text:
More than twenty years of collaborative research in the Georgetown lab of Dr. Richard Schlegel has resulted in a major medical breakthrough — the world's first cancer vaccine.
The vaccine's technology was generated by a team of Georgetown University researchers in the early 1990s and licensed for commercial development. On June 8, the Food and Drug Administration approved the vaccine, which scientists say could eliminate most new cases of cervical cancer worldwide. Called Gardasil, the vaccine blocks four strains of HPV, including two that give rise to nearly 75 percent of cervical cancer cases and two other strains that cause about 50 percent of genital warts.
"It's a researcher's dream … to see something that started as a very cerebral idea in the laboratory to advance through animal and clinical trials, gain FDA approval and ultimately have a major global impact," Schlegel said. "It's highly unlikely but extremely gratifying to see it through so far."
Schlegel, professor and chair of Georgetown's Department of Pathology, in the Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, began a research project in the late 1980s studying the molecular biology of the human papillomavirus (HPV), the precursor to most cervical cancers. Looking at the biological makeup of the virus through an advanced microscope, Schlegel said he never imagined he was laying the groundwork for something that could change the face of global medicine.
Instead, he focused on the millions of people worldwide infected with the sexually transmitted disease, particularly those in developing countries where HPV strikes 400,000 women annually. Without access to routine preventative care and annual Pap screening, HPV can develop into cervical cancer, the most common form of cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths among women in developing nations.
"We realized these deaths were largely preventable … that's really all the motivation we needed," he said.
"For the past two decades, Dr. Schlegel has been a leader in improving public health for men, women and children around the world," said Stuart Bondurant, MD, interim executive vice-president for health sciences at Georgetown University Medical Center. "His important work to develop a preventative cervical cancer vaccine will save millions of lives and is rooted in Georgetown's mission of service to others."
A cell biologist by training, Schlegel came to Georgetown from the National Institutes of Health in 1990 to join forces with immunology and pathology experts A. Bennett Jenson, PhD, and Shin-je Ghim, PhD, who were studying how cervical cancer originates after HPV infection. Together, the researchers based the vaccine on the protein that comprises the virus's outer shell. This protein stimulates an immune response in the body that attacks the virus, disabling it before reproduction and infection can occur.
"At the time, Georgetown had one of the strongest HPV research programs of any institution in the country ... you couldn't have asked for a more capable team of people," Jenson said. "We were the right group of people, at the right time, with the right stars shining in our direction."
Ghim remembers that once the three researchers began working together, they knew they were on to something. "Progress was slow at first, but we sensed it was coming. No one really believed in a vaccine's ability to prevent cancer," she said.
They first tested the vaccine in dogs and found it was 100 percent effective in preventing HPV infection. From there, they licensed the technology to an external company to begin clinical trials, which showed that the vaccine also protected women from contracting the virus.
"Once we were able to grow the virus [in cell cultures], things started happening quickly," he said. "It didn't take long at all for the vaccine to move through trials and into the hands of the pharmaceutical companies."
"The development and approval of this cervical cancer vaccine is a watershed moment in cancer research," said Anatoly Dritschilo, MD, interim director of Georgetown's Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center. "This promising work will have a major impact on the incidence of cervical cancer here in the United States and around the world."
Schlegel and another team of colleagues have also been awarded a $3.5 million grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the National Institutes of Health to work on a second-generation vaccine that is protective and may be therapeutic to treat women infected by HPV.
Story Source:
Materials provided by Georgetown University Medical Center. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
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text:
Post Time 12:30 p.m.
Race 1 - 6 furlongs, Purse $45,000, Maiden special weights, Cal-breds, Fillies and mares, 3-year-olds and up
6 Air of Royalty - Showed solid early speed in debut facing tougher at Del Mar; been away 3-months, but appears ready to graduate.
4 Crystalline Indy - Like the cutback in distance from a mile turf for this; respect Mike Mitchell assistant trainer Phil D'Amato.
Long Shot - 2 Autumn View
Race 2 - 6 furlongs, Purse $18,000, Claiming $10,000, 3-year-olds and up
3 Dunmore East - Closed fast in last after a tardy start; like that Rafael Bejarano remains loyal to the cause.
4 Private Bounty - Favorite ran a gutsy race to win last time; he's proven these are his friends at this low class level.
Long Shot - 5 Zip Cat
Race 3 - 6 1/2 furlongs, Purse $34,000, Claiming $32,000, Fillies and mares, 3-year-olds and up
4 Vicki Victoria - Returns as a no claim horse off a 13-month hiatus; this is a free shot for trainer Richard Baltas.
6 Joyce and Me - Solid two race resume over Hollywood Park synthetics; claimed by the maestro Jerry Hollendorfer, lots to like with these.
Long Shot - 3 There Is No Limit
Race 4 - 6 furlongs, Purse $27,000, Maiden claiming $50,000, Cal-breds, 2-year-olds
5 Charisma Code - Taking the biggest class drop in racing from MSW to maiden claiming; need not be much in a slowpoke group.
1 Sooo Major - Better than looked second in last; got pinched early, well back, then mounted a nice rally to gain the place paycheck.
Long Shot - 8 Johns Journey
Race 5 - 6 1/2 furlongs, Purse $37,000, Claiming $40,000, Fillies, 3-year-olds
7 Unseen Visitor - Taking a huge class drop to face much easier; Joe Talamo had a quiet BC, but his day will come, and pretty soon.
3 Sallyana - Didn't beat much in last, but loved the way she did it; she is razor sharp and a repeat race gives Kayla Stra a big chance.
Long Shot - 4 Joeandbetty'sbaby
Race 6 - 1 1/16th miles (turf, rail at 15 feet), Purse $48,000, Allowance, Cal-breds, 3-year-olds and up
4 China Prince - Has run two good seconds in a row; like his tactical speed and Corey Nakatani may be motivated to have a big meet too.
6 Brown Boss - Turned in a subpar race as the chalk in last; key for me is his prior races are fast enough to beat these.
Long Shot - 7 Ashley's Bambino
Race 7 - 6 furlongs, Purse $48,000, Allowance, 3-year-olds and up
3 Imperial Fortune - Bob Baffert has an uncoupled entry so caveat emptor; the other half, Justa Runner, has Martin Garcia up.
1 Oliver's Tale - Been away 7-months after two very fast races at Santa Anita last winter; this could be a prep to get him ready for Arcadia.
Long Shot - 7 Spirit Rules
Race 8 - 1 mile (turf, rail at 15 feet), Purse $45,000, Maiden special weights, Fillies, 2-year-olds
8 Exotic Behavior - Could be a Bob Baffert late daily double; speedy sort has the barn lucky charm Martin Garcia up.
10 Savings Account - Expensive filly may be begging for more distance; she'll get it today along with a tough parking lot post.
Long Shot - 3 Sushi Empire
Best Bet - 6 Air of Royalty (race 1)
Hollywood Park Thursday - Picks/Winners/Mutuels, 16/3/$15.60; Long Shots, 8/2/$17.40; Best Bet, 1/0/$0
Hollywood Park Totals - 16/3/$15.60; Long Shots, 8/2/$17.40; Best Bets, 1/0/$0
SIMULCAST PLAY OF THE DAY - #3 Tricky Slam (4/1) in race 6 at Aqueduct. For scoring purposes, we'll make a hypothetical $2 win, place and show bet, $6 total. On Thursday, Bradester ran out at Churchill Downs. Stats - 174/116/$952.50; Follow him on Twitter: @richeng4propick

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Adding to his long list of lifetime achievements, Nelson Mandela can officially add electro collaborator to his resume. Nelson Mandela, a long time fan of the underground South African electro scene and frequent peruser of electronic music blogs, has teamed up with Charles I (one of our boys over at Our Electric Generation) for a brand new original track called "Freedom". For a track that clocks in at under a tidy three minutes, this is some pretty epic shit (right down to the bleepy, Underworld style breakdown).
Freedom Feat. Nelson Mandela by Charles I
And one more fresh delivery from Charles I – his stellar remix of Treasure Fingers' brand new track, "It's Love"!
• Treasure Fingers – It's Love (Charles I Remix)
♥ All brought to you in 320 goodness ♥


text:
September 30, 2005
"There's loads of room for judgment. The judges do judge."
He doesn't talk about it in the interview, but presumably in the book, he uses the principle of democracy to define the scope of countermajoritarian rights. That's the real test of his theory, and that's where all the problems arise.
17 comments:
- Simon said...
...citing laws against abortion and laws regulating homosexual behavior, which the majority tries to enact and the Court insists on striking down
Weird! Don't the pro choice always tell us how an overwhelming majority of the country is pro choice? Or are they now allowing that perhaps it isn't as cut-and-dried as that? - 9/30/05, 8:40 AM
- Matt Barr said...
It sounds like I read this book back when it was called Democracy and Distrust by John Hart Ely.
- Dave Schuler said...
I heard the interview as well and found much of it puzzling. Particularly when he referred briefly to the importance of accountability to democracy. Apparently he considers the courts (at least in part) as a mechanism for holding the executive and legislative branches accountable. How he reconciles all this with the unaccountability of the Court will be interesting.
- F said...
But holding executive and legislature accountable, in terms of ensuring they don't exceed their allowable functions and powers, is precisely what courts are for
They are the only things that stand between the people and despotism - 9/30/05, 9:16 AM
- Ann Althouse said...
Matt: Yeah, definitely. I was going to mention that.
- FJR said...
The second nominee is going to be Gonzales, Bush has already referred obliquely to doing so.
Might I humbly refer you to www.harpingon.blogspot.com, where I've posted on the matter too. - 9/30/05, 9:32 AM
- anselm said...
Apparently he considers the courts (at least in part) as a mechanism for holding the executive and legislative branches accountable. How he reconciles all this with the unaccountability of the Court will be interesting.
Totenberg mentioned that Thomas and Scalia have most often voted to invalidate acts of Congress, Breyer the least. This tendency is flipped on a limited set of social issues like abortion consent laws &c.
