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Boat Laundry
I sailed away to China, in a little row boat to find ya, and you said you had to get your laundry clean. Didn't want no one to hold ya, what does that mean? … Enjoy your time sailing and exploring all the midcoast has to offer. Don't let the chore of laundry break your stride…
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More details
As well as the mainstream sports such as alpine skiing, ski jumping or bobsleigh, Winter Challenge, also offers the opportunity to take part in events that are rarely found in the world of video gaming. Namely, cross country, biathlon and Nordic combined.
Winter Challenge offers several difficulty levels and the possibility to gain experience through competitions taking place in the world's most famous winter sports' sites.
Winter Challenge faithfully reproduces all major winter sports to make for the ultimate gaming experience to guarantee a maximum of thrills.
Pit your strength and skills against the top athletes and leave your mark in winter sport history !
• 4 major disciplines : Alpine skiing, Bobsleigh, Ski jumping and Cross country.
• 20 different events : Slalom, Giant Slalom, Super-G, Downhill, Ski Jumping, Nordic Combined, Bobsleigh, Cross Country with both classic, free and mixed styles.
• More than 30 national teams, 750 competitors, 6 winter sport domains offering 110 slopes, tracks or circuits.
• Represent your national team during the major international events in France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Norway and Canada.
• 3 difficulty levels available : Junior, Pro and International
• Back in Time function : enables the player to go back a few seconds at any time during an event, allowing him to repeat a section that he's just failed !
• Several modes available in solo or upt to 8 in multiplayer (Hotseat/Lan/Internet) : full season, winter sports and single event.

subset: commoncrawl


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A Target of Free Speech
Friday, March 25, 2011
SAN DIEGO The competing interests of same-sex marriage, property rights and free speech have all come together in a lawsuit, brought by Target, to keep political activists from approaching customers at the front of their stores. This San Diego case is one of many in which courts have been asked whether stores and shopping centers have become modern-day gathering places where political debate must be allowed.
The facts in the case are in dispute but here's the basic story.
Members of a group called Canvass for a Cause have been standing near the entrances to Target stores in San Diego where they approach shoppers to talk about gay marriage. This group is on the pro side. They ask for donations, they ask people to sign up to help the cause and try to talk with them about the issue.
In its lawsuit, Target said the group has behaved like a moralistic inquisition and it harasses shoppers. Canvass for a Cause begins by asking people if they support gay marriage. One Poway store manager said in the Target lawsuit:
"Whenever our customers say no, whether it is about making a donation, signing a petition, or about support for gay marriage, the solicitors become angry and aggressive, continuing to challenge our customers on their morals. I have seen them tell our customers not to vote if (the solicitors) are unhappy with the customers' views."
The manager added, "Our store receives, on average, eight to 10 complaints per day about Canvass for a Cause."
The activists tell a different story.
"It's hyperbole to say our volunteers get agitated," said Canvass for a Cause executive director Tres Watson. "Do we challenge their beliefs when they say they oppose gay marriage? Sure. But 90 percent of the time people tell us, 'I don't want to talk about it,' and we say OK."
Lawyers for both sides appeared in court today in a hearing over a preliminary injunction to keep activists away from the stores while the case is pending.
Target attorney David McDowell said the law doesn't really care whether activists are rude or respectful. "Even if they were extremely polite, we could still ask them to leave," he said.
McDowell told Judge Jeffrey Barton that Target has the right to evict any activist or fundraiser from the front of their store based on the store's no-soliciton policy. The area is private property, they say, and it doesn't matter if people are lobbying for gay marriage, trying to win souls for Jesus or selling Girl Scout cookies.
California has been at the vanguard of insuring free speech in shopping malls. A California Supreme Court case from 1979 (lawyers call it the Pruneyard case) said that shopping centers and malls, where people come to gather and socialize, constitute public forums where political speech must be allowed. But it gets more complicated when the area in question is not a place for milling around, eating fast food and going to movies... it's simply the front of a Target store.
Attorney Bryan Pease, who represents Canvass for a Cause, said the Pruneyard case does apply to Target and the company should not be granted the injunction they're asking for.
"The Pruneyard decision applies to all large retail shopping centers, and the Targets we're talking about in this case are part of large retail shopping centers," he said.
Target said in a statement that their lawsuit is meant to insure shopping is hassle-free and it has nothing to do with the issue of same-sex marriage. Target's record on gay rights has been mostly positive. The Minnesota-based corporation offered domestic-partner benefits to their employees long ago. But last year the store got some heat after it made a big donation to a Republican gubernatorial candidate who opposed gay marriage.
Target said their endorsement was related to business issues and had nothing to do with gay rights.
The judge said he will render a ruling on the issue of the preliminary injunction by the end of next week. The trial in the case of Target Corporation v. Canvass for a Cause, if it goes ahead, isn't expected to begin until the summer.
To view PDF documents, Download Acrobat Reader.
gailrsikes | March 26, 2011 at 1:53 a.m. ― 6 years ago
This comment was removed by the site staff for violation of the usage agreement.
docjester9 | March 28, 2011 at 6:08 p.m. ― 5 years, 12 months ago
To reiterate my previous post about this article an this issue, if all of us think purely logically this is a very simple case. Target has corporate policies for their workers regarding same sex partners so their executives are not anti-homosexual. Further a 150k political donation to a gubernatorial candidate with the intent of supporting a candidate who supported a business policy that Target supported is well within their rights, however a more thorough investigation of his policies would have served them better in te court of public opinion. For those who site case law to defend the canvass group's actions, target stores are routinely not a part of a "large shopping center" with common spaces shared by several other stores. They are typically stand alone entities on its own property which the court will have to decide if that falls under previous rulings definition of "the public square.". I would proper that it does not based on the case cited by a previous poster. Overall, I think if we can divorce ourselves from emotion in this case, the answer is clear.
docjester9 | March 28, 2011 at 6:09 p.m. ― 5 years, 12 months ago
Correction to my previous post cite vs site


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Town Square
Chance for a good profit at Evandale
Original post made on Apr 20, 2008
Read the full story here Web Link posted Friday, January 12, 2007, 12:00 AM
a resident of Monta Loma
on Apr 20, 2008 at 11:43 pm
I used to live in this complex. People who live here have very little respect for the property itself. We are so blessed to live in such a beautiful area. I never understood why other people did not feel the same way. Changing this property is a step in the right direction. Why should this change be looked upon badly? I always thought a rental agreement was a 2-way street.... and that if the tenant can back out, so can the landlord? People should be happy that a run down, out-of-date building is being replaced.
a resident of North Whisman
on Apr 21, 2008 at 11:29 am
I completely agree with you, Lupe. I never understood why residents of the Summerhill Apartments trashed their own homes like they did. I would walk by and see rusty, abandoned cars parked along the street, old car batteries left on the sidewalk, fast food wrappers strewn all over the parking lot, landscaping left unkempt, broken beer bottles all over the ground... I even saw bicycles left on the rooftops. On weekends, the parking lot became a place for tailgating parties with lit up barbecue grills, loud booming bass from car stereos disturbing the neighborhood, etc. Like you, I am looking forward to something new going into that location.


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tax reform
Today in the Morning Line: Obama unveils tax increases on wealthy, credits for the middle class It's the latest round of economic populism from this president Here's everything else he's proposed over the last two weeks ahead of the State … Continue reading
With tax day looming, tax reform is in the air. In his budget, President Obama introduced several proposals aimed at simplifying the tax code. David Cay Johnson, columnist for Tax Analysts magazine, and economist Douglas Holtz-Eakin join Jeffrey Brown to discuss different strategies and whether real tax reform is possible. Continue reading
With renewed talk of tax cuts and President Obama's "Buffett Rule," political maneuvering in Congress and on the campaign trail has turned toward the U.S. tax system. On this tax day, Jeffrey Brown discusses tax reform options with the Brookings Institution's Alice Rivlin and the Tax Policy Center's Donald Marron. Continue reading
In our continuing Spotlight City series about how people view the government, Judy Woodruff reports from Tampa on tracking Florida's federal tax dollars and the debate about how they are spent. Continue reading
Rep. Charlie Rangel, D-N.Y., has proposed a plan to eliminate the alternative minimum tax, designed in 1969 to ensure wealthy Americans paid their fair share of taxes but which was never indexed for inflation. Rangel and Rep. James McCrery, R-La., debate the tax plan. Continue reading
President Bush on Friday named two former senators, Republican Connie Mack of Florida and Democrat John Breaux of Louisiana, to lead a panel to come up with ways to simplify the tax code. Continue reading


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Conezyme Q10 is essential to human life and is a crucial component in the primary energy production cycle. Research indicates that supplementation with this nutrient may support normal heart function, provide antioxidant protection and maintain the health of gums. Additionally, Bioperine (black pepper fruit extract) may enhance the absorption of CoQ10. An oil-based softgel is fat-soluble and may be more bioavailable than tablets or powder-filled capsules.
Antioxidant support.
Supplement Facts:
Other Ingredients: Rice bran oil, gelatin (capsule), glycerin, vitamin E, yellow beeswax, lecithin, annatto, and titanium dioxide.


