text:
This article presents an example on unit testing of Silverlight applications with asynchronous service callbacks.
Compared with other types of unit tests, the tests of Silverlight applications face two special challenges:
This article is to present an example on unit testing of Silverlight applications with asynchronous service callbacks to address these two challenges. For unit testing of Silverlight applications, you can find some other references, such as this one, this one, and this one.
The attached Visual Studio solution has three projects:
This Visual Studio solution is developed in Visual Studio 2010 and Silverlight 4. I will first introduce the WCF service in the "SilverlightHostWebApplication" project and then introduce the "SilverlightApplication" project. After that, I will show you how the test project "SilverlightApplicationUnitTest" is created and how we can use it to test the asynchronous WCF service calls made in the MVVM view model class in the "SilverlightApplication" project.
The WCF service to be consumed by the "SilverlightApplication" project is implemented in the "StudentService.svc.cs" file in the "SilverlightHostWebApplication" project:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Runtime.Serialization; using System.ServiceModel; using System.Text; namespace SilverlightHostWebApplication { [DataContract] public class Student { [DataMember(Order = 0)] public string ID { get; set; } [DataMember(Order = 1)] public string Name { get; set; } [DataMember(Order = 2)] public DateTime EnrollmentDate { get; set; } [DataMember(Order = 3)] public int Score { get; set; } [DataMember(Order = 4)] public string Gender { get; set; } } [ServiceContract] public class StudentService { [OperationContract] public List<Student> GenerateStudents(int NoOfStudents) { // This is the correct method. // It returns exactly the same number of students // as requested. return CreateStudentsList(NoOfStudents); } [OperationContract] public List<Student> GenerateStudentsWithError(int NoOfStudents) { // This method has an artificial error. // It is used to generate a failure in the unit test. // The number of students generated is (NoOfStudents - 1) return CreateStudentsList(NoOfStudents - 1); } private List<Student> CreateStudentsList(int NoOfStudents) { List<Student> students = new List<Student>(); Random rd = new Random(); for (int i = 1; i <= NoOfStudents; i++) { int score = Convert.ToInt16(60 + rd.NextDouble() * 40); students.Add(new Student() { ID = "ID No." + i.ToString(), Name = "Student Name " + i.ToString(), EnrollmentDate = DateTime.Now, Score = score, Gender = (score >= 80) ? "Female" : "Male" }); } return students; } } }
This WCF service implements a Data contract "Student" and a Service contract "StudentService". In the service contract "StudentService", we have two Operation contracts:
Both operation contracts will be consumed by the "SilverlightApplication" project by asynchronous WCF calls. We will see that the unit test project "SilverlightApplicationUnitTest" passes the call to the "GenerateStudents" method, but fails the call to the "GenerateStudentsWithError" method.
The "SilverlightApplication" project is the Silverlight project to be tested in this article.
This simple application is built in MVVM pattern. If you are not familiar with MVVM, you can take a look at "Data and Command Bindings for Silverlight MVVM Applications" and some other references. Before going to the application's code, let us take a look at how it runs. Set the host ASP.NET application "SilverlightHostWebApplication" as the start up project and set the "Default.aspx" page as the start page, we can lunch the "SilverlightApplication" from Visual Studio.
We can see two buttons in this Silverlight application. Each button is intended to trigger a WCF service call to retrieve 10 students. But the button "Get 10 students from WCF" triggers a call to the method "GenerateStudents" and the button "Get 10 students from wrong method in WCF" triggers a call to the method "GenerateStudentsWithError".
As we can see from the above pictures, clicking on the "Get 10 students from WCF" button, we indeed receive the correct number of students from the WCF service. But when we click on the "Get 10 students from wrong method in WCF" button, incorrect number of students is returned from the WCF service. We will see how the unit test application captures this artificial error. But before we go to the unit test application, we will take a look at the code that implements the "SilverlightApplication" project. The "SilverlightApplication" project is a very simple Silverlight MVVM application, which has only one model class, one view model class and one XAML view file. I will introduce them one by one after taking a look at the utility classes that help us implementing Silverlight MVVM applications.
To make the implementation of the MVVM pattern in the "SilverlightApplication" easier, I created two utility classes in the "Utilities\Utilities.cs" file:
using System; using System.Net; using System.Windows; using System.Windows.Controls; using System.Windows.Documents; using System.Windows.Ink; using System.Windows.Input; using System.Windows.Media; using System.Windows.Media.Animation; using System.Windows.Shapes; using System.ComponentModel; namespace SilverlightApplication.Utilities { public delegate void AsyncCompleted(); // This class is used as the base class for all view models public abstract class ViewModelBase : DependencyObject, INotifyPropertyChanged { public event AsyncCompleted AsyncCallbackCompleted; public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged; public bool IsDesignTime { get { return DesignerProperties.IsInDesignTool; } } protected void NotifyPropertyChanged(string propertyName) { if (PropertyChanged != null) { PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName)); } } protected void InformCallbackCompleted() { if (AsyncCallbackCompleted != null) { AsyncCallbackCompleted(); } } } // This class is used to create commands in the view models public class RelayCommand : ICommand { private readonly Action handler; private bool isEnabled; public RelayCommand(Action handler) { this.handler = handler; } public bool IsEnabled { get { return isEnabled; } set { if (value != isEnabled) { isEnabled = value; if (CanExecuteChanged != null) { CanExecuteChanged(this, EventArgs.Empty); } } } } public bool CanExecute(object parameter) { return IsEnabled; } public event EventHandler CanExecuteChanged; public void Execute(object parameter) { handler(); } } }
The "ViewModelBase" class implements the INotifyPropertyChanged interface. It will be used as the base class in the application's view model. The "RelayCommand" class implements the ICommand interface. It will be used to create command objects in the application's view model. I wrote a separate article to talk about how these two classes help us to build Silverlight MVVM applications. If you are interested, you can take a look at it from here.
Besides the MVVM support, you should notice that I added an Event "AsyncCallbackCompleted" and a public method "InformCallbackCompleted" to fire this event in the "ViewModelBase" class. In order for the unit test application to test the asynchronous callback functions in a Silverlight application, the callback functions need to fire this event before they complete. You will see how we fire this event in the view model of the "SilverlightApplication" application and how we use this event to test the callback functions in the unit test project.
The model class of the "SilverlightApplication" project is implemented in the "Models\StudentModel.cs" file:
using System; using System.Net; using System.Windows; using System.Windows.Controls; using System.Windows.Documents; using System.Windows.Ink; using System.Windows.Input; using System.Windows.Media; using System.Windows.Media.Animation; using System.Windows.Shapes; using SilverlightApplication.StudentService; namespace SilverlightApplication.Models { public class StudentModel { public void GetStudents(int NumberOfStudent, EventHandler<GenerateStudentsCompletedEventArgs> targetFunction) { StudentServiceClient client = new StudentServiceClient(); client.GenerateStudentsCompleted += new EventHandler<GenerateStudentsCompletedEventArgs>(targetFunction); client.GenerateStudentsAsync(NumberOfStudent); } public void GetStudentsWithError(int NumberOfStudent, EventHandler<GenerateStudentsWithErrorCompletedEventArgs> targetFunction) { StudentServiceClient client = new StudentServiceClient(); client.GenerateStudentsWithErrorCompleted += new EventHandler<GenerateStudentsWithErrorCompletedEventArgs> (targetFunction); client.GenerateStudentsWithErrorAsync(NumberOfStudent); } } }
Since all the student generation functionalities have been implemented in the WCF service, this model class is very simple. It has only two methods:
Each method takes a reference to a callback function. The callback functions will be called when the results of the WCF service calls come back. The callback functions will be implemented in the application's view model.
The view model of the "SilverlightApplication" project is implemented in the "ViewModels\MainPageViewModel.cs" file:
using System; using SilverlightApplication.Utilities; using SilverlightApplication.StudentService; using System.Collections.Generic; using SilverlightApplication.Models; namespace SilverlightApplication.ViewModels { public class MainPageViewModel : ViewModelBase { // Public properties private List<Student> studentList = null; public List<Student> StudentList { get { return studentList; } private set { studentList = value; NotifyPropertyChanged("StudentList"); } } // Public commands public RelayCommand GetStudentWCFCommand { get; private set; } private void GetStudentWCF() { StudentModel model = new StudentModel(); model.GetStudents(10, (s, r) => { StudentList = (List<Student>)r.Result; // This is used for unit testing // It has no effect to the normal program flow. InformCallbackCompleted(); }); } public RelayCommand GetStudentWCFWrongMethodCommand { get; private set; } private void GetStudentWCFWrongMethod() { StudentModel model = new StudentModel(); model.GetStudentsWithError(10, (s, r) => { StudentList = (List<Student>)r.Result; // This is used for unit testing // It has no effect to the normal program flow. InformCallbackCompleted(); }); } // Commands should be initiated in this method private void WireCommands() { GetStudentWCFCommand = new RelayCommand(GetStudentWCF); GetStudentWCFCommand.IsEnabled = true; GetStudentWCFWrongMethodCommand = new RelayCommand(GetStudentWCFWrongMethod); GetStudentWCFWrongMethodCommand.IsEnabled = true; } // Constructor public MainPageViewModel() : base() { WireCommands(); } } }
This view model has one public property and two commands.
You should pay some attention to the Anonymous callback functions. They assign the received list of students to the "StudentList" property and fire the "AsyncCallbackCompleted" event. By firing this event, the callback functions notify the test methods in the unit test project that the asynchronous service calls have completed and the result of the service calls is ready for the test methods to check.
The view of the "SilverlightApplication" project is implemented in the "MainPage.xaml" file:
<UserControl xmlns:sdk="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation/sdk" x:Class="SilverlightApplication.MainPage" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008" xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" mc:Ignorable="d" FontFamily="Verdana" FontSize="12" d:DesignHeight="300" d:DesignWidth="400"> <Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Margin="10" Background="White"> <Grid.RowDefinitions> <RowDefinition Height="auto" /> <RowDefinition Height="*" /> </Grid.RowDefinitions> <Grid Grid.Row="0"> <Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <ColumnDefinition Width="*" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="*" /> </Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <Button Grid.Column="0" Content="Get 10 students from WCF" Command="{Binding Path=GetStudentWCFCommand}" Margin="5,0,0,5"/> <Button Grid.Column="1" Content="Get 10 students from wrong method in WCF" Command="{Binding Path=GetStudentWCFWrongMethodCommand}" Margin="5,0,0,5"/> </Grid> <sdk:DataGrid Margin="0, 8, 0, 0" Grid.Row="1" ItemsSource="{Binding Path=StudentList}"/> </Grid> </UserControl>
The view model has three functional XAML components. The Data grid is bound to the "StudentList" property and each of the two Buttons is bound to a command in the view model.
We now complete the introduction of the "SilverlightApplication" project, and we are ready to take a look at the unit test application "SilverlightApplicationUnitTest".
As what we mentioned earlier, Silverlight applications run in the sandbox of the web browsers. Certain functionalities that are available to other types of applications may not be available to Silverlight applications. The best unit test project for a Silverlight application is another Silverlight application, so the Silverlight application and the test application share the same run time environment and we shall have better confidence on the test results.
Visual Studio 2010 has very good support to create unit test projects for Silverlight applications. The "SilverlightApplicationUnitTest" in this article is created by the "Silverlight Unit Test Application" project template that comes with the Visual Studio installation.
Following the steps to add a new project to the Visual Studio solution, we can see a pop up window showing the selections of the project templates:
Select the "Silverlight Unit Test Application" project template and follow the rest of the instructions, we can easily add the "SilverlightApplicationUnitTest" to the Visual Studio solution. After the unit test project is added to the solution, we need to further set up the test environment.
In order that we do not have two copies of the "ServiceReferences.ClientConfig" file, this file is added to the "SilverlightApplicationUnitTest" project as a linked file. You can refer to this link on how to add an existing file as a linked file in Visual Studio.
After setting up the environment, we can write some unit tests on the view model of the "SilverlightApplication" project. We can test other parts of the application too, but in this article, I will limit the scope of the tests to the view model. The tests are written in the "MainPageViewModelTests" class in the "Tests.cs" file:
using System; using Microsoft.Silverlight.Testing; using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting; using SilverlightApplication.ViewModels; namespace SilverlightApplicationUnitTest { [TestClass] public class MainPageViewModelTests: SilverlightTest { [TestMethod] public void ViewModelInitiation() { MainPageViewModel vm = new MainPageViewModel(); Assert.IsTrue(vm.StudentList == null, "At view model initiation, StudentList should be null"); Assert.IsTrue(vm.GetStudentWCFCommand != null, "At view model initiation, GetStudentWCFCommand should be initiated"); Assert.IsTrue(vm.GetStudentWCFWrongMethodCommand != null, "At view model initiation, GetStudentWCFWrongMethodCommand should be initiated"); } [TestMethod] [Asynchronous] public void AsynchronousWCFCallWithGetStudentWCFCommand() { MainPageViewModel vm = new MainPageViewModel(); bool done = false; vm.AsyncCallbackCompleted += (() => done = true); EnqueueCallback(() => vm.GetStudentWCFCommand.Execute(null)); EnqueueConditional(() => done); EnqueueCallback(() => Assert.IsNotNull(vm.StudentList, "No student retrieved from the WCF service")); EnqueueCallback(() => Assert.IsTrue(vm.StudentList.Count == 10, "The number of the students should be 10.")); EnqueueTestComplete(); } [TestMethod] [Asynchronous] public void AsynchronousWCFCallWithGetStudentWCFWrongMethodCommand() { MainPageViewModel vm = new MainPageViewModel(); bool done = false; vm.AsyncCallbackCompleted += (() => done = true); EnqueueCallback(() => vm.GetStudentWCFWrongMethodCommand.Execute(null)); EnqueueConditional(() => done); EnqueueCallback(() => Assert.IsNotNull(vm.StudentList, "No student retrieved from the WCF service")); EnqueueCallback(() => Assert.IsTrue(vm.StudentList.Count == 10, "The number of the students should be 10. Problem is captured by the unit test.")); EnqueueTestComplete(); } } }
We have three test methods in the "MainPageViewModelTests" class. The "ViewModelInitiation" method checks if the constructor of the view model successfully initiates its state and if the commands in the view model are successfully wired. The other two test methods test if the commands in the view model can initiate the WCF service call and if the correct number of students is obtained from the WCF service in the asynchronous callback functions.
Because the WCF service call is asynchronous, we need to use the mechanism introduced by Jeff Wilcox to ensure that we always wait until the callback function finishes before we check the result from the WCF service. We first initiate a boolean variable "done" to false and subscribe to the "AsyncCallbackCompleted" event from the view model with an anonymous function to set the variable "done" to true. We then use the "EnqueueCallback" method to issue the command that makes the WCF service call. If you go back to take a look at the callback functions implemented in the view model of the "SilverlightApplication" project, you can see that the "AsyncCallbackCompleted" is fired at the end of the callback functions. The firing of the "AsyncCallbackCompleted" triggers the anonymous event handler in the test method to set the variable "done" to true. At this time, we are sure that the callback function in the view model has finished execution and the callback result is ready to be checked. To make this mechanism work, you need to call the "EnqueueTestComplete" method after you add the function to initiate the WCF call and the functions to check the result from the WCF service with the "EnqueueCallback" method. You can read more about this mechanism from Jeff Wilcox's blog. I hope you can get more details about it.
Yes. It is as simple as it is. We now complete both the "SilverlightApplication" project and the unit test project. To run the unit test, we can set the "SilverlightHostWebApplication" project as the start up project and set the "TestPage.aspx" page as the start page. If we are going to run the unit test in the Visual Studio environment, we need to start the unit test application without debug. If we debug run the unit test and if a certain part of our code fails the test, instead of finishing the test and reporting the test result to us, Visual Studio may simply stop at the code where the failure occurs.
After Type in "Ctrl+F5" to start the unit test without debug and wait until the unit test finishes, you can see the following result:
As expected, two of the three test methods succeeded and one failed in our demo application.
Click on the highlighted failed test item, we can see the details of the failure which shows that the number of the students received from the WCF service does not match the number expected. You may question that we only demonstrated how the unit test project captures logical errors in the application. How about the run time errors? The answer is that the unit test projects captures run time errors equally well. You can throw some artificial exceptions in the "SilverlightApplication" project. If your test methods cover the code where the exceptions are thrown, the run time exceptions will be captured and shown in the report.
At the beginning of this article, we stated the two special challenges that the unit testing of Silverlight applications face. We can now come to the conclusion.
This is the first revision of this article.
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
General News Suggestion Question Bug Answer Joke Praise Rant Admin
Use Ctrl+Left/Right to switch messages, Ctrl+Up/Down to switch threads, Ctrl+Shift+Left/Right to switch pages.


