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Police believe Neo-Nazi killed 4, himself in Ariz.
Toddler, shooter among dead; 55-gallon drums in backyard with unknown liquid
By Amanda Lee Myers
Associated Press
GILBERT, Ariz. — Police said Thursday that they believe a former Marine with ties to neo-Nazi and Minutemen groups shot four people and then took his own life in a suburban Phoenix home.
Gilbert police spokesman Sgt. Bill Balafas said that police believe Jason Todd Ready, 39, was the gunman in Wednesday's shootings in a home in Gilbert.
Ready lived in the home with a woman who was among the dead. In addition to Ready's girlfriend, the dead include the woman's daughter and granddaughter and the daughter's boyfriend, according to media reports.
Ready was known in Arizona for organizing a militia with the goal of finding illegal immigrants and drug smugglers. Known as "J.T.," Ready led an outfit known as the U.S. Border Guard that dressed in military fatigues and body armor and carried assault rifles during patrols for illegal immigrants in the desert south of Phoenix.
Police identified the others killed as 15-month-old Lily Lynn Mederos; 23-year-old Amber Nieve Mederos; 47-year-old Lisa Lynn Mederos and 24-year-old Jim Franklin Hiott.
Balafas has said that all the evidence points to the shooting being related to domestic violence. But he said investigators aren't sure what triggered the shooting.
Officers have recovered two handguns and a shotgun.
The shootings occurred in a subdivision filled with stucco homes with red-tile roofs.
Members of the federal Joint Terrorism Task Force and FBI agents removed what Balafas said were military-grade ordnance, munitions and two barrels of chemicals found behind the home.
Ready and Hiott were found dead outside the home, and the bodies of two women were inside. The toddler was found inside the home showing signs of life, but later died at a hospital.
A teenager in the house heard arguing followed by gunshots, Balafas said. She came out of a back room and found the bodies.
About three hours after the shooting, a man walked up to the police tape, pointed to the crime scene and said, "I have a daughter who lives in that house."
Police pulled him behind the tape and out of view. Several seconds later, a loud, anguished cry could be heard. Minutes after, the same man was weeping and left the scene with police.
Ready took offense at the term "neo-Nazi," but acknowledged he had identified with the National Socialist Movement, an organization that believes only non-Jewish, white heterosexuals should be American citizens and that everyone who isn't white should leave the country "peacefully or by force."
"We're not going to sit around and wait for the government anymore," Ready said in a July 2010 interview with The Associated Press. "This is what our Founding Fathers did."
Violence touched his life in ways beyond his militia work. Ready knew and organized border patrols with Jeffrey Hall, a California white supremacist shot and killed last year by his 10-year-old son.
Officers have been called to the home previously for domestic disputes, Balafas said. He had no details of those calls or if they involved Ready.
Neighbor Julie Collins said Lisa Mederos has lived in the home down the street from hers for about 10 years and had been in a relationship with Ready for years. She said Ready seemed pleasant and once helped her with a job in her yard, and that she never heard of any trouble between the couple.
She said she didn't know about his involvement in the militia or anti-immigration activities.
"I saw him in fatigues a lot, and she told me he was a border patrol agent," Collins said. "Yesterday I found out on the news that was not the case."
Collins said Lisa Mederos had two daughters who moved in and out of the home, along with Amber's boyfriend and her toddler daughter.
Police would not confirm if the teen who called police to the home was Lisa Mederos' younger daughter.
Gary Davis, who also lives in the neighborhood, said: "There's no excuse for taking a child's life."
"Nothing ever happens in this neighborhood," Davis said. "It's a shock to us."
Copyright 2012 Associated Press
Copyright Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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This is a love story about two people and a city. A young couple—a wine importer and his wife—had found property in Chicago's northern suburbs and were about to build a new house for their children and themselves. "Then," says the husband, "we woke up one morning and asked ourselves, What on earth are we doing?' We loved Chicago, our kids had just gotten into a wonderful school downtown—why were we moving to the suburbs?"
Putting their property on the market, they began searching for houses in the city. They found nothing until, walking down the street near their children's school, they saw a blue Queen Anne house with a colonnaded porch and stained-glass windows. It was unoccupied, some of its porch columns had lost their Ionic capitals, and it was surrounded by an ugly fence with a Beware of Dog sign nailed to it; but it was a historic house on a landmark street, a block from Lake Michigan. The couple knew at once they had to have it.
"It reminded me of houses in small towns in Kansas, where I'm from," he says. "It had character." It also had mold and rot, and it had been infested by carpenter ants. "We knew right away we would have to gut it." They would also have to strip away the aluminum siding, tear off a rickety 1940s side porch and demolish a kitchen wing crammed full of Formica and flimsy pine cabinetry. They would have to carve out another floor's worth of usable space for additional bedrooms and baths. And they would have to do all this while seeking approval every step of the way from Chicago's landmarks commission.
Undeterred, they plunged in, enlisting the Chicago architect William Massey and Manhattan-based but Michigan-born designer Mariette Himes Gomez to help them. A contemporary-minded classicist, Gomez was "thrilled" to be a part of this project. "Any time I get to work in the Midwest, I jump at the chance," she says. "This house in particular, with its historic and renovation issues, interested me. It was so sturdy—you would only build a house like that in that part of the world. But when we started work on it, I felt like we were in an episode of This Old House."
The team's first step resulted in a fortuitous discovery: Tearing off the aluminum siding, they found the house's original shingle cladding underneath, with the ghostly imprint of long-lost roof brackets still visible. Although most of the shingles and trim details were beyond repair, Massey was able to reproduce them with the aid of old pattern books.
When the focus moved to the interior, the work got more challenging. Although the Victorian layout, with its small, square rooms opening off narrow hallways, was intact, details like mantels and trim had been ripped out, the ceilings were covered in acoustic tile, and the original staircase, located in the front corner of the house, was riddled with rot. So Massey and Gomez demolished all of it and constructed a new stairway in the midsection of the house, opening usable space at the front and rear and doing away with a claustrophobic upstairs corridor. To add square footage without raising the roof (forbidden under landmark regulations), they had to excavate beneath the basement while supporting the foundations—a process that the husband describes as "a nightmare." "I just kept telling myself, The kids go to school down the block. The kids go to school down the block,' " he says.
Things brightened as the new residence emerged from the chrysalis of the old. The claustrophobic suite of reception rooms on the first floor was replaced by a cozy library in the front and an airy living and dining room spanning the center of the house, with an open staircase on one side and a new, spacious porch on the other. At the rear was a two-story addition—virtually invisible from the street and so permitted under landmark regulations—with a comfortable master suite on the second floor, a state-of-the-art kitchen and garage on the first and, beneath the garage, a wine cellar.
In finishing and furnishing these spaces, Gomez says, she wanted "to suggest the past, not duplicate it." Against a light, youthful palette of creams and neutrals, she placed an eclectic selection of pieces sympathetic to the family lifestyle and casual entertaining the owners envisioned. She also encouraged them to acquire a small collection of carefully chosen contemporary art that underscores the freshness and ease of the interiors.
Finally, four years after they saw the (formerly) blue house, the owners moved in—and they can't imagine doing anything differently. "We have the best of everything," says the husband. "A historic, supremely comfortable and livable house, on a beautiful block, in the middle of the most wonderful city. We love living in Chicago." Seemingly, the city feels the same about them: Last September they received a preservation award from the Commission of Chicago Landmarks. The love story had a happy ending.

subset: commoncrawl


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Chinese information authorities are filtering results of Chinese-language Internet searches for "Egypt" and "Cairo," according to Global Voices Online and The Wall Street Journal. The unrest raging there could prompt comparison with the student-led protests in Tiananmen Square in 1989 or incite anti-government demonstrations.
At the beginning of January, well before the news from Egypt, China's Central Propaganda Department had issued a set of 10 directives for news outlets, according to Radio France International and reports on the overseas dissident-run news website Boxun. The Hong Kong University-based China Media Project reports: "We have not yet confirmed this list with our own sources, but we have learned independently about a number of the orders listed in the bulletin, which supports its authenticity."
They translate one of the items from the RFI report:
In the case of reporting of regular mass incidents, central media and media outside the region where the event occurs will not report...In the case of mass incidents the pointing of blame at the Party and government must be prevented.
In a separate post, the Media Project also reports that Propaganda Department officials are attempting to ban the term "civil society" in the media--with all its connotations of grassroots organization and political engagement.
The ban has been unsuccessful so far, the Media Project notes. Some journalists have simply adopted the phrase "public society" instead. But it is clear that for propaganda officials, China's media freedom is still tightly bound up with the Chinese Communist Party's fear of organized dissent.
- January 31, 2011 6:01 PM ET
- Short URLhttps://cpj.org/x/4108
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text: About UsFor over 3 years, GoCare Warranty Group has been serving the community of mobile device owners and offering the best in electronics protection. GoCare offers a wide variety of protection plans for All types of Smartphones, Tablets, Laptops, and more. Our Plans > iPhone > iPad > Other Tablets > Other Smartphones > Macbook/laptopCoverage AvailableCoverage available IncludesDrops & Spills: Protection against drops, spills and other accidents with unlimited claims.AppleCare coverage included: Extended warranty coverage for replacement of batteries and other parts that fail.Other great features: Dedicated customer support, worldwide coverage, and more!BuyBack protection: We will guarantee a price to purchase your iPads when your GoCare coverage expires.