In the "furtherance of democracy" concept, Breyer has a strong and ever-relevant guiding principle. But as NT points out, it provides different answers depending on who is applying the principle.
The same, however, could be said of the supposedly static touchstone of original intent. - 9/30/05, 9:49 AM
- Goesh said...
let 'em play it both ways, with term limits
- Richard Fagin said...
Yes, of course there is room for judgment. That's not the least bit controversial. What is a "reasonable" search and seizure? What is "cruel and unusual" punishment? Those terms are vague, and someone needs to figure out what they mean, because they appear in the Constitution and define the scope of actions the governmen may not take.
The Constitution provides that the United States may only exercise specific, enumerated powers, and provides that the United States, and the several states, despite the wishes of even a vast majority of their respective peoples may not exercise certain powers.
What IS controversial is the judgment by some on the Supreme Court that the Constitution substantively denies the states the power to enact certain legislation, notwithstanding the lack of any textual basis for such judgment, or that the Constitution empowers the United States to take certain actions, also notwithstanding a lack of textual basis for such judgment. This isn't even an argument about "original intent" it's an argument about just making stuff up because it suits a Justice's policy preference. - 9/30/05, 11:21 AM
- F said...
In relation to 'making stuff up because it suits a judge's policy preference' are you refering to purely political policy or also philosophical policy? For example is there a case to be made that the finding of an unenumerated right as a result of reliance on natural law theory would be somehow more acceptable than disallowing states from enacting particular laws as a result of a judge's political stance or are they both equally unacceptable in your eyes?
I think that, to some extent, the possibility of political and philosophical factors playing a role in judicial decision-making is an inescapable byproduct of the independence of the judiciary. By this I mean that all judges are human and therefore incapable of being obejctive or setting aside their personal views, life experiences etc... Judges from Frank, to Holmes and Cardozo have written about this: it's a practical realist perspective.
So there are always going to be cases in which judges' personal perspectives influence their decision. The only way to avoid that is to put in place some kind of accountability structure or mechanism, which would in turn be open to abuse and would also detract from judicial independence. Without judicial independence the whole idea of the separation of powers falls asunder (another Europeanism there for you Ann!) and we loose the capacity for the judiciary to act as the last line of citizen defence against excessive exercise of powers.
Perhaps it's a tradeoff we have to be prepared to accept? - 9/30/05, 12:02 PM
- whit said...
"...those like Breyer, who argue for a more flexible and adaptive interpretation of the Constitution's words."
This bothers me. I think it leads to a muddled chaos of incoherent decisions based on the prevailing social mores of the day. After one flexible and adaptive interpretation after another, we may no longer have a United States of America that we can recognise.
It's happening already, take the separation of church and state for instance. Can anyone in his right thinking mind read the Second Amendment and use it to justify the absurd rulings that have come out of the courts over the last thirty years? But if we are able to "flexibly and adaptibly" ignore the original intentions of the founding Fathers, eventually we will be forced to recognise not only rights to abortion and homosexuality to also beastiality, polygamy, and incest. That is a foregone conclusion. - 9/30/05, 4:40 PM
- amba said...
Whit, please read about the principle of the slippery slope.
- whit said...
I read the link but it interesting that an incest case has already made it into a US court. The judge ruled against a brother and sister suing to regain custody of their children. I thought his reasoing was weak but he turned back the tide for now. Also, the polygamous civil union the other day...but thanks for trying to "buck me up." - 9/30/05, 9:29 PM
- madcat said...
It's not such a given that democracy should be equated with simple majoritarianism. Our constitution's drafters warned against the dangers of majority tyranny and created a *constitutional* republican democracy that protected against such dangers through various critical checks and balances. Between the constitution's explicit protections of equality and individual rights as against moral prejudice -- most notably in the 1st Amendment which is especially protective of minority opinioins, the 9th, which reserves rights to the individuals, the preamble, and the Equal Protection Clause -- and cases affirming such rights such as Brown v. Board, I'm not sure why Breyer's concept of democracy seems so shaky as compared to a simple majority concept of democracy.
- madcat said...
... but here's what I don't like about the book so far. You can't easily tell from Breyer's endnotes, which lump all the quotations of the referenced paragraph together into one conensed endnote, which quotations are attributable to which sources.
Or maybe this is a common endnote technique and I'm just now noticing it? - 10/1/05, 10:59 AM
- amba said...
WHAT polygamous civil union? (Is that those nutty "polyamory" folks? They are not likely to spread beyond California.) - 10/2/05, 12:31 AM
- XWL said...
The polyamorous (and in this specific case polygamous) civil union took place recently, and was state sanctioned, in Belgium.
The fascinating thing to me was that part of the justification for this wedding stated by the man in this triad was that the women were bisexual and therefore weren't being subjected to the appetites of a single greedy man (presumably because he thinks a triad like this without mutual attraction would be immoral), but were instead manifesting their bisexuality in a mutually monogamous way (bi-nogamous? tri-nogamous? I give up). The unspoken assumption being that neither of these women could have been in a normal two person civil union as they would have at some point been compelled to be unfaithful on any single man or woman they found themselves legally bound.
This civil union would seem to also allow Muslim men to legally have their 4 wives (if they choose and can treat each equally as prescribed by the Koran), unless they make a presumption of mutual sexual attraction and fulfillment a requirement under Belgian law (and given Islamic views on female sexuality that would be a large hurdle for that community to overcome)
And just to make this about Justice Breyer, if a polyamorous grouping of individuals challenges U.S. bigamy laws, and the Supreme Court accepts the case, what are the odds that Justice Breyer will cite the Belgian example in his ruling? - 10/2/05, 6:28 PM


text:
Displaying the Sizes of Your SQL Server's Database's Tables
By Scott Mitchell
In my day-to-day work as a writer, trainer, and consultant, I usually wear the ASP.NET developer hat, focusing on designing
the middle-tier and front-end portions of ASP.NET applications with my exposure to the database usually being limited to data
modeling and writing queries/stored procedures to access the data. The typical DBA activities - creating indexes, doing consistency
checks, backing up the database, and so on - have always been someone else's responsibility. Over the past several months,
however, I've been taking a more active role in the DBA side of things for a decent sized database, one with over 200
tables, close to 500 stored procedures, and chewing through a few gigabytes of disk space.
With these new responsibilities, I've been building up my arsenal of utility pages and helper programs for this role. For example, I have a program that periodically runs the SQL Profiler on the database for intervals of 10 minutes storing the results into a trace file that is later loaded to an offline database and denormalized for parsing and reporting on various database performance metrics. (Perhaps I'll write about this process in a future article.) Another utility that I use is a web page that quickly shows a summary of the tables in the database - namely the number of rows in the table and the size on disk the table and its indexes consume. The following shows the output when running this script against the Northwind database.
Name | Rows | Data Size | Index Size |
Categories | 8 | 112 KB | 32 KB |
CustomerCustomerDemo | 0 | 0 KB | 0 KB |
CustomerDemographics | 0 | 0 KB | 0 KB |
Customers | 91 | 24 KB | 80 KB |
Employees | 9 | 232 KB | 48 KB |
EmployeeTerritories | 49 | 8 KB | 24 KB |
Order Details | 2,155 | 72 KB | 208 KB |
Orders | 830 | 160 KB | 320 KB |
Products | 77 | 8 KB | 96 KB |
Region | 4 | 8 KB | 24 KB |
Shippers | 3 | 8 KB | 16 KB |
Suppliers | 29 | 24 KB | 48 KB |
Territories | 53 | 8 KB | 24 KB |
The techniques I use work both in SQL Server 2000 and SQL Server 2005, and have been used in both ASP.NET 1.x and 2.0 pages. In this article we'll look at two ways to grab this information from SQL Server and how to display it in a web page. Read on to learn more!
Determining the Space Used by a Database Table
SQL Server has a handy little system stored procedure named sp_spaceused
that will return the space used by a database or by a particular table. To determine the size used by the database,
simply run:
EXEC sp_spaceused
This will return two result sets, the first one containing the database name, size, and unallocated space and the
second containing a breakdown of the database's size into how much size is reserved and how much of that is taken up by data,
how much by indexes, and how much remains unused. For example, running sp_spaceused
on the SQL Server 2005 Express Edition
Northwind database that's included in this article's download, the following results are returned:
database_name | database_size | unallocated space |
reserved | data | index_size | unused |
(Note that the database name is the same as the path to the SQL Server 2005 Express Edition database file; see Working with SQL Server 2005 Express Databases for more information on how SQL Server 2005 Express Edition databases are named.)
To return information about a particular table, simply call sp_spaceused
passing in as the first parameter the
name of the table. To determine the space used by the Orders
table in the Northwind database use:
EXEC sp_spaceused 'Orders'
This will return a single result set that provides the following information:
- the name of the tableRows
- the number of rows in the tableReserved
- amount of total reserved space for the tableData
- amount of space used by the data for the tableIndex_Size
- amount of space used by the table's indexesUnused
- amount of usused space in the table
on the Northwind database's Orders
table results in the following output:
name | rows | reserved | data | index_size | unused |
Orders | 830 | 504 KB | 160 KB | 320 KB | 24 KB |
As these numbers show, the Orders
table's 830 rows take up 160 KB of space. The table's indexes take up an additional
320 KB. (There are nine such indexes on this table, hence the disproportion of index space to data space.) Along with 24 KB of
unused data, the Orders
table's data and indexes comprise 504 KB of the database's total size.