text:
The latest dispatch in the You Get What You Pay For department: The stunning new Kahu winter baby boots from Nui Organics, the wonderful New Zealand company that creates beautiful items from organic Merino wool using sustainable farming practices. These booties are no exception: In fact, the soft, high quality lambskin comes exclusively from those lambs that have died of natural causes on the farms.
I don't imagine the laces will pose much of a problem for little feet — you can probably just slip them in then tighten the tops to keep the booties on. And the flexible suede soles is a nice little touch so that little cruisers can entertain the family around the fireplace in the living room.
Honestly, I was expecting them to cost around $90 so I was pleasantly surprised to see they come in at half that. While that's certainly not cheap, man they're freaking cute. And if anyone deserves a spare $48 this holiday season, I'll go with a company like Nui Organics. –Liz
Find winter baby booties from Nui Organics at Hazelwood Children

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sexy Miranda Kerr Steals Victoria's Secret Show in Post-Baby Return
By Us Weekly
Then seven months pregnant with son Flynn, Miranda Kerr missed out on the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show in 2010. But the Australian supermodel returned to the sexiest catwalk in the world at Wednesday's big show at the Lexington Avenue Armory, located midtown in NYC.
With her baby weight completely gone, Kerr, 28, stole the show in not one but three over-the-top lingerie creations. The showstopper? A skimpy, diamond-studded, $2.5 million bra accentuated with an elaborate "ice peacock" contraption around her waist. The jaw-dropping beauty got a standing ovation as she closed the show in the blinged-out creation.
PHOTOS: Jaw-dropping post-baby bods
Her biggest fan in the seats was her hubby, Orlando Bloom, seen applauding wildly for each of her walks.
PHOTOS: Hottest moments from Victoria's Secret shows
Kerr's other hot ensembles of the night included a purple bra accessorized with medieval touches like a choker, a quilted vest and polka-dot chiffon arms, plus a regal red-and-white lace number topped with a crown.
Keep clicking to see more sexy photos of Miranda from the show...


