text:
Tijuana | ||
City | ||
Ciudad de Tijuana City of Tijuana |
A view of Tijuana
Nickname(s): T.J. Gateway to Mexico A Heart Between Two Seas |
Motto: Aquí empieza la patria (The fatherland begins here) | ||
Location of Tijuana within Mexico | ||
Coordinates: | ||
Country | Mexico | |
State | Baja California | |
Municipality | Tijuana | |
Founded | July 11, 1889 | |
Government | ||
• Type | Ayuntamiento | |
• Municipal President | Jorge Astiazarán Orcí (PRI) | |
Area | ||
• City | 637 km2 (246 sq mi) | |
• Metro | 1,392.5 km2 (537.9 sq mi) | |
Elevation | 20 m (65 ft) | |
Population (2015) | ||
• City | 1,696,923 | |
• Density | 2,700/km2 (6,900/sq mi) | |
• Metro | 1,895,797 | |
• Metro density | 1,400/km2 (3,500/sq mi) | |
[1] | ||
Demonym(s) | Tijuanense | |
Time zone | PST (UTC−8) | |
• Summer (DST) | PDT (UTC−7) | |
Postal code | 22000-22699 | |
Area code(s) | 664 | |
Website | http://www.tijuana.gob.mx |
Tijuana ( ; Spanish: ) is the largest city in Baja California and on the Baja California Peninsula and center of the Tijuana metropolitan area, part of the international San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. As an industrial and financial center of Mexico,[2] Tijuana exerts a strong influence on economics, education, culture, art, and politics. As the city has become a leading center in the country, so has the surrounding metropolitan area, a major industrial and paramount metropolis in northwestern Mexico. Currently one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Mexico,[2] Tijuana maintains global city status.[3] As of 2010, the city of Tijuana had a population of 1,300,983.[4]
On the Gold Coast of Baja California, Tijuana is the municipal seat, cultural, and commercial center of Tijuana Municipality, covering 23.5% of the municipality. A dominant manufacturing center of the North American continent, the city maintains facilities of numerous multinational conglomerate companies. The 2000s (decade) saw Tijuana become the medical device manufacturing capital of North America. Also a growing cultural center, Tijuana has been recognized as a most important new cultural mecca.[5] The city is the most visited border city in the globe; sharing an approximate 24-kilometre-long border (15 mi) with its sister city San Diego, over fifty million people annually cross the border between these two cities. This metropolitan crossing makes the San Ysidro Port of Entry the busiest land-border crossing in the world.[6] It is estimated that the two border crossing stations between the cities proper of San Diego and Tijuana account for 300,000 daily border crossings alone.
Tijuana is the 29th largest city in the Americas and is the westernmost city in Mexico. According to the 2010 census, the Tijuana metropolitan area was the fifth-largest in Mexico, with a population of 1,784,034. The international metropolitan region was estimated to be just over five million in 2009 and approximately 5,105,769 in 2010,[7] making it the third largest metropolitan area in the Californias, 19th largest metropolitan area in the Americas,[8] and the largest bi-national conurbation that is shared between US and Mexico. Tijuana is becoming more suburbanized like San Diego; during the 2000s the drug violence had residents moving out of the congested urban core into isolated communities within the municipality and beyond, as evidenced by 2010 Census figures and growth patterns.
Tijuana traces its modern history to the arrival of Spanish explorers in the 16th century who were mapping the coast of the Californias. As the American conquest of northern Mexico ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Tijuana's new international position on the border gave rise to a new economic and political structure. The city was founded in July 11, 1889 as urban development began. Often known by its initials, T.J., and nicknamed Gateway to Mexico, the city has historically served as a tourist center dating back to the 1880s.
Name 1
- Etymology 1.1
- Modern 1.2
- History 2
Geography 3
- Cityscape 3.1
- Boroughs and neighborhoods 3.2
- Climate 3.3
Demographics 4
- Crime 4.1
Government 5
- Regional 5.1
- International 5.2
- Economy 6
- Education 7
Culture and contemporary life 8
- Entertainment and performing arts 8.1
- Nightlife 8.2
- Art 8.3
- Music 8.4
- Shopping 8.5
- Sports 8.6
Infrastructure 9
- Utilities 9.1
Transportation 9.2
- Planned light rail and BRT system 9.2.1
- Twin towns – Sister cities 10
- See also 11
- References 12
- Further reading 13
In early historic mission documents — primarily baptism, marriage, and death records — there are mentions of the city with the names: La Tía Juana, Tiguana, Tiuana, Teguana, Tiwana, Tijuan, Ticuan, and the present day name, Tijuana. The commonly accepted theory held among historians is that the modern-day Tijuana is derived from a word of the Kumeyaay language - the original aboriginal inhabitants of the San Diego-Tijuana region. Tijuana derives from the Kumeyaay word Tiwan, meaning by-the-sea. Common in regional folklore, a myth exists purporting that the name is a conjunction of Tia Juana, the Spanish-language version of Aunt Jane. Tia Juana would provide food and a resting place to travelers on their journeys. The story has become a popular myth with residents of the city and has particular resonance among those who like to imagine the city as a place of hospitality.
In Spanish, the name is pronounced /tiˈxwana/ - with three syllables, and a velar fricative as represented by the sound written as j. In English, the name is sometimes pronounced as having four syllables: /tiːəˈwɑːnə/ ("Tia-wana"), a pronunciation that was common amongst California English speakers in the past; more commonly, it is pronounced truer to Spanish, with three /tiːˈwɑːnə/. In California, and particularly in Southern California, it is often referred to as T.J.. Baja Californians have adopted this pronunciation as Tiyei. In Spanish the demonym for someone from Tijuana is Tijuanense, while in English demonym is Tijuanan. A very common slang term used for a person from Tijuana is Tijuanero.
The nickname Tijuas is increasingly popular among residents and visitors alike. Due to a recent increase in violence in the city, a new term is developing. The phrase Yo Tijuaneo, ¿y tú? translates to I Tijuanate, and you?. This term comes from a new popular local verb Tijuanear meaning to Tijuana, describing the cosmopolitan aspects of living in the city and frequently crossing the border.
Early explorers | |
Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. | Fray Junípero Serra. |
The land where the city of Tijuana would be built was originally inhabited by the Kumeyaay, a tribe of Yuman-speaking hunter-gatherers. Europeans arrived in 1542, when the explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo toured the coastline of the area, which was later mapped in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno. In 1769, Juan Crespí documented more detailed information about the area that would be called the Valley of Tijuana. Junípero Serra founded the first mission of Alta California in nearby San Diego.
More settlement of the area took place near the end of the mission era when José María de Echeandía, governor of the Baja California and Alta California, awarded a large land grant to Santiago Argüello in 1829. This large cattle ranch, Rancho Tía Juana ("Aunt Jane Ranch"), covered 100 km2 (40 sq mi).
In 1848, as a result of the Mexican-American War with the United States, Mexico lost all of Alta California. The majority of the 1,000 Hispanic families living in Alta California stayed there, though some moved south to remain inside Mexico.
Because of this Tijuana gained a different purpose on the international border. The area had been populated by ranchers, but Tijuana developed a new social economic structure. These were farming and livestock grazing, plus as a transit area for prospectors.[9]
Urban settlement began in 1889, when descendants of Santiago Argüello and Augustín Olvera entered an agreement to begin developing the city of Tijuana. The date of the agreement, July 11, 1889, is recognized as the founding of the city.[10]
Tijuana saw its future in tourism from the beginning. From the late 19th century to the first few decades of the 20th century, the city attracted large numbers of Californians coming for trade and entertainment. The California land boom of the 1880s led to the first big wave of tourists, who were called "excursionists" and came looking for echoes of the famous novel "Ramona" by Helen Hunt Jackson.
In 1911, during the Mexican Revolution, revolutionaries claiming loyalty to Ricardo Flores Magón took over the city for shortly over a month. Federal troops then arrived. Assisted by the "defensores de Tijuana", they routed the revolutionaries, who fled north and were promptly arrested by the United States Army.
The Panama-California Exposition of 1915 brought many visitors to the nearby California city of San Diego. Tijuana attracted these tourists with a Feria Típica Mexicana - Typical Mexican Fair. This included curio shops, regional food, thermal baths, horse racing and boxing.
The first professional race track opened in January 1916, just south of the border gate. It was almost immediately destroyed by the great "Hatfield rainmaker" flood of 1916. Rebuilt in the general area, it ran horse races until the new Agua Caliente track opened in 1929, several miles south and across the river on higher ground.
Legal drinking and gambling attracted U.S nationals in the 1920s during Prohibition. The Avenida Revolución area became the city's tourist center, with casinos and the Hotel Caesar's, birthplace of the Caesar salad.
In 1928, the Agua Caliente Touristic Complex was opened, including hotel, spa, dog-track, private airport, golf course and gambling casino. A year later, the new Agua Caliente Racetrack joined the complex. During the eight years it operated, the Agua Caliente hotel, casino and spa achieved a near mythical status, with Hollywood stars and gangsters flying in and playing. Rita Hayworth was discovered there. Musical nightclub productions were broadcast over the radio. A singer known as "la Faraona" got shot in a love-triangle and gave birth to the myth of a beautiful lady ghost.
Remnants of the Agua Caliente casino can be seen in the outdoor swimming pool and the "minarete" (actually a former incinerator chimney) nearby the southern end of Avenida Sanchez Taboada, on the grounds of what is now the Lazaro Cardenas educational complex.
In 1935, President Cárdenas decreed an end to gambling and casinos in Baja California, and the Agua Caliente complex faltered, then closed. In 1939, it was reopened as a Junior High School (now, Preparatoria Lázaro Cárdenas). The buildings themselves were torn down in the 1970s and replaced by modern scholastic architecture.