Returning the Space Used for All Tables
While sp_spaceused
can be used to return the space usage for a single table, more than likely we want a web page
where we can view the space used for all tables in a database. There are a number of ways to accomplish this, but in
short we need to execute sp_spaceused
once for every table in the database. In order to accomplish that we could
do one of two things:
- Query the
table to get a list of tables in the database, then use a CURSOR to iterate through these table results one at a time, executingsp_spaceused
for each one. (Ick.) - Use the undocumented
stored procedure, which takes in a command and executes that command against all of the user tables in the database. (No need to write any CURSORs or query thesysobjects
stored procedure is one of many undocumented stored procedures tucked away in the depths of
SQL Server. A list of these handy stored procedures can be found at SQL Server 2000 Useful
Undocumented Stored Procedures. In short, you can use sp_MSforeachtable
like so:
EXEC sp_MSforeachtable @command1="command to run"
In the command to run put a ?
where you want the table name to be inserted. For example, to run the
stored procedure for each table in the database, we'd use:
EXEC sp_MSforeachtable @command1="EXEC sp_spaceused '?'"
This will execute EXEC sp_spaceused 'TableName'
for each user table in the database. This, of course,
returns a result set for each time sp_spaceused
is invoked. Therefore, to process the results in an ASP.NET
page you'd need to read these results into a SqlDataReader object and then use the NextResult()
method to step through the result sets.
An alternative option is to create a stored procedure from which a temporary
table is created and populated with one record for each result set returned by sp_spaceused
. The entire results,
then, can be returned to the ASP.NET page as a single result set by selecting the entire contents of the temporary table at
the end of the stored procedure.
Part 2 of this article examines how to use these two techniques for displaying size information about a database's tables using a DataGrid or GridView. The download at the end of this article includes code samples for both techniques.


text: Legionnaire's diseaseLegionnaire's disease (lēˌjənârzˈ) [key], infectious, sometimes fatal, disease characterized by high fever, dry cough, lung congestion, and subsequent pneumonia. Major organs, such as the heart, may be damaged as the disease progresses. The disease struck over 180 people attending an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in July, 1976—hence the name. The causative bacterium, later identified as Legionella pneumophilia, is inhaled via contaminated water droplets, primarily from air conditioning and ventilation systems. A milder form of the disease has also been identified. Treatment is with the antibiotic erythromycin. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: Pathology |


text:
Bonefish, Tarpon, and other Obsessions Turquoise water, silver demons on the fly |
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Anyone been to exuma lately?
Hi All,
Getting psyched for my annual Exuma pilgrimage and was wondering if there's anything new going on down there? I heard for the 6th year in a row now that Emerald Bay was almost done. Wonder how that's going to effect the island life. Has anyone tried tying any bonefish flies up with polar bear hair? I am gonna try some gotchas and charlie variations with polar wings and was wondering if it was worth trying. JohnP |
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My annual trip will be a pass this year Just means I get to do an even bigger trip next year My friends are staying at seven sister at palm hotel. I stayed there last year on a DIY gig. Most of the emeral bay big shots stay there - very cheap. When you get down there Abby McKennzie can put you in grand slam territory if the tides are right. If you want his phone number drop me an email. The flats on the North side of the island right across the road from the hotel are virtually unfished. We did a reckie there and the feeding holes were fresh and large! Try to get out there either side of high tide and you could have a real blast all on your own!
When sight fishing, look over your shoulder from time to time, you never know who's behind you |
It's a shame you can't get down this year This year again we are going to the usual beach inn, with some p&p guides and some independents mixed in. I actually set a pretty grueling fish schedule with only one day off. I have been trying to work on the DIY thing for a couple years but the other half is still capable of putting on sufficient pressure to veto me and so far we've been happy with our trips. I should be fishing with Willie Jr a couple of days so hopefully if conditions allow we can take some time chasing permit. This could be the year I will be also fishing with JJ and he was working some new flats last year so hopefully he has a few hogs penned for me as well. JohnP |
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text: Alright well I replaced my power supply which was an inevitable fix. The fan had become noisy and it was giving off an o-zone(y) smell. However, to my dismay the computer would not boot up afterward. Before I had replaced my power supply it had the same problem. I figured at the time that it was my power supply going from the state of dying to dead. I must admit at the moment I realized I would have to replace my power supply I jabbed the power button pretty hard; Which makes me believe that it may have something to do with the power supply lead. I did check to make sure it as well as the other leads were connected to the motherboard properly. The only thing left that I can think of is that I need to replace the lead altogether but I can't be certain. Does anyone have any feedback that might help with this problem? (All this trouble for jabbing my power switch :bang head)


text:
Viruses and EvolutionModerator: BioTeam
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On the other front, pathogens almost always evolve quickly to produce milder forms of disease - a pandemic will tend toward less-and-less lethality. A pathogen strain that keeps a host up-and-about will spread much more efficiently than one that quickly disables the host. Pathogens wiping out whole populations would require a particular type of population: confined (domestic animals are vulnerable, especially on modern factory farms, and cities are bad places to be) or already vulnerable (distemper might wipe out African lions, who are already in serious trouble).
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Fuel System, Air, Exhaust, & Emissions Upgrades Discuss upgrades to the Duramax fuel system and air system. Bigger turbochargers, more turbo chargers, air boxes, exhaust systems, emissions systems, and fuel pumps all go here.
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11-19-2012, 05:49 AM | #1 (permalink) |
Block Heater
Join Date: Aug 2010
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Cold air intake
I just ordered a cold air intake for my 2004.5 LLY. I am not looking for any more horse power just better fuel milage. This $4 a gallon diesel is killing me. Is this going to improve my fuel milage or do I need to modify my exaust system to? I was getting about 16 MPG pulling my boat and about 10 MPH pulling my 35 foot 5th wheel camper so anything will help. I hardly ever drive it unless I am pulling something so I dont know what it gets naked. Has anyone else tried this upgrade to see if it helps on fuel milage?
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11-19-2012, 11:14 AM | #2 (permalink) |
Diesel Champ
Join Date: Mar 2009
Location: Beautiful California
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Slowing down will probably gain you more but some people claim tow tunes help. I get 11-12 towing 11k lb 5th wheel at 60 MPH. I might squeeze out a bit more slowing down to 55.
Which cold air intake did you order?
2005 Chevy Silverado 3500LT SRW D/A CC/LB LLY 4x4 (loaded) LBZ MP, TxCAI, Stack sealing, Mass/IAT shield, LML manifold Edge Insight CTS/EGT/EOT E837 HD Radiator w/EOC + E837 Secondary Cooling Radiator w/fan, factory air dam Earl's trans cooler, Longs Power Steering Cooler GM Severe Duty brake rotors (SD suffix) NuWa Hitchhiker II LS 29.5LKTG 5th Wheel (11klbs) Last edited by terryk; 11-19-2012 at 11:14 AM. |
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11-19-2012, 09:55 PM | #3 (permalink) |
Block Heater
Join Date: Aug 2010
Posts: 15
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Its a AEM Brute Force Intake and I dont usually pull my boat or camper but 60MPh, but it is a 21foot stratos with a 250 yamaha and my camper weighs 14k so I am pulling a pretty good load either way. I dont have any complaints about the HP, and I dont expect to get great fuel milage pulling these kind of loads, I just thought this CAI might help me a little bit.
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11-19-2012, 10:16 PM | #4 (permalink) |
Diesel Rookie
Join Date: Sep 2012
Location: Gilbert, AZ
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Your mpg doesn't sound out of line especially with the 14K fifth wheel. My experience has been the LLY is a little less efficient than the LB7 or LBZ. Not sure how much a good mileage tune with EGR turned off and cat delete would get on an LLY. I picked up about 1.5-2.0 mpg unloaded converting my LB7 California emissions to "federal" by flashing in a federal calibration (shut off EGR) and replacing the front pipe/DOC with a federal straight front pipe. Have not towed at all with it since the "federal" conversion. Obviously, all the LLY's have EGR so you would probably need an aftermarket tune to take advantage of shutting off EGR.
2003 Chevy XCab D/A 2WD L/B Minus Cali Emissions Equipment Cat aux fuel filter Royal Sport Utility Body |
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11-20-2012, 12:12 AM | #5 (permalink) |
Block Heater
Join Date: Aug 2010
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Thanks for the help. I bought the truck used in 08 and it had 53k on it and I put a set of injectors in it at 125k but other than that I have done nothing but drive it. It now has 148k on it and still runs and drives very good. It is a long wheel base 4 door and it pulls my camper very well. I have priced some of the new trucks but if I want to retire from my job in the next 10 years I will keep driving this one. I am going to see what this CAI does for it first and go from there.
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11-20-2012, 12:52 AM | #6 (permalink) |
Diesel Champ
Join Date: Mar 2009
Location: Beautiful California
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Ok, slowing down more won't help.
14k is a good load. I agree with rjohns, your MPG isn't out off line at all.
2005 Chevy Silverado 3500LT SRW D/A CC/LB LLY 4x4 (loaded) LBZ MP, TxCAI, Stack sealing, Mass/IAT shield, LML manifold Edge Insight CTS/EGT/EOT E837 HD Radiator w/EOC + E837 Secondary Cooling Radiator w/fan, factory air dam Earl's trans cooler, Longs Power Steering Cooler GM Severe Duty brake rotors (SD suffix) NuWa Hitchhiker II LS 29.5LKTG 5th Wheel (11klbs) |
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11-20-2012, 01:52 PM | #7 (permalink) |
Diesel Apprentice
Join Date: Mar 2005
Location: Rockwall Co, TX.
Posts: 379
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If you look over the dyno info provided by most cold air intake manufacturer's, there is little to no benefit unless you are running at WOT.
'04.5 LLY 2500HD 4X4 CC Lifetime NRA member |
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11-25-2012, 06:13 PM | #8 (permalink) |
Just Horsing Around
Join Date: Jun 2008
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Ontario Diesel Place Chapter Member |
Thread moved to Fuel System, Air, Exhaust, & Emissions Upgrades forum.
Mark - Courtice, Ontario, Canada.
'97 C3500 Crew Cab Long Box Dually 6.5 Turbo Diesel. Rebuilt with Navistar 506 block spring 2012 Special thanks to Racer55 and WhiteK2500 for their invaluable assistance! Commercial OTR Driver Since '95 |
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11-25-2012, 06:26 PM | #9 (permalink) |
Supporting Vendor
Join Date: Sep 2009
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You won't see any noticeable difference in mpg- I'm betting less than .25 mpg, if that.