text:
Wednesday, January 26, 2011
Here is a pretty interesting way of generating campaign engagement. Burgeranch, an Israeli fast food chain launched a new burger deal called "combina" which basically means "outsmarting the system" with the burger deal giving you a whole lot more food for less money. So the campaign to launch the burger deal, followed on the "combina" [...]
Continue reading...Categories of Digital Buzz
Digital Buzz Links
© 2008 Digital Buzz Blog | |


text:
What is in this article?:
- Anytime Fitness Ranks No. 1 on 2014 Entrepreneur Franchise 500 List
- Sidebar: 23 Fitness Franchises Make List
Anytime Fitness, Hastings, MN, is the No. 1 franchise on Entrepreneur magazine's 2014 Franchise 500 list.
Anytime Fitness co-founders Dave Mortensen (left) and Chuck Runyon celebrate their company's ranking as the No. 1 franchise on Entrepreneur magazine's Franchise 500 list. Screenshot from YouTube video courtesy of Anytime Fitness.
Sidebar: 23 Fitness Franchises Make List
A total of 23 fitness franchise companies are on the 2014 Franchise 500 list. In addition to No. 1 Anytime Fitness, the others are: Jazzercize, Carlsbad, CA (No. 42); Snap Fitness, Chanhassen, MN (No. 44); My Gym Children's Fitness Center, Sherman Oaks, CA (No. 182); Fitness Revolution, Elizabethtown, KY (No. 193); Gold's Gym International, Dallas (No. 210); Title Boxing Club, Overland Park, KS (No. 235); Get in Shape for Women, Needham, MA (No. 279); Retro Fitness, Colts Neck, NJ (No. 289); iLoveKickboxing.com, Levittown, NY (No. 291); Athletic Revolution, Elizabethtown, KY (No. 296); 9Round, Greenville, SC (No. 302); UFC Gym, Santa Ana, CA (No. 319); Brickhouse Cardio Club, Charleston, WV (No. 361); The Little Gym, Scottsdale, AZ (No. 366); Kosama, Chanhassen, MN (No. 382); Crunch Franchising, New York (No. 400); Orangetheory Fitness, Fort Lauderdale, FL (No. 403); The Exercise Coach, Lake Zurich, IL (No. 435); Great Play Children's Gyms (No. 441); Baby Boot Camp/Karna Fitness, Sarasota, FL (No. 442); Tiger Rock Martial Arts International, Pensacola, FL (No. 480); and Koko FitClub LLC, Rockland, MA (No. 487).
Crunch Franchising, Orangetheory Fitness, Fitness Revolution, Kosama, Title Boxing Club, Athletic Revolution, Brickhouse Cardio Club, The Exercise Coach and iLoveKickboxing.com are making their debut on the Franchise 500 list this year, as is UFC Gym, which acquired LA Boxing, Santa Ana, CA, at the beginning of this year. LA Boxing was No. 469 on last year's list. Snap Fitness acquired Kosama in 2012.
Planet Fitness, Newington, NH, which was No. 74 on last year's list, and CKO Kickboxing, Hoboken, NJ, which was No. 482 on last year's list, are not on this year's list.


text:
Disaster relief didn't come soon enough. Read More »
Home / Author Archives: Dan Boone
Opera Review (NYC): Il Caso Mortara — Dicapo Opera Theater, February 25, 2010
Interesting story – yes. Dramatic possibilities – sure. There were several things that could have gone right... Read More »
Opera Review (NYC): Double-bill of Erwartung and Bluebeard's Castle at Opera Manhattan Repertory Theatre, February 21, 2010
Love - the perfect crime. Read More »
Opera Review (NYC): Dido and Aeneas – Opera Manhattan Repertory Theatre, February 21, 2010
In this enjoyable production, which put the music first and foremost, the overwhelming delight was soprano Sharin Apostolou as Belinda. Read More »
Concert Review (New York, NY) – The Voluptuous Muse at New York Festival of Song February 16, 2010
Voluptuous Muse-ic Read More »
Opera Review (NYC): Hansel and Gretel at Opera Manhattan – Dec. 19, 2009
This simply stunning low-budget production ran for only one weekend, but showed what this little opera company can do. Read More »
Opera Review (Brooklyn, NY): Don Giovanni at the Regina Opera Company – Nov. 21, 2009
Don go breaking my heart... Read More »


