text:
Oyo Empire
Oyo Empire | ||||||||
Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́ | ||||||||
Protectorate of the British Empire (1888-1896) | ||||||||
Oyo Empire at its furthest extent
Capital | Oyo-Ile | |||||||
Languages | Yoruba | |||||||
Religion | Yoruba religion | |||||||
Government | Monarchy | |||||||
Alaafin | ||||||||
• | c. 1300 | Oranyan | ||||||
• | 1888–1905 | Adeyemi I Alowolodu | ||||||
Legislature | Oyo Mesi and Ogboni | |||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | |||||||
• | Established | c. 1300 | ||||||
• | Disestablished | 1896 | ||||||
Area | ||||||||
• | 1680[1] | 150,000 km² (57,915 sq mi) | ||||||
Today part of | Nigeria |
The Oyo Empire was a Yoruba empire of what is today Western and North central Nigeria, . Established in the 15th century, the Oyo Empire grew to become one of the largest West African states. It rose through the outstanding organizational skills of the Yoruba, wealth gained from trade and its powerful cavalry. The Oyo Empire was the most politically important state in the region from the mid-17th to the late 18th century,[citation needed] holding sway not only over most of the other kingdoms in Yorubaland, but also over nearby African states, notably the Fon Kingdom of Dahomey in the modern Republic of Benin to the west.
Mythical origins[edit]
Part of a series on |
Yoruba people |
Subgroups |
Music |
Contemporary: Folk/Traditional: |
Notable Personalities |
List of Yoruba people |
Religion |
Diaspora |
Festivals & Events |
West Africa:
The origins of the Oyo Empire lie with Oranyan (also known as Oranmiyan), the last prince of the Yoruba Kingdom of Ile-Ife (Ife). Oranyan made an agreement with his brother to launch a punitive raid on their northern neighbors for insulting their father Oduduwa, the first Ooni of Ife. On the way to the battle, the brothers quarreled and the army split up.[2] Oranyan's force was too small to make a successful attack, so he wandered the southern shore until reaching Bussa. There the local chief entertained him and provided a large snake with a magic charm attached to its throat.
The chief instructed Oranyan to follow the snake until it stopped somewhere for seven days and disappeared into the ground. Oranyan followed the advice and founded Oyo where the serpent stopped. The site is remembered as Ajaka. Oranyan made Oyo his new kingdom and became the first "oba" (meaning 'king' or 'ruler' in the Yoruba language) with the title of "Alaafin of Oyo" (Alaafin means 'owner of the palace' in Yoruba). He left all his treasures in Ife and allowed another king to rule there.[3]
At a time, Oyo-ile was at war with the Bariba of Borgu who wanted to subjugate the new City still under construction. Orangun Ajagunla of Ila, Oranmiyan's elder brother stormed in with his men to assist. Not long after the war was won, Oranmiyan welcomed a son Ajuwon Ajaka, much later Arabambi was born by the woman from Tapa (Nupe), It is believed that the name "Sango" was given by his maternal grandfather or He adopted it from the local name for the God of Thunder, Either way the royal family was devoted to The Spirits of Thunder(Jakuta) and War(Ogun).
Early period (14th century–1535)[edit]
Oranyan, the first oba (king) of Oyo, was succeeded by Oba Ajaka, Alaafin of Oyo. Ajaka was deposed, because he lacked Yoruba military virtue and allowed his sub-chiefs too much independence. Leadership was then conferred upon Ajaka's brother, Shango, who was later deified as the deity of thunder and lightning. Ajaka was restored after Shango's death. Ajaka returned to the throne thoroughly more warlike and oppressive. His successor, Kori, managed to conquer the rest of what later historians would refer to as metropolitan Oyo.[3]
The heart of metropolitan Oyo was its capital at Oyo-Ile (also known as Katunga or Old Oyo or Oyo-oro).[4] The two most important structures in Oyo-Ile were the 'afin,' or palace of the Oba, and his market. The palace was at the center of the city close to the Oba's market called 'Oja-oba'. Around the capital was a tall earthen wall for defense with 17 gates. The importance of the two large structures (the palace and the Oja Oba) signified the importance of the king in Oyo.
The Nupe occupation[edit]
Oyo had grown into a formidable inland power by the end of the 14th century. For over a century, the Yoruba state had expanded at the expense of its neighbors. During the reign of Onigbogi, Oyo suffered military defeats at the hands of the Nupe led by Tsoede.[5] Sometime around 1535, the Nupe occupied Oyo and forced its ruling dynasty to take refuge in the kingdom of Borgu.[6] The Nupe sacked the capital, destroying Oyo as a regional power until the early 17th century.[7]
Imperial period (1608–1800)[edit]
The Yoruba of Oyo went through an interregnum of 80 years as an exiled dynasty after its defeat by the Nupe. They re-established Oyo as more centralized and expansive than ever. The people created a government that established its power over a vast empire.[6] During the 17th century, Oyo began a long stretch of growth, becoming a major empire.[7] Oyo never encompassed all Yoruba-speaking people, but it was the most populous kingdom in Yoruba history.[8]
Reconquest and expansion[edit]
The key to Yoruba rebuilding of Oyo was a stronger military and a more centralized government. Taking a cue from their Nupe enemies (whom they called "Tapa"), the Yoruba rearmed with armor and cavalry.[6] Oba Ofinran, Alaafin of Oyo, succeeded in regaining Oyo's original territory from the Nupe.[5] A new capital, Oyo-Igboho, was constructed, and the original became known as Old Oyo.[5] The next oba, Eguguojo, conquered nearly all of Yorubaland.[5] After this, Oba Orompoto led attacks to obliterate the Nupe to ensure Oyo was never threatened by them again.[5] During the reign of Oba, Ajiboyede, he held the first Bere festival, an event to celebrate peace in the kingdom. Celebrated regularly, it would retain much significance among the Yoruba long after the fall of Oyo.[5]
Under his successor, Abipa, the Yoruba repopulated Oyo-Ile and rebuilt the original capital.[5] Despite a failed attempt to conquer the Benin Empire sometime between 1578 and 1608,[5] Oyo continued to expand. The Yoruba allowed autonomy to the southeast of metropolitan Oyo, where the non-Yoruba areas could act as a buffer between Oyo and Imperial Benin.[9] By the end of the 16th century, the Ewe and Aja states of modern Benin were paying tribute to Oyo.[10]
- Dahomey Wars
The reinvigorated Oyo Empire began raiding southward as early as 1682.[11] By the end of its military expansion, Oyo's borders would reach to the coast some 200 miles southwest of its capital.[12] It met little serious opposition until the early 18th century. In 1728, the Oyo Empire invaded the Kingdom of Dahomey in a major campaign of its cavalry.[11][13] Dahomey warriors, on the other hand, had no cavalry but many firearms. Their gunshots scared the Oyo cavalry horses and prevented their charging.[14] Dahomey's army also built fortifications such as trenches, which forced the Oyo army to fight as infantry.[15] The battle lasted four days, but the Yoruba were eventually victorious after reinforcements arrived.[15] Dahomey was forced to pay tribute to Oyo. The Yoruba invaded Dahomey seven times before finally subjugating the small kingdom in 1748.[16]
- Later conquest
With its cavalry, Oyo campaigned successfully in conquest and suppression over great distances. The Oyo army was able to attack defensive fortifications, but it was harder to supply an army, and they withdrew when supplies ran out.[17] The Oyo did not use guns in its major conquests. The military waited until the 19th century to adopt them.[17] In 1764, a joint Akan(Akyem)-Dahomey-Oyo[18] force defeated an Asante army.[11] The alliance victory defined borders between the neighboring states.[11] Oyo led a successful campaign into Mahi territory north of Dahomey in the late 18th century.[11] The Yoruba also used the forces of their tributaries; for instance, they accomplished a 1784 naval blockade of Badagri with an Oyo-Dahomey-Lagos force.[19]
At the beginning, the people were concentrated in metropolitan Oyo. With imperial expansion, Oyo reorganized to better manage its vast holdings within and outside of Yorubaland. It was divided into four layers defined by relation to the core of the empire.[20] These layers were Metropolitan Oyo, southern Yorubaland, the Egbado Corridor and Ajaland.
- Metropolitan Oyo
Metropolitan Oyo corresponded, more or less, to the Oyo state prior to the Nupe invasion.[20] This was the hub of the empire, where the Yoruba spoke the Oyo dialect.[9] Metropolitan Oyo was divided into six provinces, with three on the west side of the Ogun River and three to the river's east.[9] Each province was supervised by a governor appointed directly by the Alaafin of Oyo.[21]
- Yorubaland
The second layer of the empire was composed of the towns closest to Oyo-Ile, which were recognized as brothers.[20] This area was south of metropolitan Oyo, and its Yoruba inhabitants spoke different dialects from that of Oyo.[9] These tributary states were led by their own rulers, titled Obas,[21] who were confirmed by the Alaafin of Oyo.[21]
- Egbado Corridor
The empire's third layer was the Egbado Corridor southwest of Yorubaland. This area was inhabited by the Egba and Egbado, and guaranteed Oyo's trade with the coast. The Egba and Egbado tributaries were allowed, like their Yoruba counterparts, to rule themselves. They were, however, supervised by Ajele.[20] These were agents appointed by the Alaafin of Oyo to oversee his interest and monitor commerce. The lead representative of Oyo in the corridor was the Olu, ruler of the town of Ilaro.[12]
- Ajaland
Ajaland was the last layer added to the empire. It was the most restive and distant, and kept in line with threats of expeditions against it.[20] This territory extended from the non-Yoruba areas west of the Egbado Corridor far into Ewe controlled territory in modern Togo.[9] This area, like all tributary states, was allowed a fair degree of autonomy as along as taxes were paid, the orders from Oyo were strictly followed, and access to local markets was provided to Oyo merchants.[10] The Oyo often demanded tribute in slaves. The tributary sometimes made war on other peoples to capture slaves for this.[22] Oyo punished disobedience by wholesale slaughter of the community, as it accomplished in Allada in 1698.[10]
Political structure[edit]
The Oyo Empire developed a highly sophisticated political structure to govern its territorial domains. Scholars have not determined how much of this structure existed prior to the Nupe invasion. Some of Oyo's institutions are clearly derivative of early accomplishments in Ife. After reemerging from exile in the early 17th century, Oyo took on a noticeably more militant character. The influence of an aggressive Yoruba culture is exemplified in the standards placed on the oba (king) and the roles of his council.
The Alaafin of Oyo[edit]
The oba (meaning 'king' in the Yoruba language) at Oyo, who was referred to as the Alaafin of Oyo (Alaafin means 'owner of the palace' in Yoruba), was the head of the empire and supreme overlord of the people.[23] He was responsible for keeping tributaries safe from attack, settling internal quarrels between sub-rulers, and mediating between those sub-rulers and their people.[23] The Alaafin of Oyo was also expected to give his subordinates honors and presents.[23] In return, all sub-rulers had to pay homage to the Oba and renew their allegiance at annual ceremonies.[21] The most important of these was the Bere festival, marking the acclamation of successful rule by the Alaafin.[21] After the Bere festival, peace in Yorubaland was supposed to last for three years.[21]
Selection of the Alaafin[edit]
The Oyo Empire was not a hereditary monarchy, nor an absolute one.[23] The Oyo Mesi selected the Alaafin. He was not always directly related to his predecessor, although he did have to be descended from Oranyan (also known as Oranmiyan), a son of Oduduwa (also known as Odudua, Odua ) and to hail from the Ona Isokun ward (which is one of the three royal wards).[23] At the beginning of the Oyo Empire, usually the Alaafin's oldest son succeeded his father to the throne. But, this sometimes led to the oldest son, i.e. the first-born prince, the Aremo, hastening the death of his father. Independently of the possible succession, the Aremo was quite powerful in his own right. For instance, by custom the Alaafin abstained from leaving the palace, except during the important festivals, which in practice curtailed his power. By contrast, the Aremo often left the palace. This led noted historian S. Johnson to observe: "The father is the king of the palace, and the son the King for the general public".[24] The two councils which checked the Alaafin had a tendency to select a weak Alaafin after the reign of a strong one to keep the office from becoming too powerful.[25]
The Ilari[edit]
The Alaafin of Oyo appointed certain religious and government officials, who were usually eunuchs.[26] These officials were known as the ilari or half-heads, because of the custom of shaving half of their heads and applying what was believed to be a magical substance into it.[27] The hundreds of Ilari were divided evenly among the sexes.[27] Junior members of the Ilari did menial tasks, while seniors acted as guards or sometimes messengers to the other world via sacrifice.[27] Their titles related to the king, such as oba l'olu ("the king is supreme") or madarikan ("do not oppose him").[27] They carried red and green fans as credentials of their status.[27]
All sub-courts of Oyo had Ilari who acted as both spies and taxmen.[21] Oyo appointed these to visit and sometimes reside in Dahomey and the Egbado Corridor to collect taxes and spy on Dahomey's military successes, so that the Alaafin of Oyo could get his cut.[28] Similar officials had existed in Ife, as attested by terracotta art depicting them.[28]
The Councils[edit]
While the Alaafin of Oyo was supreme overlord of the people, he was not without checks on his power. The Oyo Mesi and the Yoruba Earth cult known as Ogboni kept the Oba's power in check.[26] The Oyo Mesi spoke for the politicians while The Ogboni spoke for the people backed by the power of religion.[25] The power of the Alaafin of Oyo in relation to the Oyo Mesi and Ogboni depended on his personal character and political shrewdness.
Oyo Mesi[edit]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
The Oyo Mesi were seven principal councilors of the state. They constituted the Electoral Council and possessed legislative powers, similar to today's United States Congress. Led by the Bashorun, acting as prime minister, and ran by the Agbaakin, Samu, Alapini, Laguna, Akiniku and Ashipa. They represented the voice of the nation and had the chief responsibility of protecting the interests of the empire. The Alaafin was required to take counsel with them whenever any important matter affecting the state occurs.[29] Each man had a state duty to perform at court every morning and afternoon. Each mesi had a deputy whom they would send to the Alaafin if his absence was unavoidable. The Oyo Mesi developed as a check on the Alaafin's power, preventing the Alaafin from being an autocrat; the Oyo Mesi compelled many Afaafin to commit suicide during the 17th and 18th centuries.[29]
The head of the council of Oyo Mesi, the Bashorun, consulted the Ifa oracle for approval from the gods. New alaafins of Oyo were seen as appointed by the gods. They were regarded as Ekeji Orisa, meaning "companion of the gods." The Bashorun had final say on the nomination of the new Alaafin, his power rivaling the king himself. For example, the Bashorun orchestrated many religious festivals; in addition to being commander-in-chief of the army, which gave him considerable independent religious authority.
Chief among the responsibilities of the Bashorun was the all important festival of Orun. This religious divination, held every year, was to determine if the members of the Mesi still held favor with the Alaafin. If the council decided on the disapproval of the Alaafin, the Bashorun presented the Alaafin with an empty calabash, or parrot's egg as a sign that he must commit suicide. This was the only way to remove the Alaafin because he could not be legally deposed. Once given the parrot's egg, the Bashorun would proclaim, "the gods reject you, the people reject you, the earth rejects you." The Alaafin, his eldest son, and the Samu, his personal counselor and a member of the Oyo Mesi, the Asamu,[29] all had to commit suicide in order to renew the government all together. The process and suicide ceremony took place during the Orun festival.
The Ogboni[edit]
The Oyo Mesi does not enjoy an absolute power or influence, and while the Oyo Mesi may wield political influence, the Ogboni represented the popular opinion backed by the authority of religion, and therefore the view of the Oyo Mesi could be moderated by the Ogboni. And most interestingly, there are checks and balances on the power of the Alafin and the Oyo Mesi and thus no one is arrogated absolute power. The Ogboni was a very powerful secret society composed of freemen noted for their age, wisdom and importance in religious and political affairs.[26] Its members enjoyed immense power over the common people due to their religious station. A testament to how widespread the institution was is the fact that there were Ogboni councils at nearly all sub-courts within Yorubaland.[26] Aside from their duties in respect to the worship of the earth, they were responsible for judging any case dealing with the spilling of blood.[26] The leader of the Ogboni, the Oluwo, had the unqualified right of direct access to the Alaafin of Oyo on any matter.[26]
There was a high degree of professionalism in the army of the Oyo Empire.[30] Its military success was due in large part to its cavalry as well as the leadership and courage of Oyo officers and warriors.[30] Because its main geographic focus was north of the forest, Oyo enjoyed easier farming and thus a steady growth in population.[30] This contributed to Oyo's ability to consistently field a large force. There was also an entrenched military culture in Oyo where victory was obligatory and defeat carried the duty of committing suicide.[25] This do-or-die policy no doubt contributed to the military aggressiveness of Oyo's generals.[25]