text: I actually made a list of all the trainers that I have battled against to and disconnect themselves when they realize they're screwed or when I actually defeat them, sometimes they do it right before my WIN is counted. I like to keep a list of all these losers because I don't want to battle against them again, they waste my time. It would be good to post that list so everyone knows who they are and nobody should battle them ever!


text: Android Will Have an App Store Like the iPhonematt buchanan5/30/08 10:15amFiled to: RumorAndroidCellphonesGadgetsGoogleandroid storeapps22EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink This is good news: It looks like Android will have a one-stop shop for applications, making it easy for developers to get their goods out there and users to pick 'em up. While the "Android Store" isn't confirmed, project lead Andy Rubin said at the Google I/O developer conference yesterday: "It would be a great benefit to the Android community to provide a place where people can go to safely and securely download content and where a billing system would allow developers to get paid for their effort...We wouldn't have done our job if we didn't provide something that helps developers get distribution." An Android app store would sure fit the bill. Unlike the iTunes app store fiefdom though, apparently Android's Apache license means a phone could be released with its built-in "store" stocked only with, say, Yahoo! apps—or no store at all—since third parties can do whatever they want to the code. Still, having a centralized distribution point bodes well for Android development, which was looking a little haphazard for a while. It'll be interesting to compare third party development for Android and the iPhone come this time next year, that's for sure. [The Register] Reply22 repliesLeave a reply


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Mark Wahlberg on Marriage
Broken City's Mark Wahlberg shares the secrets to his rock-solid marriage. (Pssst: He and wife Rhea Durham have four kids!)
Advertisement - Continue Reading Below
1. We go to church every Sunday.
2. I have no problem saying "I'm sorry."
3. I tell her how much I appreciate what a great job she's doing as a mom.
4. We have date night once a week — even if it means me watching The Real Housewives with her.
5. On weekends, I keep the kids quiet in the mornings so Mommy can sleep in.
6. I send her flowers from the kids.
7. I accept getting yelled at for all my clutter.
8. When I'm away, we always talk on the phone, not by text. I'm old-fashioned!
More from Good Housekeeping:


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Hey, Im wondering if you can do this in SQL. I have searched google and can't find what I'm looking for to explain it to me.
Is this possible? What am I doing wrong? Or is this something I should do through PHP with multiple queries?
Basically it's a conditional statement.These are fake values, Im just trying to learn if it can be done
IF NOT EXISTS ( SELECT user_id, bot_id FROM tmp_battles WHERE user_id = 1 AND bot_id = 5 ) THEN INSERT INTO tmp_battles SET user_id = 1, bot_id = 2 ELSE UPDATE tmp_battles SET user_id = 1, bot_id = 55, WHERE user_id = 10 AND bot_id = 55 END IF
Or what about something like this:
IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM items WHERE id = 1) > 10 THEN DO SOMETHING ELSE DO SOMETHING ELSE
yes, it can be done
check in the mysql manual for the INSERT statement with ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause
Thank you for reply Rudy. I am looking at the ON DUPLICATE KEY right now.My question I suppose is,
With an AUTO_INCREMENT column named id as my PRIMARY KEYThis probably will never have a duplicate.
Is there a way to check if there is a duplicated of assign_bot and assign_user?
INSERT INTO tmp_battles SET `assign_bot` = '$bot[id]', `assign_user` = '{$sess->get('userID')}', `battle_hp` = '$bot[hp]' ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE `battle_hp` = '$bot[hp]'
Add another unique key (assing_bot + assign_user) to the table.


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Aymee Garcia, who will play stepsister Charlotte in the tour of 'Cinderella,' promises a modern, relevant and funny take of the classic fairytale.
Santa Claus will celebrate the grand reopening of the Holmesburg branch of the Free Library of Philadelphia.
With just two weeks until Christmas, the special requests are starting to come fast and furious for Santa Claus as he greets youngsters at the Franklin Mills mall. Santa listens to what Charlotte Codd, 6, has to say during a Thursday morning chat about her Christmas wishes and the exciting day that's just around the corner.
A Far Northeast author's first novel is rooted in something she knows plenty about … Wicca, and the practice of witchcraft.


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With an active subscription to File to Backup, a cloud based backup service, you can backup and restore from anywhere with an internet connection. You may restore a single file, a folder or all of your backed up files from a web browser for free.


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Oct 27 - Sat Color - Pink Orchid
Uploaded by cherryyllaann, Oct 27 2012 01:28 PM
- Owner:
- Uploaded: Oct 27 2012 01:28 PM
- Views: 388
- Category: Color Challenge
Love that Flair paper from this month's scrap simple club. I layered it a couple of times for dimension. Photo is from the Redlands Orchid Show that happened earlier this year.
Oh my GOSH! This is gorgeous--should find a place for it on one of your walls! Love your use of the frame and the BG makes the LO pop! Nice work!
Beautiful flower!! Great layout! I like the way you layered the the ss papers for added depth. (thanks for the idea!) Fun frame. Thanks for joining the challenge!
I just LOVE orchids and what a wonderful background to pick with the beautiful photo.
Lovely eye-catching background, and i like how you framed your photo, bold beauty with a touch of whimsy. Great job! =)
Wow! Love your orchids. Fantastic background/ Like your sign, too.
Oh, I just adore your gorgeous orchid photos and am so happy to see another, Cheryll Ann! Gosh your background is super pretty - love that cut-work and how you colored and layered it. Looks almost 3-D! I also really like how you framed the pic and your flower sign. Lovely layout!
Oooo...that is awesome! I like your layering and will have to remember that for a future layout.
the pinka gainst black is so effective. I like the way your repeated the use of the paper template; it adds so much depth.
I love the way that background paper looks with your gorgeous orchid photo! The dotted frame adds a great pattern mix, too. Lovely layout!


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LEE — The New Hampshire Attorney General's office has ruled that police using deadly force during a criminal investigation in Lee on Dec. 3 last year were justified.
Attorney General Michael A. Delaney ruled in the case of Steven Amazeen, who sustained gunshot wounds to his legs and shoulder when he was fired upon by two Durham police officers.
The report states that police believed they and others were in danger of death or serious bodily harm because of Amazeen's behavior that day. Police had been called to the Amazeen home because of threats of violence.
The report states: "The investigation has revealed that the police officers' use of deadly force was precipitated by Mr. Amazeen's course of conduct on Monday, December 3, 2012. Mr. Amazeen's actions created a situation that led the police officers who fired their weapons to reasonably believe that they and/or others were in danger of death or serious bodily injury. That course of conduct included Steven Amazeen's discharge of his weapon inside and outside of his home, just prior to having contact with police officers on Lee Hook Road. In addition, when the officers encountered Mr. Amazeen on Lee Hook Road he was armed with a deadly weapon, he made threats to use his gun on himself and the police, and he failed to comply with police commands to drop his gun and surrender as he moved aggressively towards police officers. Finally, Mr. Amazeen raised his arm and pointed his gun directly at one of the Durham officers."
Amazeen is facing criminal charges in connection with the case in Strafford County Court.
AG find deadly force justified in police shooting in Lee
Apr 3, 2013 at 3:00 PM
Apr 3, 2013 at 3:27 PM


