bulk of Oracle copyright claims vs Google allowed — (Reuters) - A U.S. judge will allow the bulk of Oracle Corp's copyright infringement claims against Google Inc over the Java programing language, according to a court ruling on Thursday. — Oracle sued Google last year …
Adam Wiggins / Heroku:
Facebook and Heroku — We're delighted to announce that Facebook and Heroku have teamed up to bring you the fastest and easiest way to get your own Facebook app up and running in the cloud. — Facebook apps have long been a major segment on the Heroku platform.
VentureBeat, Friending Facebook Blog, InfoQ, Inside Facebook, GigaOM and Facebook Developers
Peter Kafka / AllThingsD:
Netflix Cuts Its Guidance by One Million Subscribers — Netflix, which instituted a price hike earlier this fall, says the higher costs are turning off more customers than it expected. The video rental company has cut its third-quarter U.S. subscriber projections from 25 million subscribers to 24 million, a four percent cut.
paidContent, MediaPost, VatorNews, Tech Trader Daily, GigaOM, Between the Lines Blog, Ars Technica, ReadWriteWeb, NBC Bay Area, CNET News, BetaNews, VentureBeat, Webomatica and The Tech Trade


text: How did this Jeep leave the factory with the wrong parts?Justin Hyde9/01/11 3:30pmFiled to: LOLCarsjeep wranglerDefects311EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Upscale versions of the Jeep Wrangler now eschew the bare plastic trim for painted wheel arches and roofs. But one owner, after taking his 2012 Jeep Wrangler Sahara home, noticed that the wheel arches on one side weren't color-matched. In fact, they were the wheel arches from the 2011 model year Wrangler. That's got us wondering how the hell this Wrangler left the plant like this. Luckly,"mathjak107," a JeepsUnlimited forum member, says the dealer has vowed to fix the mismatch under warranty, installing the proper black painted wheel flares on the driver's side instead of the Rubbermaid-like plastic ones. But it's a little strange that no one noticed the switcheroo until now. Advertisement Advertisement Quality meeting at the Toledo plant in 3...2...1...Reply311 repliesLeave a reply


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Best Pellet smoker/grill?????
Discussion in 'The Huntingne Chuckwagon' started by ducks-inn, Feb 15, 2012.


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Term: Sparrow\'s Tongue
Sparrow's Tongue: Code used in spells and recipes by Pagans, ancient doctors, alchemists, etc. going back to the Greek Magical Papyri. It means Knotweed.
Many grimoires and books of magic use animals and their parts as codes for herbs and other materials. Here are a number of them, some from the Greek Magical Papyri (see PGM XII:401-44), a work composed between 200BC and 500AD. Others come from Galen ... Relevance: 18% Summary:A unique and masterful blending of three of the most important Tarot decks, with beautiful and symbolic art. Highly valuable and usable by new and experienced Tarot workers.
Name of deck: Lo Scarabeo Tarot
Publisher: Lo Scarabeo
ISBN: ... Relevance: 2% There is lot to be said about how one speaks the words of ritual. Some words, particularly those in languages other than your native tongue, should be spoken in a special manner—in a slow, sonorous, or deep and resonating voice. Think of the ... Relevance: 2% Druidism can be used synonymously with the phrases Celtic religion and Celtic magic. In order to enter into this magico-religious system, a familiarity with mythology is necessary. Celtic mythology is best represented in the Irish Book of Invasions ... Relevance: 2% Summary: If you are a collector, either of fine artwork or of Tarot decks, this is an excellent addition. If you are fascinated by the Arthurian myths but don't know too much about them, this deck, combined with the book included in the set, ... Relevance: 2% The ancient Druids considered it profane to record their teachings in writing. All of their teachings were handed down by spoken word in verses or stories. People at different levels taught different categories of the ancient lore.
The highest in ... Relevance: 2% Voodoo and Witchcraft are the two most misunderstood religions in the world. Each has a public image and an inner reality. Most frequently that public image has little to do with the private, inner and real religion.
Voodoo is a mixture of ... Relevance: 2%
How do you
choose a crystal that's right for you? How do you know which one will help you?
Listen to your inner self, and select the crystal that's interesting and
attractive to you.
The best way
is to handle and hold it, being sensitive to ... Relevance: 2% The power to change things in conformity with will or desire. It is a function of focused consciousness accompanied by a force of Love intending change by reaching down into the Universal Field where everything exists as potential until affected by ... Relevance: 2% Magical ceremonial can be built up and elaborated to forms of great subtlety and complexity, but the initial principles which cause its creation are simple in the extreme. In the first place, ceremonial is a different thing from meditation, and it ... Relevance: 2% |