In 1925, the city attempted to shed its negative image of hedonism and lawlessness created by American mob empresarios by renaming itself Zaragoza, but its name soon reverted to Tijuana.
With increased tourism and a large number of Mexican citizens relocating to Tijuana, the city's population grew from 21,971 to 65,364 between 1940 and 1950.
With the decline of nightlife and tourism in the 1950s, the city restructured its tourist industry, by promoting a more family-oriented scene. Tijuana developed a greater variety of attractions and activities to offer its visitors.
In 1994, PRI presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio was assassinated in Tijuana while making an appearance in the plaza of Lomas Taurinas, a neighborhood nestled in a valley near Centro. The shooter was caught and imprisoned, but doubts remain about who the mastermind might have been.
Tijuana is the western-most city in Mexico, and consequently in Latin America, and the 2nd largest city of northern Mexico. Located approximately 210 kilometres (130 mi) west of the state-capital, Mexicali, the city is bordered to the north by the cities of Imperial Beach, and the San Diego neighborhoods of San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, California. To the southwest of the city is Rosarito Beach, while to the south is unincorporated territory of Tijuana Municipality. The city is nestled among hills, canyons, and gullies. The central part of the city lies in a valley through which flows the channeled Tijuana River.
Housing development in the Tijuana Hills has led to eradication of many seasonal mountain streams. This lack of natural drainage makes places within the city vulnerable to landslides during the rainy season. The varied terrain of Tijuana gives the city elevation extremes that range from 0 metres (0 ft) to 790 metres (2,590 ft).
Tijuana is noted for its rough terrain, which includes many canyons, steep hills, and mesas. Among noted canyons in Tijuana are Canyon K and Canyon Johnson. Large Tijuana hills include Red Hill (Cerro Colorado) and Hill of the Bees (Cerro de las Abejas) in the eastern part of the city.
The city is located near the terminus of the Tijuana River and within the Tijuana River Basin. The Tijuana River is an intermittent river, 195 km (121 mi) long, on the Pacific coast of northern Baja California in Mexico and Southern California in the United States. It drains an arid area along the California–Baja California border, flowing through Mexico for most of its course and then crossing the border for the last 8 km (5 mi) of its course where it forms an estuary that empties into the ocean. The river's lower reaches harbor the last undeveloped coastal wetlands in San Diego County, and some of the last in Southern California, amidst a highly urbanized environment at the southern city limits of Imperial Beach.
As Downtown Tijuana was built at the bottom of the river valley, the district is subject to seasonal flooding created by drain-off from the Tijuana Hills. During this time, east-bound portions of the Via Rapida (east-west highway) may be blocked off by the Tijuana Police due to hazardous conditions.
The city's skyscraper history is relatively recent.[12] Some of the first highrise building complexes constructed in the city were the twin towers of Grand Hotel Tijuana.[12] Tijuana experienced a building boom that was brought to a halt by the Great Recession. Among buildings that succumbed to the time period was the Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico that would have been located in Playas and reached 98 metres (322 ft).[13] Currently the tallest building, and soon to be the largest complex in footage, New City Residential reaches 102 metres (335 ft). Overall, the city maintains 33 completed structures with other proposed and under-construction skyscrapers.[14]
The Tijuana skyline is the third largest skyline in Mexico and is located in the Zona Rio and to a smaller extent, Playas de Tijuana. In the Zona Rio the buildings are concentrated on the Tijuana River, lined parallel to the river ; and on the edges of the Tijuana Country Club. In Playas the highrises are currently focused on the coast. Recent construction on highrises has begun in the aforementioned areas, as buildings such as New City Residential and Grand Hotel Tijuana have been developed and taken prominent places in the skyline as the tallest buildings. From Tijuana's skyline the San Diego skyline can also be seen.
Boroughs and neighborhoods
The municipality of Tijuana is divided into eight administrative boroughs, or Delegaciones. The Tijuana metropolitan area occupies all of borough seats. The boroughs are in turn divided into colonias or ejidos. These boroughs offer administrative services such as urban planning, civil registry, inspection, verification, public works and community development and are served by a delegado.
- Centro — "Delegación Centro" includes the old downtown (Zona Centro), new business district (Zona Río), red light district (Zona Norte), and other adjacent neighborhoods ("zonas").[15] This is the historical midpoint of Tijuana; the municipal palace is located here as well as most of the tourist zones, such as Avenida Revolución and the business district. The Tijuana Cultural Center (CECUT for CEntro CUltural de Tijuana) is located here as well as the Plaza Río Tijuana, until recently the largest mall in the state, within the Zona Rio.
- Cerro Colorado — The Cerro Colorado ("Red Hill") is located here and it is surrounded by houses. Because of its height many of the area's antennae for radio and television stations are located on its peak.
- La Mesa — This is the where the Morelos Park, the largest public park in the city, is located, as well as the Plaza Mundo Divertido, the new Macroplaza and the CETYS University.
- Otay Centenario — This borough was created in 2014 by merging Mesa de Otay and Centenario boroughs.[16] In this borough sits the Tijuana International Airport. The Tijuana campus of the Autonomous University of Baja California and the Technologico are also located here as well as many maquiladoras. This is the borough with the largest number of factories and maquiladoras. Its largest colony is Ciudad Industrial ("Industrial City"). Three of the city's most important streets, Boulevard Bellas Artes, Boulevard Industrial and Mexican Federal Highway 2, are located here. This delegacion contains the Otay Mesa entry to the United States and the Friendship Park (Parque de la amistad).
- Playas de Tijuana[17] — This is the westernmost borough of the city bordered by the Pacific Ocean on the west and the United States border on the north. This is where the beaches of Tijuana are located (hence the name) and it is also one of the two exits to the south towards Rosarito and Ensenada.
- La Presa — literally "'the dam'", this is the largest borough in size and the Abelardo L. Rodríguez Dam is located within its limits, hence its name. The new Corredor Tijuana 2000 s and the Tijuana-Tecate free road run through it.
- San Antonio de los Buenos — This is mostly a residential area although it also has two industrial parks.
- Sanchez Taboada — Like the previous borough this is mostly a residential area, but within its borders are located many "maquiladoras" specially at Pacific Industrial Park.
Tijuana's climate is semi-arid (Köppen climate classification BSh),[18] with about 231 mm (9.09 in) of annual precipitation. It shows characteristics of the Mediterranean climate (Csa) found to the immediate north, with most of the annual precipitation falling in the winter (between November and March).[19]
During the rainy season, November through March, storms originate from fronts entering off of the Pacific Ocean. January is the wettest month of the year for the city and during this time a periodic event, similar to June Gloom, is observed created by marine layer. January is the coolest month, during which temperatures average 13.6 °C (56.5 °F). In the city April signifies the end of winter and the start of Santa Ana winds - observed in Southern California as well. Though the days are predominantly cool with cold nights, heat waves can reach up to 33 °C (91 °F). The hottest months in the city, also the dry season, are August and September, during which temperatures average 22.0 °C (71.6 °F). Summers are warm and dry since influences from the California Current and the North Pacific High suppresses the formation of rainfall caused by the North American Monsoon. As in coastal Southern California, air pollution sometimes occurs during periods of temperature inversion, especially during summer and fall, but (unlike Mexico City) is seldom severe and in recent years has lessened due to cleaner car engines.[20]
Frost and snow are rare phenomena in the city as temperatures are usually warm. Yet, in December 1967, snow fell in the city and in January 2007 feather light snow fell in the east of the city. However, excessive amounts of snow fall have never been recorded in the city. On February 14, 2008 a winter storm caused an unusual snowfall in the upper reaches of the hills of the city. During this time heavy snowfall was also observed in the Cuyamaca Mountains of San Diego County.
The record low temperature recorded in the city was −6 °C (21 °F), while the highest was 49 °C (120 °F).
Climate data for Tijuana | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) |
34.5 (94.1) |
39.0 (102.2) |
34.0 (93.2) |
36.0 (96.8) |
38.5 (101.3) |
41.8 (107.2) |
39.0 (102.2) |
41.0 (105.8) |
49.0 (120.2) |
47.0 (116.6) |
42.0 (107.6) |
37.0 (98.6) |
49.0 (120.2) |
Average high °C (°F) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
22.1 (71.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.8 (82) |
28.1 (82.6) |
27.8 (82) |
26.0 (78.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
21.1 (70) |
23.9 (75) |
Daily mean °C (°F) |
13.6 (56.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
16.1 (61) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.2 (72) |
22.8 (73) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
17.8 (64) |
Average low °C (°F) |
6.9 (44.4) |
7.8 (46) |
8.8 (47.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
16.1 (61) |
13.0 (55.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
11.7 (53.1) |
Record low °C (°F) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
0.0 (32) |
0.5 (32.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
5.5 (41.9) |
5.0 (41) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.5 (50.9) |
0.0 (32) |
5.0 (41) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−5.0 (23) |
−5.0 (23) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) |
43.8 (1.724) |
36.5 (1.437) |
42.7 (1.681) |
17.6 (0.693) |
4.4 (0.173) |
0.7 (0.028) |
0.7 (0.028) |
0.9 (0.035) |
5.0 (0.197) |
7.8 (0.307) |
33.8 (1.331) |
37.0 (1.457) |
230.9 (9.091) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.9 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 32.7 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 70 | 74 | 73 | 75 | 77 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 76 | 69 | 69 | 75 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 217 | 226 | 248 | 240 | 248 | 240 | 310 | 279 | 270 | 248 | 240 | 248 | 3,014 |
Source #1: Servicio Meteorologico Nacional[21] | |||||||||||||
Source #2: BBC weather (sun and humidity).[22] |
Tijuana has a diverse cosmopolitan population which includes migrants from other parts of Mexico, as well as immigrants from all over the globe. Home to a global populace, Tijuana holds one of Mexico's largest Asian populations, predominantly consisting of Chinese immigrants, and to a lesser extent, Koreans and Japanese. Tijuana is also home to a large and rapidly growing population of United States citizens, mostly from Southern California, who have moved to the city to avoid the higher cost of living in the region, while still being able to work in Southern California. Many Latin Americans, notable Argentines, Cubans, and Guatemalans, have made Tijuana their home, especially people from Central America and Andean nations. The city is also called home by many Italian, French, Spanish and Lebanese citizens. A large transitory population exists in Tijuana due to border aspirations or deportations.