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Photos >> wartime pictures
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Description: pictures of my service in Vietnam with the USMC, and in Desert Storm with the VA Army National Guard.
Category: Other (Photos)
Average Rating: +2
R & R in Bahrain.
At a beachside resort in Bahrain leased by our military.
Category: Other
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Arming an OV-10A
Aircraft could not leave the flight line armed. The rocket pods had to be armed, and t...
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Okinawa, 1969
Me outside barracks in Okinawa after leaving Vietnam in 1969.
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Chow break
Having chow in the woods of Ft. Eustis, VA during pre-deployment training prior to goin...
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Vietnam photo
Picture taken outside my hootch at Quang Tri airbase in Vietnam's northern I Corps.
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Me outside my arm/dearm area bunker at the end of the runway at Marble Mountain airfiel...
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Me outside a bunker...
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Me in chocolate-chip cammies, with my trusty 1911 Colt .45 in a shoulder holster.
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Returned Desert Storm participants receiving awards from Virginia State Police.
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Well-cast but underwritten ensembler centered on family, friends and other animals who gather for a rural wedding in scenic southern France. Sophomore pic by writer-director Valerie Guignabodet aims at a bittersweet reflection on the spousal state. Film has done cheery biz in Gaul but may be too inconsequential (or not fluffy enough) for offshore auds.
Marriage is, well, a funky thing in "Mariages!" a well-cast but underwritten ensembler centered on family, friends and other animals who gather for a rural wedding in scenic southern France. Sophomore pic by writer-director Valerie Guignabodet, after her quirky black comedy about a man and a lifesize doll, "Monique" (2002), aims at a bittersweet reflection on the spousal state across three generations but ends up more as a series of tantrums across a fraught 24 hours. Film has done cheery biz in Gaul since opening April 21 but may be too inconsequential (or not fluffy enough) for offshore auds.
It's the morning of the nuptials of young Johanna (Chloe Lambert) and Benjamin (Alexis Loret), both 25, and while the former is in the bath prior to her extensive makeup, the latter is still coming round, covered in lipstick after a night of carousing. Johanna's highly organized mom, Gabrielle (Miou-Miou), is already fussing about the ceremony and entertainment at her sprawling home, while Benjamin's more declasse mother, Chantal (Catherine Allegret), is prepping for a taut confrontation with Gabrielle over the cost-sharing. As the latter says, "It's going to be a strange weekend." Also on hand are the two marriage witnesses, steely Valentine (Mathilde Seigner) and cynical Alex (Jean Dujardin), both 35. Their marriage is decidedly rocky, and Valentine is particularly upset when she says she's been having an affair for four months and he hasn't even noticed. When she won't tell him who her lover is, Alex calmly clobbers the first man she talks to. One generation up is the marriage of Micky (Lio) and Hugo (Antoine Dulery), both 45, who went through their own firestorm 10 years ago when Micky threatened to leave him. She now submerges her sadness in obsessive buoyancy and caring, while Hugo, who once had a relationship with Gabrielle, drifts around in a well-coifed, philosophical calm. Completing the pack of main protags is Pierre (Didier Bezace), Gabrielle's smooth ex, who turns up with a Polish blonde half his age (Beata Nilska) and can't even remember exactly how old Johanna is. But she dotes on her father and, despite Gabrielle's unease, is proud he's come to give her away. First half is lively enough as the characters shift into position and stake out their attitudes, with Alex, especially, repping the voice of cynicism about marriage. Hairline fractures start to appear when both Johanna and Benjamin take a tad too long to say "oui" at the ceremony — and the merde hits the fan during dinner when Alex (and all the guests) finds out who Valentine's lover is. However, the script also starts to fracture along with the false bonhomie, and helmer Guignabodet gives the impression of not being able to satisfactorily mesh the strands she's laid out. After the strange diversionary tactic of introducing a transvestite entertainer (Michel Dussarat) at a comparatively late stage, pic whips up an unconvincing climax centered on Johanna and Benjamin. By this time, several more interesting characters, like Gabrielle, Micky and Pierre, have effectively been left stranded by the screenplay. Result is a not very balanced meal, despite a fine spread of hors d'oeuvres. Even if their roles remain undeveloped, Miou-Miou and Bezace impart a classy touch to the proceedings as the bride's parents, and Lio makes one wish for more time spent on the joyously sad character of Micky. Dujardin, especially in the early stages, is good as Alex, though his sour apothegms ("It's not marriage that kills; it's life together") lack a little in cutting edge. Dialogue, similarly, is entertaining without being honed to the max. Tech credits are standard. Color processing is less than classy, like a TV movie blown up from 16mm.Mariages!
A Pan-Europeenne Distribution release of a Pan-Europeenne Prod., StudioCanal, France 2 Cinema, Rhone-Alpes Cinema production, with participation of Canal Plus, CineCinema. (International sales: StudioCanal, Paris.) Produced by Philippe Godeau. Directed, written by Valerie Guignabodet.
Camera (color), Pierre Aim; editor, Thierry Derocles; music, Fabrice Aboulker; music supervisor, Valerie Lindon; art director, Therese Ripaud; costumes, Fabienne Katany; sound (Dolby SRD), Jean Minondo, William Flageollet; assistant director, Jean-Christophe Delpias; casting, Olivier Carbone. Reviewed at Gaumont Ambassades, Paris, May 2, 2004. (In Cannes Film Festival -- market.) Running time: 100 MIN.
Mathilde Seigner, Jean Dujardin, Miou-Miou, Didier Bezace, Lio, Antoine Dulery, Chloe Lambert, Alexis Loret, Michel Lagueyrie, Marianne Groves, Catherine Allegret, Beata Nilska, Frederic Maranber, Michel Dussarat, Gilles Gaston-Dreyfus, Simon Astier.


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When I was a new Doctor Who fan in 1983, The Five Doctors was my first story(!). That little clip of Hartnell at the start of that story was the only taste of "live" Hartnell I got to see back then – at least until NJN finally ran the Hartnell Doctor Who stories around 1986.
In the interim, you had to make do with still pictures in books. And back then, that meant the Peter Haining books. For some reason, the two Hartnell stories that always had color pictures were Marco Polo and The Celestial Toymaker. I suppose because both had a rather colourful design as compared to their contemporary brethren. Those pictures stuck with me for many a year, and defined my internal visual of what a Hartnell episode would actually look like – colourful and robust. That extended to the pictures of Steven and Dodo's outfits, which were fairly colourful themselves (for some reason I liked Dodo's "O" outfit here), so I thought it fit in well with the design of this story.
Episode four is the best of the serial, IMO, so I guess it's fortunate that it's the one existing one. The show had a lot going for it on paper. It has an "unreality" feel to it, mostly surrounding the characters the Toymaker sends against Steven and Dodo. It's not unlike Troughton's Mind Robber, or Colin Baker's The Ultimate Foe, although perhaps not quite as "fantasy" as those examples. I did enjoy the angle of the characters in the story being toys from a Toychest that were "enlarged" or otherwise "created" to interact with the TARDIS crew.
The Doctor apparently has met the Toymaker before. There is a reference to an offscreen encounter, and the Doctor also calls him immortal a few times in the story. In episode four, the Doctor says the Toymaker can never really be killed. He's someone who just continues to exist, tricking people into playing games with him. From time to time, he'd actually lose, his world (and himself) would disperse, and he'd have to create a new world for more people to entertain him. Sounds a little like Q from Star Trek, or The Gods of Ragnarock from Sylvester McCoy's era. Still, most of the threat of the Toymaker seems set up by the Doctor's respect for him, as opposed to the Toymaker's actual actions.
The crew are separated about two thirds of the way through episode one. The Doctor stays to play a game called "The Trilogic Game" (pretty much a real world 'Tower of Hanoi' puzzle game) against the Toymaker, and Steven and Dodo go off to play against a succession of characters that the Toymaker throws against them. The room where the Toymaker and the Doctor are has screens where they can watch the progress of the others. The Doctor tries to help his companions, and the Toymaker doesn't like that, so he renders the Doctor both invisible again, and then mute, leading to William Hartnell's real life holiday. All we see of the Doctor from the latter stages of episode one through 10 minutes until the end of episode four is his hand (played by Albert Ward).
The games for the companions started off with some clowns, who initially seem like regular clowns, but get defeated when they have to replay a game due to cheating. One of the more interesting ideas (and one of the unreality bits) was against the King and Queen of Hearts, brought to life from a playing card; there's also a kitchen setting with a Sgt. Rugg and Mrs. Wiggs, who try and have Steven and Dodo locate a key which they need to supposedly get to the TARDIS. Through this whole adventure, a succession of fake TARDII confound Steven and Dodo, so they now start to doubt if any of them are real. The companions eventually make it through the games and go up against Cyril the schoolboy in a game of hopscotch to get to the TARDIS. Cyril tries to trick the others, but ends up causing his own electrocution due to his trickery, and the companions are at the TARDIS, having won the game.
The last few minutes of episode four are interesting: it seems that although the crew has won their games, they can't leave until the Doctor finishes his Trilogic game. However if he makes the final move and wins, the entire area including them would disappear. The Doctor gets out of that by some interesting verbal dexterity. An enjoyable solution for sure that I enjoy, and you probably will too.
The Toymaker for all his setup, ended up not being a terribly interesting adversary to me. He didn't interact with Steven and Dodo very much other than talking to them from another room. He hangs out with the mostly invisible/mute Doctor. It gives him and the story an oddly disconnected feel. Mostly because Hartnell is not in episodes two or three at all, and only about half of one and four each. So it's basically the Dodo and Steven show here. I feel the overall story was let down by Hartnell not being there. I enjoyed Hartnell's performance in this one. Can't put a finger on why, but I liked him here. Shame there was so little of him on screen.
In reading about this story for the review, I discovered something I didn't realize. Then-producer John Wiles had problems with Hartnell, and was going to replace him. When the Toymaker made the Doctor visible again, Wiles wanted to replace Hartnell with a different actor. The BBC head of serials nixed that idea, and replaced Wiles on the show.
Also, I'd be remiss if I didn't mention the attempted return of the character. In the end of this story, the Doctor tells Dodo that he expects to have more adventures with the Toymaker. This was to happen in 1986 in the first story of Season 23 with Colin Baker – with Michael Gough to reprise his role. The sequel, The Nightmare Fair was to go into production, having been written by former series producer Graham Williams. However, Doctor Who was put on hiatus, and all the existing story work was scrapped. The story was novelized in 1989, and later released as an audio play starring Colin Baker and Nicola Bryant in 2009. The character of the Toymaker has also appeared in other Big Finish productions and novels.
To sum up, the story I think could have been made shorter, perhaps working better from being tightened up. For me, episodes two and three dragged, while episodes one and four are a lot more enjoyable. As long as I'm wishing for things I couldn't have in this story, I'd like it to be in colour, too. The still pictures I mention above make it look like this would have been one of the better Hartnell era stories due to its use of color in its design. Still, having said all that, I do enjoy The Celestial Toymaker, and you probably will too.