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Wed 17th Oct at 6:30pm, 7:00pm, 8:00pm & 8:30pm
The Hotel Plays By Tennessee Williams - Green Eyes / The Travelling Companion / Sunburst
@ Grange Holborn Hotel, London
Featuring: Defibrillator Theatre Company
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See all dates for The Hotel Plays By Tennessee Williams - Green Eyes / The Travelling Companion / Sunburst
The Hotel Plays By Tennessee Williams - Green Eyes / The Travelling Companion / Sunburst: Defibrillator Theatre Company
Green Eyes directed by James Hillier:
Written in 1970 but unpublished for almost 40 years, this lost thriller graphically reveals the impact of war through the sexual fantasies of a newly-wed couple in New Orleans. Green Eyes transforms a honeymoon suite into a battleground where desire and violence become blurred and indistinguishable.
Sunburst directed by Robert Hastie:
A retired actress Miss Sails, falls hostage to two young men scheming to steal her priceless sunburst diamond. But Miss Sails is no Southern Belle...
The Travelling Companion directed by Anthony Banks:
An inexperienced hustler and an insecure older writer negotiate their relationship together in a hotel room. But who really needs who? Will either of them ever truly find the companionship that they so desperately seek?
Not suitable for under 16s.
Defibrillator Theatre Company
A fresh and vibrant London-based company, whose aim is to bring dynamic and thrilling theatre and performance to audiences around the world.
Defibrillator Theatre Company tour dates
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Venue Facts
Venue: Grange Holborn Hotel
50-60 Southampton Row
Website: grangehotels.com/hotels-london/grange-holborn-hotel/grange-holborn-hotel.aspx
→ St Pancras (London) 15 min walk
→ St Pancras 15 min walk
→ Farringdon 16 min walk


text: The Humanities Department offers six minors - American Studies, Creative Writing, History, Literature, Performing Arts, and Spanish Language Studies. A minor provides students the opportunity to deepen their understanding and expertise in an additional area of study. A 2.0 [C] average must be maintained within a minor program of study in order to complete the minor, with some programs having additional earned-grade requirements.


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kymearra needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 118 designs submitted by 36 freelance designers.
Mai Sewing - http://maisewing.com.au
Mai Sewing is a sewing service provider located in Melbourne, Australia. We can sew anything for anyone that requires sewing. E.g. sewing materials together for furniture, sofa covers etc. we also do custom sewing jobs for the industrial and commercial industries.
Projects we've worked in the past include sewing Aeroplane seats, sofas, chairs, ottomans, bean bags, etc.
We can basically sew anything, aslong as customers come to us and ask for an enquiry/quote.
Anyone looking for sewing.
This can be directed to large businesses already existent and looking for a sewing contractor, and can also be directed to small businesses looking for sewing. Or someone who is looking for a custom sewing job to be done.
Our primarily services include:
Custom Sewing Contractor
Furniture Sewing
Sewing for Commercial
Sewing for Industrial
We're looking for a completely new logo.
The one that is currently on our website (to be launched soon) is just an example which we won't be using so please ignore this.
The logo should have the words "Mai Sewing" in it, we do not want a sub-heading or subheading or anything. Just "Mai Sewing".
We might be interested in a logo (unique shape) to be placed next to the text, we're up for anything really, be creative and let your imagine run free! We'll rate all entries.
We'd like it to be modern of course, as we hope to expand our business further into other states and countries, so something with a global appeal would be nice. But as said before, not entirely necessary.
We also wouldn't mind having a picture of a sewing machine or something unique to tell the customer that we're involved with sewing. This is completely up to you guys and where you want to go with our new logo is up to you.
Words to describe the logo would include: fresh, modern, clean, professional, striking and vivid.
We don't mind having bright colours in the logo aswell. The site is based around a blue colour which is #00A6E5, so you could include the use of this colour in the logo as well. Any font is ok too
We'll most likely be looking for the winner to be involved in other projects including Print for the company (e.g. Business cards, cover letters, letters etc.).