The Oyo Empire was the only Yoruba state to adopt cavalry; it did so because most of its territory was in the northern savannah.[13] The origin of the cavalry is disputed; however, the Nupe, Borgu and Hausa in neighboring territories also used cavalry and may have had the same historical source.[31] Oyo was able to purchase horses from the north and maintain them in metropolitan Oyo because of partial freedom from the tsetse fly.[32] Cavalry was the long arm of the Oyo Empire. Late 16th and 17th century expeditions were composed entirely of cavalry.[13] There were drawbacks to this. Oyo could not maintain its cavalry army in the south but could raid at will.[11][33]
Cavalry in highly developed societies such as Oyo was divided into light and heavy.[13] Heavy cavalry on larger imported horses was armed with heavy thrusting lances or spears and also with swords.[13] Light cavalry on smaller indigenous ponies was armed with throwing spears or bows.[34] Oyo's cavalry forces included not only nobles, the norm in West African warfare, but foreign slaves from the Hausa, Nupe and Bornu states.[35]
Infantry in the region around the Oyo Empire was uniform in both armor and armament. All infantry in the region carried shields, swords and lances of one type or another.[11] Shields were four feet tall and two feet wide and made of elephant or ox hide.[36] A 3-foot-long (0.91 m) heavy sword was the main armament for close combat.[36] The Yoruba and their neighbors used triple barbed javelins which could be thrown accurately from about 30 paces.[11]
The Oyo Empire, like many empires before it, used both local and tributary forces to expand its domains. The structure of the Oyo military prior to its imperial period was simple and closer aligned to the central government in metropolitan Oyo. This may have been fine in the 15th century when Oyo controlled only its heartland. But to make and maintain farther conquest, the structure underwent several changes.
The Eso[edit]
Oyo maintained a semi-standing army of specialist cavalry soldiers called the Eso or Esho.[37] These were 70 junior war chiefs who were nominated by the Oyo Mesi and confirmed by the Alaafin of Oyo.[37] The Eso were appointed for their military skill without regard to heritage and were led by the Are-Ona-Kakanfo.[25]
After Oyo's return from exile, the post of Are-Ona-Kakanfo was established as the supreme military commander.[38] He was required to live in a frontier province of great importance to keep an eye on the enemy and to keep him from usurping the government.[25] During Oyo's imperial period, the Are-Ona-Kakanfo personally commanded the army in the field on all campaigns.[25]
Metropolitan Army[edit]
Since the Are-Ona-Kakanfo could not reside near the capital, arrangements had to be made for the latter's protection in case of emergency. Forces inside metropolitan Oyo were commanded by the Bashorun, leading member of the Oyo Mesi.[38] As stated earlier, Metropolitan Oyo was divided into six provinces divided evenly by a river. Provincial forces were thus grouped into two armies, under the Onikoyi and the Okere for the east and west side of the river respectively.[38] Lesser war chiefs were known as Balogun, a title carried on by the soldiers of Oyo's successor state, Ibadan.[39]
Tributary Army[edit]
Tributary leaders and provincial governors were responsible for collecting tribute and contributing troops under local generalship to the imperial army in times of emergency.[9] Occasionally, tributary leaders would be ordered to attack neighbors even without the backing of the main imperial army.[9] These forces were often utilized in Oyo's distant campaigns on the coast or against other states.
Oyo became the southern emporium of the Trans-Saharan trade. Exchanges were made in salt, leather, horses, kola nuts, ivory, cloth and slaves.[32] The Yoruba of metropolitan Oyo were also highly skilled in craft making and iron work.[32] Aside from taxes on trade products coming in and out of the empire, Oyo also became wealthy off the taxes imposed on its tributaries. Taxes on the kingdom of Dahomey alone brought in an amount estimated at 638 thousand dollars a year.[30]
Slave trade[edit]
Oyo's imperial success made Yoruba a lingua franca almost to the shores of the Volta.[32] Toward the end of the 18th century, the Oyo army was neglected as there was less need to conquer.[20] Instead, Oyo directed more effort towards trading and acted as middlemen for both the Trans-Saharan and Trans-Atlantic slave trade.[20] Europeans bringing salt arrived in Oyo during the reign of King Obalokun.[5] Thanks to its domination of the coast, Oyo merchants were able to trade with Europeans at Porto Novo and Whydah.[10] Here the Oyo Empire's captives and criminals were sold to Dutch and Portuguese buyers.[40]
By 1680, the Oyo Empire spanned over 150,000 square kilometers.[1] It reached the height of its power in the 18th century.[10] And despite its violent creation, it was held together by mutual self-interest.[23] The government was able to provide unity for a vast area through a combination of local autonomy and imperial authority.[30]
Unlike the great savannah empires, of which Oyo may not be called a successor since it was a successor of Ife, there was little if any Muslim influence in the empire.[20] It is known that at least some Muslim officials were kept in Metropolitan Oyo,[41] and men capable of writing and calculating in Arabic were reported by French traders in 1787.[41]
Many believe the decline of the Oyo empire had started as early as 1754 with the dynastic intrigues and palace coups sponsored by the Oyo Prime Minister Bashorun Gaha. Gaha, in his quest for absolute power, conspired with the Oyo Mesi and probably to some extent the Ogboni to force four successive Alaafins to commit ritual suicide after they had been presented with the symbolic parrot's egg. Between June and October 1754 alone, two Alaafins had been forced to commit suicide by Gaha.[42] Because of this, Alaafin Awonbijou spent 130 days on the throne, while Alaafin Labisi only spent 17 days on the throne.[43] Gaha's treachery was not ended until 1774 during the reign of Alaafin Abiodun, the fifth Alaafin he served with. Gaha was subsequently executed by Abiodun but the instability that had been brought about by these intrigues had further weakened and impoverished Oyo.
Alaafin Abiodun during his reign had also conducted failed campaigns against Borgu in 1783[44] and Nupe in 1789,[45] losing the equivalent of 11 and 13 Generals and their men respectively. Abiodun was subsequently murdered by his own son Awole who subsequently ascended his father's throne.
The events that led to the secession of Ilorin began in 1793. Ilorin was a war camp headed by the Are-Ona Kakanfo Afonja; it had a large population of Hausa, Borgu and Nupe slaves who were principally in charge of the king's horses and cavalry. Afonja took cause with Awole when the latter had commanded him to attack Alaafin Abiodun's maternal home, Iwere-ile. Afonja being bound by an oath and also desirous not to fall under a curse from a previous Alaafin made to the effect that any Aare Ona Kakanfo who attacked Iwere-Ile (his paternal home) was to die miserably; this order Afonja ignored. Further cause was also given in 1795 when Awole again asked Afonja to attack the market town of Apomu which was a part of Ile-Ife. All Alaafins, due to the Yoruba belief that Ife was the spiritual home of the Yorubas, were made to swear an oath never to attack Ife.[46] Afonja carried out Awole's order and sacked Apomu but on the return of the army from Apomu Afonja marched on the capital Oyo-Ile (which was a taboo), and demanded that Awole abdicate.[47] Awole eventually committed ritual suicide.[46]
After the death of Awole there was a scramble for the throne by numerous contenders; some were reported to have spent less than six months on the throne; there was also a period of interregnum of almost twenty years where the various factions could not agree on a candidate for the throne.[46] This period of vacuum led to the rise of powerful military and regional commanders like Adegun, the Onikoyi and others like the Otun to the Are-Ona Kakanfo, called Solagberu, and also Shehu Alimi, who was the leader of a growing Muslim population in Oyo. These new powers had lost regard for the office of the Alaafin due to the various political wranglings and the lack of a central authority at the time; this situation eventually led up to Afonja seceding Ilorin from Oyo in 1817 with the help of Oyo Muslims. In 1823, after Afonja had been killed by his allies, Shehu Alimi and Solagberu (Solagberu was also later killed by Alimi's son), Ilorin became part of the Sokoto Caliphate.[48] By the time Captain Hugh Clapperton visited Oyo-Ile in 1825 during the reign of Alaafin Majotu, the empire was already in a state of decline. Clapperton's party recorded passing numerous Oyo villages burned by the Fulani (Ilorin) while Majotu had also sought the help of the English king and the Oba of Benin in putting down the Ilorin rebellion. Clapperton also noticed a shortage of horses, even though the Oyo were renowned as a great cavalry force; this might have something to do with the fact that most of the empire's soldiers and hence cavalry were stationed at Ilorin under the command of Afonja and later on Alimi's successors.[48]
Ilorin then besieged Offa and started raiding, burning and pillaging villages in Oyo, eventually destroying the capital Oyo-Ile in 1835.[46]
Loss of the Egbado Corridor[edit]
As Oyo tore itself apart via political intrigue, its vassals began taking advantage of the situation to press for independence. The Egba, under the leadership of Lishabi, massacred the Ilari stationed in their area and drove off an Oyo punitive force.[9]
The Dahomey Revolt[edit]
In 1823 Dahomey was reported to have raided villages that were under the protection of Oyo for slaves due to the high demand for them. Oyo immediately demanded a huge tribute from King Gezo for the unauthorized incursion, to which Gezo dispatched his Brazilian agent, Francisco Félix de Sousa, to the Alaafin at Oyo to make peace. The peace talks eventually broke down and Oyo attacked Dahomey.[49] The Oyo army was decisively defeated, ending Oyo's hegemony over Dahomey.[50] After gaining its independence, Dahomey began raiding the corridor.[12]
The Fulani Jihad[edit]
After Awole's rejection, Afonja, now master of Illorin, invited an itinerant Fulani scholar of Islam called Alim al-Salih into his ranks. By doing this, he hoped to secure the support of Yoruba Muslims (mainly slaves taking care of the Empire's horses) and volunteers from the Hausa-Fulani north in keeping Ilorin independent. Torn by internal struggle, Oyo could not defend itself against the Fulani.[51] Oyo-Ile was razed by the Fulani Empire in 1835 and the Oyo Empire collapsed in 1836.[52] To this day, the Illorin traditional ruler is an emir, whereas in the rest of Yoruba towns the kings are called oba or baale (Baale or Baba Onile meaning "father of the land" or "lord of the land").
Ago d'Oyo[edit]
After the destruction of Oyo-Ile, the capital was moved further south, to Ago d'Oyo. Oba Atiba sought to preserve what remained of Oyo by placing on Ibadan the duty of protecting the capital from the Ilorin in the north and northeast.[53] He also attempted to get the Ijaye to protect Oyo from the west against the Dahomeans.[53] The center of Yoruba power moved further south to Ibadan, a Yoruba war camp settled by Oyo commanders in 1830.[13]
Final demise[edit]
Atiba's gambit failed, and Oyo never regained its prominence in the region. It became a protectorate of Great Britain in 1888 before further fragmenting into warring factions. The Oyo state ceased to exist as any sort of power in 1896.[51] Oba Atiba otherwise called Atiba Atobatele died in 1859; His son Adeyemi I and the 3rd Alaafin to rule in the present Oyo died in 1905. See List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Oyo. During the colonial period, the Yorubas were one of the most urbanized (living in city-like areas) groups in Africa. About 22% of the population lived in large areas with population exceeding 100,000 and over 50% lived in cities made up of 25,000 or more people. The index of urbanization in 1950 was close to that of the United States, excluding Ilorin. The Yoruba continue to be the most urbanised African ethnic group today. Old Oyo linked cities such as Ibadan, Osogbo, and Ogbomoso, which were some of the major cities that flourished after the collapse.[54]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Thornton 1998, p. 104.
- ^ Stride & Ifeka 1971 p. 290
- ^ a b Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 291
- ^ Goddard 1971, pp. 207–211.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Stride & Ifeka p. 292
- ^ a b c Oliver & Atmore 2001, p. 89.
- ^ a b Thornton 1999, p. 77.
- ^ Alpern 1998, p. 37.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 296.
- ^ a b c d e Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 293.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Thornton 1999, p. 79.
- ^ a b c Smith 1989, p. 122.
- ^ a b c d e f Smith 1989, p. 48.
- ^ Thornton 1999, p. 82.
- ^ a b Thornton 1999, p. 86.
- ^ Alpern 1998, p. 165.
- ^ a b Thornton 1999, p. 97.
- ^ http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Institue%20of%20African%20Studies%20Research%20Review/1973v9n1/asrv009001004.pdf
- ^ Thornton 1999, p. 88.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Oliver & Atmore 2001, p. 95.
- ^ a b c d e f g Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 297.
- ^ Alpern 1998, p. 34.
- ^ a b c d e f Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 298.
- ^ Church Missionary Society, G.31 A.2/1888-9, Letter of S. Johnson to the Rev. J.B. Wood, 8 November 1887, as cited by Law R., The Oyo Empire c. 1600-c. 1836, p. 71 (1977)
- ^ a b c d e f g Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 300.
- ^ a b c d e f Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 299.
- ^ a b c d e Smith 1989, p. 12.
- ^ a b Smith 1989, p. 10.
- ^ a b c Afolayan, Funso. (2000) "Kingdoms of West Africa", Africa Vol. 1 ed. by Tony Falola, p. 173.
- ^ a b c d e Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 301.
- ^ Law 1975, pp. 1–15.
- ^ a b c d Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 302.
- ^ Why Nations Fail: The origins of power, prosperity and poverty. p. 254. Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A. 2012. ISBN 9780307719218
- ^ Smith 1989, p. 50.
- ^ Smith 1989, p. 43.
- ^ a b Thornton 1999, p. 80.
- ^ a b Smith 1989, p. 56.
- ^ a b c Smith 1989, p. 53.
- ^ Smith 1989, p. 57.
- ^ Smith 1989, p. 31.
- ^ a b Smith 1989, p. 20.
- ^ (PRO:T.70/1523)."Extract of letter of W. Devaynes, Governor of the English fort at Whydah, 22 Oct. 1754, quoted in letter of T. Melvil, Cape Coast Castle, 30 Nov. 1754". Public Records Office, London
- ^ Johnson, Samuel. "The History of the Yorubas: From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the British Protectorate". Cambridge University Press, 2010, p.178
- ^ (PRO: T.70/1545). "Letter of Lionel Abson, Governor of the English fort at Whydah, 26 Sept. 1783" Public Records Office, London
- ^ Dalzel, Archibald. "The History of Dahomy, An Inland Kingdom of Africa" London,1793,p.229
- ^ a b c d Akinjogbin, Adeagbo (1998). War and Peace in Yorubaland 1793-1893. ISBN 9781294973.
- ^ Bowdich, Edward (1966). Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee (1819). ISBN 0714617946.
- ^ a b Clapperton, Hugh (1829). Journal of a second expedition into the interior of Africa: from the bight of Benin to Soccatoo.
- ^ ."Royal Gold Coast Gazette and Commercial Intelligencer" Cape coast, 1822-3
- ^ Alpern 1998, p. 166.
- ^ a b Stride & Ifeka 1971, p. 303.
- ^ Alpern 1998, p. 196.
- ^ a b Smith 1989, p. 123.
- ^ Bascom 1962, pp. 699-709.
- Afolayan, Funso (2000). Falola, Toyin, ed. Kingdoms of West Africa: Benin, Oyo and Asante. Africa. 2. Carolina Academic Press. p. 173. ISBN 0-89089-768-9.
- Alpern, Stanley B. (1998). Amazons of Black Sparta: The Women Warriors of Dahomey. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-0678-9.
- Bowdich, Thomas Edward (1819). Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee, with a statistical account of that kingdom, and geographical notices of other parts of the interior of Africa. London: J. Murray.
- Bascom, William (Aug 1962). "Some Aspects of Yoruba Urbanism". American Anthropologist. 64 (4): 699–709. doi:10.1525/aa.1962.64.4.02a00010. JSTOR 667787.
- Goddard, Stephen (Jun 1971). "Ago That became Oyo: An Essay in Yoruba Historical Geography". The Geographical Journal. Blackwell Publishing. 137 (2): 207–211. doi:10.2307/1796741. JSTOR 1796741.
- Law, Robin (1975). "A West African Cavalry State: The Kingdom of Oyo". The Journal of African History. 16 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0021853700014079. ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 181095.
- Oliver, Roland (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20981-1.
- Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore (2001). Medieval Africa 1250-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79372-6.
- Smith, Robert S. (1989). Warfare & Diplomacy in Pre-Colonial West Africa Second Edition. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-12334-0.
- Stride, G.T. & C. Ifeka (1971). Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000-1800. Edinburgh: Nelson. ISBN 0-17-511448-X.
- Thornton, John K. (1999). Warfare in Atlantic Africa 1500-1800. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-393-7.
- Thornton, John (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 340 Pages. ISBN 0-521-62724-9.
- Easley, Dr. Larry. "The Four Forest States of Africa." Oyo Empire. Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau. 2 Mar. 2009.
- Kehnide Salami, Yunusa Ph.D. "The Democratic Structure of Yoruba Political-Cultural Heritage." Department of Philosophy Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife. 29 Apr. 2009.
- Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Limited, 1995
External links[edit]
- Former monarchies of Africa
- Former countries in Africa
- Former protectorates
- States and territories disestablished in 1896
- 15th-century establishments in Africa
- States and territories established in the 15th century
- States of medieval Africa
- States of precolonial Africa
- Nigerian traditional states
- Oyo Empire
- Yoruba history
- History of Nigeria
- States and territories disestablished in 1905
- 15th-century establishments in Nigeria
- 16th century in Nigeria
- 17th century in Nigeria
- 18th century in Nigeria