'05 CC/SB, AMSOIL 15w-40,CAI with Amsoil Dry Air filter, PPE 1, EGR blocked, LBZ MP, lost KITTY, finished off the rest with 4" SS Magnaflow, 265 Grabbers, 5K HIDS lows/fogs, AD 165 Scott Girard T-1 Cert. Ind. AMSOIL (ZO# 1747262)/ AIRDOG lift pump dealer PM ME/EMAIL ME FOR AIRDOG PRICING!!! |
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11-25-2012, 06:48 PM | #10 (permalink) | |
Glow Plug
Join Date: Apr 2009
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.25 mpg? Try lower - then try to calculate that!!!! You may notice a drop in EGTs. Your towing mpgs are pretty much in-line with what I get towing a 9k lb travel trailer. There are very few things that will affect mpg increase - none are cheap. Look in the forum for:
1) Tuners/Tunes - Lost sof tuners + EFI Live tunes seem to be choice of most 2) DPF delete 3) EGR block 4) PCV reroute 5) Turbo-back exhaust Plus many more for the transmission and engine set-up including fuel system upgrades etc....... Mods can become addictive.... Once you start - see a therapist weekly to avoid falling into the abyss of 1000 HP and 1100 ft-lbs of tourqe!!! ! Quote:
2007.5 Silverado 2500HD LT/Banks Ram Air with Super Scoop/Banks Inter-cooler Boost Tube/PPE Rear Diff Cover/Air Lift Load Lifter 5000 Ultimate/All Season Diesel PCV Re-Route/Edge CTS Insight (Gauges)/EFI Live with DSP5 Idaho Rob Tunes/Kenwood DPX 500BT Head Unit, Polk Audio db651 (front)....Kicker in the rear! Can-Am 500 MAX XT http://atptrucks.com/ Retired Royal Canadian Navy... |
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Genes 2012, 3(3), 361-377; doi:10.3390/genes3030361
: The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum (Xcm) is the causal agent of banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW). This disease has devastated economies based on banana and plantain crops (Musa species) in East Africa. Here we use genome-wide sequencing to discover a set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among East African isolates of Xcm. These SNPs have potential as molecular markers for phylogeographic studies of the epidemiology and spread of the pathogen. Our analysis reveals two major sub-lineages of the pathogen, suggesting that the current outbreaks of BXW on Musa species in the region may have more than one introductory event, perhaps from Ethiopia. Also, based on comparisons of genome-wide sequence data from multiple isolates of Xcm and multiple strains of X. vasicola pathovar vasculorum, we identify genes specific to Xcm that could be used to specifically detect Xcm by PCR-based methods.1. Introduction
The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum (Xcm) is the causal agent of banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW). This disease has devastated economies based on banana and plantain crops (Musa species) in East Africa [1]. Xcm was first described as a wilt-causing pathogen on enset (Ensente ventricosum), a plant closely related to banana that is a staple crop in the highlands of Ethiopia [2]. In 1974 Yirgou and Bradbury [3] wrote that "Great care should be taken to see that enset wilt does not escape and establish itself on banana in other parts of the world where it could pose a serious problem on this crop". Ominously, one and a half decades later, a major epidemic of this disease was reported in Uganda [4]. Subsequently it has spread into many banana-growing regions around the Great Lakes in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Burundi [4,5,6,7]. Efforts are underway to tackle this pathogen by a number of different measures including cultural practices [8] and genetic modification of the crop [9,10].
Although currently classified as a member of the species Xanthomonas campestris, we recently showed that Xcm is more likely to be a strain of the species Xanthomonas vasicola [11]. We previously [12] generated complete genome sequences for a single isolate of Xcm from banana in Uganda (NCPPB4381) and for a single isolate of X. vasicola pathovar vasculorum (Xvv) that is non-pathogenic on banana and was isolated from sugarcane in Zimbabwe (NCPPB702). These two isolates share identical gyrase B DNA sequences, consistent with their very close evolutionary relationship [11,13].
Differences between these two genome sequences revealed several candidate genes that might play a role in adaptation to the banana host. These may also be useful tools in identifying genes for deployment of disease resistance. Specifically, these included homologues of effectors secreted and translocated by the type III secretion system (T3SS). T3SS effectors have previously been shown to contribute to host-specificity acting as virulence and/or avirulence factors [14]. In common with most previously sequenced Xanthomonas genomes, Xcm encodes homologues of the effectors AvrBs2, AvrGf1, XopF, XopK, XopL, XopN, XopP, XopQ, XopR, XopX and XopZ as well as homologues of XopA, XopB, XopG, XopH, XopI, XopY, XopAA, XopAD, XopAE and XopAK, which are found in some other Xanthomonas species [12,14]. Xcm also encodes homologues of P. syringae effectors HopW1 and HopAF1 and Ralstonia solanacearum putative effector RipT [12]. Xcm encodes two predicted YopJ-like C55 cysteine proteases (RefSeq accessions ZP_06491730 and ZP_06492219) that are absent from Xvv 702. On the other hand, Xvv 702 encodes a close homologue (ZP_06483517) of XopAF (also known as AvrXv3), which is absent from Xcm [12].
Previous work showed that Xcm is a highly monomorphic pathogen and no specific genetic differences have yet been detected among different isolates using traditional typing and diagnostic methods [13,15]. Affordable complete genome sequencing now makes it feasible to identify cryptic genetic diversity among isolates of a genetically monomorphic pathogen [16], though this approach is only just starting to be applied to monomorphic phytopathogens [17].
Here we use genome-wide sequencing to discover a set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among East African isolates of Xcm. These SNPs have potential as molecular markers for phylogeographic studies of the epidemiology and spread of the pathogen. Our analysis reveals the presence of at least two major sub-lineages of the pathogen; Xcm isolates from Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Burundi are genetically distinct from isolates collected in Ethiopia, DR Congo and Rwanda, suggesting that the current outbreaks of BXW on Musa species in the region may have more than one introduction.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Genome Sequencing
We used the Illumina GA2x sequencing platform to generate genome-wide sequence data for 13 isolates of Xcm available from the National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (NCPPB). We also sequenced a further three African isolates of Xvv, a pathovar that is very closely related to Xcm but non-pathogenic on banana. We also included in our analyses the genome sequence data from Xcm NCPPB4381 and Xvv NCPPB702 that we published previously [12]. Table 1 lists the sequenced isolates and the depth to which each was sequenced. We submitted all raw sequence data to the Sequence Read Archive [18]. Note that another isolate from Tanzania, NCPPB4393, is described in the NCPPB's catalogue as Xcm, but we previously sequenced its genome and showed that it is actually Xanthomonas sacchari [19]. We generated genome assemblies de novo for NCPPB2005, NCPPB4379, NCPPB4380, NCPPB4384, NCPPB4392, NCPPB4394, NCPPB1326, NCPPB1381 and NCPPB206 using Velvet 1.1.04 [20]. These have been submitted to GenBank [21] with accession numbers AKBE00000000, AKBF00000000, AKBG00000000, AKBH00000000, AKBI00000000,
Isolate | Source and Date of Isolation | Coverage | SRA Accession | |
Xcm NCPPB2005 | Ethiopia 1967 | 72× | SRR489154.7 | |
Xcm NCPPB2251 | Ethiopia 1969 | 13× | SRR494492.2 | |
Xcm NCPPB4379 | Uganda (Kayunga) 2007 | 102× | SRR494484.2 | |
Xcm NCPPB4380 | Uganda (Kiboga) 2007 | 113× | SRR494485.2 | |
Xcm NCPPB4381 | Uganda (Luwero) 2007 | 56× | SRR020203.3 | |
Xcm NCPPB4383 | Uganda (Wakiso) 2007 | 11× | SRR494493.2 | |
Xcm NCPPB4384 | Uganda (Nakaongola) 2007 | 55× | SRR494488.2 | |
Xcm NCPPB4387 | D. R. Congo (Kivu province) 2007 | 13× | SRR494494.1 | |
Xcm NCPPB4389 | Rwanda (Gisenyi province) 2007 | 16× | SRR494495.2 | |
Xcm NCPPB4392 | Tanzania (Muleba district, Kagera region) 2007 | 72× | SRR494498.3 | |
Xcm NCPPB4394 | Tanzania (Muleba district, Kagera region) 2007 | 92× | SRR494489.1 | |
Xcm NCPPB4395 | Tanzania (Muleba district, Kagera region) 2007 | 117× | SRR494490.2 | |
Xcm NCPPB4433 | Burundi 2008 | 13× | SRR494496.1 | |
Xcm NCPPB4434 | Kenya (Teso district) 2008 | 15× | SRR494497.1 | |
Xvv NCPPB206 | South Africa 1948 | 70× | SRR494500.3 | |
Xvv NCPPB702 | Zimbabwe 1959 | 35× | SRR020202.3 | |
Xvv NCPPB1326 | Zimbabwe 1962 | 63× | SRR494491.5 | |
Xvv NCPPB1381 | Zimbabwe 1962 | 66× | SRR494499.3 |
AKBJ00000000, AKBK00000000, AKBL00000000 and AKBM00000000. The most contiguous of these assemblies was for NCPPB4384. This consisted of 84 scaffolds, of which the 12 longest scaffolds were each at least 154 Kb long and accounted for more than 2.5 Mb; that is the N50 length was 154 Kb for NCPPB4384. The N50 lengths for the other Xcm assemblies were 56 Kb (NCPPB2005), 146 Kb (NCPPB4379), 147 Kb (NCPPB4380), 87 Kb (NCPPB4392) and 151 Kb (NCPPB4394).