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Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Gustav II Adolf | |
Gustavus Adolphus, attributed to Jacob Hoefnagel
King of Sweden | |
Reign | 30 October 1611 – 6 November 1632 |
Coronation | 12 October 1617 |
Predecessor | Charles IX |
Successor | Christina |
Born | Castle Tre Kronor, Sweden |
9 December 1594
Died | 6 November 1632 Lützen, Electorate of Saxony |
(aged 37)
Burial | 22 June 1634 Riddarholm Church, Stockholm |
Spouse | Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg |
Issue | Christina |
House | Vasa |
Father | Charles IX |
Mother | Christina of Holstein-Gottorp |
Religion | Lutheran |
Swedish Royalty |
House of Vasa |
Gustav I |
Eric XIV |
John III |
Sigismund |
Charles IX |
Gustav II Adolf |
Christina |
Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.); widely known in English by his Latinised name Gustavus Adolphus or as Gustav II Adolph,[1] or as Gustavus Adolphus the Great (Swedish: Gustav Adolf den store, Latin: Gustavus Adolphus Magnus, a formal posthumous distinction passed by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634); was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632 and is credited as the founder of Sweden as a Great Power (Swedish: Stormaktstiden). He led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years' War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe.
He is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time, with innovative use of combined arms.[2] His most notable military victory was the Battle of Breitenfeld. With a superb military machine with good weapons, excellent training, and effective field artillery, backed by an efficient government which could provide necessary funds, Gustavus Adolphus was poised to make himself a major European leader, but he was killed a year later at the Battle of Lützen in 1632. He was ably assisted in his efforts by Count Axel Oxenstierna, the Lord High Chancellor of Sweden, who also acted as regent after his death.
In an era characterized by almost endless warfare, he led his armies as king from 1611 (at age 16) until his death in battle in 1632 while leading a charge—as Sweden rose from the status of a mere regional power to one of the great powers of Europe and a model of early modern era government. Within only a few years of his accession, Sweden had become the largest nation in Europe after Russia, Spain and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Some have called him the "father of modern warfare",[3] or the first great modern general. Under his tutelage, Sweden and the Protestant cause developed a number of excellent commanders, such as Lennart Torstensson, who would go on to defeat Sweden's enemies and expand the boundaries and the power of the empire long after Gustavus Adolphus' death in battle.
He was known by the epithets "The Golden King" and "The Lion of the North" by neighboring sovereigns. He made Sweden one of the great powers of Europe in part by reforming the administrative structure. For example, he began Parish registration of the population, so that the central government could more efficiently tax and conscript the people. Historian Christer Jorgensen argues that his achievement in the field of economic reform, trade, modernization, and the creation of the modern bureaucratic autocracy was as great as his exploits on the battlefields. His domestic reforms, which transformed a backward, almost medieval economy and society, were in fact not only the foundations for his victories in Germany, but also absolutely crucial for the creation and survival of the Swedish Empire.[4]
Gustavus Adolphus was born in Stockholm as the oldest son of Duke Charles of the Vasa dynasty and his second wife, Christina of Holstein-Gottorp. At the time, the King of Sweden was Gustavus Adolphus' cousin Sigismund. The staunch Protestant Duke Charles forced the Catholic Sigismund to let go of the throne of Sweden in 1599, a part of the preliminary religious strife before the Thirty Years' War, and reigned as regent before taking the throne as Charles IX of Sweden in 1604. Crown Prince Gustav Adolph had Gagnef-Floda in Dalecarlia as a duchy from 1610. Upon his father's death in October 1611, a sixteen-year-old Gustavus inherited the throne (declared of age and able to reign himself at seventeen as of 16 December[5]), as well as an ongoing succession of occasionally belligerent dynastic disputes with his Polish cousin. Sigismund III wanted to regain the throne of Sweden and tried to force Gustavus Adolphus to renounce the title.
In a round of this dynastic dispute, Gustavus invaded Livonia when he was 31, beginning the Polish-Swedish War (1625–1629). He intervened on behalf of the Lutherans in Germany, who opened the gates to their cities to him. His reign became famous from his actions a few years later when in June 1630 he landed in Germany, marking the Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War. Gustavus intervened on the anti-Imperial side, which at the time was losing to the Holy Roman Empire and its Catholic allies; the Swedish forces would quickly reverse that situation.
Gustavus was married to Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg,[a] the daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, and chose the Prussian city of Elbing as the base for his operations in Germany. He died in the Battle of Lützen in 1632. His early death was a great loss to the Lutheran side. This resulted in large parts of Germany and other countries, which had been conquered for Lutheranism, to be reconquered for Catholicism (via the Counter-Reformation). His involvement in the Thirty Years' War gave rise to the saying that he was the incarnation of "the Lion of the North", or as it is called in German "Der Löwe aus Mitternacht" (Literally: "The Lion of Midnight").
Name | Born | Died | Notes |
(Illegitimate) By Margareta Slots | |||
Gustav |
Stockholm |
Wildeshausen |
Married Countess Anna Sofia Wied-Runkel and had issue. |
By Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg (11 November 1599 – 28 March 1655) | |||
A daughter |
Stockholm |
Stillborn, buried in Riddarholmskyrkan. | |
Christina |
Stockholm |
Stockholm |
Heiress presumptive to the thrones of Sweden and Denmark; buried in Riddarholmskyrkan. |
A son |
Gripsholm Castle |
Stillborn, buried in Riddarholmskyrkan. | |
Christina |
Stockholm |
Rome |
Queen of Sweden (1632 – 1654), never married; buried in Basilica of Saint Peter. |
Military innovator[edit]
Historian Ronald S. Love finds that in 1560-1660 there were "a few innovators, notably Maurice of Nassau and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, whom many scholars credit with revolutionary developments in warfare and with having laid the foundations of military practice for the next two centuries."[6] Scholars all agree that Gustavus Adolphus was an extremely able military commander.[7] His innovative tactical integration of infantry, cavalry, logistics and particularly his use of artillery, earned him the title of the "Father of Modern Warfare". Future commanders who studied and admired Gustav II Adolf include Napoleon I of France and Carl von Clausewitz. His advancements in military science made Sweden the dominant Baltic power for the next one hundred years (see Swedish Empire). He is also the only Swedish monarch to be styled "the Great". This decision was made by the Swedish Estates of the Realm, when they convened in 1633. Thus, by their decision he is officially, to this day, to be called Gustaf Adolf the Great (Gustavus Adolphus Magnus).
Gustavus Adolphus was the main figure responsible for the success of Swedish arms during the Thirty Years' War and led his nation to great prestige. As a general, Gustavus Adolphus is famous for employing mobile artillery on the battlefield, as well as very aggressive tactics, where attack was stressed over defense, and mobility and cavalry initiative were emphasized.
Among other innovations, he installed an early form of combined arms in his formations, where the cavalry could attack from the safety of an infantry line reinforced by cannon, and retire again within to regroup after their foray. Inspired by the reform of Maurice of Nassau he adopted much shallower infantry formations than were common in the pike and shot armies of the era, with formations typically fighting in 5 or 6 ranks, occasionally supported at some distance by another such formation—the gaps being the provinces of the artillery and cavalry as noted above. His artillery were themselves different—in addition to the usual complements of heavy cannon he introduced light mobile guns for the first time into the Renaissance battlefield. These were grouped in batteries supporting his more linearly deployed formations, replacing the cumbersome and unmaneuverable traditional deep squares (such as the Spanish Tercios that were up to 50 ranks deep) used in other pike and shot armies of the day. In consequence, his forces could redeploy and reconfigure very rapidly, confounding his enemies.[8] He created the modern Swedish navy, which successfully transported troops and supplies to the Continental battlefront.[9]
von Clausewitz and Napoleon Bonaparte considered him one of the greatest generals of all time, an evaluation agreed with by George S. Patton and others. He was also renowned for his constancy of purpose and the equality of his troops—no one part of his armies was considered better or received preferred treatment, as was common in other armies where the cavalry were the elite, followed by the artillery, and both disdained the lowly infantry. In Gustavus' army the units were extensively cross trained. Both cavalry and infantry could service the artillery, as his heavy cavalry did when turning captured artillery on the opposing Catholic Tercios at First Breitenfeld. Pikemen could shoot—if not as accurately as those designated musketeers—so a valuable firearm could be kept in the firing line. His infantrymen and gunners were taught to ride, if needed. Napoleon thought highly of the achievement, and copied the tactics. However, recent historians have challenged velocity reputation. B. H. Liddell Hart says it is an exaggeration to credit him with a uniquely disciplined conscript army, or call his the first military state to fight a protracted war on the continent. He argues that he improved existing techniques and used them brilliantly. Richard Brzezinski says his legendary status was based on inaccurate myths created by later historians. Many of his innovations were developed by his senior staff.[10]
Gustavus Adolphus was a very forward thinking military man. He enthusiastically adopted a number of fairly new military innovations as the new standard for the Swedish army, which in the beginning came as a shock to his more conservative-minded opponents.
While Gustavus has been widely credited for re-emphasizing the shock role of European cavalry, his innovations were hardly new, Huguenot cavalry under Henry IV and Gaspard II de Coligny having fought in exactly the same fashion during the French Wars of Religion. As a matter of fact his opponent Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly also favored the same ferocious charges the Swedish cavalry would become famous for. Neither was the Swedish practice of integrating shot and horse, the so-called "commanded shot", a new one, with the Huguenot horsemen at the battle of Coutras having the same supporting shooters. What made the Swedish army unique in this regard was the fact that the use of "commanded shot" became the standard tactical doctrine of its horse, and this in turn was adopted by other armies of the period, including its Imperial opponents and that of the English Civil War.[11]
Adolphus better deserved the credit of introducing a standard caliber light muskets to his infantry forces, replacing the previous mix of arquebus and heavy musket common in Imperial tercios. The shallower infantry formation of the Swedish brigade, much more conducive to massed firepower, was inspired by the work of Maurice. However Adolphus perfected the system and introduced the use of salvo fire, where two or three ranks of musketeers fired simultaneously, usually at point blank range, rather than one rank at a time counter marching as was common in that era. Delivered at point-blank range, and immediately followed up by a charge with swords, and pikes, a salvo became the infantry's most feared tactic because it was much more effective at breaking the enemy's morale and repulsing cavalry charges than the earlier method.[12]
Perhaps Adolphus' greatest contribution however, was his work in field artillery. Equipping each of his brigades with up to 12 light regimental guns, he greatly increased the organic firepower of his infantry and for the first time allowed the artillery arm to play a role in the offensive instead of being a static spectator in a battle of maneuvers.[13]
Political reforms[edit]
Gustav II Adolf's politics in the conquered territory of Estonia also show progressive tendencies. In 1631 he forced the nobility to grant the peasants greater autonomy. He also encouraged education, opening a school in Tallinn in 1631, today known as Gustav Adolf Grammar School (Estonian: Gustav Adolfi Gümnaasium)[14] On 30 June 1632, Gustav II Adolf signed the Foundation Decree of Academia Dorpatensis in Estonia, today known as the University of Tartu.[15] With policies that supported the common people, the period of Swedish rule over Estonia initiated by Gustav II Adolf and continued by his successors is popularly known by Estonians as the "good old Swedish times" (Estonian: vana hea Rootsi aeg).[16]
On 27 August 1617, he spoke before his coronation, and his words included these:
I had carefully learned to understand, about that experience which I could have upon things of rule, how fortune is failing or great, subject to such rule in common, so that otherwise I would have had scant reason to desire such a rule, had I not found myself obliged to it through God's bidding and nature. Now it was of my acquaintance, that inasmuch as God had let me be born a prince, such as I then am born, then my good and my destruction were knotted into one with the common good; for every reason then, it was now my promise that I should take great pains about their well-being and good governance and management, and thereabout bear close concern.[17]
Military commander[edit]
Gustavus Adolphus inherited three wars from his father when he ascended the throne: against Denmark, which had attacked Sweden earlier in 1611; against Russia, due to Sweden having tried to take advantage of the Russian Time of Troubles; and against Poland, due to King Charles's having deposed King Sigismund III, his nephew, as King of Sweden.
The war against Denmark (Kalmar War) was concluded in 1613 with a peace that did not cost Sweden any territory, but it was forced to pay a heavy indemnity to Denmark (Treaty of Knäred). During this war, Gustavus Adolphus let his soldiers plunder towns and villages and as he met little resistance from Danish forces in Scania, they pillaged and devastated twenty-four Scanian parishes. His memory in Scania has been negative because of that fear.[18]
The war against Russia (Ingrian War) ended in 1617 with the Treaty of Stolbovo, which excluded Russia from the Baltic Sea. The final inherited war, the war against Poland, ended in 1629 with the Truce of Altmark, which transferred the large province Livonia to Sweden and freed the Swedish forces for the subsequent intervention in the Thirty Years' War in Germany, where Swedish forces had already established a bridgehead in 1628.
Especially the weak electorate of Brandenburg was torn apart by a quarrel between the Protestant and Catholic parties. The Brandenburg minister and diplomat Baron Samuel von Winterfeld influenced Gustavus Adolphus to support and protect the Protestant side in Germany. When Gustavus Adolphus began his push into northern Germany in June–July 1630, he had just 4,000 troops. But he was soon able to consolidate the Protestant position in the north, using reinforcements from Sweden and money supplied by France at the Treaty of Bärwalde. After Swedish plundering in Brandenburg (1631) endangered the system of retrieving war contributions from occupied territories, "marauding and plundering" by Swedish soldiers was prohibited.[19] Meanwhile, a Catholic army under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly was laying waste to Saxony. Gustavus Adolphus met Tilly's army and crushed it at the First Battle of Breitenfeld in September 1631. He then marched clear across Germany, establishing his winter quarters near the Rhine, making plans for the invasion of the rest of the Holy Roman Empire.
In March 1632, Gustavus Adolphus invaded Bavaria, a staunch ally of the Emperor. He forced the withdrawal of his Catholic opponents at the Battle of Rain. This would mark the high point of the campaign. In the summer of that year, he sought a political solution that would preserve the existing structure of states in Germany, while guaranteeing the security of its Protestants. But achieving these objectives depended on his continued success on the battlefield.
Gustavus is reported to have entered battle without wearing any armor, proclaiming, "The Lord God is my armor!" It is more likely that he simply wore a leather cuirass rather than going into battle wearing no battle protection whatsoever. In 1627, near Dirschau in Prussia, a Polish soldier shot him in the muscles above his shoulders. He survived, but the doctors could not remove the bullet, so from that point on, he could not wear iron armor; two fingers of his right hand were paralyzed.[20]
The Battle of Lützen (November 6, 1632) was one of the most decisive battles of the Thirty Years' War. It was a Protestant victory, but the Protestant alliance lost one of its most important leaders which caused the Protestant campaign to lose direction. Gustavus Adolphus was killed when, at a crucial point in the battle, he became separated from his troops while leading a cavalry charge on this wing.[21]
Towards 1:00 pm, in the thick mix of gun smoke and fog covering the field, the king was separated from his fellow riders and suffered multiple shots. A bullet crushed his left arm below the elbow. Almost simultaneously his horse suffered a shot to the neck that made it hard to control. In the mix of fog and smoke from the burning town of Lützen the king rode astray behind enemy lines. There he sustained yet another shot in the back, was stabbed and fell from his horse. Lying on the ground, he received a final, fatal shot to the temple. His fate remained unknown for some time. However, when the gunnery paused and the smoke cleared, his horse was spotted between the two lines, Gustavus himself not on it and nowhere to be seen. His disappearance stopped the initiative of the hitherto successful Swedish right wing, while a search was conducted. His partly stripped body was found an hour or two later, and was secretly evacuated from the field in a Swedish artillery wagon.