text:
Info: Your browser does not accept cookies. To put products into your cart and purchase them you need to enable cookies.
Why Marry Jewish [Paperback]Yeladim Mesaprim Al Atzmam (vol. 3) [Hardcover]
View Full-Size Image |
Yehuda Green CD Yearning |
Price per Unit (piece):
Ask a question about this product | ||
Yehuda Green is about to release his brand new CD, Yearning. This CD will leave you amazed and inspired. The title track draws from Yehuda's childhood growing up in Eretz Yisroel. The album features 12 songs including 4 brand new songs, with compositions by Yehuda Green that will outdo the success of Nishmas. The title track, a Yiddish recounting of Yehuda's childhood in Israel, was composed by Lipa Schmeltzer. There are also 8 songs from Reb Shlomo Carlebach, including some rare gems which will leave you dancing and singing along in no time. |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Michael J. Totten in the National Post:
An eyewitness account of Cuba's shocking wretchedness
Neill Blomkamp's 2013 science-fiction film Elysium, starring Matt Damon and Jodie Foster, takes place in Los Angeles, circa 2154. The wealthy have moved into an orbiting luxury satellite — the Elysium of the title — while the wretched majority of humans remain in squalor on Earth. The film works passably as an allegory for its director's native South Africa, where racial apartheid was enforced for nearly 50 years, but it's a rather cartoonish vision of the American future. Some critics panned the film for pushing a socialist message. Elysium's dystopian world, however, is a near-perfect metaphor for an actually existing socialist nation just 90 miles from Florida.
I've always wanted to visit Cuba — not because I'm nostalgic for a botched utopian fantasy, but because I wanted to experience Communism firsthand. When I finally got my chance several months ago, I was startled to discover how much the Cuban reality lines up with Blomkamp's dystopia. In Cuba, as in Elysium, a small group of economic and political elites live in a rarefied world high above the impoverished masses. Many tourists return home convinced that the Cuban model succeeds where the Soviet model failed. But that's because they never left Cuba's Elysium.
I had to lie to get into the country. Customs and immigration officials at Havana's tiny, dreary José Martí International Airport would have evicted me had they known I was a journalist. But not even a total-surveillance police state can keep track of everything and everyone all the time, so I slipped through. It felt like a victory.
Havana, the capital, is clean and safe, but there's nothing to buy. It feels less natural and organic than any city I've ever visited. Initially, I found Havana pleasant, partly because I wasn't supposed to be there and partly because I felt as though I had journeyed backward in time. But the city wasn't pleasant for long, and it certainly isn't pleasant for the people living there. It hasn't been so for decades.
Outside its small tourist sector, the rest of the city looks as though it suffered a catastrophe on the scale of Hurricane Katrina or the Indonesian tsunami. Roofs have collapsed. Walls are splitting apart. Window glass is missing. Paint has long vanished. It's eerily dark at night, almost entirely free of automobile traffic. I walked for miles through an enormous swath of destruction without seeing a single tourist. Most foreigners don't know that this other Havana exists, though it makes up most of the city — tourist buses avoid it, as do taxis arriving from the airport. It is filled with people struggling to eke out a life in the ruins.
Marxists have ruled Cuba for more than a half-century now. The revolutionaries promised liberal democracy, but Castro secured absolute power and flattened the country with a Marxist-Leninist battering ram. The objectives were total equality and the abolition of money; the methods were total surveillance and political prisons. The state slogan, then and now, is "socialism or death."
Cuba was one of the world's richest countries before Castro destroyed it — and the wealth wasn't just in the hands of a tiny elite. "Contrary to the myth spread by the revolution," wrote Alfred Cuzan, a professor of political science at the University of West Florida, "Cuba's wealth before 1959 was not the purview of a privileged few … Cuban society was as much of a middle-class society as Argentina and Chile."
"More Cubans vacationed in the U.S. in 1955 than Americans vacationed in Cuba. Americans considered Cuba a tourist playground, but even more Cubans considered the U.S. a tourist playground," Cuban exile Humberto Fontova, author of a series of books about Castro and Guevara, tells me. Havana was home to a lot of that prosperity, as is evident in the extraordinary classical European architecture that still fills the city. Poor nations do not — cannot — build such grand or elegant cities.
Continue reading HERE.