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Hotel Style Classique Traditionnel, rustique Contemporain, design Lieu de séjour, lieu de vacances Fusion Hotel Category Grand luxe Luxe décontracté Chic, de charme |
JK Place Roma, Rome |
Via di Monte d'Oro, 30, Place d'Espagne, 00184, Rome, Rome, Latium, ITALIE. |
Description: JK Place RomaStanding on a quiet cobbled street in the heart of historic Rome, JK Place Roma is set in a magnificently restored and modernised period palazzo. This newly opened luxury boutique property offers five-star accommodation and fine cuisine in an unsurpassed setting.JK Place Roma's highly central location means that it is perfect for exploring this fabulous city. Piazza Espagna and the Trevi fountain are just a ten-minute walk away, while many more of Rome's magnificent landmarks, and the Vatican, are also within easy reach. Nearby metro, tram and bus lines will take visitors quickly and easily to the rest of the city and provide excellent links to the greater region. The hotel is home to the JK Cafe, which serves delicious Italian dishes and international specialities, all based on the finest local produce, while cocktails and snacks are served throughout the day at the bar. JK Place Roma has thirty individually designed and decorated luxury rooms, all featuring an immense range of services and facilities, including air-conditioning, Wi-Fi, iPod and iPad docking stations, and satellite TVs. En-suite bathrooms come with bathrobes, slippers and complimentary toiletries. Description des chambres: JK Place RomaJK Classic:Intimate rooms located on the third floor, provided with a balcony equipped with armchair and table overlooking the typical roofs of Rome. Fully equipped with LED Satellite TV with sports and movie channels, iPad/iPod Docking stations, complimentary Wi-Fi Internet connection, individually controlled air conditioning, electronic safe, special courtesy JK amenities, complimentary mini-bar and much more. The JK Classic rooms are 20sq m. Superior Room: Superior Double Room come with king-size or twin beds. Elegantly decorated, some with canopy Bed. Work desk. Italian marble bathrooms, wooden teak floors with double sink and large shower HD LED TV with Cable Sports and Movie channels. Complimentary Wi-Fi and in-room mini-bar. Room size 26sqm. Deluxe: Deluxe Double. King-size or twin bed. These are comfortable rooms with a sitting area, work desk. Full Italian marble bathrooms with wooden teak floors, double sink and wide shower. HD LED TV. iPod docking station. Complimentary Wi-Fi and mini-bar. Room size 32 sq m. JK Deluxe: JK Deluxe double, with king-size or twin bed. These rooms have a sitting area, and most have a walk-in closet. The spacious bathroom has a separate toilet area, double sink, some with large shower or bathtub. HD LED TV with cable sports and movie channels. iPod docking station, complimentary Wi-Fi and mini-bar. Room size 40sq m. Junior Suite: Junior suite, with king-size bed. These spacious rooms have a walk-in closet and a cosy sitting area. Full Italian marble bathroom with double sink, separate toilet area, and a large shower. HD LED TV and iPod docking station. Complimentary Wi-Fi and mini-bar. Room size 44 sq m. Master Room: The Master Rooms have a king-size canopy bed. This is an especially large exclusive room with a sitting area, and a walk-in closet. Full Italian marble bathroom with separate toilet area, double sink, large rain shower. HD LED TV with cable sports and movie channels and iPod docking station. Complimentary Wi-Fi and mini-bar. Room size 46sqm. JK Master Room: JK Master Room are the most prestigious rooms. This suite has an area of 50 sq m and features a separate living room. All these suites have canopy beds and walk-in closets, full Italian marble bathrooms with wooden teak floors, double sink, and separate toilet area. Large shower or bathtub. HD LED TV cable sports and movie channels. iPod docking station. Complimentary Wi-Fi and mini-bar. All rooms and suites feature: Air-Conditioning; Stereo System; Radio; WebTV; Self-controlled heating and air-conditioning; Mini Bar; Work desk; Blu-Ray Player; Cable/Satellite TV; Large safe; Device with MP3 Line In; Telephone in bathroom; Direct dial telephone; Slippers; Twin basins in double rooms; Bathrobes; Bathroom amenities; Hair dryer. Maximum occupancy of each room: 2 persons in JK Classic, Superior, Deluxe, JK Deluxe Room categories, 3 persons in Junior Suite and Master Room, 4 persons in JK Master Room. Number & size of beds in each room: Queen/King beds Double room with two single beds: Deluxe Rooms and JK Deluxe Room. Extra Bed: for 1 person in Junior Suite and Master Room. Free of charge for kids up to 13 years old. Extra bed at EUR 180 per night (prices may change) for people older than 13. Précisions et informations supplementaires: JK Place RomaPrivate parking is available on site. Charges apply. |
Informations basiques:
Nombre de chambres: 30
Catégorie officielle: 5 stars.
Année d' inauguration ou dernière rénovation: September 25th, 2013.
Langues: Italian, English, French, German, Romanian, Russian, Spanish.
Zone fumeurs: Non-smoking property.Cartes de crédit acceptées: American Express, Visa, Euro/Mastercard, Diners Club, JCB, Maestro, CartaSi. Jours de fermeture du restaurant: JKCafe Bistro is open all year, for breakfast from 07:30 until 10:30 am, for lunch and dinner from 12:00 pm until midnight. Coordonnées GPS: 41° 54' 15.77'' N 12° 28' 37.12'' E Aèroport plus prochain: Rome - Ciampino Airport (CIA) - 18,3 km.
Installations et services:


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East Tennessee State University: College of Nursing
PhD in Nursing Program Financial Aid Options
American Association of Colleges of Nursing
Scholarship and loan opportunities for Graduate and Post-Graduate nursing students. Eligibility requirements vary. Please visit www.aacn.nche.edu/students for more information.
Nurses Educational Funds (NEF)
Nurses Education Funds, Inc. is a not-for-profit organization which seeks and distributes funds to baccalaureate-prepared registered nurses who are in need of scholarship assistance for graduate study. Eligibility requirements vary. Please visit www.n-e-f.org for more information.
College of Nursing
Advanced Nurse Education (ANE) Traineeships
Traineeships provide full or partial reimbursement for the costs of tuition, books, programs fees and reasonable living expenses. Their purpose is to support advanced nurse education for future nurse educators, administrators, and other clinical specialties. Applications for our ANE Traineeships will be made available to PhD and other graduate students at the beginning of each academic year by the Director of Graduate Programs.
Nurse Faculty Loan Program (NFLP) Grants
These grants increase the number of qualified nurse faculty by creating a student loan program within individual schools of nursing and supporting individual students. Recipients must agree to teach at a school of nursing in exchange for cancellation of up to 85% of their educational loans, plus interest, over a four-year period. Applications for our NFLP funds can be obtained from Ms. Amy Bower, Office of Student Services.
Full-time PhD students can apply through the School of Graduate Studies for a 10 or 20 hour a week position assisting a faculty member with research, teaching or other projects. Positions are available each year in the College of Nursing and other departments on campus. Some assistantships require regular presence on campus; others, depending upon the duties, may be possible to accomplish from a distance. In addition to a modest salary and the waiver of out-of-state tuition (when applicable), full maintenance fee is waived for a 20 hour position, and half maintenance fee is waived for a 10 hour position.
Tuition Scholarship
Full-time PhD students can apply through the School of Graduate Studies for a Tuition Scholarship which requires a time commitment of eight hours each week. Similar to an Assistantship, the student assists a faculty member with research or other projects. Tuition Scholarships are available in the College of Nursing and other departments on campus. There is no salary provided, but full maintenance fee and out-of-state tuition (when applicable) is waived.
Dorothy K. Parker Nursing Scholarship Endowment; Mayme Frazier Scholarship; Betsy Brogan Scholarship Endowment; Dr. Paul Dishner Scholarship
Various scholarships offered by the College of Nursing to graduate nursing students. Eligibility requirements vary. For specific information, please visit http://www.etsu.edu/nursing/studentsservices/scholarshipsnurse.aspx .
School of Graduate Studies
PhD students can apply for specific scholarships and awards through the School of Graduate Studies. For a complete listing, please visit http://www.etsu.edu/gradstud .