2.2. Distinguishing Xcm from Xvv
The currently used method for identifying BXW is by isolation of bacteria from the infected plant and performing fatty acid and metabolic analyses [4]. However, this approach is only appropriate once symptoms become visible, by which time it may be too late to control or eradicate the pathogen. An alternative approach, amenable to the rapid detection and identification of bacterial plant pathogens is the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A specific assay for detecting Xcm has recently been proposed based on PCR amplification of the hrpB gene [22]. However, this gene is also conserved in Xvv and this assay was unable to distinguish between Xcm and non-banana-pathogenic isolates Xvv NCPPB702 and NCPPB1326 [22]. Another study [23] generated several PCR primer pairs that were highly specific for Xcm but this study did not utilize Xcm or Xvv genomic sequence but rather used sequences from a range of other xanthomonads and so the candidate primers had to be tested for specificity by trial and error. Another recent study [24] exploited our previous [12] Xcm and Xvv draft genome sequence data to rationally design primers specific for Xcm. However, this was based on genome sequence from a single isolate of Xvv and a single isolate of Xcm. Until now, little was known about sequence diversity among isolates. Therefore, we identified a set of genes that are conserved in all of the sequenced isolates of Xcm but are absent from all the sequenced isolates of Xvv and are therefore candidates for use in an Xcm-specific PCR assay. Examples of these genes are listed in Table 2. Note that this list of genes was not generated by aligning assembled genome sequences. We aligned raw unassembled sequence reads against the previously published Xcm NCPPB4381 reference genome sequence [12] using the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner BWA [25]. This approach has the advantage of avoiding assembly artifacts and problems arising from incomplete assemblies. In our BWA alignments of raw Illumina sequence reads versus the reference genome sequence, the full length of each gene was covered by reads (depth of one or greater) from all our Xcm Illumina sequence datasets. Each of these genes has no matches (i.e., zero depth of) to any sequence reads in our Xvv Illumina datatsets (as judged from the BWA alignments).
RefSeq Locus tag | Predicted Gene Product |
XcampmN_010100002667 | hypothetical protein |
XcampmN_010100009057 | general secretion pathway protein D |
XcampmN_010100016989 | transposase |
XcampmN_010100016984 | phage-related integrase |
XcampmN_010100014552 | hypothetical protein |
XcampmN_010100013878 | DNA-cytosine methyltransferase |
XcampmN_010100013483 | hypothetical protein |
XcampmN_010100011643 | conjugal transfer relaxosome component TraJ |
XcampmN_010100011578 | hypothetical protein |
XcampmN_010100011573 | Fis family transcriptional regulator |
XcampmN_010100011558 | hypothetical protein |
XcampmN_010100011553 | hypothetical protein |
XcampmN_010100010854 | hypothetical protein |
XcampmN_010100010849 | XRE family transcriptional regulator |
XcampmN_010100006985 | hypothetical protein |
XcampmN_010100004971 | exported protein |
XcampmN_010100004961 | virulence regulator |
XcampmN_010100004956 | hypothetical protein |
XcampmN_010100004736 | hypothetical protein |
XcampmN_010100001342 | ISXo2 putative transposase |
XcampmN_010100001332 | ABC-type antimicrobial peptide transport system ATPase component |
XcampmN_010100001327 | RND family efflux transporter MFP subunit |
XcampmN_010100013888 | ISxac1 transposase |
XcampmN_010100011563 | putative DNA methylase |
XcampmN_010100004966 | integrase |
XcampmN_010100001337 | peptide ABC transporter permease |
XcampmN_010100013883 | restriction endonuclease-like protein |
XcampmN_010100000225 | putative secreted protein |
XcampmN_010100000622 | fimbrillin |
XcampmN_010100015677 | methyltransferase |
XcampmN_010100016677 | Putative acetylhydrolase |
2.3. The Sequenced Xcm Isolates Comprise a Single Monophyletic Clade
We identified SNPs among the Xcm and Xvv isolates based on BWA [25] alignments of our Illumina sequence data against the X. oryzae pv. oryzae MAFF 311018 reference genome sequence (RefSeq: NC_007705). Based on nucleotides found at 21,525 polymorphic positions we generated the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 1. This clearly groups all of the sequenced Xcm isolates into a single distinct clade that is closely related to but distinct from the sequenced Xvv isolates.
2.4. Xcm Isolates from Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Burundi are Genetically Distinct from Isolates from Ethiopia, DR Congo and Rwanda
We next identified SNPs among the Xcm and Xvv isolates based on BWA [25] alignments of our Illumina sequence data against the Xcm NCPPB4381 reference genome sequence (RefSeq: ACHT00000000). Out of 2,908,042 nt over which there was no ambiguity, 2,907,999 were invariant across all isolates; that is the Xcm genomes shared at least 99.9985% identity. Based on nucleotides found at 243 polymorphic positions we generated the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 2. This clearly delineates the Xcm clade into two distinct sub-lineages, I and II. Sub-lineage I include isolates from Ethiopia, DR Congo and Rwanda whilst Sub-lineage II includes isolates from Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and Kenya. The two sub-lineages are distinguishable from each other by 86 polymorphic positions. These are listed in full in the Supplementary File and in part in Table 3.
RefSeq Accession | Position | I | II | Locus Tag and Predicted Gene Product |
NZ_ACHT01000013 | 861 | g | c | XcampmN_010100000120 putative ISXo8 transposase |
NZ_ACHT01000014 | 6000 | a | g | XcampmN_010100000165 putative monovalent cation/H+ antiporter subunit A |
NZ_ACHT01000034 | 8898 | t | c | XcampmN_010100000807 putative integrase protein |
NZ_ACHT01000045 | 1261 | a | g | XcampmN_010100001162 bifunctional aspartate kinase/diaminopimelate decarboxylase protein |
NZ_ACHT01000045 | 45,548 | a | c | XcampmN_010100001377 chemotaxis protein |
NZ_ACHT01000059 | 1907 | c | t | XcampmN_010100001687 putative sugar transporter component |
NZ_ACHT01000101 | 995 | g | t | XcampmN_010100003517 soluble lytic murein transglycosylase |
NZ_ACHT01000104 | 13,081 | t | g | XcampmN_010100003612 GTP-dependent nucleic acid-binding protein EngD |
NZ_ACHT01000113 | 10,410 | t | g | XcampmN_010100004062 acetyltransferase (GNAT) family protein |
NZ_ACHT01000236 | 10,652 | t | c | XcampmN_010100007340 metallopeptidase |
NZ_ACHT01000242 | 10,465 | a | c | XcampmN_010100007585 dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase |
NZ_ACHT01000294 | 2184 | g | t | XcampmN_010100009424 xanthan biosynthesis glucuronosyltransferase GumK |
NZ_ACHT01000345 | 1576 | t | c | XcampmN_010100010814 cytochrome C peroxidase |
NZ_ACHT01000402 | 4858 | t | c | XcampmN_010100012145 heavy metal transporter |
NZ_ACHT01000404 | 632 | g | a | XcampmN_010100012200 tryptophan halogenase |
NZ_ACHT01000500 | 23,584 | a | g | XcampmN_010100016057 putative polysaccharide deacetylase |
NZ_ACHT01000520 | 5360 | a | g | XcampmN_010100016692 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyl transferase |
NZ_ACHT01000549 | 7371 | a | c | XcampmN_010100018271 two-component system sensor protein |
NZ_ACHT01000560 | 4001 | t | c | XcampmN_010100018673 exodeoxyribonuclease III |
NZ_ACHT01000590 | 927 | c | t | XcampmN_010100019303 RNA polymerase sigma factor |
NZ_ACHT01000626 | 10,220 | t | c | XcampmN_010100019733 putative glutathionylspermidine synthase |
NZ_ACHT01000634 | 2345 | t | c | XcampmN_010100019848 beta-mannosidase precursor |
NZ_ACHT01000644 | 2590 | g | a | XcampmN_010100020168 two-component system sensor protein |
NZ_ACHT01000694 | 10,665 | a | t | XcampmN_010100022153 peptide-acetyl-coenzyme A transporter family protein |
NZ_ACHT01000720 | 19,485 | t | c | XcampmN_010100023003 drug:proton antiporter (19121–20371) |
The geographic locations of the sequenced Xcm isolates are shown in Figure 3. It has been widely assumed that the outbreaks in Uganda, and subsequent outbreaks in neighboring countries, ultimately originated in Ethiopia, with the pathogen perhaps being inadvertently transmitted via international trade. Consistent with this model, the Xcm isolates from DR Congo and Rwanda do indeed show extremely high levels of genetic similarity to Ethiopian isolate NCPPB2251. However, the isolates from Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Burundi show a distinct genotype, characterized by the 86 consistent SNP differences. This is not consistent with a single introduction from Ethiopia into East Africa.
Our data do not exclude the possibility that the current outbreaks can ultimately be traced back to Ethiopia; it is possible that both lineages I and II are endemic there and it is simply by chance that the two available isolates happen to belong to the DR Congo/Rwanda sub-lineage I. There is an urgent need to collect a range of isolates from Ethiopia and survey their genotypes to ascertain the level of genetic diversity in this pathogen's presumed centre of origin. Genotyping new isolates should be possible and will be expedited by developing these newly discovered SNPs into PCR based molecular markers. Similarly, there is a pressing need to survey genotypes of a much larger collection of isolates from outbreaks in all the banana growing areas to uncover the routes of geographical spread at a much higher degree of resolution. Ideally a survey of genotypes should be conducted on isolates for which precise details are available on the date and the geographic location at which they are collected.
It should also be noted that although we have categorized the isolates according to the country in which they were collected, paths of transmission may be more influenced by geographical boundaries rather than by political ones. For example, although Rwanda shares two of its borders with Uganda and Tanzania it is somewhat isolated from them by lake and forest.
All of the available isolates from Uganda were collected in 2007 from sites in the central region geographically close to Mukono where the disease was first reported and probably all represent the same single outbreak. It would be interesting to compare these with isolates from outbreaks in Kabale (near Rwanda) or Kasese (near DR Congo).