text:
Cannot find your local Phoenix Contact site? Use our selector
The illustration shows the version VIP-CAB-FLK20/0,14/27,0M/S
Assembled shielded round cable with additional shield connection and two molded 20-pos. socket strips (1:1 connection). The cable has two 90° punched-on connectors, cable length: 26 m
Total : 0.0
Innovations for your success – experience them now.
Follow us! Get the latest information about cyber security, remote services, and much more.
"$pageName" on


text:
— Call it a blessing from the higher-ups at the archdiocese and from donors: St. Hubert High School is staying alive.
For St. Hubert students, word that their school will close forever in five months spurs tears and much uncertainty.
A second elderly woman has died as a result of a violent one-vehicle crash in Pennypack Park on Oct. 10.
The lovely ladies of Northeast Philadelphia have once again stormed the soccer field, and it looks like any one of the four local squads could be solid contenders for the championship this season.
"Finally, I woke up from the nightmare," said a relieved Jones.


text:
The Nikon AW120 Accessory Kit is essential for capturing shots in the midst of the action and contains a handlebar mount, floating strap and chest mount. Floating strap If you are planning on doing water sports, surfing or just spending time swimming and want to take photos without worrying about dropping your camera, the ALM23060 strap comes in handy. If you drop your COOLPIX AW120 camera by accident, the flaoting strap is easy to see so you can retrieve it. Attach it to your bike and go The universal bike mount lets you to firmly fix your COOLPIX AW120 to the handle and capture epic shots whether you are up in the mountains or on a nice country route with your family. For everything else The chest mount is a great all-rounder that allows you to firmly set the camera in front of your chest and capture all types of action. Great for bungee jumps and all those action-packed adventures you want to photograph but never have free hands to do so. Whatever your adventure, the Nikon AW120 Accessory Kit helps you capture it in style.
Check stock and price


text:
Physical Science
Alnico Horseshoe Magnet - 2" horseshoe magnet from Dowling Magnets
This horseshoe magnet is perfect for a magnetic/non-magnetic "fishing" game. It creates especially strong fields, with dramatic repulsion and attraction properties. (1¼" x 2" x ¼"). Aluminum-nickel-cobalt alloy. ¼" x 2" x ¼". Learn More -
Acrylic Refracting Prism - From Accoutrements
Over 300 years ago, Sir Isaac Newton concluded that a prism separates white light into colored light. Now children can see for themselves—a beam of light split into a multi-colored rainbow. 4½" x 1⅜"; ⅝" high. Learn More -
Triangular Acrylic Prism
Discover the color spectrum first-hand with these acrylic prisms.Over three hundred years ago, Sir Isaac Newton concluded that a prism separates white light into red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. These durable prisms are great when glass is not an option. Learn More -
I Wonder Why Planes Have Wings - And other questions about transportation
"Why do cars need gas? Why don't trains fall off the rails? Why don't ships sink?" Fact-based graphic format will appeal to children. The table of contents lists questions; the index points to facts about specific subjects. Paperback, 32 pages. Learn More -
Mini Measuring Beakers Set - 4 pieces from OXO Good Grips
Ideal for measuring small amounts of liquids, this set of nesting beakers reminds us that cooking really is science. Each beaker is calibrated in both standard cooking units and milliliters, with a funnel-shaped top and spout for easy pouring. Learn More -
Kitchen Science
Cooking is science! In the kitchen we measure, classify, use tools, observe, and follow steps. And, the resulting chemical reactions create the delicious foods we love to eat. Paperback, 16 pages. Learn More -
Precision Weights - 100 grams in a plastic storage case
Eight shiny metal weights are clearly marked (in grams) for a variety of science and measuring activities. They make good additional or replacement weights for use with your balance. Packed in a plastic storage case. Learn More -
Bubble Science - Hands on science kit from Toysmith
Get ready for big-time bubble fun! Includes 16 different bubble activities, fun bubble facts, 2 oz. of bubble solution and two easy recipes to make your own bubble solution. 16-page instruction booklet and 12 plastic pieces. Learn More -
50 Science Things to Make & Do - Science experiments & activities from Usborne
A perfect format for inquisitive children, these science activities break complex ideas into easily understood, digestible experiments. A broad range of basic scientific principles are presented. Spiral-bound hardcover, 104 pages. Learn More -
Energy Stick - From Be Amazing Toys
Did you know your body conducts electricity? Experience science in action when you touch both ends of the plastic tube—the flashing colored lights and sounds let you know you've made a connection. 7¼" long. Learn More -
Magnetic Filings Case
Add a magnet (not included) and children will be inspired to do experiments about magnetic fields. Case is filled with iron filings and sealed to prevent opening. 3¾" x 2⅝"; ½" high. Learn More


