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Nitazoxanide inhibits the replication of Japanese encephalitis virus in cultured cells and in a mouse model
- Zixue Shi†1,
- Jianchao Wei†1,
- Xufang Deng1,
- Shuqing Li2,
- Yafeng Qiu1,
- Donghua Shao1,
- Beibei Li1,
- Keyu Zhang1,
- Feiqun Xue1,
- Xiaodu Wang3 and
- Zhiyong Ma1Email author
© Shi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
Received: 10 July 2013
Accepted: 15 January 2014
Published: 23 January 2014
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has a significant impact on public health. An estimated three billion people in 'at-risk' regions remain unvaccinated and the number of unvaccinated individuals in certain Asian countries is increasing. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic agents against Japanese encephalitis. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a thiazolide anti-infective licensed for the treatment of parasitic gastroenteritis. Recently, NTZ has been demonstrated to have antiviral properties. In this study, the anti-JEV activity of NTZ was evaluated in cultured cells and in a mouse model.
JEV-infected cells were treated with NTZ at different concentrations. The replication of JEV in the mock- and NTZ-treated cells was examined by virus titration. NTZ was administered at different time points of JEV infection to determine the stage at which NTZ affected JEV replication. Mice were infected with a lethal dose of JEV and intragastrically administered with NTZ from 1 day post-infection. The protective effect of NTZ on the JEV-infected mice was evaluated.
NTZ significantly inhibited the replication of JEV in cultured cells in a dose dependent manner with 50% effective concentration value of 0.12 ± 0.04 μg/ml, a non-toxic concentration in cultured cells (50% cytotoxic concentration = 18.59 ± 0.31 μg/ml). The chemotherapeutic index calculated was 154.92. The viral yields of the NTZ-treated cells were significantly reduced at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h post-infection compared with the mock-treated cells. NTZ was found to exert its anti-JEV effect at the early-mid stage of viral infection. The anti-JEV effect of NTZ was also demonstrated in vivo, where 90% of mice that were treated by daily intragastric administration of 100 mg/kg/day of NTZ were protected from a lethal challenge dose of JEV.
Both in vitro and in vivo data indicated that NTZ has anti-JEV activity, suggesting the potential application of NTZ in the treatment of Japanese encephalitis.
Japanese encephalitis virus Nitazoxanide (NTZ) AntiviralBackground
The mechanism of activity of NTZ against non-viral anaerobic microorganisms is attributed to its interference with pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) enzyme-dependent electron transfer reactions, which are essential for anaerobic energy metabolism [13]. By contrast, the mechanisms that underlie the antiviral activity of NTZ are not well understood. NTZ has been described to induce PKR (double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase) phosphorylation, which leads to the elevation of phosphorylated eIF2α eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha, an antiviral intracellular protein, in HCV-infected cells [14]. While in influenza virus-infected cells, NTZ prevents the maturation of viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein possibly by blocking HA trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex [9].
Japanese encephalitis (JE), previously known as Japanese B encephalitis, is caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), an enveloped arbovirus of the Flavivirus genus in the family Flaviviridae. JE is most prevalent in Southeast Asia and the Far East, and domestic pigs and wild birds are the natural reservoirs of JEV. Transmission of JEV to humans, which occurs mainly via the bite of infected mosquitoes, may cause severe symptoms typically including fever, headache and other incapacitating manifestations [15]. Although two types of JEV vaccines have long been used, JE still causes 10,000-15,000 encephalitic deaths throughout the world annually [16]. As an arthropod-borne infectious disease, JE has recently spread its geographic footprint into previously non-endemic areas [17]. An estimated three billion people in 'at-risk' regions remain unvaccinated and the number of unvaccinated individuals in certain Asian countries is increasing because of population growth, intensified rice farming, pig rearing, climate change and the lack of vaccination programs and surveillance [17]. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic agents against JE. Although attempts to develop new antiviral drug are ongoing [18], no effective antiviral drug against JE is available at present.
JEV and HCV belong to the family Flaviviridae, and NTZ inhibits the replication of HCV both in cell culture [14] and in patients [12]. The emergence of NTZ with broad-spectrum antiviral properties prompted us to evaluate its antiviral activity against JEV. We found that NTZ inhibited the replication of JEV in cultured cells and reduced mortality in mice challenged with a lethal dose of JEV.
NTZ inhibits the JEV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE)
NTZ inhibits the replication of JEV in BHK-21 cells
To further characterize the antiviral property of NTZ, the JEV-infected BHK-21 cells were treated with NTZ at a concentration of 3 μg/ml and incubated for the indicated times (Figure 3B). The NTZ concentration of 3 μg/ml was chosen because at this concentration NTZ cytotoxicity had no significance and approximately 100% of virus titer reduction was observed (Figure 2A and Figure 3A). The JEV-infected cells that were parallelly treated with DMSO were used as a control. The titers of virus in the cells and in the supernatants were measured by a plaque assay, respectively. In the DMSO-treated cells, the infectious progeny viruses, both in the cells and the supernatants, were detectable from 12 h post-infection, while they were not detectable until 24 h post-infection in the NTZ-treated cells. The viral yields from the NTZ-treated cells were significantly reduced at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h post-infection compared with the DMSO-treated cells (Figure 3B). A decline in viral titer was observed 60 h post-infection in the DMSO-treated cells. This decrease was probably due to serious necrocytosis/apoptosis of the cells induced by rapid viral replication, which contributes to the decline in virus infectivity in addition to temperature that influences the infectivity and stability of extracellular viruses. The number of intracellular RNA copies of the viral C gene in the NTZ-treated and DMSO-treated cells was determined by a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). As shown in Figure 3C, treatment of JEV-infected cells with 3 μg/ml NTZ significantly reduced the number of copies of viral RNA compared with the DMSO-treated cells.
NTZ inhibits JEV replication at the early-mid stage of viral infection
NTZ reduces the mortality of mice challenged with a lethal dose of JEV
NTZ is an anti-infective licensed in the United States for the treatment of parasitic gastroenteritis [1–3]. This drug has been demonstrated to be safe and effective even when administered over a year [8]. NTZ has been considered to be a new class of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs [11]. Given the fact that there is an urgent need for an effective drug against JEV and that there is currently no effective antiviral agent available for the treatment of JE, we tested the antiviral effect of NTZ on JEV infection in cell and mouse models. We found that NTZ was able to inhibit the replication of JEV in BHK-21 cells in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 2 and Figure 3). NTZ also reduced the mortality of mice challenged with a lethal dose of JEV (Figure 6).
We observed that NTZ significantly inhibited the replication of JEV in BHK-21 cells in a dose dependent manner with EC50 value of 0.12 ± 0.04 μg/ml (Figure 3A), whereas the EC50 for influenza A virus (PR8 strain) is 1.0 μg/ml [9]. As a new class of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, NTZ has been speculated to target host functions that are essential for viral replication [9, 14]. In the case of HCV infection, NTZ increases eIF2α phosphorylation, a modification known to mediate host antiviral defenses [14]. However, in the case of influenza virus infection, NTZ prevents the maturation of viral HA possibly by blocking HA trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex [9]. In our study, we found that NTZ exerted its antiviral activity in vitro at the early-mid stage of viral infection (Figure 5), indicating that NTZ does not affect JEV infectivity, adsorption or entry into target cells. However, the exact mechanism of how NTZ inhibited JEV replication needs to be further explored.
Although there are currently no effective drugs available for the treatment of JE, attempts to develop new antiviral drugs are ongoing. For example, peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMOs) have recently been reported which are antisense agents targeting the 3′ cyclization sequence of JEV, they have been shown to significantly inhibit the replication of JEV in cells and in a mouse model [19]. In comparison with previously proposed therapeutic agents, such as PPMOs, siRNA [20, 21], arctigenin [22] and isatis indigotica extracts [23], NTZ is a licensed, safe drug and is therefore a promising candidate for use as an anti-JEV therapeutic agent. Further studies into the mechanism of action and the efficacy of NTZ are currently underway in our laboratory.
The anti-JEV activity of NTZ was evaluated in cultured cells and in a mouse model. NTZ significantly inhibited the replication of JEV in BHK-21 cells in a dose dependent manner with EC50 value of 0.12 ± 0.04 μg/ml. NTZ was found to exert its anti-JEV effect in vitro at the early-mid stage of viral infection. The anti-JEV effect of NTZ was also demonstrated in vivo, where 90% of mice that were treated with NTZ were protected from a lethal challenge dose of JEV. Both our in vitro and in vivo data indicated that NTZ has anti-JEV activity, suggesting the potential application of NTZ in the treatment of JE.
Materials and methods
Virus, cells and NTZ administration
JEV strain (SH-JEV01) [24] was grown in 3-day-old BALB/c mice and titrated by a plaque assay using BHK-21 cells as described below. BHK-21 (C-13, ATCC number CCL-10) cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37°C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2.
NTZ (purity ≥ 98%) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and was dissolved in culture-grade DMSO (Sigma) at a concentration of 50 μg/μl. NTZ solution was added immediately after a 1 h adsorption period and was kept in the culture medium for the duration of the experiment, unless specified otherwise. Controls received equal amounts of DMSO (final concentration ≤ 0.06%), which did not affect cell viability or virus replication.
Cytotoxicity test
BHK-21 cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at a density of 5 × 103 cells per well. Following 24 h of incubation, the cells were treated with NTZ at various concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 32 μg/ml at 37°C for 48 h. Cells treated with DMSO alone were used as a control. The cellular toxicity of NTZ was assessed using MTT assay (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Cell viability was calculated as a percentage of the total number of viable DMSO-treated control cells. The CC50, which is defined as the concentration that inhibits the proliferation of exponentially growing cells by 50%, was calculated as described [25].
Viral infection and titration
BHK-21 cells were seeded at 1 × 106 cells per well on six-well plates. Cultures were inoculated with JEV at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001 when the cells reached approximately 80–90% confluence. The inoculum was removed following a 1 h incubation period, and cells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Cultures were further incubated in DMEM with 2% FBS for the indicated times. Following incubation, the cells and the culture supernatants were collected and stored at -70 °C until further use.
The plaque assay for JEV infectivity was performed as described [26]. Briefly, BHK-21 cells were seeded in six-well plates and incubated overnight. The medium was replaced with PBS containing serially diluted JEV. The cells were incubated at 37°C for 4 h. After the adsorption period, the inoculum was replaced with DMEM containing 2% FBS and 1% low-melting-point agarose and incubated for 5 days. On 5 days post-inoculation, the cells were fixed with 1% formaldehyde overnight to penetrate the agarose. The cells were stained with 0.05% neutral red for 1 h at room temperature after removing the overlaid agarose. The plaques were then counted, and infectivity was expressed as plaque forming units (PFU)/ml.
Total RNA was isolated from cells using the QIAamp viral RNA minikit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), according to the manufacturer's protocol. One microgram of total RNAs isolated from JEV-infected cells was used for synthesis of cDNA using AMV reverse transcriptase (TaKaRa, Otsu, Japan). The qRT-PCR for analysis of JEV replication was performed using Premix Ex Taq™ (TaKaRa), according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, reactions were prepared in 20 μl containing 1 μl of cDNA, 10 μl of SYBR Premix Ex Taq™ (2×), and 0.2 μM of specific primers. The amplification parameters were: 2 min at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 15 sec at 95°C, and 60 sec at 60°C. The sequences of the primers used to amplify 181 bp of the gene encoding core protein C (C) of JEV were: 5′-AAAAACCAGGAGGGCCCGG-3′(nucleotide position 103–121) and 5′-TTGGTCGGGGCTAATGCTGTAAA-3′(nucleotide position 283–261). These primers were designed according to the sequence of JEV strain SA14 (GenBank accession No. U14163). Quantification was achieved by relating the cycle threshold (Ct) value of virus to the Ct value on a standard curve of a measured number of copies of the JEV C gene cloned into pMD18-T vector which the resulting plasmid was named pM-C. The quantitative standard curve for the determination of JEV RNAs copy number was created by quantitative real-time PCR of standard plasmid pM-C preparations at serial dilutions of 106, 105, 104, 103, 102 and 101 copies/μl. The number of JEV RNAs copies was calculated by Eppendorf Mastercycler ep realplex 2.2 software automaticlly.
Analysis of the antiviral effect of NTZ in BHK-21 cells
BHK-21 cells in six-well plates were infected with JEV at a MOI of 0.001. After a 1 h adsorption period, the cells were treated with NTZ at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 μg/ml and incubated at 37°C for 48 h or the indicated times. The virus yield was determined by a plaque assay and qRT-PCR. The reduction in the virus titer was calculated as follows:% virus titer reduction = [1-(PFUJEV+NTZ/PFUJEV+DMSO)] × 100. The EC50 that is defined as the concentration offering 50% inhibition of viral yield in cells was calculated as described [25].
Western blot, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry analysis
The expression of viral NS3 in JEV-infected cells was examined by western blot and immunofluorescence analysis as described [24, 27]. The fluorescence intensity of cells was quantified using the software ImageJ that is a Java-based image processing program developed at the National Institutes of Health (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/index.html). The immunohistochemistry for analysis of viral NS3 in brain of JEV-infected mice was performed as described [24].
Analysis of the antiviral effect of NTZ in a mouse model
Three-week old female Chinese Kunming mice (12–14 g body weight) were purchased from Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China) and were randomly divided into six groups (10 mice/group). Group JEV + NTZ was infected with JEV and received NTZ treatment (50, 75 or 100 mg/kg/day). Group JEV + DMSO was infected with JEV and received a placebo (DMSO) treatment. Group Mock + NTZ was mock-infected with JEV and received NTZ treatment. Group Mock + DMSO was mock-infected with JEV and received a placebo (DMSO) treatment. For infection, mice were infected intraperitoneally with 6×104 PFU of JEV (containing 50 × LD50 of JEV). For NTZ treatment, NTZ was dissolved in DMSO and administered intragastrically by gavage, in which a feeding needle was introduced into the esophagus and NTZ was delivered directly into the stomach. NTZ was tested at a total dose of 50, 75 or 100 mg/kg/day, and was consecutively administered from 1 day post-infection, daily, for up to 25 days. The mice were monitored daily for morbidity and mortality. The mice that showed neurological signs were euthanized according to the Guidelines on the Humane Treatment of Laboratory Animals (Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Policy No. 2006 398). The animal experiments were in compliance with the Guidelines on the Humane Treatment of Laboratory Animals (Policy No. 2006 398) and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science.
Statistical analysis
All experiments were carried out in triplicate. The measured values are expressed as the means with standard deviations (SD). Significance was analyzed using the Student's t-test or the Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test. Value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.
50% effective concentration
50% cytotoxic concentration
Chemotherapeutic index
3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
Multiplicity of infection
Plaque forming units.
We thank the Key Open Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, for the provision of laboratory equipment. This research was sponsored by the Project of International Science and Technology Cooperation (No.2010DFB33920), the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No.Y3110124) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81371814).
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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South Africa Renewable Energy Policy Handbook 2016
South Africa Renewable Energy Policy Handbook 2016
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Mary Ann Lazarus, FAIA
Mary Ann Lazarus, FAIA
Mary Ann Lazarus, FAIA, is a founder of the sustainable design initiative at HOK, a global design firm whose pioneering green leadership has helped propel sustainability from a fringe activity to a significant mainstream movement shaping the future of architecture. She is currently on leave from HOK to serve as the Resident Fellow for AIA National on Sustainability and Design for Health. She is also on the Advisory Board of the Resilient Design Institute.
Lazarus's career has focused on accelerating the profession's ability to create significant green buildings and communities in every building type and region. Her devotion to sustainability has extended outside her firm through her role as an author, lecturer, community advocate and volunteer at the local and national level. Lazarus served as Program Commitee Chair for Greenbuild for 5 years. During that time, she also helped lead the USGBC response to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita that resulted in the publication of The New Orleans Principles.
In 2008, Lazarus led the formation of HOK's alliance with the Biomimicry Guild to integrate nature's innovations in the planning and design of buildings, sites, and cities worldwide. This partnership is beginning to define a new sustainable standard for the architectural profession. Most recently, Lazarus directed a yearlong research effort and rigorous design exercise to establish a new prototype for affordable zero carbon emissions office buildings.
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You will need the following:
* Google Earth (http://earth.google.com)
* MicroDem (http://www.usna.edu/Users/oceano/pgu...e/microdem.htm)
* SRTM Overlay for GoogleEarth (Run from URL once you've installed Google Earth - http://www.ambiotek.com/topoview).
* An image editing package capable of saving as (preferably) .TIFF and capable of resizing an image with minimum damage.
* DispGen (http://www.chaosincarnate.net/cannon...rogram=dispgen)
Google Earth Section
1. Load up google earth and find the area you want to sample heightmap data from.
2. Double click your icon for the SRTM Overlay, where-ever you saved it. (Should be called srtm41.kmz)
3. Make sure you have "elevation" checked in the google earth "Places" drop down.
4. The world should have been split into boxes with little green mountains in the middle. Find the box that goes around around the area you want and click it's green mountain icon.
5. In the popup that appears scroll down and download the ARCASCII file from the mirror closest to you.
6. Close Google earth.
MicroDEM Section
1. Unzip the files you just downloaded to somewhere you can remember.
2. Load up MicroDem
3. File > Open > Open DEM > ASCII Arc Grid (.asc), then in the window that opens navigate to the place you unzipped the data and load the .asc file.
4. The image has a load of junk on it we don't need.
Right click the image, select "Legends / Marginalia", and untick the boxes next to Elevations, Scale bar, Terrain Categories and Database legends. Click OK.
5. Now we need to select the area we want. On the toolbar at the top of the data window (not the main toolbar, the one at top of the currently open heightmap window.) select the Crop tool (small dotted rectangle with an arrow in the bottom right corner) and drag it over the area you want. If you make a mistake with this step use the button to the right of the crop tool to undo it.
6. Now to turn it into a usable heightmap. Right click your open map and choose "Display Parameter" and from the popup choose "Elevation".
Select "Gray scale" from the list of options.
7.The other option you might want to mess around with is "Z Range", which controls the minimum and maximum height of the heightmap, although it's probably best to leave it at default and not touch it unless you know what you're doing.
8. Click OK and let the map redraw.
9. Final step in MicroDem. We have to resize the map to 1:1 pixel mapping. This is a simple step, just click the icon between the zoom in and zoom out buttons. (It's a magnifying glass with a 1 in it.)
If your map gets a grid over it, right-click it and choose "Grids/Graticule" and set the "Grid" option to "Neither"
10. We need to export to .TIFF. Click File > Save Map as Image > "GeoTiff Screen scale (color)". Save it wherever you want.
Photoshop Section (try to follow along in your own software if you don't have photoshop)
1. Load up the .tiff file. File > open.
2. We need to resize the image to a power of two (Not sure if this is required, but it will be neater and will likely cause less problems.)
Go to Image>Image Size>, select pixels from the drop down and type in a power of two combination (1024, 1024. 512, 1024 etc.)
3. Once you've done that (and hopefully not lost too much image quality) save it back out as a .Tiff. It isn't that important if it isn't a .tiff, Dispgen just prefers it.
DispGen Section
This section requires a lot of trial and error!
1. Load up DispGen.
2. Set the size and height of your land, preferably in powers of two again, in the X Size, Y Size and Height boxes. Does NOT have to be the same size as the heightmap image.
3. Set the X Triangles and Y Triangles boxes to about 128, that's always done me fine. If you can squeeze a bit more detail in, set them to 256.
4. Leave "Adjust Terrain to minimize vertical stretching" turned off for now. If you have stretching problems (and aren't using $seamless_scale textures) then try turning it on.
5. Load the heightmap file, leave smoothing off for now, see what it's like without and adjust it 'till it looks okay.
6. If you know the texture you'll be using on the land then enter it here, if not just leave it for now.
7. A neat feature that saves a lot of time is the "Blend By Slope" option.
I usually set "img_thumbn Angle" to 35 and "Transition Degrees" to 45. If this doesn't work well for you try raising/lowering it by 10 each time.
8. Choose where to output the VMF file and tick Create VIS Nodraws!
9. Press generate.
Hammer Editor Section
1. Load it up the generated vmf in hammer and see what it's like. If it's wrong adjust smoothing, sizes and such in DispGen and try again and again 'till you're happy with it.


