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The Book of |
Table of Contents
This chapter contains tips for several different trouble areas, including the system logger, configuration issues, network oddities, and general system issues. As with any kind of troubleshooting, when you're having trouble with Postfix, you need to an idea of where the problem is before you can fix it. This is especially true with Postfix, which has several separate subsystems.
The most "obvious" problem first is that Postfix might not even be running. Postfix must be running, even if you're only submitting mail using the sendmail command. The easiest way to find out if Postfix is running is to run postfix start:
# postfix start
postfix/postfix-script: starting the Postfix mail system
If you see this message, it means that Postfix wasn't running, so the command tried to start it up. However, if Postfix is already running, you'll get this messages:
# postfix start
postfix/postfix-script: fatal: the Postfix mail system is already running
When running this command, you should see similar messages in your mail log, such as these:
Jul 5 22:49:29 mail postfix/postfix-script: starting the Postfix mail system Jul 5 22:49:29 mail postfix/master[14835]: daemon started -- version 2.1.3
If you don't see these messages, check your syslog configuration immediately. You want to make sure that it logs mail.*; complete logs are essential for any kind of comprehensive troubleshooting. We recommend consolidating all syslog entries for the mail facility (or whichever facility Postfix is configured for) into one log file. Some installations (such as the one in Debian GNU/Linux) splitting the log into multiple files, but this makes reading the log very tedious. To set it up for easy viewing, your /etc/syslog.conf should have an entry like this:
# (- Log all the mail messages to one place.) mail.* -/var/log/maillog
Let's say that you see the messages on the command line and log, but you still wonder if Postfix is actually running. Sometimes it pays to be paranoid, because Postfix can start and crash immediately afterward if there's a serious problem. Use ps and grep to see if the Postfix component daemons are really running. If it's working, the command execution should look like this:
# ps aux|grep postfix
root 5035 0.0 0.4 2476 1100 ? S 09:29 0:00 /usr/lib/postfix/master
postfix 5036 0.0 0.3 2404 936 ? S 09:29 0:00 pickup -l -t fifo -u -c
postfix 5037 0.0 0.3 2440 964 ? S 09:29 0:00 qmgr -l -n qmgr -t fifo -u -c
In the preceding output, you can see that the Postfix master daemon is running as root, and the queue manager (qmgr) and pickup service are running as the postfix user, so the system is up and running.
There are several reasons why Postfix might fail to start, but the most common is that a Postfix daemon can't find a shared library. To approach this problem, first find the directories that Postfix uses with this command:
# postconf | grep directory
command_directory = /usr/sbin
config_directory = /etc/postfix
daemon_directory = /usr/lib/postfix
mail_spool_directory = /var/mail
manpage_directory = /usr/local/man
process_id_directory = pid
program_directory = /usr/sbin
queue_directory = /var/spool/postfix
readme_directory = no
require_home_directory = no
sample_directory = /etc/postfix
tls_random_exchange_name = ${config_directory}/prng_exch
You're looking for the path to daemon_directory and change to that directory. Look at the contents:
# cd /usr/lib/postfix # ls -l total 384 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 16588 Sep 12 18:50 bounce -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 22684 Sep 12 18:50 cleanup -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4248 Sep 12 18:50 error -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10344 Sep 12 18:50 flush -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 20508 Sep 12 18:50 lmtp -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 31956 Sep 12 18:50 local -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 22388 Sep 12 18:50 master -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 33084 Sep 12 18:50 nqmgr -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7248 Sep 12 18:50 pickup -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10496 Sep 12 18:50 pipe -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 27424 Sep 12 18:50 qmgr -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 12160 Sep 12 18:50 qmqpd -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7456 Sep 12 18:50 showq -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 25000 Sep 12 18:50 smtp -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 44712 Sep 12 18:50 smtpd -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5612 Sep 12 18:50 spawn -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10284 Sep 12 18:50 trivial-rewrite -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10400 Sep 12 18:50 virtual
The Postfix daemons from the command column in the /etc/postfix/master.cf file should be in this directory. You can inspect the shared library dependencies of a single program with the ldd command (this works on Linux, Solaris, and other common Unix variants; it may be a different command on other systems):
# ldd smtpd
libpostfix-master.so.1 => /usr/lib/libpostfix-master.so.1 (0x4001d000)
libpostfix-global.so.1 => /usr/lib/libpostfix-global.so.1 (0x40023000)
libpostfix-dns.so.1 => /usr/lib/libpostfix-dns.so.1 (0x4003c000)
libpostfix-util.so.1 => /usr/lib/libpostfix-util.so.1 (0x40040000)
libdb3.so.3 => /usr/lib/libdb3.so.3 (0x4005d000)
libnsl.so.1 => /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0x40105000)
libresolv.so.2 => /lib/libresolv.so.2 (0x40119000)
libgdbm.so.1 => /usr/lib/libgdbm.so.1 (0x4012a000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40130000)
libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x4024b000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)
The preceding output seems to indicate that everything is in order with the smtpd daemon because every library dependency resolves to an actual file. However, you might be unlucky enough to get this instead:
# ldd smtpd libpostfix-master.so.1 => /usr/lib/libpostfix-master.so.1 (0x4001d000) libpostfix-global.so.1 => /usr/lib/libpostfix-global.so.1 (0x40023000) libpostfix-dns.so.1 => /usr/lib/libpostfix-dns.so.1 (0x4003c000) libpostfix-util.so.1 => /usr/lib/libpostfix-util.so.1 (0x40040000) libdb3.so.3 => not found libnsl.so.1 => /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0x4005d000) libresolv.so.2 => /lib/libresolv.so.2 (0x40071000) libgdbm.so.1 => /usr/lib/libgdbm.so.1 (0x40082000) libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40088000) libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x401a3000) /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)
In this case, libdb3.so.3 is missing. A program that cannot find all of its shared libraries will not run. If you're running Linux and install a Postfix package intended for another distribution (or even another version of your distribution), it's possible that you may discover this kind of problem only at run time. If this is the case, you need to make a decision.
The best approaches are to find a Postfix package that fits your distribution or to compile Postfix from source code (see Section XX.XX[XREF]). However, if you insist on trying to work with what you have, you can try to find libdb3.so.3 like this:
# find / -name libdb3.so.3
This command will probably take forever to finish (since it searched you whole filesytem), but if you're lucky enough to find the library, you can add its directory path to the /etc/ld.so.conf file and run ldconfig. Of course, this might invite library and symbol clashes. It's usually never a good idea to mess around with shared libraries unless you really know what you're doing.
The find command may not even help, because the library may not reside on your system. If this is the case, you might be able to find the package that contains the library. However, if you just can't seem to work it out, you need to make a tough decision. If finding a Postfix package that works seems out of the question, and compiling from source code seems daunting, you might consider switching operating systems or distributions.
If Postfix starts up fine but doesn't behave as expected, see if your server actually accepts connections on port 25. Connect to the SMTP port to find out. Here's how a successful connection plays out:
# telnet localhost 25
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 mail.example.com ESMTP Postfix
221 Bye
Connection closed by foreign host.
You may be able to connect to the loopback interface, but this doesn't mean that the entire Internet can. Let's say that your machine is at 10.1.2.233. Try it again, this time connecting to that address:
# telnet 10.1.2.233 25
Trying 10.1.2.233...
Connected to 10.1.2.233.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 mail.example.com ESMTP Postfix
221 Bye
Connection closed by foreign host.
If this doesn't work, the first thing to do is look in your main.cf file to see if inet_interfaces has been set but excludes the IP address that you're trying to reach. The default is to listen on all interfaces.
If the Postfix configuration seems fine and Postfix has been restarted, but you still can't establish a connection, check the firewall or IP filtering configuration of your network. It's possible that perhaps your system blocks the port by default. There are a several places to look, because IP filtering and can happen through a operating system firewall script (for example, something that calls iptables or ipf) or outside of the machine, by firewall appliances and routers.
You have to check everywhere.
If your configuration seems correct so far, you need to check outside of your local network. Your ISP can block incoming traffic to your port 25 (and, incidentally, outgoing traffic to port 25 on another machine). If you find that your ISP is refusing incoming traffic and they refuse to open up the port, your only recourse is to change ISPs.
To see if an outsider can reach you, run this command:
# telnet relay-test.mail-abuse.org
When you make this connection, relay-test.mail-abuse.org performs an online relay test of the machine that made the connection. If your ISP (or your own firewall) doesn't block incoming connections to your box on port 25, then you should see quite a few messages in your log file.
If you can't connect to the host above, you may be having name resolution problems. Test it with this command:
# host relay-test.mail-abuse.org
relay-test.mail-abuse.org is an alias for cygnus.mail-abuse.org.
cygnus.mail-abuse.org has address 188.8.131.52
You should see an IP address, as shown in the preceding output. If you don't, you can't resolve hostnames. Your /etc/resolv.conf and/or /etc/nsswitch.conf files could be incorrect. It could be even worse; your machine might not even be able to connect to the Internet. Try to ping something. A successful test looks like this (use Control-C to stop the test):
# ping 184.108.40.206 PING 18.104.22.168 (126.96.36.199): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 188.8.131.52: icmp_seq=0 ttl=54 time=12.1 ms 64 bytes from 18.104.22.168: icmp_seq=1 ttl=54 time=12.1 ms 64 bytes from 18.104.22.168: icmp_seq=2 ttl=54 time=12.1 ms --- 126.96.36.199 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 12.1/12.1/12.1 ms
If Postfix is running, your network checks out, but your test connections still don't seem to work, see if Postfix is actually listening on port 25 with the netstat command:
# netstat -t -a | grep LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:printer *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:domain *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 *:smtp *:* LISTEN
The preceding output shows that there are servers listening on the printer, domain, SSH, and SMTP ports (check /etc/services for the numerical counterparts of the names). You can see that something is listening on port 25 (smtp). However, is this Postfix or something else? The lsof command can tell you. Try the command that follows. If the output includes sendmail listening on port 25, then your old sendmail binary is still active:
# lsof -i tcp:25
sendmail 25976 root 4u IPv4 228618 TCP mail.example.com:smtp (LISTEN)
Kill this process and edit your system startup files so that it won't come back when you reboot (if at all possible, remove sendmail from your system entirely because you're supposed to run Postfix, remember?).
lsof is an extremely powerful tool that can show all open files (and the processes using the files), but it is very dependent on your kernel. Make sure that your lsof is up to date and matches your current kernel. An outdated lsof returns no output for Internet connections at all. Run lsof -i if you're not sure if it works.
If you're using Postfix, the lsof output should include Postfix listening on port 25 with the master daemon:
# lsof -i tcp:25
master 26079 root 11u IPv4 228828 TCP *:smtp (LISTEN)
The main.cf file is long and can be difficult to read. A configuration option could appear twice, or a typo could be hidden somewhere in a pile of comments. Use the postconf command to display the configuration that Postfix uses. You can see the difference just from line counts:
# cd /etc/postfix # cat main.cf | wc -l # postconf -n | wc -l
The output of postconf -n lists only the parameters that differ from the default main.cf settings. When changing main.cf, you should verify your changes with postconf to see if Postfix sees them.
You might prefer postconf -e configoption=setting to edit main.cf automatically. This little trick allows you to make changes to the Postfix configuration with shell scripts, cron jobs, or similiar.
If you're approaching a configuration issue, the postconf(1) manual page is worth reading.
When first starting out, it can be difficult to judge the kind of information that is appropriate for reporting to <email@example.com>. The postfinger program (by Simon J. Mudd) is a tool that extracts most of the relevant information. To see what it does, you can mail the postfinger output along with your own questions to yourself like this:
# postfinger | /usr/sbin/sendmail firstname.lastname@example.com
Of course, this assumes that outgoing mail works on your system. When all else fails, you can transfer the output to another system.
postfinger has been part of the source distribution as of version 2.1. You can also get it at ftp://ftp.WL0.org/SOURCES/postfinger.
If you're having trouble zeroing on problems with specific pieces of your Postfix installation, you can increase the amount of logging information on a per-daemon basis. Do this by appending -v to the daemon configuration entry in /etc/postfix/master.cf, as in this example for smtpd:
# ==========================================================================
# service type private unpriv chroot wakeup maxproc command + args
# (yes) (yes) (yes) (never) (50)
# ==========================================================================
smtp inet n - - - - smtpd -v
To make the change take effect, reload Postfix. The daemon should now be very verbose when it does its work. If this still isn't enough information you can even add another -v to the entry and you'll get even more output. Make sure that you set it back to normal after you're done with debugging, because verbose logging generates lots of lines in your log file, hindering the overall system performance.
If you have a busy mail server and increasing the log level for all clients will bury you in output, you can also selectively increase logging for certain clients with the debug_peer_list parameter. This example shows how to make the smptd logging more verbose for only the clients at 10.0.0.1 and 10.0.0.4:
debug_peer_list = 10.0.0.1, 10.0.0.4
You can specify one or more hosts, domains, addresses, and networks as the value to this parameter. To make the change effective immediately, you need to run a postfix reload command.
One common problem is that log output from the qmgr process. The queue manager should log like this:
Aug 5 17:05:26 hostname postfix/qmgr[308]: A44F828C71: from=<firstname.lastname@example.com>,\ size=153136, nrcpt=1 (queue active)
If you're missing the log information, there are two possible causes:
The libc implementation is broken (the syslog client does not reconnect when the syslogd server is restarted). If this is this case, you should upgrade your libc.
The postfix qmgr process is running chrooted (see master.cf), but there is no syslog socket inside the chroot jail. See the syslog(8) manual page for how to specify additional sockets and specify one for the Postfix chroot jail.
There are three errors that seem to happen all of the time:
If you have a problem opening a file that seems to exist, see if it's specified as a map in the configuration file (for example, it starts with a hash: prefix). If this is the case, run postmap on the plain text file that contains the map data to create an indexed version.
Verify that the permissions and ownership are correct. Don't forget executable access on the directory and all directories leading up to it.
If you have permissions problems, you can also see if Postfix can fix them automatically with the post-install command:
# /etc/postfix/post-install set-permissions upgrade-configuration
This command edits main.cf and master.cf as appropriate in addition to fixing permission problems, so you might want to make a backup of your configuration before doing this.
Any line that starts with a hash (#) as the first character of a line is a comment. Postfix doesn't accept any other comment syntax. If postconf shows a parameter that seems unfamiliar, you may have a misplaced # somewhere in your configuration file.
All too often, the ability to run chrooted causes strange problems. A default Postfix installation never runs chrooted by default. There are just too many things that can go wrong, so Wietse wisely chose not to chroot by default. Unfortunately, other package maintainers sometimes go a little crazy with security features.
Postfix only works properly in a chroot jail if all the files that it needs are inside the jail (the jail is the queue directory as specified by the queue_directory parameter, and is probably /var/spool/postfix). There are scripts that copy the files from the original locations in the filesystem into the jail that the package maintainer needs to provide. You typically need /etc/resolv.conf and /etc/nsswitch.conf. The Postfix source distribution includes a subdirectory examples/chroot-setup that contains scripts for setting up a chroot jail under different operating systems. Matthias Andree wrote a LINUX2 script that sets things straight on Linux.
In theory, a package maintainer should include the mechanism to build the chroot jail correctly on your particular operating system or distribution. However, if you're just starting out, you could be overwhelmed. Instead of correcting your chroot jail, which you never knew existed at all, you should probably "un-chroot" Postfix's daemons until you get Postfix fully operational. Edit /etc/postfix/master.cf and look at each entry:
# ========================================================================== # service type private unpriv chroot wakeup maxproc command + args # (yes) (yes) (yes) (never) (50) # ========================================================================== smtp inet n - - - - smtpd
A - (hyphen) in the chroot column indicates that smtpd is running chrooted. Set this to n and reload Postfix. In additon, remember that not every Postfix daemon can run chrooted. Most of them can, but you're likely to encounter bizarre problems if you try to chroot the pipe, local or virtual daemons.
You'll find a lot more information about the chroot process in Chapter XX[XREF].
Most modern Unix flavors offer journalling filesystems, but this may not protect you from occasional filesystem corruption, especially if you have bad hardware or are using a newfangled filesystem that hasn't been fully debugged. If there very strange things happening, such as directories turning into files, consider an immediate reboot with a full forced fsck of all disks with a series of commands like this:
# touch /forcefsck # sync # reboot
Yes, you won't have a pretty uptime number and users will complain, but you cannot fix filesystem problems without forcing an fsck. We've successfully annoyed many users on Red Hat and Debian this way.
Postfix makes extensive use of shared libraries, such as the BerkeleyDB library. This particular library causes a lot of problems because there are so many different versions with different on-disk data formats of it. All mail service components, such as Postfix, pop-before-smtp, dracd, postgrey and other tools that access and alter hash: or btree: type maps need to use compatible BerkeleyDB libraries. It gets even worse; on-disk formats for different versions of BerkeleyDB are incompatible, meaning that an application may not be able to read a map written by another application that uses a different version of BerkeleyDB.
To check the libraries that Postfix uses, use the ldd command as described back in Section XX.XX[XREF]:
# ldd `postconf -h daemon_directory`/smtpd
libpcre.so.0 => /usr/local/lib/libpcre.so.0 (0x4001d000)
libdb-3.1.so => /lib/libdb-3.1.so (0x40028000)
libnsl.so.1 => /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0x400a1000)
libresolv.so.2 => /lib/libresolv.so.2 (0x400b8000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x400ca000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)
In the preceding output, smtpd was linked against BerkeleyDB-3.1.x, so all other programs that need to share the Postfix hash: and btree: maps must use the same version of BerkeleyDB (or at least a version that has the same on-disk format).
If an upgrade of Postfix fails or you do it in a non-standard way (such as installing from source over an RPM install instead of removing the old version first), strange things can happen. You may be mixing daemons from different versions of Postfix. To find out the version of Postfix that a daemon belongs to, use strings on all daemon binaries like this:
# strings /usr/libexec/postfix/smtpd | grep 2003 2.0.13-20030706 20030706 # strings /usr/libexec/postfix/cleanup | grep 2003 2.0.13-20030706 20030706
In this case, the versions (represented as dates) actually match. Please note that if you're using a version from 2004, you may want to grep for 2004 instead of 2003.
One common problem that is caused by mixing daemons from incompatible Postfix versions has to do with the tlsmgr daemon. The load appears to be incredibly high, but nothing's running, and there isn't even much mail traffic or queued mail. However, process IDs are increasing constantly.
You probably upgraded Postfix but kept an old tlsmgr and master.cf file that runs tlsmgr.
The problem is that the new Postfix spawns the old tlsmgr, but this daemon immediately exits with status 0 because it can't work with the new version of Postfix. Postfix logs nothing because an exit code of 0 is normal. However, Postfix immediately respawns tlsmgr, and the process repeats itself.
If this turns out to be the case, first comment out the tlsmgr line in master.cf, then reload Postfix to resume rather normal services. Then you have time to get a working upgrade with a compatible version of tlsmgr.
To find out how much traffic your installation can handle, you need to perform some kind of stress testing. To put an adequate load on the server, you need a fast mail generator. Postfix comes with a pair of testing programs named smtp-source and smtp-sink for just this purpose. Here's how they work:
This program connects to a host on a TCP port (port 25 by default) and sends one or more messages, either sequentially or in parallel. The program speaks both SMTP (default) or LMTP and is meant to aid in measuring server performance.
This test server listens on the named host (or address) and port. It recieves messages from the network and throws them away. You can measure client and network performance with this program.
Let's start with smtp-source to stress-test your Postfix installation. The following example injects 100 total messages of size 5k each in 20 parallel sessions to a Postfix server running on localhost port 25. Because you're also interested in how much time this takes, use the time command:
$ time ./smtp-source -s 20 (1) -l 5120 (2) -m 100 (3) -c (4) \ -f firstname.lastname@example.com (5) -t firstname.lastname@example.com (6) localhost:25 (7) 100 real 0m4.294s user 0m0.060s sys 0m0.030s
(1) | 20 parallel sessions |
(2) | 5k message size |
(3) | 100 total messages |
(4) | display a counter |
(5) | envelope sender |
(6) | envelope recipient |
(7) | target SMTP server |
In the example above, injection took 4.294s. However, you also want to know how long actual delivery takes? Check your logs for this, and also to verify that every last message arrived for <firstname.lastname@example.com> received.
Now let's turn our attention to smtp-sink to find out how many messages per second your server can handle from your horrible mass mailing sofware. Postfix has to process each outgoing message even if the server on the other side throws it away (therefore, you can't use this to test the raw performance of your mass mailer unless you connect your mailer directly to smtp-sink).
The following example sets up an SMTP listener on port 25 of localhost:
$ ./smtp-sink -c localhost:25 1000
Now you can run your client tests.
If you want to get an idea for how much overhead the network imposes and also get a control experiment to see what the theoretical maximum throughput for a mail server, you can make smtp-source and smtp-sink talk to each other. Open two windows. In the first, start up the dummy server like this:
# ./smtp-sink -c localhost:25 1000 100
With this in place, start throwing messages at this server with smtp-source in the other window:
$ time ./smtp-source -s 20 -l 5120 -m 100 -c \ -f email@example.com -t firstname.lastname@example.com localhost:25 100 real 0m0.239s user 0m0.000s sys 0m0.040s
This output shows that smtp-sink is much faster at accepting messages than Postfix. It took only 0.239 seconds to accept the messages, which is 18 times faster than the Postfix injection process. Now, wouldn't it be nice if you could throw away all incoming email like this?
When you run your stress testing, you might encounter huge load averages on your machine that seem out of place. Assuming that you don't have any content filtering in place, Postfix is I/O bound, so your I/O subsystem could be saturated.
If the output of top shows a a high load such as 10.7, but none of your processes are actually using the CPU. In this particular case, your load is probably coming from the kernel using most of the CPU for I/O and not letting processes run. Furthermore, the reason that the kernel is doing so much I/O is that many more processes have requested I/O operations (and are now waiting for them).
Linux 2.6 kernels support iowait status in the top command. To see if this is the case on 2.4.x kernels (which don't have a seperate means of displaying the iowait status), you can add a kernel module. Oliver Wellnitz wrote such a kernel module that you can download at ftp://ftp.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de/os/linux/people/wellnitz/programming/. This module calculates the load differently and gives you an interface in the /proc filesystem that you can see like this:
# cat /proc/loadavg-io rq 0.30 0.23 0.14 io 0.08 0.31 0.27
In this example, rq is the number of processes, which are in the state TASK_RUNNING, while io is the number of processes, which are in the state TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE (waiting for I/O). The sum of those two is what the kernel usually calls load.
If you're having problems like this, you need faster disks, or even a solution such as a SSD (a solid state disk, basically a battery backupped RAM disk) or a mirrored/striped RAID for the queue directory. See Section XX.XX[XREF, in the performance chapter] for more information. One other solution that may or may not work is to remove the synchronous updates for the queue directory. If you're using an ext2 or ext3 filesystem, try this command:
# chattr -R -S /var/spool/postfix/
This setting is actually the default with recent Postfix installations.
When you set up your mail server, you may try to tackle too many problems at once. If you want a stable Postfix system, change one thing at a time. This especially holds true if you want to use LDAP or SQL. Try proceeding like this:
Build your system without LDAP maps (that is, use hash, btree or dbm maps)
Use appropriate ldapsearch commands to extract all the necessary data from your LDAP server. Use a scripting language such as Perl or Python to reformat it into the Postfix map file input.
When your Postfix is working correctly without LDAP, replace one map at a time with a corresponding LDAP map. Test each LDAP map as user postfix like this:
$ postmap -q - ldap:mapname < keyfile
keyfile contains a list of addresses (keys) to query. If the map returns sensible data, change a suitable _maps configuration parameter to have Postfix use the LDAP map.
To consolidate the number of open lookup tables, share one open table among multiple Postfix processes with the proxymap daemon as described in Section XX.XX[XREF].