text:
Benefit Scheduled For Presthus Family
Date posted - February 7, 2013
Sheldon, IA — A benefit is planned for the family of Chris Presthus of Ashton, who passed away December 20th as the result of a heart attack. The benefit includes a supper, silent and regular auction, raffle and a bake sale, and will be held March 2nd at the Eagles Club in Sheldon.
Brian Tutje of Sheldon is one of the organizers of the benefit, and says that, with his untimely passing, Presthus left behind a wife and four children.
Tutje tells us more about the day's events.
Tutje says folks will have the opportunity to bid on many different items during the auction, from football tickets to a puppy, all donated by local residents and merchants.
Tutje said he wants to thank everyone who has helped organize this event, and especially those who generously donated auction and bake sale items. He added that any additional donations for the auction or bake sale are most welcome, and appreciated.
The bake sale will begin Saturday morning, March 2nd at 10 am at Fareway in east Sheldon, while the dinner, auction and raffles will be held at the Eagles Club, on Highway 18 in central Sheldon, beginning at 4 pm.
Leave a Reply
Sheldon Broadcasting Company, Inc. appreciates your comments that abide by the following guidelines:1. Avoid profanities or foul language.
2. Disagree, but avoid ad hominem (personal) attacks.
3. Threats are treated seriously and will be reported to law enforcement.
4. Spam and advertising are not permitted in the comments area.
These guidelines are very general and cannot cover every possible situation. Please don't assume that Sheldon Broadcasting Company, Inc. or its advertisers agrees with or otherwise endorses any particular comment. We reserve the right to filter or delete comments or to deny posting privileges entirely at our discretion. Please note that comments are reviewed by the selected staff and may not be posted immediately. If you feel your comment was filtered inappropriately, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Back to:Benefit Scheduled For Presthus Family


text:
Junk Guy Austin is the area's best choice for junk hauling and trash removal. We're pleased to offer both residential and commercial cleanout services. We can handle jobs of any size, from single appliance disposal to large-scale office cleanouts. We're fully licensed, bonded, and insured, so you can feel completely confident putting your garbage removal, electronics disposal, or construction cleaning project into our capable hands. Contact Junk Guy Austin today to learn more about the services we offer, and to get a free cost estimate for your junk haul job!
- Junk Hauling
- Trash Removal
- Appliance Recycling
- Free Cost Estimates
- Emergency Service Available
Junk Guy Austin is conveniently based right here in Austin. We're pleased to offer junk removal services to home- and business owners in Cedar Park, Georgetown, Round Rock, Pflugerville, West Lake Hills, Leander, Hutto, Manor, and the surrounding area. Wherever you're located, our top priority is offering fast, reliable junk removal service. We know how important it is for you to finish your cleanout promptly, because you want to be able to use your new or freshly organized space. Whether you're conducting appliance disposal to make room for new units or you need assistance with construction cleaning on a home renovation, Junk Guy Austin will work efficiently to give you a quick turnaround.
We also care about keeping our prices among the most affordable in and around Austin. Call us for a free cost estimate for electronics disposal, hot tub removal, or any other type of junk haul service. We'll ask you to describe your needs and we'll quote you a rate that's reasonable and competitive for what you need. For our low prices, you'll always get quality junk removal services from experienced professionals. Junk Guy Austin is your choice for great garbage removal service and great value.
Call now for more information, and to schedule your appointment with our garbage hauling experts. Whether you need immediate assistance or are planning cleanouts in advance, we'll be there for you. For some of the best junk removal service in town, look no further than Junk Guy Austin!


text:
Now that Congress is back in Washington from the Christmas break, negotiations are set to begin on crafting a final health-care reform bill. Will it include the Stupak amendment banning the funding of most abortions, or the Nelson amendment, which was a compromise in the Senate version that many pro-lifers opposed?
A recent Rasmussen Reports poll found that 53% of Americans oppose federal (taxpayer) funding of abortion.
Meanwhile, CBS News is reporting that Congress may skip the formal negotiating process of a conference committee.
"'It's time for a little ping-pong,' one staffer reportedly said, referring to the process in which the House and the Senate 'ping-pong' full bills back and forth to each other, until they have a bill both sides can agree on."
Stay tuned.


text:
The Colbert Report
Get More: Colbert Report Full Episodes,Political Humor & Satire Blog,Video Archive
At this point, Stephen Colbert doesn't just make better speeches than half the candidates in the Republican primary, he has more presidential campaign experience.
On Wednesday evening, the comedian ran a clip on "The Colbert Report" of Fox News's Shepard Smith informing Jon Huntsman that he was polling behind Colbert in the latter's home state of South Carolina. In a Public Policy Polling survey, which included Colbert on the strength of his showing as a write-in candidate, the comic earned a full 5% of the vote, beating out the former Utah governor, who has trailed his fellow GOP hopefuls in nearly every poll.
"Everyone in the Republican field has already had their 'I'm not Mitt' moment," Colbert said after the clip finished. "It all makes so much sense – I am so not Mitt!" He paused, so viewers could take a look at Romney's face next to his own clean-shaven, square-jawed, perfectly coiffed countenance. "I'm the one with the glasses," he clarified.
The Colbert Report
Get More: Colbert Report Full Episodes,Political Humor & Satire Blog,Video Archive
Colbert went from wonky satirist to semi-official politician last year. After the landmark Citizens United vs. the FEC ruling, which created a special kind of "super" political action committee that can accept unlimited funding without disclosing its sources to the public, he set out to found a super PAC of his own. In June, he announced that the Federal Election Commission had given him permission to form The Stephen Colbert Super PAC, a.k.a. Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow.
The PAC allowed Colbert to receive unlimited donations from any group except Viacom, Comedy Central's parent company – and then to use that money to endorse whatever candidate it chose, so long as it didn't "coordinate" with that candidate. In part, the super PAC is a joke designed to point out the flaws in a political system that allows it to exist. It's had real-world effects, however – the FEC's scrutiny of Colbert's PAC set precedent, making it against FEC rules for, say, News Corp to fund Karl Rove's super PAC Crossroads GPS, since Rove is on the News Corp payroll as a Fox News contributor just as Colbert is employed by Viacom.
On Thursday evening, Colbert transferred ownership of his super PAC to Jon Stewart, who sent out an email to PAC contributors requesting that they now refer to the group as The Definitely Not Coordinating With Stephen Colbert Super PAC. ("They have already begun updating all of their letterhead with sharpie," the email assures)
This frees up Colbert to form an exploratory committee to seek the presidency, but it also means that money the PAC has been using for joke ads (and the occasional anti-Rick Perry attack ad, after Perry ran the now-infamous "Strong" spot, which appeared to blame gay servicemen for the ban on school prayer) can now actually be used to promote a Stephen Colbert presidency. It's administrated by Stewart, funded by viewers who are in on the joke, and might actually be wealthy enough to see Colbert through a primary or two, because nobody outside the PAC knows exactly how much money is in the thing.
The Colbert Report
Get More: Colbert Report Full Episodes,Political Humor & Satire Blog,Video Archive
Colbert ran for president in 2008, first as a Republican, then as a Democrat when he discovered that he would be subject to stricter FEC regs if he paid the $35,000 fee to be listed on the ballot (FEC excuses candidates who spend less than $5K from the committee rules on the grounds that they are merely "testing the waters"). The S.C. Democratic Party executive council refused to include Colbert's name on the ballot and refunded his money – a $2,500 fee – and that was the end of his campaign.
Now, as Colbert sets up his South Carolina campaign, we'll see a whole new set of regulatory minutiae aired. Can Stewart pay Colbert's $35,000 ballot fee without "coordinating" with him? Can the PAC run the entire campaign without Colbert having to lift a finger to buy more than a round of non-coordinative thank-you beer for Stewart?
Colbert has upped the ante with his super PAC, and now he and Stewart are basically daring the FEC to shut them down and, in the process, kneecap every other candidate who relies on soft money funneled through what we used to call shell companies.If Colbert and Stewart ARE found to be in violation of FEC regs and set precedent for every other campaign, they'll have won a major political victory.
If they don't…
Hell, I'd vote for him.
Full email from the Colbert Super PAC:
Dear Super PAC Super Members,
Hi there. I'm Jon. It looks like I'm running this thing now. All the details are in the press release below. Quick question: does anybody know where the key to the Super PAC bathroom is?
Jon Stewart President Pro Tem Americans For A Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow
Under New Management!
BASIC CABLE, USA – Americans For A Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow, an FEC registered Super PAC, today announced the addition of Jon Stewart to its executive board (along with the subtraction of Stephen Colbert).
With this change the group, which had been known colloquially as Colbert Super PAC, can now be referred to as The Definitely Not Coordinating With Stephen Colbert Super PAC. They have already begun updating all of their letterhead with sharpie.
"I am excited to take the reins of this completely independent organization, and begin to air ads in South Carolina," said New President and Noncommunication Director Jon Stewart. "But I want to be clear: Stephen and I have in no way have worked out a series of morse-code blinks to convey information with each other on our respective shows."
Colbert is currently exploring a run for President of the United States of South Carolina. Because of this, he cannot be associated with any Super PACs, although he has asked Americans For A Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow to forward any periodicals of an "adult nature." *
Americans A Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow is an independent, expenditure-only committee founded by Stephen Colbert in the wake of the Supreme Court's Citizens United ruling, then handed down to Jon Stewart like a pair of old dungarees.
For Press Inquiries Contact:
Alberto Rèalnamè
Communications Director, Definitely Not Coordinating With Stephen Colbert Super PAC
* Including the periodical "Adult Nature".
Paid for by Americans for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow
Not authorized by any candidate or candidate's committee.


