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Numéro de publication | US7983990 B2 |
Type de publication | Octroi |
Numéro de demande | US 11/559,283 |
Date de publication | 19 juil. 2011 |
Date de dépôt | 13 nov. 2006 |
Date de priorité | 24 mars 1993 |
État de paiement des frais | Caduc |
Autre référence de publication | US7249026, US7831437, US20070260457, US20070260472, US20070265871, US20070266018, US20070271236, US20070286573, US20080015885 |
Numéro de publication | 11559283, 559283, US 7983990 B2, US 7983990B2, US-B2-7983990, US7983990 B2, US7983990B2 |
Inventeurs | James D. Bennett, Lawrence M. Jarvis |
Cessionnaire d'origine | Engate Llc |
Exporter la citation | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Citations de brevets (137), Citations hors brevets (254), Référencé par (5), Classifications (17), Événements juridiques (5) | |
Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet | |
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/332,317, filed Jun. 14, 1999, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,249,026 on Jul. 24, 2007, and which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/144,576, filed Aug. 31, 1998, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,940,800 on Aug. 17, 1999, and which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/518,102, filed Aug. 22, 1995, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,815,392 on Sep. 29, 1998, and which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/326,742, filed Oct. 20, 1994, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,444,615 on Aug. 22, 1995, and which is a continuation of abandoned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/073,809, filed Jun. 7, 1993, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/036,488, filed Mar. 24, 1993, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,704 on Nov. 29, 1994.
The subject matter of the present application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/559,299, filed Nov. 13, 2006, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,831,437 on Nov. 9, 2010, and which is also a continuation of the above-referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/332, 317, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,249,026 on Jul. 24, 2007.
The complete contents of each of the above referenced, U.S. patent applications and U.S. patents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The descriptive matter of the above-referred to pending parent U.S. application Ser. No. 08/036,488, filed Mar. 24, 1993, by Bennett et al. is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and is made part of this application. Also incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of this application are pending U.S. applications by Bennett et al.:
This invention relates to a down-line transcription system used by attorneys for reviewing real-time transcription during a proceeding such as a trial or deposition; and, more particularly, it relates to a method and apparatus for interactively preparing an outline for use during such a proceeding based on case evidence and case law which may be locally or remotely located.
As is well known, legal proceedings such as a deposition or trial involve the participation of, among others, an examining attorney who asks questions and a witness who must answer ("testify") while under oath. To prepare for such proceedings, the examining attorney must review the applicable case law and the related case evidence. The attorney also consults experts, clients and other associate attorneys regarding specific issues of law and fact as proves necessary. During his investigation process the attorney takes notes, and makes copies of documents and legal cases regarding everything at issue. Based on these materials, the attorney attempts to develop a strategy, constructs an outline of possible lines of inquiry, drafts potential questions for the witness and organizes relevant documentary evidence for use as exhibits for the proceeding. During the entire process, the examining attorney attempts to anticipate all of the legal issues that might arise.
The entire preparation process often proves to be very time consuming and cyclical in nature. Every important fact uncovered leads to a new case law search. Similarly, every new legal issue leads to a need for additional facts that are found by conducting a case evidence search or are found by directly examining a witness. Because of this, lead attorneys on a case must be organized and skilled at memory recall.
The defending attorney must also attempt to understand the factual and legal issues in the case via case law and case evidence searching and through conversations with the client, expert witnesses, other attorneys and, most importantly, the witness to be deposed. During the entire process, the defending attorney's goal is to anticipate the strengths and weaknesses of the case and the factual evidence which may arise in the proceeding. The defending attorney must be well versed in all categories of the facts and law which might arise so as to be able to properly defend the witness. The defending attorney takes notes during his pre-investigation process to prepare the witness for the proceeding.
However, neither the examining attorney nor the defending attorney can anticipate everything. Typically, in the midst of a proceeding, the witness reveals something unexpected to one or both attorneys. The revelation could involve a new area of law which the attorneys know little if anything about. More often, the revelation suggests an unknown variant in a known category of law. The revelation also creates a need for additional documents for use during the proceeding to pursue the new issue. In all such situations, additional searching is needed. However, during the proceeding, because the attorneys do not have the luxury of time, outlining, legal researching, and factual evidence retrieval prove to be an impossibility.
Additionally, the examining attorney generally takes notes (1) on a legal pad of paper, (2) directly on copies of potentially relevant documents identified for use in the deposition, and (3) on Post-it® brand notes which are associated with the documents and other materials. During the proceeding, the attorney attempts to recreate the associations of the notes, the identified documents and draft questions with legal inquiries into the different categories of law. Because of disorganization, the attorney is often unable to use a great deal of the prepared information.
In complex litigation, the problems facing the attorneys are compounded. Because the preparation process becomes a very time consuming task, the lead examining (and defending) attorney delegates the task to an associate attorney on the case. The associate attorney, who often has lesser knowledge of the facts and law at issue, is faced with the task of retrieving the important case law and evidence which will be relevant in the upcoming proceeding. Because of lesser knowledge and inexperience, the associate attorney either over prepares or else complicates the matter by not culling out the appropriate law or facts. In addition, because the associate attorney must brief the lead attorney during a relatively short time period before the proceeding, the lead attorney cannot grasp all of what is attempted to be conveyed. Similarly, the associate attorney may convey a misconstrued understanding of the law and the evidence because of inexperience. Either way, the lead attorney often does not find out all he needs until the proceeding is underway.
In the midst of the proceeding, the examining attorney is also confronted with the problem of recalling the testimony of former witnesses regarding the same subject matter now being addressed. If recalled, the examining attorney may use the prior testimony to his advantage. Also, after the deposition, the attorney is faced with the problem of reorganizing the materials in some type of saveable form for later use when a similar witness is deposed.
Hence, it would be highly desirable to solve the foregoing variety of problems enumerated in preparing for legal proceedings such as a deposition or trial by guiding the attorney in the preparation process while associating all notes, documents and law into a workable format which requires minimal attorney interaction during the proceeding.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus having interactive outlining capabilities based on tailorable, default outlines that provide immediate access to current case law, pre-typed tailorable and default questions while providing for association of case and witness specific notes, testimony, and other case evidence.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for selecting a pre-typed outline based on categories or subcategories of law, by providing for interactive queries based on specific facts and law at issue in a given lawsuit.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for interactively selecting a pre-typed outline based on categories or subcategories of law which contains tailored potential questions that may be further tailored for managing depositions, trial and case evidence, law and attorney work product.
These and other objects of the present invention are achieved in a transcription network having an outline used by attorney terminals for managing a lawsuit. The outline contains a plurality of categorization entries related to issues in a specific lawsuit. At least one of the plurality of categorization entries relates to a first data item of case law information. Similarly, the outline comprises a second data item of case evidence information relating to at least one of the plurality of categorization entries. Other objects are also achieved with the outline provides for the association of the first and second data items.