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The emgm package
EMGM is a general-purpose library for generic programming with type classes.
The design is based on the idea of modeling algebraic datatypes as sum-of-product structures. Many datatypes can be modeled this way, and, because they all share a common structure, we can write generic functions that work on this structure.
The library provides three main components:
Common - A common foundation for building generic functions and adding support for datatypes. This includes the collection of datatypes (e.g. sum, product, unit) and type classes (e.g. Generic, Rep), that are used throughout the library. This is what you need to define your own generic functions, to add generic support for your datatype, or to define ad-hoc cases.
Functions - A collection of useful generic functions. These work with a variety of datatypes and provide a wide range of operations. For example, there is crush, a generalization of the fold functions. It is one of the most useful functions, because it allows you to flexibly extract the elements of a polymorphic container.
Data - Support for using standard datatypes generically. Types such as [a], tuples, and Maybe are built into Haskell or come included in the standard libraries. EMGM provides full support for generic functions on these datatypes. The modules in this component are also useful as guides when adding generic support for your own datatypes.
EMGM originated in the research of Ralf Hinze, Bruno Oliveira, and Andres Löh [1,2]. The library was further explored in a comparison of generic programming libraries by Alexey Rodriguez, et al [3]. Lastly, this released package was developed simultaneously with the writing of lecture notes for the 2008 Advanced Functional Programming Summer School [4] (forthcoming). These are good resources for learning how the library works and how to use it, but be aware that names may have been changed to protect the innocent.
Ralf Hinze. Generics for the Masses. In ICFP 2004: Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGPLAN international conference on Functional programming, pages 236-243. ACM Press, 2004. (http://www.informatik.uni-bonn.de/~ralf/publications.html#P21)
Bruno C. d. S. Oliveira, Ralf Hinze, and Andres Löh. Extensible and Modular Generics for the Masses. In Henrik Nilsson, editor, Trends in Functional Programming, pages 199-216, 2006. (http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/publications/publication444-abstract.html)
Alexey Rodriguez, Johan Jeuring, Patrik Jansson, Alex Gerdes, Oleg Kiselyov, and Bruno C. d. S. Oliveira. Comparing Libraries for Generic Programming in Haskell. Technical Report UU-CS-2008-010. Department of Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University. (http://www.cs.uu.nl/wiki/bin/view/Alexey/ComparingLibrariesForGenericProgrammingInHaskell)
Johan Jeuring, Sean Leather, José Pedro Magalhães, and Alexey Rodriguez Yakushev. Libraries for Generic Programming in Haskell. Technical Report UU-CS-2008-025. Department of Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University. (http://www.cs.uu.nl/research/techreps/UU-CS-2008-025.html)
[Skip to Readme]
Versions | 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.3.1, 0.4 |
Dependencies | base (>=3.0), HUnit (>=1.2), QuickCheck (>=2.0) [details] |
License | BSD3 |
Copyright | (c) 2008 Universiteit Utrecht |
Author | Sean Leather, José Pedro Magalhães, Alexey Rodriguez, Andres Löh |
Maintainer | firstname.lastname@example.com |
Stability | experimental |
Category | Generics |
Home page | http://www.cs.uu.nl/wiki/GenericProgramming/EMGM |
Uploaded | Fri Sep 19 15:33:03 UTC 2008 by SeanLeather |
Distributions | NixOS:0.4 |
Downloads | 1203 total (8 in the last 30 days) |
Votes | |
Status | Docs uploaded by user Build status unknown [no reports yet] |
Name | Description | Default | Type |
test | Enable the test configuration: Build the test executable, reduce build time. | Disabled | Automatic |
hpc | Enable program coverage on test executable. | Disabled | Automatic |
nolib | Don't build the library. This is useful for speeding up the modify-build-test loop. With "-ftest" (only), the build command will build both the library and the test executable. With "-ftest -fnolib", the build command builds only the test executable. | Disabled | Automatic |
Use -f <flag> to enable a flag, or -f -<flag> to disable that flag. More info
- emgm-0.1.tar.gz [browse] (Cabal source package)
- Package description (included in the package)