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My daughter always asks me to make this dish at Thanksgiving and Christmas. The recipe came from my sister-in-law.—Marilyn King, Fredonia, Kansas
38 Ultimate Chili Recipes
- 2 cans (15-1/2 ounces each) hominy, drained
- 1 can (15 ounces) chili without beans
- 1 medium onion, chopped
- 1 cup corn chips, coarsely crushed
- 1 cup (4 ounces) shredded cheddar cheese, divided
- In a bowl, combine the hominy, chili, onion, corn chips and 1/2 cup cheese. Transfer to a greased 2-qt. baking dish. Top with remaining cheese. Bake, uncovered, at 350° for 30-35 minutes or until heated through. Yield: 6-8 servings.
Originally published as Hearty Hominy in Casserole Cookbook
2001, p297
Reviews for Hearty Hominy
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Botanical garden
A botanical garden or botanic garden[nb 1] is a garden dedicated to the collection, cultivation and display of a wide range of plants labelled with their botanical names. It may contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and other succulent plants, herb gardens, plants from particular parts of the world, and so on; there may be greenhouses, shadehouses, again with special collections such as tropical plants, alpine plants, or other exotic plants. Visitor services at a botanical garden might include tours, educational displays, art exhibitions, book rooms, open-air theatrical and musical performances, and other entertainment.
Botanical gardens are often run by universities or other scientific research organizations, and often have associated herbaria and research programmes in plant taxonomy or some other aspect of botanical science. In principle, their role is to maintain documented collections of living plants for the purposes of scientific research, conservation, display, and education, although this will depend on the resources available and the special interests pursued at each particular garden.
The origin of modern botanical gardens can be traced to European medieval medicinal gardens known as physic gardens, the first of these being founded during the Italian Renaissance in the 16th century. This early concern with medicinal plants changed in the 17th century to an interest in the new plant imports from explorations outside Europe as botany gradually established its independence from medicine. In the 18th century, systems of nomenclature and classification were devised by botanists working in the herbaria and universities associated with the gardens, these systems often being displayed in the gardens as educational "order beds". With the rapid rise of European imperialism in the late 18th century, botanic gardens were established in the tropics, and economic botany became a focus with the hub at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, near London.
Over the years, botanical gardens, as cultural and scientific organisations, have responded to the interests of botany and horticulture. Nowadays, most botanical gardens display a mix of the themes mentioned and more; having a strong connection with the general public, there is the opportunity to provide visitors with information relating to the environmental issues being faced at the start of the 21st century, especially those relating to plant conservation and sustainability.
The role of major botanical gardens worldwide has been considered so broadly similar as to fall within textbook definitions. The following definition was produced by staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium of Cornell University in 1976. It covers in some detail the many functions and activities generally associated with botanical gardens:[1]
A botanical garden is a controlled and staffed institution for the maintenance of a living collection of plants under scientific management for purposes of education and research, together with such libraries, herbaria, laboratories, and museums as are essential to its particular undertakings. Each botanical garden naturally develops its own special fields of interests depending on its personnel, location, extent, available funds, and the terms of its charter. It may include greenhouses, test grounds, an herbarium, an arboretum, and other departments. It maintains a scientific as well as a plant-growing staff, and publication is one of its major modes of expression.
This broad outline is then expanded:[1]
The botanic garden may be an independent institution, a governmental operation, or affiliated to a college or university. If a department of an educational institution, it may be related to a teaching program. In any case, it exists for scientific ends and is not to be restricted or diverted by other demands. It is not merely a landscaped or ornamental garden, although it may be artistic, nor is it an experiment station or yet a park with labels on the plants. The essential element is the intention of the enterprise, which is the acquisition and dissemination of botanical knowledge.
A contemporary botanic garden is a strictly protected natural urban green area, where a managing organization creates landscaped gardens and holds documented collections of living plants and/or preserved plant accessions containing functional units of heredity of actual or potential value for purposes such as scientific research, education, public display, conservation, sustainable use, tourism and recreational activities, production of marketable plant-based products and services for improvement of human well-being.
The "New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening" (1999) points out that among the various kinds of organisations now known as botanical gardens are many public gardens with little scientific activity, and it cites a more abbreviated definition that was published by the World Wildlife Fund and IUCN when launching the ''Botanic Gardens Conservation Strategy'' in 1989: "A botanic garden is a garden containing scientifically ordered and maintained collections of plants, usually documented and labelled, and open to the public for the purposes of recreation, education and research."[2] This has been further reduced by Botanic Gardens Conservation International to the following definition which "encompasses the spirit of a true botanic garden":[3] "A botanic garden is an institution holding documented collections of living plants for the purposes of scientific research, conservation, display and education."[4]
The botanical gardens network[edit]
Worldwide, there are now about 1800 botanical gardens and arboreta in about 150 countries (mostly in temperate regions) of which about 550 are in Europe (150 of which are in Russia), 200 in North America,[5] and an increasing number in East Asia.[6] These gardens attract about 150 million visitors a year, so it is hardly surprising that many people gained their first exciting introduction to the wonders of the plant world in a botanical garden.[2]
Historically, botanical gardens exchanged plants through the publication of seed lists (these were called Latin: Indices Seminae in the 18th century). This was a means of transferring both plants and information between botanical gardens. This system continues today, although the possibility of genetic piracy and the transmission of invasive species has received greater attention in recent times.[7]
The International Association of Botanic Gardens[8] was formed in 1954 as a worldwide organisation affiliated to the International Union of Biological Sciences. More recently, coordination has also been provided by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI), which has the mission "To mobilise botanic gardens and engage partners in securing plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet".[9] BGCI has over 700 members – mostly botanic gardens – in 118 countries, and strongly supports the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation by producing a range resources and publications, and by organizing international conferences and conservation programs.
Communication also happens regionally. In the United States, there is the American Public Gardens Association[10] (formerly the American Association of Botanic Gardens and Arboreta), and in Australasia there is the Botanic Gardens of Australia and New Zealand (BGANZ).[11]
Historical development[edit]
The history of botanical gardens is closely linked to the history of botany itself. The botanical gardens of the 16th and 17th centuries were medicinal gardens, but the idea of a botanical garden changed to encompass displays of the beautiful, strange, new and sometimes economically important plant trophies being returned from the European colonies and other distant lands.[12] Later, in the 18th century, they became more educational in function, demonstrating the latest plant classification systems devised by botanists working in the associated herbaria as they tried to order these new treasures. Then, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the trend was towards a combination of specialist and eclectic collections demonstrating many aspects of both horticulture and botany.[13]
The idea of "scientific" gardens used specifically for the study of plants dates back to antiquity.[14]
Grand gardens of ancient history[edit]
Near-eastern royal gardens set aside for economic use or display and containing at least some plants gained by special collecting trips or military campaigns abroad, are known from the second millennium BCE in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Crete, Mexico and China.[16] In about 2800 BCE, the Chinese Emperor Shen Nung sent collectors to distant regions searching for plants with economic or medicinal value.[17] It has also been suggested that the Spanish conquest of Mesoamerica influenced the history of the botanical garden[14] as gardens in Tenochtitlan established by king Nezahualcoyotl,[18] also gardens in Chalco (altépetl) and elsewhere, greatly impressed the Spanish invaders, not only with their appearance, but also because the indigenous Aztecs employed many more medicinal plants than did the classical world of Europe.[19][20]
Early medieval gardens in Islamic Spain resembled botanic gardens of the future, an example being the 11th-century Huerta del Ray garden of physician and author Ibn Wafid (999–1075 CE) in Toledo. This was later taken over by garden chronicler Ibn Bassal (fl. 1085 CE) until the Christian conquest in 1085 CE. Ibn Bassal then founded a garden in Seville, most of its plants being collected on a botanical expedition that included Morocco, Persia, Sicily, and Egypt. The medical school of Montpelier was also founded by Spanish Arab physicians, and by 1250 CE, it included a physic garden, but the site was not given botanic garden status until 1593.[21]
Physic gardens[edit]
Botanical gardens, in the modern sense, developed from physic gardens, whose main purpose was to cultivate herbs for medical use as well as research and experimentation. Such gardens have a long history. In Europe, for example, Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE) is said to have had a physic garden in the Lyceum at Athens, which was used for educational purposes and for the study of botany, and this was inherited, or possibly set up, by his pupil Theophrastus, the "Father of Botany".[22][23] There is some debate among science historians whether this garden was ordered and scientific enough to be considered "botanical", and suggest it more appropriate to attribute the earliest known botanical garden in Europe to the botanist and pharmacologist Antonius Castor, mentioned by Pliny the Elder in the 1st century.[24]
Though these ancient gardens shared some of the characteristics of present-day botanical gardens, the forerunners of modern botanical gardens are generally regarded as being the medieval monastic physic gardens that originated after the decline of the Roman Empire at the time of Emperor Charlemagne (742–789 CE).[25] These contained a hortus, a garden used mostly for vegetables, and another section set aside for specially labelled medicinal plants and this was called the herbularis or hortus medicus— more generally known as a physic garden, and a viridarium or orchard. These gardens were probably given impetus when Charlemagne issued a capitulary, the Capitulary de Villis, which listed 73 herbs to be used in the physic gardens of his dominions. Many of these were found in British gardens even though they only occurred naturally in continental Europe, demonstrating earlier plant introduction.[26] Pope Nicholas V set aside part of the Vatican grounds in 1447, for a garden of medicinal plants that were used to promote the teaching of botany, and this was a forerunner to the University gardens at Padua and Pisa established in the 1540s.[27] Certainly the founding of many early botanic gardens was instigated by members of the medical profession.[28]
16th- and 17th-century European gardens[edit]
In the 17th century, botanical gardens began their contribution to a deeper scientific curiosity about plants. If a botanical garden is defined by its scientific or academic connection, then the first true botanical gardens were established with the revival of learning that occurred in the European Renaissance. These were secular gardens attached to universities and medical schools, used as resources for teaching and research. The superintendents of these gardens were often professors of botany with international reputations, a factor that probably contributed to the creation of botany as an independent discipline rather than a descriptive adjunct to medicine.[29]
Origins in the Italian Renaissance[edit]
The botanical gardens of Southern Europe were associated with university faculties of medicine and were founded in Northern Italy at Orto botanico di Pisa (1544), Orto botanico di Padova (1545), Orto Botanico di Firenze (1545), Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pavia (1558) and Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna (1568).[nb 2] Here the physicians (referred to in English as apothecaries) delivered lectures on the Mediterranean "simples" or "officinals" that were being cultivated in the grounds. Student education was no doubt stimulated by the relatively recent advent of printing and the publication of the first herbals.[30] All of these botanical gardens still exist, mostly in their original locations.
Northern Europe[edit]
The tradition of these Italian gardens passed into Spain (Botanical Garden of Valencia, 1567) and Northern Europe, where similar gardens were established in the Netherlands (Hortus Botanicus Leiden, 1587; Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam), 1638), Germany (Alter Botanischer Garten Tübingen, 1535; Leipzig Botanical Garden, 1580; Botanischer Garten Jena, 1586; Botanischer Garten Heidelberg, 1593; Herrenhäuser Gärten, Hanover, 1666; Botanischer Garten der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1669; Botanical Garden in Berlin, 1672), Switzerland (Old Botanical Garden, Zürich, 1560; Basel, 1589); England (University of Oxford Botanic Garden, 1621; Chelsea Physic Garden, 1673); Scotland (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 1670); and in France (Jardin des plantes de Montpellier, 1593; Faculty of Medicine Garden, Paris, 1597; Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 1635), Denmark (University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden, 1600); Sweden (Uppsala University, 1655).
Beginnings of botanical science[edit]
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the first plants were being imported to these major Western European gardens from Eastern Europe and nearby Asia (which provided many bulbs), and these found a place in the new gardens, where they could be conveniently studied by the plant experts of the day. For example, Asian introductions were described by Carolus Clusius (1526–1609), who was director, in turn, of the Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna and Hortus Botanicus Leiden. Many plants were being collected from the Near East, especially bulbous plants from Turkey. Clusius laid the foundations of Dutch tulip breeding and the bulb industry, and he helped create one of the earliest formal botanical gardens of Europe at Leyden where his detailed planting lists have made it possible to recreate this garden near its original site. The hortus medicus of Leyden in 1601 was a perfect square divided into quarters for the four continents, but by 1720, though, it was a rambling system of beds, struggling to contain the novelties rushing in,[31] and it became better known as the hortus academicus. His Exoticorum libri decem (1605) is an important survey of exotic plants and animals that is still consulted today.[32] The inclusion of new plant introductions in botanic gardens meant their scientific role was now widening, as botany gradually asserted its independence from medicine.
In the mid to late 17th century, the Paris Jardin des Plantes was a centre of interest with the greatest number of new introductions to attract the public. In England, the Chelsea Physic Garden was founded in 1673 as the "Garden of the Society of Apothecaries". The Chelsea garden had heated greenhouses, and in 1723 appointed Philip Miller (1691–1771) as head gardener. He had a wide influence on both botany and horticulture, as plants poured into it from around the world. The garden's golden age came in the 18th century, when it became the world's most richly stocked botanical garden. Its seed-exchange programme was established in 1682 and still continues today.[33]
18th century[edit]
With the increase in maritime trade, ever more plants were being brought back to Europe as trophies from distant lands, and these were triumphantly displayed in the private estates of the wealthy, in commercial nurseries, and in the public botanical gardens. Heated conservatories called "orangeries", such as the one at Kew, became a feature of many botanical gardens.[34] Industrial expansion in Europe and North America resulted in new building skills, so plants sensitive to cold were kept over winter in progressively elaborate and expensive heated conservatories and glasshouses.[nb 3]
The Cape, Dutch East Indies[edit]
The 18th century was marked by introductions from the Cape of South Africa – including ericas, geraniums, pelargoniums, succulents, and proteaceous plants – while the Dutch trade with the Dutch East Indies resulted in a golden era for the Leiden and Amsterdam botanical gardens and a boom in the construction of conservatories.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew[edit]
The Royal Gardens at Kew were founded in 1759, initially as part of the Royal Garden set aside as a physic garden. William Aiton (1741–1793), the first curator, was taught by garden chronicler Philip Miller of the Chelsea Physic Garden whose son Charles became first curator of the original Cambridge Botanic Garden (1762).[35] In 1759, the "Physick Garden" was planted, and by 1767, it was claimed that "the Exotick Garden is by far the richest in Europe".[36] Gardens such as the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (1759) and Orotava Acclimatization Garden (Spanish), Tenerife (1788) and the Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (1755) were set up to cultivate new species returned from expeditions to the tropics; they also helped found new tropical botanical gardens. From the 1770s, following the example of the French and Spanish, amateur collectors were supplemented by official horticultural and botanical plant hunters.[37] This was the great era of European, and especially British, imperialism which was "the means by which ideas, knowledge, styles of economy, politics and goods were given international reach"[38] and justified as the spreading of "civilisation" through "development" and "improvement".[39]
At this time, England was importing many woody plants from North America, and the popularity of horticulture had increased enormously, encouraged by the horticultural and botanical collecting expeditions overseas fostered by the directorship of Sir William Hooker and his keen interest in economic botany. At the end of the 18th century, Kew, under the directorship of Sir Joseph Banks, enjoyed a golden age of plant hunting, sending out collectors to the Southern African Cape, Australia, Chile, China, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Brazil, and elsewhere,[40] and acting as "the great botanical exchange house of the British Empire".[41] From its earliest days to the present, Kew has in many ways exemplified botanic garden ideals, and is respected worldwide for the published work of its scientists, the education of horticultural students, its public programmes, and the scientific underpinning of its horticulture.[42]
Bartram's Garden[edit]
John Bartram of Philadelphia, King's Botanist for the North American colonies, established the continent's first botanical garden in 1728, Bartram's Garden. The garden is now managed as a historical site that includes a few original and many modern specimens as well as extensive archives and restored historical farm buildings.[citation needed]
Plant classification[edit]
The large number of plants needing description were often listed in garden catalogues; and at this time Carl Linnaeus established the system of binomial nomenclature which greatly facilitated the listing process. Names of plants were authenticated by dried plant specimens mounted on card (a hortus siccus or garden of dried plants) that were stored in buildings called herbaria, these taxonomic research institutions being frequently associated with the botanical gardens, many of which by then had "order beds" to display the classification systems being developed by botanists in the gardens' museums and herbaria. Botanical gardens had now become scientific collections, as botanists published their descriptions of the new exotic plants, and these were also recorded for posterity in detail by superb botanical illustrations. In this century, botanical gardens effectively dropped their medicinal function in favour of scientific and aesthetic priorities, and the term "botanic garden" came to be more closely associated with the herbarium, library (and later laboratories) housed there than with the living collections – on which little research was undertaken.[43]
19th century[edit]
The late 18th and early 19th centuries were marked by the establishment of tropical botanical gardens as a tool of colonial expansion (for trade and commerce and, secondarily, science) mainly by the British and Dutch, in India, South-east Asia and the Caribbean.[44] This was also the time of Sir Joseph Banks's botanical collections during Captain James Cook's circumnavigations of the planet and his explorations of Oceania, which formed the last phase of plant introduction on a grand scale.
Tropical botanical gardens[edit]
There are currently about 230 tropical botanical gardens with a concentration in southern and south-eastern Asia.[45] The first botanical garden founded in the tropics was the Pamplemousses Botanical Garden in Mauritius, established in 1735 to provide food for ships using the port, but later trialling and distributing many plants of economic importance. This was followed by the West Indies (Botanic Gardens St. Vincent, 1764) and in 1786 by the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Botanical Garden in Calcutta, India founded during a period of prosperity when the city was a trading centre for the Dutch East India Company.[46] Other gardens were constructed in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, 1808), Sri Lanka (Botanical Garden of Peradeniya, 1821 and on a site dating back to 1371), Indonesia (Bogor Botanical Gardens, 1817 and Kebun Raya Cibodas, 1852), and Singapore (Singapore Botanical Gardens, 1822). These had a profound effect on the economy of the countries, especially in relation to the foods and medicines introduced. The importation of rubber trees to the Singapore Botanic Garden initiated the important rubber industry of the Malay Peninsula. At this time also, teak and tea were introduced to India and breadfruit, pepper and starfruit to the Caribbean.[5]
Included in the charter of these gardens was the investigation of the local flora for its economic potential to both the colonists and the local people. Many crop plants were introduced by or through these gardens – often in association with European botanical gardens such as Kew or Amsterdam – and included cloves, tea, coffee, breadfruit, cinchona, sugar, cotton, palm oil and Theobroma cacao (for chocolate).[44] During these times, the rubber plant was introduced to Singapore.[47] Especially in the tropics, the larger gardens were frequently associated with a herbarium and museum of economy.[48] The Botanical Garden of Peradeniya had considerable influence on the development of agriculture in Ceylon where the Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) was introduced from Kew, which had itself imported the plant from South America.[44] Other examples include cotton from the Chelsea Physic Garden to the Province of Georgia in 1732 and tea into India by Calcutta Botanic Garden.[49] The transfer of germplasm between the temperate and tropical botanical gardens was undoubtedly responsible for the range of agricultural crops currently used in several regions of the tropics.[50]
The first botanical gardens in Australia were founded early in the 19th century. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, 1816; the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens, 1818; the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, 1845; Adelaide Botanic Gardens, 1854; and Brisbane Botanic Gardens, 1855. These were established essentially as colonial gardens of economic botany and acclimatisation.[51] The Auburn Botanical Gardens, 1977, located in Sydney's western suburbs, are one of the popular and diverse botanical gardens in the Greater Western Sydney area.[52]
New Zealand[edit]
Major botanical gardens in New Zealand include Dunedin Botanic Gardens, 1863; Christchurch Botanic Gardens, 1863; and Wellington Botanic Gardens, 1868.
Hong Kong[edit]
Hong Kong Botanic Gardens, 1871 (renamed Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens in 1975), up from the Government Hill in Victoria City, Hong Kong Island.
Sri Lanka[edit]
In Sri Lanka major botanical gardens include the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya (formally established in 1843), Hakgala Botanical Gardens (1861) and Henarathgoda Botanical Garden (1876).
The Orman Garden, one of the most famous botanical gardens in Egypt, is located at Giza, in Cairo, and dates back to 1875.
South Africa[edit]
The oldest botanical garden in South Africa is the Durban Botanic Gardens which has been located on the same site since 1851. The Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, established in 1913, has a site dating to 1848. Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden is the oldest university botanical garden in South Africa, and was established in 1922.
United States[edit]
The first botanical garden in the United States, Bartram's Garden, was founded in 1730 near Philadelphia, and in the same year, the Linnaean Botanic Garden at Philadelphia itself.[53] President George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, all experienced farmers, shared the dream of a national botanic garden for the collection, preservation and study of plants from around the world to contribute to the welfare of the American people paving the way for establishing the US Botanic Garden,[54] right outside the nation's Capitol in Washington DC in 1820. In 1859, the Missouri Botanical Garden was founded at St Louis; it is now one of the world's leading gardens specializing in tropical plants.[53] This was one of several popular American gardens, including Longwood Gardens (1798), Arnold Arboretum (1872), New York Botanical Garden (1891), Huntington Botanical Gardens (1906), Brooklyn Botanic Garden (1910), International Peace Garden (1932), and Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (1938).
Russia has more botanical gardens than any other country, with a major garden in every republic, each with many satellite gardens. Better-known gardens are Moscow University Botanic Garden ('the Apothecary Garden'), (1706), Batumi Botanical Garden, Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden, (1714); and Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, (1945).
These gardens are notable for their structures that include sculptures, pavilions, bandstands, memorials, shadehouses, tea houses and such.
Among the smaller gardens within Russia, one that is increasingly gaining prominence, is the Botanical Garden of Tver State University, (1879) — the northernmost botanical Garden with an exhibition of steppe plants, only one of its kind in the Upper Volga.
Ukraine has a well-respected collection at Nikitsky Botanical Garden, Yalta, founded in 1812. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden is a botanical garden of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine founded in 1936, is located in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine.
20th century[edit]
Civic and municipal botanical gardens[edit]
A large number of civic or municipal botanical gardens were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. These did not develop scientific facilities or programmes, but the horticultural aspects were strong and the plants often labelled. They were botanical gardens in the sense of building up collections of plants and exchanging seeds with other gardens around the world, although their collection policies were determined by those in day-to-day charge of them. They tended to become little more than beautifully maintained parks and were, indeed, often under general parks administrations.[55]
Community engagement[edit]
The second half of the 20th century saw increasingly sophisticated educational, visitor service, and interpretation services. Botanical gardens started to cater for many interests and their displays reflected this, often including botanical exhibits on themes of evolution, ecology or taxonomy, horticultural displays of attractive flowerbeds and herbaceous borders, plants from different parts of the world, special collections of plant groups such as bamboos or roses, and specialist glasshouse collections such as tropical plants, alpine plants, cacti and orchids, as well as the traditional herb gardens and medicinal plants. Specialised gardens like the Palmengarten in Frankfurt, Germany (1869), one of the world's leading orchid and succulent plant collections, have been very popular.[7] There was a renewed interest in gardens of indigenous plants and areas dedicated to natural vegetation.
With decreasing financial support from governments, revenue-raising public entertainment increased, including music, art exhibitions, special botanical exhibitions, theatre and film, this being supplemented by the advent of "Friends" organisations and the use of volunteer guides.[56]
Plant conservation[edit]
Plant conservation and the heritage value of exceptional historic landscapes were treated with a growing sense of urgency. Specialist gardens were sometimes given a separate or adjoining site, to display native and indigenous plants.[2]
In the 1970s, gardens became focused on the plant conservation. The Botanic Gardens Conservation Secretariat was established by the IUCN, and the World Conservation Union in 1987 with the aim of coordinating the plant conservation efforts of botanical gardens around the world. It maintains a database of rare and endangered species in botanical gardens' living collections. Many gardens hold ex situ conservation collections that preserve genetic variation. These may be held as: seeds dried and stored at low temperature, or in tissue culture (such as the Kew Millennium Seedbank); as living plants, including those that are of special horticultural, historical or scientific interest (such as those held by the NCCPG in the United Kingdom); or by managing and preserving areas of natural vegetation. Collections are often held and cultivated with the intention of reintroduction to their original habitats.[57] The Center for Plant Conservation at St Louis, Missouri coordinates the conservation of native North American species.[58][59]
Role and functions[edit]
Many of the functions of botanical gardens have already been discussed in the sections above, which emphasise the scientific underpinning of botanical gardens with their focus on research, education and conservation. However, as multifaceted organisations, all sites have their own special interests. In a remarkable paper on the role of botanical gardens, Ferdinand Mueller (1825–1896), the director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne (1852–1873), stated, "in all cases the objects [of a botanical garden] must be mainly scientific and predominantly instructive". He then detailed many of the objectives being pursued by the world's botanical gardens in the middle of the 19th century, when European gardens were at their height. Many of these are listed below to give a sense of the scope of botanical gardens' activities at that time, and the ways in which they differed from parks or what he called "public pleasure gardens":[60]
Botanical gardens must find a compromise between the need for peace and seclusion, while at the same time satisfying the public need for information and visitor services that include restaurants, information centres and sales areas that bring with them rubbish, noise, and hyperactivity. Attractive landscaping and planting design sometimes compete with scientific interests — with science now often taking second place. Some gardens are now heritage landscapes that are subject to constant demand for new exhibits and exemplary environmental management.[61]
Many gardens now have plant shops selling flowers, herbs, and vegetable seedlings suitable for transplanting; many, like the UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research and the Chicago Botanic Garden, have plant-breeding programs and introduce new plants to the horticultural trade.
Botanical gardens are still being built, such as the first botanical garden in Oman, which will be one of the largest gardens in the world. Once completed, it will house the first large-scale cloud forest in a huge glasshouse.[5] Development of botanical gardens in China over recent years has been a remarkable, including the Hainan Botanical Garden of Tropical Economic Plants[62] South China Botanical Garden at Guangzhou, the Xishuangbanna Botanical Garden of Tropical Plants and the Xiamen Botanic Garden,[63] but in developed countries, many have closed for lack of financial support, this being especially true of botanical gardens attached to universities.[2]
Botanical gardens have always responded to the interests and values of the day. If a single function were to be chosen from the early literature on botanical gardens, it would be their scientific endeavour and, flowing from this, their instructional value. In their formative years, botanical gardens were gardens for physicians and botanists, but then they progressively became more associated with ornamental horticulture and the needs of the general public. The scientific reputation of a botanical garden is now judged by the publications coming out of herbaria and similar facilities, not by its living collections.[64] The interest in economic plants now has less relevance, and the concern with plant classification systems has all but disappeared, while a fascination with the curious, beautiful and new seems unlikely to diminish.
In recent times, the focus has been on creating an awareness of the threat to the Earth's ecosystems from human overpopulation and its consequent need for biological and physical resources. Botanical gardens provide an excellent medium for communication between the world of botanical science and the general public. Education programs can help the public develop greater environmental awareness by understanding the meaning and importance of ideas like conservation and sustainability.[65]
Photo gallery[edit]
Seiwa-en Japanese Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden, USA
Inside Kew Gardens Palm House, London, England
The Botanical Garden of Curitiba, Southern Brazil
The New Brunswick Botanical Garden, Canada
A botanical garden of Kitchener's Island, Aswan, Egypt
Inside the Botanical Garden of the University of Coimbra, Portugal
The Harry P. Leu Gardens in Orlando, Florida, USA
The Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, Scotland
Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, South Africa
Butchart Gardens, British Columbia, Canada
A sculpture in a botanical garden.
Buenos Aires Botanical Garden, Argentina
See also[edit]
- Herb farm
- List of botanical gardens
- List of botanical gardens in Canada
- List of botanical gardens in the United States
- List of botanical gardens in the United Kingdom
- Plant collecting
- PlantCollections (a database)
- National Public Gardens Day
- Botanical and horticultural library
- List of botanical gardens in Australia
- ^ The terms botanic and botanical and garden or gardens are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word botanic is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens.
- ^ Precisely dating the foundation of botanical gardens is often difficult because government decrees may be issued some time before land is acquired and planting begins, or existing gardens may be relocated to new sites, or previously existing gardens may be taken over and converted.
- ^ Glasshouses built to overwinter tender evergreen shrubs, known as 'greens', were called greenhouses, a name that is still used today.
- ^ a b Bailey & Bailey 1978, p. 173
- ^ a b c d Huxley 1992, p. 375
- ^ Wyse Jackson & Sutherland 2000, p. 12
- ^ Wyse Jackson 1999, p. 27
- ^ a b c "The History of Botanic Gardens". BGCI.org. BGCI. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ "东亚植物园". East Asia Botanic Gardens Network. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ a b Heywood 1987, p. 11
- ^ "International Association of Botanic Gardens (IABG)". BGCI.org. Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ "Mission statement". BGCI.org. Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ "American Public Gardens Association". publicgardens.org. American Public Gardens Association. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ "Welcome to BGANZ". BGANZ.org.au. Botanic Gardens Australia and New Zealand Inc. 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ Hill 1915, p. 210
- ^ Hill 1915, pp. 219–223
- ^ a b Hyams & MacQuitty 1969, p. 12
- ^ Dalley 1993, p. 113
- ^ Day 2010, pp. 65–78
- ^ Hill 1915, pp. 185–186
- ^ Toby Evans 2010, pp. 207–219
- ^ Guerra 1966, pp. 332–333
- ^ Hill 1915, p. 187
- ^ Taylor 2006, p. 57
- ^ Young 1987, p. 7
- ^ Thanos 2005
- ^ Sarton, George (1952). Ancient Science Through the Golden Age of Greece. Dover classics of science and mathematics. Dover Publications. p. 556. ISBN 9780486274959. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
- ^ Hill 1915, p. 188
- ^ Holmes 1906, pp. 49–50
- ^ Hyams & MacQuitty 1969, p. 16
- ^ Holmes 1906, p. 54
- ^ Williams 2011, p. 148
- ^ Hill 1915, pp. 190–197
- ^ Drayton 2000, p. 24
- ^ See Ogilvie 2006
- ^ See Minter 2000
- ^ Hill 1915, p. 200
- ^ Hill 1915, p. 205
- ^ Bute in Drayton 2000, p. 43
- ^ Drayton 2000, p. 46
- ^ Drayton 2000, p. xi
- ^ Drayton 2000, pp. 93–94
- ^ Hill 1915, p. 207
- ^ Drayton 2000, p. xiii
- ^ See Desmond 2007
- ^ Heywood 1987, p. 7
- ^ a b c Heywood 1987, p. 9
- ^ Heywood 1987, p. 13
- ^ Heywood 1987, p. 8
- ^ Hill 1915, pp. 212–213
- ^ Hill 1915, p. 213
- ^ Hill 1915, p. 222
- ^ Heywood 1987, p. 10
- ^ Looker in Aitken & Looker 2002, p. 98
- ^ "Plan of Management for Auburn Botanic Gardens Precinct" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-12-12.
- ^ a b Huxley 1992, p. 376
- ^ "Brief History of the U.S. Botanic Garden". usbg.gov. United States Botanic Garden. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ^ Heywood 1987, pp. 10–16
- ^ Looker in Aitken & Looker 2002, pp. 99–100
- ^ See Simmons 1976
- ^ Huxley 1992, p. 377
- ^ "North American Botanic Garden Strategy for Plant Conservation" (PDF). Botanic Gardens Conservation International. 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ^ Mueller 1871
- ^ "Environmental management". Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
- ^ "Hainan Botanical Garden of Tropical Economic Plants". BGCI.org. Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ Heywood 1987, p. 12
- ^ Heywood 1987, p. 16
- ^ Drayton 2000, pp. 269–274
- Aitken, Richard & Looker, Michael (2002). The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553644-4.
- Bailey, Liberty Hyde & Bailey, Ethel Z. (1978). Hortus Third. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-505470-8.
- Conan, Michel, ed. (2005). Baroque garden cultures: emulation, sublimation, subversion. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 9780884023043. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- Johnson, Dale E. 1985. Literature on the history of botany and botanic gardens 1730–1840: A bibliography. Huntia 6(1): 1–121.
- Dalley, Stephanie (1993). "Ancient Mesopotamian Gardens and the Identification of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Resolved". Garden History. 21 (1): 113. doi:10.2307/1587050.
- Day, Jo (2010). "Plants, Prayers, and Power: the story of the first Mediterranean gardens". In O'Brien, Dan. Gardening Philosophy for Everyone. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 65–78. ISBN 978-1-4443-3021-2.
- Desmond, Ray (2007). The History of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. London: Kew Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84246-168-6.
- Drayton, Richard (2000). Nature's Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the 'Improvement' of the World. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05976-0.
- Guerra, Francisco (1966). "Aztec Medicine". Medical History. 10 (4): 315–338. doi:10.1017/s0025727300011455. PMC 1033639. PMID 5331692.
- Heywood, Vernon H. (1987). "The changing rôle of the botanic gardens". In Bramwell, David; et al. Botanic Gardens and the World Conservation Strategy. London: Academic Press. pp. 3–18. ISBN 0-12-125462-3.
- Heutte, Fred (1872). "A New Concept: the Commercial Botanical Garden". American Horticulturalist. 51 (2): 14–17.
- Hill, Arthur W. (1915). "The History and Functions of Botanic Gardens". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2 (1/2): 185–240. doi:10.2307/2990033. JSTOR 2990033.
- Holmes, Edward M. (1906). "Horticulture in Relation to Medicine". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 31: 42–61.
- Huxley, Anthony (ed. in chief) (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. London: Macmillan. ISBN 1-56159-001-0.
- Hyams, Edward & MacQuitty, William (1969). Great Botanical Gardens of the World. London: Bloomsbury Books. ISBN 0-906223-73-3.
- MacDougal, D. T. (1920). "Botanical Gardens". Encyclopedia Americana.
- Monem, Nadine K. (ed.) (2007). Botanic Gardens: A Living History. London: Black Dog. ISBN 978-1-904772-72-9.
- Minter, Sue (2000). The Apothecaries' Garden. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-2449-8.
- Mueller, Ferdinand von (1871). The objects of a botanic garden in relation to industries : a lecture delivered at the Industrial and Technological Museum. Melbourne: Mason, Firth & McCutcheon.
- Ogilvie, Brian W. (2006). The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-62087-9.
- Rakow, Donald; Lee, Sharon, eds. (2013). Public garden management. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 9780470904596. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- Simmons, John B. et al. (eds) (1976). Conservation of Threatened Plants. London: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-32801-1.
- Taylor, Patrick (2006). The Oxford Companion to the Garden. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866255-6.
- Thanos, C.A. (2005). "The Geography of Theophrastus' Life and of his Botanical Writings (Περι Φυτων)" (PDF). In Karamanos, A.J.; Thanos, C.A. Biodiversity and Natural Heritage in the Aegean, Proceedings of the Conference 'Theophrastus 2000' (Eressos – Sigri, Lesbos, 6–8 July 2000). Athens: Fragoudis. pp. 23–45. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- Toby Evans, Susan (2010). "The Garden of the Aztec Philosopher-King". In O'Brien, Dan. Gardening Philosophy for Everyone. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 207–219. ISBN 978-1-4443-3021-2.
- Williams, Roger L. (2011). "On the establishment of the principal gardens of botany: A bibliographical essay by Jean-Phillipe-Francois Deleuze". Huntia. 14 (2): 147–176.
- Wyse Jackson, Peter S. & Sutherland, Lucy A. (2000). International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation (PDF). Richmond, UK: Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- Wyse Jackson, Peter S. (1999). "Experimentation on a Large Scale – An Analysis of the Holdings and Resources of Botanic Gardens". BGCNews. Richmond, UK: Botanic Gardens Conservation International. 3 (3): 53–72. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
- Young, Michael (1987). Collins Guide to the Botanical Gardens of Britain. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-218213-0.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Botanical tourism. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Botanical gardens. |