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Retailers' Descriptions
Here's what other sites are saying:
Outrun the spring chill in this ultra-light, sweetly minimal jacket. It's made from lightweight, water-shedding Omni-Shield fabric that's uber sleek and has a subtle sheen.We pieced in stretchy Omni-Freeze jersey under the arms and down the sides for supreme range of motion and advanced cooling power. Key features include: Zip-closed hand pockets, contoured cuffs, drop tail and drawcord, adjustable hem. Reflective details light up the shoulder and center back to keep you visible in low-light conditions. FEATURES : Fabric: 100% polyester Windowpane triple rip, 91% polyester/9% elastane Freezer jersey Omni-Freeze advanced cooling Omni-Shield advanced repellency Hybrid for stretch and breathability Vented Drawcord adjustable hem Drop tail Zip-closed pockets Contoured cuff Reflective detail Center back length: 25.5" Imported
- Columbia
Outrun the spring chill in ultra-light, minimalist style. The Columbia Power Paces jacket is made of moisture-wicking, water-shedding Omni-Shield(R) fabric with a subtle sheen. Polyester fabric with Omni-Shield technology repels stains and light rain. Stretchy Omni-Freeze ICE(R) jersey fabric under arms and down sides provides flexibility and increased ventilation. Droptail hem and contoured cuffs provide extra coverage. Drawcord hem; front zip pockets. The Columbia Power Paces jacket has reflective detailing to increase your visibility in low light. Closeout.
The Columbia Women's Power Paces Softshell Jacket combines clean style and technologically advanced materials to keep you covered on hot days. Wear this jacket when you want to stay cool but you don't want to leave your skin exposed to the sun.
- Backcountry.com
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Columbia Women's Power Paces Jacket
previously retailed for:
$29.73 - $65.00
$29.73 - $65.00
The Columbia Women's Power Paces Jacket is not available from the stores we monitor. It was last seen August 19, 2014 at Columbia.
If you're looking for a new soft shell jacket, check out the best reviewed current models.


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Sunday, March 26, 2017 6:56 PM
Online kurzy měn pro Čínský jüan (CNH) na Koruna česká (CCK).
Forexová data jsou aktualizována každých 5 minut.
Chcete-li převést měny, pak prosím přejděte na Koruna česká (CCK) na Čínský jüan (CNH).
Převodník měn používá nejnovější kurzy Forexu.
The Chinese renminbi (symbol: ¥; currency code: CNY, CNH – when traded in Hong Kong –) is the official currency of the People's Republic of China. It is often abbreviated as RMB or CN¥, to distinguish between it and other currencies with the same symbol. The basic unit of the renminbi is the yuan, which is often employed to refer to the Chinese currency in general. One (1) yuan is equal to ten (10) jiao, and one (1) jiao is equal to ten (10) fen.
The renminbi is issued by the People's Bank of China and, as of 2015, is the fifth most heavily traded currency in the world.
During the Republic of China era, several different currencies were in circulation. These were replaced by one currency in 1948, issued by the People's Bank of China after the Communist Party of China gained greater control. This currency eventually came to be known as the renminbi in 1949.


text:
Originally posted by ua=42
View Post
Another fact is that people don't care too much about precise reproducibility. They care about some rough idea of how a game THEY ACTUALLY PLAY performs on hardware roughly comparable to what they have. Add a disclaimer to the benchmarks saying that they were not automated, though most probably wouldn't even care! But just benchmark games people care about!


text:
Pika Z-Piton
Retailers' Descriptions
Here's what other sites are saying:
FeaturesUse in thin medium cracks or in pin scars.Z-shape allows for 4 points of contact.Stack with other pitons to fill odd shaped holes.Strongest, most durable Zs available anywhere.Powder-coated, hardened 4130 CrMo steel.
- US Outdoor Store
Pika Z-Piton
previously retailed for:
The Pika Z-Piton is not available from the stores we monitor. It was last seen June 10, 2011 at US Outdoor Store.
If you're looking for a new piton, check out the best reviewed current models.


text:
Product Description
Heritage: Girls Christening & Special Occassionwear Dress. The bodice has fabric flowers as part of the lace fabric and the skirt has small flowers scattered on the netted skirt. The dress is lined in 100% cotton so soft against the children body. It comes on a wadded hanger and with a Heritage: garment bag. Sure to be a favourite.- Occasion dress
- 100% Polyester
- Dry clean only
- Dry clean only
- Cool Iron
- Girl
Care Instructions
- Care Instructions: Dry clean only
Buy & Collect - FREE for orders over £30 or £2 for under £30 (7 days a week)
Order before Midnight for collection in store from 12noon the NEXT DAY or on a day of your choice
(For Belfast and Dundrum please allow up to 48hrs for delivery.
Standard - £3.95 (Monday to Friday)
FREE on orders of £50 or more. Delivery within 3 - 5 working days.
Next Day - £6 (Monday to Sunday)
Order before 7pm for delivery the NEXT DAY
Collect+ - £3.50 Order before 7pm for collection from a local store
Nominated Day - £6 (Monday to Sunday)
Same Evening - £8 (Monday to Friday)
Selected postcodes only. Order by 12noon for delivery between 6-9pm.
Ireland - £3.95
FREE on orders of £50 or more*. Delivery within 3 - 5 working days.
International - £6-£20
To over 150 countries, within 3 - 10 working days.
Please be aware that some international deliveries may incur local import taxes.
We hope you will love your new things but if you don't, you are welcome to return your items free of charge. Here's how to do it:
To a Store
Bring your items and proof of purchase into store within 28 days from the day your parcel arrives, for a full refund via the original payment method.
By Post
Please send your return by post or courier within 28 days from the day your parcel arrives for a full refund via the original payment method.
Paypal Refunds
You will need to return your goods by post, if PayPal was your original payment method and you would like the refund back to your account. If you make your return to a store, we will only able to give you a House of Fraser gift card to the same value. You'll still have 28 days to return.
International Returns
Please note: if you return your purchase to us from outside of the UK, it will be at your own risk. We cannot accept any responsibility for items lost or damaged in transit. It is your responsibility to pay any delivery charges, duties and taxes incurred to return your purchase.