text:
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Saturday, March 3, 2012
well, you asked, Candy.
I'm trying to wow you with a shot of the gravel saved by the surgeon from my husband's kidney surgery. But I'm probably just really grossing you out. It was actually one big stone but it had to be broken into these bits to get it out through the scope in my husband's poor back. It's amazing what they can do nowadays, isn't it? If you live in my area you can't go wrong with Dr. Scott Shelfo if you have a kidney stone the size of a VW bus. He's an awesome surgeon. Shout out to you, Doc Shelfo! (snapping fingers and pointing)
Just so this post has some redeeming value for those of you who are icked out right now, jump over here instead and read a non-medical, fantastic review of my Wee Mouse Tin House pattern written up by Stephanie with help from her seven year old Sweet Pea. The pictures of her daughter helping to make the mouse house are so adorable, and you can get a real world synopsis of the process.
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Walking through the handmade bike show back in 2007 I was on a mission to see which of my fellow framebuilders were actual self-sustaining entities rather than part timers, spouse subsidized or hobbyists-not that builders of these categories are inferior-I just wanted to know who was making a fulltime living at the trade. I was pretty sad when out of around 80 or so exhibitors I found less than a dozen folks like myself. Did I feel special ? Did I feel like I had something figured out that most others were missing out on ? Truthfully, no. I felt like maybe I was beating my head against a wall trying to prove that frame building was a viable profession and that there were not many other folks willing to be so stupid as I.
That was then and this is now, 2012. I have seen an economic downturn that really slowed my business but thankfully did not kill it. I always had work, just not as much. Things are really picking up now and though I never trust that my work is a reliable thing, it seems to be getting more so as of late. I guess it is time for me to give my observations on how my so-called profession has maintained viability after several decades. I'll give some rules to follow, although I must say that these are the things that worked for me and they might not be the prescription for all fools wanting to tread the same career path as I.
1. Learn to build frames with minimal tools......you'll need to get the feel of filing, sawing and all the metal working skills by hand. If you don't do this first , you'll forever be disconnected with the 'feel' of your materials and be too reliant on power tools. Only when you get the manual skills down will you begin to figure out which machine tools will aid your ability to produce good work efficiently.
2. Don't 'create' an identity......just be yourself and your identity will grow from that. By identity , mine is 'Rock Lobster'.....makes one think of the B-52's , the Santa Cruz mountains......groups of riders that generally don't take themselves very seriously-at least, that's how it has manifested itself-a kind of image of fun without much pretense.......a club that does not exclude. I can't say that I created this identity but I roll with it as I think it comes from an sincere place......I might have chosen the name but the identity created itself.
3. Don't spend money that you don't have. Low overhead is crucial as you are a frame builder, correct ? Figure that for the first few years you'll be giving away a lot of your work so income will be microscopic at best. I built about 300 frames in a one-car garage before I got brave enough to rent a 450 square foot shop. There are so many ways to get rid of money in the bike business.......try to not get too far into a financial hole.
4. Show up to work and bust ass. Yeah, this sounds so frigging obvious but over the years I have seen so many builders with idle shops and angry customers hearing all sorts of bullshit excuses why their frames are not done yet. Guys who don't make an effort to get the frames done on time are risking getting lampooned on the many bike chat forums-you don't want that.
5. Don't waste a lot of time on the computer ( As he writes....on a computer...) on forums. Spend the time answering your customer's emails first....then if you have time to kill , check out what folks are saying about the latest tubing, jigs or whatever. There is some good stuff out there to read but there's mostly a lot of useless shit storms amongst some really twisted, bitter folks. Frame building can bring out some dark shit in people.
6. Don't be afraid to share stuff you learn that really works. If you have a good trick that helps you with a building issue , share it with your fellow builders-believe me, the good will come back to you . Don't share heresay that you read on the forums unless you have proof that whatever it is , it is absolute truth from someone who can prove it.
7. Fix your mistakes and give the customer the benefit of doubt. If you do your job well you will not have a lot of boo-boos to fix. And......If you have a lot of boo-boos , fixing them for free will be an excellent incentive to get your shit together.
8. Know when to say No. You will have to narrow down what you do in your shop to be efficient so don't take on jobs that are too unfamiliar . I have gotten myself involved in some serious time-wasting unsatisfying ( for myself and the customer ) pursuits over the years and knowing when it is best to refer the customer to someone else is a valuable thing for your survival.
9. Pay your bills. If someone gives you terms , be sure and get the bill paid well in advance. Being good to your suppliers will come back to you in ways that you will not know for quite some time. Nobody in any part of the bike business is making a ton of money so we all have to look out for one another and take care of each other-that is unless of course you are a shithead.
10. Don't be dismissive about stuff you have no experience with. Sure, I'm not a huge fan of stainless lugs but I have built a couple of frames with them to come to my opinion-it might not be your opinion ,but at least I have a little bit of experience to back up what I say....for what it's worth.
11. Ride your bike. Yeah, I know......we all ride our bikes. What I'm saying is really ride your bike-do a tour , do some racing, some group rides.....a big adventure....something that involves a group of folks . You will be more in touch with the craft the deeper you get into riding, as long as you can still find time to work.
12. Be truthful about what you can and cannot do. Don't tell your customers that you'll build them a frame in six weeks when you know that six months is the reality. You'll be ahead of more than half the builders if you just do this one thing. I'm not saying that most builders are liars.....they just have a habit of coming up short on time-related promises. We all do it at one time or another.....it is best to really try to avoid this.
13. Don't assume that if you fuck up, you'll be forgiven. Maybe a certain church bases a lot on being forgiven, but the reality for a frame builder is that you have to make good on what you are supposed to do......provide good service. You can forgive yourself after you make good on your promise.
14. Get folks on your bike who really ride the crap out of them. You'll get great promotion and some invaluable real-world testing on your work. I get a lot of cyclocross racers on my bikes....it has always been a good thing for me-probably the best promotion and the most fun times are centered around the races I attend.
15. Be accessible. Answer your phone , return emails-be active on social media or whatever-don't hide from your customers unless you are so under the gun with work that you have no choice. Be sure to explain politely to folks when you need to be undisturbed to get things done. Most folks actually will understand.
16. I figure that I'll save the best for last : Know when to give a psycho a full refund. You cannot argue with a sick mind-or so it has been said. Hey, maybe the sick mind is you and the customer needs to get hooked up with someone less pathological. Go ahead and do the right thing by giving the customer the chance to try the same drill with someone else. You never know.....sometimes the transaction is just not a good fit. You can't make everyone happy..........
Wednesday, May 2, 2012
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Movie SummaryErnest & Celestine (Ernest et Celestine)
Web Site: http://www.ernestandcelestine.com Description: Deep below snowy, cobblestone streets, tucked away in winding tunnels, lives a civilization of hardworking mice, terrified of the bears who live above ground. Unlike her fellow mice, Celestine is an artist and a dreamer and when she nearly ends up as breakfast for bear Ernest, the two form an unlikely bond. But it isn't long before their friendship is put on trial by their respective bear-fearing and mice-eating communities. Movie summaries and listings powered by Cinema-Source
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Getting worse, not better
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Join Date: Nov 2009
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Well, I think you are identifying problems and that is the first step to solving them.
I am curious about one other thing. I here about her nights out with E where it is them alone. Where are the nights out with you? You and she a primaries, yes? Then there should be a night each week that is JUST you and her (if possible). Relationships require work.
Maybe something you should ask her is if you and she can for now, subtract one night a week with E and add one with each other.
Would she be interested in trying this? Make it a "no problems allowed" night. Meaning no fighting, no discussing, not arguing, etc.
This is just an idea.
One distinct difference between her connection with you and her conne tion with E is that your connection comes with "real life" attached. And it may be that whAt you two need is a chance to just be a couple instead of two members of a family.
Again, this is just an idea. And i don't know if it is a viable option. But i hope that you can work this all out.
With all my heart I will love and not fail,
With all my soul I will fly and not fall.
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text: DPD Investigating Troubled Dentist For Prescription Fraud Patients Of Dr. Stephen Stein Advised To Get Tested For HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C 10:06 AM, Jul 13, 2012 Share Article Show Caption Hide Caption Previous Next A dentist whose actions are prompting 8,000 of his former patients to be tested for HIV and hepatitis is now under criminal investigation.Denver police confirm to CALL7 Investigators that they are investigating Dr. Stephen Stein for prescription fraud or possibly diverting prescription drugs. However, they are not investigating his alleged use of dirty needles.The Colorado Department Of Health issued a health warning Thursday after an investigation by the Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA) found Stein was reusing syringes and needles used to inject medications through patients IV lines.In April, the Colorado Attorney General's Office, on behalf of DORA, approached the Denver District Attorney's Office about Stein. The DA's office directed them to the Denver Police Department, CALL7 Investigators learned.At that point, DORA turned over the results of its dental board investigation to the Denver Police Department.Patients of Stein's Highlands Ranch and Cherry Creek practices were advised Thursday to be tested for HIV, hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C.CALL7 Investigator John Ferrugia began asking questions of the state health department early Thursday and the department made its investigation public Thursday afternoon.Any patient who received intravenous medications, including sedation, under Steins care between September 1999 through June 2011, may have been exposed, the health department said.However, there have been no specific infections linked to these offices, so far, the health department said. Investigation Found That Injection Needles Were Reused The state health department began its investigation following a report of unsafe injection practices. Upon investigation, it was determined syringes and needles used to inject medications through patients IV lines were saved and used again to inject medications through other patients IV lines. This practice has been shown to transmit infections.The investigation continues. State health officials are working with health officials at Tri-County Health Department and Denver Public Health due to the locations of Steins practices in those counties. Practice Closed, Stein Not Practicing Stein Oral and Facial Surgery is closed. Stein entered into an Interim Cessation of Practice Agreement with the Colorado State Board of Dental Examiners at DORA on June 24, 2011, and currently is not practicing.In the original action from 2011, the state found the public health, safety or welfare imperatively requires emergency action. Because of privacy issues, the state wont release details about the complaint to CALL7.Maulid Miskell, DORA Program Director, said that the agency continued to investigate Steins practice. In April 2012, the agency notified Colorado Public Health about Stein possibly reusing needles on patients.More Info: http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/dc/Epidemiology/dentistFAQs.pdf (Link) or call 1-877-462-2911. Share Article A Share A A A Share Article