Objects are also achieved in a method for preparing to take the testimony of a witness including the steps of storing case evidence in a database, associating the evidence in the computer database with a deposition question or witness answer, and viewing this association. In another embodiment, associating the evidence includes associating the evidence in real time. In a further embodiment, case evidence includes testimony, pleadings, or documents, and the database includes either a local or remote database.
Other objects are achieved in a method used by an attorney terminal for a given lawsuit which comprises the steps of accessing an outline library that includes a number of outline areas related to witness testimony, and selectively using at least one of the outline areas for use in a given lawsuit.
In one embodiment, the method includes associating a plurality of preset examination questions with at least one outline area and storing preset examination questions in a database. In a further embodiment, the method further includes the step of tailoring the stored examination question so as to direct questions to a specific witness to be deposed. In yet a further embodiment, the method includes retrieving the stored examination questions during the examination of the witness in real time by addressing the stored outline areas to automatically retrieve associated questions.
Other objects and further aspects of the present invention will become apparent in view of the following detailed description and claims with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Upon initiation of a new lawsuit, an attorney (generally the second chair attorney on the case) uses the attorney terminal 21 in its Outline Mode to prepare for conducting the new lawsuit. First, the attorney gains access to an outline library 43, and interactively responds to a query regarding: 1) the issues of law from the Complaint of the new lawsuit; 2) the State and/or Federal laws at issue; 3) the specific court involved; 4) the names of the parties; 5) the party represented; and 5) other specific factual information relevant given the law at issue. Thereafter, a second query interactively extracts information as to the Answer in the lawsuit, including all defenses and counterclaims at issue. A third query captures information regarding defenses to any counterclaims raised.
As an added advantage to the querying process, a plaintiff's attorney may access the outline library 43 to interactively construct the Complaint. The information provided to construct the Complaint provides all of the lawsuit information needed in the first query, and, therefore, does not need to be asked again.
Similarly, a defending attorney might access the outline library 43 and, after responding to the first query using the Complaint, the defending attorney might interactively construct the Answer in lieu of the second query. During the interaction, all possible legal defenses to the charges in the Complaint aid the defending attorney in drafting the Answer. To complete the Answer, the defending attorney may then add counterclaims, if any, and selectively choose those defenses which are appropriate for the current lawsuit. Similarly, a Reply to the counterclaims may be interactively prepared by the plaintiff's attorney. Moreover, headnotes, seminal cases, pre-typed searches, and comments regarding each charge raised and all potential defenses thereto aid the attorneys in preparing the Complaint, Answer, or Reply.
From the queried information, the outline library 43 provides a tailored outline corresponding to the issues in the case for conducting and managing the lawsuit. Basically, the tailored outline provides a hierarchical structure for associating the law at issue, case evidence, and attorney work product so that the attorney can easily access information retrieved from a variety of sources. At the root of the hierarchical structure, the outline provides all of the major categories of law and fact at issue in the lawsuit. Branches of the hierarchical structure, i.e., subcategories, sub-subcategories, etc., provide further and further levels of legal/factual detail regarding the major categories or subcategories.
Through the hierarchical structure of the outline, the attorney can rapidly access a desired grouping of evidence, law and work product pertaining to a solitary legal or factual issue. However, access is not the only benefit. Additional benefits include ease of closing off an area of inquiry. By closing off a subcategory, all of the further levels below that subcategory (sub-subcategories, etc.) are closed off, rapidly minimizing the size of the working outline. Moreover, the mere listing of all the potential areas of law provides the attorney with a hierarchical checklist, reminding the attorney of what law might be at issue. Other benefits enhance the attorney's ability to prepare for a legal proceeding by providing: 1) virtually instant legal overviews (headnotes) of the suggested categories and subcategories of law without having to conduct a search; 3) immediate access to the burdens of proof required; 4) pre-typed legal search formulations for further legal inquiry via a case law library 63; 5) instant access to the seminal case regarding the categories or subcategories; 6) pre-typed potential questions to be asked based on the current case and witness; 7) pre-typed potential interrogatories and document requests relating to the categories or subcategories; 8) the ability to associate case evidence, work product (notes, pleadings or portions thereof), or related communications with the categories or subcategories; 9) sequential and interactive guidance of the attorney through the hierarchical categorizations of law based on the attorney's response; and 10) where beneficial, suggestions of evidentiary searches and other discovery tips such as, for example, pertinent local court discovery rules.
On an ongoing basis, while in the Outline Mode, the attorney terminal 21, such as might be used by a second chair attorney, utilizes the retrieved tailored outline to begin a second level of case specific tailoring governed by the discovery process. As further evidence is obtained through discovery, the attorney continues to pursue deeper levels of some categories at issue, while closing off others.
To aid in the discovery process, the Outline Mode helps formulate interrogatories, document requests, and questions for upcoming depositions. To formulate document requests and interrogatories, the attorney first analyzes the categories, subcategories, sub-subcategories, etc., to become familiar with the potential issues in the lawsuit through the headnotes provided, and begins to construct document requests and interrogatories from sample, partially-tailored interrogatories available at each level of hierarchy. Partial-tailoring automatically occurs upon retrieval of the tailored outline from the outline library 43 via the initial stage of querying by substituting specific lawsuit information where appropriate into the text of the sample document requests and interrogatories. Such tailoring minimizes the attorney's need for further modification. Upon completing the tailoring process within the hierarchical structure, the attorney terminal 21 extracts or "copies" all of the newly created document requests and interrogatories from the hierarchical structure and places them into draft discovery requests. After minimal further modification, the attorney is able to serve the requests on the opposing side.
The answers to the interrogatories are first placed into a case evidence library 91. From there, the attorney terminal 21, if so directed, automatically compares and updates the draft interrogatories in the tailored outline with those actually served, and then directly associates the received answers into the outline. In particular, the terminal 21 parses a text file of the served interrogatories into units of single interrogatories. Each of the served interrogatories are then compared to each draft interrogatory on an ordered word by word basis. The draft interrogatory providing the best match is displayed by the attorney terminal 21 along with the corresponding served interrogatory and a matching percentage (based on the number of matching words). Thereafter, the attorney terminal 21 prompts the attorney for verification. If the attorney verifies the match, the terminal 21 replaces the draft interrogatory with the served interrogatory, and associates the answer therewith. If the attorney does not detect a match, the attorney terminal 21 can be directed to display the draft interrogatory offering next best match. This process can continue until verification is received. If at any point during the verification process, however, the attorney detects that the served interrogatory has been newly added outside of the tailored outline, the attorney terminal 21 can be used to categorize that interrogatory within the appropriate hierarchical area(s) in the tailored outline. Once a draft interrogatory has been updated (or replaced) by a served interrogatory, it is taken out of consideration for further correspondence matching. Thus, the served interrogatories can be interactively imported back into the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline. If, however, the attorney makes all modifications to the draft interrogatories directly within the tailored outline, the importation process occurs rapidly and accurately to locate and associate the answers received.