text: T.O. Explains To Trent Edwards Exactly When He'll Make His Life MiserableA.J. Daulerio7/26/09 9:45amFiled to: Terrell OwensBuffalo BillsNfl11EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkT.O. drives the Buffalonians bananas on his first day at mini-camp. You get the impression that this is the one place in the NFL universe where his spectacle isn't only welcome, but desperately needed. (PHOTO: H/T William V.) [Buffalo News]Reply11 repliesLeave a reply


text: Sourcemap is a website that allows you to understand how the global marketplace works. In fact, you are able to select different products and, for each one, you can see what is made of and where its components come from. By adding up the impact and location of all the parts, the website can also estimate the carbon footprint of each phase of the life cycle of an object. SourceMap's intended to demonstrate how important supply chains are, and what the consequences of each part of the chain work o


text:
"He basically said he thinks I perhaps did a political miscalculation as to how this would be reacted to, and I suppose he was right on that. I didn't expect the reaction that I got."
David Emerson
"I think that would be a grave miscalculation by the U.S., and particularly by Europe,"
Sirus Nasseri
"War is the unfolding of miscalculations."
Barbara W. Tuchman
"North Korea is very dangerous, and we cannot miscalculate, because the effects upon South Korea and the neighborhood are great,"
Richard Lugar
"He has had times where he's miscalculated. But he should not miscalculate our resolve."
Joe Lockhart
"The utilities and the federal agencies are perfecting the art of miscalculation,"
Charles Hudson
"We made an isolated error, and we corrected it as promptly and forthrightly as possible. We have reviewed the miscalculation with our outside auditing firm and with our board of directors."
Mike Rose


text:
The reality of war is that everyone gets wounded. Some wounds heal rapidly, some last for a lifetime. Some are seen, some invisible; but, all are still just as serious.
The wounds presented here are commonly referred to as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the Spencer Magnet, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
Click the question mark below to see where your account ID appears on your mailing label.
If you are new to the award winning Spencer Magnet and wish to get a subscription or simply gain access to our online content then please enter your ZIP code below and continue to setup your account.
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text:
Exchanges3 vegetables
Side Suggestions: Provolone PaninisFor each person, place 2 slices of provolone cheese between 2 slices of whole wheat bread. Cook in a panini press. If you don't have a panini press, place non-stick grill pan or skillet over medium-high heat and spray with cooking spray. Add sandwiches to the pan and then place a plate with a canned food item or other weight on top. Cook for 1-2 minutes on each side.
It's time to stop guessing. If you want to make some changes but just aren't sure how, the free personal health survey from LiveWell is a great place to start.
Fight heart disease and prevent heart attacks. HeartSHAPE® is a painless, non-invasive test that checks pictures of your heart for early-stage coronary disease.
How many calories do you need to eat each day to maintain your weight and fuel your physical activity? Enter a few of your stats into this calculator to find out.
Using body mass index as a reference, this calculator determines your ideal body weight range. All you need to do is enter your height.
This tool considers your height and weight to assess your weight status.
Wellmont Nurse Connection is your resource for valuable health information any time, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Speak to a Nurse any time, day or night, at (423) 723-6877 or toll-free at 1-877-230-NURSE.
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Is seems Sion Sono isn't done with last March's devastating earthquake in Japan just yet. Perhaps best known to genre fans stateside for his thriller "Cold Fish" or the epically bonkers "Love Exposure," last year Sono went to Venice with "Himizu" his tale centered on the danger zone following the Japanese earthquake. And with cameras now rolling on this next film, he hasn't left that event behind.
Titled "The Land Of Hope" ("Kibo no kuni"), the film is once again set in the Tohoku region, and while exact plot details haven't been revealed, Sono did tell press, "The story depicts the bonds between husband and wife, between parent and child and between lovers." But Sono generally has a few cards up his sleeve. "Hizimu," which we sort of liked, we also found to be nearly unwatchable, thanks to the films wildly uneven tone that went from grim drama to slapstick comedy on a dime. But that sense of wild unpredictability is a somewhat of a trademark for Sono, even when dealing with a subject such as this, so we'll be both wary and curious.
Shooting on the film will wrap in early February, and since Sono works ridiculously fast, we wouldn't be surprised to see it crop up at festivals in the fall. No distributor or release date has been set. [Variety]