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Find out about some of the possible symptoms of cancer of unknown primary, and the tests you might have.
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Piano Birthday Cake
This is a 3D piano cake made for the lady that plays the piano at my church. It measured 12"x12"x7". It was vanilla cake with strawberry buttercream, covered in fondant. The bench is RKT with dowels for the legs. This was definitely one of the most challenging cakes I have done!


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Buyer Groups
When does it pay a coalition of buyers and a coalition of sellers to by-pass a noncooperative market outcome by negotiating an alternative contract? Should these collective contracts be allowed? This paper investigates one source of the incentive for collective contracting: the failure of monopolistically competitive markets to achieve the optimal trade-off between lower costs and greater variety or availability of products. A collective contract benefits buyers inside the coalition but imposes a negative externality on buyers outside the coalition, who face higher prices and lower availability when the contract is allowed. We analyze the conditions under which the collective contracts increase total welfare. We suggest that the model represents one component of the incentives for "managed competition" in health care markets.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Length: | 38 pages |
Date of creation: | 11 Aug 1995 |
Handle: | RePEc:tor:tecipa:rwinter-96-01 |
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- Aghion, Philippe & Bolton, Patrick, 1987. "Contracts as a Barrier to Entry," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 77(3), pages 388-401, June.
- Steven C. Salop, 1979. "Monopolistic Competition with Outside Goods," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 10(1), pages 141-156, Spring.
- Jean Tirole, 1988. "The Theory of Industrial Organization," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262200716, September.
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Roasted Wild Rabbit and Bacon with Lemon, Thyme and Parsley Stuffing
This is how I remember my mother cooking rabbit: roasted on a bed of onions covered with crisp bacon, and rows of savoury stuffing cooked alongside. I have added Madeira to the sauce, but you could use cider instead.
This recipe first appeared in Sainsbury's Magazine (Guide to Poultry and Game Cookery). Serves 4
- method
- Ingredients
First of all, spread the onion rings all over the baking tray in a single layer then scatter over the crushed garlic and thyme. Now season the rabbit joints and arrange them on the bed of onions.
After that, drape the bacon rashers over the rabbit pieces.
Next, make the stuffing by mixing all the ingredients together and forming the mixture into 12 small balls.
Place these among the rabbit joints then tuck in the thyme sprigs here and there. Place the baking tray in the oven on a high shelf and cook for 20 minutes.
Then top each piece of rabbit with a sage leaf dipped in olive oil. Roast for another 15-20 minutes or until the bacon and sage are crispy and the rabbit is cooked.
Now remove everything to a warmed serving dish, place the roasting tray over direct heat and add the Sercial Madeira to the juices.
Bring to a simmer and bubble for about 5 minutes until reduced by about a third.
Check the seasoning then pour the sauce over the rabbit and stuffing.
Serve with crisp roast potatoes and a green vegetable.