All of the available isolates from Tanzania also belonged to sub-lineage II along with those from Uganda. The disease was reported in Tanzania shortly after it was discovered in Uganda and there has been unconfirmed speculation that it may have been inadvertently carried to Tanzania by banana alcohol traders from the Buganda region, close to where the sequenced Ugandan isolates were collected. Our molecular sequence data are consistent with this but do not provide definitive proof.
Although BXW was reported in DR Congo after it was reported in Uganda, the field pictures first sent to Uganda from DR Congo, showed greater devastation. It is not clear where banana Xanthomonas wilt occurred first: DR Congo or Uganda. There is a lot of movement of people and bananas from Congo to Rwanda and back, conflicts notwithstanding, and so it is perhaps not surprising that we observe isolates from these two countries belonging to the same sub-lineage I. However, the close relationship between an Ethiopian isolate and those in Rwanda and DRC is not so easily explained unless it is by sampling bias or by one-off international travel; if disease spread was primarily determined by movement of local people and bananas between countries, then we would instead expect isolates from Rwanda, Uganda and DR Congo to cluster together.
2.5. Comparison of Xcm Isolated from Enset Versus Xcm Isolated from Banana
Most of the available isolates of Xcm were originally isolated from banana. The exception is NCPPB2005, which was isolated from Ensete ventricosum in Ethiopia in 1967. This isolate clearly falls within Xcm sub-lineage I (Figure 2). This enset-associated isolate differs from the banana-associated isolates NCPPB2251, NCPPB4387 and NCPPB4389 at 67 SNP positions listed in the Supplementary File. Some examples of these differences are listed in Table 4 and include non-silent polymorphisms in several potential virulence genes (e.g., homologues of hrpF and a gene encoding a HopW1 T3SS effector). However, since Xcm is able to infect both banana and enset [2,3] it is not clear whether these differences have any biological significance. It would be interesting to survey a much larger sample of isolates from both banana and enset to search for any significant associations between genotype and host species that might reveal adaptation.
Refseq Accession | Position | NCPPB 2005 (enset) | NCPPB 2251 (Banana) | NCPPB 4389 (Banana) | Locus Tag and Predicted Gene Product | |
NZ_ACHT01000041 | 15,615 | c | t | t | XcampmN_010100000977 hemolysin III | |
NZ_ACHT01000072 | 4507 | a | c | c | XcampmN_010100002109 VirB3 protein | |
NZ_ACHT01000140 | 1116 | c | t | t | XcampmN_010100004536 LacI family transcription regulator | |
NZ_ACHT01000199 | 8012 | g | t | g | XcampmN_010100006143 type III secreted effector HopW1 | |
NZ_ACHT01000215 | 3229 | c | t | c | XcampmN_010100006660 HrpF protein | |
NZ_ACHT01000236 | 9512 | c | t | t | XcampmN_010100007340 metallopeptidase | |
NZ_ACHT01000294 | 31,553 | g | a | a | XcampmN_010100009559 MFS transporter | |
NZ_ACHT01000303 | 7530 | a | c | c | XcampmN_010100009850 histidine kinase/response regulator hybrid protein | |
NZ_ACHT01000332 | 2191 | a | g | g | XcampmN_010100010574 putative filamentous hemagglutinin-like protein | |
NZ_ACHT01000360 | 1961 | a | g | g | XcampmN_010100011266 two-component system sensor protein | |
NZ_ACHT01000374 | 12,027 | t | c | c | XcampmN_010100011573 Fis family transcriptional regulator | |
NZ_ACHT01000388 | 5277 | t | g | g | XcampmN_010100011860 AraC family transcriptional regulator | |
NZ_ACHT01000396 | 3578 | c | g | g | XcampmN_010100011920 catalase | |
NZ_ACHT01000439 | 5166 | c | g | g | XcampmN_010100013743 ECF subfamily RNA polymerase sigma factor | |
NZ_ACHT01000532 | 743 | c | t | t | XcampmN_010100017284 beta-glucosidase | |
NZ_ACHT01000560 | 2783 | c | t | t | XcampmN_010100018663 molybdopterin biosynthesis | |
NZ_ACHT01000668 | 1036 | c | a | a | XcampmN_010100021383 ABC transporter permease | |
NZ_ACHT01000690 | 6284 | t | g | g | XcampmN_010100022008 isocitrate dehydrogenase |
2.6. Loss of Phage-Associated Genes in Some Xcm Isolates
In addition to surveying SNPs, we also searched for loss or gain of genes. By aligning sequence reads against the previously published NCPPB4381 genome assembly and systematically comparing gene-coverage in each of the alignments, we were able to identify a genomic region (GenBank: GG699410.1) that showed differential coverage among different isolates of Xcm (Figure 4). This region shows significant similarity at the amino acid and nucleotide sequence levels to two previously sequenced phage: Xanthomonas phage Cfc1 (RefSeq: NC_001396.1) [26] and Stenotrophomonas phage phiSHP2 (GenBank: HM150760.1). Specifically, two Tanzanian isolates (NCPPB4392 and NCPPB4395) appear to have completely lost at least 17 genes from this region, while Ethiopian isolate NCPPB2005 has lost 11 of the same genes. Interestingly, another isolate from the same area of Tanzania (NCPPB4394) appears to have these genes intact as do all the Ugandan, Kenyan, Rwandan and Burundi isolates. Furthermore, there is a high concentration of SNPs in this genomic region. Therefore, it seems likely that this genomic region represents the relic of a phage or similar mobile element that is in the process of degenerating, convergently, in some members of both sub-lineages.
2.7. Experimental Validation of Genetic Polymorphisms
One of the major motivations for comparing these genome sequences is to provide a resource for generating molecular markers that can be used epidemiological and biogeographical studies on a much larger panel of isolates without the need for whole-genome sequencing using, for example, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Therefore, we used the results of our genome comparisons to design pairs of PCR primers that can be used to distinguish between the two sub-lineages of Xcm (Table 5). A similar approach could also be taken to assay other classes of SNPs identified from the genome sequence data.
To experimentally validate SNPs, we used an approach based on digestion of PCR products with restriction enzymes. Many of the SNPs that we identified are predicted to fall within restriction sites. For example, position 6150 in RefSeq accession NZ_ACHT0100081 is a G that falls within an AluI restriction site (AG↓CT). However, in NCPPB2005 and the other members of sub-lineage I, this G is substituted for an A abolishing the recognition sequence for the AluI restriction enzyme (see Supplementary Files for a figure illustrating this SNP and several others). There are no other AluI sites in the vicinity of this SNP. We generated a pair of primers flanking approximately 250 bp either side of the SNP and amplified this 500 bp sequence by PCR. The two alleles could then be readily distinguished by digestion with AluI (see Figure 5). We used the same approach to design assays for three other SNPs (see Table 5 and Figure 5).
Primer Sequences | Target Sequence RefSeq Accession Number and Coordinates | Restriction Enzyme |
GAGCTCCTGCGCCGATGCGTGAGCGT AAAGGCGGCTATTCTA | NZ_ACHT01000081: 5900–6398 | AluI |
CGGCGTGGTTTTGCCTTTGCCGTACGG CCTGGCGGTGAT | NZ_ACHT01000112: 10863–11347 | FokI |
TCACCTGTTCGATGCGGCCGCTACTGG CTGTCGCGGC | NZ_ACHT01000124: 5385–5873 | AluI |
ATGTTTGCCGATACCTGGATGCGCATG CTTGCCGGTTTCGACGA | NZ_ACHT01000304: 10080–10567 | NdeI |
3. Experimental Section
Bacterial strains were obtained from the National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (NCPPB) at FERA. DNA library preparation and genome sequencing using the Illumina GA2x were performed using standard Illumina protocols as previously described [12].
For DNA preparation, bacterial strains were grown overnight at 28 °C in 10 mL King Broth shaken at 200 rpm. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and re-suspended in TE buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 40 mM EDTA, pH 8.0). Bacterial cells cultured overnight in Kings Broth were pelleted, lysed with 12 µL of 20 mg/mL lysozyme and RNase at 10 mg/mL and incubated at 25 °C for 10 min. Further lysis was done with 17 µL 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate and incubated on ice for 5min. Proteins were dissolved with 170 µL of 8M ammonium acetate, vortexed vigorously for 30 s centrifuged at 4 °C at maximum speed for 15 min. DNA was precipitated with isopropanol and re-dissolved in 100 μL of 10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, and 1 mM Na2EDTA.
DNA amplification was performed in 30 µL reaction volumes containing 3 µL 10X PCR buffer, 1.2 µL of 50mM MgCl2, 2.4 µL of 2.5 mM dNTP, 1.5 µL of 10 µM each primer, 2ng DNA and 1 U recombinant Taq DNA polymerase. Amplification was performed using a thermocycler with initial denaturation (95 °C, 5 min), followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (95 °C, 0.5 min), annealing (60 °C, 0.5 min) and extension (72 °C, 0.5 min), with a final extension (72 °C, 10 min). The amplified products were electrophoretically separated in 4% (w/v) agarose gel at 80 V for 1 h in TAE buffer and visualized with UV light after staining in ethidium bromide (0.5 µg mL).
Amplified DNA fragments were digested with restriction endonucleases (AluI, Fok or NdeI). The restriction analysis was performed with 2.5 U of the endonuclease using the buffer and temperature recommended by the manufacturers (New England Biolabs). Restriction fragments were separated in a 8% (w/v) agarose gel with 100 bp ladder (Promega, G210A) at 100 V for 1 h in TAE buffer and visualized with UV light after staining in ethidium bromide (0.5 µg mL).
We used BWA [25] to align Illumina sequence reads against a reference genome sequence and used IGV [27] to visualize the alignments (see Figure 4). We used MEGA5 for phylogenetic analyses. De novo assembly of Illumina sequence reads was performed using Velvet 1.1.04 [20]. We discarded any sequence reads that contained one or more 'N' prior to assembly.
