text:
Have you ever dreamed of computers being taught to write a book, compose a music, or create a painting? Consider a situation where a computer can read all the works of Edgar Poe in a few moments, build a model of his style, thus resurrecting him, and start producing more poems on behalf of the author. The time needed to perform the same operation for a human is considerably infinite. Why not resuscitate, by the same means, Bach or Vivaldi to write another "The Four Seasons" masterpiece? The music consists of just seven notes, and a computer, by the same means, can analyze the whole works of Bach, how the notes and pauses correspond to each other etc..., not taking into account the simple drum and base, which are much easier to replicate.
A bit of news in some computer magazine, which encouraged me to write this article and code, was about "The Silver Eggheads" by Fritz Leiber, in which the fiction genre is ruled by megalithic publishing houses whose word mills churn out stories by the pound. It reports to P. M. Parker and his Icon Group International, which produces tons of articles in different genres. So far, searching on Google for "wordmills" produced about 60 matches only, generally pointing to the F. Leibner work.
First, my thought was to use statistics for the generation of text books, which I have tried to implement here. The same concept, by all means, can be applied to statistical analysis of music (e.g., notes and pauses between them (e.g., midi files are good for that purpose), instead of words and punctuation marks), or paintings, or analyzing image features (color and texture) and their correspondence to each other and raw image data.
You need some basics in statistics as to understand the conditional probabilities.
Consider the following text:
I read books. I read papers. I like cats. They like dogs. They like birds.
There are 10 different words including:
. birds books cats dogs I like papers read They
If we take each word from the text and write down the words which follow it:
[previous word] [next word] . I They birds . books . cats . dogs . I read like like cats dogs birds papers . read books papers They like
e.g., read and like follow I, and cats, dogs, and birds follow like etc...
Now, count how many times each [next word] follows a [previous word]. E.g., take the word I and count how many times read and like happen to follow it; there are two occurrences of read and one for like.
I read 2 like 1
Now, divide 2 and 1 by the sum of the total number of words found following the word I (sum = 2 + 1). Thus, we obtain the probability that read might follow I: 2 times out of 3 (2/3 = 0.666666) and like might follow I: 1 time out of 3 (1/3 = 0.333333). That is, the conditional probability of seeing the word read if the previous word is I, P(read|I) = 0.666666, and the conditional probability of seeing the word like if the previous word is I: P(like|I) = 0.333333.
I read 0.666666 like 0.333333
Doing the same for each word from the total of 10 different found, we get:
. I 0,5 They 0,5 birds . 1 books . 1 cats . 1 dogs . 1 I read 0,666666666666667 like 0,333333333333333 like cats 0,333333333333333 dogs 0,333333333333333 birds 0,333333333333333 papers . 1 read books 0,5 papers 0,5 They like 1
This is the so called first order model, where you keep a history of one previous word. The second, third, and so forth order models keeps the history of 2, 3, or more previous words, so you have the probability of the next word having a combination of two or more words before. Those models provide better results in terms of simulating the text; however, you need to keep track of combinations of words, e.g., I read may be followed by books or papers with equal probability.
I read books 0,5 papers 0,5
You may contribute an experiment with English letters instead of words. You will see that the second and third order models produce more intelligible word output than the first order model.
C# and GC are great for fast coding. For a quick start, click the Learn button, and select one or several raw text files. The GUI will start processing the text and gathering statistics as P(NextWord|PrevWord). You can Stop the process if it takes too long. Going to the File menu, you can save the extracted dictionary and the text which was extracted. Click the Simulate button to create any number of sentences consisting of maximal number of words. The process simply starts with a random word, starting with a capital letter, then basing on the conditional probability, P(NextWord|PrevWord), selects the next word, and the process repeats until a '.' is met to finish the sentence. Then, P(NextWord|'.') is evaluated to choose the next word, and so on.
There are two classes in the project:
WordExtractor is used to process text files, extract a dictionary, and organize text as a sequence of words for calculation of conditional probabilities. You may use its public properties and methods, some of them are self-explanatory:
int WordExtractor.ReportFreq;
String WordExtractor.Error;
List<String> WordExtractor.Text;
List<String> WordExtractor.Dictionary;
int WordExtractor.Extract(String fileName);
int WordExtractor.SaveDictionary(String fileName);
int WordExtractor.SaveText(String fileName);
bool WordExtractor.IsCapitalWord(String str);
bool WordExtractor.IsPunctuationMark(String str);
bool WordExtractor.IsValidWord(String str);
bool WordExtractor.IsDigit(String str);
void WordExtractor.Clear();
The functions returning int return zero in case of success, or a negative value in case of failure.
Basically, you call WordExtractor.Extract() any number of times, and the extracted text and dictionary will be added to the previously processed files:
///  /// Extract dictionary from the text file ///  /// <param name="fileName">Text file</param> /// <returns>zero upon success</returns> public int Extract(String fileName) { try { int linesNumber = 0; using (TextReader tr = new StreamReader(fileName)) { String str; while ((str = tr.ReadLine()) != null) { linesNumber++; String[] words = str.Split(this.WordsSeparator, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries); foreach (String w in words) { String word = w; RemoveUnsupportedChars(ref word); if (IsValidWord(word) == false) continue; String punctuation; if (IsEndsWithPunctuation(word, out punctuation) == true) { RemovePunctuation(ref word); if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(word) == false) { this.text.Add(word); this.text.Add(punctuation); if (this.dictionary.Contains(word) == false) this.dictionary.Add(word); if (this.dictionary.Contains(punctuation) == false) this.dictionary.Add(punctuation); } } else { RemovePunctuation(ref word); if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(word) == false) { this.text.Add(word); if (this.dictionary.Contains(word) == false) this.dictionary.Add(word); } } } if ((this.worker != null) && ((linesNumber % this.reportFreq) == 0)) { worker.ReportProgress(0, String.Format("Processing {0} line {1} " + "(found {2} different words)", Path.GetFileName(fileName), linesNumber, this.dictionary.Count)); if (this.worker.CancellationPending == true) break; } } } if (this.worker != null) worker.ReportProgress(0, String.Format("Processing {0} line {1}" + " (found {2} different words)", Path.GetFileName(fileName), linesNumber, this.dictionary.Count)); this.dictionary.Sort(); return 0; } catch (Exception e) { Trace.WriteLine(String.Format("WordExtractor.Extract()" + " raised exception {0}", e.Message)); this.error = String.Format("WordExtractor.Extract() " + "raised exception {0}", e.Message); return -1; } }
From the TextStatistics class, you may use:
System.ComponentModel.BackgroundWorker TextStatistics.Worker;
String TextStatistics.Error;
Dictionary<String, List<WordFreqPair>> TextStatistics.Stats;
List<String> TextStatistics.CapitalWords;
int TextStatistics.MaxWordsPerSentence;
int TextStatistics.Calculate(WordExtractor we);
int TextStatistics.SaveDictionary(String fileName);
int TextStatistics.SaveCapitalWords(String fileName);
int TextStatistics.Simulate(int sentencesNumber, out String[] simulationText);
Once you have processed all the files with the WordExtractor.Extract() methods, you may pass the object to the TextStatistics.Calculate() function. It will process the extracted text, and will calculate conditional probabilities to the dictionary Dictionary<String, List<WordFreqPair>>. The Key is the PrevWord, and Value is the class with only public properties as the NextWord Word and its probability Prob:
Dictionary<String, List<WordFreqPair>>
///  /// Next word and its P(NextWord|PrevWord) ///  public class WordFreqPair { ///  /// Next word ///  public String Word { get; set; } ///  /// Next word probability ///  public double Prob { get; set; } }
The TextStatistics.Calculate() is presented below:
///  /// Extract statistics as conditional probabilities P(NextWord|PrevWord) ///  /// <param name="we">WordExtractor object</param> /// <returns>zero upon success</returns> public int Calculate(WordExtractor we) { try { if (we.Text.Count < 3 || we.Dictionary.Count < 3) throw new Exception("WordExtractor contains less than 3 words."); this.stats.Clear(); this.capitalWords.Clear(); this.error = String.Empty; foreach (String word in we.Dictionary) this.stats.Add(word, new List<WordFreqPair>()); //calculate conditional p = nextWord|prevWord and normalize it for (int i = 1; i < we.Text.Count; i++) { String prevWord = we.Text[i - 1]; String nextWord = we.Text[i]; List<WordFreqPair> wfpList = this.stats[prevWord]; int index = IsWordPresent(wfpList, nextWord); if (index < 0) wfpList.Add(new WordFreqPair() { Word = nextWord, Prob = 1.0 }); else wfpList[index].Prob++; } List<String> emptyNodes = new List<string>(); foreach (String word in this.stats.Keys) { List<WordFreqPair> wfpList = this.stats[word]; if (wfpList.Count == 0) { emptyNodes.Add(word); continue; } if (we.IsCapitalWord(word) == true) this.capitalWords.Add(word); double sum = 0.0; for (int i = 0; i < wfpList.Count; i++) sum += wfpList[i].Prob; for (int i = 0; i < wfpList.Count; i++) wfpList[i].Prob /= sum; } //remove last empty word from text if any foreach (String word in emptyNodes) this.stats.Remove(word); if (this.stats.ContainsKey(".") == true) this.isPointPresent = true; return 0; } catch (Exception e) { Trace.WriteLine(String.Format("TextStatistics.Calculate()" + " raised exception {0}", e.Message)); this.error = String.Format("TextStatistics.Calculate() " + "raised exception {0}", e.Message); return -1; } }
Then, you may simulate any number of sentences from the learned statistical model:
///  /// Simulate sentences from learned model P(NextWord|PrevWord) ///  /// <param name="sentencesNumber">Number of sentences to generate</param> /// <param name="simulationText">Output simulated sentences to string array</param> /// <returns>zero upon success</returns> public int Simulate(int sentencesNumber, out String[] simulationText) { try { if (sentencesNumber < 1) throw new Exception("wrong number of sentences to simulate."); if (this.stats.Count == 0) throw new Exception("the text have not been learned." + " call TextStatistics.Learn()"); if (this.isPointPresent == false) throw new Exception("there is no . in dictionary," + " can not simulate sentence"); int index = 0; simulationText = new String[sentencesNumber]; WordExtractor we = new WordExtractor(); String sentence = String.Empty; String word = SimulateFirstWord(); int wordsInSentence = 1; while (true) { if (we.IsPunctuationMark(word) == true) { sentence += word; } else { sentence += " " + word; wordsInSentence++; } if (word == "." || word == "!" || word == "?") { simulationText[index++] = sentence + "\r\n"; sentence = String.Empty; wordsInSentence = 0; sentencesNumber--; } if (sentencesNumber <= 0) break; word = SimulateNextWord(this.stats[word], wordsInSentence); } return 0; } catch (Exception e) { simulationText = null; Trace.WriteLine(String.Format("TextStatistics.Simulate({0})" + " raised exception {1}", sentencesNumber, e.Message)); this.error = String.Format("TextStatistics.Simulate({0})" + " raised exception {1}", sentencesNumber, e.Message); return -1; } }
Now, to provide some examples of text written by a computer in different areas. I used e-texts provided by Project Gutenberg, a very nice collection. Though first order model is expected to provide worse results, as was shown for the English letters simulation, on the converse, it does show some nice pert and pungent sentences. So the second, third, and higher order models are expected to provide far better results, nearly author like. You may also try to mix authors and get Poe-Darwin results.
Fertility of Great Britain, extremely few species might travel still favourable variations.
I must either useful to meet with the whole classes of the naked Turkish dog.
If green woodpeckers which on the cause of sterile females do not occur in order to make for long as specifically different great geographical changes of all the good, and at hybrids may have been retrograde; and those species of character to its own food might become widely extended the number of profitable.
