text:
Replacement Model:
Abt Card
Product Questions - Ask
Average Customer Reviews
Energy Star Rated - Yes
Approximate Weight:
Approximate Dimensions:
Warranty Information:
(based on 32 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Best Uses
Most Liked Positive Review
Excellent for its price
I would give it 5 stars, but it is a little loud for a bedroom. I do not have sleeping issues, but I had to get use to its fan noise. My suggestion...Read complete review
I would give it 5 stars, but it is a little loud for a bedroom. I do not have sleeping issues, but I had to get use to its fan noise. My suggestion is to not put this in your bedroom if you have sleep issues to begin with.
Most Liked Negative Review
Poor Design/No Air
This unit is one of the worst air conditioners I've ever owned. I purchased it at a big box store and from the second I opened the box I knew it was poorly designed....Read complete review
This unit is one of the worst air conditioners I've ever owned. I purchased it at a big box store and from the second I opened the box I knew it was poorly designed. First no handles to carry the unit. Second it required assembly. The screws did not fit into the holes on top. The controls are difficult to use. I'm used to the old fashion knobs and it's difficult to find the areas to touch. Forget about changing settings or turning it off in the dark. The remote is poorly designed. It's impossible to find the touch pad areas in the dark. If the remote is lost the unit is worthless. The cool air output is only a fraction of what an older unit can produce. Takes too long to cool the room. You get what you pay for.
Reviewed by 32 customers
Displaying reviews 1-10
Back to top
Previous | Next »
It's a good purchase
By Chris
from Undisclosed
Comments about Frigidaire Window-Mounted Mini Room Air Conditioner:
It's a good cooling unit.
Everyone should have one
By AustinTX
With a trusted reputation and great quality everyone should have this unit! The remote control feature is great for lazy days or nights. It operates smoothly and is fairly quiet. Energy efficient too!
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
not the best
By GG
I purchase many Frigidaire products and they're usually great. This A/C is very noisy and it is brand new. The sound is driving me insane. It does cool my small bedroom very well. Would prefer if it had a medium setting - only has low or high.
Great Value
By young6162
For the price, this unit is outstanding, and I have not had any issues running the unit over the course of the last month. It is capable of bringing the room temperature down to 60 degrees without freezing, which is better than I can say about the central AC unit outside !!
By Mike
I love this AC Unit!!!
Great AC!
By MMO
efficient, quiet and design, this AC has everything I needed! Great product!
By BUPPA1
it is a well made easy to use product. operaes well and quietly
Good window AC Unit
By 808shopper
good price, good features. Comes with all the accessories needed to mount in a window. Price is reasonable for a product with so many features.
Window AC unit
By Brad
It does it's job well. And so far my purchase is worth it.
Fine machine!
By Beth
I'm loving this A/C unit. I think it is not quite enough BTU's to fill the room I placed it in, but that is my fault. It still does lower the temperature in the room nicely. All the different settings are nice, easy to use.
Fill out the form below to request Better Price for this product.


text: Rihanna and Drake Spend a Wholesome Night and $17,000 at a Strip ClubCallie Beusman11/15/13 9:00amFiled to: dirt bagrihannadrakegwyneth paltrowadam levine3595EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkRihanna and Drake went to a strip club in Houston, where they spent over $17,000. Are they back together? No one knows. The more important question: did Rihanna encourage anyone's singing dreams whilst at da club? The answer to that is yes.AdvertisementThe pair apparently "sat very close together" and were "dressed alike" (PLEASE let them both have been in matching floral bucket hats). One dancer named Jhoni Blaze says that Rihanna encouraged her to "dream big," to pursue her singing career and to not be afraid of putting herself out there. Drake didn't nurture anyone's career hopes because he was too busy tossing money around (is that fun? I'm genuinely curious).Blaze says that the pair neither smoked nor drank much — just wore their bucket hats (I hope) and threw over $17,000 at people over the course of a few hours. Night in at the strip club! [E!, images via Instagram]Gwyneth Paltrow's people are putting a lot of pressure on her to fix her reputation, which has taken a hit following her blood-oath to get sweet revenge upon Vanity Fair. Their suggestions: have another baby to placate the masses; take on a Bridget Jones-esqe role and put on weight for "sympathy." Blergh. [Radar]AdvertisementIt is rumored that the private school that Gwynnie's children attend has banned Vespas from school pick-up and drop-off because she's such a reckless rider. Is that possible? How fast can Vespas even go? GOOP's people deny it. [Radar]GIF Adam Levine, the frontman of the world's most cloying maudlin band Maroon 5, will probably be announced as People's Sexiest Man Alive next week. Just in time for Thanksgiving! So now you have a very interesting topic to broach with your extended family. [Gossip Cop] E.L. James says she's "terrified" for the Fifty Shades of Grey movie. "Terrified" doesn't even begin to explain how the rest of us feel. [EW]Katharine McPhee and her married director Michael Morris are no longer seeing each other; he's reportedly trying to work on his marriage. Good luck with that? [E!]OooOOOOH DRAMA: Robert Pattinson's pseudo-girlfriend Dylan Penn was spotted with another vampire who pleases the teen demographic. [E!]Well, we all saw this coming: The Jonas Brothers played a show without Kevin, the worst Jonas Brother. [NY Daily News]Katy Perry premiered a 30ish-second long preview for her "Unconditionally" music video and the entire Internet is in an uproar about how fucking cool that owl in it is. (Ok, just me. I'm the only one. But seriously: that owl. Damn.) [Gossip Cop]The Wanted's Max George Strips Down to His Underwear — See The Sexy Pic! Ok, I really don't know what any of those words mean. [E!]Jennifer Lawrence says that she is more of a "monkey" than a "fashion icon." [ONTD]Miley Cyrus wore your coven's dream uniform on the red carpet. [People]Here's a picture of Fergie's baby grinning out of the abyss. [Hello]Zoe Kravitz is jealous of her friend Jennifer Lawrence, says an insider whose source is the cosmic knowledge that everyone, everyone is jealous of Jennifer Lawrence. [Radar]Lady Gaga are you cold??? Where is your coat??? [E!]Jake Gyllenhaal was hospitalized after cutting his hand because he's too good at acting. [People]Sinead O'Connor is taking her anti-objectification of youths crusade to Bieber-town. [Perez Hilton]Chris Brown is still in rehab as an outpatient. [US]Andy Cohen is bowing out as a Bravo executive to focus on hosting Watch What Happens Live. [NY Daily News]Reply359 repliesLeave a reply

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Veal Demi Glaze
Stock is one of the most important and valued product in the professional kitchen as it is the basis for all soups, sauces, gravies and stews. Much care is taken when preparing a superior stock which can actually take up to two days for large volumes.
Veal stock (veal bones, water), roux (made of wheat flour and veal fat), modified food starch, mirepoix stock (made of carrot, celery and onion stocks), red wine, beef stock, tomato paste, salt, celery stock and carrot stock. Product contains wheat, so it is not gluten-free.
By roasting meat bones, combining them with Mirepoix, (carrots, celery and onions), herbs, and water and simmering for a number of hours, the full flavor of the bones is drawn out. The water is then strained and reduced even more for a rich, favorable stock. These 'More Than Gourmet' glazes follow this exact procedure and then are reduced down even further until thick enough to coat the back of a wooden spoon. When cooled, they form into gelatinous little pucks of concentrated flavor.