After his death, Gustavus's wife initially kept his body, and later his heart, in the castle of Nyköping for over a year. His remains (including his heart) now rest in Riddarholm Church in Stockholm.
In February 1633, following the death of the king, the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates decided that his name would be styled Gustav Adolf the Great (or Gustaf Adolf den Store in Swedish). No such honor has been bestowed on any other Swedish monarch before or since.
The crown of Sweden was inherited in the Vasa family, and from Charles IX's time excluded those Vasa princes who had been traitors or descended from deposed monarchs. Gustavus Adolphus' younger brother had died ten years before, and therefore there was only the King's daughter left as a female heir. Maria Eleonora and the king's ministers took over the government on behalf of Gustavus Adolphus' underage daughter Christina upon her father's death. He left one other known child, his illegitimate son Gustav, Count of Vasaborg.
Gustavus Adolphus is commemorated today with city squares in major Swedish cities like Stockholm, Gothenburg and Helsingborg. The Gustav-Adolf-Werk (GAW) of the Evangelical Church in Germany, founded on the bicentennial celebration of the Battle of Lützen, has as its object the aid of feeble sister churches and commemorates the king's legacy. Swedish royalty visited the GAW headquarters in Leipzig on the festivities of Gustavus Adolphus' 400th birthday, in 1994.[22] Gustavus Adolphus College, a Lutheran college in St. Peter, Minnesota, is also named for the Swedish King.
The Columbia Encyclopedia sums up his record:
- In military organization and strategy, Gustavus was ahead of his time. While most powers relied on mercenary troops, he organized a national standing army that distinguished itself by its discipline and relatively high moral standards. Deeply religious, the king desired his soldiers to behave like a truly Christian army; his stern measures against the common practices of looting, raping, and torture were effective until his death. His successes were due to this discipline, his use of small, mobile units, the superiority of his firearms, and his personal charisma. Although he was deeply interested in the internal progress of his kingdom, much of the credit for the development of Swedish industry and the fiscal and administrative reforms of his reign belongs to Oxenstierna.[23]
The German Socialist Franz Mehring wrote a biography of Gustavus Adolphus with a Marxist perspective on the actions of the Swedish king during the Thirty Years' War. In it, he makes a case that the war was fought over economics and trade rather than religion. The Swedes discovered huge deposits of copper, which were used to build brass cannon. The cottage-industrial growth stimulated an armaments industry.
In his book "Ofredsår" ("Years of Warfare"), the Swedish historian and author Peter Englund argues that there was probably no single all-important reason for the king's decision to go to war. Instead, it was likely a combination of religious, security, as well as economic considerations.
This view is supported by German historian Johannes Burkhardt, who writes that Gustavus entered the 30 Years War exactly 100 years after the publication of the Confessio Augustana, the core confession of faith of the Lutheran Church, and let himself be praised as its saviour. Yet Gustavus' own "manifesto of war" does not mention any religious motivations at all but speaks of political and economical reasons. Sweden would have to maintain its integrity in the face of several provocations and aggressions by the Habsburgian Empire. The manifesto was written by scholar Johann Adler Salvius in a style common of the time that promotes a "just war". Burkhardt argues that traditional Swedish historiography constructed a defensive interest in security out of that by taking the manifesto's text for granted. But to defend Stockholm, the occupation of the German Baltic territories would have been an extreme advance and the imperial Baltic Sea fleet mentioned as a threat in the manifesto had never reached more than a quarter of the size of the Swedish fleet. Moreover, it was never maintained to challenge Sweden but to face the separatist Netherlands. So if ruling the Baltic Sea was a goal of Swedish strategy, the conquests in Germany were not a defensive war but an act of expansion. From Swedish Finland, Gustavus advanced along the Baltic Sea coast and eventually to Augsburg and Munich and he even urged the Swiss Confederacy to join him. This was no longer about Baltic interests but the imperial capital of Vienna and the alpine passes that were now in close reach of the Swedish army. Burkhardt points out that the Gothic legacy of the Swedes, coalesced as a political program. The Swedish king was also "Rex Gotorum" (Latin: King of the Goths), and the list of kings was traced back to the Gothic rulers to construct continuity. Prior to his embarkment to northern Germany, Gustavus urged the Swedish nobility to follow the example of conquests set by their Gothic ancestors. Had he lived longer, it would have been likely that Gustavus had reached out for the imperial crown of the Holy Roman Empire.[24]
- December 1594. Gustavus is born in the castle of Tre Kronor, Sweden.
- October 1611. Gustavus gains the Swedish throne and three wars (Kalmar War, Ingrian War and the Polish War) after his father, Charles IX's, death.
- February 1612. The Battle of Vittsjö against Denmark where Gustavus almost drowns.
- January 1613. Gustavus negotiates peace after repulsing the Danish invasion in the Kalmar War with the status quo ante bellum. However, Älvsborg Ransom (1613) had to be paid for Älvsborg fortress.
- February 1617. After the pressures of Gustavus siege of Pskov, he excludes Russia from the Baltic Sea in the Ingrian War, who cedes Ingria to Sweden.
- November 1620. Gustav Adolph marries Maria Eleanora.
- January 1626. The battle of Wallhof where Gustavus successfully uses effective cooperation between infantry and cavalry.
- July 1626. Gustavus Adolphus and his army disembark at Pillau, Prussia, during the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629).
- September 1626. Gustavus defeats a Polish force of Sigismund III Vasa in the battle of Gniew.
- December 1626. Daughter and successor Christina is born.
- May 1627. Gustavus is shot and seriously wounded (close to dying) in the assault on Danzig.
- August 1627. The King is seriously wounded in the battle of Dirschau (Tczew), after being shot twice.
- June 1629. His troops meet up with forces of Polish crown field Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski and imperial troops under Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg in the battle of Trzciana, and there Gustavus is almost killed or captured twice.
- September 1629. Truce of Altmark — Livonia and Estonia is ceded to Sweden as a result of Gustavus Polish wars.
- May 1630 and 6 July Gustav Adolph lands in Germany to enter the Thirty Years War.
- April 1631. Gustavus besieges and captures the town of Frankfurt an der Oder in the war.
- July 1631. Werben, First major field-battle between Swedish and Catholic forces where Gustavus is victorious.
- September 1631. At the Battle of Breitenfeld, Gustavus Adolphus decisively defeats the Catholic forces led by Tilly, even after the allied Protestant Saxon army had been routed and fled with the baggage train.
- April 1632. At the Battle of Lech, Gustavus Adolphus defeats Tilly once more, and in the battle Tilly sustains a fatal wound.
- May 1632. Munich yields to the Swedish army.
- September 1632. Gustavus Adolphus attacks the stronghold of Alte Veste, which is under the command of Wallenstein, but is repulsed, marking the first defeat in the Thirty Years' War of the previously invincible Swedes.
- November 1632. At the Battle of Lützen, Gustavus Adolphus is killed in action, but the Swedes win the fight thanks to Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, who assumes command and defeats Wallenstein. The Swedish war effort was kept up by generals Gustav Horn, Johan Banér, Lennart Torstenson, Carl Gustaf Wrangel and chancellor Axel Oxenstierna until the Peace of Westphalia.
A history of Gustavus Adolphus' wars was written by Johann Philipp Abelin.
Gustavus Adolphus Day is celebrated in Sweden, Estonia and Finland each year on 6 November, the day the king died at Lützen. One of the traditions on this day is the Gustavus Adolphus pastry. In Finland, the day is also called "the Swedish day".
The Gustav-Adolf-Werk (GAW), a society under the roof of the Evangelical Church in Germany, has for its objects the aid of feeble sister churches. Its responsible for the taking care of the Diasporawork of the EKD and has separate branches internationally. The organization in Austria is still called the Gustav-Adolf-Verein. The project of forming such a society was first broached in connexion with the bicentennial celebration of the battle of Lützen on November 6, 1832; a proposal to collect funds for a monument to Gustavus Adolphus having been agreed to, it was suggested by Superintendent Grossmann that the best memorial to the great champion of Protestantism would be the formation of a union for propagating his ideas. It quickly gained popularity in German. The lack of political correctness received some criticism however, the organization uses GAW as its brand in the meanwhile. The Swedish royalties have been visiting the GAW headquarters in Leipzig on the 400th birthday of Gustav Adolf 1994.[25]
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In popular culture[edit]
- August Strindberg's play Gustaf Adolf from 1900
- Bertolt Brecht's play Mother Courage and Her Children mentions Gustavus Adolphus several times in the earlier scenes during which the characters are traveling with the Protestant Army. The Cook lampoons the "Hero King" by pointing out that first he sought to liberate Poland from the Germans, then sought to liberate Germany from the Germans, and made a profit on the deal. His irreverence for the king also includes the fact that, unlike Mother Courage and the Chaplain, the Cook is a Dutchman not a Swede.
- In the Ring of Fire hypernovel by Eric Flint and others, Gustavus Adolphus is a major character, having chosen not to attend the Battle of Lützen in which, historically, he was killed. He helps a community of West Virginians, cosmically transported back into time, bring about a revolution of democracy throughout the Germanies. They in turn help to grow the Swedish empire through their technological knowledge of modern-day warfare and the capabilities of mankind. They introduce many ideas to 17th century Europe such as radio, submarines, and airplanes. Gustavus Adolphus is portrayed as a tough, yet compassionate king with tolerant tendencies toward religion and the rights of the people to establish their own civil liberties.
- Swedish power metal band Sabaton made a song about Gustavus Adolphus, entitled, "Lion from the North." Its parent album, Carolus Rex, is a concept album based on the rise and fall of the Swedish Empire.
- Gustavus Adolphus is the leader of Sweden in the turn-based strategy game, Civilization V, introduced in the Gods and Kings update.
See also[edit]
- History of Sweden – Rise of Sweden as a Great Power
- Axel Oxenstierna
- Gustav Gustavsson af Vasaborg
- Gustavus Adolphus College
- Gustav Adolf Grammar School
- ^ David Williamson in Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe ISBN 0-86350-194-X pp. 124, 128, 194, 207
- ^ In Chapter V of Clausewitz' On War, he lists Gustavus Adolphus as an example of an outstanding military leader, along with: Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Alexander Farnese, Charles XII, Frederick the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte.
- ^ Dodge, Theodore Ayrault (1890). Gustavus Adolphus: A History of the Art of War from Its Revival After the Middle Ages to the End of the Spanish Succession War, with a Detailed Account ... of Turenne, Conde, Eugene and Marlborough. Boston and New York: Da Capo Press Inc. ISBN 978-0-306-80863-0.
- ^ Jorgensen (2001) p 228
- ^ Otto Wilhelm Ålund in Gustaf II Adolf ett trehundraårsminne Bonniers 1894 p. 12
- ^ Ronald S. Love, "'All the King's Horsemen': The Equestrian Army of Henri IV, 1585-1598." The sixteenth century journal (1991): 511
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ISBN 0852293399, 1979, p. 502
- ^ Michael Roberts, The Military Revolution, 1560-1660 (1956)
- ^ Jorgensen (2001) p 228
- ^ Jorgensen (2001) p 229
- ^ Paul K. Davis (2013). Masters of the Battlefield: Great Commanders From the Classical Age to the Napoleonic Era. Oxford UP. p. 283.
- ^ Dennis E. Showalter; William J. Astore (2007). The Early Modern World. Greenwood. p. 38.
- ^ Jeff Kinard (2007). Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact. ABC-CLIO. pp. 97–98.
- ^ "Gustav Adolfi Gümnaasium – Ajalugu". Gag.ee. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
- ^ "Facts about the History of the University of Tartu – University of Tartu". Ut.ee. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
- ^ "Kas vana hea rootsi aeg oli ikka nii hea, kui rahvasuu räägib?". Ekspress.ee. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- ^ Tal och skrifter av konung Gustav II Adolf, Norstedts, Stockholm, 1915, pp. 58–59, translated by Jacob Truedson Demitz
- ^ Roberts 1992, p. 33.
- ^ Prinz, Oliver C. (2005). Der Einfluss von Heeresverfassung und Soldatenbild auf die Entwicklung des Militärstrafrechts. Osnabrücker Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte (in German). 7. Osnabrück: V&R unipress. pp. 40–41. ISBN 3-89971-129-7. Referring to Kroener, Bernhard R. (1993). "Militärgeschichte des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit bis 1648. Vom Lehnskrieger zum Söldner". In Neugebauer, Karl-Volker. Grundzüge der deutschen Militärgeschichte (in German). 1. Freiburg: Rombach. p. 32.
- ^ Kuosa, Tauno (1963). Jokamiehen Suomen historia II. Sata sotaista vuotta ("Everyman's Finnish History II: Hundred Warlike Years") (in Finnish). Helsinki: Werner Söderström Publishing Ltd.
- ^ Richard Brzezinski, Lützen 1632 (Osprey Publishing, 2001).
- ^ GAW Chronicles (in German)
- ^ "Gustavus II" The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
- ^ Burkhardt, Johann. "Ein Gotenkönig als Friedenskaiser? (lit.: A King of Goths as Emperor of Peace?)". Damals (in German). Vol. 42 no. 8/2010. Abstract in German.
- ^ GAW Chronicles (in German)
- Ahnlund, Nils, Gustav Adolf the Great, trans. Michael Roberts., Princeton, 1940.
- Brzezinski, Richard, The Army of Gustavus Adolphus. (Osprey, 1993). ISBN 1-85532-350-8. excerpt
- Brzezinski, Richard. Lützen 1632: Climax of the Thirty Years' War (Praeger, 2005).
- Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt. The Military Life of Gustavus Adolphus: Father of Modern War (Franklin Watts, 1969).
- Earle, E.M. ed. Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler, 1948.
- Nordstrom, Byron J. "Gustavus II Adolphus (Sweden) (1594–1632; Ruled 1611–1632)" Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World: Europe, 1450 to 1789, 2004.
- Ringmar, Erik. Identity, Interest and Action: A Cultural Explanation of Sweden's Intervention in the Thirty Years' War. (Cambridge, 1996).
- Roberts, Michael. Gustavus Adolphus, A History of Sweden 1611–1632 (two volumes) (London: Longmans, Green, 1953–1958).
- Roberts, Michael (1992). Gustavus Adolphus. Profiles in Power (2nd ed.). London: Longman. ISBN 0582090008.
- Roberts, Michael. Gustavus Adolphus and the Rise of Sweden (London: English Universities Press, 1973).
- Roberts, Michael. The Military Revolution 1560–1660, (Belfast: M. Boyd, 1956).
- Roberts, Michael. Sweden as a great power 1611–1697 (London: St. Martin's Press, 1968)
- Schürger, André. The Battle of Lützen: an examination of 17th century military material culture (University of Glasgow 2015) [1].
- Jorgensen, Christer. "Gustavus Adolphus II" in Charles Messenger, ed. (2013). Reader's Guide to Military History. Routledge. pp. 218–19..
- Murray, Jeremy. "The English-Language Military Historiography of Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years' War, 1900–Present," Western Illinois Historical Review (Spring 2013) vol 5. online
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gustav II Adolf. |
- Works by or about Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden at Internet Archive
- Works by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- The Great and Famous Battle of Lutzen..., transcription
- Texts on Wikisource:
- "Gustavus II". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
- "Gustavus II. Adolphus". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Gustavus II. Adolphus". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
- "Gustavus II., Adolphus". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
Gustav II Adolf
Born: 9 December 1594 Died: 6 November 1632 |
Regnal titles | ||
Preceded by Charles IX |
King of Sweden 1611–1632 |
Succeeded by Christina |
- Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
- 1594 births
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- Our Ananda Yoga Studio Locations:
- Aurora
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"Both Darlene and Henny are very conscientious teachers. They spend the time to make sure that you are in the right position or make modifications for you if you are not able to do it. GREAT teachers."
Linda Milligan
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Our Studio
Ananda Yoga Studios, a franchise with three locations in York Region, began when the award-winning Ananda Hot Yoga Aurora opened its doors in September 2009. The unpretentious little studio offers hot as well as regular yoga and pilates classes of various styles by certified instructors. Group classes, private lessons and educational workshops meet the needs of students of all levels of ability. Additional services include Zumba and PiYo classes, infrared sauna and massage therapy. The studio prides itself on creating a fun, safe and supportive space in which students can learn, explore and deepen their yoga practice. Whether you are in search of a healthier body, a more balanced emotional state, deepened spirituality or an overall sense of well-being - this is the place for you. A home away from home where warm, welcoming staff always greet you by name with a friendly smile.
The studio also offers free of charge:
- Locker for your valuables
- Assorted Teas
- Open Meditation Practice (see location for details)
- Mats are available for rent ($2).
- We also offer Voss water; coconut water and organic wheatgrass powder
- The studio stocks various products from Jade Mats to Rudraksha Mala Beads