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Nintendo Disney Tangled for DS
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Disney Tangled for Nintendo DS puts you in a world of fantasy. Join Rapunzel to explore a vast kingdom filled with colorful environments as well as engaging quests and challenges. Let down your hair with this Disney Tangled video game for Nintendo DS. © Disney
- Explore Rapunzel's world to find collectibles and solve puzzles and challenges.
- Use Rapunzel's magical hair to rejuvenate objects and befriend animals during your journey.
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text: Someone Impaled The Duke Mascot's Head On A Stake Above UNC's Campus StoreSean Newell2/13/13 9:40pm19EditPromoteGo to permalink Duke hosts North Carolina tonight—right now, in fact—and the Cameron Crazies had a bit of a scare this morning. Some Tobacco Road charlatans stole the Duke mascot's head (maybe more?) and stuck it on a stake above the Chapel Hill bookstore.


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One hundred Hemet elementary school students will be receiving surprise gifts on Friday, April 12.
They will be the first recipients of a Salvation Army program that will provide food to select students each week to ensure that they have something to eat over the weekend.
The students, who have been identified by school administrators, receive free breakfasts and lunches each school day but may not have anything to eat when school is out.
When the children leave class Friday, their backpack will be filled with a bag containing two breakfasts, two lunches and two snacks.
Salvation Army Lt. Tammy Poe said the idea for SAM -- Salvation Army Meal Backpack Food Program -- was born out of conversations with teachers who said what their students needed most was food on the weekends.
âThis really is a need,â Poe said. âThey told us 100 is not even a drop in the bucket.â
One dozen volunteers were at the Salvation Armyâs Pearl E. Rogers Center in Hemet on Thursday morning, April 11, filling 100 bags with nonperishable oatmeal, cereal, soup, macaroni and cheese, crackers, fruit snacks and juice pouches.
The whole process took about 15 minutes. Bags were filled as they were passed down a line and tied shut.
The process will be repeated every Thursday for distribution on Fridays.
The food was purchased with donated money, including $3,000 given by a woman on New Yearâs Eve. Eleven other people and groups have stepped forward to sponsor a child.
It costs about $5 per week to feed a child, or $240 per year, Poe said.
Poe and her husband, Tony, who oversee the Hemet facility, hope the program grows.
Theyâd like to see it involve up to 1,000 students in both the Hemet and San Jacinto school districts after they try it on a smaller scale for the duration of the current school year.
Tony Poe said SAM has caught the eye of Salvation Army leaders, who could help it spread to other areas.
âThis is going to go big time,â he said.