text:
The Horse Forum
- Horse Boarding
- - buying+running a livery yard (UK)
buying+running a livery yard (UK) I'm 13 and when I'm older and have the money (I want to be an architect) I'd like to buy some land, build some stables and eventually, retire from my job and run the stables when I've got some boarders. Any advice, prices or any infomation about this. Any advice is really apreiciated but please don't rain on my parade.... I've wanted to do this for a while... Thanks :D Posted via Mobile Device |
Also if you have any prices, can you try put them in pounds please if you can, I'm no good at currency converting after a long day :D Posted via Mobile Device |
If you don't want actual, realistic advice, they why are you even asking? Running a boarding stable is hard work and you won't make a lot of money. If you're doing it to make money, you're wasting your time. Plus, horse people are crazy, as well as nasty and demanding. As far as how much anything will cost 40 years into the future, you'd need an economist to figure that out. If you want dollars to pound conversions, you can Google them. Very few people can instantly tell you what something is in pounds if they've never used it as a unit of currency. |
I'm not sure where I said that I don't want realistic advice... Posted via Mobile Device |
When my grandpa ran his boarding facility, most of the time, he paid out of his pocket for feed every month...albeit, he wasnt a brilliant business man :lol: even if he would've charged heaps more, it would've only made a marginal difference when all was said and done. He worked everyday a minimum of sunrise to sunset and I remember feeding with him during many blizzards where he had to take his bales around on toy sleds that were donated to our "cause" by the boarders. There's no calling in sick when you have a bunch of hungry horses snickering to you. |
You will have to qualify as an architect - levels, then university, then professional qualification; all in about 8 years on top of school I think. Then you'll have to work really hard AND be successfull in order to earn yourself about £400,000 for a house without mortgage and £2,000,000 in the bank for the livery yard. Then be successfull enough to go part time so you still earn a decent income (say £50,000 per annum) which will support you while you attempt to make the livery yard make enough money to cover it's costs. If it's not successfull (many aren't) you will probably have to go back to working full time to help keep your business afloat. |
You have lots of time to plan and think about things, so that's a good thing! My advice is to get out there, work at lots of different boarding stables, learn the ins and outs, see the work that goes in and the money that comes out. This will allow you to see how things are run, what works and what doesn't, and start getting ideas for what you might want down the road. Tell the people you work for that you want to learn absolutely everything because you are thinking that someday you want to have your own boarding stable. Pay attention to everything, see all the different ways everything is managed, feed, pasture, the set up of different barns, turnout, hay, the wash stall and tack rooms, etc etc etc. Use all that to your advantage, take in all that information and what you like and don't like about it, and think a lot about how you'd run things better or differently if it was your own barn down the road. There is so much to be learned from everyone you work with too. You might find your ideas about what you want change as you get more experience and get older. Running a boarding stable is hard, long hours, tons of work and upkeep, you'll have virtually no time off or vacation, all for not much pay. You really have to love the work and love making people happy. It's almost like customer service, as much as we'd like to think, it's not really about keeping the horses happy, it's about keeping the horse owners and boarders happy. I used to think I wanted to open my own boarding stable someday. Have my barn and horses and people would come and go and I would just work with horses and it would all be great and happy. Until I got out there working in a bunch of barns. I have now drastically changed my mind, and now I would NEVER want to deal with that and all that responsibility that comes with it! You can never "go home", you are *always* working and *always* on call 24/7. You will *have* to deal with difficult people, irresponsible people, crazy people, etc. Most barns are money pits, it is very very difficult to make any sort of a living, much less just break even in the horse industry, and I didn't realize this until I was out there managing a myself barn and barely making it from paycheck to paycheck. You can't please everyone, there are always unhappy people complaining about anything and everything regardless of what you try to do. I found that I didn't enjoy my horses as much when I had to do the horse thing as a job. After working all day at the barn, the last thing I wanted to do was spend MORE time where I worked, so instead of riding my horses, I'd just go home. I found out the hard way I had to keep the horses as a hobby for myself, to be able to fully enjoy them. You might find yourself in a similar situation. You have tons of time to figure out what you want! If in 20 years you still want to go for the boarding barn, at least you'll have done your homework and will know exactly what you want and have experience already after having worked in many. And if you decide that it's not for you, that's ok too! Personally I found myself an awesome job (not with horses) that allows me enough flexibility and money to do what I want with my own horses, without me getting burnt out. This way I can keep thing FUN and on my own terms, and after work I am SO excited to go to the barn and ride:) I am FAR happier with less on my shoulders, and in a way better financial place than I was working at any barn. Good luck, whatever you decide to do:) |
Thanks everyone :D Posted via Mobile Device |
With a farm the upkeep is constant, think fencing, painting, cutting the grass, weed whacking, maintaining the stalls, barn, waterers, tractors, arena footing, cleaning, inventory of hay, grain, other barn supplies, watering and dragging the arena, answering phones and fielding inquiries, scheduling vet and farrier, managing budget and finances, invoicing, taxes, I could go on, but I think you get the picture. And then somewhere in there you have to fit in a significant other, your own horses, kids, time for yourself, etc. You pretty much have to live there or pay someone to be on site 24/7. You'll be the one hauling water when the waterers quit working for no reason in the middle of winter. You'll be the one having to hand walk someone's horse all night because it's colicking. It's on you to do night check every single night to make sure all the horses are ok. That will interrupt your quiet date night with your significant other. If a horse gets injured or dies, it's on you. That is a HUGE responsibility on someone's shoulders. Let's not forget the fact that good barn help is *extremely* hard to find. That is another thing you have to see for yourself. You can't just count on hired help, as they flake out. come late, slack off, and just quit coming to work, and you're the only one there to pick up the slack. I would look for a live in barn manager position, and then do it for a couple of years. By that time you will know exactly what you are getting into, and will be able to see the big picture and answer the question: "is THIS EXACTLY what I want to do with the rest of my life?" Not trying to be a downer, just being realistic and emphasizing that you need to know exactly what you will getting into. It's definitely doable, but it's definitely not for everyone. We just want you to be prepared and make the most educated decision possible:) |
All times are GMT -4. The time now is 02:14 PM. |
Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.8
Copyright ©2000 - 2017, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.
vBulletin Security provided by
vBSecurity v2.2.2 (Pro) -
vBulletin Mods & Addons Copyright © 2017 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.
User Alert System provided by
Advanced User Tagging (Pro) -
vBulletin Mods & Addons Copyright © 2017 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.


text:
Android Puzzle Game Drop7
This great puzzle game adds some great twists to the classic falling block puzzle.
A simple and addictive take on the classic falling block game, Drop7 isn't looking for you to match colors or shapes. Instead, you're looking to match numbers. Every block has a number value - drop it into a row that has the same number of discs in it, and you clear every block in that row with that number. So - say you've got a 3 coming down - drop it into a row where there are two other discs, either vertically or horizontally, and that 3 disappears. If there's more than one 3, you'll clear 'em all.
Review by Anthony Carboni from Bytejacker


text: How To Score Unlimited Money And Experience In Dragon Age IIMike Fahey3/09/11 12:49pmFiled to: CheatsDragon age iiXbox 360PS3PCBiowareEaInfinite goldInfinite ExperienceExploit115EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Want to gain fame, fortune, and power in Dragon Age II without trudging through all of those tedious quests? GameFront has unearthed a glitch that grants a player unlimited wealth and experience with the press of a button. Wanna see? Advertisement Before you watch the video, ask yourself if you really want to cheat your way to power in Dragon Age II. Is skyrocketing to the level cap and filling your pockets with easy coin really the best way to experience all the game has to offer? Why not just play through the game the normal way, braving the challenge of - you're already watching the video, aren't you?Note that they are using the Xbox 360 version of the game to show off the exploit, so if you're on the PC or PlayStation 3 results may vary. Advertisement I'd expect a patch for this exploit to come swiftly, once BioWare figures out how to fix it, so if you plan on being a no-good dirty cheater, do it fast.Dragon Age 2 Walkthrough [Game Front - Thanks Schroeder!]Reply115 repliesLeave a reply


text:
TR's 12 days of Christmas giveaways: our final winner and a recap All good things must come to an end, and that includes TR's 12 days of Christmas giveaways. The winner of our final giveaway—drum roll, please—is... Type: News story Tags: Miscellaneous The Tech Report |
22 |
We have a winner in our Skylake Damagebox giveaway After two weeks and dozens of submissions, we have a winner in our competition to take home Scott's Skylake Damagebox. We asked The Tech... Type: News story Tags: Systems Miscellaneous The Tech Report |
66 |
Corsair's desktop DDR4 memory is primed for Haswell-E We knew it was coming, and here it is. Corsair has announced two families of high-performance DDR4 memory for desktops: the Vengeance LPX and... Type: News story Tags: Memory |
67 |
Nvidia Shield Tablet is packed with ports, possibilities Just under a year since the release of the Shield Portable, Nvidia has announced a second member of the Shield family. As expected, it's the... Type: News story Tags: Graphics Mobile computing Gaming Game consoles Personal tech |
62 |
Release roundup: Bits, pieces, and whole PCs Almost no week passes without some new PC hardware products being announced. This week, we have a handful of newcomers that may be worthy of... Type: News story Tags: Motherboards Cases Systems Memory Mobile computing Networking |
31 |
PowerVR Wizard brings ray tracing to real-time graphics When we visited Imagination Technologies at CES, they were showing off some intriguing hardware that augments their GPUs in order to accelerate ray-traced rendering.... Type: News story Tags: Graphics Mobile computing Gaming Personal tech |
43 |
AMD reveals 2014 APU roadmap for tablets, convertibles We already know that AMD's next-gen Kaveri APU is coming to mobile systems. However, the chip will only fit into power envelopes ranging from... Type: News story Tags: CPUs Mobile computing Personal tech |
79 |
Lenovo intros 8'' Win8.1 slate with Bay Trail inside PC makers are announcing 8" Windows 8.1 tablets left and right. The latest one to hop on the bandwagon is Lenovo, whose new Miix2... Type: News story Tags: Mobile computing Personal tech |
20 |
TR contest winner posts glamour shots of his creations Yesterday, we announced the winner of our "get creative with PC parts" contest. The contest involved fashioning PC parts into something anthropomorphic-looking, and... Type: News story Tags: Miscellaneous |
8 |
We have a winner in our 'get creative' contest—actually, make that winners A couple of weeks ago, we kicked off the latest contest in our summer o' giveaways. This time, we invited readers to arrange PC... Type: News story Tags: CPUs Graphics Cases Storage |
28 |
Asus unveils 240GB PCIe solid-state drive You won't guess who's entered the SSD market this time. Yes, it's Asus—and the company hasn't made its entry half-heartedly. Say hello to the... Type: News story Tags: Storage |
61 |
Samsung unveils 840 EVO solid-state drive family There's a new lineup of Samsung solid-state drives on the way. This one seems poised to supplant the budget-focused 840 Series, and it claims to... Type: News story Tags: Storage |
55 |
NZXT adds $70 'sound-crushing' case, sub-$100 modular PSUs NZXT has some fresh goodies on display at Computex this week. Among them is the H230, a mid-tower enclosure that, in NZXT's words, "brings... Type: News story Tags: Cases Power |
20 |
Samsung's new 10.1'' Galaxy Tab has Intel Atom inside Android device makers have traditionally stuck with ARM-based hardware, but that trend may be set to change. Samsung has announced its latest 10.1" tablet,... Type: News story Tags: Mobile computing Personal tech |
39 |
Enter here to win an XFX Pro Series 1000W PSU and AMD FX-8350 CPU Thanks to our sponsors, we'll be giving away a bunch of hardware over the next few weeks. Keep your eyes peeled. For this... Type: News story Tags: CPUs Power |
81 |
OCZ Vertex 450 SSD has 20-nm NAND, tweaked Indilinx controller OCZ's Vertex SSD has a storied history. The original model launched in 2009 and was one of the first consumer-grade SSDs worth buying. ... Type: News story Tags: Storage |
18 |
Redmond firm developing Windows 8 Pro smartphone Likely thanks to Intel's new Clover Trail+ Atom processor, you may soon be able to buy a smartphone running the full-fat version of Windows... Type: News story Tags: Mobile computing Personal tech |
54 |
HP announces 7-inch, $169 Android tablet Everyone was expecting HP to unveil an Android tablet. Well, here it is. This isn't the Tegra 4-powered contraption we were told about, though.... Type: News story Tags: Mobile computing Personal tech |
39 |
Samsung plans to refurbish and resell Galaxy Note 7 handsets | 0 |