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Recorded: 15 December 1969, 6 June 1971, 13 February - 8 March 1972
Producers: John Lennon, Yoko Ono, Phil Spector
Released: 15 September 1972 (UK), 12 June 1972 (US)
John Lennon: vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar
Yoko Ono: vocals
Wayne 'Tex' Gabriel: electric guitar
Gary Van Scyoc: bass guitar
Adam Ippolito: piano, organ
John La Bosca: piano
Stan Bronstein: saxophone, flute
Richard Frank Jr: drums, percussion
Jim Keltner: drums
George Harrison: electric guitar
Frank Zappa: vocals, electric guitar
Eric Clapton: electric guitar
Klaus Voormann: bass guitar
Billy Preston: organ
Jim Pons: vocals, bass guitar
Bob Harris: vocals, keyboards
Nicky Hopkins: piano
Delaney Bramlett: electric guitar
Don Preston: Minimoog
Ian Underwood: vocals, woodwind, keyboards
Bobby Keys: saxophone
Jim Price: trumpet
Andy White: drums
Jim Gordon: drums
Keith Moon: drums
Aynsley Dunbar: drums
Bonnie Bramlett: percussion
Mark Volman: vocals
Howard Kaylan: vocals
Woman Is The Nigger Of The World
Sisters, O Sisters
Attica State
Born In A Prison
New York City
Sunday Bloody Sunday
The Luck Of The Irish
John Sinclair
We're All Water
Cold Turkey
Don't Worry Kyoko
Well (Baby Please Don't Go)
Some Time In New York City, the follow-up to John Lennon's Imagine, was inspired by radical left-wing politics of the early 1970s. A critical and commercial failure, it featured two discs containing 10 studio songs and six live performances.
The album was borne of the vitality Lennon felt after moving to New York City. He had previously spoken of his love of the city and of America in interviews, and finally moved there with Yoko Ono in September 1971.
Well nobody came to bug us, hustle us or shove us
So we decided to make it our home
If the Man wants to shove us out we gonna jump and shout
The Statue of Liberty said, 'Come!'
Some Time In New York City
New York rejuvenated Lennon, both personally and musically, and he swiftly wrote a number of songs about his experiences. They were initially acoustic guitar-based, but took on a more traditional rock 'n' roll sound once studio work began.
America is where it's at. You know, I should have been born in New York, man. I should have been born in the Village! That's where I belong! Why wasn't I born there? Like Paris was in the eighteenth century or whatever it was, London I don't think has ever been it. It might have been literary-wise when Wilde and Shaw and all them were there. New York was it! I regret profoundly not being American and not being born in Greenwich Village. That's where I should have been. But it never works that way. Everybody heads towards the centre, that's why I'm here now. I'm here just to breathe it. It might be dying, or there might be a lot of dirt in the air, but this is where it's happening.
Lennon Remembers, Jann S Wenner
Lennon had become interested in political issues while touring with The Beatles in the mid 1960s. At first unsure of whether to speak out against the Vietnam War, and discouraged from doing so, it wasn't until 1968's Revolution that social commentary began to take centre stage in his music.
As a solo artist Lennon used his songwriting increasingly as a way to chart what was occurring in his life, whether personal or political. Working Class Hero and Power To The People were key songs of his in the early 1970s, and he and Yoko Ono had spoken out in support of British Black Power leader Michael X, convicted A6 murderer James Hanratty, and the editors of Oz magazine.
Although he encountered resistance from Nixon's administration, Lennon found a New York ally in political activists Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin. He embraced the counterculture movement in New York, aligning himself with the politics of the New Left and their various causes and campaigns.