text:
Starting Sunday August 10th 1920 Tattoo will be opening it's doors 7 days a week. Our new hours will be Sunday-Saturday 1 to 9pm. With our expansion to the new shop we planned on adding some new artists to round out the crew. Deciding not to hire anyone who wouldn't hold up to our standards and professionalism. Our customers mean more to us than money so we waited for the right guy and have finally found him. So please Join us in welcoming Alan Flores to the list of professional tattooers at 1920 Tattoo. Now that we have 3 artist and 2 shop helpers we can expand our hours and days of operation to better meet the demand. We are both proud and honored to be able to accomplish this goal. It's always humbling to watch the power of walking the line!
Alan Flores hails from Los Angeles, California. Alan was into music and art at a young age, touring with hardcore bands and hanging out at the local tattoo shops. He got his start working the floor at Sharky's Tattoo in Sunset Beach, CA.. After a few years he was offered a long and thorough apprenticeship under Kevin Gulley in 2008. He started tattooing in 2009 at Sharky's tattoo. Moving on to a busier shop in 2010 Alan started working for John Montgomery at The Grand Tattoo Lodge. Were he stayed busy tattooing until 2011. In striving to become a better more consistent tattooer Alan was always looking for the next opportunity to advance his career. He left GTL and started working at the World famous Tattoo Mania in Hollywood, CA. While staying super busy tattooing at Alan began to spread his wings. Learning a bunch of new techniques which enabled him to become a more solid tattooer. With tattooing becoming more fluid for Alan he had more time to spend on his other passion painting tattoo flash. Due to personal reasons Alan again found himself on the move landing in New Hampshire at Tattoo Junkies. He soon left New Hampshire because of a job offer that he couldn't refuse at 13 Roses Tattoo in Atlanta, GA in 2013. After working at 13 for a year and a half Alan left to come work with us at 1920 Tattoo. Traveling is one of main keys in the evolution of becoming a better more rounded tattooer. We are super stoked that those travels has led Alan to come and join our tattoo family at 1920 Tattoo.
Mr Flores has been tattooing now for 6 years. He specializes in walk-in tattoos, and working with the customer to give them what they want. Alan is proficient at all styles of tattooing, however, he favors traditional tattoos. Over the top work ethic and drive are two of his strongest qualities. So come on down and welcome Alan to the 1920 Tattoo family. While your here get a great tattoo from an even better person!
Stay Classy Y'all,


text:
Esko Construction are a Putney based Brickwork and Groundwork Specialist that cover South West London, West london,Middlesex and Surrey.Esko Construction provide you with a comprehensive service with single point of contact for your building project.
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By jd3000 on 20th Dec, 2016
I would be more than happy to supply you with any expert advice you would need. I do not charge for any pricing or advice that I can help you with.
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By rhowie13 on 12th Mar, 2017
Hello, I'm Duncan. My aim is to build with quality, ensuring your project is completed on time and within budget. You'll have a detailed quotation,time schedules,fixed payment plans and shall be informed of what were doing from starting groundwork to the last roof...
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By shah0321 on 28th Dec, 2016
I have been in the trade for nearly 20 years. I pride myself on my quality of workmanship, I understand how hard it is to find a trustworthy and reliable tradesmen. I like to make sure my customers are 100% happy with the finished product.
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By petere_28 on 18th Mar, 2017
I completed a 3 year apprenticeship with a local company, gained both basic and advanced City and Guilds qualification. Upon completion of my apprenticeship I worked as a sub contractor up to the age of 23. I then found a niche within the bricklaying industry and...
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By urban_cape on 22nd Mar, 2017
hello my name is stephen moore i am 46 years old and i am 30 years in the industry my company is called chiswick structural alteration builders ltd we specialise in all structural alterations and are brickwork specialists,we are also experts at rsjs installations box fame...
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By kate_878 on 23rd Nov, 2016
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By sparrowhawks on 20th May, 2015
We are a small company of highly skilled bricklayers with over 15 years in the trade Everything we build we treat as if it were our own home This philosophy has served us well and given us a great reputation in the industry We have done everything from small garden...
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By salman_76 on 23rd Aug, 2016
30 years experience. Honest builder, no money required upfront, payment on completion of work.
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By nataliyak on 4th Mar, 2017
We have more than 18 years experience in building trade,with skills in bricklaying ,plastering and tiling, fencing. Hard worker and honest,with qualification on some trades. I have finished the college on bricklayer course with NVQ level 2. And certificate on plastering...
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By iragupta on 25th Sep, 2016
Hi My Names Les Norris, I have worked in the construction industry for over 30 years, City&Guilds trained to the advanced level in brickwork gained a lot of experience working with a lot of good trades men over the years. Regards Les Norris
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By davidpartington on 9th Apr, 2016
d Braker & sons Roofing are a family run reliable cost effective business with over 30 years experience. We have full public liability insurance. All work is guaranteed and carried out to a high standard by me and my sons We focus on customer satisfaction and quality...
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By canadabex on 9th Feb, 2016
Hello. We are expert hard landscape contractors operating in South London, Surrey, Kent and West Sussex. Running as a family business you can be sure to receive what we call 'QRS' - a Quality, Referable Service. As a son of a hard landscaper passion has always come as...
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By alison65_28 on 6th Aug, 2016
I have spent 30 years in the building industry, a time served bricklayer who has gained a very good knowledge of all aspects involved and trade requirements. This is why I offer a service you can rely on and guarantee all our work, which is carried out to the highest...
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By zahid_30 on 1st Feb, 2017
Professional Bricklaers more than 10 years in London,all job do quality and professional,have good team groundworkers,plastering,electricity,
Latest Bricklaying feedback review:
By mborla on 1st May, 2015
Need a tradesman?
Post a job on MyBuilder to find a quality, local tradesperson.
How MyBuilder works
1. Post a job
First, create a job listing for your bricklaying project. It's quick, easy and free - the first step to finding recommended bricklayers in TW1, Twickenham.
2. Hire a tradesman
Having met our recommended bricklayers in TW1, Twickenham and read customer reviews, you're ready to decide which bricklayers to hire.
3. Leave feedback
After your project is successfully completed, you can leave a review for your bricklayers. This review helps you and future MyBuilder users.
What our customers say
- "My Builder is an excellent service. You get lots of quotes and it's easy to choose tradesmen."
- Arshad Tirmizi
Tradesmen in TW1, Twickenham
- Architectural Designers
- Bathroom Fitters
- Bricklayers
- Carpenters & Joiners
- Carpet Fitters
- Chimney & Fireplace Specialists
- Conservatory Installers
- Conversion Specialists
- Damp Proofing Specialists
- Demolition Contractors
- Driveway Pavers
- Electricians
- Extension Builders
- Fascias, Soffits and Guttering Specialists
- Fencers
- Flooring Fitters
- Gas Engineers
- Groundworkers
- Handymen
- Heating Engineers
- Insulation Installers
- Kitchen Fitters
- Landscape Gardeners
- Locksmiths
- Loft Conversion Specialists
- New Home Builders
- Painters & Decorators
- Plasterers
- Plumbers
- Restoration & Refurb Specialists
- Roofers
- Security System Installers
- Stonemasons
- Tilers
- Tree Surgeons
- Window Fitters
- All Tradesmen


text:
A special request by area opthamologists has encouraged the development of a new program at Wallace Community College.
The school is partnering with Eye Center South in Dothan for a Certified Opthalmic Assistant program.
With baby boomers turning 60 this year, there is a growing need for qualified eye care professionals.
So Wallace Community College is now offering a 12-week, 130-day program at the center for economic and workforce development.
Eye Center South's Dr. Marnix Heersink says, "The program came about because we had a number of eye care practitioners in the area that came to us and said, 'Gee...we're finding there's a terrific shortage of well-trained people in the area.' So we thought this would be a great way to do this cooperatively with Wallace College
The program will include hands-on clinical training.
For more information, contact Amy Brabham at 556-2452.
COA Program at Wallace Community College
By Erika Kurre |
Posted: Tue 6:03 PM, Oct 03, 2006


text:
Call of Duty: Black Ops Comparison Video
Comments are Closed
I have both systems, so I really do believe I'm not biased. I think PS3 games will always look just a little better. I mean, it truly is a more powerful console and I don't think that could be argued. There are games for the PS3 that the 360 could never do (if the developer really specifically designed for the PS3, such as Uncharted or Gran Turismo and not just a game out for all consoles). That being said, if it's a game that can be played online, I'll go with the 360 every time. That's where my friends are, and so that's where I want to play the game. The visuals on those multi-console games usually aren't noticeable enough to pull me away from Xbox. For me, single-player-only games are definitely PS3, online is 360.
Posted: November 9, 2010 4:28 AM -
pc is much better fawqk yes, but call of duty games can even run on a 9600 perfectly not much power is needed for them. evga 275 1.7gb sli and q9300 and when i used to play nazi zombies i can't really tell the difference of my ps3 and pc; graphics run at solid maxed out and they look the same. now crysis2 on the other hand is a game i am waiting for so i can really test thy graphics sadly i will need to buy 2x275's=( ahh evga please have more b stock.
Posted: November 9, 2010 3:20 AM -
None of you are looking at the higgest "WOAH!?" in this game. the MW engine is a heavily modified Id tech 3. Thats the Quake 3 engine. So instead of saying 360 is better or ps3 is better (cause we all know PC is king) you should be floored that this game looks this good on a engine thats over 10 years old.
Posted: November 9, 2010 2:56 AM -
Why don't you guys compare it with the PC version? Are you afraid it's going to blow away the other versions and get the console fanboys angry?
Posted: November 9, 2010 1:58 AM -
if i had to say I'd go PS3 but really they don't look much different. really no tipping point here if you have both consoles.
Posted: November 9, 2010 12:34 AM -
I highly agree with SirCitadel... Please, please stop these. They do nothing but brew hate and controversy amongst gamers. We don't need to worry about the better shadows here, nicer colors there... How cares? The consoles' powers balance the visuals out, so why bother pointing out which console does what better?
Posted: November 9, 2010 12:17 AM -
God its funny. As soon as it starts, PS3 has true black and better shadows and 360 has that grey
Posted: November 9, 2010 12:15 AM
James Bond: Skyfall Director Returns?
Amazing Spider-Man 2: New Set Photos
Tom Cruise Leaves Guy Ritchie's Movie
X-Men Sequel Adds..Quicksilver? Uh-Oh.
Timecop Reboot Split-Kicks Into Gear
Star Trek Into Darkness: Deleted Scene
Jurassic Park IV Could Be A Reboot?
Man Of Steel: Awesome New Trailer
Halo Live-Action Series In The Works
The Wolverine: Intense New Trailer


text:
Retailers' Descriptions
Here's what other sites are saying:
These Yukon Charlie's Pro-Guide V 930 snowshoes let you explore rolling, snowy terrain with ease, thanks to dependable flotation and good traction.
CLOSEOUTS . Recover from a grueling week in the cubicle by hitting the snow with Yukon Charlie's Pro Guide V snowshoe kit. Adjustable trekking poles and sturdy aluminum-framed snowshoes guide you through Mother Natureand#39;s paradise. Available Colors: SEE PHOTO.
- Sierra Trading Post
Yukon Charlie's Men's Pro-Guide V Series
previously retailed for:
$50.93 - $109.95
$50.93 - $109.95
The Yukon Charlie's Men's Pro-Guide V Series is not available from the stores we monitor. It was last seen October 31, 2015 at REI.
If you're looking for a new hiking snowshoe, check out the best reviewed current models.