text:
Thank you for your interest in our web site and employment opportunities with us! If you are going to come to Alaska to work, choose an established seafood company with excellent Employee and Fisherman relations. That's us! We're Petersburg Fisheries, a division of Icicle Seafoods, Inc. We are the oldest operating seafood plant in Alaska. Our cannery has operated continuously since 1899.
Petersburg Fisheries is a land-based seafood processing plant with a workforce of over 500 people. Our products include Alaskan King crab, Snow crab, Dungeness crab, Halibut, Sablefish, Rockfish, Herring and Salmon. We ship our products fresh, frozen, or canned to markets worldwide.
In this web site, you will find information about Petersburg Fisheries and the Borough of Petersburg. We hope you find this site fun and informative and that you'll apply for work with us!
WARNING! In recent years we have received many applications from individuals in foreign countries that unfortunately have been misled by others into believing that they can be employed in the USA with companies like ours. Please be informed that Petersburg Fisheries, a Division of Icicle Seafoods, Inc. does not sponsor workers and that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain proper documentation that would allow foreign applicants to be legally employable in the USA.
If you worked with us in 2016 click here
Throughout the year, work is available on a seasonal basis from mid-February through November. The greatest opportunity for work is during the salmon season. The salmon run begins in mid-June and ends in mid-October. However, the peak of the season is about 2 months long and goes between July and August.
Salmon seasons vary from year to year. How large or small the salmon run will be each year depends entirely upon the forces of nature. We have little control over how much fish comes in for processing. Therefore, the amount of work that we can provide depends upon how much fish we get! At the beginning and end of the season or during seasons with smaller runs, there may be days with little or no work. Since work availability is dependent on the amount of fish we receive, we cannot guarantee the number of hours employees will work each day. When there is no fish, there's no work.
On the other hand, when we have fish, we expect everyone to work all the hours available. During the peak of the season we may work 14 or more hours per day for 7 days a week. Several weeks may pass before there is a day off! Hours are more variable at the beginning and at the end of the season.
Petersburg Fisheries Summer Release Date is September 1st. In order to be considered for rehire the next season, employees must work through their shift on August 31st.
Because seasons vary from year to year, there are seasons when the Plant Manager may call the Summer Release Date earlier than the 1st of September, but the release date will never be later than September 1st.
To ensure that we have enough people to work through the peak of the salmon season, we will target our hiring upon those applicants who are available to work through their shift on August 31st.
Most of the work that we have is called "Sliming" or cleaning fish. This type of work involves removing the viscera (guts) and cutting off heads, fins, gills, or tail. That means there are lots of fish guts and fish blood in the work area. The environment can be wet and cold. Due to moving machinery it is noisy and hearing protection is required.
Seafood processing is physically demanding work that requires both strength and endurance. It's hard work! You need to ask yourself if you have the stamina to handle this type of work. You should be healthy and willing to work under these conditions. Be advised that this type of work involves strenuous as well as repetitive tasks. People with back or wrist problems should consider employment in another industry.
Not everyone is willing to do the physically demanding manual labor that is required to process fish. If you have any doubts at all, it is in your best interest not to apply for this type of work.
With all of this considered, we continue to have many employees returning to work with us year after year. We believe these are the following reasons! Petersburg Fisheries is a great work opportunity. Employees returning to work each summer do not have the burden of finding a summer job. This is a real benefit to college students. Returning employees return at the same wage level, so as their hours accumulate, so does the rate of pay (see Wage Schedule). Many employees make lifelong friendships at Petersburg Fisheries. We see many employees reaching their financial goals, whether it is to pay for a college degree, buy a new car or home, or to support their families, these are all possibilities at Petersburg Fisheries.
If the work is so hard, why would anyone choose to do it? Lot's of overtime hours! Because fish is a highly perishable product, it must be canned or frozen as quickly as possible to maintain the highest quality. This is why the seafood industry offers more overtime than most summer jobs.
Working overtime is how people earn more money in a shorter period of time. All hours worked in excess of 8 in one day are paid at the overtime rate of one and one half times the regular, straight-time hourly rate of pay. All hours worked in excess of 40 regular, straight-time hours in one week are also paid at the overtime rate.
The starting rate of pay for seafood processors is $10.25 per hour. As hours accumulate, the regular, straight-time hourly rate of pay increases according to the following schedule:
Employees who work until the release date retain accumulated hours and their pay rate when they return the following season. To be released, they must work through the end of their shift on September 1st.
Petersburg Fisheries Division of Icicle Seafoods, Inc. offers health and life insurance to qualifying employees, as well as a 401k plan for retirement savings. Complete details will be available during our orientation process.
The health insurance includes medical, dental, and vision care coverage for qualifying employees. Employees who quit before the season is over, or before they are released, do not qualify for health insurance.
We also provide the work gear that is needed such as rubber boots, rubber gloves, waterproof rain pants and jackets, earplugs and other personal protective equipment. Hairnets and beard nets are also provided.
This year as an incentive for seafood processors to work through the salmon season, Petersburg Fisheries will offer up to a maximum of $500.00 to help offset your cost of travel to Petersburg. To qualify you MUST arrive in Petersburg between June 1st and August 1st, successfully complete the season (September 1st), and provide your travel receipt by August 15th. Note: Only passenger fares qualify. Fares for vehicles coming on the ferry or excess baggage are not included.
Petersburg Fisheries is offering a recruitment incentive. For returning employees a bonus payment of $250.00 will be made to an eligible employee for each of the first 10 successful referrals within a calendar year.
New employees, who refer qualified candidates, will be compensated for the first four (4) successful referrals (up to $1,000) following completion of their initial employment term. Thereafter, as a returning employee, they may receive bonuses for up to ten qualified referrals per calendar year. A referred candidate must meet all qualifications for employment to become hired and must remain employed for the full duration of the employment term (including transfers, if applicable). Also, to qualify, the people you recruit must put your name on their application (in the referred by box), and they must successfully complete the season. All received applications are final.
We also try to show our appreciation for a job-well done! In the past we have staged fun events and drawings with great prizes. Also, after the release date we have a great send-off with a themed "End-of-Season Party"! So, get your application in as soon as possible and come join the work, fun and rewards at Petersburg Fisheries, a true Alaskan adventure in the beautiful heart of S.E. Alaska.
Employees who work until the summer release date retain accumulated hours and their pay-rate when they return the following season.
We encourage people to return each year and are proud of those who have achieved their financial goals by working with us for several successive seasons.
We are expecting a larger than usual number of returning employees this season. So, secure your spot on the Petersburg Fisheries Team by applying today!
During the orientation, we provide information about Petersburg Fisheries and your role as part of our seafood processing team. You will be issued an Employee Handbook and you will read about our Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP�s) and General Work Rules. There will be a tour of the plant. You will be issued work gear from the Stockroom, and lockers will be assigned to keep your gear in. The orientation process takes about 3 hours.
During the safety portion of the orientation, you will find out about our safety rules. You will be instructed in how to identify and report hazards. You will learn how to take proper precautions in the workplace and how to wear personal protective equipment. We will cover what to do in case of an emergency, and you will learn about Safety Incentive Programs.
Your supervisor and lead person will train you on the job in the actual skills that you will need for the work you are assigned to.
Petersburg Fisheries is a food processing facility. We want to put out the best product possible. We want all employees to be aware that the fish that we process will become someone's meal.
During orientation and on the job, employees will learn how to properly handle seafood to preserve freshness and quality and to prevent contamination. The Good Manufacturing Practices or "GMPs" include rules for personal hygiene (keeping yourself and your clothing clean). They also cover rules for sanitation such as disinfecting your gloves, boots, and gear before going into the processing area. And, they include rules for preventing the product from becoming contaminated (such as by wearing hairnets, and not chewing gum, eating drinking, smoking, or wearing jewelry while processing seafood).
We are proud of the fact that Petersburg Fisheries has an excellent reputation for high quality seafood products. We want to maintain that reputation. That is why we insist that everyone strictly follow the Good Manufacturing Practices.
Petersburg Fisheries strives to provide a safe and healthful workplace for all employees. We are proud of our safety record! We have developed policies, rules and safe operating procedures as part of our Accident Prevention Program. We expect everyone to follow these policies and take an active role in preventing accidents in the workplace.
There is no jewelry of any kind allowed in processing areas. This includes facial piercings. If you have piercings you may want to remove them before coming to work in Petersburg.
Petersburg Fisheries takes a firm stance against the use of alcohol or drugs in the workplace. The use, possession, trafficking, or being under the influence of alcohol or drugs (controlled substances, marijuana, and non-current prescription, or mind altering substances) is forbidden on Company owned, leased or controlled property. This includes all areas of the plant, Company vehicles and Company housing.
Petersburg Fisheries reserves the right to initiate testing or searches without prior notice. Disciplinary action may result in immediate discharge without prior warning.
As the final step in the hiring process, applicants must provide us with documentation that verifies eligibility to work in the United States and their identity. For a complete list of acceptable documents, please refer to Form I-9 (Requires Adobe Reader). You may also obtain a copy of this form at your local state employment office.
At the time of orientation, these documents must be furnished and Form I-9 must be completed. The documents you provide must be the original document or a certified copy. They must be valid. Since we must physically examine your documents, if you cannot provide legally acceptable documentation, we cannot hire you! Be aware that the INS comes through and periodically checks all documentation.
When hired, an applicant may provide a single document, which verifies both employment eligibility and identity. See LIST A on Form I-9. Otherwise, two documents must be provided. One document must verify identity. See LIST B. The other document must verify employment eligibility. See LIST C.
An applicant must be legally eligible to work in the united States! Icicle Seafoods does not sponsor applicants for work authorization.
LIST A: Documentation that Establish both Identity and Employment Eligibility
U.S. Passport (unexpired or expired); Permanent Resident Card or Alien Registration Receipt Card (Form I-551). An unexpired foreign passport with a temporary I-551 stamp. An unexpired Employment Authorization Document that contains a photograph (Form I-766, I-688, I-688A, I-688B). An unexpired foreign passport with an unexpired Arrival-Departure Record, Form I-94, bearing the same name as the passport and containing an endorsement of the alien�s nonimmigrant status, if that status authorizes the alien to work for the employer.
If you don't have a document from LIST A, you must provide one document from LIST B and one document from LIST C.
LIST B: Documents that Establish Identity
Driver's license or ID card issued by state or outlying possession of the United States provided it contains a photograph or information such as name, date of birth, sex, height, eye color, and address; ID card issued by federal, state or local government agencies or entities provided it contains a photograph or information such as name, date of birth, sex, height, eye color, and address; School ID card with a photograph; Voters Registration card; U.S. Military card or draft record; Military dependent's ID card; U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Mariner card; Native American tribal document; Driver's license issued by a Canadian government authority. For persons under the age 18 who are unable to present a document listed above: School record or Report card; Clinic, Doctor or hospital record; Day-care or Nursery school record.
LIST C: Documents that Establish Employment Eligibility
U.S. social security card issued by the Social Security Administration (other than a card stating it is not valid for employment); Certification of Birth Abroad issued by the Department of State (Form FS-545 or Form DS-1350); Original or certified copy of birth certificate issued by a state, county, municipal authority or outlying possession of the United States bearing an official seal; Native American tribal document; U.S.Citizen ID Card (INS Form I-197); ID Card for use of Resident Citizen in the United States (INS Form I-179); Unexpired employment authorization document issued by the INS (other than those listed under LIST A.)
Individuals are responsible for their own travel arrangements and transportation costs to Petersburg. The point of hire is Petersburg, Alaska. If hired, you will be met by our bunkhouse head resident upon arrival in Petersburg and given a ride to the plant from the ferry terminal or the airport. Petersburg also has taxi cabs which you can take if no ride is available, at your own expense.
Petersburg, Alaska has a population of around 3,500, is situated on a remote island in the southeast portion of Alaska. The only access is by plane or boat. Travel to Petersburg can be very expensive, and seating is limited. We recommend shopping around (internet, travel agencies, etc.) for the best price and making your reservations as soon as possible.
Viking Travel in Petersburg can be very helpful with arranging your travel needs. They can be reached at 1-800-327-2571 Monday- Saturday 9 am to 4:30 pm. Please keep in mind that Petersburg is one hour behind Pacific Standard Time.
Since fishing seasons are unpredictable, it is best to purchase an open or changeable return date. Alaska Airlines provides daily jet service. You can reach them at (800) 426-0333 or www.alaskaair.com. There is one northbound and one southbound flight daily
Petersburg also has ferry service provided by the Alaska Marine Highway System. They can be reached at (800) 642-0066 or www.alaska.gov/ferry
For more information about Petersburg contact the Chamber of Commerce at ( 907) 772-3636.
Petersburg Fisheries has housing facilities for seasonal employees at no charge. Employees are housed in several different buildings called "bunkhouses." Gender segregated (strictly enforced) rooms are shared by 4 to 16 people. You must be 18 years of age to stay in our housing facility. There is a safe provided to put your valuables in if needed, and we highly recommend using it.
We have a TV room with a big screen TV, a recreation room with ping pong tables, foos ball, a shuffle board table, and six computers for your use. (There is wireless access in the bunkhouse)
Petersburg Fisheries also has a dining hall called "The Cookhouse". Meals are cafeteria-style and are available to all employees. The charge per meal is $3.50 plus 6% sales tax for all you can eat. Several restaurants and grocery stores are located near the plant. Because of the large workforce we are unfortunately not able to provide vegetarian meals. However, the selection should be enough to satisfy most people.
To apply prior to the season, apply on our web site. Completely fill out the on-line application and submit it to us. We will contact you by phone for an interview.
After the interview, we check work references and criminal convictions through the court system. These checks can take time, anywhere from a few days to a few weeks. Positions will be filled by the best qualified applicants.
Successful applicants will be sent a letter scheduling a date and time for them to report for orientation at our plant. The point of hire is Petersburg Alaska. Individuals who do not confirm their plans by the deadline specified in their letters will lose their position and will not be considered for employment.
To ensure that we are adequately staffed through the peak of the season, we will target our hiring to those individuals who are able to work until at least September 1st.
What to bring: Due to limited space, bring only a soft, foldable suitcase or duffle bag. Bring clothes that can be layered and work clothes that you don�t mind getting fishy smelling: T-shirts, flannel shirts, sweatshirts, sweaters, a light to medium jacket, and thermal underwear. Lots of wool or cotton socks are a must (dry feet are happy feet!). Bring sweatpants if you like to work or hang out in them and a ball cap or other hat that you can wear at work. Remind yourself as you pack the Petersburg climate is damp! Other items you should pack are toiletries such as deodorant, shampoo, soap, and toothpaste, and towels. Housing residents must provide their own bath towels. Do not forget a battery operated alarm clock so you can be on time for your shift! All of these items may be found in the local stores but may be more expensive. All gear for assigned tasks is provided by Petersburg Fisheries. Oh, and don�t forget to bring a pair of shorts and sun glasses just in case the elusive Southeast Alaska sun should come out!
The following items are not necessities, but ones that will make you more comfortable: Your favorite comfy pillow, a favorite blanket, flip flops, and a lightweight robe to wear to and from the shower, and a Headset for listening to music in your bunk.
On a last note: Be sure to have enough cash to last 3 weeks for your own personal items until you receive your first paycheck.
Whichever seafood company you decide to work with, we recommend that you do not come to Alaska without a round-trip ticket and enough money for personal living expenses for at least 3 weeks. Most seafood companies--including ours--do not offer draws or payroll advances.
Be sure you have the legally acceptable documentation for Form I-9 to prove you are authorized to work in the United States and to verify your identity before you leave for Alaska. Don't leave home without them! No one can hire you without the appropriate documentation. Be aware that anyone misrepresenting himself or herself during a telephone interview will not be hired upon arrival in Petersburg.
Expect all the hard work and discomfort that sliming fish entails. Expect work hours to vary from a few to 14 or more per day, 7 days a week.
Remember: No fish, no work. Lots of fish, lots of work.
NOTE: All prizes , prize money, and referral money will only be awarded to those individuals that remain in good standing at the close of their employment at Petersburg Fisheries. All prize awards are not made final until that time.
Over the past 30 years we have had only four poor fishing/canning years. The rest have been extremely busy. However, if you can�t afford to take the financial risk of working where we depend upon wild salmon that are unpredictable and may not show up, then you should choose another industry.
Finally, we hope you choose to work with Petersburg Fisheries because we believe we have the best program to offer.
We endeavor at all times to fill available openings with the best qualified applicants regardless of race, sex, marital status, religion, pregnancy, age, national origin, color or handicap which does not impair the ability to do the job.