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By Ross Findon
Published on Wednesday, February 13, 2013 - 16:30
ADMINISTRATORS for Blockbuster have announced all the Isle of Wight stores are to close.
Deloitte said today (Wednesday) that Newport, Ryde and Shanklin stores would be closed, along with more than 160 others nationwide.
The remaining stores will continue to trade as usual while administrators negotiate with bidders.
Blockbuster Cowes was already set to close, however staff were originally told they would be moved to other stores.
A statement issued on behalf of Deloitte said: "Staff in the stores affected by the closures will be facing redundancy.
"A dedicated employee helpline is in place and the company is running an employee assistance programme to help those staff facing redundancy find other jobs.
"Closing stores will remain open for business as usual and customers will be notified in advance of closure so that they can return their outstanding rental items beforehand.
"The standard rental terms and conditions remain in place during this time."
Lee Manning, joint administrator, said: "We have continued to review the performance of individual stores since our appointment a month ago and have concluded that further closures are necessary in order to restructure the company for sale.
"We would like to thank the company's employees for their support and professionalism during this difficult time and we are also grateful for the continued support of customers.
"We are in discussions with a number of parties interested in purchasing all or parts of the business and will update on progress in due course."
Each Blockbuster employs on average five staff, however exact figures were not available, according to a spokeswoman.
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TWO Blackbird Leys residents are ready to serve on the estate's parish council after an Oxford Mail appeal for new members.
Daniel Jones and Jadine Kennedy have started as Northfield Brook councillors after being asked to join Blackbird Leys Parish Council.
It comes after council chairman Gordon Roper told the Oxford Mail in May that the council desperatey needed new members to avoid being shut down.
Miss Kennedy, 19, who lives in Nettlebed Mead, said she was inspired to join after seeing the Mail story.
She said: "I've always had an interest in political things and I thought this would be a good place to start. This is definitely the first step on my political trail.
She is set to begin a City of Oxford College course next month in politics, law and philosophy.
She said: "I like having so many different people's ideas coming together and coming to a conclusion that makes people happy.
"I'll probably try to tackle the drugs on the estate. It's an important thing that needs to be dealt with."
Firs Meadow resident Mr Jones, 38, is a full-time dad for autistic stepson Jacob, daughter Scarlett, nine, and son Ruben, two. He said: "The parish council needs some fresh blood and a little bit more input would probably really help them.
"My first impression is that the council needs a little bit of a revamp and a push forward."
He said he took a greater interest in estate issues after the closure this year of its Shepherd's Hill and Dovecote nurseries.
Shepherd's Hill closed after being told it could not renew its lease from Windale Primary School as its space was needed for pupils. Dovecote closed because of recruitment problems.
The parish council has struggled in recent years to fill its 14 seats but now has 10 councillors.
Mr Roper thanked the Oxford Mail for its help, and said: "We still have spaces, but this is the beginning of a solution."
The council has a kitty of £23,100 from through council tax this year and gives out grants and raises issues of concerns with other authorities like Oxford City Council.
- For more information about joining the council, email the parish clerk on email@example.com.
- Do you want alerts delivered straight to your phone via our WhatsApp service? Text NEWS or SPORT or NEWS AND SPORT, depending on which services you want, and your full name to 07767 417704. Save our number into your phone's contacts as Oxford Mail WhatsApp and ensure you have WhatsApp installed.
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SRD:Teleportation Subdiscipline
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Teleportation Subdiscipline
A power of the teleportation subdiscipline transports one or more creatures or objects a great distance. The most potent of these powers can cross planar boundaries. Usually the transportation is one-way (unless otherwise noted) and not dispellable. Teleportation is instantaneous travel through the Astral Plane. Anything that blocks astral travel also blocks teleportation.
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"Holy mackerel that is football!"
Oliver Stone's movies usually seem more complicated than they are. Partly this comes from his evolving style, from the curiously romantic realism of Platoon, to the assaultive ding-battiness of Natural Born Killers, to the debased lunacy of U-Turn. But mostly it comes from his obsession with a single theme: brutality. Or more precisely, how brutality becomes morality.
This theme shows up in many forms in Stone's work, ranging from the U.S. government's many historical deceits, to patriarchy's horrors disguised as genetic fate, to the madness of media and commercial culture. What seems to allow his repeated return to this theme is the bizarre self-image he's constructed over the years. The man has nerve and passion, and above all, a sense of mission (it's not whether he came to believe his own superlative press surrounding Platoon, or if he came to Hollywood equipped with his legendary arrogance). In any event, Stone is a man committed: he finds his target the brutality of war, politics, media and slams it to the ground. Repeatedly.
Any Given Sunday
Oliver Stone
Al Pacino, Jamie Foxx, Cameron Diaz, Dennis Quaid, Ann-Margret, James Woods, Lela Rochon, Lauren Holly
(Warner Brothers)
Such slamming is most evident in the mainstream movies. In Scarface (written by Stone and directed by Brian DePalma), Horatio-Alger-esque drug dealer Tony Montana (Al Pacino) is violent for a living, but goes most wrong when he sells out his friends and family for kingpin status. Platoon's protagonist/Stone-stand-in Chris (Charlie Sheen), learns that in the face of war, intra-platoon loyalty constitutes its own morality. Born on the Fourth of July's paraplegic Vietnam veteran Ron Kovic (Tom Cruise) ends up joining the Democratic Party, seeking a moral end to the relentless brutality he faces at war and at home. But it's as if the film can't quite represent the happy ending it imagines: when Kovic goes to give his much-heralded Convention speech, the screen literally fades to white (underlining that what he has to say will necessarily undo everything else the movie has hammered home about the evils of politics).
It's Stone's overtly maniacal movies the ones that people tend to dislike and disparage that are the most provocative concerning this relationship between violence and morality. In NBK, Mickey and Mallory (Woody Harrelson and Juliette Lewis) are the most despicable of characters, mass murderers on a spree, exalted by ratings-hungry media. In a word, they are the Ur-Team Players, delivering to expectations, signing autographs, spinning their own stories with a grim expertise. They are the consummate rockstar-monsters, vivaciously and stunningly brutal. And when they come out on top, they are the Team Personified, they serve the tabloids, the fans, and the detractors all at the same time. U-Turn is the filmmaker's most disturbing articulation of the logical ends of U.S. culture's worship of individualism and violence (despite and because of the screwy boy-bonding at the violent climax). Nick Nolte, Jennifer Lopez, and the astounding Sean Penn (who has since described Stone as a farm animal) tussle over money, power, and sex, until they're left with only raw meanness.
An early movie, Salvador, delivers loony-tunes journalist Richard Boyle (James Woods at his gonzo best) behaving like the biggest speed-freak-asshole you could ever imagine, the ugly American redux, plainly not understanding what's going on around him (thinking he can save a Salvadoran woman just because he loves her). Boyle is initially so quick and relentless in his raging against U.S. imperialism, commercialism, and me-ism, that you feel betrayed when he turns around at film's end to embrace national pride and patriotism. When you think about it, though, Boyle's rant is one of the clearest manifestations of Stone's love-hate relationship with that All-American desire to be the best team player. Boyle is looking for that moment of grace, that instant when your life makes sense and you feel part of something bigger than yourself. In Stone's ornery humanism, you achieve this pseudo-redemption when you play for the right team.
So here he's arrived, finally, at his definitive team movie. Any Given Sunday starts out looking like it's going to critique the hell out of that berserker activity known to most folks as football. It opens with a horrific battle scene (Platoon brought home, and, by the way, and didn't Peter Davis's 1975 documentary Hearts and Minds already expose this nasty connection?). Against a backdrop of straining cheerleaders, fuzzy mascots, and fans in grotesque body-paint, the (fictionalized) Miami Sharks wear all-black uniforms (how metaphorical!) and crash headlong in crash into the Other Team. The camera zigzags, the cuts come fast and hard, the reaction shots show angry coaches (Al Pacino as Miami headguy Tony D'Amato, Jim Brown as defensive coordinator Montezuma Monroe) and anxious wives (the white ones in one section, the black ones in another). Two quarterbacks go down in quick succession, including veteran Cap Rooney (Dennis Quaid). Desperate, Tony sends in the third man, Willie Beamen (Jamie Foxx), who promptly pukes on the field.
Willie's vomiting becomes the film's running joke, implying the kid's intense desire to do well. The drama seems to be this: is this desire a matter of self-interest or… team-interest? And it's in this tension that the violence-morality dynamic is played out.
Structured as a series of dysfunctional father-son relationships (technically, Cameron Diaz is the daughter of a team owner who has inherited her dead dad's legacy, but she functions as a son here), Any Given Sunday seems distracted by its own excesses, which are less stylistic (the cinematographer is a first-timer, Salvatore Totino, the four editors include one Stone-veteran, Thomas Nordberg, and three FNGs) than narrative. Covering all kinds of cultural ground familial tensions, vulgar consumerism, racism, sexism, drug abuse, alcoholism, domestic violence, medical ethics, and the general obscenity of media the movie gallops along like it has lots to say, but can never quite find the words to say it. Of course, everyone yells a lot, but the movie's most interesting insights don't come through in the overwrought dialogue.
The movie is hoisted on something of a petard, wanting simultaneously to excoriate and celebrate football. On the one hand, the movie calls out football for its corporate brutality (shades of Spike Lee's He Got Game), on another, Any Given Sunday proclaims football a religious ritual, wherein fans are treated to heroic displays of talent and teamwork. It's this team business that finally does the film in: it's ridiculously happy ending is achieved when the most soulless mercenaries learn their hard lessons and do the right thing by the team.
Tony's journey of self-discovery exacts costs from everyone around him: he does battle with his team's owner and general manager Christina (Diaz), showboater Beamen, star running back Julian Washington (LL Cool J, stealing scenes again), dorky and ubiquitous reporter Jack (John C. McGinley, survivor of five Stone films), newbie high tech defensive coordinator Nick (Aaron Echkhart), and sleazy team doctor Harvey Mandrake (as in root?), played by Woods in relative slow-motion. Tony's dilemma is not only that he's old and tired (he doesn't "get" the superstar mentality, the fact that Willie makes a rap video to sell sports bars), but also that he has regrets.
As you see by the pictures in his fancy home, he once had a wife and daughter that he "gave up" for the game. It's worth noting that the sole character to call him out in a way that sticks is his old boss's widow and new boss's mom, Margaret (Ann-Margret), who spends most of her screentime being drunk and fiddling with her little white pooches. Still, in vino veritas and all: during a quiet moment, she tells Tony that he's been a "monster," and darn if that insight doesn't come back to you, while you're sinking into your seat during the 2 hours and 40 minutes that the movie pounds away.
Other than Margaret's moment, however, the film does a standard Stonian job on its women. Christina needs to learn her proper place and to respect Tony's experience. Tony finds comfort with a really nice, air headed hooker (Elizabeth Berkley), who has a lot of wigs and tells him a few times how good he is. But the major ball buster here is Cap's wife (Lauren Holly). When she hauls off and belts him for even suggesting that he should quit the game, it's one of those dark movie moments when a filmmaker's inner workings seem laid out. Ouch.
The sensible woman in the mix seems to be Willie's longtime girlfriend Vanessa (Lela Rochon), who leaves him just as soon as he gets too big-headed and starts pushing her around. True, she seems a little too ready take him back when he plays remorseful for a minute, but the film leaves hope that she might maintain her sanity and reject his spoiled-kid-acting ass. Willie occupies a difficult place in the film, for he's right about the racism in the football business but so cocky that you never feel asked to believe him. In the film's outrageous scene, Willie's eating Coach's jambalaya while the Charleton Heston version of Ben Hur plays on a huge tv screen: as the men debate the racism in the league point (lots of black RBs and defensive linemen, very few QBs and coaches, no owners, though how Tony imagines a counterpoint is actually unclear), you see Chuck Heston on the slave ship. Heroic or beaten down? You decide.
For all the backstage grumping and battling, the games are where the film locates its major action and metaphors. In the locker rooms, the players are iced and dosed with all kinds of speed and painkillers, at home they drink and smoke themselves into what seems a well-deserved oblivion. The point is, the money and the pain are too much. Willie's bad-boyness emerges when he starts calling his own plays, flouting the play book and traditions (his play is so good, however, that it inspires a sports announcer played by Stone himself to proclaim, "Holy mackerel that is football!"). Washington, his eyes on his yardage record and the endorsements contracts that come with it, fights a lot in the locker room, at parties, on the sidelines with Willie. This repetition may be the film's way of avoiding racism on the team per se, but it only underlines the fact that the black players are divided to be conquered. During one game, DMX's "My Niggas" thunders on the soundtrack, seeming to comment on the simultaneous camaraderie and abusiveness of what you're watching.
Any Given Sunday never does figure out what it wants to say. Instead, it retreats from any and all critiques of this awful business and does the great hurrah! For the Big Game, coach and all the players work as a team to claw their way out of the hell they've been in (after Tony's rousing halftime speech advising same), and even mom and the wayward daughter bond with the poochies. The cheerleaders jump and split. Even the sports announcers cheer. By this time, you're just feeling exhausted. Brutality is morality? Sure, sure. Just roll credits. Please.
'Two O'Clock Courage' Is Only a Quarter to Noir
// Short Ends and Leader
"This is a solid minor crime lark that tips its fedora to basic noir tropes.
READ the article