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New York City - Staten Island, New York
January 29, 2010 • Haven't had the opportunity to hit this club in a few months, so when I had a day off, I stopped by.
Usual weekday slow music, several mid range dancers.
Then she appeared!! Brazilian Maria!!! Huge VIPs read on...
Have you been to Curves? Write a review and get a free 4 week VIP membership to tuscl.net


text:
David Parsons
View in iTunesTo preview a song, mouse over the title and click Play. Open iTunes to buy and download music.
Since 1975, this New Zealand artist has made numerous trips to India to absorb the culture, study the music, and record performances by indigenous artists. In addition to producing two albums of traditional Tibetan ritual music by the monks of The Dip Tse Chok Ling Monastery (for the Fortuna Records Sacred Ceremonies series), Parsons has translated the essence of his oriental journeys through the lush yet profound soundscapes he has created for a number of highly regarded solo albums. Originally a jazz-rock drummer, he became interested in the music of India when he heard a performance by sitar master Ravi Shankar over two decades ago. Parsons bought a sitar and explored the instrument on his own for several years before studying with Krishna Chakravarty, one of Shankar's most accomplished disciples. After several trips to the East, Parsons composed almost exclusively for Indian instruments until 1979 when he purchased his first synthesizer. He now owns one of the largest electronic recording studios in New Zealand, where he composes for radio, TV, and film. His devotion to both Western technology and Eastern music has made for a potent, highly imaginative style of composition. ~ Linda Kohanov


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Gretchen Block Instructions
Wednesday, January 14, 2009
These instructions make a 12 inch (finished, 12 1/2" including seams) Gretchen block. The Gretchen block is traditionally made up of only 2 colours. The following uses a series of light and darks with red and white prints for the pinwheel of each block.
- 4 x 4 7/8" squares light/medium
- 4 x 4 7/8" squares medium/dark
- 4 x 2 7/8" squares white
- 4 x 2 7/8" squares red
Pair light and and dark fabrics and sew into half square triangles. Separate finished squares into two matching sets.
Cut red and white squares diagonally. Pair white triangles with dark prints on one set of sewn squares. Sew triangles to dark fabric as shown. Pair red triangles with light prints on remaining set of sewn squares and sew. Press small triangles outwards. (if you are feeling thrifty, keep the offcut triangles for making something like this)
Step 3
Place ruler over pieces from step 2, lining ruler edge with edge of red or white triangles and cut as shown. Sew units with red triangles to units with white triangles.
Step 4
Combine pairs of subblocks. Ensure that the top red triangle is to the left of centre and white to the right, as shown. Sew and press 2 pairs.
Step 5
Combine pairs to create finished block.