text:
In ancient Rome, it was Nero who fiddled while the city burned. In South Side, it's the bar owners and city officials who ignore the obvious and talk, talk, talk about the increasing number of problems in our once-safe and growing city neighborhood.
Except for Bruce Kraus, how many of them live in South Side? How many have had their properties urinated on or defaced? How many are widows, frightened in the middle of the night by drunken young men pounding on the door, and disgusted by the debris left behind, including beer cans and underwear?
How many have had outside plants and planters destroyed or stolen? How many have known of sexual assaults right outside their apartment in the SouthSide Works area? And now, shootings!
The list of concerns goes on and on. And, so far, all we hear is talk.
This is not a complex problem. The neighborhood has gotten worse as the number of bars has increased and law enforcement has diminished. The euphemism "entertainment district" is a joke. It's all about the money.
The more people drink, the greater the problems, and the more money the bar owners make. People who know about high-risk use of alcohol know that impairment begins with the first drink. After a few drinks, good judgment is gone.
If the bar owners are serious about acting in good faith, they would be talking about limiting the number of drinks their customers would be served. (We can almost hear the laughter.)
When we moved here 12 years ago, this was a great place to live: good restaurants that didn't rely on alcohol sales, interesting little shops, more art galleries, the Rex Theater with its good quality alternative films, etc. We were not afraid to walk alone at night, and we could go to Carson Street without having to make our way through crowds of inebriated people blocking the sidewalk.
One of our worst experiences was a Saturday evening, when we noticed on the corner of Carson and 16th St. two little girls begging. One strummed a toy guitar; the younger one sat on the ground. Their cardboard sign, obviously written by an adult, said, "I'm seven years old and cute."
When we got home we called the police in the hope they would intervene before something awful happened to these children. Is this what we want for our neighborhood?
And is taxing the residents to establish an NID, when we already pay taxes for law enforcement, really the answer? How long…?
Fran and Joe Tarkett
South Side Slopes


text:
CarComplaints.com Notes: There are serious power steering concerns for the Traverse. Data shows that owners are having a difficult time with their power steering quitting, particularly at low speeds.
really awful- Crashes / Fires:
- 0 / 0
- Injuries / Deaths:
- 0 / 0
- Average Mileage:
- 5 miles
About These NHTSA Complaints:
This data is from the NHTSA — the US gov't agency tasked with vehicle safety. Complaints are spread across multiple & redundant categories, & are not organized by problem.
So how do you find out what problems are occurring? For this NHTSA complaint data, the only way is to read through the comments below. Any duplicates or errors? It's not us.
accessories - exterior problem


text:
CORRECTION: Turns out I was wrong. Looks like my phone is actually a 3GS, not a plain old 3G, as I originally thought. Thanks to Crystal-RX for pointing this out to me. My apologies to everyone for the confusion. That's right: I have a plain old (keyword: OLD) iPhone 3G (not jailbroken or unlocked), which, up until yesterday, was running iOS 4.0.2. Yesterday, I (quite unwittingly) upgraded to iOS 5.0.1. And surprisingly, it works fine. Certainly better than 4.2 worked on my old iPhone 3G a year or so ago. I know that this device is not supported under iOS 5, and I was really just trying to upgrade it to 4.2 (some apps I wanted to run required it). To that end, I tried downloading the firmware for this device, version 4.2, and doing an upgrade/restore via iTunes, directing it to the downloaded firmware, but it did not work (I tried several times. I kept getting errors about the firmware not being compatible, though I checked multiple times, and I'd selected the right one). Anyway, ever since 5 came out, I noticed, whenever I connected this phone to my machine, that it would tell me that the update to 5 was available, but I just ignored it, knowing that my device was not compatible. Besides, like I mentioned previously, I've had a 3G before, and it ran TERRIBLY under 4.2, so I was very reluctant to even do the upgrade to THAT (A couple of apps I've been wanting to use required me to be on at least 4.2, though, and a couple of others were crashing with recent updates under 4.0.2, so I reluctantly decided to upgrade). So, with the "manual" upgrade to 4.2 not working for me, in my desperation, I finally decided to just "go straight down the middle", and let iTunes upgrade the software. Perhaps it'd just take me as high as I could go with this device. If my device wasn't compatible, it'd just tell me, and stop me dead in my tracks, right? Well, apparently not! The upgrade went off without a hitch, and I can confirm that I am now running iOS 5.0.1. Smoothly. And though it's only been a day (not EVEN 24 hours yet), it seems to be running just fine: No lags, delays or crashes. What I'm wondering, though, is: Should this have even been POSSIBLE? I thought the 3G wasn't supported! Shouldn't iTunes have told me "Sorry, buddy. Your phone is too old to run this update"? Did I get some slimmed-down version of iOS 5 that will run on this old phone? I did notice this morning that Siri is not on my phone. Was this left out on purpose? Perhaps there are other features missing? Has anyone else done this? Let's compare notes. Cheers. ~eric
There is another post where this happened to someone else, it's not far down this page. As to Siri, that doesn't come with iOS 5, it is only available on the 4S.
Attached is a little chart from Apple showing supported iOS 5 features based on iPhone model. Since the 3G isn't on there, can you confirm for us which of the features on the chart work on your newly updated iPhone 3G?
Hi. Seems to be the same feature set as the 3Gs. The only things that seem to not be quite right are: The Camera: The iOS 5 Features page (http://www.apple.com/ios/features.html) says I should be able to access the camera right from the Lock screen. I don't seem to have that option. All the other features are there, though. The Calendar: The iOS 5 Features page (http://www.apple.com/ios/features.html) says I should be able to access a "Week View". I don't seem to have that. ...but going through the list, everything else (that is, everything else that the 3Gs has). Honestly, some things I couldn't test: FaceTime MIGHT be on here, but as I can only check by calling someone who has an iPhone 4/4s, while we're both connected to WiFi, I have to wait to find out. If you know another way for me to check & see if I've got it, let me know. There are some reasons (now that I think about it) why I think my upgrade to iOS5 was possible for this device. This is my third iPhone. I started with an iPhone 3G, upgraded to a 4 (which got stolen), and replaced that 4 with another used 3G (this one). When I connected this phone to my Mac after the 4 was stolen, it asked me if I wanted to restore my last phone onto this one. I said Yes, and it did so without a hitch. Might the fact that I did this restore of an iPhone 4 onto a 3G have something to do with the fact that I was able to upgrade to iOS5? Perhaps iTunes was "fooled" into thinking my device was a 4? I don't know. As for performance, 5.0.1 runs WAY better than I remember 4.2 running on my old 3G. I wanted to throw that thing against a wall! It was SO slow! I am honestly surprised at how well it runs on this device. It's got none of the delays I used to experience on my old 3G. Knowing what I know now, I'm surprised the 3G isn't supported. 5.0.1 is a MUCH better upgrade than 4.2 (if you can get it)...
Try double-tapping the home button. See what happens then. Go into the Calendar.app and turn the phone sideways. That should do it. Yes, please do find out and let us know. Interesting theory. I don't know either. Well this is all wonderful. Oh, and please do post screenshots. Those are so fun. Especially the Settings>General>About screen. That's a really fun one.
No offense, but this is impossible. You have a 3GS and not a 3G. you list the following info for us to look here or check with Apple website; 1. What is the model # you see in the back of your phone. Starting with AXXXX 2. go to setting, general, about and see what the model it lists there. Again, once you have these info, you can verify them with google search or Apple website. As your post above, you picked a 3G fw and tried to upgrade and it said not compatible because your phone is 3GS. Also, because your phone is 3GS and that the reason Itunes ask to upgrade your phone. Also, there are few cosmetic/function different between the 2. 1. In the back at the lower section, 3GS lettering is in chrome with matching the Apple logo on top, 3G on the other hand just printed. 2. 3GS has compass function/icon while 3G doesn't have it. 3. When you open camera app, 3GS has the video recording function while 3G doesn't. Please keep us update on what you have.
You are very wise. Thank You! Double-tapping the Home button DOES make it possible for me to access the camera right from the Lock screen! And turning the phone on its side DOES reveal a Week view! Awesome! I'm lovin' it! It's like having a new toy, but not having to pay for it! And the apps that were crashing under 4.0.2 are no longer crashing, and I was able to install the other apps I was interested in running. All is well...
Again, I want to put this thing to bed. Eric, you have a 3GS and not 3G. The screen shot you have with your name and a 3G phone is manually enter when you set it up with Itunes, You can call it anything you want.
You're very welcome! Thanks for the screenshot, too! However, can you take another one but scroll down just a bit more where it'll show "Carrier" and "Model"? That would be splendid. Thanks!
Hi. No offense taken. Following your instructions: 1. Model number on the back of the phone: A1303 2. Settings>Genera>About>Model: MC135LL Cosmetic differences: 1. Lettering on the back of the phone, in the lower section is in chrome, though there is no indication (not WRITTEN anyway) that this is a 3GS. Does the 3GS have a logo saying so anywhere? 2. I do have a compass. And my camera offers me the choice to do video. So, I guess this IS a 3GS. Here's why I didn't know: As I mentioned, I got this phone as a replacement to my stolen iPhone 4 last year. My phones are provided to me by my company. When they sent me this replacement, it wasn't delivered in a box. It was bubble-wrapped, in a FedEx envelope. It previously belonged to someone who'd left the company, and returned their phone. To my eyes, this phone looked identical to my old 3G. And I could find no marking anywhere on the phone to indicate that it was, in fact, a 3Gs. All this time, I've been mistaken, and subjecting myself to iOS 4.0.2!!! Thank you for the clarification. I will need to update this post. My apologies to all for the mix-up. ~eric
I am glad we clear up this issue. Here is Apple website reference model #s for Iphones as well; http://support.apple.com/kb/ht3939
Yeah, I was. But I was also puzzled as to why it would be possible to upgrade a 3G to 5.0.1. Interestingly, it never occurred to me that this might be a 3Gs. I must confess to being quite embarrassed now...


text:
Twin Saki Monkeys Born at Como Zoo
Dec 02, 2005, 00:00 ET from Como Zoo
ST.PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS, Dec. 2 /PRNewswire/ -- Como Zoo proudly announces the birth of Twin Saki Monkeys on October 18, 2005. Saki Monkeys very rarely give birth to twins with the last documented occurrence in 1992 at the San Diego Zoo. The twin infants are with their family and doing well on exhibit in Como Zoo's Primate House. Family members include parents Patty and Milton and older sister Frances. The gender of the Saki Monkeys is unknown at this time. However, around the age of three months, the infants' coloration will begin to change and reveal their gender: males are black with cream facial hair while females have fur that is striped variations of gray, brown and black. In the wild, White-faced Saki Monkeys are subject to pressures due to habitat loss and destruction, capture for use in the pet trade and being hunted for food. In 2002, the government of Brazil created the largest rain forest national park in the world, to protect the White-faced Saki Monkey and hundreds of other species. The park is larger than Massachusetts and Connecticut combined. Como Zoo is one of the most successful zoos in North America in breeding and managing White-faced Saki Monkeys. The mission of Como Zoo and its partner facility -- Marjorie McNeely Conservatory -- is to inspire our public to value the presence of living things in our lives.
SOURCE Como Zoo


text:
Your skill will accomplish what the force of many cannot |
PerlMonks |
Re: Is Perl the right language for a large web application?by Your Mother (Chancellor) |
on Apr 19, 2013 at 19:24 UTC ( #1029569=note: print w/replies, xml ) | Need Help?? |
I don't care about frameworks really. I think I am doing this from the ground up. That�s a recipe for FAIL if it really is a massive project. It�s also an end-run around the language question. If you really plan to do everything from scratch then language choice should only have one criterion: whichever you know best. If you really do plan to do a huge project without frameworks, or at least scaffolding, and tons of tests and so on and such like, you will fail. You may bristle and -- and gnash now at that string of words but I am a vessel of truth in this. Learning frameworks is hard, sometimes very, doing it yourself is as hard + you lose the combined effort of the dozens of devs and hundreds of users who built and tested everything. On the intended question. Yes, Perl. It has every tool for success.
In Section
Seekers of Perl Wisdom