The majority of Tijuana's migrant Mexican population hail from Sinaloa, Michoacán, Jalisco, Oaxaca, and the Federal District. Because of the diversity of Mexico and the influx of immigrants from almost every region in the country, there are no accurate estimates on ethnicity or race of the current population. The heavy influx of immigrants to the city and municipality of Tijuana has led to job creation in the form of over 700 twin-plant (maquiladora) factories, which serve as the basis of employment for the majority of the working-class people in northern Mexico. The high poverty level in Tijuana is attributed to the city's "magnet status" for people who have come from the poorer south of the nation and citizens from other nations seeking to escape from extreme poverty. Tijuana holds a status that provides the possibility of employment as well as higher education and the dream of crossing the border. Tijuana and Baja California in general have much stronger economies and higher incomes than other Mexican cities along the United States border, as well as more moderated weather.
Tijuana today is one of the fastest growing cities in Mexico with an average of 80,000 people moving to Tijuana yearly. In terms of area, the city grows by approximately three hectares a day, mostly east and south as the city is mostly built out to the beach already with the exception of some canyons. Along with settlements, big business moves in providing supermarkets and retail to marginal areas, along with paved roads. The city experiences the construction of 26,000 new settlements a year that has led to the unregulated, illegal squatter homes that takes place in the hills and valleys of ever expanding Tijuana, most of these areas are yet to be served by city services, including the addition of sidewalks, paving, streetlights, public transit and other services. However, as older and existing squatters are brought into the city services, more marginal areas become occupied by squatters. Mexican cultural attitudes towards the poor are more about tolerance and reluctant acceptance of the problems rather than forcing them into situation where they cannot fend for themselves and/or incarceration.
Squatter areas are home to displaced and uprooted people, among them the indigenous and poverty stricken, deported from USA migrants, considerable numbers of them without Mexican citizenship (from other countries). In recent years, working class suburban housing estates have sprung up in the fringes to provide safe homes and a sense of land ownership, to escape and isolate their families and young ones from the violence of the drug war and squatter areas. Some even more remote areas are drug lords plantations for narcotics, which periodically come to light in the newspapers.
National Population Council (CONAPO) data has estimated that by 2030, growth rates maintaining, the city will become the second largest in Mexico and anchor to the fourth largest metropolitan area in Mexico. The suburban sprawl observed in Tijuana leaves the downtown and beach areas relatively affluent.
While the INEGI Census 2010 counted the population of Tijuana to be 1.3 million, only two percent more than in 2005 Census, Tijuana City Council estimates from 2010 have placed the population closer to two million, at 1.6 million.[26] As funding for cities is based on the populace of the city, the Council worries about receiving adequate funds to provide for the needs of the city. The population discrepancies may be explained by a few factors. Shanty towns which have not been rasterized and an undercount, people having left Tijuana for United States, and people leaving Tijuana for the interior of Mexico due to the intensification of the drug war, and suburbanization outside city limits but not outside the municipality. Tijuana, because of the dreams of border crossers, and its relatively higher wages compared to the rest of Mexico, naturally attracts immigrants. Since 2010, the population of Tijuana as counted by the census is expected to return to its normal growth curve as deportees settle in the city, as well as the great reduction in violence make the city an attractive option again.
According to the Second Census of Population and Housing of the year 2010 conducted by the INEGI (National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics) the municipality of Tijuana has 1,559,683 inhabitants. While the metropolitan area of Tijuana, composed of Tijuana Municipality and Rosarito Beach Municipality, has 1,751,302 inhabitants. Tecate Municipality, adjacent to Tijuana Municipality, has not yet been considered by the government as part of the metropolitan area. However, there is great economic and cultural exchange between the cities regions though there are still expanses of rural land. As Tijuana grows, many of its suburbs have been built increasingly inland, and in the direction of Tecate; Valley of the Palms is a large planned city between the two.
As of 2005 the large majority of the city's population, 96%, adhere to the beliefs of Christianity. The denominations are further divided into followers of Catholicism - 61% - and of Protestantism - 35%. While other beliefs occupying a 4% margin in the city include Taoism (among other Asian and European religions), atheism and agnosticism is also found.
Tijuana is well known for being the birthplace and base of the Tijuana Cartel.[27] From 2007 through 2010, Tijuana experienced an unusually high level of violent crime related to gang violence, in part derived from the Mexican drug war and human trafficking. Homicides peaked in 2010, when 844 people were killed,[28] compared to 355 in 2004[29] and 349 in the first eight months of 2011.[28] Reportedly, the wave of violence resulted from a turf war as the administration of President Felipe Calderón weakened the local Arellano Félix cartel; violence slowed when the larger Sinaloa cartel took control.[28]
During peak years of violent crime in the city, gun battles between rival cartels, and between cartels and the police, erupted in public. In April 2008, police found 1,500 shell casings on various streets after one battle left 13 suspected drug traffickers dead.[30] In 2009 and depending on the source, Tijuana Municipality experienced either 556 or 1,118 murders, mostly as a result of the drug war.[31][32]
There were 492 murders in 2013, a 48% increase in the homicide rate between 2012 and 2013. This is the highest number of murders since 2010.[33]
At present the parties with greater presence in Tijuana are the National Action Party (PAN), Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM). The PAN has been the dominant party in the city for 20 years. Historically the PRI had been the dominant party in regional politics, until 1989 when the PAN began to dominate the city, until yet again, in 2004, PRI began regaining prominence and won the Mayor's Office.
Less prominent parties also maintain relations with the dominant parties. These other parties, with less presence include the New Alliance Party (PANAL), Social Encounter Party (PES), and Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). Allied with the PAN at the state and local level under the Alliance for Baja California are the Social Encounter Party (PES) and New Alliance Party (PANAL). Allied with the PRI at the state and local level under the "Alliance for Better Living" are the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) and Baja California State Party (PEBC).
Tijuana's importance and rise to a global city has led to its recognition among countries worldwide. In addition to international cultural recognition, Tijuana has received political recognition and is a developing a political center currently host to eight consulates from European, Asian, and North American countries.[34]
Tijuana is a large manufacturing center, and in addition to tourism, it serves as a cornerstone of the city economy. In the past decade alone, Tijuana became the medical device manufacture capital of the North American continent, surpassing previous leader Minneapolis - Saint Paul.[35]
The city's proximity to Southern California and its large, skilled, diverse, and relatively inexpensive workforce, makes it an attractive city for foreign companies looking to establish extensive industrial parks composed of assembly plants that are called maquiladoras, even more so than other cities in the US-Mexican border zone, taking advantage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to export products. At its peak, in 2001 Tijuana had roughly 820 of these 'maquiladoras' (today the number is closer to 550).[36] Foreign and domestic companies employ thousands of employees in these plants, usually in assembly-related labor. Such jobs are not demanding but typically offer above average (although not high paying) salaries for Mexico, with most maqiladoras jobs beginning at Mex$100 per day (about $7.94 in US dollars), significantly above the Mexican minimum wage of Mex$57.46 (about 4.56 US dollars). Companies that have set up maquiladoras in Tijuana include Lanix, Hyundai, Sony,[37] Vortec, BMW, Vizio, Toyota, Dell, Samsung, Kodak, Matsushita/Panasonic, Bimbo, GE, Nabisco, Ford, Microsoft, Cemex, Zonda, Philips, Pioneer, Airbus, Plantronics, Siemens Mexico, Jaguar, Pall Medical, Tara, Sanyo and Volkswagen. Many of the maquiladoras are located in the Otay Mesa and Florido sections of Tijuana.
In addition, there are also some high-tech firms and telemarketing companies making their way into the city, drawing people with technical trade and college degrees to Tijuana. One example is Telvista, a Texas-based telemarketing company which maintains three call centers along Blvd. Agua Caliente. This makes Tijuana a popular city for migrant workers as well as college graduates from other parts of Mexico as well as other countries to the south.
Tijuana also relies on tourism for a major part of its revenue. About 300,000 visitors cross by foot or car from the San Ysidro point of entry in the United States every day. To lessen the strain on the border crossing, the Otay Mesa Crossing has been boosted to support more traffic and 6-lane highway 905 built in 2012, as well as rapid bus transit coming in the future. The city's tourist centers include the shopping district surrounding Tijuana's Cultural Center (CECUT), the nightlife hot spots around La Sexta, Old Downtown Tijuana, Avenida Revolucion, and the city's best known vices, in the form of its legal Red Light District and gambling (Agua Caliente). Restaurants and taco stands, pharmacies, bars and dance clubs are part of the draw for the city's tourists. Many shops and stalls selling Mexican crafts and souvenirs are also located within walking distance of the border. Mexico's drinking age of 18 (vs. 21 in the United States) makes it a common weekend destination for many high school and college aged Southern Californians who tend to stay within the Avenida Revolución. Tijuana is also home to several pharmacies marketed toward visitors from the United States. These pharmacies sell some pharmaceutical drugs without prescriptions, and at much lower costs than pharmacies in the US. Many medications still require a Mexican doctor's prescription though several accessible doctor offices are located near the border as well. In addition, Tijuana's "red-light" district (Zona Norte) adds significant revenue to its economy. Tijuana is also home to many businesses selling products and services at a much cheaper rate than in the United States. Businesses such as auto detailing, medical services, dentistry and plastic surgery are heavily marketed and located near the city's border with the US.