text:
BEIJING — China needs to be more candid about the nature and causes of recent incidents of deadly ethnic violence in the northwestern region of Xinjiang, the European Union's ambassador to Beijing said Monday.
The EU appreciates China's efforts to develop the region but "we do believe it is necessary to address the underlying causes of ethnic tensions in order to achieve lasting stability and prosperity," Markus Ederer told reporters at a briefing.
"We are concerned by the lack of transparency when it comes to the reporting about what happened. We believe that transparency would help to make clear the amount and the source of this violence," Ederer said.
Bordering Central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan, Xinjiang (shihn-jeeahng) has long been home to a simmering rebellion against Chinese rule among parts of the Uighur (WEE'-gur) population opposed to large-scale migration by China's Han majority and angered by strict communist restrictions on their Muslim religion and Turkic language and cultural institutions.
Violence appears to be rising, however, and recent incidents appear to point to the growing influence of radical Islam, in spite of a massive security presence spread across the vast region.
Chinese paramilitary troops have been ordered to conduct round-the-clock patrols following a series of bloody clashes that have killed at least 56 people over the last several months. The order issued Saturday comes days ahead of the July 5 anniversary of a 2009 riot in the regional capital Urumqi that left almost 200 people dead, most of them Han civilians.
Areas where clashes have occurred have been sealed off and information about them has been tightly controlled. Beijing has mainly blamed the attacks on violent Muslim extremists inspired by jihadist literature smuggled over the border or downloaded from the Internet.
Beijing says it treats the country's minority groups fairly and that it has poured billions of dollars into raising living standards in Xinjiang.
Four years after the 2009 riot, security remains heavy across the region that is more than twice the size of Texas. Resentment over oppressive policies among Uighurs is a main cause of the recent violence, said Germany-based Uighur activist Dilxat Raxit.
"People are still living in the shadow of the July 5 violence. It's painful for families whose sons and fathers have been rounded up with no concern for their human rights," Raxit said, referring to frequent reports of Uighur men detained in security sweeps.
In the bloodiest recent incident, 35 people were killed last week when a group of assailants attacked a police station and government offices in the eastern Xinjiang town of Lukqun.
Following that, the United States State Department urged Chinese authorities to conduct a transparent investigation, and expressed concerns that Uighurs were suffering from discrimination and restrictive policies.
Such statements are met by Beijing with accusations that the West maintains a double standard when it comes to dealing with terrorism.
"The biased prism through which some U.S. politicians view such horrible acts, means that if it happens in the United States or harms U.S. citizens it is a terrorist attack, but when it happens in other countries it is viewed as something else," the official English-language newspaper China Daily said in a Monday editorial.
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Comments will be reviewed before being published.


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Style Name: ASYA.
The fabric in this style is Lycra Crepe
In Stock Items:
- Black: 8 , 10 , 12
Items available in store
*A style on our web site listed as in-stock can usually be shipped today or next day for immediate delivery or quick delivery. An item listed as "Ships Today" can be sent the same business day as long as the order is placed before the cutoff time.


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Release Date: 07/26/13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Final Update: Transfer of Command Back to Local Unit Will Occur at 8 PM Today (07-26-13) |
Meeker, Colo. – Both the Citadel (Moffat County) and East Tschuddi (Rio Blanco County) fires have reached 90% containment and personnel reductions continue. Firefighters will monitor any remaining fire activity as fuels may continue to smolder within the fire perimeter. Due to continued favorable weather conditions, the fires have not grown and are not predicted to grow. One helicopter remains to support the fires while the other aerial resources have been moved to pre-positioned locations for regional support. The Citadel and East Tschuddi fires will be turned over to a Type 4 organization within the Northwest Colorado Fire Management Unit today at 8:00 p.m. Citadel Fire Statistics at a Glance: · Time/Date Started: July 21, 2013, 12:00 p.m. · Location: 40 miles NW of Meeker, Colorado · Cause: Lightning · Fuels: Piñon –Juniper, Sage Brush · Size: 2,009 acres (1,925 acres BLM, 84 acres State lands) · Containment: 90% East Tschuddi Fire Statistics at a Glance: · Time/Date Started: July 20, 2013, 3:30 p.m. · Location: 20 miles NW of Meeker, Colorado · Cause: Lightning · Fuels: Piñon –Juniper, Sage Brush, Oak Brush, Douglas Fir · Size: 647 acres (603 acres BLM, 44 acres private lands · Containment: 90% Note: This will be the last fire update from Rocky Mountain Incident Management Team B. Information will continue to be provided by the Northwest Colorado Fire Management Unit. As of 8:00 p.m. today, the public information contact will be: Susan Valente Public Information Officer, Northwest Colorado Fire Management Unit Fire Information: 970-329-1038 (8:00 a.m. – 8:00 p.m.) Incident email: email@example.com Citadel: http://inciweb.org/incident/ East Tschuddi: http://inciweb.org/incident/ Twitter: @NWCOFireUnit
The BLM manages more than 245 million acres of public land, the most of any Federal agency. This land, known as the National System of Public Lands, is primarily located in 12 Western states, including Alaska. The BLM also administers 700 million acres of sub-surface mineral estate throughout the nation. The BLM's mission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of Americas public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. In Fiscal Year 2015, the BLM generated $4.1 billion in receipts from activities occurring on public lands. |
--BLM-- 220 East Market Meeker, CO 81641 |
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text:
Song Video
De Camptown ladies sing this song,
Doo-da, Doo-da
De Camptown racetrack's five miles long
Oh, de doo-da day.
I went down South with my hat caved in,
Doo-da, doo-da
I came back North with a pocket full of tin
Oh, de doo-da day.
Gwin to run all night
Gwin to run all day
I bet my money on a bob-tailed nag
Somebody bet on the bay.
De long tail filly and de big black hoss,
Doo dah! doo dah!
Dey fly de track and de both cut across
Oh, de doo-da day.
De blind hoss sticken in a big mud hole,
Doo dah! doo dah!
Can't touch bottom with a ten foot pole
Oh, de doo-da day.
Old mulley cow come onto de track,
Doo dah! doo dah!
De bobtail fling her ober his back,
Oh, de doo-da day.
Den fly along like a railroad car,
Doo dah! doo dah!
Runnin' a race wid a shootin' star
Oh, de doo-da day.
See dem flyin' on a ten mile heat,
Doo dah! doo dah!
Round de race track den repeat,
Oh, de doo-da day.
I win my money on de bobtail nag,
Doo dah! doo dah!
I keep my money in an old towbag,
Oh, de doo-da day.
This is a different version of the song
The Camptown ladies sing this song;
Doo-dah, doo-dah!
The Camptown race track's five miles long.
Oh a doo dah day!
I come down there with my hat caved in;
Doo-dah, doo-dah!
I go back home with a pocket full of tin.
Oh a doo dah day!
Goin' to run all night!
Goin' to run all day!
I'll bet my money on the bob-tail nag;
Somebody bet on the bay!
This song was originally posted at:
Information About Camptown Ladies
The song is also known as "Camptown Races" and was composed by Steven Foster in 1850.
Click here to see the "Man in Black" Johnny Cash himself sing Camptown Races.
There is a distinctive dance for the song was popularized by the film "Blazing Saddles" is exaggerated gallop and a slapping of the knee. The dancers can also travel in circles as if they are horses going around a track.
"Camptown Ladies" is sometimes a controversial song because of is origin as a song in American Minstrel Shows in the Antebellum South, comprised of white actors playing black people by applying black makeup.
Other songs of the same period include "Dixie" which is still popular in the south and "Old Kentucky Home" which is actually the state song of Kentucky.
The song is to all appearances about a horse race, but it is also an tale of a very long shot coming out on top: a broke down horse that wasn't supposed to win coming in first place and a very poor man walking away rich.
Most modern versions of the song sanitize the lyrics by making them proper English instead of the exaggerated dialect that they were originally written in, but these versions usually suffer from he lyrical pacing not harmonizing with the melody.
Listen to this song's music
28 Comments
Alpha Skua, USA
2 March 2016 at 6:19am
I like the sound of banjos
Dilshey, Sri Lanka
30 November 2015 at 1:39am
Heard It In Baby Boost Nursery Rhymes
clodagh brenan, United Kingdom
2 August 2015 at 11:56am
very good
Claiborne, Massachusetts
20 November 2014 at 3:42pm
Learned the un-sanitized version c. 1944; thanks for exploring those metaphors.
Chloe, Canada
15 October 2014 at 9:12pm
I know this one! Kids' songs are best on BusSongs! This can be heard in Futurama.
Daniel, Canada
18 June 2014 at 6:13am
I heard this in Futurama
Nell, United States
26 December 2012 at 7:43pm
I heard this song on Hannah Montana hehee :3
Ron, United States
15 October 2012 at 10:28pm
Doodaaarrrr Dooodaaarrrr! Blazing Saddles. Hilarious!
Jeffrey, United States
13 August 2012 at 2:24am
Blazing Saddles features this song in a hilarious racist parody. That movie is great.
Kila, Malaysia
10 March 2012 at 3:29am
The Camptown Ladies, United States
22 February 2012 at 3:07pm
I do declare that us camptown ladies, did in fact not sing this song. Do Dah Do Dah. and the Camptown racetrack is not five miles long, it's 5.2 get your facts straight. And who the hell is Gwen?
Mel, United States
13 December 2011 at 12:37am
First time I heard this song was on the movie Blazing Saddles. Love it!
Sepehr Sabet, Iran, Islamic Republic Of
11 December 2011 at 12:00pm
very nice
Salem, Bahamas
10 December 2011 at 3:01pm
i luv this song :)
Charles, Canada
5 December 2011 at 3:37am
I had to look up these lyrics as I was repeating the refrain as Foghorn Leghorn does and couldn't remember how the rest of the song went. Actually first time I've seen all the lyrics, but I had heard the song in the past.
Mahshid, Iran, Islamic Republic Of
3 October 2011 at 6:36pm
very good
Ashley, United States
1 October 2011 at 5:30pm
one of the most hilarious songs! SOOOOO funny!
Chris, Korea, Republic Of
13 July 2011 at 1:02pm
I heard this song before! xD
Livvy, United Kingdom
4 January 2011 at 6:18pm
its very good and funny i love it when it goes de camp down ladies sing this song doo da doo da.hahaha its one of my favourite songs on hear.
Abigail Age Eight, France Paris
17 August 2010 at 11:50am
i think this is an amerian song but i like this song