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Reader T. would like everyone to know that the members of the notorious Stupid Shipping Gang aren't necessarily stupid. There could be a perfectly valid reason why your bubble wrap is wrapped in bubble wrap, a small clock comes in a box large enough to store your fiancée, and every ten-foot power cord requires its own wooden pallet. They're just working with what they have, within the rules they're provided, and trying to get your item to you in one piece. On their end of the transaction, these decisions aren't so stupid. What seems wasteful to us consumers may actually save the company money.
employee insights
Ex-Stupid Shipping Gangster Explains Why Your Purchases Are So Poorly Packaged
By January 9, 2013


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Pop psychology holds that to connect with someone, you should look deep into their eyes. The more you look, the more persuasive you'll be. But that may work only when your audience already agrees with you.
Researchers in Germany tested the power of the eye lock by polling university students about their opinions on controversial issues like assisted suicide, nuclear energy and affirmative action in the workplace.
They then had the students watch two-minute Internet videos of people expounding on the controversies. Eye-tracking machinery was used to measure where the students looked.
The students spent more time looking into the eyes of the speakers when they agreed with their point of view, and avoided eye contact when they disagreed or were neutral. "Persuaders may misattribute returned gaze to their persuasion skills," the researchers concluded.
The students were also less likely to change their opinions, as measured in a second poll, when they looked directly in the speakers' eyes. This was particularly true when the person in the video looked directly at viewers, rather than to the side of the frame.
Interesting, sure, but this was a small study with just 20 students. And there could be other factors other than eye gaze at play. Maybe they just didn't like the speakers' looks.
To try to reduce those factors, the researchers did a second experiment with scripted videos they recorded. They made sure the 42 students saw videos expressing opinions they disagreed with. And the participants were asked to focus either on the speakers' eyes or speakers' mouths.
The students who looked at the speakers' eyes changed their attitudes less than the people who looked at the speakers' mouths. They also said they were less interested in hearing more about the views presented.
"Eye contact is clearly used in many situations to signal attraction, love and even agreement," Frances Chen, an assistant professor at the University of British Columbia and lead author of the study, told Shots.
But forcing someone to look into your eyes could backfire if you're trying to change their opinion, Chen says. "Think about parents saying, 'Look at me when I'm talking to you!' "
The study was published online in Psychological Science.
This conclusion probably doesn't come as a huge surprise to anyone who has a dog. There's abundant research showing that animals interpret a direct eye gaze as dominance or aggression.
No less an authority than TV dog whisperer Cesar Millan preaches "no touch, no talk, no eye contact" as the way to get a misbehaving dog to calm down.
And when it comes to humans, what parent hasn't watched a child shift their eyes away when they're being cornered about chores undone?
It might be helpful to think about a listener's emotional state, Chen says, before going for the eye lock. That averted gaze may be more powerful than that "persuasive" stare. "If they're already avoiding eye contact with you, especially if you're saying something potentially threatening to them, maybe think twice before insisting that they make eye contact with you."


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Finish the game to get ultra hard
God Mode-y,a,x,b,black
God Mode-y,a,x,b,black
none of the crimson sky cheats workthey are not correct
press XX BB upp down black an you will get an xwing from starwars
Drive into the vulcano in Sea Heaven, get set on fire and leave it. You will now glow. Need invincible cheat
Level Select:During Gameplay press Y,A,B,X
God Modeat any time press Y,A,X,B,Black and you'll hear a chickin squawk. the code wears off after each mission so remember to reenter the code for each level
Passenger plane ABYAB Black
do up down left unloct all enemies at start


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I'm Not Waking Up Tomorrow Morning And Finding Out There's No J-Hud There
image lovingly borrowed from Clare and Dave's flickr photostream
With every step forward, Jennifer Hudson is slapping the world in the face—or at least those fucked-up occupants who didn't vote for her on American Idol. The only reality show loser to become an Oscar winner--I swear--Hudson keeps on trucking, having released a song, "Spotlight," which is getting some play in various New York gay bars, at the very least. Here's the first of Jen's webisodes in which she talks on the set of the song's video, musing about success, realness, and, naturally, our great big God. Most of what she says could be platituded right onto a greeting card, but it's all totally true so I say keep shining a spotlight on my girl! And next time get her a better song!
View the video here.
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Written by Emily Mullins
The United Church of Christ national officers applaud President Barack Obama's support for the comprehensive immigration reform framework introduced yesterday by a group of bipartisan senators. The president praised the "straightforward" plan Tuesday during a speech at a Las Vegas high school.
"The good news is that—for the first time in many years—republicans and democrats seem ready to tackle this problem together," said President Obama. "At this moment, it looks like there's a genuine desire to get this done soon. And that's very encouraging."
The UCC national officers released a statement in support of immigration reform efforts led by President Obama and four democrats and four republicans who drafted the framework during five meetings since the November election. They urge government representatives to act now, and stress the importance of the faith community's voice in this national debate.
"We applaud the renewed efforts by President Obama and a bipartisan committee of senators to bring proposals for comprehensive immigration reform legislation to the Congress that will move our country beyond the strategy of simply securing our borders. The United Church of Christ has long supported compassionate reform in our country's approach to immigration and we will look to see that the recommendations being proposed will protect the human rights and dignity of our brothers and sisters. We are encouraged by proposals to establish a pathway to citizenship for those who quality, for students and children brought into this country, for family reunification, and for equal rights for bi-national same-sex couples.
The issue of immigration reform has been stalled for too long. Now is the time to insure a humane, sound and workable immigration policy, one that is realistic, just and fair. The voice of the religious community is essential in this national debate. We call upon members of our churches to connect with local, state and national coalitions and initiatives engaged in supporting comprehensive immigration reform consistent with the measures advocated by the UCC and our interfaith and ecumenical partners. Advocacy opportunities will be forthcoming from the public policy office of the UCC as comprehensive immigration reform moves along."
The Rev. Geoffrey A. Black, the Rev. M. Linda Jaramillo, the Rev J. Bennett Guess, the Rev. James Moos, W. Mark Clark - The UCC Collegium of Officers
While President Obama's plan offers a quicker, more direct path to citizenship, his plan aligns closely with the senators' framework to address the country's "broken" immigration system and its 11 million undocumented immigrants. The four legislative pillars include the creation of a path to citizenship for unauthorized immigrants currently living in the U.S., reformation of the legal immigration system, creation of an effective employment verification system to prevent identity theft and the hiring of future unauthorized workers, and the establishment of an improved process for admitting future workers.
One fundamental difference is that President Obama's plan does not require the U.S./Mexico border to be deemed secure before granting citizenship to illegal immigrants currently living in the U.S. Obama administration officials say this may be a part of the senators' plan the president will not support. While the president said the senators' plan was "very much in line" with principles he has proposed and campaigned for in the past, he also said he will not hesitate to introduce his own bill if lawmakers are unable to agree on the proposed legislation.
"I believe we are at a moment where comprehensive immigration reform is in our grasp," said President Obama. "But the closer we get, the more emotional this debate is going to become. Immigration has always been an issue that inflames passions."
The United Church of Christ has a long history of affirming the dignity of immigrants and working for comprehensive U.S. Immigration policy. Since 1995, General Synod – the main deliberative body of the UCC – has repeatedly called for a fair and human approach to U.S. immigration policy that protects families and respects the humanity of our immigrant brothers and sisters.