text:
September Board Meeting
MKG-Meeting September Board Meeting
Meeting of board members to discuss Guild business.
Location: 3000 University Ave SE
Minneapolis, MN 55414
Minneapolis, MN 55414
Contact: email@example.com
Time: 07:00 PM - 08:00 PM
Join the Guild today!
Get the most out of your love of knitting! Membership benefits include pre-registration for Yarnover, a subscription to our quarterly Cable Gram, organized public service projects and camaraderie with fellow knitters. Annual dues are $30.


text:
Controversial Bob
Some might say the MPAA has it in for Kevin Smith. Seriously, the dude can't catch a break. His films have been given un-box-office-friendly ratings since the mid-'90s with his latest, Zack and Miri Make a Porno, getting smacked with an NC-17. Luckily, when you've got a mad cult following, balls of brass and the Weinsteins on your side, the MPAA doesn't stand much of a chance. After an appeal Zack and Miri was reduced to an R, reminding Kevin Smith fans a bit of the good old days. In 1994 Smith's first film, Clerks--a lovable (albeit raunchy) indie comedy about a day in the life of two friends who work at a convenience store--went through the same struggle. Smith spent every last dime he had (and even more that he didn't) making the first of his infamous View Askew films, only to be told it wouldn't be seen by a wide audience because of a hyper-strict NC-17 rating. Needless to say, Smith appealed, and Clerks was not only seen but brought in millions, rocked film festivals, launched Smith's coveted career and arguably reinvented a genre. The flick that started it all is this weekend's midnight movie at the Inwood Theatre. For more information visit landmarktheatres.com.
Fri., Sept. 5; Sat., Sept. 6, 2008
Upcoming Events
Hunter Hayes
TicketsThu., Mar. 30, 7:00pm
Allen Americans vs. Missouri Mavericks
TicketsThu., Mar. 30, 7:05pm
Haters Roast - The Shady Tour
TicketsFri., Mar. 31, 7:00pm
Panic! At The Disco
TicketsFri., Mar. 31, 7:00pm
Sponsor Content


text:
Best decaffeinated loose leaf tea?
A couple days ago I promised an update on Upton decaf teas; here it is. I found that the Upton Assam and China Green were fairly comparable to the Harney & Sons Assam and decaf Sencha in quality but a bit higher in price. I like them all.
I just finished a side-by-side tasting of the Harney Vanilla Comorro and the Upton decaf Vanilla. My notes are copied below. I was surprised by how much the sweetener brought out the vanilla in the Harney's tea. Without sweetener I judged them to be similar, but I liked the Harney's much better after adding sweetener (nutra-sweet), while the NS didn't make much difference to the Upton.
Harney's Comorro has more vanilla in the nose, while the Upton smells more like tea. Taste is simlar. Upton is tea with a bit of vanilla; Harney has a bit more vanilla but the tea still dominates. Upton has a slightly bitter undercurrent that isn't enough to be unpleasant. The Harney has a bit more vanilla and overall flavor, but is only a tiny bit better. Added NS: Uptons lost bitterness; Harney became much more Vanilla. Harney=76, Upton = 74.
Update: The Upton is really good at room temperature
Harney has a decaf section: http://www.harney.com/harney-teas/herbal-teas/decaffeinated-tea.html
Thank you!! :) I've been eyeing Harneys' decaf section and will have to place an order there sometime soon!
Np. many tea sites have a decaf section, I have now noticed :) lucky for those who needed it!


text:
District music contest results… FBLA officer application deadline… Senior class picture…
The following students need to pay Jostens for their graduation orders: Anthony Eaton, Mariah Gibson, Angela Haynes, Jeremy Holcomb.
Reminder there will be Varsity Cheerleading practice April 2nd, 3rd,
and 4th with tryouts Monday, April 7 at 6:00. Participants will be
expected to attend at least 2 of 3 practices. Permission forms,
Athletic handbooks, and Constitutions can be picked
Please subscribe or log in to access full content.


text:
I would go anywhere with beaties!
Being an fa I would like to meet at a coffee shop and we could get to know each other over a cup of coffee and a donut or two.
A lot of food and drinks for the ladie
Wherever, a comfy chair, under the shade of a big tree, or in a warm coffee shop.
talking getting to know each other a little see how we click
Buffet style resturant where I feed you until your belly aches and have to unbutton your pants. Then I rub your belly and feed you dessert
Grab lunch together then talk maybe movies
We can get some sweets any just relax any enjoy each other in think the first needs too be just us
In the house watching a movie or just talking. I'm open to almost anything.
Not big on lovey, dovey romantic dates. Just simple and fun.
Not some as a date but a meet hot chips down the beach or in a lookout chilling and chatting
Something sensual and lovely with just the right amount of dirty
Brune, charmante, gourmande dans un lieu insolite
I want the best woman of all and will surely make her the best forever.
LargeFriends does not conduct background checks on the members of this website.