The limbs, though in the same time to diverge in groups subordinate importance of 1854-5 destroyed, according to render their modified.
The distinction between the incapacity of a glance appear to spring, stamens, are of Bohemia and which are upland goose.
Wollaston suspects, with a conclusion in the incipient species are differently coloured in the nature.
We have not while two divisions of the first crosses with hair-claspers of our presumption is scarcely a limited sense be given.
Just as to adjust the other means of reference the places A and the first place.
This difficulty prevailing here.
But calculation indicate position to the less exact.
We express the following statements in motion of its centre as Euclidean continuum has spared himself with respect to the diagram this time rate permanently slower than on himself with rule and it has the one of their universe only to a change in their measurements.
This theorem of these two masses constituting the train.
This file is at rest relatively to him simultaneously or of the Lorentz transformation for the reference-body, translation because if we can now to formulate the velocity v and tables.
The earth by Adams in a solution of the theory of times greater distance I proceed outwards from this connection with the equation x1, the space co-ordinates.
Who would certainly revealed by the direction indicated in general law-of-field of experience can be obtained by the comparison of values of plane.
Lorentz transformation In point: An observer perceives the clock at least.
48: Events which we see the theory of course depend either the straight lines of the most elegantly confirmed by the most elegantly confirmed for measuring-rods.
FIT-- you are Anglo-Saxon Messengers.
There goes like that!
Alice thought was going to get dry.
I find any longer than Alice: she went on again now, I don't think you may make one, and said my poor little golden key in the horse, and put out.
SHE must be in my youth, she didn't know I wasn't asleep.
What for a kinder tone: when I must, squeaking voice, that she remarked.
And they set him, the cook threw herself.
I'm sure I meant the King remarked to say this time without waiting outside.
The jaws that sounded best of Hearts, she made it?
The Gnat went on its ear.
This is May I must help looking away.
You'll be the beak-- Pray, do what she spoke.
Nature had gone.
I saw the earth have experimental verification, any of the cupolas above and white butterfly go to a match.
It seemed to go!
Most of an overwhelming calamity.
He sat down the sensation of past generations, that seemed tricks in one has got the air whirled into the wood were strict vegetarians, whose end I determined to the Morlocks.
Rather hastily striking one would become fossilized millions.
Their hair on the lonely again, my hands, and showing in the lamp flame.
I thought I ever return to the same horrible fatigue, and cracked metallic bars was lightening with machinery.
That one is great, the dictionary contains 29000 words, and so the mighty simulated lines:
Is it, the faint ejaculation evincing utter simplicity, after being apparently dismal and exceedingly awkward.
My own writings is not be a clear and told you shall take advice, as if I am humble servant in default of square inches.
Ah, and seclusion of the Turk, and as he has no doubt, and myself, I remonstrated with elastic joy, was gray, in the Baltimore monument?
At length excited such as well.
There is right eye The date, or the representation, of woman to these subjects which possessed himself.
Upon the neighborhood of a loud, it could have regained, the beautiful, is taken out of a particle of the wrong.
Its brilliant jet black cat, into the human features, I shuddered the preparations.
Let us to make him from the world of Mademoiselle L'Espanaye, which it in the autumn of terror, unto death: for the brink I was rolling of the Confessions of the.
What are perfectly discernible, it if I will pardon was a madman, to her to the scent.
Clad all events.
Keep it in the precise words you, but pale as I see what are narrating in the circumstances and nearly attains the idea of a topic and genera of being altogether.
The Unparalleled Adventure of the coming home, and always had assumed, but the balloon was dead halt, as thou, having entered, before the south as rebels put off too, in nearly.
In the catastrophe.
Besides, to me!
I found in his entire brain.
They feed them much enlarged and less success.
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The GNU General Public License (GPLv3)
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text:
Top Items:
New York Times:
Obama Gun Proposal to Look Beyond Mass Shootings — A new federal assault weapons ban and background checks of all gun buyers, which President Obama is expected to propose on Wednesday, might have done little to prevent the massacre in Newtown, Conn., last month.
New York Times:
Obama Unveils Proposals for Toughening Laws on Guns — WASHINGTON — President Obama called upon Congress on Wednesday to toughen America's gun laws to confront mass shootings and everyday gun violence, betting that public opinion has shifted enough to support the broadest push for gun control in a generation.
Crooks and Liars, Hit & Run, Outside the Beltway, Talking Points Memo, Balloon Juice and The Caucus
Why President Obama's gun plan may be doomed — Before President Barack Obama can even launch his campaign-style blitz for new gun control measures, there are strong indications that any comprehensive legislation restricting weapons and ammunition won't even see a vote on the House floor.
Mediaite, msnbc.com, The Page, Capital New York, Hot Air, Washington Examiner and Wall Street Journal
David Taintor / Talking Points Memo:
Obama's 23 Planned Executive Actions On Guns — Here is a list provided by the White House of the 23 executive actions President Obama plans to take to reduce gun violence in the wake of the Newtown, Conn., massacre:
The National Memo, The Agonist and The Hinterland Gazette
NRA airs new TV ad criticizing Obama on eve of White House gun announcement — Washington (CNN) - The National Rifle Association released a new television commercial Tuesday night charging President Barack Obama of hypocrisy for being "skeptical" about placing armed guards at schools …
Paul Waldman / American Prospect:
The NRA Opens Fire — In case you were waiting for the National Rifle Association's reasonable, constructive contribution to our current debate on how best to curb gun violence in America, your wait is over. They are locked, loaded, and ready to bring the crazy.
Washington Monthly, CANNONFIRE and Lawyers, Guns & Money
Jamelle Bouie / American Prospect:
President Obama Announces Action on Gun Control with 23 New Executive Orders — This afternoon, President Obama announced a package of proposals to reduce gun violence. These are executive actions, not legislation, and will—among other things—strengthen law enforcement efforts against gun crime …
New York Times, Guardian, Spectator and Daily Kos
Obama unveils 23 executive actions, calls for assault weapons ban — President Barack Obama on Wednesday announced what he called a "common sense measures" plan to reduce gun violence, including legislation for a universal background check and new bans on assault weapons and high capacity magazines.
Joe Biden / CNN:
Obama announces 23 exective actions, asks Congress to pass gun laws — President Barack Obama announces 23 executive actions on gun control, separately asks Congress to pass gun-control laws — Obama asks Congress to pass laws that would: require background checks on all gun sales …
The Jawa Report and Shakesville
Jason Howerton / TheBlaze.com:
BuzzFeed, Post Politics, msnbc.com, AMERICAblog, Addicting Info, Politico, The Daily Caller and Weasel Zippers
Washington Post:
Obama unveils gun-control proposals
Obama unveils gun-control proposals
Talking Points Memo, Washington Monthly, Post Politics, The Fix, Right Turn, Wonkette and Althouse
First Read:
First Thoughts: Obama set to go big on guns
First Thoughts: Obama set to go big on guns
The Plum Line, Taegan Goddard's …, msnbc.com, Mediaite and Politico
Sam Stein / The Huffington Post:
Obama Gun Control Proposals Unveiled, Marking Biggest Legislative Effort In A Generation
Obama Gun Control Proposals Unveiled, Marking Biggest Legislative Effort In A Generation
New York Times, Guardian, Associated Press and Alan Colmes'Alan Colmes'
Josh Marshall / Talking Points Memo:
NRA Is Simply a Disease on the Body Politic
NRA Is Simply a Disease on the Body Politic
The Raw Story, The Week and Lawyers, Guns & Money
Jacob Sullum / Hit & Run:
How Does the Sandy Hook Massacre Demonstrate the Need for Gun Controls That Have Nothing to Do With It?
How Does the Sandy Hook Massacre Demonstrate the Need for Gun Controls That Have Nothing to Do With It?
Brad Plumer / Wonkblog:
READ: Obama's plan to reduce gun violence
READ: Obama's plan to reduce gun violence
The Political Carnival
Katie Glueck / Politico:
NRA ad attacked for including President Obama's daughters
NRA ad attacked for including President Obama's daughters
Addicting Info, Weasel Zippers, msnbc.com and The National Memo
Daniel Halper / Weekly Standard:
W.H. Releases Letters from Little Kids Pleading for Gun Control
W.H. Releases Letters from Little Kids Pleading for Gun Control
Weasel Zippers, Taylor Marsh, UrbanGrounds and The Powers That Be
Evan McMorris-Santoro / Talking Points Memo:
NRA TV Ad: Obama 'Elitist Hypocrite' Because His Daughters Have Armed Guards
Xenos / Reading is for Snobs:
These Are The People The Wall Street Journal Thinks We Should Have Sympathy For? — The Wall Street Journal had an article providing a fairly thorough breakdown of the new tax policies that will now be in effect due to the "fiscal cliff" agreement reached by congress. The article itself wasn't too bad, really.
Suburban Guerrilla and Brad DeLong
Why debt limit must be used to force a balanced budget — This Monday, President Obama again asserted that the country would "default" if Congress did not raise the debt limit. "The full and faith and credit of the United States is not a bargaining chip," he said at a press conference.
Washington Examiner, Daily Kos and The Heritage Foundation
Ian Millhiser / ThinkProgress:
Pennsylvania House Republicans Introduce Bill To Rig The 2016 Presidential Election … Earlier this week, Republican National Committee Chair Reince Priebus endorsed a Republican plan to rig the next presidential election to make it nearly impossible for the Democratic candidate to win the White House …
Balloon Juice and Booman Tribune
Eric Ostermeier / Smart Politics:
FOX Still Shunned at Obama Press Conferences — The favorite news outlet of conservatives ranks just ninth in presser questions in Obama's first term, getting to ask questions at only half the rate of the Big 3 broadcast networks — During Barack Obama's news conference on Monday the president called on seven reporters.
Hot Air
Kathryn Bigelow / Los Angeles Times:
Kathryn Bigelow addresses 'Zero Dark Thirty' torture criticism — 'Zero Dark Thirty' director Kathryn Bigelow answers criticism of the film's depiction of torture, which she says does not equal endorsement of the tactics. — Kathryn Bigelow. — For a long time, measuring more years …
Politico, ABCNEWS, The Week and Washington Free Beacon
Macon Phillips / White House.gov Blog:
Why We're Raising the Signature Threshold for We the People — When we launched We the People, none of us knew how popular it would be, but it's exceeded our wildest expectations. Through the past year, interest in We the People exploded and we're closing in on 10 million signatures.
The Atlantic Online, Hot Air, Hit & Run, The Daily Caller, Betabeat, Mediaite, The Hill, Gawker and Mashable!
Tom Jensen / Public Policy Polling:
Scott in a very bad position — PPP's first Florida poll of 2013 finds Rick Scott's approval numbers on the decline and Democrats warming up to Charlie Crist, setting the stage for Florida to possibly elect its first Democratic Governor in 20 years next fall.
Taegan Goddard's …
Javier Manjarres / The Shark Tank:
Congressman Radel on Possible Presidential Impeachment- "All Options Should be on the Table" — Congressman Steve Stockman from Texas has taken aim against President Obama's forthcoming executive orders that will further restrict gun rights by "eliminating funding for implementation …
Politico, The Hill and The Daily Caller
Elise Viebeck / The Hill:
Whole Foods CEO says Obama healthcare law is 'more like fascism' — The CEO of Whole Foods Market said President Obama's healthcare law is more like "fascism" than "socialism," a parallel he drew in 2009, to some backlash. — John Mackey made the remark in an interview Wednesday with NPR.
Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life:
Roe v. Wade at 40: Most Oppose Overturning Abortion Decision — Millennials Far Less Aware of Historic Ruling — As the 40th anniversary of the Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision approaches, the public remains opposed to completely overturning the historic ruling on abortion.
CNN, Hullabaloo and Taegan Goddard's …