We used a very conservative approach to infer SNPs from alignments of Illumina reads against the previously published Xcm NCPPB4381 reference draft genome assembly. To avoid false positives and false negatives, we only used those regions of the Xcm genome with a coverage depth of five or more for every sequenced Xcm genome and where there was at least 95% consensus among the sequence reads within each isolate. Just over 60% of the length (2,908,042 out of 4,782,144 nt) of the Xcm NCPPB4381 genome fulfilled these two criteria. In other words, for 60% of the Xcm genome, there was sufficient quantity and consistency in our data to be almost certain of the sequence in all of the fourteen isolates; for the remaining 40% of the genome, there was some degree of ambiguity in the data for at least one of the isolates.
Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using a maximum likelihood method based on the Tamura-Nei model [28] conducted using the MEGA5 [29] software package. Bootstrap consensus trees inferred from 500 replicates were taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed. Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in fewer than 50% bootstrap replicates were collapsed. Initial tree(s) for the heuristic search were obtained automatically as follows. When the number of common sites was <100 or fewer than one quarter of the total number of sites, the maximum parsimony method was used; otherwise the BIONJ method with MCL distance matrix was used. The trees are drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated.
4. Conclusions
We have deployed high-throughput whole-genome sequencing to explore genetic diversity among isolates of Xcm, the bacterial pathogen responsible for BXW, which is devastating banana and plantain crops in East Africa and threatens the food security of millions. To understand the evolution and geographical spread of this newly emerging pathogen, we need molecular markers such as SNPs. Given the high degree of genome sequence identity among isolates (99.9985 %), genome-wide sequencing is the only tractable way of discovering sequence polymorphisms and is beginning to be applied to bacterial phytopathogens [17].
The high degree of sequence similarity among isolates indicates a very recent origin of the pathogen. The molecular markers discovered here enabled us to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships between Xcm isolates from diverse geographical locations within the known range of the pathogen in Africa. Interestingly, the isolates fell into two major sub-lineages. This may indicate that there have been at least two separate introductions of Xcm into the banana-growing regions around Lake Victoria. This contrasts with the widely held working assumption that Xcm spread from Ethiopia to Uganda and thence subsequently into neighboring countries. This view is largely based on the fact that Xcm was reported in Ethiopia in the late 1960s, then Uganda in 2001 and only later in other African countries (2004: D. R. Congo, 2005: Rwanda and Tanzania, 2006: Kenya and Burundi). However, it is possible that the disease has existed for some time before being officially reported, especially given the armed conflicts in D. R. Congo and Rwanda at the time. An alternative hypothesis is that all outbreaks in the region can be traced back to a single introduction of inoculum that contained some genetic diversity and that some genetic diversity is maintained within the population. Under that scenario, our results could be explained by stochastic effects of sampling error given such a small number of isolates. Therefore, there is a pressing need to collect and genotype many more isolates, including multiple isolates from within single outbreaks. On the other hand, where we have sequenced multiple isolates from a single geographical area (the five isolates from central Uganda and the three isolates from North Western Tanzania), only a single sub-lineage was observed. This would be an unlikely outcome if both sub-lineages were approximately equally abundant at these sites. Therefore, we currently favour the multiple-introduction model until further isolates and genetic data are available.
This study was supported by the National Agriculture Research Organisation, Uganda under the MSI/WorldBank grant 2009. The authors wish to thank Karen Moore and Alex Moorhouse for their invaluable technical assistance with sequencing and Marta De Torres Zabala for expert guidance to A.W. in the laboratory.
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Supplementary Files
© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).


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So we sick of Lucas thinkin he can be touchin da bills an all. He gotta learn to just fuck and shut up. He seemed happy to when he see da new curvy client we has. Dis stacked Milf pops up wit da finest set of big white tits I have EVA seen! Damn!
Age: | 26 |
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text: Force an Android Device to Check for a System UpdateMelanie Pinola9/26/12 8:30amFiled to: AndroidUpdatesPhonesUpgrades543EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Android: If you know or suspect there's an update available for your Android device but nothing's showing up when you check for a system update in the device settings, here's an alternate method to force a check right now. Advertisement Usually you can go to Settings > About Phone > System Update to check for available updates, but the problem with that is carriers often have staggered release cycles.Ghacks posts an alternative method. Go to Settings > Apps (or Applications) and select show All. Then find Google Services Framework and click the Clear Data button. Then click the Force Stop button. Advertisement Note that this might not work on the first try.Another alternative method, which we've mentioned before, is to dial *#*#checkin#*#* (using the numbers on the dial pad for the letters). Clearing and forcing Google Services Framework to close is easier to remember, but the checkin code may be quicker. Either method could help you get your bux fix or big version upgrade faster. Note, however, that if there's no update available, it won't magically create one for your device. Advertisement Sponsored Force an Android device to find an update | GhacksReply54 repliesLeave a reply


text: Kia Optima SX Limited Is One Way To Spend $34,900Matt Hardigree2/08/12 2:30pm150EditPromoteGo to permalinkAmerica's most sort of exciting mid-sizer — the Kia Optima SX — just got better! Ok, not really better. Or faster. And there's no manual transmission. But it is more expensive in new SX Limited trim, almost reaching the $35,000 mark. What do you have to be high on to pay that for a mid-size sedan? Oh… right.


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Belly Love
Summer weather was here the past few days *and gone again* and some sweet bellies got to see the light of day. Love these little tummies!!!!
Aiden Liam
Beckham Griffin
Lost in Space
For E's last half-birthday we gave him a certificate to use for a night out with mom and a night out with dad. So, last Friday E and I seized the opportunity to attend the Adler Planetarium's Overnight. We didn't actually spend the night, yet we managed to do all the activities, fun, and even the nighttime snack. We scooted out at about 10:30pm and after I asked him a few questions on the car ride home with no response I knew my sweet little space boy had drifted off to the stars.
We had such beautiful weather, oh how I love driving into the city on a Friday night, not the traffic part, but just the energy, and it's the same drive he took with his Dad to Rush countless times so he knows it way too well. He always keeps me laughing, bad mommy moment, I commented *ahem* on a driver that was from Michigan *we do love Michigan* and he said, "Mom how come they can make cars but they can't drive them *eye roll*? I didn't really have an answer for that one except to yep watch what I say!
I took lots of pictures *surprised?* and we had a blast. In addition to featured stations on how to grow food in space and experimenting with water filtering techniques for astronauts, they made it super kid friendly, age ranges 6-10, almost all of the exhibits were open too so we were roaming the planetarium after hours and that part was very cool, very Night at the Museum Planetarium.
We each had a favorite part of the evening. Ethan's was during the night sky show in perfect 5-year-old humor the "intern" took us on a Mission to Mars and developed space madness and nearly ate the brains of the entire first row....brains...brains...brains she kept saying with her zombie walk. E was in hysterics. We still walk around saying...brains...brains...brains!!!
My favorite part was as the kids there gathered around the indoor firepit under a very cool dome for a story about the Big Dipper. In this tale there were five wolf brothers that helped form the Big Dipper, so now every time we see the Big Dipper in the night sky we'll think of them representing the five brothers Krol *awww*. Here's the Native American tale. http://www.oocities.org/shadowfaux.geo/dippers.html
my little astronaut
yes that is a chimpanzee on his shirt, maybe Planet of the Apes? ;)
mom & E
filtering water and growing food
Lunar Leap
he has the moon in his hands
on a clear night you could see Saturn, on a not-so-clear night...clouds!
some wonderful memories, can't wait to take all of the boys together someday!!
Motherhood to the 5th Power
As Mother's Day nears it is always a sweet time of relection. I never knew my heart could hold so much joy and love, and knowing in all the struggles that I had no idea what was in store, well it's simply beyond words for me. While I am not often in pictures b/c I am usually the one taking them, I found these from some sweet moments between me and my boys.
Taken by me (the ol' hold the camera out hope you're in it and smile) my little
sidekick Ethan and I on his big first day of preschool (2008)
sidekick Ethan and I on his big first day of preschool (2008)
Liam and I taken by Matt, our first trip to the pumpkin farm with the babies (2010)
holding sweet Beckham in the NICU, he had the most trouble early on and I just wanted to hold him, gaze into his gorgeous eyes and make it all better (2009)
Aiden's first day home after 3 weeks in the NICU, he is such a little lover and wanted to be home first :) (2009)
Griffin at his first birthday party, while he looks a little worried, I love that I have a picture from that day with him, my little sweet cheeks. (2010)
how I envisioned this moment, prayed for it endlessly...holding all four of my healthy baby boys...L-O-V-E! (2009)
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Liver & Biliary System
Congenital duplication of gallbladder
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Author(s) :
Ravi Kadasne, MD
This was an incidental finding detected on ultrasound. The patient was being scanned for ureteric calculi.
Sagittal image of the right upper quadrant
Two gallbladders are noted, having nearly mirror image shapes.
Transverse images right upper quadrant
In these images the two gallbladders appear to arise from a common cystic duct.
Oblique image of the right upper quadrant
This image demonstrates that the two gallbladders are separate and lie adjacent to each other in the gallbladder fossa.
Follow up scan of the patient after a fatty meal
This image shows the normal physiological contraction of both the gallbladders after a fatty meal. [compare with image 1 and 2]
Differential Diagnosis
Congenital duplication of gallbladder, septate gallbladder
Final Diagnosis
Congenital duplication of gallbladder
This case illustrates an incidental finding of duplicated gallbladder. Adequate mapping and documentation of the presence of a single or double cystic duct could not be performed as the patient was in acute pain due to a ureteric calculus. Therefore, this duplicated gallbladder demonstrated in this case could be either a bilobed gallbladder [if there was a single cystic duct] or could be a double gallbladder [if two spearete cystic ducts were demonstrated].
Follow Up
This patient was rescanned following a fatty meal as shown, and demonstrated contraction of both the gallbladders.