text:
Related Publications
- Related by Author
- Related by Topic
Related Links
Particularism In The University: Realities and Opportunities for Jewish Life on Campus
Maurice & Marilyn Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies (CMJS), Steinhardt Foundation for Jewish Life, January 2006
To understand the Jewish experience on campus and the forces that support or undermine Jewish choices, we conducted a study at 20 American colleges selected to represent the most common 'Jewish destinations'. The study included interviews with over 700 informants as well as a web-based survey of more than 2,000 Jewish students. Our assessment of the status of Jewish life on campus is complex, a melange of positive and negatives, challenges and promises. Jewish campus organizations seem to be doing no worse than the general Jewish community in terms of attracting and involving Jews. Examining dimensions of campus climate, the current status of the Jewish enterprise on campus and how and why students embrace or eschew Jewish opportunities during the college years, this report summarizes the research findings and offers recommendations for enhancing and expanding Jewish life on campus.
Topic: College Organizations, Outreach, Higher Education, University Organizations, Campus Organizations
Funder: Jewish Life Network
Genre: Report
Coverage: United States
Language: English
Copyright Information: Download for personal use, freely distribute link
Bibliographic Information:
Saxe, Leonard. Sales, Amy L. Particularism In The University: Realities and Opportunities for Jewish Life on Campus. Maurice & Marilyn Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies (CMJS),Steinhardt Foundation for Jewish Life. January 2006:


text:
The Withings Aura lets you track your sleep and helps you to drift off and wake up gently in a stress-free way. It comes with a bedside device, a sleep tracker which is placed under your mattress and a smartphone app so you can keep track of your results. A touch interface and Bluetooth connectivity make the Aura easy to use. Unlock a peaceful nights sleep The bedside device uses light and sound to send you off into a peaceful sleep, and to gently wake you up at the best time in your sleep cycle. Using scientifically-validated lighting technology, the device emits sunset-effect lighting, using red light to send you to sleep and blue light to wake you up. Melatonin is the hormone that controls the sleep-wake cycle, and blue lighting contains melatonin-inhibiting wavelengths which help to increase your alertness. Red lighting is not melatonin-inhibiting, so helps to promote the onset of sleep. Smart WakeUP The highly sensitive sleep sensor monitors your sleep from underneath your mattress so it wont disturb your sleep. It analyses your movement, breathing cycle and heart rate. The Smart WakeUP function uses the information from the Sleep Sensor and adapts the timing of the wake-up function to your personal body clock, so that you can be gently woken at the best time in your sleep cycle, and feel refreshed in the morning. In-depth analysis When the morning comes, your information will already have been analysed and turned into a graph which youll be able to see using the app on your smartphone. The graph will show you the different stages of sleep - light, deep and REM, and give information on the quality of your sleep including number of wake-ups during the night, the time it took you to fall asleep and the duration of your sleep. Power nap The Aura even helps you to enjoy power naps during the day and enjoy relaxation sessions. Napping during the day can be highly beneficial to your health and boost creativity. The aura lets you enjoy short 10-20 minute power naps to boost your alertness without leaving you feeling groggy afterwards or interfering with your night-time sleep. Light, charge and listen When youre not sleeping, the Aura can act as a lamp which dims when you touch it, as well as a high-quality Hi-Fi speaker, and features a USB port which you can use to charge your phone.
Check stock and price


text:
Tomorrow: NYC's 10 Best Bargain Seafood Restaurants
Randazzo's shines like a beacon on Sheepshead Bay, the last man standing from what was once a large population of Italian clam bars along the bay. Will it make our top 10?
The city's most well-regarded and renowned seafood restaurants -- places like Le Bernardin, Molyvos, and Esca -- are big-ticket establishments that most of us can only afford on rare occasions. But the city also offers more reasonably priced fish restaurants, some of them stunningly cheap for the high level of quality they achieve.
So please tune in bright and early tomorrow morning to see which places make our list. And don't be surprised if there are some on the list you haven't heard of.
In the meantime, check out the catalog of previous 10 Best lists.
Mmmm, butterfish!
Like this post? Take a gander at the rest of our blog.
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text:
We're planning a trip to AZ in January.
PHX area mostly with a side trip to Tucson.
I've read all the info on Handgunlaw.us...
I've even read the great post by some guy on traveling with firearms on common carriers.
I'm prepared for the travel experience, though I won't have anything but my COM safe to house my firearm in checked baggage... (wish that weren't the case... but it is).
Since I have a permit in my home state, I understand that I am able to carry in establishments that serve liquor (though for me it would only be an afterthought anyway, I rarely drink. But many good restaurants serve).
I'm interested in knowing if most places are NOT posted... or if they are. So, I need some local inputs. Just generalizations...
Most places don't post.
Most places do.
those that do are pretty good at making signage visible, etc.
Thanks for your input...
Anything else I need to be aware of?