After the importing process, the attorney is directed back through the hierarchical structure by the attorney terminal 21 to review the newly received interrogatories. By doing so, the attorney may choose to close off additional categories or subcategories of inquiry, or pursue others. In many circumstances, supplemental interrogatories may be in order after reviewing the responses. In such circumstances, the attorney may draft additional requests and, at some later time, extract the newly drafted requests for service. Moreover, any type of discovery request can be periodically drafted whenever the need arises. At any time, the attorney may extract a collection of the draft discovery requests for review, modification and service or use during a deposition or trial proceeding.
The attorney terminal 21 also automatically prepares draft document requests during a deposition or trial proceeding. For example, if during a deposition the examining attorney asks opposing counsel to produce documents which the witness has identified, the attorney terminal 21, monitoring the transcribed text, detects the question to the opposing counsel, detects the use of the word "produce", concludes that a formal request needs to be made, and prepares a draft document request based on the interchange between the attorney and the opposing counsel.
If during the process of reviewing responses the attorney recognizes that an unanticipated area of law might be at issue, the attorney merely gains access to the outline library 43, enters the unanticipated area of law, and the attorney's tailored outline is updated to include all of the categories and subcategories and related information regarding the unanticipated area of law for review.
Depending on the lawsuit budget and the number of items anticipated, the documents and things produced may be entered into the case evidence library in a variety of ways. Where possible, all documents received are immediately scanned and converted to text via an optical character recognition ("OCR") process. The scanned documents and the corresponding text are stored in the case evidence library 91. Summaries describing the "things" produced are also added to the library 91. In alternate situations, only summaries for all of the documents and things received are loaded into the case evidence library 91. In yet other situations, only summaries or scanning is used for documents and things identified as being significant.
The attorney interacts with the documents and things received for annotation and association into the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline. If the documents have been scanned, the attorney terminal 21 can be used to display all documents by Bates number for review by the attorney. If the corresponding text of the documents has been extracted, the attorney may search the corresponding text to identify all documents which contain key words or names, for example. Doing so minimizes the quantity of documents that an attorney needs to review for a specific purpose. Although all documents may be scanned and converted, in many lawsuits, only specific documents may be scanned and/or converted. Summaries might also be used either as an annotation to scanned documents, or as a stand-alone index to the actual documents via the Bates numbers.
As each document is reviewed, the attorney may choose to add textual annotations thereto, and may also choose to associate documents with a specific categorization entry in the tailored outline. Furthermore, the attorney may choose to directly associate the document with a pre-typed or actual deposition question, a specific case law headnote, a treatise selection, or any other data stored within a given categorization entry.
To better automate the process of association, the attorney terminal 21 directs the attorney through the draft document requests in the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline. From the draft document requests extracted, the attorney modifies and serves the document requests. In a process identical to that available for interrogatories, the attorney terminal 21 provides for interactive importation of the served document requests into the tailored outline. Thereafter, on a document request by document request basis, each Bates stamped document produced can be scanned and immediately associated with the corresponding served document request in the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline. Thus, to review all documents relating, for example, to an oral contract, the attorney first uses the terminal 21 to access the categorization entry corresponding to oral contracts within the tailored outline. Upon accessing the entry, all of the documents stored therein (or associated therewith) can be directly accessed. Documents and things can also receive multiple associations under multiple categorization entries as proves necessary. This is accomplished using an associate/copy command sequence via the command line 33. Similarly, associate/move or associate/delete command sequences can be used to modify associations.
During the reviewing process, the attorney marks all significant documents, and may annotate the documents as needed with text or voice. In addition, during the process, additional discovery requests or unanticipated areas of law may come to light. The discovery requests may be drafted and associated with specific documents and/or annotations for later extraction for formal service. Any unanticipated areas of law can be retrieved from the outline library 43 to supplement the tailorable outline.
The tailored outline also provides sample draft deposition questions within each category or subcategory (i.e., each categorization entry) of its hierarchical structure. The attorney can mark those which might prove advantageous for potential modification and use during an upcoming deposition or trial. If so desired, additional questions might also be drafted within the hierarchical structure. To aid in this process and because of the diversity of the backgrounds of potential witnesses, different subcategory groupings of questions are provided for the different types of witnesses. For example, technical questions might be grouped for technical witnesses being deposed which might be ignored for a non-technical witness. Similarly, questions for expert witness extracting opinions might be appropriately grouped.
In addition, as described in more detail below, during a deposition while operating in the Deposition Mode, questions and answers are automatically associated with the appropriate categories and subcategories in the hierarchical structure, providing further groupings of potential questions. Specific questions used during prior depositions can thereafter be selected and possibly refined for use in an upcoming deposition with a different witness.
Where appropriate, each category and subcategory of tailored outline provides instant access to headnotes, associated full text of seminal cases, and pre-typed search requests to supplement the attorney's understanding of the specific law at issue. The outline library 43 draws and updates such legal information via a case law library 63. At any time during the lawsuit, the attorney may compare and update the legal information contained in the tailored outline via a comparison process with the outline library 43 which is maintained as legally "current". Any differences detected are flagged and sequentially presented to the attorney via the terminal 21 for immediate consideration of possible impacts on the ongoing lawsuit. The tailored outline is thereafter updated to reflect the current state of the law.
Using the attorney terminal 21, the attorney can directly tap into further legal and evidentiary information of expert witnesses, associate attorneys and clients via communication over the link 23 with corresponding terminals 3, 4 and 5. For example, while contemplating a specific subcategory in the tailored outline, the attorney realizes that the client might possess needed factual information at issue. Instead of calling the client, the attorney types in a message, and associates therewith any information grouped within that subcategory as deemed necessary to clarify the request. Such information might include the specific discovery requests, documents, answers, etc., which raised the need for the information. The message and associated information is then forwarded to the client via the communication link 23 to the terminal 5. After reading the communication, the client responds via the link 23. Upon receipt of the response, the tailored outline automatically stores the client's response within the hierarchical category from which the request originated. In this way, further evidence or law can be collected to further tailor the outline.
Once discovery has been completed, the attorney uses the tailored outline to aid in the preparation of the pretrial order in a Pretrial Mode. First, in the Pretrial Mode, the terminal 21 automatically generates a list of all Exhibits and other documents or things which have been marked as significant. This list provides the attorney with a starting point for identifying a list of Exhibits for trial. Using the terminal 21, the attorney can immediately access all annotations and the subcategory or subcategories in which a potential Exhibit was associated. With such access, the attorney can readily determine whether the potential Exhibit should be removed from the list.