Economic development has its central business district at Zona Río, which together, with the corridor along Blvd. Agua Caliente (the extension of Avenida Revolución), contains the majority of the higher-end office space in the city. Binational economic development along the US-Mexico border is key to the development of Tijuana going forward. Multiple regional (San Diego-US/Tijuana-MX) think-tanks exist on both sides of the border that promote such regional collaboration and innovation.
Tijuana is home to many private Primary Schools, Secondary Schools and High Schools as well as nationally high ranked colleges and universities. Notable primary and secondary schools include Metropolitan, Instituto México, Instituto Cumbres, President Lázaro Cárdenas School, Agua Caliente School Center High, Politécnico de Baja California(CLUB DE QUÍMICA), José Fimbres Moreno School and the State High School, and Ignacio Ramírez School located in Cerro Colorado. These schools maintain recognition for their demands and high standards.
Tijuana maintains multiple higher education institutions. These include the Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana (UABC), Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana (ITT), Universidad Iberoamericana (UIA-Tijuana), CETYS Universidad, Universidad Xochicalco, and University of the Californias. Other colleges include Tijuana University Center, Tijuana University of Technology, Graduate Center of the Northwest, and the University of Professional Development. The city is the seat of the Colegio de la Frontera Norte (COLEF), an institution of scientific research and higher education, specializing in the study of the problems in the border region between Mexico and the United States. In August 2009, Metropolitan UABC opened in Valle de Las Palmas, in the Tijuana metropolitan area.
Culture and contemporary life
Many foreigners travel to Tijuana to drink and dance, buy prescription drugs, purchase bootleg brand-name clothing, timepieces, and other personal accessories found globally, as well as manufactured and hand-crafted local curiosities. Locals and regular tourists avoid hassles by visiting the clubs at Plaza Fiesta or other areas of the Zona Río without the crowds, heavy marketing, and occasional tourist misbehavior or outright lawbreaking common on the Revolución strip. However, Avenida Revolución has been known for its proliferation of nightclub shows, primarily catering to casual tourists. While still an entertaining town with an enjoyable atmosphere, locals and tourists alike would agree that it has lost its "anything goes" mentality which it had once acquired, a mindset that was dangerous to tourists, locals, and the tourism industry as a whole.
Tijuana is also known as the birthplace of the "Tijuana Special," which is a classic Tex-Mex dish consisting of enchiladas, rice and refried beans. This dish was popularized by Tippy's, an American Tex-Mex restaurant.
Entertainment and performing arts
Although poverty is widespread throughout the city, a very affluent and prominent society has developed in Tijuana. Gentrification is evident throughout certain districts. The Tijuana Cultural Center (CECUT) opened on October 20, 1982 with the goals of strengthening Tijuana's image, and to advertise cultural tourism from the US. The building was constructed by the architects Pedro Ramírez Vázquez and Manuel Rosen Morrison. The CECUT first opened as part of the National Fund for Social Activities then in 1983 it was part of the Ministry of Tourism. Later that year CECUT was joined into the Ministry of Public Education. Finally, in 1986 the CECUT gained its own independence, and was able to plan its own budget. In 1988 they changed their actions guiding themselves towards a comprehensive national cultural policy.[38]
It is composed of lecture rooms, video rooms, a library, an exhibition hall, the Museum of the Californias, a futuristic planetary movie theater that displays IMAX films, and a restaurant. Since 1992, the CECUT has hosted the Orchestra of Baja California (OBC) and the Center of Scenic Arts of the Northwest (CAEN), it headquarters the Hispanic-American Center for Guitar (CHG). Since 2001, the CECUT receives about a million visitors per year, making it Baja California's most important cultural center. Another important culture center is La Casa de la Cultura, which comprises a school, a theater, and a public library. Dance, painting, music, plastic arts, photography and languages are taught there. The city also has the Instituto Municipal de Arte y Cultura (Municipal Institute of Art and Culture), the Tijuana Wax Museum, and the Museo El Trompo (The Trompo Museum).
The Tijuana Country Club (Club Campestre de Tijuana) has many affluent members and a famous golf course. A large sized Rotary Club is also located in Tijuana. The Grand Hotel Tijuana and many luxurious restaurants have been developed along Bulevar Agua Caliente (often called "El Bulevar" by locals) and in the Zona Rio. Around the country club and Agua Caliente, many developments of wealthy and luxurious gated communities have filled the hillsides, most of which have views similar to Mount Soledad in San Diego or areas of Orange County. Tijuana's most prestigious entertainment center is the Tijuana Country Club golf club, but the Agua Caliente Racetrack would be the most notable that is open to the general public. Parque Morelos has a small zoo and park space; Parque de la Amistad has a small pond, and a running and dirt-bike track. Parque Teniente Guerrero is a park located downtown with a public library and weekend entertainment by clowns. All public libraries in Tijuana have Internet access; unfortunately, many of the available computers are not in service. Plus a library card is needed to use the computers. To get a library card one must have a government issued id card plus one has to provide two special size photographs. This of course leaves much of the huge immigrant population of Tijuana out of luck, as many of them don't have identification cards. El Foro was an attraction for being a jai alai venue, but now is commonly used as a concert venue.
Tijuana's nightlife scene is one of the city's strongest attractions. The area surrounding "La Sexta", the intersection at Calle Sexta and Av. Revolucion, is now a major hub of new bars and dance clubs. Zona Rio, Tijuana's new Downtown, is home to some of the city's finest restaurants and bars. Another capstone of Tijuana's entertainment offerings is its adult nightlife industry, which includes the city's red light district as well as less conspicuous adult entertainment venues.
Tijuana also has a very active and independent artist community whose internationally recognized work has earned Tijuana the title of "one of the most important new cultural meccas", according to Newsweek.,[5] an exhibition of Tijuana's current art scene, is being curated by the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego and is traveling across the USA in 2006 and 2007.[39] Art collectives like Bulbo and film production like Palenque Filmaciones explore the use of film like the award winning Tijuana Makes Me Happy, media like television bulbo TV and print "bulbo PRESS", to show different realities of Tijuana out of Mexico. In 2004, Tijuana earned international acclaim for an art exhibition displayed on the cement banks of the Tijuana River and along the Mexico/U.S. border fence in Otay Mesa.
Graffiti are widespread in Tijuana. They can range from free-hand writing in spray can and marker form, often carrying social or sexual commentary in English or Spanish, pictures in wheatpaste and stencils, consisting of stenciled renderings of personalities crucial to Hispanic culture from past and present eras, such as television news announcers or stars, but also extending to images of artists like Salvador Dalí. Graffiti in Tijuana may seem at first to consist largely of simplistic tags and thus not as technically evolved, colorful, or accepted in the mainstream as the "pieces" of graffiti scenes of the United States, Europe, or Japan, but large, colorful graffiti murals adorn walls from both native Tijuanan artists as well as visiting graffiti writers, especially from California. The Tijuanan art pieces show as much prowess and skill as those made by their more renowned U.S. counterparts, although illicit graffiti are strongly discouraged by the Tijuana government, as in other major metropolitan areas.
Among other things, Tijuana has been the inspiration for Tijuana Brass and Los Tucanes de Tijuana and, more recently, the birthplace of Nortec music style and Ruidoson, resulting in a very large and active electronic music scene where groups and artists like Los Macuanos, Panoptica Orchestra, Sonidero Travesura, Sotelum and Dj Chucuchu emerged. Tijuana also enjoys a large base of support in many other musical scenes such as mexican hip hop, reggae, hardcore, punk, black metal and house music. Famous musicians are from Tijuana including the pop-rock singer-songwriter Lynda Thomas, the world known singer Julieta Venegas, fussion rock projects like Tijuana No and international indie punk bands like Delux & Los Kung-Fu Monkeys.
Musical clubs along the Avenida Revolución area and others often cater to a diverse range of tastes by offering nightly variations on musical fare, such as new wave music one night, and punk rock bands on the next. Interestingly, some metal bands from Europe whose members cannot perform in the United States due to prior felony convictions in their own countries will play music festivals in Tijuana so as to attract fans from both Mexico and the United States.
Tijuana possesses a diversity of shopping malls including Plaza Río, Plaza Mundo Divertido, Plaza Monarca, Plaza Carrousel, Centro Comercial Playas/Plaza Coronado,and Galerias Hipodromo. Plaza Río is the largest mall and is located just a few minutes away from the U.S. border between Paseo de los Heroes and the Tijuana River. The mall hosts a Cinépolis and a Cinépolis VIP movie theater, a Sanborns restaurant and a variety of shops, including the large department store Sears. Plaza Mundo Divertido is off of Tijuana's main east-west highway with arcades and rides for the whole family. Plaza Monarca is on a north-south artery known as "Gato Bronco" and is anchored by the movie theater Cinépolis and grocery store chain Soriana (formerly a Gigante Supermarket). Plaza Carrousel, so named because the mall contains a children's merry-go-round, is minutes from the Cinco y Diez retail hub centered around a former five and dime store. The beach community of Playas de Tijuana saw a burst of construction in 2004, which yielded the Plaza Coronado complex next to the existing Comercial Mexicana-anchored Centro Comercial Playas.