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Will Lombardelli
Beat Box Lessons
Piano Lessons
Trombone Lessons
Will Lombardelli received his bachelors degree in Bass Trombone Performance from Boston University. He started his musical voyage at the age of seven, taking piano lessons from an unenthusiastic, uninspiring, teacher. For this reason, Will finds joy and fulfillment in exposing children to the wonders, and fun that musical training provides. Will has performed in every possible musical context, from busking on the streets of cities nationwide, to performing Mahler Symphonies at Symphony Hall in Boston, playing sold-out rock shows, and national tours with Broadway shows. The secret to his long-standing love of performance is variety of genre, wonderful colleagues, and non-stop practice.
William is currently finishing his first EP with his duo, partnered with Jammin with You teacher Lee Neckritz, "The Hornitz". Will is not only a world-class Bass Trombonist, he is also a virtuoso Human Beatbox artist. Human Beatbox is a relatively new instrument. Using the mouth, tongue, voice box, throat, and sinus the Human Beatox reproduces the sounds of drums, bass, turntables, synthesizers, and a myriad other instruments and natural sounds, ie dogs, cats, birds, etc, without the necessity of effects or equipment. Will placed 9th in the 2010 American Beatbox Championships, and uses all of his musical skills, Bass Trombone/Human Beatbox, combined with cutting edge technology to provide an entire rhythm section for "The Hornitz", and is one of the worlds most talented "Live Looping" artists, a process by which live sound is endlessly repeated, and expounded upon in front of an audience.
William has been teaching music for four years in other companies and is very excited about bringing his considerable training, experience, and enthusiasm to the Jammin with You family, and, hopefully, to yours.