text:
The 10 Best Cop vs. Criminal Battles in Film
10. The Untouchables vs. Al Capone (The Untouchables)
Source: Paramount Pictures
The Untouchables pits one of the most successful and ruthless criminals in US history against a squad of underdog cops, and the underdog cops win! Which is surprising, but only if you didn't know that one of those cops was Sean Connery, a man so impressive he can kill using only his mastery of good facial hair and who is so self-confident that he can play an Irishman in this movie without making any attempt to do an Irish accent.
The leader of The Untouchables, Elliot Ness (Kevin Costner), assembles a ragtag group of Chicago cops to try and take down the seemingly invincible Al Capone (Robert De Niro, making his first of two appearances on this list). Along the way, they lose a few members before finally pinning Capone on a tax evasion charge.
Al Capone spends most of this movie lurking in the background as an ominous, indestructible, king-like figure who makes Ness' task seem impossible. The Untouchables aren't just going up against one bad guy; they're taking on a whole structure and organization with tentacles that reach into the city's government and even its police force. The battle results in a true victory for the underdog and a win for The Untouchables, which is a surprise, even though they have James Bond on their team.
9. Castor Troy vs. Sean Archer (Face/Off)
Source: Paramount Pictures
Let's not kid ourselves, Face/Off is a dumb movie. But, like The Rock, or Con Air, or 80% of Nicholas Cage films, it's also inexplicably awesome, because if you team Cage up with John Travolta, rip their faces off, and then sew those faces back on in the wrong order, well, you've just made yourself a confusingly great movie.
Terrorist and all-round bad guy Castor Troy (Cage) is hunted down and captured by FBI agent Sean Archer (Travolta), who's still kind of pissed about Troy murdering his son. Troy, however, has planted a ticking bomb, and the FBI decides the only sensible course of action is to have Archer swap faces with the criminal, infiltrate his gang, and find the bomb's location. Obviously. Things go about as well as you'd expect, i.e. badly.
The premise of Face/Off may be dumb but you can't argue with its sense of fun. It's like a child's painting; artistically and intellectually worthless but kind of fun to laugh at. Or my parenting skills, criminally awful but also sort of entertaining. It's enjoyable, is the point I'm making, and Cage and Troy's battle throughout is the main reason for that. Whenever an armed John Travolta wearing Nicholas Cage's face confronts an armed Nicholas Cage wearing John Travolta's face outside a church in slow motion while doves fly away in the background, you know you're in for something special. And by special, I mean both special as in extraordinary, and special as in mentally challenged.
8. William Foster vs. Martin Prendergast (Falling Down)
Source: Warner Bros.
Sometimes you just have a bad day. Your boss is on your back, your co-workers are annoying you, and the weather is being a complete dick. On days like that, we tend to spend every hour with clenched fists, held tongues, and a tenuous grip on civilized behavior that just falls short of murdering the nearest person who even slightly irritates us. But what if you crossed that line, and let all that frustration out? Well, it would probably play out something like Falling Down.
Michael Douglas plays William Foster, an unemployed former defence worker who's trying to get across town to see his daughter. Along the way he encounters a number of everyday frustrations – like a convenience store's refusal to give out change and a fast food restaurant providing crappy service – and deals with them using baseball bats and Uzis. LAPD sergeant Martin Prendergast meanwhile has his own shitty life, but is dealing with it rather more productively; spending his last day on the job following Foster's trail of destruction and trying to stop him before he does any more damage.
The great thing about this particular battle is that the audience doesn't know who to root for. Sure, Prendergast is sympathetic and relatable, but so is Foster. Who among us hasn't wanted to just go apes**t mid-way through an infuriating argument with some patronizing, false-smiled customer service manager? Foster represents the side of human nature that just wants to punch out at life's little illogical irritants, while Prendergast is the civilized side that struggles on through despite the hardships. In the end, Prendergast – rightly - wins, but I'm sure we all have a little sympathy for the man driven to borderline insanity by the society we live in. Pulling out a gun isn't a legitimate way to deal with life, but watching a movie about a guy who does just might be.
7. Batman vs. The Joker (The Dark Knight)
Source: Warner Bros.
The Joker is one of the greatest ever fictional criminals and while Batman may not be a cop, he does spend his time hunting down the bad guys of Gotham. It'd be ridiculous not to include them on this list, especially when you consider the fascinating physical and psychological battle between the two that is central to what makes The Dark Knight great.
The movie consists of Batman's attempts to bring The Joker, and the criminal empire he's seized control of, to justice. The Joker meanwhile sets about corrupting those trying to help the city, using Gotham's citizens as playthings, and just generally f***ing with Batman. I shouldn't have to tell you that though, because you've already seen The Dark Knight, and if you haven't, then, Jesus, go watch The Dark Knight already, what's wrong with you?
The Joker is an anarchic terrorist, causing chaos, violence, and murder just to see it happen. His only rationale for his rampage is his belief that society is just as messed up and violent as he is, and his actions are an attempt to prove this to Batman. The Caped Crusader disagrees however, and some of the film's events – like two shiploads of captives refusing to blow each other up to save themselves - would back up Batman's opinion. The Joker, arrested near the end of The Dark Knight, appears to have lost the fight, but he successfully corrupts the District Attorney Harvey Dent and turns him into a bad guy, and the movie ends with Batman fleeing into the distance, taking the blame for a number of murders. With the Bat-Signal smashed in one of the film's final scenes, it's hard to say Batman won.
6. Frank Abagnale, Jr. vs. Carl Hanratty (Catch Me if You Can)
Source: Dreamworks
Based on an incredible true story, Catch Me if You Can warrants its place on this list by taking the traditional cop vs. criminal battle and spinning it into a more original version; the criminal is a teenage con man and the cop is a bank fraud agent, and while that may sound like a bad Jason Biggs movie crossed with utter boredom, it's actually pretty awesome.
Frank Abagnale Jr., played by a perfectly cast Leonardo DiCaprio, is a teenage runaway, who takes to performing check fraud and con tricks in order to make money. These cons increase in scope until Abagnale is scamming his way into jobs as a doctor, pilot, and lawyer. Pursing him all the while is FBI fraud agent Carl Hanratty (Tom Hanks), who remains perpetually one step behind until the movie's final act.
The chase between Abagnale and Hanratty is at the heart of Catch Me if You Can, but it's the relationship between the two characters that makes their battle so interesting. The movie begins with Abagnale mocking and humiliating Hanratty and ends with the latter feeling sympathy for, and acting like a father figure to, the young con man. At the film's end, Abagnale stops running from the law only when he realizes that Hanratty isn't going to chase. It's quite sweet really.


text:
Let's Get Healthy! wins the 2015 SOPHE Technology Award
Let's Get Healthy!, the popular interactive education and research exhibit, has just won the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) Technology Award. Let's Get Healthy! debuted in 2007 to increase public awareness of biomedical research and demonstrate how public participation in research can advance biomedical science. Currently, more than 16,700 people have participated at 107 sites (including four states outside of Oregon) with an additional 700 participating in two longitudinal cohort studies. The project is … Read More


text:
Langley elementary school students fill back packs for teens in need
As she shouldered one of nine backpacks prepared for Langley teenagers in need, youth worker Susi Schecker was pleasantly surprised at how packed the donated rucksack was.
"It's heavy," Schecker said, as she posed for a picture with some of the students at Gordon Greenwood Elementary School at 9175 - 206 Street Friday morning.
The back packs were stuffed with blankets, water-resistant hoodies, food coupons, dry socks, books and other supplies including chocolate treats, to help what Schecker described as "teens living away from home."
And that wasn't all.
An overflow of donated food items filled several cardboard boxes, and the campaign by students and teachers at the K-to-7 school also raised $500 that will be donated to the non-profit Aldergrove Neighbourhood Services (ANS), Schecker's employer and the agency that will be distributing the backpacks.
The backpack campaign was inspired by a similar effort mounted by a single class at another Langley school that ended last year when the teacher behind the initiative retired.
Greenwood teacher Ronda Salli took the idea and expanded it to involve all 410 students at Greenwood.
Salli was delighted by the response, calling it a "huge success" during a morning meeting of all students and teachers where the backpacks, overflow boxes and a cheque were officially presented to ANS by students and staff at the school.


text:
International Edition
Monday March 27, 2017 |
About Us Subscribe Advertise Contact Us |
Spain press dismisses 'farce' as ETA hands in weapons |
AFP Monday, February 24, 2014, 12:00 am TWN |
MADRID -- Spanish newspapers Saturday dismissed moves by Basque separatist group ETA to start handing over weapons as insignificant, with leading conservative dailies branding it a "farce" and demanding the movement disband.
International monitors on Friday said that a video of ETA members presenting a cache of guns and explosives was a step towards the full disarmament of Western Europe's last major violent separatist movement. The photograph of the two black-masked ETA members behind their table-full of weapons made the front page of most of Spain's main daily newspapers on Saturday. But the papers said surrendering the cache — including just four guns and 16 kilograms of explosives, according to an inventory released by monitors — was a ludicrously small gesture by a group blamed for killing more than 800 people. "It would be simply laughable if it were not pathetic as well as an insult to the victims and to common sense," said right-leaning daily El Mundo in an editorial. "It was ridiculous of these pacifying experts to lend themselves to a farce through which ETA means to award itself a medal." Center-left El Pais, Spain's biggest-selling daily, said the giving up of the weapons cache had little meaning since ETA had already said it was definitively giving up using arms in October 2011. "Handing over weapons or putting them out of use does not bring anything new to the guarantees that they will not be used again," it wrote. "On the other hand it does cause confusion ... about what really matters now: the definitive, unconditional disbandment of the group." Conservative daily ABC titled its front page "The farce of disarmament" and in an editorial branded the gesture "an act of ETA propaganda." The Basque newspaper Gara, which ETA has often used to publish its declarations, called the group's gesture "a significant step that strengthens the process for a solution" in the Basque Country.
Titanic' actor Bill Paxton has died: family representatives
Philippines protests 'Madam Secretary' portrayal of leader
Accountants in Oscar mistake off the show
New highs for US stocks; Dow win streak longest since 1987
Historic drama 'Underground' reflects on state of the union
Russia gives new 'Beauty and the Beast' film a 16+ rating
Iconic rock arch from 'Game of Thrones' falls into Malta sea
Japan and Russia hold talks on security, territorial dispute
US to sell 'more and better' weapons to Taiwan: report
U.S. reaffirms its one-China policy ahead of Tillerson's China visit