text:
Announcing Rhizome's Net Art Anthology
Announcing Rhizome's Net Art Anthology
Launch Event: Presentations + Artists Panel
Thursday, October 27, 7 PM
at the New Museum, 235 Bowery in NYC
TICKETS / Rhizome members receive a discount—email email@example.com
With a special event on October 27, Rhizome will premiere Net Art Anthology, a two-year online exhibition retelling the history of net art from the 1980s through the present day. Through one hundred works—restaged and contextualized on a weekly basis at a dedicated microsite—the series will take on the complex task of identifying, preserving, and presenting exemplary works in a field characterized by broad participation, diverse practices, promiscuous collaboration, and rapidly shifting formal and aesthetic standards, sketching a possible net art canon. Read more at Rhizome
- 1252 reads
The artist is typing
"Whenever you want, 24/7, you can check out me , my presence and, ultimately, my artistic aura in the intimate act of typing on my laptop keyboard writing art statements, press releases, unpublished poetries, self-promotion emails, private love letters, amazon orders, google search queries, HTML code and many other keyboard-based activities.
After all, art is life and art, as life, is what happens while you are typing." (Guido Segni). Launch: theartististyping>
more about this project.
- 1674 reads
Fair Warning
Fair Warning is a series of test environments installed on the websites of Whitechapel Gallery and Phillips. These test environments aim to discover, measure and quantify taste profiles of the contemporary art audience. A series of rapidly changing tests, from simple questionnaires to visual comparison tests, are used to quantify and measure taste — personal preference as it relates to the general. The results are distilled to relationships between hype mechanisms and value creation within the contemporary art world. Fair Warning attempts to both embrace the quantification strategies used to influence opinion and to demystify the usefulness of such data. Can and should everything be measured and quantified? What is altered in the process of becoming aware of such information? Read more...
- 1462 reads
Problemizing Porn Reading and Consumption…..
[appropriation] via "save as"+ screen-capturing / [remixxxing] via
databending >>> [producing]
&& [problemizing] distribution and consumption {of porn} via dirty new
media DIY practices
focusing on professional and amateur players in the realm of cyber sex
&& pornography, the various (sub)-realities
canalized&connected&&defined by communication toolz & peculiar
languages influenced by the ever growing and dynamic and and
shapeshifting inter(net)worked
social/political//economical///technological scenarios.
"I wished to make porn loops accessible via URL (browser) and QR-Code (stickers) for tablet and smartphone screens, the new peep show digital mobile devices, approaching gifs as Stan Brakhage approached films and approach porn as Lasse Braun did it producing film loops but, this is not the golden age of porn, Red Link District, as well as Pirate Porno Material 1&&2, are gif loops from the dark age of porn.
Thoughts about pornography….."
More links to his work and who is Dom Bara Read more »
- Read more
- 1829 reads
Dark Content (2015)
Dark Content (2015)
A series of videos about internet content moderators: the extraordinarily significant, yet elusive, individuals who determine how much breast is too much breast for Instagram, or are tasked with scrubbing photos of Osama bin Laden from search engines.
New episodes are released periodically only on the Darknet. To watch them download the Tor Browser and go to http://5cqzpj5d6ljxqsj7.onion
Ep.1 I would prefer not to include my name
Ep.2 I'm currently living in my car
Ep.3 His reign stops here
Ep.4 A darker place mentally
- 1505 reads
About the Shredder
Why Shred the Web?
The web is not a publication. Web sites are not paper. Yet the current thinking of web design is that of the magazine, newspaper, book, or catalog. Visually, aesthetically, legally, the web is treated as a physical page upon which text and images are written.
Web pages are temporary graphic images created when browsing software interprets HTML instructions. As long as all browsers agree (at least somewhat) on the conventions of HTML there is the illusion of solidity or permanence in the web. But behind the graphical illusion is a vast body of text files -- containing HTML code -- that fills hard drives on computers at locations all over the world. Collectively these instructions make up what we call 'the web'. But what if these instructions are interpreted differently than intended? Perhaps radically differently? Read more »
- Read more
- 1276 reads
The Random Darknet Shopper is an automated online shopping bot which we provide with a budget of $100 in Bitcoins per week. Once a week the bot goes shopping in the deep web where it randomly chooses and purchases one item and has it mailed directly to the exhibition space. Once the items arrive they are unpacked and displayed, each new object adding to a landscape of traded goods from the Darknet.
The Random Darknet Shopper is a live Mail Art piece, an exploration of the deep web via the goods traded there. It directly connects the Darknet with the gallery. By randomizing its consumerism, the bot is guaranteed a wide selection of goods from the thousands listed on deepweb markets.
!Mediengruppe Bitnik (read - the not mediengruppe bitnik) live and work in Zurich/London. They are contemporary artists working on and with the Internet. Their practice expands from the digital to affect physical spaces, often intentionally applying loss of control to challenge established structures and mechanisms. !Mediengruppe Bitniks works formulate fundamental questions concerning contemporary issues.
- 1487 reads
Rafael Rozendaal
This is a film of all Rafael Rozendaal websites up to now. It is a screen recording of a browsing session. He visits these 103 websites and talks about making the websites and how they should work, as a reference document for future preservation. Read more »
- Read more
- 1725 reads
_MON3Y AS AN 3RRROR | MON3Y.US @ M0US310n.net
Launch: _MON3Y AS AN 3RRROR | MON3Y.US @ M0US310n.net
happening and curation by Vasily Zaitsev
Online 2.0 happening & exhibition from M0US310n.net featuring Digital & Net.Art on the subject of Money & Error, put together by an dead snipper as anonymous curator "Vasily Zaitsev":
With an unexpected and play-based proposal, the project is leaded and curated by the fake figure of a World War II Russian sniper. MON3Y.us is conceived as a 2.0 happening that using a Facebook public event format, invites people in general and digital artists in particular, to be part of an artistic game in order to reflect on art and money as a way of social exchange beyond their exchange value.
"M0N3Y AS AN 3RRROR | MON3Y.US" proposes to establish connections, dialogues, and new insights into the contemporary art scene around the general topic of MONEY. Around 70 international artists selected with various aesthetic and conceptual approaches who work in fields such as Digital Art, Net.Art , New Media, Interactive Art , Multimedia, JavaScript, Glitch, Video, Online Performance, Animated GIF, and Digital Image.
M0us310n.net is an independent initiative to promote and support Net.Art & Digital Art.
*allow POP-UPS to see the expo
- 1446 reads
Catalog of Internet Artists Clubs
Websites in the catalog are categorized as either surf clubs, art clubs, or related sites. The term surf club originated from the Nasty Nets group blog tagline "Internet Surfing Club," and is often used to describe group artist blogs where the prevailing subject is internet culture and aesthetics and where lines are blurred between the roles of artist, curator, and archivist. Launch project
Launch http://idn.jodi.org/
internationalized domain name (IDN)
multi-byte Unicode
public UnicodeSet getNumberRepresentatives(String identifier) {
int cp;
UnicodeSet numerics = new UnicodeSet();
for (int i = 0; i < identifier.length(); i += Character.charCount(i)) {
cp = Character.codePointAt(identifier, i);
// Store a representative character for each kind of decimal digit
switch (UCharacter.getType(cp)) {
case UCharacterCategory.DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER:
// Just store the zero character as a representative for comparison.
// Unicode guarantees it is cp - value.
numerics.add(cp - UCharacter.getNumericValue(cp));
case UCharacterCategory.OTHER_NUMBER:
case UCharacterCategory.LETTER_NUMBER:
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Should not be in identifiers.");
return numerics;
UnicodeSet numerics = getMixedNumbers(String identifier);
if (numerics.size() > 1) reject(identifer, numerics);
The 3D Additivist Manifesto
"We call for you - artists, activists, designers, and critical engineers - to accelerate the 3D printer and other Additivist technologies to their absolute limits and beyond into the realm of the speculative, the provocative and the weird."
Submit to The 3D Additivist Cookbook... Answer the call: additivism.org/cookbook
#Additivism is essential for accelerating the emergence and encounter with The Radical Outside.
The 3D Additivist Manifesto was created by Morehshin Allahyari and Daniel Rourke, with sound design by Andrea Young.
The full text and bibliography can be read & downloaded from: additivism.org/manifesto.
The 3D Additivist Manifesto from Morehshin Allahyari on Vimeo.
- 3651 reads
Typological Hybridizations in the net.art
From Hypermedia to Data Visualization
_Visualizing net.art typological hybridizations
_Network evolution vs net.art (softwarization)
_Net.art in context
_Master's Final Project AVM
_Visualization projects [P]
- 8459 reads
The NetArtizens Project
Created by Furtherfield with Nick Briz & Joseph Yølk Chiocchi
. Launch The NetArtizens Project or Launch NetArtizens Open Online Exhibition
In the age of social media, our conversations, gossip, discourses, research, decision making, organizational and artistic work are "intertwingled" (to use Ted Nelson's playful term) with exponentially exploding repositories of media and information. Nowadays, our everyday communications are embedded with the metadata of search querys, hyperlinks, hashtags and usernames. To the extent that we practice these new techniques of "social taxonomy," how can we use them to examine and dissect our individual and collective net behaviors?
During the month of March 2015, The NetArtizens Project was conducted as a social experiment in discourse and artistic production across 3 network channels: the NetBehaviours Mailing List, Twitter @NetArtizens, and the 0P3NR3P0.net open database repository for media art. Over 75 artists have contributed so far to the NetArtizens Open Online Exhibition at 0P3NR3P0.net, an evolving showcase of online works submitted between March 2 and April 2, 2015.
- 7684 reads


text:
inviolabilities is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
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text: Lawsuit Against Bethesda Over Oblivion Bugs Went NowhereJason Schreier1/27/14 5:06pmFiled to: bethesdazenimaxkotakucoreoblivionthe elder scrolls: oblivion1226EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkIn 2012, Colorado resident Landis Edwards sued the folks behind The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion over a bug that erased one of his game files. The bug, Edwards said, violated the marketing copy on the back of Oblivion's box, which promised "open-ended" gameplay with "unlimited possibilities." AdvertisementEdwards filed the suit as a class-action with a firm called Edelson, and they battled with Zenimax, the parent company of Oblivion developer Bethesda, for a year and a half or so. A few weeks ago, according to court documents, the case was dismissed with prejudice following a joint stipulation. Settlement terms weren't disclosed.Edelson, it's worth noting, was once called "the most feared and loathed firm in Silicon Valley" in a Business Insider mini-profile. They like their class-action lawsuits, and Business Insider describes their strategy as: 1) File suit over something "nitpicky," and 2) "Accept a modest settlement from the accused company, which is willing to pay just to make the whole thing go away. Pay out tiny amounts to the plaintiffs who joined the class action. Take huge fees."AdvertisementRuh-roh. What a strange and convoluted legal system the United States bears.Reply122 repliesLeave a reply


text:
University of Missouri
Home | People | Locations | Program index | Calendar | News | Publications
Continuing education Seminars Courses
MU Extension > calendar
Professional development events
Health Insurance Education
Monday, Feb. 3, 2014, 6 p.m. to 9 p.m.
North Shelby High SchoolHwy 15, Shelbyville MO map...
Session topic:
Ag night is an opportunity for the community to learn more about topics presented in breakout sessions. A free meal and a keynote speaker are a large part of the evening's program. One of the sessions will be the Health Insurance Education Initiative.
Wendeline Brumbaugh, firstname.lastname@example.com Extension in Shelby Countyphone: (573) 633-2640
Add event to your compatible iCalendar such as Microsoft Outlook or Apple iCal.