Tijuana is also known for its red-light district Zona Norte (also referred to as La Coahuila after one of the main streets in it) which features legal prostitution in strip clubs and on the street. The strip clubs are typically full-contact, meaning the dancers will allow patrons to fondle them. Many dancers also sell their sexual services, which are pricier ($US 72 in early-2007) than those of the street prostitutes.
People filling up prescriptions for drugs classified in the US as Schedule II or Schedule III have found it more difficult to locate such medications, and the purchase of pseudoephedrine also has become restricted by Tijuana pharmacies, as it is in the United States. For a prescription to be filled in Tijuana and brought legally to the United States, any drug covered by the US Controlled Substances Act would require a prescription from the United States for re-import. Americans are allowed to import up to a 90-day supply of non-controlled medications for personal use back to the USA from Mexico and other countries.
The city is home to the Tijuana Zonkeys professional basketball team of the CIBACOPA basketball league. The team is composed mostly of players from Mexico and plays from February to July in the Municipal Auditorium.
The city has a strong tradition of association football, Club Tijuana began playing in the Liga MX México Primera División on the 2011/12 season, winning the 2012 apertura title. They play their matches at the Estadio Caliente, a new 33,000 seat stadium. The team`s mascot is the Xoloitzcuintle, a famous Mexican hairless dog.
Estadio Caliente
External view of the sunken Estadio Caliente. The stadium is the Estadio Caliente Club Tijuana, match venue for Club Tijuana, a Liga MX México Primera División football team. It is located in the Agua Caliente Racetrack in Tijuana, Baja California ( Mexico ) . Caliente Homes Stadium, is a multi-purpose center in Tijuana. It is mainly used for football matches, has a seating capacity of 21,000 spectators.
Opened in June 2008, according to the work schedule. It was a significant reason for Tijuana Club was promoted to the México Primera División; FEMEXFUT requires participating teams should have a stadium with a seating capacity of over 15,000. It is at this stage the U-17 FIBA Americas Championship 2009 was held bound for Nigeria. Was introduced in México Primera División during the Apertura 2011 tournament of the Mexican Football Federation.
Gasmart stadium
Internal view of the stadium. The Gasmart Stadium is a baseball stadium located in the city of Tijuana. It is the home of the Bulls of Tijuana, the Northern League Mexico .
It was opened in 1977 and housed the Colts missing Tijuana Mexican Pacific League. Subsequently, the stadium was used for football matches . For 2004, professional baseball returned, now with a franchise LMB under the name of " Toros de Tijuana", the following year would change its name to " Colts " as they were known in its earlier stage.
At first it was called Cerro Colorado Stadium due to its location at the foot of this hill . With the return of baseball, chain supermarkets " Calimax " bought the naming rights to the stadium.
In 2004, the first season of " Toros ", the fans had a great response filling the stadium in most matches managing to be the square of further assistance in the league that season, so the expansion of 14,000 was raised seats up to 19,500 with the current account. The team's results in recent seasons have not been able to go back to the fans in the stadium so much, however, remains among one of the most frequented places in the league.
In 2008, the Colts team Tijuana, could not sustain the costly travel the rest of the teams (who had to cover ticketing tickets ), was born again into Nuevo Laredo. Insitentemente mentioned the viable possibility of the return of a team, although it would be a Pacific League, together with a ninth of Jalisco, who would use the Pan de Moreno Lagos State .
On April 4, 2013, the stadium was re opened and remodeled, which marks the beginning of a new era of Toros de Tijuana.
The Tijuana State Commission of Public Services (CESPT) supplies the city with its water, while the city receives its electricity from La Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE).
The International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant (IWTP) developed, as a joint project of the USA and Mexico in the mid-1980s following substantial environmental studies,[40] treats 25 million gallons of water per day (mgd) from the Tijuana River; directly pumped across the border from the central collection point in Mexico. When the river is flowing, the diversion system of the plant begins operating and diverts up to about 12-13mgd to the IWTP. The total amount of water being diverted must not exceed 25 mgd, based on a monthly average decided upon by permit conditions, although the IWTP can treat sustained flows up to 45mgd daily and peaks of 70mgd for a short period. The diversion system regular sends approximately six to eight million gallons of water daily to the IWTP. The plant is currently being upgraded to include a secondary treatment facility.
The city also four to five decentralize units that are part of the Tijuana/Rosarito Potable Water and Wastewater Master Plan. This plan was required as part of Public Law 106-457, put into order November 7, 2000, which was written to allow the Bajagua project to move forward. The master plan was a binational collaborative effort by EPA and CESPT and addressed San Diego-Tijuana's needs for the next 20 years. The plants are intended to treat approximately 5mgd each, to tertiary levels and provide the reclaimed water to the surrounding areas for agriculture, industry etc. There are several issues that they are facing: no infrastructure to convey the reclaimed water to customers and inadequate groundwater recharge infrastructure.
Tijuana's telephonic system operates under area code 664. Telephonic land lines in Tijuana are provided by the company Telnor; other companies include Axtel and Alestra. Popular cell phone carriers in the city-region include Movistar, Telcel, Iusacell, Unefon, Nextel, in conjunction with Nextel USA, provides coverage in the city and all of Baja California for American Nextel users.[41] Nextel is popular among businessmen, students, and professionals. Cell phones also have historic usage in Tijuana as the first cellular call in Mexico was made in Tijuana in 1989.
The city maintains a variety of transportation methods to assist in dealing with its ever-increasing population. Among its most recent transportation innovations is the popular ridesharing service, Uber, which was introduced to Tijuana in 2014 [1]. Uber is a technology company and transportation provider which connects passengers with newer, private vehicles, summoned via a smartphone app. The Uber app runs on both iPhone and Android smartphones, allowing travelers and city-dwellers alike to request professional, trained chauffeurs on the spot. Uber is recognized as one of the safest modes of public transport in Tijuana, as drivers must adhere to high standards of safety and customer service. In order to use Uber in Tijuana, passengers must have access to a smartphone and internet service.
Tijuana's traditional forms of mobility include predominantly air, car, and rail transportation methods as the city lacks a port. All means of transportation within the city accept both Mexican Peso and U.S. dollar as payment currencies, but no other foreign currencies. Local public transportation in Tijuana is run by semiprivate companies, and has one of the most complex, or perhaps unorganized networks. Two important Mexican federal highways end in Tijuana, one of them is Federal Highway 1, which runs south through the Baja California Peninsula through Rosarito Beach, Baja Mar, and Ensenada before ending in Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur. From Tijuana to Ensenada, most travelers take Highway 1-D (scenic road), a four-lane, limited access toll road that runs by the coast starting at Playas de Tijuana. Mexican Federal Highway 2 runs east for 1,000 kilometers near the international border, currently as far as Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua.
The Tijuana International Airport (General Abelardo L. Rodríguez IA) is the city's main airport and serves eleven airlines with destinations across Mexico and a few into Asia. Tijuana International is also one of the busiest airports in Mexico. Aeroméxico introduced intercontinental air travel between Tijuana and two major cities in Asia: Tokyo in 2007 and Shanghai in 2008. With several private road lines, U.S. and selected Canadian destinations can be reached via the San Diego International Airport, located about 35 kilometers (22 mi) north of the international border.
The city's main bus station is in its eastern borough. There is a small terminal downtown which serves a few Mexican bus lines and U.S.-based Greyhound Lines and Crucero USA. Another bus station is located near the border with frequent services to Ensenada, and other major cities including Mazatlán, Culiacán, Hermosillo, and Guadalajara. Major bus lines operating in Tijuana include Azul y Blanco de Magallanes (Blue & White) and Transporte Efectivo Express de Tijuana - TEEXTI; modernizing system originally intended to phase out the other lines that partially introduced but ceased and merged with Azul y Blanco.
In 2006, Tijuana underwent a major overhaul of its existing system of guayines, or shared fixed-route station wagons, forcing the replacement of the guayines with new models of vans, serving as fixed-route taxis. Major transit hubs include Centro (Downtown Tijuana), Otay, Soler, and the Cinco y Diez avenues. Taxi lines operating in the city include Free Taxis, those that do not maintain a specific route; Economic Taxis; Diamond Taxis - black or yellow cabs; and regular taxis maintaining a set route. There are as many bus lines and routes as fixed-route taxi ones or calafias, and new routes for buses, taxis or calafias are frequently created, due to high demand of public transportation. Public transportation service is inexpensive, with bus tickets at maximum, USD $0.75. Fixed-route taxis are somewhat more expensive, depending on the taxi route, reaching USD $2.00. Bus, taxi and calafia lines and routes are distinguished from one another by their vehicles colors.
From the U.S. side, San Ysidro is the southern terminus of San Diego's municipal bus and light rail (San Diego Trolley) systems, providing public transportation to and from the Mexican border with Tijuana. The newly rebuilt San Ysidro trolley station is located directly next to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection facility. Tijuana is home to the world's busiest border crossing with about 300,000 people crossing the border between San Diego and Tijuana every day. Queues take anywhere from a few minutes to an hour or more to cross to the United States, on non-US holidays, with wait of a few hours on US national holidays or some Mexican holidays. Expect street vendors during the wait. However, after clearing customs and immigration formalities, Interstate 5 is a major 8-10 lane freeway from San Ysidro to downtown San Diego, Los Angeles, and north to the Canadian border. Interstate 805 branches off from I-5 just north of the border, and takes a more easterly route which bypasses downtown San Diego, rejoining with I-5 in the northern part of the city. From the Otay Mesa border crossing, Otay Mesa Road takes drivers west to connect with both I-805 and I-5.
Planned light rail and BRT system
In January 2009, the City Council and the Ministry of Communications and Transportation announced a new light rail system for Tijuana,[42] something which had been envisioned since the 1990s during the time of mayor Osuna Jaime. Despite spending millions of pesos on studies, the project never gained traction until the late 2000s (decade).