text:
Stroke |
I resently had a cat scan, and the results arepunctate foci of low attenuation in the para falcine location, andmost likely represent lipomas. Changes of small vessel ischemic and remote lacunar infarction. Sequela of remote lacunar infarction is noted in the lentiform nucleus on the right. Can you please tell me what this means? Thanks
The CT scan is suggestive an incidental small/tiny old stroke. However, MRI is much more sensetive than CT scan. So, to be certain of this finding I suggest MRI. If the MRI confirms that you have a remote lacunar stroke/infarction, then all risk factors must be modified (Hypertention, Diabetes, Smoking, High cholesterol, over weight etc. You must also exercise and follow low fat diet. Moreover, none invasive stroke work up (EKG, Echocardiogram, Carotid Dupplex, Lipid profile), to look for the cause of the lacunar stroke, must be initiated.Best regards and hope the above helps.
Yousef Mohammad, MD, MSc Assistant Professor Director, Stroke Fellowship Program College of Medicine The Ohio State University |


text:
PRO+ Premium Content/Storage magazine
Access your Pro+ Content below.
Is compliance the next killer app?
This article is part of the Storage magazine issue of Vol. 2 No. 5 July 2003
Will compliance do for storage networking what the Web did for data networking? Storage managers often find themselves in that special circle of IT hell where they could really make a big difference if they had the resources they needed, only they can't get those resources because the people who allocate them don't see it quite that way. Compliance with new data retention laws could change a lot of that. Storage managers find themselves in the same situation that data networking managers were in circa 1994. LAN technology had proven its worth, but getting funding to build a true enterprise network was difficult. Then along came the need to get on the Internet and the Web, and graduating from interLANs to fully networked businesses was a no-brainer. Now, a host of demands for record keeping and retrieval are hitting companies in varying degrees. Even within a single company, there are a variety of new and high-profile retention requirements. You may be standing on the sidelines as CFOs and business VPs sort out the multitude of ...
By submitting your personal information, you agree that TechTarget and its partners may contact you regarding relevant content, products and special offers.
You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy.
Features in this issue
Close the IM Loophole
NYSE sends message about instant messages
Roll Your Own NAS
Is building your own NAS better?
The evolving storage department
Here's how to avoid common road blocks as you revolutionize your storage department.
When a Mighty Wind Blows into Town
South Floridian IT managers don't worry a whole lot about terrorism, but there's one thing they do worry about: hurricanes.
Virtual SANs put to the test
Cisco's new virtual SAN technology has aroused a lot of interest. But how does it work in practice? We look at how Australia's Deakin University uses VSANs to isolate development activity within its large, multisite fabric.
EMC Launches Space-Saving Copy Option for Symmetrix
EMC wants to save you space
SEC: No Hard and Fast Distance Minimums
SEC doesn't define distance minimums
Drive Vendors Think Small
Seagate's incredible shrinking disk
Creating a large e-mail system
Here's how one storage team transformed a monolithic storage design into a flexible, scalable system.
IP SANs take their place
There's a growing interest in using IP for storage in small to midsized enterprises, although Fibre Channel is still dominant in large organizations. What's right for you: IP, FC or a combination of both?
Columns in this issue
How to build a storage security strategy for your enterprise
According to a Morgan Stanley December 2002 survey of 225 CIOs, security spending tops their 10 highest priorities for 2003. This article details how to build a thorough, companywide security strategy.
Intelligence belongs in the network and on the switch
Storage Bin: Intelligence belongs in the network and on the switch, but it's not going to get there in a jiffy.
Veritas SANPoint Control compared with EMC ControlCenter
In the second part of a two-part article, we review Veritas SANPoint Control and compare it with EMC ControlCenter.
Is compliance the next killer app?
Is compliance the next killer app?


text:
Wednesday, September 24th, 2008
By Gary R. Rasberry
St. Henry girls edge Shawnee on tiebreaker
Redskins win first-ever sectional crown
All season, St. Henry's girls golf team has been about the team effort.
Several players earned medalist honors during the season and seemed were all within a few strokes of each other in matches.
Why change a good thing in the Division II sectional at The Fox's Den?
The five Redskin golfers were separated by a mere 10 strokes, with fifth golfer Kendra Rindler providing a big round to win the tiebreaker against Shawnee and capture the school's first sectional title in girls golf.
St. Henry is the only team from the area to be among the three to qualify for next week's district at Sycamore Springs in Arlington. Lima Central Catholic rounds out the trio with a third-place finish.
St. Henry and Shawnee, which shot a 374 on Friday at the Western Buckeye League tournament, ended the sectional with matching 376s from their top four golfers. The first tiebreak goes to the fifth golfer in that event. Kendra Rindler fired a 102 while Abigail Rauch carded a 124 for the Indians, giving the title to the Redskins, who tied the school record for low 18-hole score.
For coach John Dorner, it was a typical team effort, and a goal for the team after missing by a couple strokes last season of advancing to district when just two teams advanced in last year's single division format.
"It's very (appropriate) because all year it has been a team effort," said the Redskins coach. We've had different girls step up and do their part. Today we took five girls and it came all the way down to the fifth girl. Obviously, it was a whole team effort and once again, the Redskins came through. I'm proud of them.
"That was a goal this year (advancing). Returning everyone from that team (last year). We had high hopes. The girls worked hard. We've been on a nice little roll. Hopefully, it's not over."
Taylor Rindler paced the Redskins with a 92. Shelby Link fired a 93 with Shelly Post and Ashley Kunkler carding a 95 and 96, respectively.
Coldwater made a great run toward a top-three finish, taking fifth with a 410, four strokes back of LCC and one back of Bath, which took fourth with a 409.
The Cavaliers will be represented at Sycamore Springs by Ashley Evers, who makes her second straight trip to districts after shooting an 87. Evers will be joined by a pair of Bath golfers in Kaitlyn Dugan (82) and Ashley Swartz (89).
"I struggled a little bit on the front nine. I would have had a 39 if I pared the last two holes," said Evers. "I advanced last year. It was a good experience."
Ellen Huffman of LCC carded low score of the day, carding a 1-under 71.
For the other local teams, Minster was sixth with a 421, Parkway seventh with a 436, Marion Local eighth with a 444 and New Bremen ninth with a 453.
Division II at Country Acres:
Division II at Country Acres:
St. John's took the sectional title at Country Acres on Tuesday, shooting a 383 to take top honors. Van Buren (410) and Wayne Trace (420) round out the trio of teams qualifying for districts.
Morgan Wells led the Blue Jays with a 92. Abbey Martin and Kelsey Rekart added a 94 and 96, respectively.
Additional online stories for this date
Print and E-Edition only stories for this date
• Celina students learn cost of not voting
• Council scraps $80,000 land buy for bike path
• Wind damage funds available to local residents who qualify
• School board keeps field trips
• County and village of Coldwater working to nab road, street funds
• District officials share meeting findings
• Celina boys soccer sits alone on top of the WBL
• Bulldogs get past Cavaliers in three games
Monday Night
Tuesday Night
Wednesday Night
Thursday Night
Friday Night
Saturday Night
3 Day