text: Someone Wants To Sell Us A Photo Of Hippie-Hater Ricky Stanzi Smoking PotBarry Petchesky11/19/10 2:50pmFiled to: College Footballricky stanziIowa HawkeyesMarijuanaScuzz moneyHippies108EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Ricky Stanzi loves America. Loves it. A profile of his red-white-and-blue heart dropped today, revealing how much he hates communists and hippies. Also in our inbox today: someone claiming to have a picture of Stanzi partaking of the hippie leaf. Advertisement The (Cedar Rapids) Gazette tackles the Iowa quarterback and his patriotism, with some fairly revealing nuggets. He's got "Made In USA 1987" tattooed on his back. Everyone in his family served in the military. He's got the Stars and Stripes on his house, and on his moped. He once yelled at a guy for talking during the National Anthem.And he can't stand all those burnouts and moon children and pinkos he's forced to see around campus. Advertisement It's not cool - classes with a Communist. You get to college and this seems to be the most liberal place ever. I remember telling that to my dad and he said, that's just how colleges are. I don't know how other colleges are, but when you walk around here, you've got people...you've got guys walking around in dresses. I've seen hippies. They're doing nothing. There's the Ped Mall area down there. Right in the middle. Those people are going nowhere. Those people are the people who don't like America. They always find something wrong with it. They're the problem. They're the people who need to change and figure it out.Apropos of absolutely nothing, we received this offer earlier today:Would you be interested in a very clear photo of Iowa QB Rick Stanzi smoking pot? It is from high school (he had it on his myspace page like an idiot) and I grabbed it in hopes of him becoming "famous" one day.Please keep my email and name anon.So, you know, there's that. Sponsored No Patriot Act [The Gazette]Reply108 repliesLeave a reply