Currently the project proposes to build the first light rail line along the Tijuana River (which is actually a canal) - Route 01: San Ysidro-El Refugio. Route 02 would run from Santa Fe to Downtown Tijuana, a bus rapid transit line running along Blvd. Cuauhtemoc Sur. Up to 6 other routes have been proposed.[42]
Twin towns – Sister cities
Tijuana has multiple sister cities and twin towns. These relations have been formalized by a variety of organizations as well as municipal governments. Currently twinned with the City of Tijuana are:City | Nation | Since |
Busan | South Korea | 1995 |
San Diego[43] | United States | |
La Paz | Mexico | |
León | Mexico | |
Mazatlán | Mexico | |
Panjin | Peoples Republic of China | |
Havana | Cuba | |
Cincinnati | United States | |
Zaragoza | Spain | |
Laredo | United States | |
Słubice | Poland | 1998 |
Frankfurt (Oder) | Germany | |
Wuhan[44] | China | 2013 |
See also
- ^ Link to 2015 Mexican Census Info INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática.
- ^ a b
- ^
- ^
- ^ a b
- ^ .Massive traffic cripples Tijuana border crossing
- ^
- ^
- ^ Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas http://www.tijuana.gob.mx/ciudad/CiudadHistoriaMinima.asp
- ^ As determined at the second Symposium of History, 1975.
- ^ Carruthers (2000), page 212
- ^ a b
- ^
- ^
- ^ Map website of the Tijuana City Government
- ^ , 2014-01-15Frontera"Doble responsabilidad desde el 1 de enero",
- ^
- ^
- ^ http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/568/56842328.pdf
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/LeerArchivo.aspx?ct=993&c=16762&s=est&f=1
- ^ Note for 2010, much of the 5-year growth has occurred in the municipality of Tijuana (suburbs) rather than the city itself as the urban fringe expands as people escape into isolated suburban subdivisions due to drug violence.
- ^
- ^
- ^ a b c
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^
- ^ https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=16152
- ^
- ^
- ^ Algunos datos de la industria maquiladora de exportación
- ^ Alberts, Hana R., "Sony Hives Off Major Factory", Forbes, 09.01.2009
- ^ Historia http://www.cecut.gob.mx/acerca.php
- ^
- ^ C.Michael Hogan, Marc Papineau et al., {1985} Preliminary Assessment of Environmental Effects of Sewage on San Diego Beaches (EIS). Prepared by Earth Metrics Inc. for the U.S. EPA, Region IX.
- ^ Sprint Baja Services on Sprint.com
- ^ a b
- ^
- ^
Further reading
- Kun, Josh, and Fiamma Montezemolo, eds. Tijuana Dreaming: Life and Art at the Global Border (Duke University Press; 2012) 387 pages; scholarly and popular essays including material translated from Spanish for the first time; topics include the city's image in fiction as a Prohibition-era "city of sin" for American visitors
- Official
- Tijuana Municipal Government
- Tijuana Economic Development Corporation
- Articles lacking in-text citations from July 2011
- All articles lacking in-text citations
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011
- Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010
- Coordinates not on Wikidata
- Tijuana
- Cities in Tijuana Municipality, Baja California
- Populated coastal places in Mexico
- Populated places established in 1889
- 1889 establishments in Mexico
- Cities in Mexico
- Mexico–United States border towns


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rear facing car seat?
I am looking at getting a 2013 grand cherokee, I have a friend that used to have a 2006 grand cherokee and said he couldn't fit a rear facing car seat and had to trade it in. Can anyone chime in?
Re: rear facing car seat?
We had rear facing in our 2012 Overland. I first tried it in the center and I didn't like it there. Not only did it require you to move both front seats up further, but it restricted you from laying down both rear seats incase you wanted to haul something. I then tried it on the passenger side and this position is MUCh better. It allows me to position my drivers seat anywhere I want since I'm taller than my wife. And it also allows the one side of the rear seat to still be laid down without having to remove the child seat. The only drawback is that the passenger side seat must be moved up a bit, but it's by no means too far forward. So yes a rear facing child seat will work just fine in a WK2 and works optimally behind the passenger side front seat. Once we were able to switch to forward facing it was sooooo much nicer, but we waited for just over a year before we did that.
Hope this helps. James |
I agree with everything JTS97Z28 said. Here's a pic of the rear facing seat in mine for good measure:
http://img.tapatalk.com/d/13/03/03/mujuzepy.jpg Sent from my Galaxy S3 using Tapatalk 2 |
Re: rear facing car seat?
I have a Britax rear facing in the center of my 2011 Overland. It fits ok. I don't have the problem with seat spacing and have not had a need to put the seats down. It would be a minor hassle to take it out since it is held in with the latch system. I can't wait to turn the seat forward facing.
Re: rear facing car seat?
I have a rear facing seat in the center of my Laredo. I'm 6'3" and I move the seat back plenty for leg room. No issues with the baby seat. I use the latch system. Worst case, if you need to lay the seat down, move the seat base to one side, and lay the other side of the seat down for cargo. I've done that. I just buckled the baby seat in the seat belt instead, on the smaller half of the rear seat.
Re: rear facing car seat?
Good info to know, since I'm looking at 1) my first JGC, and 2) my first child. Jeep will be coming in the next couple weeks, I hope. Child in the next few months!
Re: rear facing car seat?
Re: rear facing car seat?
I have three car seats in mine. One is rear facing. The front passenger seat has to come up pretty far to fit but my wife is only 5'4" and she is usually the only one who rides there.. Only a couple months and my youngest will be flipped to forward facing and I am glad about that because of the front passenger leg room. Sometimes I have to squeeze in there if the wifey is my DD for a night...
Re: rear facing car seat?
That said, my Pathfinder doesn't have LATCH in the center either, it hasn't been a big deal to use the seat belt in the center. Anyone out there happen to be using a rear facing infant seat and a forward facing convertible at the same time...I guess I'm about to be. |
Great thread, we are expecting our first in August, and are in the market for a rear facing seat, Great info
Re: rear facing car seat?
Re: rear facing car seat?
Yeah I'm pretty sure you can't use the latch system in the middle seat as I don't even think the latches are there anyway. Atleast that's what I remember. Either way it worked sooo much better behind the passenger side front seat and that say I get to use the latch system which seems much better IMO. We use the Diono Radian seats. One in my car and one in the wife's. They aren't cheap but one of the best from my understanding.
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Un modelo del mercado de trabajo y la restricción de oferta en la economía española
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Volume (Year): 17 (1993)
Issue (Month): 1 (January)
Pages: 87-118
Handle: | RePEc:iec:inveco:v:17:y:1993:i:1:p:87-118 |
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Layard, Richard & Nickell, Stephen, 1986. "Unemployment in Britain," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 53(210(S)), pages 121-169, Supplemen.
- Olivier J. Blanchard & Lawrence H. Summers, 1986.
"Hysteresis in Unemployment,"
NBER Working Papers
2035, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Blanchard, Olivier J. & Summers, Lawrence H., 1987. "Hysteresis in unemployment," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(1-2), pages 288-295.
- Olivier J. Blanchard, 1986. "Hysteresis and Unemployment," Working papers 430, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
- Bentolila, Samuel & Saint-Paul, Gilles, 1992. "The macroeconomic impact of flexible labor contracts, with an application to Spain," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 1013-1047, June.
- Pissarides, Christopher A, 1991. "Real Wages and Unemployment in Australia," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 58(229), pages 35-55, February.
- Alan Manning, 1992.
"Wage Bargaining and the Phillips Curve: The Identification and Specification of Aggregate Wage Equations,"
CEP Discussion Papers
dp0062, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
- Manning, Alan, 1993. "Wage Bargaining and the Phillips Curve: The Identification and Specification of Aggregate Wage Equations," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 103(416), pages 98-118, January.
- Pagan, Adrian, 1984. "Econometric Issues in the Analysis of Regressions with Generated Regressors," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 25(1), pages 221-247, February.
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Cornerstone Christian spring sports signups
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Wow...it's REALLY ugly out here. We're in fairly good shape where we live, except for the wind (gusts at 45-50 mph), the heat (85-95 degrees) and, yesterday, smoke that was thicker than our beach fog. Fortunately, the wind direction has shifted a bit and cleared the worst of the smoke away from where we are, but we still smell it and a little ash is still falling.
And can we go out to train? Not a chance. Hell, I wouldn't breathe that stuff and I sure wouldn't work Sadie in it.
We also missed our waterfowl opening, but the report from our pond was that the ducks were smart enough to go somewhere out of the smoke...apparently we didn't miss a thing.
The good news for us personally is that we're outta here later this week for a few days of clear mountain air in the Sierras, and in 2 weeks we leave for a week or so of some Montana waterfowl, pheasants, Huns and grouse.
Hold a good thought and say a little prayer for those people out here who have lost so much...and for those who have been injured and for the family of the one who was killed. It ain't pretty out there, folks...but it has to get better soon.


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NEW YORK (AP) — Venus and Serena Williams have knocked out the top-seeded women's doubles team at the U.S. Open to advance to the semifinals.
The Williams sisters beat defending champions Roberta Vinci and Sara Errani of Italy 6-3, 6-1 to move two wins away from their 14th Grand Slam tournament title.
Their victory in Armstrong Stadium finished less than an hour after Americans Bob and Mike Bryan had their quest for the calendar Grand Slam halted next door in Arthur Ashe Stadium. The Bryans fell 3-6, 6-3, 6-4 to Leander Paes of India and Radek Stepanek of the Czech Republic.