text:
I have owned an iPhone/iPod accessory called the iDeck for a few months now, in which I have found it to be an absolutely great purchase. You have probably never heard of the iDeck, but much as it's name implies, it is an iPhone and iPod adapter for your car's tape deck. Thus, this won't be an accessory for everyone, but for those looking for a solution to connect an iPhone/iPod to their car stereo, the iDeck may be a great choice for you.
Before I get started with the review, you can jump to this page on Amazon to learn more about the iDeck. I should also note, that this review is not paid, and is completely unbiased.
The iDeck is pretty much a mobile dock for your iPhone or iPod Touch that operates by using the cassette deck in your vehicle. The features are fairly simple. The iDeck allows your iDevice to be amplified through your car's speakers/sound system. It also charges the device simultaneously, via a cigarette lighter adapter. So, if you have ever wanted to listen to the music on your iPod or iPhone in your car, but don't want to have to install any special stereo equipment or use a FM Transmitter, the iDeck is the way to go.
Before I purchased the iDeck, I considered some alternatives, many of which, rely on an arm or a stand. Here are a few examples:
While these are likely quality products, I find them to be a bit tacky. The iDeck is different in that because it mounts the iPod using a cassette bracket, the iPod or iPhone will sit securely in the center of your vehicle's dash. If you use your iPhone for GPS, the cassette tape mounting is super efficient, because it doesn't require that you mount anything to the windshield, where as other devices may require that. The device itself is very minimal, yet effective.
While the iDeck is marketed as an iPod compatible device, it will work with iPhones too. If you purchase the iDeck and connect an iPhone 4 or 4S, you may get an on-screen prompt similar to "This accessory has not been optimized for this device." You can simply tap the OK button to ignore it, and the iDeck still works fine, even with newer Apple devices.
I would not recommend the iDeck as iPad compatible, however, because when I tried to connect an iPad, it did okay, but it was very wobbly and not very secured to the dash.
Also, the iDeck doesn't allow you to charge your phone and hold it to talk on it, where a standard cigarette charger cord would allow you to do that. However, the speaker phone function on the iPhone works nicely with iDeck. Whenever a call comes through, and you are listening to music, the iPhone automatically dims the sound levels perfectly, allowing you to answer the call. Upon ending a conversation/ending the call, your music will simply resume where it left off.
I was amazed with the quality of the iDeck, down to the box that it came in. Everything was very "Apple like" in nature, and one could easily mistake this device as being a device that is manufactured directly by Apple. The device comes with several dock adapters that will allow you to use different iDevices, such as the iPod Nano, Touch, or iPhone. Each device has its own adapter. However, I simply don't use the adapter, as the dock itself is fairly sturdy.
That's my quick review of the iDeck. I definitely recommend this device for anyone that needs a quality iPhone/iPod car charger, plus a holder, plus a way to play music through a vehicle's speakers.


text:
An unmanned Falcon 9 rocket developed by Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX, is poised to enter the commercial satellite market on Monday, a potential game-changer in a global industry worth nearly $190 billion a year.
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Following a successful debut test fight on Sept. 29, the privately owned firm's upgraded Falcon 9 rocket is due to lift off at 5:37 p.m. EST/2237 GMT from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
Perched on top of the rocket is a 6,400-pound (2,900 kg) communications satellite owned by Luxembourg-based SES S.A. , which currently operates a 54-satellite fleet, the world's second-largest.
The satellite, known as SES-8 and worth about $100 million, will be positioned to provide television, cable, broadband and other services to customers in India, China, Vietnam and other markets in Asia.
"It's an extremely important satellite for us," Martin Halliwell, chief technology officer of SES, told reporters on Sunday in Cocoa Beach, Florida.
"We know that as we go forward into these very significant growth markets that it's absolutely critical that we have a cost-effective and efficient way to get to orbit. That's really what SpaceX has brought us," Halliwell said.
Continue Reading Below
Previous SES satellites were launched primarily aboard Russian Proton and European Ariane rockets, which cost far more than the approximately $55 million the company paid for its ride on SpaceX's Falcon booster, Halliwell said.
He would not say exactly how much SpaceX undercut the competition, but did say SES got a bit of a discount by agreeing to fly on Falcon 9's first mission to the high altitudes that communication satellites require.
In addition to the upgraded Falcon 9's test flight in September, older versions of the rocket previously flew five times successfully, including three missions for NASA to deliver cargo to the International Space Station, which flies about 250 miles (about 400 km) above Earth.
On Monday, SpaceX will aim to put SES-8 into an elliptical orbit that reaches more than 50,000 miles (80,000 km) from Earth, about a quarter of the way to the moon.
That altitude requires less fuel for SES-8 to fly itself into its 22,369-mile (36,000-km) high operational orbit, thereby extending its service life.
SpaceX hoped to demonstrate its ability to fire up the Falcon 9's upper-stage engine twice during the September test flight, but that did not work. Engineers later realized that liquid oxygen, used for chilling, had come into contact with the motor's igniter lines, causing them to freeze.
"It was not a complicated issue to fix. Obviously, we were glad we caught it on a mission where we were only demonstrating that second burn, as opposed to one where we have to get it done," SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell told reporters during a prelaunch conference call.
The company needs three successful launches of its upgraded Falcon rocket before it will be eligible to compete to carry the U.S. military's largest and most expensive satellites, a market now monopolized by United Launch Alliance, a partnership of Boeing and Lockheed Martin.
"There's always some risk associated with the flight not working. So we're very appreciative that SES would place a bet on SpaceX," added Elon Musk, SpaceX's founder and chief executive.
SES has options for three more Falcon flights, including one on the firm's heavy-lift rocket that is under development and expected to debut next year.
SpaceX's launch manifest includes nearly 50 other launches, worth about $4 billion. About 75 percent of the flights are for commercial customers.
"Our prices are the most competitive of any in the world," Musk said. "We will force other rocket companies to either develop new technology that's a lot better or they have to exit the launch market."
Halliwell said SpaceX competitors were "shaking in their shoes."
"There are a lot of people who hope that SpaceX is going to fail," he said. "This is really rocking the industry."
The global satellite industry had revenues of nearly $190 billion in 2012, including nearly $90 billion in television services alone, the Satellite Industry Association trade group reported in October. The U.S. share of the market is 45 percent, the report said.