text: NMHC Climatology from Central European Mountain Observatories ; ; et al in Geophysical Research Abstracts (2011), 13 NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbons) are a major group of atmospheric trace gases with impact on photochemical processes in the atmosphere, especially oxidant formation with ozone being the most prominent of ... [more ▼] NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbons) are a major group of atmospheric trace gases with impact on photochemical processes in the atmosphere, especially oxidant formation with ozone being the most prominent of them, and contributions to SOA (secondary organic aerosols). By this, they are coupled to climate issues via the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere, the greenhouse gas ozone and aerosol effects. NMHC monitoring was initiated in Europe in the "Tropospheric Ozone Research" project (1988-1995), and it was continued in EMEP and GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) where it is an ongoing initiative which recently has been reinforced (GAW Report 171). In this presentation we will focus on time series from Central European mountain stations (46-49°N, 7-13°E): Hohenpeissenberg (985 m, DWD, Germany, 1998-ongoing), Rigi (1031 m, EMPA, Switzerland, 2003-ongoing), Junfraujoch (3580 m, EMPA, Switzerland, 2000-ongoing, and ULg (FTIR), Belgium, 1984-ongoing), Zugpitze (2650 m, UBA, Germany, 2000-ongoing), Schauinsland (1205 m, FZ-Jülich (1989-94), and UBA, Germany, 2004-ongoing), Brotjacklriegel (1016 m, UBA, Germany, 2000-2004), Donon (775 m, EMD, France, 1997-2007). Most sites used weekly flask samples but also on-line measurements were carried out with higher time resolution within the former TOR project and in the more recent time series at Hohenpeissenberg, Rigi, and Jungfraujoch. All samples were analysed by GC. Additionally to these GC measurements, a time series of column integrated acetylene and ethane by FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed spectrometry) is available from Jungfraujoch, from 1984 onwards. We focus here on time series of monthly averages of anthropogenic hydrocarbons over the 1997-2009 time period. They show quite similar patterns among the various stations over the whole period with pronounced seasonal cycles. Significantly lower mixing ratios were measured at the highest elevated sites, the Zugspitze and Jungfraujoch. Differences between the lower mountain sites (775-1200 m) are on first view surprisingly small. Generally, the differences between the high altitude and the other mountain sites are lowest in summer due to enhanced vertical mixing and thermal upslope winds. Downward trends for anthropogenic hydrocarbons are very similar at the various stations and are 2 %/yr for C2-C3 alkanes (+/- 1%), 3-6 %/yr for C4-C7 alkanes (+/- 2%), 2-3%/yr for C2-C3 alkynes and ethene (+/- 2%), 4 % /yr for propene and benzene (+/- 2%), and 5-10%/yr for toluene and xylenes (+/-3 and 5%, respectively). [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 132 (10 ULg)1997–2007 CO trend at the high Alpine site Jungfraujoch: a comparison between NDIR surface in situ and FTIR remote sensing observations ; ; et al in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2011), 11(13), 6735--6748 Within the atmospheric research community, there is a strong interest in integrated datasets, combining data from several instrumentations. This integration is complicated by the different characteristics ... [more ▼] Within the atmospheric research community, there is a strong interest in integrated datasets, combining data from several instrumentations. This integration is complicated by the different characteristics of the datasets, inherent to the measurement techniques. Here we have compared two carbon monoxide time series (1997 till 2007) acquired at the high-Alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m above sea level), with two well-established measurement techniques, namely in situ surface concentration measurements using Non-Dispersive Infrared Absorption technology (NDIR), and ground-based remote sensing measurements using solar absorption Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The profile information available in the FTIR signal allowed us to extract an independent layer with a top height of 7.18 km above sea level, appropriate for comparison with our in situ measurements. We show that, even if both techniques are able to measure free troposphere CO concentrations, the datasets exhibit marked differences in their overall trends (−3.21 ± 0.03 ppb/year for NDIR vs. −0.8 ± 0.4 ppb/year for FTIR). Removing measurements that are polluted by uprising boundary layer air has a strong impact on the NDIR trend (now −2.62 ± 0.03 ppb/year), but its difference with FTIR remains significant. Using the LAGRANTO trajectory model, we show that both measurement techniques are influenced by different source regions and therefore are likely subject to exhibit significant differences in their overall trend behaviour. However the observation that the NDIR-FTIR trend difference is as significant before as after 2001 is at odds with available emission databases which claim a significant Asian CO increase after 2001 only. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 79 (10 ULg)Advanced exploitation of Ground-Based measurements for Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Applications "AGACC" ; ; et al Report (2011) We live in an era in which human activities are causing significant changes to the atmospheric environment which result in local to global consequences on the ecosystems. Changes in the atmospheric ... [more ▼] We live in an era in which human activities are causing significant changes to the atmospheric environment which result in local to global consequences on the ecosystems. Changes in the atmospheric composition impact our climate via chemical and dynamical feedback mechanisms; in many instances they also affect air quality, and the health of the biosphere. Monitoring and understanding those changes and their consequences is fundamental to establish adequate actions for adaptation to and mitigation of the environmental changes. Furthermore, after implementation of regulatory measures like the Montreal Protocol, it is necessary to verify whether the measures are effective. This can only be achieved if we have adequate detection methods and a reliable long record of a series of key geophysical parameters. Thus the AGACC project contributes to the provision of basic new knowledge regarding the atmospheric composition and its changes, based on advanced groundbased monitoring, in combination with satellite and numerical modelling data. Its results are integrated in ongoing international research programmes. The general objective of AGACC has been to improve and extend the groundbased detection capabilities for a number of climate-related target species and, based hereupon, analyse past and present observations to derive new information about the atmospheric composition, its variability and long-term changes. Despite the advent of a growing and more performant fleet of Earth Observation satellites, ground-based observations are still indispensable to (1) guarantee long-term continuity, homogeneity and high quality of the data, and (2) to underpin the satellite data for calibration and (long-term) validation. A first target gas is atmospheric water vapour. It is the key trace gas controlling weather and climate. It is also the most important greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere. Its amount and vertical distribution are changing, but how and why? Especially in the upper troposphere - lower stratosphere, the radiative effects of changes in the water vapour are significant and should be quantified. The measurement of water vapour is a hot topic since several years. It is a challenge, because water vapour exhibits a large gradient in its concentration when going from the ground to the stratosphere, and because it is highly variable in time and space. For example, we have found that the time scale of the variations of the total water vapour amount at Jungfraujoch is in the order of minutes. In AGACC, we have therefore investigated various experimental techniques to measure the concentration of water vapour in the atmosphere, focusing on the total column as well as on the vertical distribution in the troposphere up to the lower stratosphere. The retrieval of water vapour vertical profiles and total columns from ground-based FTIR data has been initiated at three very different stations where correlative data for verification are available, namely Ukkel (± sea level, mid-latitude), Ile de La Réunion (± sea level, tropical) and Jungfraujoch (high altitude, mid-latitude), with promising results. In particular, at Jungfraujoch, it has been demonstrated that the precision of the FTIR integrated water vapour (IWV) measurements is of order 2%. The capability to retrieve individual isotopologues of water vapour, and to monitor their daily and diurnal variations, has also been demonstrated. This could open new ways to study in the future the role of water vapour in the radiative balance, the global circulation, precipitation etc. We also started joint exploitation of ground-based FTIR and satellite IASI data for water vapour and its isotopologues, in order to exploit fully the potential of the existing instrumentation. A correction method for the radiosoundings at Ukkel has been successfully implemented, resulting in a homogeneous and reliable time series from 1990 to 2008 from which trends in upper troposphere humidity (UTH) and tropopause characteristics have been derived. One observes a rising UTH until September 2001, followed by a decline, accompanied by a descent and heating of the tropopause up to the turning point and an ascent and cooling afterwards. The changes after September 2001 in the upper troposphere can be explained by surface heating and convective uplift. At Jungfraujoch, one does not observe any significant trend in the total water vapour abundance above the station over the 1988-2010 time period, although significant positive summer and negative winter trends have been detected. We have made a quantitative statistical comparison between ground-based FTIR, CIMEL, GPS and integrated (corrected) radio sounding measurements of the IWV at Ukkel. This work is important to better characterize the different sensors in order to exploit together different observations made by different instruments. A second target species is atmospheric aerosol. There is a very large variety of aerosol both from natural or anthropogenic origin. One of the reasons why they are so important is that they affect the optical properties of the atmosphere. In particular, it has been demonstrated in previous studies that the aerosols have a large impact on the quantity of harmful UV-B radiation received at the Earth's surface. The latest IPCC Report also stressed that the radiative forcing caused by atmospheric aerosols is one of the largest uncertainties in determining the total radiative forcing in the atmosphere. Better monitoring capabilities of aerosol properties can therefore improve our understanding and forecasting of the atmospheric processes and evolution, and in particular of UV-B and climate changes. Several measurement techniques are now operational in the AGACC consortium for the ground-based monitoring of aerosol properties. These are the Brewer spectrometer and CIMEL observations at Ukkel, the latter contributing also to the AERONET network since July 2006, and the newly developed MAXDOAS observations. Unlike CIMEL and Brewer measurements, that provide the total Aerosol Optical Depth, it has been demonstrated that the MAXDOAS measurements also provide additional information about the vertical distribution of the aerosol extinction in the lowest kilometres of the troposphere. A better understanding of the ultimate capabilities of MAXDOAS aerosol remote sensing has been gained through participation to the international CINDI campaign (Cabauw Intercomparison Campaign of Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments ) in summer 2009. The combination of Brewer, CIMEL and MAXDOAS instruments gives us a remote-sensing dataset that will enable a more comprehensive characterization of the tropospheric aerosol optical properties. The usefulness of these aerosol observations has already been demonstrated in the improvement of the UVindex predictions for the general public. Another application is their use as input data in the retrieval of vertical profiles of tropospheric pollutants from MAXDOAS measurements, like tropospheric NO2 and formaldehyde. Third we have focused on a few climate-related trace gases. Changing greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations directly affect the radiative budget of the atmosphere, and therefore climate. But many species known as pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrocarbons, - often related to fossil fuel or biomass burning -, also affect climate through their role in chemical reactions that produce tropospheric ozone, which is a well-known greenhouse gas, or that modify the lifetime of gases like methane, or the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. Therefore in AGACC, we have focused on the measurement of a number of trace gases that are subject to changing concentrations, that directly or indirectly affect climate, and that are either difficult to monitor or that have not yet been measured from the ground. We have included attempts to observe distinctly some isotopologues, because the isotopic ratios observed in an airmass provide information on its history, and because the FTIR solar absorption measurements provide a rather unique capability hereto. The investigated species are the isotopologues of CH4 and CO, and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), as examples of biomass burning tracers, some hydrocarbons like formaldehyde (HCHO), ethylene (C2H4) and acetylene (C2H2), and HCFC-142b, a replacement product for CFCs and a greenhouse gas. In many cases, retrieval strategies had to be adapted when going from one site to another with different atmospheric conditions, especially when the local humidity and abundances are very different as is the case between Jungfraujoch (dry, high altitude, mid-latitude) and Ile de La Réunion (humid, low altitude, low latitude). Still we have been able to show the feasibility of retrieving particular trace gas information even under difficult conditions. Many of our results have been compared to correlative data, to validate the approach and to gain complementary information. It is also important to note that the retrieval strategies developed in AGACC have regularly been presented to the global Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) UV-Vis and Infrared communities and have often been adopted by others or even proposed for adoption as a standard in the community (e.g., for hydrogen cyanide (HCN)). In