Serena Williams, looking for back-to-back singles titles, plays her semifinal on Friday against Li Na.
The sisters play their next doubles match against Czech pair Andrea Hlavackova and Lucie Hradecka.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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This game was a close one and was hotly contested, but someone had to lose and this week, it was the Browns. The Browns had another valiant effort, but fell short when making crucial mistakes in key situations. Again, there was a bad Ryan Pontbriand snap for a 4th quarter field goal and again, that field goal was missed. In the course of 30 seconds, it went from looking like the Browns...
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Brightest Day #16
- Story by
- Geoff Johns and Peter J. Tomasi
- Art by
- Ivan Reis, Joe Prado, and Scott Clark
- Colors by
- Peter Steigerwald
- Letters by
- Jr. and Rob Clark
- Cover by
- Gary Frank, Hi-Fi, Ivan Reis, and Nathan Eyring
- Publisher
- DC Comics
This issue is all angsty anticipation, with Aquaman spilling the beans about Jackson Hyde to Jackson. Jackson's origin is explained here, as well as his mission. The Aquaman plot is advanced significantly here, with an explanation of how Black Manta and Jackson tie to one another and also their shared connection to Mera's people.
"Brightest Day" has been juggling lead characters for a few issues now, but this issue is more balanced than most, with Firestorm's dilemma filling the pages that do not involve Aquaman. As previous issues have left Firestorm or Aquaman out of the picture in favor of Hawkman, Martian Manhunter, or Deadman, this issue returns the favor.
The art continues to be solid. Of the myriad artists working on "Brightest Day," it's safe to say Scott Clark's work is every bit as detailed, but significantly more gritty than Ivan Reis' and Joe Prado's. Clark delivers some creepy moments featuring Deathstorm and his hostages, Martin Stein and Alvin Rusch. Stein talks Deathstorm into monologuing, as befits the 1990s stereotypical comic character that Deathstorm exemplifies. After some banter that reveals a bit about Deathstorm's abilities and motivation, the character heads off to deliver the White Lantern. Through it all, Clark's work propels Deathstorm beyond merely appearing as a Ghost Rider wannabe. As cleanly as Clark defines the nastiness of Deathstorm, he fills the Justice League's lab with detail, heroes, and emotion. Firestorm's story is only a handful of pages this issue, but Clark and Steigerwald fill those pages with color and calamity.
The art for Aquaman and Jackson is as polished and smooth as Clark's work is rough. Only a duo with the level of talent Reis and Prado possess could fill the pages with as much detail as the Aquaman story contains. This story, in and of itself, could easily have filled an entire issue. Steigerwald magnificently balances memories with aquatic imagery, never losing one in the other. The memory images are barely two inches square, but there is as much detail present in each of those as in any of the splash pages in this issue. One of those splashes — when Jackson realizes his power and lashes out at Aquaman — is at once Kevin Nowlan, Jim Aparo, and George Perez. It's an instantly classic panel that ultimately rings hollow, as dramatic misunderstanding battles always do, but is a beautiful piece of art.
With ten issues remaining, I'm expecting to start seeing the stories of these characters (all of them, not just the two here) come together, but the last page of this issue has me wondering what comes next. There are cliffhanger final pages and then there are cliffhanger final pages that have you checking the calendar to see just how long you're going to be strung out for. That's a bigger concern with "Brightest Day" as it could easily be a pair of issues (or more) before we revisit these characters again. Until then, it might be worthwhile to go back and re-read these first sixteen issues.


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Jonathan Behind Blue Eyes
By Mike Dacy
Dust Jacket Hardcover
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Many of us go through our entire lives giving and receiving gifts, often unaware we are doing so. Jonathan's goal was to give the gift of service—from his dreams of a military career to the hospitality industry to civil service and finally to serve anyone suffering from the effects of addiction. Jonathan passed away on May 4, 2010, yet his spirit lives with us today.
At this moment, he might say,
"My gift to you is awareness. I want to make you aware of what it is like to have a severe addiction problem.
If you are suffering from addiction, ask yourself, 'Do I want to follow Jonathan's path? Shouldn't I dedicate myself to changing and becoming the loving and trustworthy person that I know, deep inside me, I am?'
If you are a family member, I present to you how my family tried to assist me. The heartache that I caused them was overridden by the spirit of faith, hope, and love that they shared for me. They disagreed and argued over what course of action to take to heal me, and they became angry and impatient with me many times. But in the end, I know they love me.
To those of you who have never experienced addiction in your family, I present the gifts of compassion and non-judgment. This disease is difficult to overcome, and has become a disease of epidemic proportions in our country. I ask that you step back and try to understand what these people are going through.
I once wrote, 'Where there is life, there should also be love.' "
Nothing could be truer.
June 2010
As I opened one of the boxes containing many of his journals, I came across a note left on top of the contents of the box. It read:
"If you are going through this box, you better be f*@ing family and I better be f*@ing dead!!"
I'm assuming he left that note for me and that Jonathan wanted me to share his life's story with you.
From Michael's Eulogy: May 8, 2010
"My little brother, Jonathan Dalmond Dacy, lived a duality, a dichotomous life sometimes gleaming with extraordinary light and another of occasional deep, bitter darkness. He could be the kindest and most thoughtful friend, or a furious and spiteful enemy. With Jonathan, there was often little in between. He was a living exaggeration. He was a gentle warrior.
From Jonathan's Journals
February 7, 2004
Dear Opiate,
I know I haven't seen you in a few days. I'm writing to you to let you know where I'm at and what's going on with me. But first, I want to thank you. I remember when we first met. You were always there for me. Whenever I started to get a headache you were willing to take away my pain. Do you remember? I'll never forget that. I started having migraines all the time, and so you were there with me all the time. Before I knew it, we were best friends. I wanted to have you around all the time. And you were. Not only would you take away my pain, but you gave me confidence, you made me feel so good. Before I knew it, you were the only reason I wanted to get up in the morning. I appreciate your willingness to make me happy. But just one thing, where the f*^#k are you now? Why did you take all my money? Oh, it's OK, I only have a son to raise. I only had car payments and rent payments. But you didn't seem to care about that. Oh, it's no big f*^#king deal. I'm only in a hospital now because of you. You wonder where I've been lately? I've been f*^#king miserable…..
August 16, 2009
When God puts a dream in your heart, when he brings opportunities across your path, step out BOLDLY IN FAITH, EXPECT THE BEST, move FORWARD with CONFIDENCE, KNOWING that you are WELL ABLE to do what God wants you to do. If you are stepping outside your comfort zone it's a great thing – it allows God to show you his miraculous nature, assuming you are ALWAYS in a loving and forgiving mindset. All other emotions prohibit God from staying active inside your heart. When your heart is filled with hate, anger, judgment, fear, and grudges then there is no room for love, and therefore no room for God."
December 2009
As the day wore on and we visited more stores, the unusual behavior continued. Terri described what she saw in an email the following week.
"Actually, he seems mentally ill even beyond the drug addiction, in my opinion….even when he is "normal" he has such strange behavior, the shoplifting issues, inability to think straight or concentrate, even short term memory of something that was just said or that he said to someone else. His behavior seems very bizarre and so sad, like a little old lonely man just walking aimlessly around, talking to anyone and everyone about nothing…it is alarming and shocking, uncomfortable to others the way he invades their personal space, etc. as when he walked behind the cash register and was bothering that young cashier who was clearly unnerved by his behavior…she was trying to be polite and I kept trying to get Jonathan to come back around to the customer side of the counter but he then decided to confront the poor girl and asked her if she was uncomfortable with him being there by her, putting her on the spot, embarrassing her and making himself look like a complete fool. That type of behavior is just not socially acceptable, he scares people, he is embarrassing and he doesn't even realize it because he is so out of it all the time."
April 22, 2010
Tiffany awoke in the middle of the night and wrote this to Jonathan.
My Wonderful Husband
It's about 3:00AM and you looked like you'd been crying when you came to bed. I can't imagine how you must be feeling right now. Every time I do let myself see it through your eyes or imagine what you are about to go through, I just feel sick at heart and cry. I'm afraid to leave you alone to go to work. Please my angel, my soul mate, don't harm yourself. I don't want to have to wait until we meet again in another life to make this work. I've waited so long to find you. Please grant me this selfish wish – don't take away my heart and soul, for that is what you are. I know it now more than ever before. You are my life. You are the missing piece that has made me whole. We are meant to live this life together. I took you for better, for worse and right now we are going through a "worse" period, but we have so much that is wonderful waiting for us. I will be here every step of the way through this. I will write you every day if you want. They may be silly, mundane letters, but at least you'll know my thoughts are with you.
I know you are not made to be incarcerated. But, baby, this time you can and will be able to face it. I know this. You can do anything you set your mind to. I believe in you.
So please, as I said before, please don't take away my Love, my Life, my You. I need you. My life is incomplete without you in it. We have a beautiful life to live. Let's get this last bit of the past out of the way and leave it behind us. Please don't think that I am overlooking the magnitude of what you are experiencing. I am not, by any means. I'm just trying to help my teammate, my best friend, my lover, my reason for living.
I love you truly, deeply, eternally. My eyes have been opened to the wonder of ever even having found you, much less getting to spend my life with you.
Put it in God's hands, baby. You'll feel a tremendous burden lifted off your shoulders. So, good morning, my Love. My thoughts are with you throughout the day.
Tiffany Dacy
Mike Dacy is a student of A Course in Miracles and is currently pursuing ordainment in Esoteric Interfaith Ministries. Mike and Jonathan spent countless hours sharing ideas and discussing life's ups and downs, unknowingly developing the foundation for this book. Dacy and his wife, Laura, live in Dallas, Georgia.