text:
Proposal for Resuscitating Prehistoric Creatures
This installation sets up the rebirth of cloned creatures, their wandering and their sound epic. They are seeking to evolve in our contemporary era.
The designer, who became the heroine of a quasi-mystic epic journey, aims at resuscitating the sound of prehistoric creatures by reconstructing their vocal tract. This is problematic from the scientific point of view: since the vocal tract is made of soft tissue, it does not fossilise. The only things that have been preserved through time are the surrounding bones. The inner parts have to be redesigned.
The exhibition consists of three sculpted skulls of prehistorics mammals, a Mammoth Imperator (-4,5 MYA), an Entelodont "Terminator Pig" (-25 MYA), and an Ambulocetus "Walking whale" (-50MYA). Two speakers are embedded in each creature, and the synthetic roars resonate through the sculpted cavities.
Each creature can play a repertoire of calls that are the result of an evolutionary process deriving an initial call into a tree of related sounds. Once a seed sound is designed, two clones are created with some random variation in their articulation and melodic structure. The process is then repeated for each cloned sound, creating a fast growing variety of sounds with each new generation.
Max was used both for the preliminary sound design, as well as for the installation.
A first max patch was created to design each imaginary call. Each call is made with a combination of breathing and vocal tract sounds. The breathing sounds were made out of air pumps recordings played back through granular synthesis, with some controlled randomness in the playback for a more lively rendering.
The synthesis for the voiced part of the sound uses a port of a vocal tract model by Andy Farnell, originally coded in Pure Data. A significant effort consisted in creating control curves for the model, allowing to interpolate smoothly between vocal tract presets. The core of the curves model is done with the "prob" object combined with Jasch's "bspline" object. This helped us derive hundreds of controlled variations from each seed sound.
All of the sound variations were encoded and stored in "coll" object, and are resynthesized by the installation patch, which plays them with a random process for a cycle length that can can be set to last between 2 mins up to 2 hours, depending on the installation's constraints.
The installation patch has been running with Max-6 runtime every day for the past five months without a complain, only plenty of groans.
Once the exhibition is over, we are thinking about releasing the sound-design patch as an instrument for electronic music producers and see what kind of remixes can roar out of this journey.
More Links


text:
The Essence Of Knowledge Management Essay
Published: Last Edited:
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
Knowledge is considered to be the power house of the new era of knowledge based economy Sohail and Daud, 2009. In addition, Davenport and Prusak defined knowledge as a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, and expert insight that provide a framework for evaluating and incorporating new experience and information. The minds of people are embodied with great knowledge, while a significant amount of it is stored in organizational artifacts like documents or repositories (Sohail and Daud, ibid).
Theory of knowledge is classified by Nonaka (1994) and Polanyi (1966) classified knowledge into tacit and explicit knowledge. They also state that Tacit knowledge includes insights, intuitions, and hunches that are hard to express and formalize, hence are difficult to share. Hence, tacit knowledge is likely to be personal and individual based experience.
Unlike Tacit knowledge, according Nonaka (1994), explicit knowledge can be considered as knowledge that has been expressed into words and numbers and it can be formally and systematically shared in the form of data, specifications, manuals, drawings, audio and video tapes, etc.
Development of tacit knowledge through experience takes time and requires considerable investment (McKenzie and van Winkelen, 2004). Characteristics of tacit and explicit knowledge are summarized in the Table 2.1 below.
Table 2.1: Characteristics of Tacit and Explicit Knowledge by Hislop (2005)
Tacit knowledge Explicit knowledge
ï'·ï€ Personal ï'·ï€ Impersonal
ï'·ï€ Difficult to share ï'·ï€ Easy to share
ï'·ï€ Subjective ï'·ï€ Objective
ï'·ï€ Context specific ï'·ï€ Context independent
ï'·ï€ Difficult to convey in a ï'·ï€ Easily codifiable
codifiable form
According to Marquardt (1996, …), "Knowledge is the food of the organization. It is the nutrient that enables the organization to grow. Individuals can come and go, but valuable knowledge cannot be lost or the organization staves to death".
2.3 Knowledge Management
To make the organization successful, it is very important to manage their knowledge well. In the early industrial age, organizations improved their effectiveness, efficiency and their competitive edge by automating physical labor and reducing redundancy (Gupta et al., 2000). However, in this knowledge explosion era, organizations tend to face lots of difficulty to survive without proper knowledge management initiatives.
Several definitions of knowledge have been proposed by many researchers such as Botkin (1999) who defined knowledge management as the process of capturing, sharing and leveraging the expertise of a company in order to improve the decision making so as to achieve organizational goals. Also Nonaka and Konno (1998) defined Knowledge Management as a method for simplifying and improving the process of sharing, distributing, creating and understanding company knowledge.
In addition, the five key benefits of knowledge management as discovered by Chase (1997) are: improvement in making decision, increase responsiveness to customers, improvement in efficiency (people and operations), improvement in product/ services and improvement in innovation.
Sharing information and knowledge among employees is an essential element in the process of knowledge management. The knowledge management processes include discovery, capture, sharing and application in which there are seven sub processes. Of the seven, Nonaka (1994) identified four ways of managing knowledge: socialization, externalization, internalization and combination. The remaining three sub processes (exchange, direction and routines) were proposed by Grant (1996a, 1996b) and Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998). Figure 2.1 shows the knowledge management processes by Fernandez et al. (2004).
Figure 2.1: Knowledge Management Processes
2.4 Knowledge Sharing
"Knowledge is one of the few assets that grows- also usually exponentially when shared" (Quinn, 1996). Sharratt and Usoro (2003) defined sharing as a process whereby a resource is given by one party and received by another, while Fernandez et al. ( 2004), defined knowledge sharing as a process through which explicit or tacit knowledge is communicated to other individuals. Knowledge sharing comprise of a set of shared understanding, which is related to providing employees with access to relevant information through knowledge networks within organizations (Hogel et al., 2003). Hence, knowledge sharing is considered as central to the success of all knowledge management strategies (Chaudry, 2005).
Knowledge sharing is part of everyday organizational life; it recognizes the nature of people's knowledge that was gained from experience (Awad and Ghaziri, 2004). According to Christensen (2007), the aim of knowledge sharing is either to create new knowledge by integrating existing knowledge in another way or to become better at exploiting it. Knowledge sharing helps businesses create opportunities to maximize and improve their abilities to compete with others.
It is very important to develop a knowledge sharing culture where everyone is motivated enough to share their knowledge through social and electronic networks. Knowledge sharing can be informal or formal, whereby formal knowledge sharing is more common in organizational staff (Naaranoja and Sandhu, 2007). Successful implementations of knowledge sharing processes can assist organizations in improving their innovation capability.
The following Figure 2.4, as proposed by Lin (2007), comprises of three dimensions; enablers, processes and outcomes of knowledge sharing. This model was constructed by following the general framework of strategic decision process as proposed by Rajagopalan et al. (1993). The model demonstrates that different influences such as individual factors, organizational factors and technology factors enable the knowledge sharing process.
When the knowledge sharing process is successful, the firm's innovation capability is higher and this results in better performance and competition with others in remaining ahead of the field.
Figure 2.4: General framework for studying knowledge sharing by Lin (2007)
2.4.1 The Importance of Knowledge Sharing
2.5 Previous Research
2.6 The Relationship between IT and Knowledge Sharing
2.6.9 Summary
Sohail, M.S., and Daud, S. (2009). Knowledge sharing in higher education institutions:
Perspectives from Malaysia, J. Inf. Knowledge management. Syst, 39 (2): 125-142.
Nonaka, I.(1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation, Organizational science, 5, 14-37.
McKenzie, J., and van Winkelen, C. (2004). Understanding the Knowledgeable Organization, Padstow, Cornwall: TJ International.
Gupta, A. K., and Govindarajan, V. (2000). Knowledge management"s social dimention: lesson from Nucor steel, Sloan management Review, 42 (1), 71-81.
Botkin, J. (1999). Smart business- how knowledge communities can revolutionize your business, The Free press, Newyork.
Chase, R.L. (1997). The Knowledge-Based organization: An international survey.Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(1), 38-49.
Grant, R.M. (1996 a). Prospering in Dynamically- Competitive Environments: Organizational capability as knowledge Integration, Organization science 7: 375-387.
Nahapiet, J., and Ghaoshal, S. (1998). Social Capital Intellectual Capital and the organizational Advantage, Acadamy of Management Review 23(2), Cited by Thomson and Wheeler (2004).
Fernandez, I.B., Gonzalez, A., and Sabherwal, R. (2004). Knowledge Management: Challenges, Solutions and Technologies, USA, Pearson Education, Inc.
Quinn, J.B. (1996). "Leveraging intellect", Acadamy of Management Executive, 10 (3), 7-27.
Sharratt, M., and Usoro, A. (2003). Understanding Knowledge Sharing in Online Communities of Practice, Electronic journal on Knowlwdge Management, 1(2).
Hogel, M., Parboteeah, K.P., and Munson, C.L. (2003). Team- level antecedents of individuals"knowledge networks, Decision Sciences, 34(4), 741-70.
Chaudry, A.S. (2005). Knowledge sharing practices in Asian institutions: a multicultural perspective from Singapore, World Library and Information Congress: 71th IFLA general Conference and Council, Oslo, Norway.
Awad, E.M., and Ghaziri, H.M.(2004). Knowledge Management, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Christensen, P. H. (2007). Knowledge sharing: moving away from the obsession with best practices. Journal of Knowledge Management. 11 (1), 36-47.
Naaranoja, M., and Sandhu, M. (2009). Knowledge management practices in projectbased
organization, International Journal of Business Excellence, 2(2), 140- 156.
Lin, H. F. (2007). Knowledge sharing and firm innovation capability: an empirical study, International Journal of Manpower, 28, 315-332.
Rajagopalan, N., Rasheed, A.M.A.,and Datta, D.K. (1993). Strategic decision process: critical review and future directions, Journal of Management, 19(2), 349-84.