particular: We have been able to study the seasonal variations of HCN at the Jungfraujoch and at Ile de La Réunion, and to show the dominant impact of biomass burning. Formaldehyde was studied in much detail at Ukkel, Jungfraujoch and Ile de la Réunion. The challenge for detection at Jungfraujoch is the small abundance (about 10 times smaller than at Ukkel and Ile de La Réunion); a particular observation strategy was developed successfully, resulting in a time series that already shows the day-to-day and seasonal variations. At Ile de La Réunion, comparisons of FTIR, MAXDOAS, satellite and model data have (1) shown the good agreement between the various data sets, but also, (2), the variability of HCHO (diurnal, seasonal, day-to-day), and (3), thanks to the complementarities of the various data sets, they have enabled us to learn more about the long-range transport of Non-methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCS, precursors of HCHO) and deficiencies in the models. It was shown that fast, direct transport of NMVOCS from Madagascar has a significant impact on the HCHO abundance and its variability at Ile de La Réunion, and that this is underestimated in the model. Significant progress was made as to the detection of 13CH4 and CH3D from ground-based FTIR observations, both at Jungfraujoch and Ile de La Réunion. To our knowledge, it is the first time that a d13C data set is derived from ground-based FTIR observations. More work is needed to improve the CH3D retrieval at Ile de La Réunion, and to interpret the results, in combination with models. Also for the first time, 12CO and 13CO have been retrieved individually at Jungfraujoch. The d13C time series shows significant seasonal and interannual changes. As to the hydrocarbon ethylene, it is shown that it can be detected at Jungfraujoch only in spectra at low solar elevation, given its small atmospheric abundance. Regarding acetylene, the observed time series at Jungfraujoch and Ile de La Réunion show clear seasonal variations and enhancements due to the impact of biomass burning events, correlated with enhancements in CO, C2H6 and HCN. It is not clear yet whether we can reliably retrieve the concentration of HCFC- 142b, a replacement product that is increasing strongly in the troposphere. New line parameters for the interfering species HFC-134a are required to confirm/infirm the preliminary results. This highlights again the importance of the laboratory work for providing such parameters. Improved line parameters have been obtained for water vapour and its isotopologues, ethylene and formic acid. These AGACC results have been integrated in the international spectroscopic databases. We also showed that line intensities available around 2096 cm–1 for the 13C16O isotopologue of carbon monoxide in the HITRAN database seem to be accurate to 2%. We failed to improve line intensities for the 13.6 μm region of acetylene. The new data sets that have been derived in AGACC from FTIR and MAXDOAS observations have been archived in the NDACC data centre, where they are available for users (generally modelers and satellite teams). In addition, they are stored locally and are available to users upon request. AGACC results have been reported to the international scientific community, via the literature, via integration in geophysical or spectroscopic databases, and via participation to international research initiatives like the Atmospheric Water Vapour in the Climate System (WAVACS) Cost Action, the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) Working Group on Atmospheric Water Vapour, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) project, the International CINDI campaign, etc. The results have already found important scientific applications. A few examples are worth mentioning: the re-evaluation of methane emissions in the tropics from SCIAMACHY based on the new H2O spectroscopy, and the improved retrievals of HCOOH from the satellite experiments ACE-FTS and IASI, and from the ground. In the longer-term, the AGACC results will no doubt benefit the research in atmospheric sciences –in particular in the monitoring of its composition changes–, which is the fundamental basis of environmental assessment reports for supporting policy makers. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 394 (6 ULg)Extension of the long-term total column time series of atmospheric methane above the Jungfraujoch station: analysis of grating infrared spectra between 1976 and 1989 Bader, Whitney ; Lejeune, Bernard ; Demoulin, Philippe et al in Geophysical Research Abstracts (2011), 13 Methane (CH4) is one of the most abundant greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere, with current mean volume mixing ratio close to 1800 ppb. Since methane has a global warming potential of 25 (100-yr ... [more ▼] Methane (CH4) is one of the most abundant greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere, with current mean volume mixing ratio close to 1800 ppb. Since methane has a global warming potential of 25 (100-yr horizon) and an atmospheric lifetime of 12 years, the Kyoto Protocol has included it among the species to be regulated to limit global warming. Anthropogenic sources of methane are mainly energy production (coal and leaks) and agriculture while main natural sources are swamps and biomass waste. The main sink of methane is oxidation in the troposphere, primarily by reaction with the hydroxyl radical. Methane trends have exhibited significant changes during the last twenty-five years. For instance, long-term monitoring of its vertical total column above the high-altitude station of the Jungfraujoch (46.5°N, 8°E, 3580 m asl) has indeed allowed to derive column changes ranging from +0.72% in 1987-1988 to +0.14% in 1999-2000 (Zander et al., 2002), relative to 1988 and 2000, respectively. More recently and for the same site, Duchatelet et al. (2010) have even reported a significant slowdown of -0.02%/yr between years 2000 and 2005. This study also showed that since then, CH4 is on the rise again, at a rate close to +0.30%/yr. While the numbers reported here above have been derived from the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) data set starting in 1984, earlier pioneering observations have been collected at the Jungfraujoch since 1950, using grating spectrometers. During the 1958-1975 period, the main objectives has been the study of the solar photosphere in the visible and the near infrared and the publication of high-resolution solar atlases. From 1976 to 1989, narrow-band IR solar absorption observations achieving a spectral resolution of about 0.02 cm-1 have been recorded with the high-performance double-pass grating spectrometer. Analysis of these historical spectra provides a unique opportunity to extend the Jungfraujoch's total column time series of important atmospheric gases, including methane, by nearly 10 years. The aim of this contribution is to present the inversion strategy adopted to derive CH4 from the grating spectra, using the SFIT-2 algorithm (v3.91) We will evaluate the impact of resolution, spectroscopic parameters (from the EU HYMN project -see www.knmi.nl/samen/hymn-, and from HITRAN 2004), atmospheric pressure and temperature profiles on the error budget. The 1976-1989 total column time series produced will be presented and critically discussed. In particular, we will identify and correct for possible biases between double-pass grating spectrometer measurements and more recent FTIR total columns. The harmonized and consolidated time series will be investigated to characterize the long-term trend of methane for the 1976-2010 time period. Comparisons with synthetic data produced by the CHASER 3-dimensional chemical transport model will also be presented and analyzed. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 305 (48 ULg)Trend evolution and seasonal variation of tropospheric and stratospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS) above Jungfraujoch Lejeune, Bernard ; Mahieu, Emmanuel ; Duchatelet, Pierre et al in Geophysical Research Abstracts (2011), 13 Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is the most abundant sulfur-containing trace gas in the atmosphere and accounts for a substantial portion of the sulfur in the stratospheric aerosol layer which influences the ... [more ▼] Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is the most abundant sulfur-containing trace gas in the atmosphere and accounts for a substantial portion of the sulfur in the stratospheric aerosol layer which influences the Earth's radiation budget and stratospheric ozone chemistry. The major identified OCS sources are oceans and anthropogenic emissions, while atmospheric loss and uptake by vegetation and soils constitute the main OCS sinks. The uptake by vegetation strongly influences the distribution and seasonality of OCS throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere, just like for CO2. Montzka et al. (2007) pointed that atmospheric OCS measurements have the potential to constrain the biomass Gross Primary Production (GPP). Unfortunately, there remain large uncertainties on some components strengths of the atmospheric OCS budget. A recent work by Suntharalingam et al. (2008) showed that uptake by plants has been strongly underestimated in actual balanced budgets, suggesting that additional significant OCS sources have still to be identified. In order to improve our understanding of the different processes governing seasonal and inter-annual OCS variability, a new approach has been developed and optimized, using the SFIT-2 algorithm, to retrieve atmospheric abundance of OCS from high-resolution ground-based infrared solar spectra. Our observations are recorded on a regular basis with Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometers (FTIRs), under clear-sky conditions, at the NDACC site (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change, http://www.ndacc.org) of the International Scientific Station of the Jungfraujoch (Swiss Alps, 46.5°N, 8.0°E, 3580m asl). Information content analysis of the retrieved OCS products shows us that we are able to distinguish between tropospheric and stratospheric partial column contributions for this species. Thanks to our unique observational database, we have produced an updated OCS long-term trend from 1995 to 2010, representative for both the troposphere and stratosphere at northern mid-latitudes. In this contribution, we will present and critically discuss the recent OCS trend evolution, in particular the end of the slow decline of its abundance observed in 2002 and the maximum reached in 2008. In addition to the OCS inter-annual variations, we will analyze the OCS seasonal cycle during the 15 last years. We will also compare our results with simulations of seasonal OCS variations issued from a 3D global atmospheric chemical transport model (CTM), in order to try to quantify the individual contribution of the various processes playing a role in the Jungfraujoch OCS variability and influencing its atmospheric abundance. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 129 (19 ULg)First retrievals of carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) from ground-based FTIR measurements: production and analysis of the two-decadal time series above the Jungfraujoch Duchatelet, Pierre ; Zander, Rodolphe ; Mahieu, Emmanuel et al in Geophysical Research Abstracts (2011) Carbon tetrafluoride (CF4 or PFC-14) is a potent greenhouse gas that is almost 7400 times more effective (100-yr horizon) than CO2 on a per molecule basis (IPCC, 2007). This high global warming potential ... [more ▼] Carbon tetrafluoride (CF4 or PFC-14) is a potent greenhouse gas that is almost 7400 times more effective (100-yr horizon) than CO2 on a per molecule basis (IPCC, 2007). This high global warming potential, coming from its medium absorbance combined with a very long atmospheric lifetime (>50000 years; Ravishankara et al., 1993), makes CF4 a key species among the various greenhouse gases targeted by the Kyoto Protocol. In the Northern hemisphere, current atmospheric CF4 concentrations are close to 78 pptv, with a large fraction (around 35 pptv, Mühle et al., 2010) coming from natural processes like lithospheric emissions (Harnisch and Eisenhauer, 1998). In addition, CF4 has been used increasingly since the eighties in electronic and semiconductors industry. The primary aluminum production processes have also been clearly identified as an important anthropogenic source of CF4 emissions. The partitioning between these two main sources is however problematic, principally due to lacking or incomplete CF4 emission factors from inventories performed in industrial fields (e.g. International Aluminum Institute, 2009). Recent in situ ground level measurements of CF4 in the Northern hemisphere (Khalil et al., 2003; Mühle et al., 2010) or remotely from space (Rinsland et al., 2006) have indicated a significant slowdown in the increase rate of atmospheric CF4. This probably results from measures adopted by the aluminum industry aiming at the reduction of the frequency and duration of "anode effects" and therefore of related PFCs emissions (International Aluminum Institute, 2009). The present contribution reports on the long-term evolution (1990-2010) of the atmospheric carbon tetrafluoride total vertical abundance derived from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar spectroscopy observations around 1285 cm-1 at the Jungfraujoch (46.5°N, 8.0°E, 3580m asl) and compares our findings with results available in the literature. To our knowledge, no equivalent time series (i.e. based on ground-based FTIR technique) has been published to date. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 94 (14 ULg)First retrievals of methyl chloride from ground-based high-resolution FTIR solar observations Mahieu, Emmanuel ; ; et al in Geophysical Research Abstracts (2011), 13 Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) is one of the most abundant chlorine-bearing gas in the Earth's troposphere and a significant contributor to the organic chlorine budget. Measurements by in situ networks indicate ... [more ▼] Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) is one of the most abundant chlorine-bearing gas in the Earth's troposphere and a significant contributor to the organic chlorine budget. Measurements by in situ networks indicate a mean volume mixing ratio of 550 pptv, with a significant seasonal cycle of about 80 pptv, peak to peak. This species also exhibits inter-annual variability, but no long-term trend. Major sources are from tropical and sub-tropical plants and dead leaves, the oceans and biomass burning. Some industrial processes and waste incineration further add to the emissions. Oxidation by the hydroxyl radical is by far the largest CH3Cl sink, followed by soil uptake. Although balanced, its atmospheric budget is still affected by large uncertainties and contributions from unidentified sources and sinks cannot be ruled out. Methyl chloride has an atmospheric lifetime of 1 year, a global warming potential of 13 (100-yr horizon) and an ozone depleting potential of 0.02. The retrieval of methyl chloride from ground-based infrared (IR) spectra is very challenging. Indeed, numerous interferences by strong water vapor and methane lines complicate the detection of small CH3Cl absorptions, close to 1%, near 3 microns. In addition, and although weak, ethane features contribute to the difficulty, in particular since a significant number of ethane branches were absent until very recently from official HITRAN compilations. Therefore, the scientific literature does not report thus far about any investigations of CH3Cl from ground-based remote sensing observations. In this contribution, we will present first CH3Cl total column retrievals, using the SFIT-2 algorithm (v3.94) and high-resolution Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) solar absorption observations recorded with a Bruker 120HR instrument, at the high altitude station of the Jungfraujoch (46.5°N, 8°E, 3580 m asl), within the framework of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC, visit http://www.ndacc.org). In our retrievals, we use new ethane absorption cross sections recorded at the Molecular Spectroscopy Facility of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (Harrison et al., 2010). They were calibrated in intensity by using reference low-resolution spectra from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) IR database. These new cross sections were recently released as a HITRAN update (see http://www.hitran.com). Pseudoline parameters fitted to these ethane spectra have been combined with HITRAN 2004 line parameters (including all the 2006 updates) for all other species encompassed in the selected microwindows, including our target CH3Cl. We will evaluate the improvement brought by the new ethane line parameters on the fitting residuals, and characterize the quality, the precision and the reliability of the retrieved product. If successful, a long-term CH3Cl total column time series will be produced using the Jungfraujoch observational database, and we will perform preliminary investigations of the seasonal and inter-annual variations of methyl chloride total columns at northern mid-latitudes. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 185 (15 ULg)The evolution of the inorganic fluorine budget since the mid-1980s based on FTIR measurements at northern mid-latitudes Duchatelet, Pierre ; ; et al in Geophysical Research Abstracts (2011) Fluorine enters the stratosphere principally in the form of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons, mainly CFC-12 and CFC-11), HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons, mainly HCFC-22) and HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons, mainly HFC ... [more ▼] Fluorine enters the stratosphere principally in the form of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons, mainly CFC-12 and CFC-11), HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons, mainly HCFC-22) and HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons, mainly HFC-134a) which have been (or are still) widely emitted at ground level by human activities. In the lower stratosphere, the photolysis of these halogenated source gases leads to the formation of the two fluorine reservoirs COClF and COF2. The subsequent photolysis of these two compounds frees F atoms, which principally react with CH4 and H2O to form the extremely stable HF gas, by far the dominant fluorine reservoir in the middle and upper stratosphere. Despite the fact that fluorine does not significantly contribute in stratospheric ozone depletion, measurements of the concentrations of individual F-containing species in different altitude ranges of the atmosphere are important as they reflect the amounts of anthropogenic gases transported into the middle atmosphere as well as their decomposition. Such measurements also provide insight into the partitioning between major fluorine source gases (which are potent greenhouse gases) and reservoirs and allows a global inventory of organic (CFy), inorganic (Fy) and total (FTOT) fluorine burdens to be monitored as a function of time. Indeed, regular updates of such inventories are important as the partitioning between F-containing gases in the stratosphere is continually evolving as emissions of anthropogenic gases from the surface change, principally as a consequence of the progressive ban on the production of CFCs and HCFCs adopted by the Montreal Protocol and its subsequent Amendments and Adjustments. To complement recent studies regarding fluorine species (Duchatelet et al., 2009, 2010, 2011; Mahieu et al., 2011), this communication presents the time series of the inorganic fluorine budget Fy over the last twenty-five years, based on HF and COF2 total column amounts derived from high resolution Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar spectra recorded at Jungfraujoch (46.5°N, 8.0°E, 3580m asl). A trend analysis of our HF, COF2 and Fy time series is performed and discussed in the context of past and current emissions of halogenated source gases. Comparisons with model and space data are also included. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 38 (9 ULg)Trend and lifetime of sulfur hexafluoride at mid-latitudes deduced from ACE-FTS occultation measurements Mahieu, Emmanuel ; Duchatelet, Pierre ; Zander, Rodolphe et al in Geophysical Research Abstracts (2011), 13 Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is one of the strongest greenhouse gases on a per molecule basis, with a global warming potential of 22800 (100-yr horizon). This is an extremely stable gas in the atmosphere ... [more ▼] Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is one of the strongest greenhouse gases on a per molecule basis, with a global warming potential of 22800 (100-yr horizon). This is an extremely stable gas in the atmosphere, which results in a very long lifetime, with large uncertainties. The value adopted by IPCC is 3200 years, but some studies suggest shorter lifetimes, as low as 800 years. Surface concentrations are now about 7 ppt, with reported trends indicating a steady and strong increase of 0.3 ppt/yr. Most emissions are of anthropogenic origin, related to its use as an insulator in high-voltage electrical installations. Secondary contributions result from magnesium and aluminum production as well as from the manufacturing of semiconductors (see e.g. Levin et al., 2010; Rigby et al., 2010 and references therein). In this contribution, we use occultation measurements performed by the ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer) instrument, launched in August 2003 onboard the Canadian SCISAT satellite (Bernath et al., 2005). ACE-FTS is still in operation to date, with no significant degradation in its performance. This spectrometer achieves a spectral resolution of 0.02 cm-1 in the broad 750-4400 cm-1 range which covers the unresolved nu-3 band Q branch of SF6 centered at 947.9 cm-1. Signal-to-noise ratios of 200-300 are typically obtained in the spectral region of interest. Version 3 retrievals performed by University of Waterloo give volume mixing ratio profiles of SF6 in the 11-32 km altitude range. We consider all available sunrise and sunset occultation measurements obtained at midlatitudes in both hemispheres to derive the trend of SF6 in the lower stratosphere, from late February 2004 onwards. Consistency between both hemispheres will be investigated. In addition, concurrent N2O measurements are used to evaluate the atmospheric lifetime of SF6, following a method used previously for other long-lived gases (e.g. Zander et al, 1996). Comparisons with trends derived from in situ surface measurements or from ground-based remote-sensing observations (e.g. at the Jungfraujoch station, 46.5ºN) are also included. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 126 (5 ULg)Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and Related Chemicals (Chapter 1) ; ; et al in Nohende Ajavon, Ayité-Lô; Newmann, Paul A.; Pyle, John A. (Eds.) et al Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010 (2011) The amended and adjusted Montreal Protocol continues to be successful at reducing emissions and atmospheric abundances of most controlled ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Detailed reference viewed: 156 (6 ULg)Formic acid above the Jungfraujoch during 1985–2007: observed variability, seasonality, but no long-term background evolution Zander, Rodolphe ; Duchatelet, Pierre ; Mahieu, Emmanuel et al in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2010), 10(20), 10047--10065 This paper reports on daytime total vertical column abundances of formic acid (HCOOH) above the Northern mid-latitude, high altitude Jungfraujoch station (Switzerland; 46.5° N, 8.0° E, 3580 m alt.). The ... [more ▼] This paper reports on daytime total vertical column abundances of formic acid (HCOOH) above the Northern mid-latitude, high altitude Jungfraujoch station (Switzerland; 46.5° N, 8.0° E, 3580 m alt.). The columns were derived from the analysis of infrared solar observations regularly performed with high spectral resolution Fourier transform spectrometers during over 1500 days between September 1985 and September 2007. The investigation was based on the spectrometric fitting of five spectral intervals, one encompassing the HCOOH ν6 band Q branch at 1105 cm−1, and four additional ones allowing to optimally account for critical temperature-sensitive or time-evolving interferences by other atmospheric gases, in particular HDO, CCl2F2 and CHClF2. The main results derived from the 22 years long database indicate that the free tropospheric burden of HCOOH above the Jungfraujoch undergoes important short-term daytime variability, diurnal and seasonal modulations, inter-annual anomalies, but no significant long-term background change. A major progress in the remote determination of the atmospheric HCOOH columns reported here has resulted from the adoption of new, improved absolute spectral line intensities for the infrared ν6 band of trans-formic acid, resulting in retrieved free tropospheric loadings being about a factor two smaller than if derived with previous spectroscopic parameters. Implications of this significant change with regard to earlier remote measurements of atmospheric formic acid and comparison with relevant Northern mid-latitude findings, both in situ and remote, will be assessed critically. Sparse HCOOH model predictions will also be evoked and assessed with respect to findings reported here. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 44 (13 ULg)Comparison of the error budgets associated with ground-based FTIR measurements of atmospheric CH4 profiles at Ile de la Réunion and Jungfraujoch ; Duchatelet, Pierre ; et al Poster (2010, May) Detailed reference viewed: 29 (3 ULg)Updating hydrogen fluoride (HF) FTIR time series above Jungfraujoch: comparison of two retrieval algorithms and impact of line shape models Duchatelet, Pierre ; Demoulin, Philippe ; et al Poster (2010, May) Fluorine enters the stratosphere mainly in the form of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs; principally CFC-11 and CFC-12) and tetrafluoromethane (CF4), which have been widely emitted at ground level by human ... [more ▼] Fluorine enters the stratosphere mainly in the form of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs; principally CFC-11 and CFC-12) and tetrafluoromethane (CF4), which have been widely emitted at ground level by human activities over the past few decades. In the lower stratosphere, the photolysis of the long-lived CFC-11 (CCl3F) and CFC-12 (CCl2F2), whose emissions from the ground have been progressively phased out by the Montreal Protocol and its successive Amendments and Adjustments, leads to the formation of the two reservoirs: COClF and COF2. Subsequent photolysis of these two compounds then liberates F atoms, which could quickly react with CH4, H2O or H2 to form the extreme stable hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas. The formation of HF by these reactions is significant, as they make HF the largest fluorine reservoir in the middle and upper stratosphere. Despite the fact that fluorine does not directly participate in ozone depletion, measurements of the concentration of individual F-containing species at different altitude of the atmosphere are important as they reflect the amounts of anthropogenic gases – which also often bear ozone-threatening Cl atoms - transported into the middle atmosphere as well as their decomposition. Since the first detection of hydrogen fluoride in the Earth's atmosphere by Zander (1975), several studies dealing with HF total column amounts derived from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) observations at several latitudes in both hemispheres have been published. In addition, these last years have seen the emergence of more sophisticated retrieval algorithms (e.g. SFIT-2, PROFFIT) allowing to inverse total or partial columns as well as vertical distribution of the target gas from ground-based FTIR spectra. In this contribution, we propose to compare HF total columns derived from FTIR high-resolution ground-based observations performed at the Jungfraujoch (46.5°N, 8.0°E, 3580 m asl) by using two different retrieval codes: SFIT-2 v.3.91 and PROFFIT v.9.5. The impact of spectroscopic parameters (Voigt line shape model versus Galatry model line shape) on HF retrievals is also analyzed. References: Zander, R.: Présence de HF dans la stratosphère supérieure, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris. Série B., 281, 213-214, 1975. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 101 (12 ULg)Preliminary comparisons of the error budgets associated with ground-based FTIR measurements of atmospheric HCl and HF profiles at Ile de la Réunion and Jungfraujoch ; Duchatelet, Pierre ; et al Poster (2010, January) Detailed reference viewed: 20 (3 ULg)Validation of five years (2003–2007) of SCIAMACHY CO total column measurements using ground-based spectrometer observations ; ; et al in Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (2010), 3(5), 1457--1471 This paper presents a validation study of SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) carbon monoxide (CO) total column measurements from the Iterative Maximum ... [more ▼] This paper presents a validation study of SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) carbon monoxide (CO) total column measurements from the Iterative Maximum Likelihood Method (IMLM) algorithm using ground-based spectrometer observations from twenty surface stations for the five year time period of 2003–2007. Overall we find a good agreement between SCIAMACHY and ground-based observations for both mean values as well as seasonal variations. For high-latitude Northern Hemisphere stations absolute differences between SCIAMACHY and ground-based measurements are close to or fall within the SCIAMACHY CO 2σ precision of 0.2 × 1018 molecules/cm2 (~10%) indicating that SCIAMACHY can observe CO accurately at high Northern Hemisphere latitudes. For Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude stations the validation is complicated due to the vicinity of emission sources for almost all stations, leading to higher ground-based measurements compared to SCIAMACHY CO within its typical sampling area of 8° × 8°. Comparisons with Northern Hemisphere mountain stations are hampered by elevation effects. After accounting for these effects, the validation provides satisfactory results. At Southern Hemisphere mid- to high latitudes SCIAMACHY is systematically lower than the ground-based measurements for 2003 and 2004, but for 2005 and later years the differences between SCIAMACHY and ground-based measurements fall within the SCIAMACHY precision. The 2003–2004 bias is consistent with previously reported results although its origin remains under investigation. No other systematic spatial or temporal biases could be identified based on the validation presented in this paper. Validation results are robust with regard to the choices of the instrument-noise error filter, sampling area, and time averaging required for the validation of SCIAMACHY CO total column measurements. Finally, our results show that the spatial coverage of the ground-based measurements available for the validation of the 2003–2007 SCIAMACHY CO columns is sub-optimal for validation purposes, and that the recent and ongoing expansion of the ground-based network by carefully selecting new locations may be very beneficial for SCIAMACHY CO and other satellite trace gas measurements validation efforts. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 77 (8 ULg)Long-term trend of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) from ground-based high resolution infrared solar spectra recorded at the Jungfraujoch ; Mahieu, Emmanuel ; Demoulin, Philippe et al in Geophysical Research Abstracts (2010), 12(EGU2010-1819-3), The long-term trend of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) has been retrieved from infrared high resolution solar absorption spectra encompassing the 1999 to 2010 time period. The measurements were recorded with ... [more ▼] The long-term trend of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) has been retrieved from infrared high resolution solar absorption spectra encompassing the 1999 to 2010 time period. The measurements were recorded with a Fourier transform spectrometer at the northern mid-latitude, high altitude Jungfraujoch station in Switzerland (46.5°N latitude, 8.0°E longitude, 3580 m altitude). Total columns were derived from the region of the strong CCl4 _3 band at 794 cm1 accounting for all interfering molecules (e.g. H2O, O3) with significant improvement in the residuals obtained by also taking into account the line mixing in a nearby CO2 Q branch, a procedure not implemented in previous remote sensing CCl4 retrievals though its importance has been noted in several papers. The time series shows a statistically-significant long-term decrease in the CCl4 total atmospheric burden of -1.18_0.10 %/yr, at the 95% confidence level, using 2005 as reference. Furthermore, fit to the total column data set also reveals a seasonal cycle with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 10.2%, with minimum and maximum values found in mid-February and early August, respectively. This seasonal modulation can however be attributed to tropopause height changes throughout the season. The results quantify the continued impact of the regulations implemented by the Montreal Protocol and its strengthening amendments and adjustments for a molecule with high global warming potential. Although a statistically significant decrease in the total column is inferred, the CCl4 molecule remains an important contributor to the stratospheric chlorine budget and burden. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 75 (6 ULg)Recent trends of inorganic chlorine and halogenated source gases above the Jungfraujoch and Kitt Peak stations derived from high-resolution FTIR solar observations Mahieu, Emmanuel ; ; et al in Geophysical Research Abstracts (2010), 12(EGU2010-2420-3), The longest series of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) high spectral resolution solar absorption observations are available from the Jungfraujoch and Kitt Peak stations, located at 46.5ºN and 30.9ºN ... [more ▼] The longest series of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) high spectral resolution solar absorption observations are available from the Jungfraujoch and Kitt Peak stations, located at 46.5ºN and 30.9ºN, respectively. State-of-the-art interferometers are operated at these sites within the framework of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC, visit http://www.ndacc.org). These instruments allow to record spectra on a regular basis, under clear-sky conditions, using a suite of optical filters which altogether cover the 2 to 16 micron spectral range. Numerous absorption features characterized in the HITRAN compilations (e.g. Rothman et al., 2008) are encompassed in this mid-infrared region. Their analyses with either the SFIT-1 or SFIT-2 algorithm allow retrieving total columns of the target gases. Moreover, information on their distribution with altitude can generally be derived when using SFIT-2 which implements the Optimal Estimation Method of Rodgers (1990). Among the two dozen gases of atmospheric interest accessible to the ground-based FTIR technique, we have selected here a suite of long-lived halogenated species: HCl, ClONO2, CCl2F2, CCl3F, CHClF2, CCl4 and SF6. Time series available from the two sites will be presented, compared and critically discussed. In particular, changes in the abundances of theses gases since the peak in inorganic chlorine (Cly, which occurred in 1996-1997) and their intra-annual variability will be characterized with a statistical tool using bootstrap resampling (Gardiner et al., 2008). Trends and their associated uncertainties will be reported and put into perspective with the phase-out regulations of the production of ozone depleting substances adopted and implemented by the Montreal Protocol, its Amendments and Adjustments. For instance, the trends affecting the reservoir species HCl, ClONO2, and their summation which is a good proxy of the total inorganic chlorine, have been calculated using all available daily mean measurements from January 1996 onwards. The following values were obtained for Jungfraujoch, when using 1996 as the reference year: -0.90±0.10%/yr for HCl, -0.92±0.26 %/yr for ClONO2, and -0.96±0.14 %/yr for Cly; in all cases, the uncertainties define the 95% confidence interval around the trend values. For Kitt Peak, the corresponding trends are: -0.55±0.34 %/yr for HCl, -1.27±0.84 %/yr for ClONO2 and -0.61±0.51 %/yr for Cly, they are statistically consistent with the Jungfraujoch rates of decrease. Further trend data will be presented at the EGU General Assembly while supplementary information on Jungfraujoch results will be available from communications at the same meeting by Duchatelet et al. (2010), Lejeune et al (2010) and Rinsland et al (2010). Comparisons with model data are also foreseen. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 359 (20 ULg)Optimized approach to retrieve information on the tropospheric and stratospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS) vertical distributions above Jungfraujoch from high-resolution FTIR solar spectra Lejeune, Bernard ; Mahieu, Emmanuel ; Servais, Christian et al in Geophysical Research Abstracts (2010), 12(EGU2010-3513), Carbonyl sulfide (OCS), which is produced in the troposphere from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources, is the most abundant gaseous sulfur species in the unpolluted atmosphere. Due to its low chemical ... [more ▼] Carbonyl sulfide (OCS), which is produced in the troposphere from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources, is the most abundant gaseous sulfur species in the unpolluted atmosphere. Due to its low chemical reactivity and water solubility, a significant fraction of OCS is able to reach the stratosphere where it is converted to SO2 and ultimately to H2SO4 aerosols (Junge layer). These aerosols have the potential to amplify stratospheric ozone destruction on a global scale and may influence Earth's radiation budget and climate through increasing solar scattering. The transport of OCS from troposphere to stratosphere is thought to be the primary mechanism by which the Junge layer is sustained during nonvolcanic periods. Because of this, long-term trends in atmospheric OCS concentration, not only in the troposphere but also in the stratosphere, are of great interest. A new approach has been developed and optimized to retrieve atmospheric abundance of OCS from high-resolution ground-based infrared solar spectra by using the SFIT-2 (v3.91) algorithm, including a new model for solar lines simulation (solar lines often produce significant interferences in the OCS microwindows). The strongest lines of the nu3 fundamental band of OCS at 2062 cm-1 have been systematically evaluated with objective criteria to select a new set of microwindows, assuming the HITRAN 2004 spectroscopic parameters with an increase in the OCS line intensities of the nu3band main isotopologue 16O12C32S by 15.79% as compared to HITRAN 2000 (Rothman et al., 2008, and references therein). Two regularization schemes have further been compared (deducted from ATMOS and ACE-FTS measurements or based on a Tikhonov approach), in order to select the one which optimizes the information content while minimizing the error budget. The selected approach has allowed us to determine updated OCS long-term trend from 1988 to 2009 in both the troposphere and the stratosphere, using spectra recorded on a regular basis with Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometers (FTIRs), under clear-sky conditions, at the NDACC site (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change, visit http://www.ndacc.org) of the International Scientific Station of the Jungfraujoch (Swiss Alps, 46.5°N, 8.0°E, 3580m asl). Trends and seasonal cycles deduced from our results will be compared to values published in the literature and critically discussed. In particular, we will confirm the recent change in the OCS total column trend, which has become positive since 2002 before undergoing a slowing down over the last years. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 159 (17 ULg)Trends of CO2, CH4 and N2O over 1985-2010 from high-resolution FTIR solar observations at the Jungfraujoch station Duchatelet, Pierre ; Mahieu, Emmanuel ; Zander, Rodolphe et al in Geophysical Research Abstracts (2010), 12(EGU2010-15418-2), Two state-of-the-art Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometers are operated at the Jungfraujoch station (46.5ºN, 8.0ºE, 3580m asl) within the framework of the Network for the Detection of ... [more ▼] Two state-of-the-art Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometers are operated at the Jungfraujoch station (46.5ºN, 8.0ºE, 3580m asl) within the framework of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC, visit http://www.ndacc.org). The earliest FTIR observations have been obtained there in 1984. Since then, regular recordings of high-resolution solar absorption spectra have been performed at that site, under clear-sky conditions, allowing to collect almost 29000 observations relevant to the present communication. We present time series of three greenhouse gases targeted by the Kyoto Protocol: CO2, CH4 (and its isotopologue 13CH4) and N2O. These data sets have been obtained with the SFIT-2 algorithm which implements the Optimal Estimation Method of Rodgers (1990). This allows retrieving total columns of the target gases as well as information on their distribution with altitude. For the methane isotopologues and N2O, a Tikhonov L1 regularization scheme has been applied, as part of an harmonization effort carried out within the European HYMN project (see also Dils et al, 2010; Foster et al., 2010). Trends –and their associated uncertainties– characterizing these long series as well as the seasonal modulations have been determined with a statistical tool using bootstrap resampling (Gardiner et al., 2008). Trend values will be presented and critically discussed; in particular, we will investigate if significant changes in the rate of accumulations of these four atmospheric gases occurred over the last 25 years. Numerous additional greenhouse gases are accessible to the FTIR technique. Examples of such trend studies are reported at the EGU General Assembly by Mahieu et al. (2010) and Rinsland et al. (2010). [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 65 (13 ULg)Hydrogen fluoride total and partial column time series above the Jungfraujoch from long-term FTIR measurements: Impact of the line-shape model, characterization of the error budget and seasonal cycle, and comparison with satellite and model data Duchatelet, Pierre ; Demoulin, Philippe ; et al in Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres (2010), 115 Time series of hydrogen fluoride (HF) total columns have been derived from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar spectra recorded between March 1984 and December 2009 at the International ... [more ▼] Time series of hydrogen fluoride (HF) total columns have been derived from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar spectra recorded between March 1984 and December 2009 at the International Scientific Station of the Jungfraujoch (Swiss Alps, 46.5°N, 8.0°E, 3580 m asl) with two high resolution spectrometers (one home-made and one Bruker 120-HR). Solar spectra have been inverted with the PROFFIT 9.5 algorithm, using the optimal estimation method. An inter-comparison of HF total columns retrieved with PROFFIT and SFIT-2 – the other reference algorithm in the FTIR community - is performed for the first time. The effect of a Galatry line shape model on HF retrieved total columns and vertical profiles, on the residuals of the fits and on the error budget is also quantified. Information content analysis indicates that, in addition to HF total vertical abundance, three independent stratospheric HF partial columns can be derived from our Bruker spectra. A complete error budget has been established and indicates that the main source of systematic error is linked to HF spectroscopy and that the random error affecting our HF total columns does not exceed 2.5%. Ground-based middle and upper stratospheric HF amounts have been compared to satellite data collected by the HALOE or ACE-FTS instruments. Comparisons of our FTIR HF total and partial columns with runs performed by two 3D numerical models (SLIMCAT and KASIMA) are also included. Finally, FTIR and model HF total and partial columns time series have been analyzed to derive the main characteristics of their seasonal cycles. [less ▲] Detailed reference viewed: 68 (27 ULg) |