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The following chart outlines the cost of a Phillips Academy education for the 2016-2017 school year. Andover supports a need-blind admission policy and provides financial aid for qualified students who need financial assistance.
"Additional Expenses" and "Travel Expenses," which must be added to the total cost, are considered part of the total cost when determining financial aid eligibility.


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Movie SummaryMarried Life
Web Site: http://www.sonyclassics.com/marriedlife/ Description: A very gentle middle-aged man is married, but when he falls in love with another woman, he decides that to divorce his wife will be to humiliate her too much. So instead he decides to kill her. Movie summaries and listings powered by Cinema-Source
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100% Real Indian Facebook Likes - - repost
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BRIEF-Kraft Heinz to reduce about 200 salaried positions in U.S. and Canada
* Decision to eliminate about 200 salaried positions across few additional functions in U.S. and Canada out of 41,000 global employees
* November light synthetic $3.90/bbl over WTI
* WCS quoted at $14.75 under WTI
* Tesoro maintenance adds to refinery outages
CALGARY, Alberta, Oct 12 Canadian cash crude prices extended their slide on Friday as refinery maintenance picked up, reducing demand.
Light synthetic crude for November delivery last sold for $3.90 a barrel over benchmark West Texas Intermediate, compared with $4.25 a barrel over WTI on Thursday, according to Shorcan Energy Brokers.
November Western Canada Select heavy blend was quoted at $14.75 a barrel under WTI, a 10 cent deeper discount on the day.
Prices have weakened gradually since the start of October when the spreads prompted some shippers to forgo planned shipments to the Cushing, Oklahoma, storage hub as they could not compete with the local prices when transport was factored in.
On Friday, Tesoro Corp said it was conducting planned maintenance at its 120,000 barrel-a-day refinery in Anacortes, Washington, a big buyer of Canadian crude.
Among other operators, Royal Dutch Shell Plc said Wednesday it was taking an unspecified unit at its Scotford oil sands upgrader down for maintenance..
The 255,000 barrel-a-day upgrader, located near Edmonton, Alberta, processes bitumen from Shell's Athabasca Oil Sands Project.
Suncor Energy Inc, meanwhile, is scheduled to start planned maintenance at its 93,000 bpd Commerce City, Colorado, refinery this weekend. One of the crude units is slated to be down.