text:
- Like stepping back into the middle ages, the overhanging timber-framed houses and traditional shopfronts of The Shambles makes it one of the UK's most historic (and picturesque) streets.
- You can't miss York Minster, one of the largest cathedrals in Northern Europe and also one of the most beautiful Gothic churches in the world.
- There's Viking heritage too, as York – then called Jorvik – was once the capital of a Viking territory. You can head back in time to learn more and experience the sights, sounds and smells of the time at the immersive Jorvik Viking Centre.
- Uncover 300 years of railway history, climb aboard restored locomotives and browse some of the 1 million train-related artefacts at the free National Railway Museum.
- Did you know? The surrounding area is packed with unique attractions. Explore Castle Howard, one of England's most impressive stately homes, or marvel at the weird and wonderful Brixham Rocks, an amazing collection of wind-weathered rock formations.
- You can reach York from London by train in 2 hours. Or from the city of Leeds, it is just a 20 minute train ride.


text:
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle English stele and stel, from Old English stēle, stȳle ("the metal steel"), from Proto-Germanic *stahliją ("something made of steel") (compare West Frisian stiel), enlargement of *stahlą ("the metal steel") (compare Dutch staal, German Stahl, Danish stål, Icelandic stál), from Proto-Germanic *stah- or *stag- ("to be firm, rigid"), from Proto-Indo-European *stak- ("to stay, to be firm")[1] (compare Umbrian stakaz ("upright, erected"), Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀 (staxra, "strong"), Sanskrit स्तकति (stákati, "resist, strike against")), related to Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- ("to stand").[2]
steel (countable and uncountable, plural steels)
- (uncountable) An artificial metal produced from iron, harder and more elastic than elemental iron; used figuratively as a symbol of hardness.
- c. 725, Corpus Gloss., 1431:
- Ocearium stæli.
- c. 825, Epinal Gloss., 49:
- Accearium steeli.
- c. 1275, Laȝamon, Brut, 12916:
- Þe alle þine leomen wule to-draȝen. þeh þu weore stel al.
- c. 1473, William Caxton translating Raoul Le Fèvre, The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, I:
- Employeng the steell of his swerd the most best wyse that in hym was possible.
- c. 1480, St. Mary Magdalen, 408 in 1896, W. M. Metcalfe, Legends Saints Sc. Dial., I 267:
- 1601, P. Holland translating Pliny, Hist. World, II xxxiv xiv 514:
- The purest part thereof [of iron ore] which in Latine is called Nucleus ferri, i. the kernell or heart of the yron (and it is that which we call steele)
- c. 1616, William Shakespeare, Antony & Cleopatra, IV iv 33:
- ...Like a man of Steele.
- 1946, Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemistry 4th ed., VII 47 1:
- Steel may be roughly defined as an alloy of iron and carbon containing up to 1.7% carbon, all of the carbon being in the combined condition. A second definition, distinguishing it from cast or wrought iron, is that it has been produced in the molten condition, and a third states that steel can be hardened by quenching from a suitably high temperature. There are...certain exceptions to all these definitions.
- 1976 Jul, Scientific American, 68 2:
- c. 725, Corpus Gloss., 1431:
- (countable) Any item made of this metal, particularly including:
- Bladed or pointed weapons, as swords, javelins, daggers.
- c. 1250, The Owl & the Nightengale, 1030:
- For heom ne may halter ne bridel Bringe from here wode wyse, Ne mon mid stele ne mid ire.
- c. 1606, William Shakespeare, The Tragedie of Macbeth, I ii 35
- For braue Macbeth (well hee deſerues that Name)
Diſdayning Fortune, with his brandiſht Steele,
Which ſmoak'd with bloody execution
(Like Valours Minion) caru'd out his paſſage.
- For braue Macbeth (well hee deſerues that Name)
- 1712, Lord Shaftesbury, Characteristicks, III 115:
- 1892, Rudyard Kipling, Barrack-room Ballads, 139:
- They have asked for the steel. They shall have it now; Out cutlasses and board!
- 1905, Oliver Elton translating Saxo-Grammaticus, The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus, II:
- While one man was beating off the swords, the waters stole up silently and took him. Contrariwise, another was struggling with the waves, when the steel came up and encompassed him. The flowing waters were befouled with the gory spray. Thus the Ruthenians were conquered...
- c. 1250, The Owl & the Nightengale, 1030:
- A piece used for striking sparks from flint.
- c. 1220, Bestiary, 535:
- Of ston mid stel in ðe tunder wel to brennen one ðis wunder.
- 1660, Robert Boyle, New Experiments Physico-mechanicall, XIV 89:
- The Cock falling with its wonted violence upon the Steel.
- c. 1220, Bestiary, 535:
- Armor.
- A honing steel, a tool used to sharpen or hone metal blades.
- 1541 in 1844, J. Stuart, Extracts of the Council Register of Aberdeen, I 176:
- The steill to scherp the schawing jrne.
- 1883, Howard Pyle, The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, V:
- When he came to Nottingham, he entered that part of the market where butchers stood, and took up his inn in the best place he could find. Next, he opened his stall and spread his meat upon the bench, then, taking his cleaver and steel and clattering them together, he trolled aloud in merry tones...
- 1541 in 1844, J. Stuart, Extracts of the Council Register of Aberdeen, I 176:
- (sewing) Pieces used to strengthen, support, or expand an item of clothing.
- (dialectal) A flat iron.
- 1638, J. Taylor, Bull, Beare, & Horse, C5:
- One of them having occasion to use a Steele, smoothing Iron, or some such kinde of Laundry Instrument.
- 1638, J. Taylor, Bull, Beare, & Horse, C5:
- (sewing, dialectal) A sewing needle; a knitting needle; a sharp metal stylus.
- 1785, William Cowper, Task, IV 165:
- The threaded steel...Flies swiftly.
- 1785, William Cowper, Task, IV 165:
- (printing) An engraving plate:
- 1843, J. Ballantine, The gaberlunzie's wallet. With numerous illustrations on steel and wood.
- 1887 Jun 11, Athenæum, 779 1:
- A re-issue of the Examples of the Architecture of Venice. By John Ruskin... With the Text, and the 16 Plates (10 Steels and 6 Lithographs) as originally published.
- Projectiles.
- 1898 Jun 1, Westminster Gazette, 5 1:
- The crews at the port batteries were pumping steel at the enemy.
- 1898 Jun 1, Westminster Gazette, 5 1:
- (sewing) A fringe of beads or decoration of this metal.
- 1899 Jan 26, Daily News, 6 3:
- A trailing skirt embroidered in what is termed fine steel.
- 1899 Jan 26, Daily News, 6 3:
- (music, guitar) A type of slide used while playing the steel guitar.
- Bladed or pointed weapons, as swords, javelins, daggers.
- (uncountable, medicine, obsolete) Medicinal consumption of this metal; chalybeate medicine; (eventually) any iron or iron-treated water consumed as a medical treatment.
- 1649, H. Hammond, Christians Obligations, X 253:
- A stronger physick is now necessary, perhaps a whole course of steel: A physick, God knowes, that this Kingdome hath been under five or six yeares.
- 1704, J. Harris, Lexicon Technicum, L:
- Steel is not so good as Iron for Medicinal Operation.
- 1712 Sept 18, Jonathan Swift, Journal to Stella, II 558:
- The Doctor tells me I must go into a Course of Steel, tho I have not the Spleen.
- 1866, Princess Alice, Mem., 158:
- I...am really only kept alive by steel.
- 1649, H. Hammond, Christians Obligations, X 253:
- (countable) Varieties of this metal.
- 1839, A. Ure, Dict. Arts, 1172:
- The bars are exposed to two or three successive processes of cementation, and are hence said to be twice or thrice converted into steels.
- 1839, A. Ure, Dict. Arts, 1172:
- (uncountable, colors) The gray hue of this metal; steel-gray.
- 1851 Dec 28, E. Ruskin, letter in 1965, M. Lutyens, Effie in Venice, II 236:
- Falkenhayn gave...to Jane a steel glacé silk dress.
- 1851, Herman Melville, Moby-Dick, 132:
- It was a clear steel-blue day. The firmaments of air and sea were hardly separable in that all-pervading azure; only, the pensive air was transparently pure and soft, with a woman's look, and the robust and man-like sea heaved with long, strong, lingering swells, as Samson's chest in his sleep.
- 1851 Dec 28, E. Ruskin, letter in 1965, M. Lutyens, Effie in Venice, II 236:
Derived termsEdit
steel (not comparable)
- Made of steel.
- mid-14th century, Alisaunder, 416:
- Strained in stel ger on steedes of might.
- c. 1616, William Shakespeare, Othello, I iii 229
- 1829, Walter Scott, Anne of Geierstein, III iii 78:
- I will grasp the mountain-hedgehog, prickles and all, with my steel-gauntlet.
- 1976, J. Wheeler-Bennett, Friends, Enemies, & Sovereigns, V 156:
- King Peter attributed his father's, King Alexander's, death to the fact that...he had not worn his steel-mesh bullet-proof shirt.
- mid-14th century, Alisaunder, 416:
- Similar to steel in color, strength, or the like; steely.
- c. 1560, T. Phaer translating Vergil, Nyne Fyrst Books of the Eneidos, X:
- Wher neuer cessing soyle doth steelebright stuff send out from mines.
- 1609, William Shakespeare, Sonnet CXXXIII:
- Prison my heart in thy steele bosomes warde.
- c. 1560, T. Phaer translating Vergil, Nyne Fyrst Books of the Eneidos, X:
- (business) Of or belonging to the manufacture or trade in steel.
- 1601, Philemon Holland translating Pliny, The Historie of the World, I vii lvi 188:
- ...The discoverie of the yron and steele mines.
- 1837, Thomas Carlyle, French Revolution: A History, III v vi 327:
- From their new dungeons at Chantilly, Aristocrats may hear the rustle of our new steel furnace there.
- 1976 Jan 24, National Observer, 1 1:
- East Chicago, Ind., a smoky Lake Michigan steel town that isn't exactly famous for its esthetic splendor even when the sun shines.
- 1601, Philemon Holland translating Pliny, The Historie of the World, I vii lvi 188:
- (medicine, obsolete) Containing steel.
- 1652, J. French, York-shire Spaw, X 92:
- To mix some Sugar of steel, or steel wine with the first glass.
- 1675, G. Harvey, Dis. of London, XXIV 264:
- I have found a singular Virtue in Steel drops, præpared after my Mode.
- 1713 Feb 17, Jonathan Swift, Journal to Stella, II 622:
- I...take some nasty steel drops, & may head has been bettr.
- 1652, J. French, York-shire Spaw, X 92:
- (printing) Engraved on steel.
- 1880, Mark Twain, letter:
- The best picture I have had yet is the steel frontis-piece to my new book.
- 1880, Mark Twain, letter:
steel (third-person singular simple present steels, present participle steeling, simple past and past participle steeled)
- (transitive) To edge, cover, or point with steel.
- c. 1240, Sawles Warde in The Cotton Homilies, 253:
- Hure þolien ant a beoren hare unirude duntes wið mealles istelet.
- 1597, William Shakespeare, Richard III, I i 148:
- Ile in to vrge his hatred more to Clarence, With lies well steeld with weighty arguments.
- 1651, Bishop Jeremy Taylor, XXVIII Sermons Preacht at Golden Grove, Being for the Summer Half-year, XIX 248:
- When God...draws aside his curtain, and shows his arsenal and his armory, full of arrows steeled with wrath.
- 1831, John Holland, A Treatise on the Progressive Improvement and Present State of the Manufactures in Metal, I 220:
- It was the common notion...that the art of steeling tools in the highest degree of perfection was certainly lost to the moderns.
- c. 1240, Sawles Warde in The Cotton Homilies, 253:
- (transitive) To harden or strengthen; to nerve or make obdurate; to fortify against.
- 1581, A. Hall translating Homer, 10 Bks. Iliades, VI 110:
- But stil he was so steelde With heart so good, as victor he dead left them in the field.
- 1593, William Shakespeare, Venus & Adonis:
- Giue me my heart...O giue it me lest thy hard heart do steele it, And being steeld, soft sighes can neuer graue it.
- 1796, F. Burney, Camilla, II iv vi 370:
- Steel yourself, then, firmly to withstand attacks from the cruel and unfeeling.
- 1882, F. W. Farrar, Early Days Christianity, II 380:
- The rich experience of a long life steeled in the victorious struggle with every unchristian element.
- 1581, A. Hall translating Homer, 10 Bks. Iliades, VI 110:
- (transitive, obsolete, of mirrors) To back with steel.
- c. 1630, John Donne, Sermons, VI 289:
- Nay, a Crystall glasse will not show a man his face, except it be steeled, except it be darkned on the backside.
- c. 1630, John Donne, Sermons, VI 289:
- (transitive, medicine, obsolete) To treat a liquid with steel for medicinal purposes.
- 1657, J. Cooke translating J. Hall, Cures, 117:
- She drunk her drink steeled, with which she was cured.
- 1657, J. Cooke translating J. Hall, Cures, 117:
- (transitive, dialectal) To press with a flat iron.
- 1746, Exmoor Scolding 3rd ed., II 14:
- Tha hasn't tha Sense to stile thy own Dressing.
- 1746, Exmoor Scolding 3rd ed., II 14:
- (transitive, uncommon) To cause to resemble steel in appearance.
- 1807, William Wordsworth, Sonn. to Liberty, II v:
- And lo! those waters, steeled By breezeless air to smoothest polish, yield A vivid repetition of the stars.
- 1807, William Wordsworth, Sonn. to Liberty, II v:
- (transitive) To steelify; to turn iron into steel.
- 1853 in Jrnl. Franklin Inst., CXXV 303:
- By passing an electric current thus through the bars the operation of steeling is much hastened.
- 1977 Oct, Scientific American, 127 1:
- It seems evident that by the beginning of the 10th century B.C. blacksmiths were intentionally steeling iron.
- 1853 in Jrnl. Franklin Inst., CXXV 303:
- (transitive) To electroplate an item, particularly an engraving plate, with a layer of iron.
- 1880, P. G. Hamerton, Etching & Etchers 3rd ed., 342:
- My large dry-point,...called Two Stumps of Driftwood, gave 1000 copies (after being steeled) without perceptible wearing.
- 1880, P. G. Hamerton, Etching & Etchers 3rd ed., 342:
- (transitive) To sharpen with a honing steel.
Etymology 2Edit
From French Bastille (a French prison).[3]
Proper nounEdit
- (Britain, crime, slang, obsolete) Coldbath Fields Prison in London, closed in 1877.
- 1862, Havelock Ellis, The Criminal, page 162:
- I was lugged before the beak, who gave me six doss in the steel. [...] six months in the Bastille (the old House of Corrections), Coldbath Fields.
- 1866, George Augustus Sala, Edmund Hodgson Yates, Temple Bar, volume 16, page 507:
- He said he had been in the "steel" (Coldbath Fields Prison) eight times.
- 1879, Macmillan's Magazine, volume 40, page 502:
- This time I got two moon for assaulting the reelers when canon. For this I went to the Steel (Bastile[sic] — Coldbath Fields Prison), having a new suit of clobber on me and about fifty blow in my brigh (pocket).
- 1862, Havelock Ellis, The Criminal, page 162:
- 1811, Lexicon Balatronicum: Steel, the house of correction.
- 1819, J. H. Vaux, New Vocab. Flash Lang. in Mem.: Bastile, generally called for shortnes, the steel a cant name for the House of Correction, Cold-Bath-Fields, London.