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Thursday, 4/4/2013: 10:00 PM AMERICAN GREED 72 - WILD WEST RIP-OFF 1:00 AM AMERICAN GREED 72 - WILD WEST RIP-OFF A charismatic New Mexico real estate broker scams $75 million in a fake land investment program and then pleads his case on TV. With a 30 year career in real estate, many thought broker Doug Vaughan was a man to be trusted. His charisma helped make him a fortune in New Mexico real estate. But it was all lies. He funded his luxurious living using investors' money to the tune of $75 million, who thought they were getting in on his guaranteed money making investments. When Vaughan ran out of investors and their money, investigators stepped in with undercover recorders to catch his investment pitch on tape and arrest him. He even went on TV in search of new money to pay for his criminal defense. |
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East Xtra: Hempfield hoping to match 2013 results
April 3, 2014 12:00 AMThere have been successful baseball teams that have represented Hempfield Area High School, but none can compare to the 2013 Spartans.
Hempfield enjoyed the most successful season in program history last year, going 20-5 and winning the Class AAAA Section 2 title for the first time since 2008 and reaching the WPIAL semifinals and PIAA playoffs for the first time.
"I think our last few year's have been the same with our team," seventh-year Spartans coach Tim Buzzard said. "Each year we have gotten a little bit better and taken the next jump.
"It was a special year based on where we got to. We have the same expectations [this year]. We want to qualify for the playoffs and win the section. We want to challenge ourselves to do the same type of thing."
With expectations running high, the Spartans are looking to build on last year's success and are off to a great start.
Hempfield is 5-0 with four wins coming on the road and they weren't against "gimme" opponents. The Spartans opened the season with a 3-1 win at Mt. Lebanon. The offense began clicking in their next two games with 11-6 and 19-6 wins at Pine-Richland and Greensburg Salem, respectively.
They followed up with Section 2-AAAA wins against Norwin, 4-3, on Monday and Kiski Area, 16-5, Tuesday.
"It helps a lot," Buzzard said. "We try to load up our schedule with as many quality teams as we can. They were all tough games and we were tested and our kids rebounded well.
"It is always good to have quality wins on your resume. They are good teams that will have a lot of success this year. Those were important to us and it was exciting to get those wins."
One of the top reasons the Spartans offense has been flowing is outfielder Joe DeFloria. DeFloria has been a member of the varsity team since he was a freshman.
"He is a four-year starter for us," Buzzard said. "He was all-state his sophomore year. We expect it from him. He is an exceptional athlete and will play football in college at Bucknell. We expect him to be an impact bat for us in the middle of the order and make noise on the bases. He works extremely hard. He is more of a leader by example. He just goes about his business."
On the mound, seniors Tyler Tubbs and Marc Demilio will tag team the duties of replacing three senior pitchers from last year including standout, Zach Martinelli.
Tubbs, a Pitt-Johnstown recruit, recorded three wins last year and accumulated 26 innings of work. Demilio, a Gannon commit, has been on the varsity squad for two years and brings with him playoff experience.
Other returning starters for the Spartans are senior catcher Tyler Hensler, senior outfielder Jeff Livengood and sophomore infielder Matt Tarabek.
If the Spartans could change one thing from last year, it would more than likely be not having to face North Allegheny in the playoffs. The Tigers beat the Spartans three times last year, including in the WPIAL semifinals and in the first round of the PIAA playoffs.
"North Allegheny is an elite program," Buzzard said. "Two years ago we beat them in the regular season. They are all very competitive. They just made more plays than us last year. The opportunities we had, we just didn't get it done. These games are decided by a handful of plays."
The Spartans will have another opportunity this year when they travel to North Allegheny April 25, a non-section game that isn't even on their minds at this point.
"It is so far down the road it isn't a thought for us," Buzzard said. "It is a different year and different teams. Of course, we want to win and play programs like that very tough."
The Spartans began this season ranked No. 3 in AAAA by the Post-Gazette behind North Allegheny and Seneca Valley, but don't expect that to affect Buzzard's team.
"Not really," Buzzard said about increased expectations. "Those rankings can change week by week. It is all about performing on the field.
"We are excited that our program is being recognized. We still have to play consistently to get to where we need to be at the end of the year."