text:
Template:Authority control/doc
This is a documentation subpage for Template:Authority control (see that page for the template itself). It contains usage information, categories, and other content that are not part of the original template page. |
This metadata template links to various library catalogue systems. At the moment, it is used almost exclusively for people.
The supported authority files include:
- Integrated Authority File (Gemeinsame Normdatei or GND)
- Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN)
- Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
- LIBRIS by the National Library of Sweden (SELIBR)
- International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI)
- Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID)
- Biografisch Portaal|Dutch Biography Portal (Biografisch Portaal or BPN)
- Outdated: Name Authority File (Personennamendatei or PND), now part of GND
- Outdated: Corporate Bodies Authority File (Gemeinsame Körperschaftsdatei or GKD), now part of GND
- Outdated: Subject Headings Authority File (Schlagwortnormdatei or SWD), now part of GND
Where possible, the template also generates a link to WorldCat Identities, using the LCCN variable. (It will shortly be possible to link using VIAF values - this is being tested by OCLC and will be activated in the template as soon as it goes live.)
{{Authority control |VIAF=xxxxxx |LCCN=n/xx/xxxxxx |GND=xxxxxx |SELIBR=xxxxxx |ISNI=xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx |ORCID=xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx |BNF=xxxxxx |BPN=xxxxx |RID=xxxxx |BIBSYS=xxxxx |ULAN=xxxxx }}
- Blank
{{Authority control |VIAF= |LCCN= |GND= |SELIBR= |ISNI= |ORCID= |BNF= |BPN= |RID= |BIBSYS= |ULAN= }}
- The following data sources are accepted
Parameter | Scope | Name | Search | Remarks |
VIAF | People | Virtual International Authority File | [1] | International authority data from the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) |
GND | All | Integrated Authority File (Gemeinsame Normdatei) | [2] [3] | Authority data on people, corporations and subjects from the German National Library |
LCCN | People | Library of Congress Control Number | [4] | |
SELIBR | People | LIBRIS | Authority data from the National Library of Sweden | |
International Standard Name Identifier | People | ISNI | [5] | Authority data on people. |
ORCID | People | ORCID | [6] | Authority data on researchers, academics, etc. The ID range has been defined as a subset of the forthcoming ISNI range. Authors - including Wikibooks editors - may obtain an ORCID by signing up at orcid.org. |
BNF | People | Bibliothèque nationale de France | [7] | Authority data of people listed in the general catalogue of the National Library of France |
BPN | People | Dutch Biography Portal (Biografisch Portaal) | [8] | Dutch project with material for 40,000 digitized biographies, including former colonies of the Netherlands. For free text links, it is also possible to use {{BPN}}. |
RID | People | ResearcherID | [9] | An identifying system for scientific authors. The system was introduced in January 2008 by Thomson Reuters. The combined use of the Digital Object Identifier with the ResearcherID allows for a unique association of authors and scientific articles. |
BIBSYS | People | BIBSYS | [10] | BIBSYS is a supplier of library and information systems for all Norwegian university Libraries, the National Library of Norway, college libraries, and a number of research libraries and institutions. |
ULAN | Artists | Union List of Artist Names | [11] | ULAN is an online database using a controlled vocabulary currently containing around 293,000 names and other information about artists. Names in ULAN may include given names, pseudonyms, variant spellings, names in multiple languages, and names that have changed over time (e.g., married names). |
{{Authority control|GND=119408643|LCCN=n/79/113947|VIAF=59263727}} (for Alexander Graham Bell) produces
{{Authority control|VIAF=66861474}} (for Henry Witherby) produces:
The template wraps each UID value with the XHTML code: ...
, which enables the first-found value to be included in an hCard microformat. For that reason, VIAF, where present, is given first.


text:
Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation in Nigeria: Beyond the Environmental Kuznets Curve
The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is a presumption that environmental degradation follows an inverted U-shaped trajectory in relation to economic growth. The thorny question of whether economic growth could provide a cure to environmental degradation has sparked off a large body of empirical studies in the last decade. The conclusions have been mixed. This study contributes to the debate on the existence and policy relevance of the EKC for Nigeria by applying autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework to annual time series data from 1960 to 2008. The traditional EKC model is extended by including (in addition to the level, square and cubed values of the income variable), trade openness as well as the shares of manufacturing, agriculture and service sectors in Nigeria's GDP. Using Co2 emissions per capita to proxy environmental degradation, our findings do not support the existence of the EKC hypothesis. Rather our results show that Nigeria's situation when confronted with data is exemplified by an N-shaped relationship with a turning point at $77.27 that lies below the data set used for the study. Based on these findings, the paper posit that the hypothesized EKC serves as a dangerous policy guide to solving environmental problems in Nigeria. The conclusion is that to ensure sustainability, there exist an urgent need to look beyond the EKC by adopting courageous policy measures of environmental preservation in Nigeria irrespective of the country's level of income.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Length: | |
Date of creation: | 27 Apr 2011 |
Handle: | RePEc:pra:mprapa:31241 |
Contact details of provider: | Postal: Ludwigstraße 33, D-80539 Munich, Germany Phone: +49-(0)89-2180-2459 Fax: +49-(0)89-2180-992459 Web page: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de More information through EDIRC |
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Stern, David I. & Common, Michael S. & Barbier, Edward B., 1996. "Economic growth and environmental degradation: The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 24(7), pages 1151-1160, July.
- Ang, James, 2009.
"CO2 Emissions, Research and Technology Transfer in China,"
MPRA Paper
13261, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Ang, James B., 2009. "CO2 emissions, research and technology transfer in China," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(10), pages 2658-2665, August.
- Wagner, Martin, 2006.
"The Carbon Kuznets Curve. A Cloudy Picture Emitted by Bad Econometrics?,"
Economics Series
197, Institute for Advanced Studies.
- Wagner, Martin, 2008. "The carbon Kuznets curve: A cloudy picture emitted by bad econometrics?," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 388-408, August.
- Martin Wagner & Georg Müller-Fürstenberger, 2004. "The Carbon Kuznets Curve: A Cloudy Picture Emitted by Bad Econometrics?," Diskussionsschriften dp0418, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.
- James Wong & Y. H. Chiang & Thomas Ng, 2008. "Construction and economic development: the case of Hong Kong," Construction Management and Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(8), pages 815-826.
- Johansen, Soren & Juselius, Katarina, 1990. "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration--With Applications to the Demand for Money," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 52(2), pages 169-210, May.
- M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
- Suri, Vivek & Chapman, Duane, 1998. "Economic growth, trade and energy: implications for the environmental Kuznets curve," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 25(2), pages 195-208, May.
- Rafael Di Tella & Robert MacCulloch, 2005.
"Gross National Happiness as an Answer to the Easterlin Paradox?,"
0504027, EconWPA.
- Di Tella, Rafael & MacCulloch, Robert, 2008. "Gross national happiness as an answer to the Easterlin Paradox?," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(1), pages 22-42, April.
- Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Smyth, Russell, 2005. "The residential demand for electricity in Australia: an application of the bounds testing approach to cointegration," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 467-474, March.
- Cole, Matthew A., 2004. "US environmental load displacement: examining consumption, regulations and the role of NAFTA," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(4), pages 439-450, April.
- Halicioglu, Ferda, 2009.
"An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey,"
Energy Policy,
Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 1156-1164, March.
- Halicioglu, Ferda, 2008. "An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey," MPRA Paper 11457, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Mouez Fodha & Oussama Zaghdoud, 2010.
"Economic growth and pollutant emissions in Tunisia: An empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve,"
Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers)
hal-00639496, HAL.
- Fodha, Mouez & Zaghdoud, Oussama, 2010. "Economic growth and pollutant emissions in Tunisia: An empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 1150-1156, February.
- Ang, James B., 2008. "Economic development, pollutant emissions and energy consumption in Malaysia," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 271-278.
- Kijima, Masaaki & Nishide, Katsumasa & Ohyama, Atsuyuki, 2010. "Economic models for the environmental Kuznets curve: A survey," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 34(7), pages 1187-1201, July.
- Jie He & Patrick Richard, 2009.
"Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 in Canada,"
Cahiers de recherche
09-13, Departement d'Economique de l'École de gestion à l'Université de Sherbrooke.
- He, Jie & Richard, Patrick, 2010. "Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 in Canada," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(5), pages 1083-1093, March.
- AkbostancI, Elif & Türüt-AsIk, Serap & Tunç, G. Ipek, 2009. "The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: Is there an environmental Kuznets curve?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 861-867, March.
- Galeotti, Marzio & Lanza, Alessandro & Pauli, Francesco, 2006. "Reassessing the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A robustness exercise," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(1), pages 152-163, April.
- Panayotou T., 1993. "Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development," ILO Working Papers 992927783402676, International Labour Organization.
- de Bruyn, S. M. & van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. & Opschoor, J. B., 1998. "Economic growth and emissions: reconsidering the empirical basis of environmental Kuznets curves," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 25(2), pages 161-175, May.
- Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada & Bengochea-Morancho, Aurelia, 2004. "Pooled mean group estimation of an environmental Kuznets curve for CO2," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 82(1), pages 121-126, January.
- Sigrid Stagl, 1999. "Delinking Economic Growth from Environmental Degradation? A Literature Survey on the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis," Working Papers geewp06, Vienna University of Economics and Business Research Group: Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness.
This item is not listed on Wikipedia, on a reading list or among the top items on IDEAS.
When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:31241. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Joachim Winter)
If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.
If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.
If the full references list an item that is present in RePEc, but the system did not link to it, you can help with this form.
If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.
Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.