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Welcome to my blog! If you've found this page, you scanned the QR code in the January BridaLifestyle Magazine to receive a special discount. This discount is only offered to those of you who found my ad in the magazine, so kudos to you!
Please take some time to browse my blog to learn more about me, my style, and see samples of my work. If you like what you see, be sure to set up a meet and greet with me so we can get to know each other!
But before you get too far ahead, you need to sign up for that special discount. What is the discount, you ask? It is $200 off of ANY wedding package! All you have to do is fill out the contact form below, and type this code in the remarks box: BLMD200. Then just book your wedding with RM Photography before 6/15/12 to receive the discount!
Feel free to add other questions or comments you may have in the remarks box.
Thanks for stopping by!
-Rebecca Manney


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Golf - Tournaments
The Inverness Golf Club coordinates so many Denver golf tournaments every year, we consider ourselves to be experts in this niche. You want credentials? We have a rich history of being the golf course of choice for the Colorado Open, the Colorado Section PGA Championship and the Celebrity Players Tour. So when it comes to tournaments, we're all business.
There's nothing we can't do for your golf tournament. We'll help plan the event. Coordinate the prize packages. Cater the food. Our Denver golf tournament packages include:
All private golf tournaments:
Customized golf packages for groups of different sizes and on different days may be available. Please call 303-397-7878 for details.
Because The Inverness Golf Club is known for its beautiful golf course outside Denver and outstanding service, tournament times book up fast. Call 303-397-7878 to begin planning yours now.
Tournament Amenities
Utilizing our professional staff in planning your Denver, Colorado golf tournament is sure to impress your players. We pay close attention to every detail and offer the finest in personal service. Some of the amenities we offer your tournament guests include:
It appears you are using an older web browser! While using our site, you may encounter some trouble along the way. For PC users, we recommend upgrading to the latest version of Internet Explorer or Firefox. For Mac users, we recommend the latest version of Safari or Firefox.


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To better understand the meaning of DEVOUR, certain examples of its usage are presented.Examples from famous English prose on the use of the word DEVOUR
"Around them, snarling and jumping, was a pack of dogs, waiting to devour the waste"
"A siberian cat, that rats and mice may not devour my goods"
"This crumbling pageant shall devour" - This term devour was used by John Dryden in the Poem A song for st. cecilia's day, 1687.
"Which wrinkles will devour;" - This term devour was used by Thomas Nashe in the Poem In time of pestilence.
"He has done petuously devour" - This term devour was used by William Dunbar in the Poem Lament for the makers.
हिंदी मे अर्थ[+]
अंग्रेजी मे अर्थ[+]
उदाहरण और उपयोग[+]


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One mom shares a recent moment with her son, "one I want to savor as I think of all the 'can'ts' and 'nevers' I was told a decade ago."
More...Autism Speaks' Toddler Treatment Network is developing and evaluating the next generation of parent-led early interventions for autism
More...Autism Speaks co-founder Bob Wright was a special guest on Bloomberg TV's "In the Loop with Betty Liu."
More...26-year-old Nick Johnson says being underwater relieves anxiety and helps him "think straight."
More..."Thank you on behalf of an 11-year-old boy who struggles to cope in a world that just doesn't understand or easily accommodate him."
More...Amy Gravino, an adult with autism, discusses her tribulations transitioning from middle school to high school.
More...Study by Autism Speaks Weatherstone fellow demonstrates effectiveness of program to expand delivery of autism services via the Internet


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Hi Guys,
Unfortunately my iMetal 590 headphones just died and I'm out looking for suggestions on a new brand of earphones. What I'm looking for is a pair of earphones that are stylish, comfortable, and sound amazing. (Cinema Quality.) My budget is anything around or below the $300 mark; assuming the sound quality makes up for that price. Anyone have any suggestions? What are opinions on the apple in-ear headphones ($80)?


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The Carroll County Extension Homemakers hosted a tea Feb. 16 for the residents of New Horizons Assisted Living
Residents were treated to tea, sandwiches and cookies, and former members shared their memories of belonging to the Homemakers Club.
Stories of days gone by and of hobbies and interests brought smiles to everyone.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the Carrollton Democrat, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
Click the question mark below to see where your account ID appears on your mailing label.
If you are new to the award winning Carrollton Democrat and wish to get a subscription or simply gain access to our online content then please enter your ZIP code below and continue to setup your account.
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Ryan P. Hosford, PGA
Main Address:
Falcon's Fire Golf Club
3200 Seralago Blvd
Kissimmee, FL 34746-4400
(407) 239-5445
3200 Seralago Blvd
Kissimmee, FL 34746-4400
(407) 239-5445
Ryan Hosford is a PGA Professional in Kissimmee, FL. The PGA of America comprises 27,000 men and women professionals with one singular goal in mind - to make the game of golf more enjoyable for you.
Services Offered:
- Instruction
- Play Golf of America Participant
Welcome to Golf Month
Professional has not entered award information.


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Join or log in to see prices and shop.
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text: Celebrate C&C's Birthday With Free Red AlertStuart Houghton8/29/08 3:30pmFiled to: Red Alert 3C&CEaFreeRetroNews62EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink This Sunday, August 31st, marks thirteen years since Command & Conquer first advanced on our position. Unlucky for some, but not for fans of RTS retro gaming. 13 years may not be a particularly landmark-ey time period (technically, the series could be celebrating its Bar Mitzvah, I suppose) but EA have decided to throw a virtual party and give away presents. If you go to www.redalert3.com on Sunday, you can download your very own copy of the original Red Alert, absolutely free. Obviously, this is part of a promo for Red Alert 3 and if you pre-order RE3 from the site you can get a free copy of Red Alert 2, plus some extra RE3 goodies including desktop wallpapers (featuring Atkinson, McCarthy, Hu, et al) an series retrospective and an exclusive multiplayer map. The free-for-all starts at 12:00 AM Pacific TimeReply62 repliesLeave a reply


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The truth about Food Carts - today
by Joy Spencer
Recent media attention has raised questions by many about a booth operated by the Oregon Bartenders' Guild that is selling hard liquor. Hopefully we can clear up some of the confusion as to how allowing this booth to temporarily sell alcohol is different than issuing an annual license to a food cart.
Labels: alcohol, annual, bartender, booze, Food carts, guidelines, non-profit, open air booth, oregon liquor control commission, special event, temporary


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Toyota made waves at the Chicago auto show when it unveiled its new 4Runner, Tacoma, and Tundra TRD Pro off-road models. While not as extensively upgraded as Jeep's Wrangler Rubicon or Ford's F-150 Raptor, the TRD Pro models are certainly enough to get the casual off-roader excited, with Bilstein shocks, lifted suspensions, and beefy tires — not to mention the new exterior detail work.
There was a time where most every manufacturer offered up a capable off-roader like Toyota's TRD Pro lineup. Nowadays, Toyota, Jeep, Ford, Nissan, and Ram are the only mainstream automakers offering up go-anywhere off-roaders from the factory, with Land Rover and Mercedes-Benz covering the upper end of the market.
For today's Thread of the Day, we want to know what automaker you think should enter the off-road market next. Should a company like GMC make a dedicated off-roader? Should Chevy make the Z71 badge actually mean something? Or should an outlier like Kia bring a dedicated off-roader to market? Sound off with your thoughts below.


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Girl Power - IXIn Cryptography teasers, a phrase or expressions has been encoded in some way (frequently by replacing letters with other letters). You need to figure out the encoding method and then decode the message to find the answer.
Below are quotes by Helen Keller, who became a model of achievement for all those who struggle in life. She achieved many things in her life in spite of being both deaf and blind, and in doing that, to this day, she has left an indelible mark on this world. Can you decipher them?
Wyj fbyywm fwyojym mw fqjju gpjy wyj pbo by rzukxoj mw owbq. Vjju cwkq lbfj mw mpj okyopryj byh cwk fbyywm ojj mpj opbhwg. R xwyn mw bffwzuxrop b nqjbm byh ywdxj mbov, dkm rm ro zc fprjl hkmc mw bffwzuxrop ozbxx mbovo bo rl mpjc gjqj nqjbm byh ywdxj. Bxmpwknp mpj gwqxh ro lkxx wl oklljqryn, rm ro bxow lkxx wl mpj wijqfwzryn wl rm. Gprxj mpjc gjqj obcryn bzwyn mpjzojxijo rm fbyywm dj hwyj, rm gbo hwyj. What Next?
See another brain teaser just like this one... Or, just get a random brain teaser If you become a registered user you can vote on this brain teaser, keep track of which ones you have seen, and even make your own. Back to Top |


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KIMT News 3 – The upcoming primary elections are less than a week away, but before the polls open, we're giving you a look at the candidates.
Tonight we're introducing you to Scott Schaben and Matt Whitaker.
They are two of the five Republicans running for the GOP nomination during the June 3, Primary.
The winner will go up against Democrat Bruce Braley for the open US Senate seat in Iowa.
The election has drawn national attention too, as Republicans are trying to gain the six seats needed to capture the majority in the Senate.
Schaben says while all the candidates are qualified, what sets him apart is his realistic approach.
"I'm probably the most pragmatic of the few. I understand what can and cannot be done. I don't try to provide somebody lip service for something that's just not even possible. I don't change my mind on stuff I've been very honest and straightforward," said Schaben.
Former US Attorney and business owner, Matt Whitaker says his biggest concerns have been helping to create more jobs in rural areas.
He's also looking at ways to help stimulate the economy.
Whitaker says there are certain values he believes our country needs to return to.
"I'm running on a platform of freedom from the affordable care act which. I see directly as a small business owner, as a wet blanket on the nation's economy. I'm running on a platform of standing for economic freedom and then finally I'm working on standing up for religious freedom which I think this administration continues to infringe upon," said Whitaker.
We have also reached out to candidate Joni Ernst, but because of scheduling issues, she will not have time to sit down with us.