Similarly, designated deposition testimony may be easily identified while in the Pretrial Mode. Upon request, the terminal 21 automatically extracts all question and answer interchanges deemed during the deposition proceeding to be important, i.e., through marking. The terminal 21 displays all such important interchanges for review by the attorney to determine whether they might be useful at trial. All of the associated annotations to the interchanges are also available to aid in the determination.
The Pretrial Mode also provides for a draft set of jury instructions for the Pretrial Order. Specifically, operating from the tailored outline, the attorney terminal 21 automatically generates a set of draft jury instructions based on the categories and subcategories of law still at issue upon completion of the discovery process. Although the draft jury instructions are preferably stored within the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline, they may be interactively retrieved using the outline library 43.
The attorney terminal 21 also provides potential witness and expert witness lists while in the Pretrial Mode. All parties which have been deposed are immediately listed as potential candidates. Any party having been deposed which is removed from a list, automatically cues the terminal 21 to designate the deposition in a list of depositions, or portions thereof, to be read in at the trial. To further aid the attorney, the terminal 21 identifies those portions of the designated deposition transcripts which have been previously marked as significant as being the portions to be read into the record during the trial. The witness lists and designations, along with the other pretrial information generated, provide the attorney with a reasonable starting point when preparing the Pretrial Order.
At any time during the discovery process or thereafter, the attorney terminal 21 may also be used in a Timeline Mode. In the Timeline Mode, the terminal 21 automatically searches through the evidence referenced in the tailored outline to identify dates and times, and then places the references in a chronological order for attorney review. As a default, only the documents and things and portions of the depositions that have been marked as significant are considered for the search. However, the scope of the search can be broadened or narrowed to encompass other documents and the full transcripts of the proceedings.
The terminal 21 also provides for designation of a specific time frame searching restriction to limit the search to the time period of an important event, for example. Similarly, to limit the scope of a search, only a single subcategory or group of subcategories can be chosen so as to confine the search to the evidence associated with those subcategories. Lexical searching can be combined with time line searching to help focus the information retrieved.
Once a chronologically ordered time-line listing has been retrieved, the attorney terminal 21 provides for an interactive review of the evidence associated with each entry so that entries may be deleted or else summarized. Thereafter, the terminal 21 provides for the display and printout of the summarized remaining entries in a graphical time-line format.
As will suggest itself, the Deposition Mode need not be used to automatically retrieve the transcript into the tailored outline. Instead, an attorney (or paralegal) may categorize the Q & A's ("questions and answers") after the deposition has ended. The attorney may also choose to only categorize those Q & A's believed to be significant. This post-proceeding categorization process takes place directly via interactive review of the transcript while moving through the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline. As an intermediate step, the attorney may manually mark-up the transcript, and have a paralegal perform the interactive post-proceeding categorization.
In one embodiment, deposition transcripts, annotations, scanned documents, etc., and other case evidence is stored in the case evidence library 91. The supplemental library 92 stores draft discovery, jury instructions, etc. Similarly, all case law, treatise selections, etc., are stored in the case law library 63. The outline library 43 only stores the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline which provides pointers to and associations between the case law, case evidence and supplemental information stored in respective libraries 63, 91 and 92. These libraries may be in entirely separate databases, or in allocated portions of a single database. In an alternate embodiment, the tailored outline stores all of the case evidence, case law, and supplemental information directly into the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline.
Upon interacting with outline library 43, the attorney terminal 21 may extract and store the tailored outline locally. However, the tailored outline may be fully stored and maintained by the outline library 43, alleviating the need for local maintenance.
Specifically, at a trial or deposition, a stenographic recorder 13 converts key-strokes entered by a court reporter via a keyboard 15 into digital codes. The digital codes are intended to correspond to the words spoken at the deposition or trial. The stenographic recorder 13 communicates the key-stroke codes to the CAT system 11 via a link 17. Upon receipt, the CAT system 11 attempts to transcribe the key-stroke codes into the exact text of the words which were spoken to provide for a real-time textual display of the transcript. To do so, the CAT system 11 communicates with a number of libraries, dictionary, index and tables stored in a database 25. The CAT system 11 transmits the exact and, where necessary, phoneme text down-line to the attorney terminals 19 and 21 via a communication link 23 for real-time review. Further detail regarding code-to-text conversion process and the down-line attorney terminals can be found in the pending parent U.S. application Ser. No. 08/036,488, filed Mar. 24, 1993, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In addition to the textual transcript which is generated, the CAT system 11 also provides access to audio and video transcripts which may also be fully or selectively associated into the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline. The CAT system 11 utilizes a tape recorder 8 and a video camera 7 as a basis for creating the audio and video transcripts. Further detail regarding the creation and association of the audio and video transcripts can be found in pending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/066,948, filed May 24, 1993, entitled "Audio and Video Transcription System for Manipulating Real-Time Testimony", by Bennett et al., which is incorporated herein by reference.
If unanticipated areas of law arise at a deposition when terminals 19, 21 are in a Deposition Mode, the attorney terminals 19 or 21 may choose to update the tailored outline and access the law via the outline library 43, or may choose a direct search via the case law library 63. The advantages of the former option include the associated retrieval of not only headnotes and seminal cases, but also the pre-typed questions for immediate use during the proceeding. Similarly, the case evidence library 91 can be further searched during the proceeding as the need arises. Further detail regarding searching of the current transcript, case law library 63, and case evidence library 91 can be found in pending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/065,132, filed May 20, 1993, entitled "Down-Line Transcription System Having Context Sensitive Searching Capability", by Bennett et al., which is incorporated herein by reference.
While in the Deposition or Trial Mode, experts, other attorneys and clients may receive the transcripts down-line and/or may communicate to the attorney terminals 19 and 21 via the terminals 3, 4, and 5 via the link 23. During the proceeding while in the Deposition or Trial Modes, all such communications are directly associated into the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline as similarly occurs in the Outline Mode.
Referring to
Instead of starting completely from scratch, however, the attorney might begin the process by copying an outline or portions thereof from a similar lawsuit. By copying, the attorney can quickly and easily make modifications for the current lawsuit, while taking advantage of all of the legal information and work product contained therein.
In addition, the attorney can build the outline 39 as described above through interactive session(s) with the outline library 43. The outline library 43 may be stored either remotely or locally.
Referring to
Through the querying process between the attorney and the outline library 43, the attorney terminal 21 extracts a tailored outline for only those category, subcategory, etc., entries with indicated relevance in the particular lawsuit at issue. For example, in a lawsuit involving a patent count and an antitrust counterclaim, only the patent 51 and antitrust 50 entries in the category 45 would be included in the tailored outline. Moreover, in addition to selecting appropriate category 45 entries, the early query process also provides for automatic selection of the subcategory 47, sub-subcategory 49, etc., entries where possible.