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18:08 24-03-2017
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Bergman fell in love with the first play he ever saw, as a little boy, and he remained faithful to his first love. Many of his most memorable movies have theatrical settings or are built around performers. Fanny and Alexander is about a family of thespians. The heroine of Smiles of the Summer Night (my personal favorite among Bergman's pictures), played by the exquisite Eva Dahlbeck, is an famous actress whom we first see rendering, with impressive skill, a scene from an 18th-century comedy of manners. The Naked Night and The Serpent's Egg feature circus performers; The Magician is about a mesmerist. In Summer Interlude, Maj-Britt Nilsson plays a novice ballerina who buries herself in her work when her lover is drowned, and a dancer is the protagonist in one of the three linked stories that make up Three Strange Loves. Persona's Liv Ullmann is an actress who stops speaking during a performance and can't or won't start again. The couple whose crumbling marriage is linked metaphorically to the possible end of the world in Shame (perhaps Bergman's least-known masterpiece) are musicians in a local orchestra, and Ingrid Bergman — no relation — plays a world-famous concert pianist in Autumn Sonata. Moreover, Bergman quotes his favorite playwrights over and over again, none more fervently than his countryman August Strindberg, whose poisoned sexual relationships echo through Bergman's most bitter depictions of marriage (Shame, Scenes from a Marriage) but who pops up in less obvious ways, too. Strindberg's A Dream Play is referred to repeatedly in Fanny and Alexander (it's even quoted directly), and Persona, which is mostly a two-hander for Ullmann and Bibi Andersson, derives from a Strindberg one-act called The Stronger in which two women, one of them silent, struggle for power.
If you put aside the infinite variety of pleasures afforded by his Magic Flute, Bergman's greatest gift to movies was his work with actors. As I reflect back on his movies in the wake of his death, most of the moments I call up are indelible acting moments. Think of the way Dahlbeck, ever so gently, her voice ringed with regret, leaning toward the heartsick young lover (Björn Bjelvenstam), suggests that he might try to laugh at the follies of the grown-ups around the dinner table. Or the counterpoint, in Shame, when Ullmann, forced to sleep with an official to keep herself and her husband (von Sydow) out of jail as collaborators, comes across von Sydow weeping on the stairs and, her face hollowed out, tells him to go ahead and cry if he thinks it will help. Think of Allan Edwall delivering the dying actor/director's Christmas speech to his company in Fanny and Alexander, or the face of the old man in Wild Strawberries (played by another great Swedish filmmaker, Victor Sjöström) as, Scrooge-like, he watches the mistakes of his youth played out before his eyes. Some of the early Bergmans, which his fans don't know as well, contain some of the finest example of naturalistic acting by young actors in the post-World War II era — between Nine-Christine Jonsson and Bengt Eklund as the sailor who saves her from drowning and goes home with her in Port of Call, between Harriet Andersson and Lars Ekborg as the couple in Monika who tumble from romance into workaday despair when they marry and have a baby, between Britt-Nilsson and Birger Malmsten in the idyllic early scenes of Summer Interlude, in one of which he tells her he feels as if they were inside a soap bubble. (It bursts when he dies and her emotional life almost ends.)
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Pop culture embodies the ideas, concerns and desires of people through the things that entertain them: for example, movies, advertisements, television, and fashion. Any form of expression that engages a large number of people becomes part of popular culture. It can also mean culture that is produced in large quantities for the so-called "masses."
Popular culture as a whole stands apart from "highbrow" or "high" culture, which is determined by the educated elite. Pop culture encompasses everything that appeals to a wide number of people: fads in clothing, trends in food, slang expressions and celebrity-watching. In fact, a pop culture trend can itself become a symbolic language that is understood by many people. Discussing pop culture trends is a way of connecting in the blogosphere, too.
The study of pop culture throughout history- such as in the Victorian period – can give one enormous insight into what truly gripped – sometimes even obsessed – people in earlier times.
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New Delhi: Extending gains for the fourth straight session, gold rose Rs 130 to Rs 30,370 per 10 grams here on Wednesday on sustained buying by stockists in line with a firming global trend. Latest News from Business News Desk
Silver also strengthened by Rs 200 to Rs 55,000 per kg on increased buying by industrial units and coin makers.
The trading sentiment remained firm after gold held near the highest level this month overseas before the US Federal Reserve concludes a policy meeting amid concern Europe's debt crisis may worsen.
Gold in New York, which normally sets the price trend on the domestic front, rose by USD 7 to USD 1,612.80 an ounce and silver gained 0.03 percent to USD 28.91 an ounce.
In addition, sustained buying by stockists and investors diverting their funds from weakening equity to rising bullion had positive impact.
On the domestic front, gold of 99.9 and 99.5 percent purity advanced by Rs 130 each to Rs 30,370 and Rs 30,170 per 10 grams, respectively. The metal had gained Rs 310 in the previous three sessions. Sovereigns also moved up by Rs 50 to Rs 25,350 per piece of eight grams.
In line with a general trend, silver ready rose further by Rs 200 to Rs 55,000 per kg and weekly-based delivery by Rs 160 to Rs 54,560 per kg. The white metal had gained Rs 325 in last two trading sessions. Silver coins also spurted by Rs 1000 to Rs 82,000 for buying and Rs 83,000 for selling of 100 pieces.


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Kids Camps & Clinics
RDUTennis offers a wide variety of tennis opportunities for kids of all ages.
Camps for Kids
RDUTennis offers a multitude of year-round tennis camps throughout the state of North Carolina and Washington, DC.
Our #1 goal is to have fun! Our camps provide an exciting, safe environment for kids to learn the game of tennis through skill-building activities. Our student/teacher ratio never exceeds 8:1. During the hot weather, most camps include staff-monitored swim time, which is a refreshing break from outdoor activities. Depending upon location, camps operate on different schedules and have varying fee structures. Learn more about specific camps by clicking on the drop-down menu below.
Clinics for Kids
With only a 7:1 student/teacher ratio, kids learn the fundamentals of tennis in an energizing, safe environment. Each clinic's lesson plan is based upon the general age range, skill levels, and size of the class. At most locations, clinics primarily operate in the fall and spring. Learn more about specific clinics by clicking on the drop-down menu below.


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Globalization vs. Culture: The Loss Of Identity
A good friend of mine and I were chatting earlier today when the subject turned to how so many countries and people are losing their identity.
This is a true problem that I've been seeing all over the world, and the main reason behind it is unfortunately Globalization. I'm no anti-globalization activist or anything, in fact, I'm totally for globalization, economically and industrially speaking, but we can't neglect the negative effects it has on culture and society.
In this globalized world, cities are becoming clones of each other, and people are converging into fake stereotypes; gone are the unique cities that carry so much history and culture in every corner, lost are the enriching cultural differences and specificities that make a society uniquely what it is; London looks like Paris which looks like Madrid; Restaurants serving this or that country's traditional food are drowned out by the huge fast food chains, beautiful traditional clothing is lost between the new bulk-made looks created by the big brands, people look alike, eat alike and dress alike whether they're in New York, New Delhi or Cairo.
We're losing one of the things that count the most: our identity, the uniqueness in us, that which makes us special and allows us to stand out from the crowd.
Again, I'm all for cultural exchange and value it dearly, and I, more than anyone else, treasure the notion of a global citizen, but still that doesn't mean letting go of our unique cultures to adopt a unified fake money-driven one.


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Rudyard Kipling
Rudyard Kipling
(30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 / Bombay)
To The Companions
How comes it that, at even-tide,
When level beams should show most truth,
Man, failing, takes unfailing pride
In memories of his frolic youth?
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Tuesday, April 27, 2010
come see me this weekend!
38 comments:
ReplyDeleteHi there, I just stumbled across your blog courtesy of a new follower on mine, and I must say I am so pleased I did! I am a SAHM trying to run a little furniture painting business out of my garage. I started last September and it is going well, I'd love to have more time to put into it but that will come once both my kids are at school, and I don't want to rush that! I love the pink striped chest of drawers - just gorgeous! I'll join here as a follower and also pop over to your new blog...I did that too, change the name of my business and therefore my blog a few months ago, and so glad i did...I am small time still but there is loads of potential when i have the time to give the business, and I feel like I have a real 'brand' now that I can grow...it is so exciting!
Hope your flea market sale went well.


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Has anyone done the euro trail in December?
3 Mar 2013 myles1989 asked
Just seeing if anyone has done the euro trail in December ? Over Christmas and New Years. Am thinking about doing it this year
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Your cat will love the variety of Animonda vom Feinsten Mare cat food with lots of fish! Animonda vom Feinsten Mare cat food in the handy tray is made exclusively of select ingredients enriched with natural taurine. Treat your cat to this exquisite fish speciality - shell appreciate it! Strictly free from soya grains and artificial colourings and preservatives.
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Learn about this topic in these articles:
price systems
Price systems are therefore the result of
scarcity. The basic proposition of economics, that scarcities are essentially ubiquitous, is often phrased as "there is no such thing as a free lunch"; and it reminds one that the price of the lunch may be future patronage, a reciprocal lunch, or a boring monologue. The task of economic organization is the task of devising price systems that...


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We're asking Gazette readers to 'Snap to it!'
Your dog. Your kid. Your garden ...
We have a new feature coming up called Snapshot and we're looking for reader submitted photos to add to the fun.
Are you an Instagram addict? Did you post an awesome sunset shot to Facebook you'd like to share?
If you took a photo within the last 24 months that you'd like to see in print, email a high resolution jpeg to firstname.lastname@example.com and you might see your photo in our exciting, colourful roundup of West Shore activities. Make sure to include contact information along with the photographer's name and please use the subject line Snapshot.
The deadline for submission is Aug. 8.
We encourage an open exchange of ideas on this story's topic, but we ask you to follow our guidelines for respecting community standards. Personal attacks, inappropriate language, and off-topic comments may be removed, and comment privileges revoked, per our Terms of Use. Please see our FAQ if you have questions or concerns about using Facebook to comment.