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I just released a whole load of my lutherie notes and resources onto the web for all to see. In a profession where free knowledge sharing is by no means the norm, this is a fairly big deal.
Needless to say, I will be building on this heavily, adding more content and refining what I have as I learn more.
It's a looong time since I last made an animated #GIF.
The boot is full of guitar repairs (courtesy of Teign Music), including one which looks like a terrifying six-eyed guitar monster with scary teeth.
Today I've gone from having almost no #gurdy wood to having almost all of my gurdy wood! Some exciting photos:
Unpacked, grouped:
Plywood for the wheels being cut:
And best of all, a gurdy egg made from all the tape used to package the materials!
Listening to @han's 2010 dConstruct talk whilst wrestling with my printer. It will print my gurdy plans. I will make it.
I hope that as I continue my #lutherie career the excitement of designing an instrument and ordering the wood never wears off.
@joviansalak awesome! Chainsaw is certainly on my list of #lutherie purchases… some way under metalworking lathe though ;)
Finally got a #gurdy body design I'm happy with. Just spent 30 mins trying to persuade the printer to print it. Finally, success!
Iterating over a #gurdy with sharpies and a TV:
This morning I am brutally murdering approximately 80 ice cream sticks for #lutherie purposes.
Just uploaded a demo of my Vio Hurdy Gurdy's pickups: https://soundcloud.com/barnabywalters/vio-hurdy-gurdy-bouree-aurore-sand
Just realised where I'd seen the @geoloqi logo before. Hurdy Gurdies have loads of them inside:
Got a lot of good work done on the vio — much more expressive now. Looking forward to showing it off next week!
Off to the workshop to make some last minute changes to my Vio Gurdy before Chateau d'Ars!
Doing a fret dress whilst listening to Peter Gabriel. I love my job.


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Weekend Planner
Weekend Planner: From Punch Kings and Wingdings to Lucha Libre and Locusts
Tickets on Sale for Avery Brewing Company's 21st Anniversary Party
As of 9 AM, you can start snapping up those tickets to the beloved Boulder brewery's birthday bash — and since it's the last one before the big move to new digs, you can guarantee it's going to be a sold-out blowout (12-5 PM; $40 per person. Click here for details). 5763 Arapahoe Ave., Boulder; 303-440-4324
Grand Opening of Boulder Wine Studios
Three local wineries — Settembre Cellars, What We Love and BookCliff Vineyards — now have adjoining tasting rooms, and you're invited to check them out today. Meet the makers, sample their wares in a take-home glass and pick up some pizza from an onsite vendor while you're at it (12-6 PM; $10 per person). 1501 Lee Hill Rd., Boulder
3rd Anniversary Block Party at Renegade Brewing Company
For its third birthday, this Santa Fe Art District brewery is hosting an outdoor bash with special tappings, eats from mobile vendors like Baba & Pop's Kitchen, live music and more (3-10 PM; free entrance, à la carte food and drink). 925 W. 9th Ave.; 720-401-4089
Saturday and Sunday
Colorado Brewers Festival
Fort Collins' premier beer bash celebrates its 25th anniversary with dozens of Colorado brewers in attendance, from Black Bottle to Verboten — as well as live entertainment, an activity area with rock-climbing walls and mechanical bulls, and a "school" hosting seminars and pairing demos (11 AM-5 PM; $20 per person for a tasting package. Get tickets here). Civic Center Area, Fort Collins
Denver Taco Festival
Missed Top Taco on Thursday? Never fear. This two-day fiesta (12-6 PM) features everything from a tequila expo and live music to Lucha Libre wrestlers and chihuahua races, while bringing together a slew of Mexican-food vendors like Chuey Fu's and Chile Billy. Note that $12 general-admission passes are already sold out for Saturday, but Expo and VIP tickets ($20/$89) are still available, and Sunday's fair game. Purchase yours here. Larimer St. between 32nd and 34th Sts.
Dorchester Social Eatery Farm Dinner
Michael Wahaltere's much-awaited LoDo eatery has yet to open, but you can catch your own sneak preview during this three-course BYO dinner out on the farm at Clear Creek Organics. The evening kicks off with a tour of the property and cocktails made with Pressery juice (5-8 PM; $65 per person. Tickets available here). 11100 W. 38th Ave., Wheat Ridge
Harvest Sunday Supper at Restaurant Kelly Liken
The Vail destination's ever-popular, ever-changing prix fixe dinner series kicks off today as the namesake celeb chef begins scouring the local farmer's market to create her. three-course menus featuring dishes like heirloom-tomato salad with pickled rhubarb, pan-roasted grouper in lily fumet and cherry pie with coffee gelato ($49 per person, plus optional wine and cocktail pairings). 12 Vail Rd., Vail; 970-479-0175
Jewish Food Festival
With a mostly kosher marketplace and a hummus-making contest as well as cooking demos and seminars like "Locust Tasting," this third-annual event will introduce attendees to the wide world of Jewish cuisine (9:30 AM-3 PM; $20 per adult, $10 per child 8-17. Get details here). Robert E. Loup Jewish Community Center, 350 S. Dahlia St.
Punch Kings Last Call Grand Finale
The 10 bartenders who won the early rounds of COCHON 555's Punch Kings competition this year are going head-to-head in a finale held at The Curtis hotel. Denver's own Justin Lloyd of Star Bar has got some stiff competition from the coasts, so come root for the home team while sampling Breckenridge bourbon cocktails and, of course, plenty of porky eats (4-8 PM; $55 general admission, $100 for VIP access. Get tickets here). 1405 Curtis St.
Wings & Whiskey at Ace Eat Serve
One of the biggest throwdowns of the summer is finally upon us. Head to everybody's favorite pan-Asian kitchen and Ping-Pong parlor in Uptown (pictured) at 4 PM today and watch chefs like Tyler Wiard of Elway's, Jamey Fader and host Brandon Biederman compete for the Wing King title, or vie for your own prizes in wing-eating and table-tennis contests. Of course there'll be live music and plenty of booze to boot. VIP tickets for the Denver Housing Authority fundraiser are already sold out, but a few $40 general-admission passes remain; snap them up here. 501 E. 17th Ave.; 303-800-7705


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AWD 4dr 3.0si
Starting at | Starting at 17 MPG City - 23 MPG Highway
The BMW X5 is an all-wheel-drive, luxury SUV for those who enjoy driving. It offers some of the best handling responses of any vehicle in its class, yet it doesn't skimp on luxury features. The X5 offers similar utility to the competition, too, but blows most of them out of the water when it comes to driving dynamics.
For 2007 the BMW X5 has been redesigned, but you'll have to look hard to notice it. No one complained about the previous X5 styling, so rather than a radical makeover, the 2007 X5 was expanded to make more room inside. The body panels were massaged in such a way, though, that the new X5 doesn't look any larger.
BMW's SUVs have always placed more emphasis on sport rather than utility, and the redesigned 2007 X5 continues in that tradition. The X5 is one of the few SUVs that wears a 'tuned at the Nurburgring' label.
Braking & Traction |
4-Wheel ABS | Std |
4-Wheel Disc Brakes | Std |
Traction/Stability Control | Std |
Active Suspension System | Opt |
Tire Pressure Monitoring System | Std |
Passenger Restraint |
Driver Air Bag | Std |
Passenger Air Bag | Std |
Side Air Bag | Std |
Side Head Air Bag | Std |
Rear Head side Air Bag | Std |
Road Visibility |
HID Headlights | Std |
Daytime Running Lights | Std |
Fog Lamps | Std |
Electrochromic Rearview Mirror | Opt |
Intermittent Wipers | Std |
Variable Inter. Wipers | Std |
Rain Sensing Wipers | Std |
Accident Prevention |
Rear Parking Aid | Opt |
Back-Up Camera | Opt |
Handsfree Wireless | Opt |
Security |
Alarm | Std |
Anti-theft System | Opt |
Telematics | Opt |
Original Warranty |
Basic | 4 Years/50,000 Miles | |
Drivetrain | 4 Years/50,000 Miles | |
Corrosion | 12 Years/Unlimited Miles | |
Roadside Assistance | 4 Years/Unlimited Miles |
BMW Certified Pre-Owned Warranty |
Every Certified Pre-Owned BMW comes with a protection plan designed to give you the ultimate peace-of-mind. All Certified Pre-Owned BMW vehicles are exceptional, as are our two tiers of certification: BMW Certified Pre-Owned Covers you for 2 years/50,000 miles1 after the expiration of the 4-year/50,000-mile New Vehicle/SAV Limited Warranty for a total of 6 years/100,000 miles1. This includes 24/7 Roadside Assistance and BMW AssistTM Emergency Call, which includes automatic collision notification, and TeleService. BMW Certified Pre-Owned Elite These are newer model year, lower mileage (more than 300 miles but less than 15,001 miles) vehicles. This warranty covers you for 1 year/25,000 miles1 after the expiration of the 4-year/50,000-mile New Vehicle/SAV Limited Warranty or for a total of 5 years/75,000 miles1. This includes 5 years of 24/7 Roadside Assistance and BMW AssistTM Emergency Call, which includes automatic collision notification, and TeleService. Vehicles must pass a rigorous pre-certification inspection conducted by BMW certified technicians. For complete program details, visit cpo.bmwusa.com. 1whichever comes first |
Age/Mileage Eligibility | 5 years / 60,000 miles |
Lease Term Certified | Yes |
Point Inspection | View & Download the BMW Certified Pre-Owned Inspection Checklist |
Return/Exchange Program | No |
Roadside Assistance | Yes |
Special Financing | Yes |
Transferrable Warranty | Yes |
Warranty Deductible | $50 |
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