Referring to
The case law grouping 105 provides the attorney with a concise overview of the law at issue (i.e., the law listed in the entry 101). The case law grouping 105 consists of: 1) a headnote pointer structure 121, i.e., pointers to headnotes stored within the supplemental library 92 which provide an overview of the law at issue and identifying the associated burdens of proof; 2) a seminal case pointer structure 123, i.e., pointers to a seminal case or cases regarding the entry 101 which are stored within the case law library 63; 3) a selected treatise section structure 125, i.e., pointers to selections from respected treatises regarding the entry 101 which are stored in the supplemental library 92; 4) a preset search structure 127, i.e., pointers to a list of search requests stored in the supplemental library 92 which are designed, for example, to retrieve the most recent relevant cases from the case law library 63 which relate to the entry 101; 5) a search context structure 129, i.e., a pointer or pointers to search context information stored within the supplemental library 92 which, for example, provides default log-in and library information for the case law library 63 to accelerate any searching conducted within the entry 101. If, however, the entry 101 happens to be an evidentiary entry, the entire case law grouping 105 may be empty. Where appropriate, prior to extracting the tailored outline from the outline library 43, the case law information provided by the case law grouping 105 receives specific tailoring to remove unnecessary details of case law which through the querying process prove to have no relevance in the specific lawsuit at issue.
Similarly, the discovery grouping 107 provides the attorney with a draft interrogatory pointer structure 141, a draft document requests pointer structure 143, and a draft question pointer structure 145 to access data items from the supplemental library 92 which the attorney may use to assist in the discovery process relating to the entry 101. Prior to extracting the tailored outline from the outline library 43, the draft discovery of the discovery grouping 107 receives specific tailoring by weaving the lawsuit specific information obtained through the querying process into draft discovery, and by removing discovery determined by the querying process to be irrelevant in the current lawsuit. Where beneficial, all of the draft discovery listings include tips and tactics regarding the discovery process of the entry 101.
The case evidence grouping 109 provides empty pointer structures to data items which the attorney adds to the case evidence library 91 over the entire duration of the lawsuit. Specifically, for served interrogatories and responses thereto which relate to the entry 101, an interrogatory pointer structure 161 is provided. For the questions and corresponding answers recorded during a deposition or trial relating to the entry 101, a Q&A pointer structure 163 is provided. Similarly, a document and things pointer structure 165 is provided for storing pointers to the produced documents and things relating to the entry 101. In addition, other pointer structures might also be included such as, for example, a work product pointer structure 167 (for pointing to annotations, notes, pleadings, etc.) and miscellaneous communications pointer structure 169 (for pointing to communications received from experts, other attorneys, clients and the so called Artificial Intelligence routines of the attorney terminals).
Additional groupings such as a pretrial grouping 171 (which contains pointers to a set of jury instructions 173) may also be provided by the outline library 43. Moreover, other groupings might be added by the attorney manually. Groupings that the attorney decides are unnecessary may be easily removed from the tailored outline upon extraction from the outline library 43 or at any time thereafter. If the attorney later determines that an unextracted or deleted grouping is needed, the tailored outline can be appropriately updated by interactively revisiting the outline library 43. Because many lawsuits span a several year period, the attorney may also periodically revisit the outline library 43 to update the groupings and data items thereunder. Of particular significance here involves updating the case law grouping 105. All of the specifics regarding the changes or additions made to the tailored outline can be reviewed interactively by the attorney as the update takes place, or after the update has been completed. The update review allows the attorney to consider the impact of the update changes and additions.
The outline library 43 also contains preset associations between the groupings of the various categorization entries where appropriate to assist the attorney in evaluating the tailored outline which has been extracted. For example, a specific draft interrogatory under one categorization entry might have preset associations with a headnote from the same entry, and with a treatise selection from a different categorization entry. In this way, the attorney can quickly display the legal basis behind the draft interrogatory. With the preset association framework provided by the outline library 43, the attorney need only create supplemental associations with specific case evidence, work product, etc., which comes to light during the lawsuit.
As previously articulated, although in the embodiment described in relation to
Once a tailored outline with its associated information groupings is extracted from the outline library 43, the attorney might further tailor the outline by: 1) manually adding new category, subcategory, etc., entries; 2) adding to or modifying the contents of any of the groupings provided thereunder; 3) combining groupings or portions thereof; and 4) adding new groupings. Moreover, as previously stated, at anytime thereafter, the attorney may gain access to the outline library 43 to update or extract additional entries from the outline library 43 into the attorney's tailored outline.
Specifically, if the tailored outline is to be stored and maintained within the outline library 43, the extraction process involves the copying of the selected hierarchy of the categorization entries (along with associated information groupings), i.e., the tailored outline, into a working file stored within the outline library 43. Although not necessary, at any time thereafter, the attorney may choose to down-load the tailored outline, or portions thereof, for separate storage and maintenance. Alternatively, the extraction process might involve the direct down-loading of those portions of the outline library 43 selected as being part of the tailored outline. In such circumstances, permanent or intermediate storage and maintenance of the tailored outline within the outline library 43 would not be needed.
The attorney utilizes the tailored outline to begin filling the case evidence grouping 109 of each entry 101 in the tailored outline. For example, scanned documents are first directly stored into the case evidence library 91. Upon reviewing a given document, the attorney may identify an appropriate categorization entry 101, and store a pointer to that document in the document and things pointer structure 165.
Concurrent with the filling process, the attorney marks evidence entered as significant, annotates, and makes specific associations where beneficial. For example, during a deposition, the attorney may annotate a given answer, or, while reviewing documents, the attorney might annotate a specific document. Annotations are stored in the case evidence library 91 and pointed to via the set of work product pointers 167.
Annotations are directly associated for example with a seminal case, an interrogatory, or any other unit of data within the entry 101 groupings. Associations may also be made between any such elements of information provided by the various groupings under the entry 101. For example, an association might be created between a document pointed to by the pointer structure 165 and a headnote from the pointers structure 121, or between a Q&A in one deposition with a Q&A from another deposition via the pointer structure 163.
Each entry in the table 177 consists of two fields: 1) a data item pointers field 179—each field entry for storing a pointer to a single data item, such as a data item 185, associated with the specific grouping; and 2) an association stack pointers field 181—each field entry storing a pointer to an association stack, such as an association stack 189. For example, if the pointer structure 175 happened to be the headnote pointer structure 121 (
When a new data item is added under a given grouping, a new entry is added to the table 177. If no associations exist to the data item, the newly added association stack pointers field 181 contains no pointer to an association stack. When an association is made, a new association stack is created with a single entry which contains a pointer to the association, and the pointer to the association stack is placed in the newly added association stack pointers field 181. In addition, the same process occurs for the data item being associated. For example, although not shown, wherever the data item 193 is directly referenced, an association stack will be created (or added to) to include an association to the data item 185.