text:
Platypus getting high on his own supply
post #80836 of 117666
11/30/12 at 2:22pm
"What sweater? I like the sweater+shirt combo. Riktigt najs!"
you could have read like 2 posts down
anyways, it's from weekday, and thanks.
Feel like his tops wouldn't look so small if his jeans weren't so big.


text:
I'm still down for doing an austerity version in dark brown natur marron. Burgundy shell would be be interesting but not quite as much. With Cognac, I just worry about what shade will actually be delivered. If we could definitely get dark cognac, I might be interested in lieu of the dark brown calf.
With Cognac, we can certainly specify a dark brown, especially given that we're probably only making 6-8 of them. Should be no problem. I think that this shoe would be radiant in it.
I think I'd still prefer calf, but if others were interested in dark cognac shell I could be persuaded. For those who don't remember this from many pages back, here's a sample of Carmina's u-tip.
We were talking about doing a version without the punching, so sort of like this Saint Crispins model, but with an Adelaide shape/stitching around the laces and to the heel, like the Carmina model.
Surely dudes understand that this shoe must happen.


text:
"Sometimes bad guys make the best good guys."
We provide... leverage |
"Sometimes bad guys make the best good guys."
We provide... leverage |
I find myself unable to think of any American adaptations of English shows without thinking of Episodes, a series starring Matt LeBlanc. Then my mind immediately goes to the most ridiculous scenario possible.
I confess my first thought when I heard of an American version of Hustle involved Michael Bay exploding something, and I'm ashamed to say I somehow wasn't completely disgusted at that idea.
That said, having not watched Leverage, it pleases me to know it is a decent series. And upon some searching, it seems that it is one of the rare series Canadian Netflix does not seem to have vowed to murder and bury. I will give it a watch soon. Interesting and informative review!
Well, I have to admit that I am not entirely sure if Leverage was meant to be an answer to Hustle, but the striking resemblance in the tongue-in-cheek, easy-to-watch tone definitely suggests that the former was loosely modeled on the latter.
But glancing at the DVD cover, it does give the impression of a Michael Bayish, action-orientated, explosion filled crime flick. Thankfully, it was a little bit more sophisticated than that, although, there's nothing wrong with occasionally leveling a building or a tank truck, transporting gasoline, spinning out of control – and ploughing through a suburban neighborhood or crowded shopping mall.
Well, I admit that its not to everyone tastes, but if you enjoy Leverage and puzzle mysteries Hustle should be a winner.
I have watched a few more episodes and it's an extremely watchable and fun series, but the writing is just plain lazy. When you're used to all the labor and mental effort the crew members of their European counterparts have to put in, you tend to get a bit annoyed at times when Alec magically fixes the problems with his amazing computer and hacking skills. Great character, by the way, but too often misused as a plot device.