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Meet Blenheim, the Forthcoming West Village Restaurant Supplied Entirely by its Own Farm
All photos by Signe Birck |
Morten Sohlberg and Min Ye, partners in the Smorgas Chef restaurant group, have been worrying about the sources of their ingredients since they opened their first eatery 10 years ago. "We were concerned about where the food was coming from, and we grew tired of Sysco and others, because they didn't have trustworthy sources," Sohlberg says. "We wanted to make sure when we were saying, 'This is what's on the menu,' we could vouch for it."
Three years ago, they decided the only way they could really do that was by operating a restaurant supplied solely by a farm they owned. So they bought a Catskills homestead -- dubbed Blenheim Hill Farm -- and on May 19, they'll open Blenheim (283 West 12th Street, 212-243-7073), the restaurant supplied by that farm, in the West Village.
"It took three years to be able to exclusively produce our own food," says Sohlberg. "But we've been able to practice run all this produce on our own restaurants." And as an added bonus, he says, "We control the flavor along the way. We don't have to guess. The flavors are extraordinary."
The farm raises both animals and vegetables: The team is raising three different kinds of pig -- including Berkshire and Mangalitsa -- plus cows and sheep, and produce is grown year-round in a hydroponic greenhouse that allows the group to experiment with about 30 different crops. "We're not as locked into the normal difficulties that other farmers are facing since everything is going to our restaurant," says Sohlberg. "We can grow and fail and be okay with it. Failure is part of what we do."
But that growing cycle will make the restaurant's menu change frequently -- Blenheim won't offer beef, for example, when it doesn't have a cow to slaughter, and it will use every part of every animal.
That presents a formidable challenge for Blenheim's chef, and Sohlberg and Ye brought on Justin Hilbert, who was last at Gwynnett Street, to tackle it. He'll cook, according to Sohlberg, "frequently evolving, personally inspired farm-to-table food. He's taking a lot of tradition and mixing it with some modern flavors and approaches to cooking." Hilbert has been on board for about a year, working in complete secrecy on the farm, where he's tweaked growing procedures and trained staff.
He'll serve both an a la carte and tasting menu, and while the opening day list is still in flux -- Sohlberg says it depends upon exactly what's ready to harvest -- you can expect dishes like fiddlehead ferns in goats butter, wood pigeon with boiled peanuts, turbot with ham and ramps, and lamb with spinach and yogurt.
His board matches a drinks list that takes its cues from the food philosophy; barman Jonathan Russell, formerly of Mas (Farmhouse), will also use farm produce for his cocktails -- both alcoholic and non-alcoholic -- and will change the offerings frequently. Opening day pours include the Ice Plant Gimlet made with gin, lime, dolin dry, simple syrup, and muddled ice plants; the Hot House Paloma, a blend of anejo tequila, grapefruit, and thyme soda; and a non-alcoholic Maple Egg Cream built on fresh farm cream, maple sap, maple syrup, and seltzer.
As for the space, Sohlberg designed it, and he was intent that Blenheim not look like every other farm-to-table restaurant in the city. "We're trying to stay away from reclaimed wood," he says, though notes that a barn beam runs the length of the otherwise simple and modern dining room. He reserved plenty of quirk for the private dining area, though, which he's calling the toolshed: "The room is entirely built by tools from the 18th century that we found at the farm," he says, and it's lit by lamps made from old 18th century milk jugs that farmers once used for target practice.
Blenheim will be open for dinner nightly and for weekend lunch.
See a couple more photos on the next page.
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Create a Science Rhyme to Win a Shout-Out From Wu-Tang Clan's GZA
In his upcoming solo album, "Dark Matter," Wu-Tang Clan's GZA raps about the Big Bang -- the moment that the sun, moon, stars, planets and all matter contained within sprung from chaos, from nothing. The legendary rapper performed the new material at Bronx Compass High School, where he hopes to pique students' interest in science by introducing hip-hop to the lesson plan. GZA has teamed up with Columbia University professor Christopher Emdin and ten New York City public schools to use hip-hop to teach everything from biology to physics. Students write verse about scientific concepts and compete against one another for the best lyrics. Now you can, too. Enter your own science rap or hip-hop verse for a chance to win a PBS NewsHour mug signed by GZA of the Wu-Tang Clan along with a personal video shout-out from the rap legend himself. Our contest is modeled after the Science Genius competition, a partnership between GZA, Emdin and Rap Genius. Entries will be judged by Emdin and two of his Columbia University Teachers College graduate students. How to submit a video: Create your science rap video according to the guidelines below and upload it to YouTube. Click here to submit your entry in the contest. (You must log in to your YouTube account.) Now, choose the video from your channel and submit it as a response to GZA's YouTube video. Videos will be reviewed and approved before they become visible on the PBS NewsHour channel. Competition guidelines: Entries must incorporate at least one scientific topic/concept into 16 bars of verse. (16 bars is the length of a traditional verse, and a bar is made up of beats of four.) The main topic/concept of the rap must be referenced in different ways at least three times in the verse. Be creative in your expression of the science (E.g.: envision yourself either as somebody involved in the scientific process or an object undergoing the scientific process. Draw connections between your real world experiences and the concepts themselves.) Information must be scientifically accurate and verifiable. Lyrics must rhyme, and incorporate metaphor/analogy Entries are due by Friday, May 3. If you have questions about the contest or you are having trouble uploading a video, email science reporter Jenny Marder at firstname.lastname@example.com. |
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VANDALIA – Ever since the building was constructed in the 2000s, many opposing teams have been envious of Vandalia High School's indoor hitting shed.
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Grateful Harvest Canned Food Night at Appleseed
Our Grateful Harvest Cranberry Ale was brewed in the spirit of giving back. Through this delicious brew and our Harpoon Helps program, we have supported food banks and numerous other charities over the years. It's all part of our mission to be a good neighbor!
Join us at Appleseed Wednesday, November 20th form 6 - 8 PM for a night of giving back. Bring 3 canned goods for the local food pantry and Harpoon will purchase your first pint. Plus, Appleseed will be running $3 beer specials on Harpoon and UFO. We'll see you there!
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text: Smile! Somali Pirates Have Seized Your Container Ship!John Mahoney3/16/09 3:00pmFiled to: Image of the dayIotdPiratesBig pictureSomaliaSomali piratesReal piracy52EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Judging by the smiles all around on both the MV Faina's Ukrainian crew and the pirates themselves, maybe getting your container ship hijacked in the Gulf of Aden isn't so horrible after all! Things get a little less lighthearted when you realize that the Faina was filled with Soviet T-72 tanks that may have been bound for the shitstorm that is Southern Sudan. A ransom was parachuted down the Faina's decks in a cargo container (which is the ransom delivery method of choice), and the pirates escaped. The Big Picture today has this and many, many more photos of Somali pirates, detailing what is one of the more fascinating stories around right now. Even more fascinating when you consider who all is making money from this old-world meets new-world banditry. [Big Picture, image: HO/AFP/Getty Images]Reply52 repliesLeave a reply