To move through the tailored outline 39 using the Roman numeric display, a single click (button selection) of the mouse 31 of a "Patent Law" category entry 201 causes a deeper level of the hierarchical structure, i.e., the subcategories A-H, to either appear if they are not currently being displayed, or disappear if they are being displayed. In other words, the single clicking of the mouse 31 acts to expand or collapse a branch in the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline 39. Similarly, the attorney may expand or collapse any categorization level in the tailored outline 39. For example, referring to
While using the Roman numeric display, the information contained within any category, subcategory, etc., in the tailored outline 39 can be accessed by "double clicking" the mouse 31, i.e., two sequential button selections of the desired category, subcategory, etc. After double clicking, the screen 23 displays the underlying groupings of the selection as illustrated in
Upon double clicking the mouse 31 a given entry in the stack window 211, the edit window 213 opens to display (and editing) of the full text of the headnote (
In downloading the tailored outline (or portions thereof) to the attorney terminals, the attorney has several choices. The attorney may choose to down-load only the pointers and structure of the tailored outline without the actual data items within the libraries 63, 91 and 92. Specific access to the actual data items stored in the libraries 63, 91 or 92 would be managed via the link 23. Alternatively, the attorney may choose to also down-load all of the case evidence library 91, and all of the related case law and supplemental data items from the libraries 63 and 92. Instead of down-loading all data items, however, the attorney might only down-load the data items currently considered relevant, for example, in an upcoming deposition.
In order to delete from the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline 39, the attorney need only single click the mouse 31 to identify the categorization entry to be deleted, and then select a delete command from he command line 33. Deleting the categorization entry also causes all deeper levels in the hierarchical structure to be deleted. In other words, deleting a category results in the deletion of corresponding subcategories, sub-subcategories, sub-sub-subcategories, and so on. In this way, the attorney can quickly and easily close off all branches in the hierarchy of the tailored outline 39.
Instead of deleting an entire branch, however, the attorney might choose to only delete a specific grouping or one type of data contained therein. Following the same process as before, the attorney merely selects a group or a type of data and the delete command from the command line 33.
As previously described, at any time, the attorney may revisit the outline library 43 to add to the tailored outline 39. Manual additions might also be made. To do so, the attorney enters an outline edit mode via the command line 33, and then manually edits the displayed tailored outline as desired. By double clicking on a newly added categorization entry, a display such as is shown in
To aid the attorney in identifying whether a sub-level in the hierarchy exists for a given categorization entry, italics are used to illustrate a dead-end. For example, referring back to
Instead of using the interactive process, the attorney might request a printout of the entire outline or portion thereof, and redline the printout to eliminate or add to the tailored outline. The redlined version can be given to a paralegal or secretary who makes the modifications in the manner discussed above. Once the tailored outline has been completed, the entire contents of the tailored outline 39 can also be printed out in outline form for record keeping or to provide for manual access.
After reviewing the headnotes, the attorney decides to generally associate the document 232 into the evidence grouping of the marking categorization entry, and to specifically associate the document 232 with the headnote 221. To accomplish this, the attorney merely selects an associate command 34 from the command line 33. Upon selecting the associate command 34, the association is indicated visually with an "@" character 222 placed in front of both the document 232 and the headnote 221. A pointer to the document is stored into the tailored outline (i.e., into the document and things pointer structure 165), and an association is made (as described in relation to
After associating two data items, if only one of the data items is currently being displayed, the other can easily be accessed and displayed. For example, when the attorney terminal 21 displays only the headnote 221, the attorney need only select a display association command (not shown) from the command line 33 to cause the associated document, in this situation the document 232, to be located and displayed. To view multiple associations, the window 211 displays a stack of all associated data items pointed to by a particular association stack, such as the association stack 189 (
Although the Roman numeric display provided by the attorney terminals provides relatively simple access to all items of all of the types of data contained within the tailored outline 39, in many situations, a more selective graphical approach is preferred.
To select other categorizations on the same level not currently displayed, slide bars 259 and 261 are provided. For example, to change to the Antitrust category (not shown), the attorney uses the slide bar 259 to step or scan through all of the categories available in the tailored outline 39 to identify the Antitrust category entry. As the slide bar 259 is moved, the block at the level 255 displays the name of each newly selected category. The categories are arranged in alphabetical order, aiding the attorney in locating the desired category. In addition, via double clicking on a slide bar button 260, a direct textual search for the desired categorization entry might also be made.
Similarly, the attorney moves the slide bar 261 to step or parse through an alphabetical listing of available subcategories at the lower level 257 (although an alphabetized subcategory display is not shown to aid in the labelling process of a Marking subcategory 263). A slide bar button 262 also provides direct textual categorization searching, via a double clicking of the left button of the mouse 31.
To move up and down through the hierarchical structure, the attorney merely selects and drags a block from one of the levels 255 or 257 to the other. The graphical display window 253 responds by stepping up or down through the hierarchy as directed. For example, if the attorney selects and drags the Invalidity subcategory to the upper level 255, the graphical window 253 would only display: 1) the Invalidity subcategory in place of the Patent Law category at the upper level 255; and 2) at the lower level 257, the sub-subcategories of "Best Mode", "Enablement", etc.
To display the groupings, types of data, or specific items contained by any categorization entry, as with the Roman numeric display, the attorney merely double clicks the mouse 31 on the desired block at either of the levels 255 or 257. Doing so causes that block to be displayed at the upper level 255, while the lower level 257 displays the groupings of data. Double clicking on a specific grouping causes that grouping to move to the upper level 255 while displaying the types of data at the lower level 257. Thereafter, double clicking on a specific type of data causes the stack window 254 to display the data items listed (i.e., pointed to) thereunder.
Alternately, to display groupings and items thereunder, a default configuration can be pre-selected via a display command 265 of the command line 33. Upon selecting the display command 265, a pull-down menu appears which provides for the pre-selection of the various groupings for display. Checking a grouping causes a side pull-down menu 267 to appear for pre-selection of the specific type of data to be displayed. Multiple groupings may be checked (pre-selected), and multiple types of data may also be checked from each checked grouping. Once pre-selection has been completed, upon clicking the right button of the mouse 31 to identify a particular categorization entry, the items of all of the pre-selected types of data from each pre-selected grouping of the categorization entry are displayed in the stack window 254.
For example, if an attorney preselects only the case law grouping and headnotes ("notes"), seminal cases ("cases"), treatise selections ("treatise") and preset searches and search context ("searches"), and then selects the marking subcategory 263 with the right button of the mouse 31, the stack window 254 displays headnotes 269 and 271, a treatise selection 273, and a seminal case 275.