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Most presidents win a new term by winning an election. Barack Obama just got his by losing one.
Washington has experienced all manner of political aftershocks in the days following the special election on Tuesday in Massachusetts, in which Scott Brown became the first Republican to be elected to represent the Bay State in the Senate in nearly 40 years. But no shock has been as vivid to watch as Obama.
After the immediate dust settled on what Brown's election may, or may not, mean for his health care reform plan, Obama didn't mope, or whine, or really complain in any way. Rather, he just simply seemed to pivot into this new political reality, and it didn't feel so much a coldly calculated political turn as a swivel that just appeared to shake something loose within Obama. It's almost as if the president was just waiting, perhaps hoping, for something to blow him this way all along.
This is not to say Obama had fallen into a presidential rut. Instead it seems quite possible to imagine that he had become so enmeshed in accomplishing what he felt he needed to do that he had forgotten for a good long while to poke his head up and really take a look around. This is not a knock on Obama. It may be a function of having come so far, so fast, but as we've heard from across the political spectrum that a year ago we were truly "at the brink," staring down at the real potential of long, deep recession becoming a depression.
Whether you agree with the actions he would eventually take, or not, I think Obama simply was looking to take the best, perhaps only realistic, advice he could find at the time to keep that from happening. I firmly share the mindset of filmmaker Michael Moore, that even when I may disagree with various Obama policies, I remain convinced the president is "a good and decent man." In the midst of this serious crisis atmosphere, Obama appears to have put his head down to plow ahead to carry out the long list of tasks he wanted to accomplish to improve the nation's situation.
That's more or less the earnestness with which Obama carried on his job until last Tuesday. He seems to have been so busy that he missed the new appetite for populism that fueled Brown's startling election. Rather than let it rattle him, Obama in the days since almost seems to exhibit a sense of relief that he could — should — shed the serious crisis mode which marked his first year, and shift both the tone and substance of his presidency.
In just the few days since Brown's victory, Obama announced a fresh proposal to impose new fees on big banks he had been accused of being too cozy with just days earlier. He brought the reform-minded Paul Volcker closer into his circle at the apparent expense of the more Wall Street-friendly Tim Geithner. The president ended his week of change by angrily denouncing a nearly treasonous Supreme Court decision to allow nearly unfettered corporate influence on American politics.
Even as his nomination of Republican Ben Bernanke to continue in his post atop the Federal Reserve began to unravel last week at the hands of his fellow Democrats, it's not entirely clear how much Obama seems to care. Just weeks ago, Obama could have been expected to use his weekly White House address to come to Bernanke's rescue, or at least talk about the economic recovery in a way that would have given his Bush-era nominee some cover. The president, instead, chose to stay on the populist road by continuing his attack on that sweeping Supreme Court decision. Obama's thinking may well now concur with the Senate's prime Bernanke opponent, the liberal independent Sen. Bernie Sanders, who believes Bernanke's defeat would give Obama "a golden opportunity to nominate someone who will move the Fed in a new direction and put an end to the Fed's relationship with big banks and Wall Street."
Time will tell as to exactly where this new direction will carry Obama. But for the time being, the president appears genuinely happy to leave behind him the path of his first year in office and embrace new political realities and their potential.
Obama will soon deliver his State of the Union address, but feels like it could be his second Inaugural.
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Personal Statement For An Nqt Primary Pool
Published: Last Edited:
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
- Show how the knowledge acquired through your degree, other education and work experience is relevant to secondary school teaching.
Teachers open the door, but you enter by yourself. - Anonymous
The main reason I want to become a teacher is to have an influence on people's lives. By being a teacher you are directly connected to people everyday throughout the school year, by being a good role model and through positive reinforcement I could have a direct effect on people.
I must be honest I have not always wanted to be a teacher. I first became interested in secondary teaching through working with an independent college where I prepared students for foundation, diploma and higher diploma Institute of Management Information system exams. I realized teachers play a significant role in the life of students. Teachers are like the foundation or building blocks in the educational development of a child in life.
My Secondary school math Teacher was a massive inspiration to me.
He made math classes simple and interesting. He made me think and use my creative talents and take them to a whole new level. He helped us keep our spirits up and our minds focused. His interest in my work and constant criticism (positive and negative) made me want to continue with my studies, hoping that I would find more inspirational mentors like him.
After Secondary school I went to University where I did a degree in Computer science and Engineering, which I loved doing. I graduated with a B. Tech in Computer Engineering on February 1999 and a Master degree in Electrical Electronic on December 2005.
During the 5 years I spent as undergraduate at University I met the other person who made me believe in my studies and myself. She helped me developed my skills. She was a lovely woman. Her classes were so relaxed. I felt as if I was listening to music when she spoke and lectured us. Her open mind, self-belief and teaching techniques (relaxed but equally as stern) made me want to attend my lectures and I actually enjoyed them. This gave me a new sense of belonging with the studies I undertook, and like my secondary school teacher, she gave me a direction, made me believe in myself and ultimately made me want to learn more and explore everyday.
The experiences I had in my aforementioned schools and Universities led me to think. If I were to become a Teacher, what type of a teacher would I be? The type of teaching philosophy that I agreed with the most was practicality, so the type of classroom environment that I would use would be a type of class participation and openly discussing the topic amongst themselves. The students would have a role in the learning instead of just me teaching on the subject matter. The lesson plans
would be designed to give the students something that is practical and they would be able to use later in life, which is something that I have tried to do with my own life. They (The students) would still be working directly with me and at the same time interacting with each other. The classroom management would not be as strict as most
classrooms, there would still be rules to abide by but the students would have a more active role in the class. The activities that the class did or participated in would be used to get them to think practically and work as a group or work with me as a whole class. They would not always be working in a group because sometimes the class
would call for individual work and individual learning. I am a firm believer in individuality, and in today's society it is far too easy for people to become followers not leaders.
If you always put students in groups, there will be some students that will take advantage of your teaching methods. The teacher's role in the class would be to do all the classroom management, providing the assignments, evaluating the grades, and being a person who is an authority figure. I would also try to share my experiences in life, talk to the students, and try to get them to interact with each other more. This was something that I felt many teachers in my schooling career did not focus on.
I currently work as a Referral Assessment officer/support coordinator after I lost my job due to cut in my previous college. I secured the job through my transfer skills. Initially, I started as a support coordinator and after two years on the job I was signposted to work with Islington Children's Social Care Services (referral & Advice) team under the joint working scheme. According to my Line Manager, I was chosen for this new position because of my skills. She stated that the role requires someone that can work very well under pressure, highly focus & organized and able to keep to tight deadlines which the management team believes I have.
My day to day job involves visiting families to do assessment based on report from the police, teachers, GP, health visitor and other agencies. In some case I need to interview children to hear their own view about what happened. I usually start from what they are familiar with or what they enjoy doing to relax them before going to main interview. I have acquired various skills on how to interview children to gather information on past incidents. Most children education developments are affected by what is going on at home and their environment. A child from a trouble home or poor background hardly concentrates during classes. For some children going to school is seen as a safe place where they are free to express themselves in a relax atmosphere.
The teacher is in a role of responsibility that gives them the opportunity to reach out and help mold some children's lives. They have the power to help people understand the importance of school and learning to enjoy coming to school. My foundation is the fact that I have a good education that enables me to be the best teacher I can be.
Every person in life has to have professionalism regardless of what kind of job he or she is involved with and without a professional attitude there cannot be success in life.
In my various past roles, I have learned that people are differ and I need to relate with different people at different levels, so I have learned to communicate in simple languages using terminologies that are ease to understand by different people. I believe this skill is very essential in teaching because pupils are differs and level of understanding also differs.
I am highly focus, organised in my work, keep to tight deadlines and flexible with my time and approach to duty, I have a 'CAN DO' attitude; I believe I can do whatever I set my mind to do. I also believe one stop learn when one is dead. I have good active listening skills, which is very important because it helps to see the underline problem of what is going on, that is not visible initially. I believe these skills and philosophies are good transferable skills to have as a teacher. I find it easy to adapt to a challenging and dynamic environment like teaching.
Working on weekend as a private math and ICT tutor, I learned that my approach to a task has a direct effect on how the children respond to me. For example some children needs practical examples like using coins to explain the concept of money to them or really clock to explain how the clock works.
I speak English and my community language Yoruba fluently. I love to research many things in ICT. I have acquired skills of how to work and manage people from different background and culture. People have different believe and they see things differently. This experience opens my eyes to the fact that no question or answer is stupid.