text:
An intuitive web-based, real-time modular research management information system that is scalable across an organization's research community, compliance group, resource facility and veterinarian department.
Modeled on industry best practices and end-user needs, Questx integrates requirements and best practices from US, European and Canadian customers of various size, complexity and industry sector. It's a configurable, single data model solution that is readily adapted/tailored to address your business needs.
Coming soon.
Coming soon.


text:
President Barack Obama has done more to pivot the United States away from the hawkish foreign policy entrenched in Washington than even his supporters give him credit for
The enlightened-benighted paradoxes of the Shia state have deep roots, and relations with Jews are at a historical nadir
Iran, Iraq, Gaza, Israel, Shia, Sunni, Muslim, Jew
The fall of Assad's pro-Iranian regime is a net gain for the U.S., even if what replaces it isn't a reliable ally
Hamas finally comes out against the Assad regime, its longtime patron, striking a major blow against Iran's bid for Shia regional dominance
Unable to restore a shrine with a prominent Star of David in Iran, a U.S. organization and an Iranian-American architect are reviving the site online
Lebanon's Maronites, threatened by Sunni power, will be the bellwether of the Mideast's Christians. Could they face the same fate as the region's Jews?
Newt Gingrich says the Palestinians are an "invented people." They are, like many others in the Middle East. It's a useful myth the U.S. must support.
The new TLC reality show All-American Muslim doesn't do enough to display the theological and intellectual diversity of Islam in the U.S.
U.S. policymakers fear a "Shia crescent," a regional alliance led by Iran. A dawning "Muslim Brotherhood crescent" is far more threatening.
By establishing a Jewish majority in Palestine, Israel distinguished itself from other Middle East minority groups, which suffer physical fear and intellectual confusion, even if they hold power
When the Western press gives credence to anti-Israel propaganda, as it did in recent reports about a Palestinian woman killed by Israeli tear gas, it's Arabs who are hurt most
Today on Tablet
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's recent visit to Hezbollah reveals the deepening isolation of the Shia in Lebanon
Israel's controversial new oath of allegiance reflects the reality of sectarian politics in the Middle East
She loves peace, but she also loves the pride and dignity the Iran-backed group and its leader, Hassan Nasrallah, claim to provide


text:
Steve Jobs dies Apple founder and former CEO Steve Jobs has died. A tribute page on the Apple website delivers the news, along with a brief note: Type: News story Tags: CPUs Graphics Systems Miscellaneous Internet Software Mac |
238 |
Report: 2560x1440 display coming to ultrabooks We've long complained about the lack of high-density displays in modern laptops. Just about everything from 11.6" ultraportables to 15" desktop replacements seems to be... Type: News story Tags: Displays Mobile computing |
26 |
Release roundup: Cases, power, cooling, and all-in-one PCs This week's release roundup is a doozy. We've got news from Asus, Be quiet!, Cooler Master, NZXT, and Thermaltake. Asus unveils... Type: News story Tags: Cases Power Cooling Systems |
11 |
New HP CEO vows to maintain course If you thought the dramatic ousting of Leo Apotheker would shift HP into reverse, think again. In her first interview as HP CEO, Meg... Type: News story Tags: Systems |
47 |
Release roundup: Gaming cases, tiny mobos, and more This week in our look at miscellaneous product releases, we bring tidings from Enermax, LaCie, Lian Li, Thermaltake, and Zotac: Enermax... Type: News story Tags: Motherboards Cases Storage |
45 |
Release roundup: SSDs, IPS displays, and efficient power This week in our look at recent product release announcements, we bring tidings from the folks at Adata, Enermax, HP, Kingston, OCZ, and Raidmax: ... Type: News story Tags: Cases Power Storage Displays |
40 |
Ultra-slim Ultrabooks strut down the catwalk IDF — Mooly Eden laid out the basic parameters for the new wave of laptops that Intel has been pushing during his IDF keynote... Type: News story Tags: CPUs Systems Mobile computing |
75 |
Release roundup: Efficient power, USB 3.0 thumb drives, and more This week, in our look at product releases that didn't make it into our regularly scheduled coverage, we have word of fresh goodies from Corsair,... Type: News story Tags: Cases Power Storage Mobile computing |
29 |
Release roundup: An IPS panel, roomy tower case, and more This week in our roundup of miscellaneous release announcements: high-capacity solid-state drives from Corsair, a full-tower case from Lian-Li, and a 24" professional display from... Type: News story Tags: Cases Storage Displays Input devices |
38 |
Release roundup: Outlaws, sentries, and clicky keyboards Although the summer lull is still in full force, our inbox has collected a decent number of announcements from various hardware makers this week. Today,... Type: News story Tags: Cases Cooling Memory Input devices |
45 |
Acer teases cheap ultrabook, downplays tablets Looks like Acer has been getting chatty—and in the wake of its first quarterly loss in a decade, who could blame it? DigiTimes Type: News story Tags: Systems Mobile computing |
20 |
Samsung denies interest in HP's PC business... kinda So much for that rumor about Samsung potentially gearing up to buy HP's PC business. The Korean mega-conglomerate has moved swiftly to quell the... Type: News story Tags: Systems |
6 |
Samsung tipped to buy HP's PC business Last week, HP made the curious decision to announce the impending sale of its PC business without naming a buyer. It's no surprise, then, to... Type: News story Tags: Systems |
13 |
Selling HP's PC business may not be easy Now that the whole world knows HP intends to rid itself of its PC business, the small matter of actually finding a buyer for... Type: News story Tags: Systems |
38 |
Deal of the week: Storage, enclosures, and Zotac discounts Storage devices are a staple of our weekly deals posts, and today is no exception. Newegg has a couple of intriguing discounts on mechanical... Type: News story Tags: Graphics Motherboards Cases Storage |
13 |
HP confirms: looking to ditch PC division, nix WebOS devices Well, that story went from rumor to confirmed in record time. Not long after Bloomberg reported it, HP has officially confirmed that... Type: News story Tags: Systems Mobile computing |
117 |
Bloomberg: HP set to spin off PC division Bloomberg is reporting that HP intends to spin off its PC division. This, according to "people with direct knowledge of the matter," comes... Type: News story Tags: Systems |
19 |
Release roundup: Cases, SSDs, and a new cooler Although this week has been short on major launches, our inbox did catch wind of a few smaller releases from Cooler Master, Corsair, and Lian... Type: News story Tags: Cases Cooling Storage |
11 |
Aorus gives its GTX 1070 the triple-fan treatment | 0 |


text:
Thanks for helping us sort this video!
Thanks for helping us associate the correct Pornstars to this video!
Help Us: Do these Pornstars appear in this video?
Pornstar Name:
Cute girl, alright music, good outfit. All in all its pretty good if this is what you are into. Personally I clicked for the miniskirt :)
Sweet, cute and oh so fuckable
Love to bed her
She'd be way hotter without all that makeup.
Some errors occurred, please try again later