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Pertronix 1144A replacement parts
Can I replace my point with EI with a shift assist?
This kit will not work with a shift assist.
So I also bought the flam thrower coil 18-5469 is this all I need or do I need some sort of resistor new to this and im not sure if I got it right my boat is 1974 140 mercruiser?
Sierra confirms that you do not need anything else, but you will just need to bypass your current resistor in your system.
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Long Does Not Equal Epic in Algerian War Drama Outside the Law
Rule of law scarcely discourages the endless reprisals in Rachid Boucharebs Algerian Warera family-ties drama Outside the Law, which shows the FLNs militant campaign for Algerian independence, as fought on French soil, through the experiences of three brothers. Reuniting in a Nanterre shantytown, this tattered family brings with it the shared memories of being rejected from their ancestral land to make room for French settlers and the 1945 Sétif Massacre (controversially stagedand controversially received at Cannes). Saïd (Jamel Debbouze) is the black sheep, while lanky and remorseful big-brother Messaoud (Roschdy Zem), a veteran of the French military embarrassment in Indochina, serves as triggerman for true believer Abdelkader (Sami Bouajila), channeling his everything to the cause. Outside the Law, sympathetic to that cause while not ignoring the human cost, belaboring a parallel between FLN activity and the French resistance, and alleging extralegal terror by the Paris police, stirred up a polemic kerfuffle with some in France and was greeted as a necessary historical corrective by others. Necessary, that is, if movies are only ideological counterbalancesan uncommitted American viewer may be most distressed to find that scarcely one scene in this two-and-a-half-hour lug has any contour or tempo. The production design is nice enough, but Boucharebs four-country co-production isnt an epicits just long.
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I am a Natural Horsemanship Trainer i use Clinton Anderson Methods. I like to help horse owners on getting there horse's respect on the ground and in the saddle. from Round penning to riding and everything in between.From a disrespectful Horse to a horse that won't stand tied,bucking,trailer loading issues,aggressive type horses,spooky Ect.Desensitizing and Sensitizing Your Horse properly. All horses can be fixed with time and patience.I can help with any issue you may have with your horses.... (read more)
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