Any of the entries in the stack window 254 can be selected, via a double click of the mouse 31, for full display in the edit window illustrated in
The categorization entries available for display within the graphical display window 253 can be limited to only those entries marked as pertinent, as detailed below in reference to
The pre-selection settings and the selective pertinence marking not only provides for selective display of the tailored outline 39, but can also be used individually or in combination for limiting searching. In particular, upon selecting a search command from the command line 33, a default configuration may be made or modified which limits searching within the tailored outline 39 to areas which have been pre-selected. Similarly, a separate default configuration may also limit searching to those categorization entries, groupings, types of data, and items which have been marked as pertinent.
The attorney first uses the graphical window 253 to locate the desired areas to be used based on the characteristics of the witness. An expert witness, for example, might be able to testify regarding the technical details of specific law or fact, while an eye witness might only offer a present sense impression regarding other factual issues relating to possibly other areas of law.
Once a categorization entry has been selected such as, for example, the marking subcategory 263, the attorney clicks the right button of the mouse 31, to display the default settings of the display command 265. In response, the stack window 254 displays the draft questions 281, 283, 285 and 287 associated with the subcategory marking 263 for potential use during the deposition or trial proceeding. As with all stack window 254 displays, additional entries in the stack (i.e., additional draft questions) can be accessed by a scrolling process.
By double clicking on a specific draft question such as the draft question 281, referring to
Referring to
Upon completing all of the questioning under a given categorization entry, the attorney merely locates and selects via the window 253 another categorization entry to display other draft questions related thereto. This process continues until all questioning regarding all categorization entries has been exhausted.
In addition to providing access to the corresponding draft questions, associations, case law and case evidence, the process of moving through the tailored outline while in the deposition mode also serves to automatically categorize all actual questions and answers asked during the proceeding. For example, all Q&A's transcribed while under the marking categorization entry 263 are automatically added to the Q&A pointer structure 163 (
The second chair attorney using the terminal 21 can also control the display of the terminal 19 used by the first chair attorney. For example, the second chair (associate) examining attorney can step through the hierarchical structure of the tailored outline instead of the first chair examining attorney while in the deposition mode. As categorization entries are selected, the draft Q&A's can be displayed on both attorney terminals 19 and 21 under the control of the second chair attorney. Moreover, without controlling the first chair attorney's display, the second chair attorney can also transmit specific draft Q&A's as messages to the first chair examining attorney during the proceeding.
The examining attorney may also choose to only use the tailored outline for specific areas of the tailored outline, or for unanticipated areas of law that are uncovered and retrieved during the proceeding. As a result, in such circumstances, automatic categorization is not used. After the proceeding, the attorneys (or their paralegals) may then manually categorize all of the Q&A's or only those Q&A's considered significant.
An attorney switches from the real-time transcription display (
In addition, within the draft question, parenthesis are used to provide instructions to help the attorney understand a draft question. Brackets are used to indicate that further tailoring (modification) of the bracketed words might be in order. In addition, specific instructions or "tips" may be provided to instruct the user as to the formulation of a line of questioning.
Although not shown, the graphical display window also uses italics and underlining convention established with the Roman numeric display. Italics are used to indicate categorization dead-ends, while underlining indicates that underlying grouping items do not exist. In addition, when providing only a selective display of the information marked as pertinent, the italics and underlying convention applies only to the marked information in the tailored outline 39. For example, if items exist but none are marked as pertinent under a given subcategory, the subcategory will be displayed with an underline.
Double clicking of the mouse 31 acts to provide access to the underlying groupings as described in relation to
For example, the attorney may believe that because the deponent was not working at the plaintiff's company until a date after the assignment document was executed, the deponent will probably have no knowledge of an assignment. The attorney may then choose not to select "ownership" for selective display in the tailored outline for this particular witness. It also may be that the attorney has elected not to challenge ownership and therefore the ownership area is not included.
After selection, a bar background of a contrast color is placed around the selected categorization entry such as entries 301, 303, 305 and 307. If the attorney changes his mind, a selection may be un-selected by placing the cursor over the selection and again single clicking the mouse 31.
In an identical process, all of the information contained within any selected category, subcategory, etc., can be further screened to simplify the use of the tailored outline for a given witness during the deposition or trial proceeding. For example, specific draft questions can be selected, while the other discovery groupings might be ignored.
Thus, only those categorization entries and underlying data items anticipated to be relevant for a given witness are marked as pertinent for selective display and possibly selective searching during the deposition or trial proceeding. The pertinence marking is saved in a configuration file under the witnesses last name for later loading during the deposition.
The pertinence marking process is also automatically applied while in the Pretrial Mode to enumerate the documents and things, and the deposition designations to be used at trial. In particular, concurrent with the generation of the draft Exhibit and deposition designations lists, a pretrial configuration is generated which provides for selective display and searching of only those items selected in the Pretrial Mode. The pretrial configuration may be directly used at trial or might be loaded as a starting point in the continued narrowing of the tailored outline 39 for trial. Similarly, an attorney might desire to have specific pertinence selections stored for personal use outside of the trial or deposition context.
After the attorney has generated a witness specific pertinence marking configuration, the attorney can begin (or continue) to review and associate the pertinent evidence and pertinent case law with the pertinent draft questions. Questions might also have been selected as pertinent from previous depositions for reuse. Conflicting answers to reused questions can then immediately be pointed out by the attorney on the transcript record, forcing the witness to change his testimony or say that the previous witness was wrong. In either case, the veracity of one of the witnesses becomes a beneficial issue.
Typically, the attorney will have a paralegal prepare a witness kit which is merely a file and index of a copy of all documents which were authored by or addressed to the deponent. The attorney will review the documents in the witness kit for potential deposition exhibits as well as for formulating potential questions to add to the outline 39. If such documents have been scanned into the tailored outline 39, the witness kit review may take place fully on the attorney terminal. Therein, the attorney's notes or annotations can be directly made and reviewed to the scanned image. Associating a scanned document image to a specific question or questions may provide the attorney with direct reference to the basis for the inquiry, for example. Similarly, documents, annotations, questions, case law, etc., might be associated with a communication from another terminal: 1) as illustrated in
Furthermore, if during the attorney's review of the documentary evidence, he wishes to review case law to understand the import of a certain document, the attorney may use the tailored outline 39 to retrieve the law.
Specifically, during a proceeding while in the Evidence Mode, the attorney terminal displays Exhibit entry information 321 in the stack window 254 while displaying the ongoing transcribed text of the proceeding in the transcription window 295. Each entry in the stack window 254 includes an indication of the exhibit number, date, time, and description of the results of the attempted entry.