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Global warming cause and effect? Not exactly...
August 22nd, 2012, 4:27 pm by Mark LandsbaumThe global warming alarmists (and you know who you are) continually whine that as things get hotter, extreme weather events - like tornadoes - will increase. Not only will global warming cook us like a fried steak, but it'll scramble us like an egg. Or so the theory (and scare story) goes.
So, what's really happening?
This year apparently is breaking all-time records for tornadoes. Well, actually, for the lack of tornadoes.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says a lousy 12 tornadoes touched down in the United States in July 2012. That compares to July's record low of 42 tornadoes in 1960.
But improvements in radar technology since 1960 probably mean that many smaller tornadoes could not be detected 50 years ago. So much so, that scientists believe there probably were 73 tornadoes in 1960. That's six times as many as this July. What gives?
Read the rest of this entry »


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Books & Audio
The Practice of Mahamudra
Mahamudra, the highest level of teaching within Tibetan Buddhism, rewards study and practice with the realization of the very nature of mind itself. There is not a single experience which is not subsumed within the realizations of Mahamudra. On his… Read More
The Practice of Mahamudra


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Fighting Batman with Macroeconomics
A mysterious economist known only as ShadowBanker (really!) has used his mathematical skills to analyze supervillain decision-making in Batman comics. In his first post, titled "Batman Villains and Cooperation: A Utility Analysis," he describes why the supervillain teamups in Jeph Loeb's Batman stories like "The Long Halloween" and "Dark Victory" don't work at all, according to game theory. (And he shows his work!)
Now, we analyze the expected utility of the team-up. We know that the probability of the Joker, Two-Face and the Scarecrow killing Batman is 0.0538. The utility would be 3.33 each. Hence:
Hence the expected utility for the Joker of the trio killing Batman is 0.179.
In another post, ShadowBanker uses the Prisoner's Dilemma to analyze whether or not supervillains like Mr. Freeze and Two-Face should betray each other if they did manage to capture Batman. There are many helpful matrices!
Now it would benefit both of them to continue working together, but neither of them will actually do so. Hence they'll walk away with less than what they could have… It's sort of funny to think about, actually. Batman can still claim a small victory even in his death.
(via io9)


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Feature Articles
What's New in the Phenom II?
What's New in the Phenom II?
The Phenom II will initially launch with just two models, the Phenom II X4 940 and the 920, at 3.0GHz and 2.8GHz respectively. That's already 200MHz higher than the 2.6GHz Phenom X4 9950. Do the model names sound suspiciously like the Core i7 naming scheme to you? In fact, AMD's own marketing documents names the two as direct competitors in its comparison, the caveat being that the Phenom II X4 940 was part of the Dragon platform facing off against the complete Intel Core i7 platform including motherboard, GPU and hard drive.
Core and Power Efficiency Enhancements
As you can see, there aren't that many differences between the Phenom and the Phenom II. Notably, the L3 cache has gone up on the Phenom II, with a total of 6MB that is three times the amount on the Phenom and also brings it closer to the 8MB found on the Core i7. While AMD's move to AM3 and DDR3 seems to be imminent, it's not happening yet with these two Phenom II models, as they remain at DDR2-1066, which if you look at the bright side, these memory modules should be going for a song nowadays.
AMD however plans to support up to DDR3-1333 on the AM3 Phenom II, so if you're holding out till then, stock up on those memory sticks. The HT link frequency however is slightly slower at 1.8GHz when compared to the 2.0GHz link we saw on the higher-end first generation Phenoms, giving the new Phenom II a HT bandwidth of 3.6 GT/s. However we believe AMD has another faster model that will be unleashed later and this would likely boast a higher HT frequency.
Another touted feature is AMD's Cool'n'Quiet technology, which has been upgraded to version 3.0 on the Phenom II. While the Phenom II remains at a TDP of 125W similar to the higher-end Phenoms, AMD claims that one will see up to 50% improvement in idle and low load power consumption over the Phenom. That's something that we'll test for ourselves later in this review.
A part of this is undoubtedly due to the 45nm die shrink while the rest is due to the Phenom II having more power 'steps' or performance states which can adjust dynamically to the current usage. Additionally, AMD's Smart Fetch feature allows unused cores to go into a 'halt' state where power draw is then reduced, with the data from that core's L1 and L2 cache saved into the shared L3 cache.
AMD's Upgrade Roadmap
Value is a big part of the message that AMD hopes to present with its Dragon platform and that's certainly true if you consider that AMD has mapped an upgrade path for those already on the AMD platform. The Phenom II itself comes in the AM2+ package that ensures that it will fit on most current motherboards with nothing more than a BIOS update. AMD recommends the 790GX chipset in particular, since this newer chipset has both the recent SB750 Southbridge and support for the company's Advanced Clock Calibration feature that allows the Phenom/Phenom II to be pushed further in terms of overclocking.
Also, as the roadmap above shows, when the shift to AM3 and DDR3 memory occurs later this year, there's also some compatibility remaining since AM3 processors are backwards compatible with AM2+ motherboards so you can opt to wait for the AM3 versions. In short, AMD is hoping this upgrade plan will be more palatable than the one offered by Intel with its new Core i7 platform, with its different sockets (LGA 1366 and 1156) and its higher upfront cost. In these troubled times, AMD's approach certainly has its appeals on our wallets.
Finally, here's a summary of the specifications for the AMD and Intel quad-core processors available now:-
Processor Name | Core i7 | AMD Phenom< II X4 | AMD Phenom | Core 2 Extreme / Quad (45nm) |
Processor Model | i7-965 Extreme Edition, i7-940, i7-920 | 940, 920 | 9950 'Black Edition, 9850 'Black Edition', 9850, 9750, 9650, 9550 | QX9775, QX9770, Q9650, Q9550, Q9450, Q9400, Q9300 |
Processor Frequency | 3.2GHz, 2.93GHz, 2.66GHz | 3.0GHz, 2.8GHz | 2.2GHz - 2.6GHz | 2.5GHz - 3.2GHz |
No. of Cores | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Front Side Bus (MHz) | - | - | - | 1333 |
HyperTransport Bus / QuickPath Interconnect | 6.4GT/sec for i7-965 EE, 4.8GT/sec for i7-940, i7-920 | 1.8GHz | 2.0GHz (9950, 9850 only), 1.8GHz | - |
L1 Cache (data + instruction) | (32KB + 32KB) x 4 | (64KB + 64KB) x 4 | (64KB + 64KB) x 4 | (32KB + 32KB) x 4 |
L2 Cache | 256KB x 4 | 512KB x 4 | 512KB x 4 | 6MB x 2, 3MB x 2 (Q9300 & Q9400 only) |
L3 Cache | 8MB | 6MB | 2MB | - |
Memory Controller | Integrated Triple Channel (up to DDR3-1066) | Integrated Dual Channel (up to DDR2-1066) | Integrated Dual Channel (up to DDR2-1066) | External - Chipset Dependent |
Instruction Set Support | MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2 | MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4a | MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4a | MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSSE4.1 |
Execute Disable Bit | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Intel EM64T / AMD64 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST) / AMD Cool 'n' Quiet | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Virtualization Technology | Yes (Enhanced) | Yes | Yes | Yes (Enhanced) |
Packaging | LGA1366 | AM2+ | AM2+ | LGA775 |
Process Technology | 45nm | 45nm SOI | 65nm SOI | 45nm |
Processor Codename | Bloomfield | Deneb | Windsor | Yorkfield |
Die Size | 263mm² | 258mm² | 285mm² | 214mm² |
No. of Transistors | 731 million | 758 million | 450 million | 820 million |


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Thank you to all of our industry supporters!! The following industry partners have supported SERVICE with grants:
Cubic Lockheed Martin
General Dynamics Northrop Grumman
The following companies are currently employing over 75 veterans from SDSU's College of Engineering:
1-2 Employed Vets: 3+ Employed Vets:
Ambient General AtomicsAssure Controls General DynamicsBrady & Assoc. L-3 CommunicationsContinental Controls Linear TechnologyCubic QualcommDokken Engineering SPAWAR
Hamilton Sundstrand
INOVA Diagnostics, Inc.
Kevcon, Inc.FBILeighton & AssociatesLockheed MartinNAVAIRNAVFAC SWUS NavyNorthrop GrummanNOVA Eng. & Env.
Orion ConstructionPower EngineersRady's Children's HospitalSDG&ESDSU Machine ShopSDSU SERVICESeaBotix, Inc.Secure WirelessSolar TurbinesSonySan Diego VAUnited Launch
*To provide support, please follow this
link: SDSU SERVICE Contributions*
Please join us for the SDSU College of Engineering's 2016 Design Day, taking place on Wed. May 4th 2016, from 1:30PM-3:30PM in the Conrad Prebys Aztec Student Union Center, Montezuma Hall. Our Senior Design students will be participating in over 50+ projects on interactive display! [Booklet]
The College of Engineering welcomes our five new outstanding faculty starting in Fall 2016.
The EIS Complex is a key piece in the drive to become a top-50 public research university. Not only will it enhance SDSU's teaching and research capacities, it will also help attract the best and brightest research faculty and students.
[EIS News]
San Diego State will be hosting over 240 teachers for Project Lead the Way, beginning June 14-July 25, 2015 - it's the largest class yet.
Apply to the $50K Zahn Challenge for SDSU students, faculty and staff with an idea for a commercial enterprise, social enterprise or project resulting in a social impact.