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Abdomen >> Liver & Biliary System
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The patient presented to the ultrasound department by refferal from a previous MRI exam, which had suggested malignant liver tumors and the possibility of thrombosed intrahepatic portal veins.
Cholesterolosis of the gallbladder
This 42-year-old female patient presented with vague intermittent RUQ pain. A physical examination revealed no significant findings.
Occluded TIPS shunt
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Hepatic hemangioendothelioma
A month old neonate presents with hepatomegaly. She was born at 38 weeks via a normal vaginal delivery. An ultrasound of the liver was performed.
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Portal cavernoma (cavernous transformation of the portal vein)
A 32 year old man presented with hematemesis requiring blood transfusions. His laboratory work up revealed abnormal liver function tests and hyperbilirubinemia.
Complicated acute calculous cholecystitis - with perforation
An elderly woman, with a history of lung cancer presents with vague pain in the abdomen. However, she reports a single episode of severe excruciating pain in the right upper quadrant [RUQ] one ...
Complicated acute calculous cholecystitis - with cholangitis
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Iatrogenic liver hematoma
A 50 year old woman, who is a known case of multiple myeloma, post stem cell transplant and with GVHD [graft versus host disease] of the gut, skin and liver, underwent a tru-cut needle biopsy of ...
Focal Caroli's disease
A 23 year old male presented with pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen of two months duration. The pain was characterized as intermittent and cramping and occured after meals. An ...
Patent paraumbilical shunt
A cirrhotic patient presented for surveillance ultrasound after undergoing an interventional procedure to relieve his symptoms.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
A 48 year old female with recurrent obstructive jaundice.
Micro gallbladder
A 22 year old man with history of cystic fibrosis presents with right upper quadrant pain. An abdominal ultrasound was performed.
Complicated acute calculous cholecystitis -empyema of the gallbladder
A very obese woman presents with acute pain in the right hypochondrium and fever. An ultrasound was performed.
Melanoma metastases to the gallbladder
A 60 year old woman receiving chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma presents for ultrasound of the abdomen.
Klatskin tumor
A 61 year old man with prior history of pancreatitis presented for an ultrasound.
Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
A 50 year old man with chronic pain in the epigastric region of 6 years duration. He is a non-drinker, had been scanned three years ago and was advised surgery, but he declined. Now the patient ...
Hepatic metastases
A woman with a known primary ovarian carcinoma presents for follow-up ultrasound. She has elevated liver function tests. An ultrasound was performed.
Cystic duct remnant in the common hepatic duct
A post liver transplant patient presents with nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. An abdominal ultrasound was performed and the following incidental finding was noted.
Portal cavernoma [Cavernous transformation of the portal vein]
A young man presents with vague pain in upper abdomen. He had a history of neonatal sepsis in the first 2 months of life.
Uncomplicated calculous acute cholecystitis
A young woman presents with fever and pain in the right hypochondrium. An ultrasound was performed.
Hydatid cyst of the liver
A young man presents with pain in the right upper hypochondrium. An ultrasound was performed.
Mucocele of the Gallbladder
A young man presents with epigastric and right upper quadrant discomfort. An ultrasound of the abdomen was performed.
Mucocele of gallbladder
A young man presents with epigastric and right upper quadrant discomfort. An ultrasound of the abdomen was performed.
Choledocholithiasis and Cholelithiasis
A 56-year-old male presents with a history of alcohol abuse and dull pain in the upper abdomen. An ultrasound of the abdomen was performed.
Ascaris in the gallbladder
A 54-year-old woman presented with colicky right upper quadrant pain. She was sent for an ultrasound to rule out gallstones. The following findings were observed.
Adenocarcinoma of ampulla of Vater
A middle aged man presents with jaundice and epigastric pain. An ultrasound scan was performed.
Lymphomatous deposit in the liver
This is the ultrasound scan in a known case of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with increased alkaline phosphatase levels.
Caudate lobe infarct
This is a follow-up ultrasound performed after a month in a patient with a liver transplant.
Phrygian cap of the gallbladder
A young woman with an incidental finding on ultrasound of the abdomen.
Cholesterolosis of the gallbladder
A middle-aged woman presents with vague dull pain in the right upper quadrant. An ultrasound was performed.
Intra and extrahepatic hematomas
A 52-year-old woman with a history of acute myeloid leukemia and low platelet count presents with abdominal pain. An ultrasound of the abdomen was performed.
Liver hemangiomas
This was an incidental finding detected on ultrasound in a 30-year-old man with elevated bilirubin and lipase and a history of diarrhea.
Focal nodular hyperplasia in the liver
This is the ultrasound scan of the liver in a 39-year-old woman with right upper quadrant pain.
Kasabach Meritt syndrome with associated cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis
This is a follow-up scan in a 40-year-old woman with an established diagnosis. She is status post liver embolization for her condition. What is this syndrome? [clue: she has a histroy of ...
Left lobe hepatocellular carcinoma
A known cirrhotic presents with nausea, vomiting and weight loss. He also had complaints of abdominal distention. An ultrasound of RUQ was performed.
Choledochal cyst
This is a young patient who recently underwent surgery for scoliosis repair and had an abdominal CT. An ultrasound was performed to compliment the CT findings.
40 year old female with RUQ abdominal pain
Biliary and Hepatic Ascariasis with Cholangitis and Hepatic Abscess.
4 year old female patient with severe illness, high fever, pain in right hypochondrium, extended to the rest of the abdomen. She had low growth rate and malnutrition.
Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis and Ascites (Dengue Fever Stage III)
5 year old female patient, 5 days with high fever, pain in right hypochondrium, headache, retro-ocular and muscular pain, nausea and dehydration. The patient lives in a tropical region of South ...
Hepatic Amebic Abscess
44 year old male patient, 10 days with high fever, pain in right hypochondrium, night sweats and loss of appetite. The patient lives in a tropical country.
Diffuse Hepatic Parenchymal Disease with Portal Hypertension and Splenomegaly.
54 year old female patient, with altered hepatic function laboratory tests. Previous episode of upper digestive tract bleeding.
Telangiectatic Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
39-year-old female with increased serum alkaline phosphatase
Cholesterolosis of Gallbladder
A 39 Year old female presented with right upper abdominal pain.
Hepatic Echinococcus Cyst
A 72 year old Italian woman presents with urticaria and a history of vague pain in the right upper quadrant. On examination there is a palpable mass in the RUQ. Laboratory data: Eosinophilia
Gallbladder Polyp
52 year old male with sharp right upper quadrant abdominal pain. No history of similar kind of pain, no nausea, vomiting or fever. No history of gallstones. On Physical exam, abdomen is soft with ...
Thickened Gallbladder Wall in Hepatitis A
A 32 year-old man presents with right upper quadrant pain, fever, abnormal liver function tests, and a negative sonographic Murphy's sign.
Hepatic Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
A 35 -year-old woman with a history of oral contraception presents with right upper quadrant pain.
Mirizzi syndrome with dilatation of the common hepatic duct and intrahepatic bile ducts caused by external compression of a stone in the cystic duct
68 year old female with painless jaundice
Perforated emphysematous cholecystitis with abscess in the omental bursa
80 year old male patient with severe pain in the right upper abdomen and fever. The patients medical history is unremarkable without previous surgery or an ERCP.
Hepatic Adenoma
A 49 yo woman presents with hx of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1B , grade 6, staging 3 (Ishak) initially diagnosed in 2001. After therapy with pegylated interferon and ribaverin weight based, she ...
Transient hepatic portal venous gas in a patient with small bowel dilatation
81 year old male patient who was initially admitted with pain in the abdomen. An ultrasound examination was requested because of impaired renal function. He has a previous history of colon ...
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
A 69-year-old woman, with abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, congestive heart failure, epistaxis and melena
Hepatic Cavernous Hemangioma
A 39-year-old woman presented with a history of abdominal distention and recurrent abdominal pain.
Hepatic Lipomas
An obese 73 year old woman with history of hypertension, cholecystectomy and hysteroannessiectomy is referred for abdominal sonography due to a complaint of abdominal pain and constipation.
Adenomyomatosis (adenomyomatous hyperplasia) of the gallbladder
A 62 year old woman presents with recurrent abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant associated with abdominal distention and vomiting .
Acute biliary pancreatitis and cholelithiasis and cholecholithiasis
23 year old female patient with pain in the left upper abdomen. An ultrasound examination was requested to rule out renal stones.
Ascaris in Gallbladder
18 year old female patient with severe illness, high fever, pain in right hypochondrium, extending to the rest of the abdomen.
Biliary hamartomas (von Meyenburg complexes)
A 23 year old woman presents with abdominal pain in right iliac fossa with suspected acute appendicitis. Ultrasound scan is negative for appendicitis but reveals a liver abnormality. Paziente ...
Hemangioma of the liver
The patient is a 53 y.o male smoker with findings of suspicious opacity on a chest plain film.
Liver Metastasis (with CEUS imaging)
A 58 y.o. male with history of rhino-pharynx cancer treated by radio-chemotherapy presents for CEUS characterization of a known liver lesion.
Hemangioma of the liver CEUS
Patient with a known hyperechoic focal liver lesion, for CEUS study to characterize lesion.
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Giro Prima LX
Retailers' Descriptions
Here's what other sites are saying:
Prepare thyself for a new era in ladies' helmets. The ever-techy Giro has bestowed plenty of comfy and safe features on the Women's LX Prima Helmet. An In Form fit system lets you adjust the helmet's fit from the inside--because an ill-fitting helmet is both uncomfortable and unsafe. A three-stage ventilation system lets you adjust for any temperature, and a subtle graphic adds a touch of class without any loudness.
- Backcountry.com
Giro Prima LX
The Prima LX has been discontinued.
previously retailed for:$84.98
The Giro Prima LX is not available from the stores we monitor. It was last seen February 25, 2011 at Backcountry.com.
If you're looking for a new snowsport helmet, check out the best reviewed current models.