When an attorney uses the term "Exhibit" during a deposition or at trial, the use of the word triggers an analysis of the status of that Exhibit number's use in the lawsuit, for example, as occurs in response to a transcribed statement 331 from a moving attorney. If the use of an Exhibit is detected, the attorney terminal compares the Exhibit number to a list of Exhibits already entered into the record. This list is contained in the chronologically ordered listing displayed in the stack window 321. If the Exhibit number already exists, the attorney terminal 21 considers the use acceptable and continues the monitoring process. If, however, as illustrated, the Exhibit number does not exist, the attorney terminal 21 further analyzes the context of the usage to determine whether a proper attempt has been made to enter the Exhibit into the record, and, if so, whether objections were stated, and whether the attempt was successful.
To determine whether a proper attempt to enter the Exhibit has occurred, the attorney terminal analyzes the unit of speech containing the usage of the new Exhibit number, i.e., most likely the current question being asked, to determine whether the attorney is attempting to enter the Exhibit into the record. In
Upon determining that a proper attempt to enter an Exhibit has been made, the terminal 21 automatically evaluates the subsequent units of speech, i.e., transcribed speech units 333 and 335, to identify any related objections, and, if so and at trial, to identify the judge's ruling. Upon identifying any objections raised, the attorney terminal 21 adds the objections to the new entry, entry 337, in the Exhibit list. If the judge makes a ruling, as is illustrated by the unit 335, that ruling is associated with the Exhibit list. The Exhibit list contained within the stack window 254 also automatically, directly associates the corresponding exchanges between the parties and the judge, i.e., the units 331, 333 and 335, for later review. Upon double clicking on any of the exhibit list entries, as with any stack window 254 entry, an edit window (not shown) is used to provide for modifying the entry if necessary. In addition, upon clicking the right button of the mouse 31, the transcription window 295 automatically displays the associated corresponding exchanges.
In addition, it is also contemplated that the tailored outline 39 may directly store all lawsuit information including case evidence, case law and work product. However, as
In addition, as generally illustrated by
During a proceeding, should a particular categorization entry not be contained in the selected tailored outline 39, the attorney may use an attorney terminal to access the outline library 43 to retrieve generic Q's, law, etc., during a deposition. For example, if during the deposition the examining attorney asks:
Q78. Now what makes you think that my client copied your invention?
A78. Your client stole my product out of my engineering department.
The examining attorney immediately searches his brain for the law of slander and libel. What does he need to prove? He may or may not know. The questioning continues:
Q79. Did you tell anyone about this?
A79. Yes, I told my sales force.
Q80. Did you tell your independent sales reps about this?
A80. Yes.
The examining attorney decides that he desires more testimony on this issue in the next 5 minutes before the witness counsel, the defending attorney, walks the witness outside for counseling regarding the law.
While the first chair struggles for questions, the second chair attorney may use the terminal 21 to quickly access the categorization entries in the outline library 43 regarding the law of slander and libel. Instant access is provided to case law information, i.e., the types of data contained under the case law grouping and to associated draft questions which may have been at least partially tailored to the lawsuit at issue. Thereafter, the second chair attorney may send the draft questions and case law information in whole or in part to the first chair examining attorney along the link 23 (
Although the second chair attorney is illustrated as being physically located at the legal proceeding in
Moreover, it is obvious that the embodiments of the present invention described hereinabove are merely illustrative and that other modifications and adaptations may be made without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
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Classification aux États-Unis | 705/59 |
Classification internationale | G06F21/00, G10L15/04 |
Classification coopérative | G06Q50/18, G11B27/28, G06F17/30696, G10L15/04, G06Q10/10, G11B27/10, G06F17/30637 |
Classification européenne | G06Q10/10, G11B27/28, G06Q50/18, G06F17/30T2F, G10L15/04, G06F17/30T2V, G11B27/10 |
Date | Code | Événement | Description |
8 déc. 2006 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: ENGATE INCORPORATED, ILLINOIS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BENNETT, JAMES D.;JARVIS, LAWRENCE M.;REEL/FRAME:018602/0822;SIGNING DATES FROM 19980911 TO 19980923 Owner name: ENGATE INCORPORATED, ILLINOIS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BENNETT, JAMES D.;JARVIS, LAWRENCE M.;SIGNING DATES FROM19980911 TO 19980923;REEL/FRAME:018602/0822 |
3 janv. 2007 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: ENGATE LLC, DELAWARE Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ENGATE INCORPORATED;REEL/FRAME:018702/0217 Effective date: 20061204 |
27 févr. 2015 | REMI | Maintenance fee reminder mailed | |
19 juil. 2015 | LAPS | Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees | |
8 sept. 2015 | FP | Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee | Effective date: 20150719 |


text: Spanking Your Kids Could Leave a Permanent Psychological MarkKatie J.M. Baker7/03/12 2:00pmFiled to: PsychologySpankingKidstraumatweetshutterstockFb342EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Forget "spare the rod, spoil the child" — research shows that experiencing spanking, slapping, and hitting as a kid leads to an increased risk of mental disorders as an adult.AdvertisementResearchers at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg asked survey participants — the final sample included over 20,000 people — how often they were "pushed, grabbed, shoved, slapped or hit by your parents or any adult living in your house" while growing up. The 5.9 percent of people who said they had experienced some form of the above were more likely to be male, black, and have a family history of dysfunction.The people who said "sometimes" or higher were defined as experiencing harsh physical punishment, and researchers found their past trauma was linked to "most lifetime Axis I mental disorders":AdvertisementThe risk of major depression was 41 percent higher;The risk of mania was 93 percent higher;The risk of any mood disorder was 49 percent higher;The risk of any anxiety disorder was 36 percent higher;The risk of any alcohol abuse or dependence was 59 percent higher;The risk of any drug abuse or dependence was 53 percent higher.Sad. Let's all go hug our kids, or our friend's kids, or at the very least watch adorable YouTube videos of kids and remember that the children are our future, etc.Spanking Kids Leads to Adult Mental Illnesses [ABC News]SponsoredImage via Suzanne Tucker/Shutterstock.Reply342 repliesLeave a reply

subset: commoncrawl


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Lot 1029: CHARACTER SIGNED VASE W/CHRYSANTHEMUMS; HAS BEEN
Outstanding Auction from Park Ave NYC Estate! 11-24 @ 10am!
by Dennis Auction Service
November 24, 2012
Stewartsville, NJ, USA
Live AuctionSold
Looking for the realized and estimated price?
Description: CHARACTER SIGNED VASE W/CHRYSANTHEMUMS; HAS BEEN DRILLED FOR LAMP, PARTIALLY THROUGH THE SIGNATURE; 16 1/2 IN H, 8 IN TOP DIA
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