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MetrO (S60 3rd) - Metro helps you find your way in the public transport systems (subway, bus, trams, ...) in more than 400 cities around the world. FREE, FAST & ACCURATE. Simply enter you start and end stops, hit the "Go" button and the program finds the fastest route.
Many more features to discover!
After downloading, please read the included "readme.txt" file for more information.What's New in This Release:
· Major city changes: Ajaccio, Angers, Bayonne-Biarritz, Chongqing, Oslo, Paris, Regensburg, Salt Lake City, Shenzhen, Toulon, Toulouse, Wroclaw
· Other changes: Amiens, Atlanta, Baku, Bangkok, Banská Bystrica, Berlin, Bogotá, Bratislava, Brisbane, Bucharest, Delhi, Dresden, Dublin, Houston, Košice, Lima, Linz, London, Manchester, Montréal, New York, Nuremberg, Paris, Prague, Prešov, São Paulo, Singapore, Tehran, València, Venezia
Version 5.9.5 (06/19/2011)
- New city: Algiers (Algeria), Haguenau (France), Cape Town (South Africa), Rabat (Morocco)
- Major city changes: Caracas, Reims, Toulon
- Other changes: Beijing, Berlin, Bordeaux, Brasilia, Bratislava, Brisbane, Geneva, Kosice, London, Lyon, Madrid, Murcia, New York, Paris, Porto, Prague, Rennes, Sao Paulo, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Valencia, Zaragoza


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Below are resources for members of the press and media. For data or interview requests, please contact us at email@example.com (inside U.S.) or firstname.lastname@example.com (outside U.S.).
comScore Data Usage
comScore Logos
- comScore logo (.png)
Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com for vector format or other logo files.
comScore Executives
- Gian Fulgoni, Chief Executive Officer
- Bill Livek, President and Executive Vice Chairman
- David Chemerow Chief Financial Officer
- Cameron Meierhoefer, Chief Operating Officer
- Christiana L. Lin Esq. Executive Vice President, General Counsel, and Chief Privacy Officer
- Michael Brown Chief Technology Officer


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Installtion GuideQuote:
The FF(Free Flight Controller,Below same)board default setting is "X mode"+Start from static,10.8V below volatge alarm enable,if you need change some setting,should use the Upper machine and software to make some setting you want. first Connect the 3S battery to FFby JST connector,must "+" positive pole of battery,"-"nagetive pole of battery,then the green led on,link the FF by the rainbow cable and usb abaptor board(make sure the swith on the adaptor board is near mini USB connector side) Install the USB Driver,(if your OS is win7 may not need the driver),then find the COMx (here is COM4) in "device manager" ,then install upper machine software on your computer,Run the software,like below then config right serial Port,(here is Com4 for us),then Click Open,you will connect the software to the FF,and now you can make right config on the Board |
2. Hardware installation
X mode + Mode And we will find X mode and + mode is the same installation in the Coptor ,the only different is Mode config of FF on software. Important Note: Instruction for Use: as it may be dangerous when the aircraft is in the debugging process, please make sure the propeller is unloaded when it is in the debugging process. Installation Method: According to the map tips,install the FF on the aircraft (the aircraft head orientation should be consistent with Y direction on the fly control board), connect 5 lines between the receiver and Fly control board input channels( black line is the cathode- near the board edge, the red line is 5V, the white line is a signal line ), confirmate before connecting on the power line (red thick line to 3S Battery anode+, black thick line to 3S battery cathode -). At the same time set the remote control 1-4th channel to reverse output.After confirming again each wiring,turn on the remote controller power supply firstly and then the fly control board main power supply,at this time,the blue light is normally on,the red light flashes 3 times,the buzzer rings once. |
3.Radio Controller Joystick Range Calibration
Please make sure the propeller is unloaded before you begin to calibrate the remote control joystick range. Firstly turn on the remote control power supply and adjust the joysticks to intermediate positions, turn the power on and then switch the 5th channel on,at this time the green light on the fly control board is normally on(that means it is loading to calibration mode). Swing the joystick to all direction (getting joystick range), lastly adjust the 3th channel(Throttle) to the maximum position( Note: It is the only way the processor can record the maximum and minimum positions for each joystick, and calibration is valid).Finally switch off the 5th channel, at this time the green light turn off, the calibration process finished. 4.Aircraft start and extinguish steps Start steps: Firstly turn on the remote power supply before the fly control board is electrified.Do not swing the aircraft during the process ( 2 seconds is the fly control board self calibration process ). Adjust the 3th channel (Throttle) to the maximum position, then turn the 4th channel joystick to the left end (at this time the green flash once), turn the 4th channel joystick to the right end (at this time the green flash again),Finally adjust the 3th channel joystick to the minimum position meanwhile turn the 4th channel joystick to the right end (light flash once),the motor starts. Extinguish steps: In the state of motor starting,adjust the 3th channel joystick to the minimum position,meanwhile turn the 4th channel joystick to the left end,the motor stops,start the motor again you just need adjust the 3th to the minimum position,meanwhile turn the 4th channel joystick to the right end. If the motor stops accidently,just extinguish and start operation are needed, you have no need to switch off the fly control board power supply. |
You also can download from GLB: http://www.goodluckbuy.com/free-flig...on-sensor.html The URL page has been updated. |
GoodLuckBuy Test Order..........
Hi all, first Test Buy from goodluckbuy arrived today.
At 17 November I ordered 4 x the MultiCopter Multi-Tri Copter Power Battery to 8 ESC Connection Board. All togehter 8.- , Today in Post. Nice. Looks good. Cheap too. Nothing can beat this Price. Now start to build test Quadro w. AQ50pro. Good Things needs Time........ On Back , marked with CRIUS HOBBY VO.1 2011 Mike |
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"I like to make these special brussels sprouts when I need a fast dressed-up vegetable side dish," writes Karen Haen of Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin. "The recipe is sized perfectly for a dinner for my husband, Gene, and me. And it's easy to triple when we're expecting guests."
40 Ways to Love Roasted Veggies
- 10 fresh or frozen brussels sprouts, halved
- 1-1/2 teaspoons butter, melted
- 1-1/2 teaspoons honey
- 1/2 teaspoon Dijon mustard
- Dash each onion powder and dill weed
- Trim the brussels sprouts and cut an X in the core of each. Place in a steamer basket. Place in a saucepan over 1 in. of water; bring to a boil. Cover and cook for 8-12 minutes or until crisp-tender; drain.
- In a small bowl, combine the butter, honey, mustard, onion powder and dill. Drizzle over sprouts; toss to coat. Yield: 2 servings.
Originally published as Honey-Mustard Sprouts in Taste of Home
December/January 2004, p16
Reviews for Honey-Mustard Sprouts
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Reviewed May. 23, 2013
"quick & easy! I'm always looking for new recipes for Brussels sprouts. This is definitely a new favorite!"
Reviewed Jan. 30, 2012
"These were so good. I had to make them twice as I ate all of the first one."
Reviewed Sep. 1, 2010
"These are great, my family loves brussel sprouts and these sure are a keeper."


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Since he became mobile he has started waking up sometimes just 30 minutes later and every 2 hours again. I just gave up and went to bed with him around 8. I was rocking him and then laying him down or laying with him and patting him, nursing, etc. But frequently he would wake up within minutes.
For the last 2 nights i have nursed him in chair and the layed down with him, no lights at all. He coos, babbles, rolls, flops on me but i just lay still and quiet until he eventually gives up and goes to sleep. He doesnt cry at all but it takes 20-30 minutes for his motor to run down.
Sorry so long but does anyone have any advice? Just curious what your bedtime routine is like and how it works for you. Thanks mamas!


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Editors' Note: CBS Interactive does not encourage or condone the illegal duplication or distribution of copyrighted content.
Editors' Review
+Leap Free Download YouTube Video Converter provides a simple though lengthy process for watching YouTube videos offline. While there were things about it we didn't like, overall the program was a gem.
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Leap Free Download YouTube Video Converter is freeware. It leaves folders behind after uninstalling. While the conversion process could probably be streamlined, we still recommend this program.
Publisher's Description
+What's new in this version:
Version 5.0 fixed a bug about some format conversion and updated the screen of the software.


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Louisville shot its way to one of the biggest upsets in the history of the women's NCAA tournament, stunning Brittney Griner and Baylor on Sunday night.
Shoni Schimmel scored 22 points and Monique Reid hit two free throws with 2.6 seconds left to lift fifth-seeded Cardinals over the defending national champions 82-81, ending Griner's incredible career.
The Cardinals hit 16 3-pointers, matching the NCAA record, to pull off the shocking victory.
Odyssey Sims scored 29 points and hit a pair of free throws with 9.1 seconds left to give the Lady Bears (34-2) their only lead of the game.
Reid caught an inbounds pass near the baseline after that and went coast to coast before getting fouled by Griner on her way to the basket.
Sims had one last chance to save Baylor's season after Reid's free throws but was off-target and late on a desperation heave.
The Lady Bears had been practically invincible for the past four months, winning 32 straight games mostly by double digits.
Louisville (27-8) tied an NCAA record with 16 3-pointers to pull off the upset.
"I told our kids we're going to come out and fire it up. We got nothing to lose," Louisville coach Jeff Walz said. "Our goal was to make this a street ball game."
Sims dropped to the floor after her miss, pulling her jersey over her face and kicking her legs as she lay flat on her back.
Griner squatted near her and slapped the floor with both hands before pulling Sims up to her feet.
It was the end of a remarkable college career for Griner, a record-setting 6-foot-8 post player who ended up as the second-highest scoring player in NCAA history.
Griner, who had averaged 33 points in Baylor's first two games in the tournament, didn't make a basket until she converted a putback with 15:20 left in the second half. She wound up with 14 points and 10 rebounds, making only four of her 10 shots.
Louisville surrounded Griner as she has been most of her career, and her teammates were unusually unable to hit outside shots and relieve the pressure.
It was Sims who eventually led Baylor's attempted comeback from a 17-point deficit in the final 7½ minutes, after Louisville's barrage of 3-pointers finally came to an end.
The Lady Bears put together a 19-4 run to get within striking distance in the final 2 minutes.
Walz was called for a technical foul for arguing after he watched a scoreboard replay of an offensive foul whistled against Bria Smith, with a Baylor defender sliding under her after she took off.
Sims hit the resulting free throws and then a runner to get the Lady Bears within 78-76 with 1:49 to play.
After a Megan Deines layup off a baseline inbounds play, Sims answered with a 3-pointer to cut it to one with 35.8 seconds left. She then hit two free throws to put Baylor ahead after Jude Schimmel fumbled an inbounds pass under her own basket, Griner picked it up and passed it to Sims.
The Lady Bears still couldn't close it out.
Antonita Slaughter hit seven 3-pointers for 21 points and Shoni Schimmel had five 3s.
As a team, Louisville was 16 for 25 to tie the NCAA tournament mark reached by four other teams and make the most ever in the regional semifinals or beyond.
Three Cardinals starters fouled out, starting with Shoni Schimmel with 4:21 left, with a 23-14 foul disparity in the game.
"Every 3 they hit made it that much tougher," Baylor coach Kim Mulkey said. "You keep thinking they're going to start missing some and they never did. "
''These kids followed the game plan to perfection. I gotta give all the credit to them," Walz said. "They believe in what we do as a coaching staff."