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Security cameras from a local gas station recently helped Owenton City Police nab an alleged car thief.
Owenton City Policeman Gary Alcorn said police received report of a stolen vehicle on Oct. 17.
Alcorn said the victim, Stacey Westover of Owenton, was visiting a friend on Kelly Court when John Dillion Lusby, 23, went to borrow Westover's friend's car.
When the friend wouldn't allow Lusby to borrow their car, Alcorn said Lusby took off in Westover's vehicle.
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When the weekly Scottsdale Street Fair launched in 2011, owners Keith and Shari Colombik envisioned it as being a fun, free event for kids and adults where they could listen to live music, go on kids' rides and shop for clothes, crafts and food at the farmers market, all while benefiting local charities.
It worked.
On Sunday, the Street Fair kicks off its second season with special guests the Arizona Rattlers, the 2012 Arena Bowl football champions. The team, cheerleaders and mascot will be there taking pictures with fans and signing autographs.
Pat McMahon, KTAR 92.3 FM weekend host and alumnus of "The Wallace and Ladmo Show," also will be there to sign his book, "Star-Studded Celebrity Media Cookbook."
"This year, we are also expanding the family-friendly focus of Street Fair, and we are expanding our focus on music," Keith Colombik said. "We are going to have more live bands."
In coming weeks, there will be special activities in addition to the Street Fair's regular vendors.
"We're doing a lot of fun stuff this year," Colombik said. "We are having pet adoptions and a costume contest. We are having a blood drive. We're going to have a Zumba marathon, where people will pay $25 that will go to charity. We'll have a chili cook-off. We're going to have Native American entertainment."
Each week, the Street Fair has a zone where kids can jump in bounce houses and speed through the air on a zip line.
"We have added attractions for the bigger kids," Colombik said. "For $100, people will have an area with a tent over it for birthday parties. The kids will have wristbands for the Fun Zone."
As they did last year, Street Fair vendors will sell artwork and crafts.
"The Street Fair has given people a place where they can show and sell their merchandise," Colombik said. "Last year, they had a lot of repeat business and a lot of tourists. Plus, we have a performance stage, which gives local talent around town a venue where they can be seen and heard."
Among the artists who will be selling their crafts at the Street Fair is Jade McClendon, a glass artist and jewelry designer who has a home-based showroom in north Scottsdale.
"I have been making beads for 12 years," she said. "I melt sticks of glass using a torch. They are fired in a kiln and then I make them into jewelry."
She sold her jewelry last year at the Street Fair.
"That has been a great experience for me," she said. "They attract a huge number of people."
Each Sunday, local charities are on hand to promote their cause.
On Sunday, those charities will include the ALS Association of Arizona, which will have a registration booth to sign up walkers for an upcoming fundraiser. In addition, Susan G. Komen for the Cure will be at the Street Fair to sign up walkers for its annual fundraising walk.
Lots of fun stuff for kids, like face painting, at the Scottsdale Street Fair at The Pavilions at Talking Stick.
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SANDUSKY, Ohio — Theme park operator Cedar Fair Entertainment Co. said Thursday that its loss narrowed in the first quarter as its revenue from season pass and group sales improved.
The operator of Cedar Point, Kings Island and other parks, based in Sandusky, Ohio, reported a loss of $66 million, or $1.18 per share, compared with a loss of $74 million, or $1.53 per share, a year ago. The first quarter is the weakest for theme park operators because some parks aren't open in the first three months of the year.
Revenue grew 5 percent to $28.2 million.
Analysts polled by FactSet expected a loss of 69 cents per share on revenue of $28 million.
Cedar Fair said it's encouraged by growth in season pass sales and group business at its parks driven by increased marketing.
It expects adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization for the full year between $385 million and $395 million on revenue of between $385 million and $395 million. Analysts expect $372.4 million on revenue of $1.03 billion.
Shares fell 28 cents to $30.64 in morning trading.


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/// Jimmy Kimmel Riffs with the Clintons on Private Lives, Public Service and (Of Course) 2016
The occasion was the Clinton Global Initiative University, an event at Arizona State University heavy in talk of inspiration and public service. A highlight was its closing session on Saturday, a rare on-stage joint interview with Bill, Hillary and Chelsea Clinton. But perhaps most unusual was the choice of the person to do the interview,… Read more


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New Record For Most Expensive Starbucks Drink
Seen here putting Colonel Sanders to shame in the dapper department, Geekologie Reader and possible future caffeine overdoser Logan got a gift card from Starbucks and decided to do what any red-blooded American would: milk it for all it's worth. But not regular milk — soy milk. Starbucks coffee additive options joke! Per Logan 'perma-twitch' Warren himself:
Armed with my Starbucks Rewards card, I decided to take the opportunity to find out just how much money I could pour into a Trenta–Starbucks' whopping 31 ounce cup! After about a half-hour with a laughing barista, we created the most expensive drink possible: one Java Chip Frappuccino in a Trenta cup, 16 shots of espresso, a shot of soy milk, caramel flavoring, banana puree, strawberry puree, vanilla beans, Matcha powder, protein powder, and a drizzle of caramel and mocha.
Price: $23.60
The drink apparently has over 1,400mg of caffeine — around 7-14 regular cups of coffee worth. That…is a lot. Still not enough to get me out of bed in the morning, but nothing is. I'm depressed, guys.
Article source: http://www.geekologie.com/2012/02/new-record-for-most-expensive-starbucks.php