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National League
Sport | Baseball |
Founded | February 2, 1876 |
President | Bill Giles (honorary) |
No. of teams | 15 |
Country | United States |
Most recent champion(s) |
Chicago Cubs (17th) |
Most titles | San Francisco Giants (23) |
The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, known simply as the National League (NL), is the older of two leagues constituting Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada, and the world's oldest current professional team sports league. Founded on February 2, 1876, to replace the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, it is sometimes called the Senior Circuit, in contrast to MLB's other league, the American League, which was founded 25 years later. Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series. After the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 112 World Series contested from 1903 to 2016. The 2016 National League champions are the Chicago Cubs.
By 1875, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was dangerously weak. The N.A. suffered from a lack of strong authority over clubs, unsupervised scheduling, unstable membership, dominance by one team (the Boston Red Stockings), and an extremely low entry fee ($10) that gave clubs no incentive to abide by league rules when it was not convenient.
William Hulbert, a Chicago businessman and an officer of the Chicago White Stockings, approached several N.A. clubs with the plans for a league with stronger central authority and exclusive territories in larger cities only. Additionally, Hulbert had a problem—five of his star players were threatened with expulsion from the NAPBBP because Hulbert had signed them to his club using what were considered questionable means. Hulbert had a great vested interest in creating his own league. After recruiting St. Louis privately, four western clubs met in Louisville, Kentucky, in January 1876. With Hulbert speaking for the four in New York City on February 2, 1876, the National League was established with eight charter members, as follows:[1]
- Chicago White Stockings from the N.A. (now the Chicago Cubs, not to be confused with the current Chicago White Sox of the American League)
- Philadelphia Athletics from the N.A. (expelled after the 1876 season)
- Boston Red Stockings, the dominant team in the N.A. (now the Atlanta Braves, not to be confused with the present-day Boston Red Sox of the American League)
- Hartford Dark Blues from the N.A. (folded after the 1877 season)
- Mutual of New York from the N.A. (expelled after the 1876 season)
- St. Louis Brown Stockings from the N.A. (folded after the 1877 season, having committed to Louisville stars for 1878)
- Cincinnati Red Stockings, a new franchise (expelled after the 1880 season)
- Louisville Grays, a new franchise (folded after the 1877 season when four players were banned for gambling)
The National League's formation meant the end of the N.A., as its remaining clubs shut down or reverted to amateur or minor status. The only strong club from 1875 excluded in 1876 was a second one in Philadelphia, often called the White Stockings or Phillies.
The first game in National League history was played on April 22, 1876, at Philadelphia's Jefferson Street Grounds, 25th & Jefferson, between the Philadelphia Athletics and the Boston baseball club. Boston won the game 6–5.
The new league's authority was tested after the first season. The Athletic and Mutual clubs fell behind in the standings and refused to make western road trips late in the season, preferring to play games against local non-league competition to recoup some of their losses rather than travel extensively. Hulbert reacted to the clubs' defiance by expelling them, an act which not only shocked baseball followers (New York and Philadelphia were the two most populous cities in the league) but made it clear to clubs that league schedule commitments, a cornerstone of competition integrity, were not to be ignored.
The National League operated with six clubs during 1877 and 1878. Over the next several years, various teams joined and left the struggling league. By 1880, six of the eight charter members had folded. The two remaining original NL franchises, Boston and Chicago, remain in operation today as the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs. When all eight participants for 1881 returned for 1882—the first off-season without turnover in membership—the "circuit" consisted of a zig-zag line connecting the eight cities: Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Troy (near Albany), Worcester, Boston, and Providence.
In 1883 the New York Gothams and Philadelphia Phillies began National League play. Both teams remain in the NL today, the Phillies in their original city and the Gothams (later renamed Giants) now in San Francisco.
Competition with other leaguesEdit
The NL encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play in 1882. The A.A. played in cities where the NL did not have teams, offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where permitted, and sold cheaper tickets everywhere (25 cents versus the NL's standard 50 cents, a hefty sum for many in 1882).
The National League and the American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence. These contests were less organized than the modern Series, lasting as few as three games and as many as fifteen, with two Series (1885 and 1890) ending in disputed ties. The NL won four times and the A.A. only once, in 1886.
Starting with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1887, the National League began to raid the American Association for franchises to replace NL teams that folded. This undercut the stability of the A.A.
Other new leagues that rose to compete with the National League were the Union Association and the Players' League. The Union Association was established in 1884 and folded after playing only one season, its league champion St. Louis Maroons joining the NL. The Players' League was established in 1890 by the Brotherhood of Professional Base-Ball Players, the sport's first players' union, which had failed to persuade the NL to modify its labor practices, including a salary cap and a reserve clause that bound players to their teams indefinitely. The NL suffered many defections of star players to the Players' League, but the P.L. collapsed after one season. The Brooklyn, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York franchises of the NL absorbed their Players' League counterparts.
Expansion (1887–1899)Edit
The labor strife of 1890 hastened the downfall of the American Association. After the 1891 season, the A.A. disbanded and merged with the NL, which became known legally for the next decade as the "National League and American Association". The teams now known as the Cincinnati Reds, Los Angeles Dodgers (originally Brooklyn) and Pittsburgh Pirates (as well as the now-defunct Cleveland Spiders) had already switched from the A.A. to the NL prior to 1892. With the merger, the NL absorbed the St. Louis Browns (now known as the St. Louis Cardinals), along with three other teams that did not survive into the 20th century (for those three teams, see "Partnership with the American League"). While four teams that moved from the A.A. remain in the NL today (Pittsburgh [1887], Cincinnati [1890], Los Angeles [originally Brooklyn; 1890], and St. Louis [1892]), only two original NL franchises (1876) remain in the league: the Chicago Cubs and the Atlanta Braves (originally in Boston, and later Milwaukee). The Cubs are the only charter member to play continuously in the same city. The other two pre-1892 teams still in the league are the Philadelphia Phillies and the San Francisco Giants (originally New York), both of which joined in 1883.
The National League became a 12-team circuit with monopoly status for the rest of the decade. The league became embroiled in numerous internal conflicts, not the least of which was a plan supported by some owners (and bitterly opposed by others) to form a "trust", wherein there would be one common ownership of all twelve teams. The NL used its monopsony power to force a $2,400 limit on annual player wages in 1894.
As the 20th century dawned, the NL was in trouble. Conduct among players was poor, and fistfights were a common sight at games. In addition to fighting each other, they fought with the umpires and often filled the air at games with foul language and obscenities. A game between the Orioles and Boston Beaneaters (a precursor to today's Atlanta Braves) in 1894 ended up having tragic consequences when players became engaged in a brawl and several boys in the stands started a fire. The blaze quickly got out of hand and swept through downtown Boston, destroying or damaging 100 buildings. Team owners argued with each other and players hated the NL's $2,400 salary cap. Many teams also ran into trouble with city governments that forbade recreational activities on Sunday.
Billy Sunday, a prominent outfielder in the 1880s, became so disgusted with the behavior of teammates that he quit playing in 1891 to become one of America's most famous evangelical Christian preachers. Most fans appear to have felt the same way, because attendance at games was plummeting by 1900.
Partnership with the American LeagueEdit
After eight seasons as a 12-team league, the NL contracted back to eight teams for the 1900 season, eliminating its teams in Baltimore, Cleveland, Louisville (which has never had another major league team since), and Washington. This provided an opportunity for competition. Three of those cities received franchises in the new American League (AL) when the AL opened for business in 1900, with the approval of the NL, which regarded the AL as a lesser league. The AL declined to renew its National Agreement membership when it expired, and on January 28, 1901, the AL officially declared itself a second major league in competition with the NL. By 1903, the upstart AL had placed new teams in the National League cities of Boston, Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, and St. Louis. Only the Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates had no AL team in their markets. The AL among other things enforced a strict conduct policy among its players.
The National League at first refused to recognize the new league, but reality set in as talent and money was split between the two leagues, diluting the league and decreasing financial success. After two years of bitter contention, a new version of the National Agreement was signed in 1903. This meant formal acceptance of each league by the other as an equal partner in major-league baseball, mutual respect of player contracts, and an agreement to play a postseason championship—the World Series.
Major League Baseball narrowly averted radical reorganization in November 1920. Dissatisfied with American League President and National Commission head Ban Johnson, NL owners dissolved the league on November 8 during heated talks on MLB reorganization in the wake of the Black Sox Scandal. Simultaneously, three AL teams also hostile to Johnson (Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, and New York Yankees) withdrew from the AL and joined the eight NL teams in forming a new National League; the 12th team would be whichever of the remaining five AL teams loyal to Johnson first chose to join; if none did so an expansion team would have been placed in Detroit, by far the largest one-team city at that time. Four days later, on November 12, both sides met (without Johnson) and agreed to restore the two leagues and replace the ineffective National Commission with a one-man Commissioner in the person of federal Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis.[2]
The National League circuit remained unchanged from 1900 through 1952. In 1953 the Braves moved from Boston to Milwaukee; in 1966 they moved again, to Atlanta. In 1958 the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants moved to Los Angeles and San Francisco, respectively, bringing major league baseball to the West Coast of the U.S. for the first time.
Divisional ReorganizationEdit
The NL remained an eight-team league for over 60 years. (For the eight teams, see "Expansion (1887–1899)", above, and "Classic Eight", below.) In 1962—facing competition from the proposed Continental League and confronted by the American League's unilateral expansion in 1961—the NL expanded by adding the New York Mets and the Houston Colt .45s. The "Colts" were renamed the Houston Astros three years later. In 1969, the league added the San Diego Padres and the Montreal Expos (now the Washington Nationals), becoming a 12-team league for the first time since 1899.
In 1969, as a result of its expansion to 12 teams, the National League—which for its first 93 years had competed equally in a single grouping—was reorganized into two divisions of six teams (respectively named the National League East and West, although geographically it was more like North and South), with the division champions meeting in the National League Championship Series (an additional round of postseason competition) for the right to advance to the World Series.
In 1993 the league expanded to 14 teams, adding the Colorado Rockies and the Florida Marlins (which became the Miami Marlins shortly after the end of the 2011 season). In 1998, the Arizona Diamondbacks became the league's fifteenth franchise, and the Milwaukee Brewers moved from the AL to the NL, giving the NL 16 teams for the next 15 seasons.
In 1994, the league was again reorganized, into three geographical divisions (East, West and Central, all currently with five teams; from 1994 to 1997 the West had one fewer team, and from 1998 to 2012, the Central had one more team). A third postseason round was added at the same time: the three division champions plus a wild card team (the team with the best record among those finishing in second place) now advance to the preliminary National League Division Series. Due to a players' strike, however, the postseason was not actually held in 1994.
Before the 1998 season, the American League and the National League each added a fifteenth team. Because of the odd number of teams, only seven games could possibly be scheduled in each league on any given day. Thus, one team in each league would have to be idle on any given day. This would have made it difficult for scheduling, in terms of travel days and the need to end the season before October. In order for MLB officials to continue primarily intraleague play, both leagues would need to carry an even number of teams, so the decision was made to move one club from the AL Central to the NL Central. Eventually, Milwaukee agreed to change leagues.[3]
Often characterized as being a more "traditional" or "pure" league, the National League never adopted the designated hitter rule that was adopted by the American League in 1973. In theory, this means the role of the manager is greater in the National League than in the American, because the NL manager must take offense into account when making pitching substitutions and vice versa. However, this is disputed by some, such as former Detroit Tigers manager Jim Leyland, who claims the American League is more difficult because AL managers are required to know exactly when to pull a pitcher, where an NL manager merely pulls his pitcher when that spot comes up in the batting order. Overall, there are fewer home runs and runs scored in the National League than in the American, due to the presence of the pitcher in the NL batting order.[citation needed] It should be noted, however, that from the 1970s until the early 1990s, the use of artificial turf in place of natural grass was far more prevalent in National League ballparks than in the American League.
Permanent Interleague PlayEdit
For the first 96 years of its coexistence with the American League, National League teams faced their AL counterparts only in exhibition games or in the World Series. Beginning in 1997, however, interleague games have been played during the regular season and count in the standings. As part of the agreement instituting interleague play, the American League's designated-hitter rule is used only in games where the American League team is the home team.
In 1999, the offices of American League and National League presidents were discontinued. Additionally, the distinction between AL and NL umpires was erased, and instead all umpires were unified under MLB control. With these actions, as well as the institution of interleague play, little remains to differentiate between the two leagues other than the use of the DH in the AL and tradition.
By 2011, MLB had changed its policy on interleague play, deciding to have interleague games throughout the season. This policy would allow each league to have 15 teams, with one team in each league playing an interleague game on any given day. As a condition of the sale of the Astros to Jim Crane in November 2011, the team agreed to move to the American League effective with the 2013 season.[4]
Through the 2014 season, the Giants have won the most NL pennants with 23. Representing the National League against the American, the Cardinals have won the most World Series (11) followed by the Giants (8), Dodgers (6), Pirates (5), and Reds (5). St. Louis also holds the distinction of being the only A.A. club to defeat an NL club in the 19th-century version of the World Series.
Charter franchises (1876)Edit
The eight charter teams were the following:
- Athletic of Philadelphia from National Association, expelled after 1876 season
- Boston Red Stockings (some sources say Red Caps[5][6][7][8]) from National Association (exist today as the Atlanta Braves)
- Chicago White Stockings from National Association (exist today as the Chicago Cubs)
- Cincinnati Red Stockings new franchise, expelled after 1880 season
- Hartford Dark Blues (later the Brooklyn Hartfords) from National Association, folded after 1877 season
- Louisville Grays new franchise, folded after 1877 season
- Mutual of New York from National Association, expelled after 1876 season
- St. Louis Brown Stockings from National Association, folded after 1877 season
Other franchises, 1878–1892Edit
Joined in 1878
- Indianapolis Blues, folded after 1878
- Milwaukee Grays, folded after 1878
- Providence Grays, folded after 1885
Joined in 1879
- Buffalo Bisons, folded after 1885
- Cleveland Blues, folded after 1884
- Syracuse Stars, folded after 1879
- Troy Trojans, folded after 1882
Joined in 1880
- Worcester Ruby Legs, folded after 1882
Joined in 1881
- Detroit Wolverines, folded after 1888
Joined in 1883
- New York Gothams (exist today as the San Francisco Giants)
- Philadelphia Quakers (exist today as the Philadelphia Phillies)
Joined in 1885
- St. Louis Maroons, joined from U.A. Relocated to Indianapolis for 1887 season as the Indianapolis Hoosiers, folded after 1889
Joined in 1886
- Kansas City Cowboys, folded after 1886
- Washington Nationals, folded after 1889
Joined in 1887
- Pittsburgh Alleghenys (exist today as the Pittsburgh Pirates), joined from A.A.
Joined in 1889
- Cleveland Spiders, joined from A.A., folded after 1899
Joined in 1890
- Cincinnati Reds, joined from A.A.
- Brooklyn Grays (exist today as the Los Angeles Dodgers), joined from A.A.
Joined in 1892
- Baltimore Orioles, joined from A.A., contracted after 1899
- Louisville Colonels, joined from A.A., contracted after 1899
- St. Louis Browns (renamed Perfectos in 1899, exist today as the St. Louis Cardinals), joined from A.A.
- Washington Senators, joined from A.A., contracted after 1899
"Classic Eight"Edit
The eight-team lineup established in 1900 remained unchanged through 1952. All franchises are still in the league, with five remaining in the same city.
- Boston Beaneaters (later called the Boston Braves, then Milwaukee Braves, now the Atlanta Braves)
- Brooklyn Superbas (later called the Brooklyn Dodgers, now the Los Angeles Dodgers)
- Chicago Orphans (now the Chicago Cubs)[9]
- Cincinnati Reds
- New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants)
- Philadelphia Phillies
- Pittsburgh Pirates
- St. Louis Cardinals
Expansion, relocation, and renaming, 1953–presentEdit
- 1953: Boston Braves move to Milwaukee
- 1958: Brooklyn Dodgers move to Los Angeles and New York Giants move to San Francisco.
- 1962: Houston Colt .45s and New York Mets enfranchised
- 1965: Houston Colt .45s renamed Astros
- 1966: Milwaukee Braves move to Atlanta
- 1969: Montreal Expos and San Diego Padres enfranchised
- 1993: Colorado Rockies and Florida Marlins enfranchised
- 1998: Arizona Diamondbacks enfranchised
- 1998: Milwaukee Brewers transfer from the American League. (Before the 1998 season, the American League and the National League each added a fifteenth team. Because of the odd number of teams, only seven games could possibly be scheduled in each league on any given day. Thus, one team in each league would have to be idle on any given day, or there would have be at least one interleague game almost every day. This would have made it difficult for scheduling. To avoid this problem, Milwaukee agreed to change leagues.)
- 2005: Montreal Expos moved by MLB to Washington, D.C., renamed the Washington Nationals.
- 2012: Florida Marlins renamed the Miami Marlins.
- 2013: Houston Astros moved to the American League West. (Interleague play is expanded to occur throughout the season to accommodate each league having fifteen teams.)
Current teamsEdit
National League EastEdit
- Atlanta Braves, the oldest continually operating team in Major League Baseball; enfranchised in 1871 as the Boston Red Stockings (or Red Caps) in National Association, and with connections to the original independent professional Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869–70; joined National League as charter member (1876). Known as "Beaneaters" and other nicknames, as original nickname faded and became re-associated with Cincinnati (and later with the Boston Red Sox). Adopted nickname "Braves" in 1912. Moved to Milwaukee (1953) and to Atlanta (1966). Prior to the 1994 realignment, the Braves competed in the West division.
- Miami Marlins, enfranchised 1993 as the Florida Marlins, changed name to Miami Marlins (2012).
- New York Mets, enfranchised 1962.
- Philadelphia Phillies, enfranchised 1883 as the Quakers and adopted the Phillies name officially in 1884. From 1943 through 1948, the Phillies unofficially changed their name to the "Philadelphia Blue Jays." Although their jerseys retained the name "Phillies", they wore a blue-jay patch on their sleeve. The team is the oldest continuous, one-name, one-city franchise in American professional sports history.[10]
- Washington Nationals, enfranchised 1969 as the Montreal Expos. Moved to Washington, D.C. (2005).
National League CentralEdit
- Chicago Cubs enfranchised 1870 as an independent professional, chartered into the National Association in 1871, but suspended operations for 1872 and 1873 following the Great Chicago Fire. The team has been continuously active since 1874, making it the oldest continuously active team in its original city in Major League Baseball. It joined National League as charter member (1876). Originally called "Chicago White Stockings" and later "Chicago Colts" and several other names, first called "Cubs" in 1902.
- Cincinnati Reds enfranchised 1882 in American Association, joined National League (1890).
- Milwaukee Brewers enfranchised 1969 as the Seattle Pilots in American League, moved to Milwaukee (1970), transferred to National League (1998).
- Pittsburgh Pirates enfranchised 1882 in American Association, joined National League (1887).
- St. Louis Cardinals enfranchised 1882 in American Association, joined National League (1892).
National League WestEdit
- Arizona Diamondbacks enfranchised 1998
- Colorado Rockies enfranchised 1993
- Los Angeles Dodgers enfranchised 1883 as a minor league team, entered into the American Association as the Brooklyn Atlantics in 1884, soon acquired nickname "Dodgers" (from "trolley dodgers"), joined National League (1890). Also dubbed "Bridegrooms", "Superbas", and "Robins" at various times, in addition to "Dodgers". Moved to Los Angeles (1958)
- San Diego Padres enfranchised 1969
- San Francisco Giants enfranchised 1883 as the New York Gothams, nearly half of its original players were members of then just disbanded Troy Trojans, moved to San Francisco (1958)
National League presidents, 1876–1999Edit
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017) |
See alsoEdit
- ^ "The Almanac – weekly". January 27, 2009. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
- ^ Koppett, Leonard, "Koppett's Concise History of Major League Baseball" New York: Carroll & Graf, 2004, pg. 141
- ^ For more details, see Milwaukee Brewers#1994–98: Realignment / "We're taking this thing National".
- ^ For more details, see Houston Astros#2012–present: Jim Crane era and move to the American League.
- ^ Dewey, Donald & Acocella, Nicholas. The Ball Clubs, p. 28. HarperPerennial, 1996. ISBN 0-06-273403-2.
- ^ United Press. "Once Pirates Were Called Innocents!". The Pittsburgh Press, April 21, 1943, p. 31. Retrieved on May 15, 2013.
- ^ Shaughnessy, Dan. "This Series is fantasy baseball". Sun Journal (Lewiston), October 20, 1999, p. C1. Retrieved on May 15, 2013.
- ^ Boston, like many early teams, had no official name, just nicknames applied by sports reporters, often derived from their uniforms
- ^ "Cubs Timeline".
- ^ "History: Phillies Timeline (1800s)". Philadelphia Phillies. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
- The National League Story, Lee Allen, Putnam, 1961.
- The American League Story, Lee Allen, Putnam, 1962.
- The Baseball Encyclopedia, published by MacMillan, 1968 and later.