text:
The radio as I drive is tuned to KUSC, so I can enter his world even before I arrive.
The music of the masters softens Los Angeles, bringing order to chaos. Lampposts are treble clefs; birds sit on power lines like the notes of an unfinished symphony.
I park on 17th Street in Santa Monica and push through the lobby of the assisted living center. I stroll the length of a long hall.
The last door on the left bears a gold nameplate.
I knock, and the maestro is in.
"It is a pleasure to meet you," he says.
The pleasure is mine.
Alvin Mills is 94. Two conductor's batons rest on the tray of his walker, within arm's...


text: Talaromyces stipitatus (Thom) Benjamin, teleomorph (ATCC® 10500™) Alternate State: Penicillium stipitatum Thom ex Emmons, anamorph / Strain Designations: NRRL 1006 [5217.10, CBS 375.48, IMI 39805, QM 6759] / Product Format: freeze-dried General Information Characteristics Culture Method Specifications History Documentation Print Email Share Share this product Facebook Twitter Google+ Permits and Restrictions View Permits Deposited As Penicillium stipitatum Thom ex Emmons, anamorph Strain Designations NRRL 1006 [5217.10, CBS 375.48, IMI 39805, QM 6759] Alternate State Penicillium stipitatum Thom ex Emmons, anamorph Application produces duclauxinproduces stipitalideproduces stipitatic acid Biosafety Level 1 Biosafety classification is based on U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines, it is the responsibility of the customer to ensure that their facilities comply with biosafety regulations for their own country. Product Format freeze-dried Type Strain yes (type strain) Preceptrol® no Genome Sequenced Strain Yes Comments Genome sequencing strain (J. Craig Venter Institute, USA). Medium ATCC® Medium 325: Malt extract agar (Blakeslee's formula) Growth Conditions Temperature: 24.0°C Sequenced Data No DNA sequencing was performed in house on this product. Name of Depositor NRRL Chain of Custody ATCC <<--NRRL<<--C. Thom 5217.10 <<--- T.C. Scheffer Isolation rotting wood, Louisiana Cross References Complete Genome (GenBank) : ABAS00000000 Talaromyces stipitatus ATCC 10500, whole genome shotgun sequencing project References Birkinshaw JH, et al. Studies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms. Stipitatic acid, C8H6O5, a metabolic product of Penicillium stipitatum Thom. Biochem. J. 36: 242-251, 1942. Emmons CW. The ascocarps in species of Penicillium. Mycologia 27: 128-150, 1935. Holik M, Kuhr I. Determination of the structure of stipitalide, a new tropolone from Penicillium stipitatum Thom. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1973: 65-66, 1973. Kuhr I, et al. An antitumor antibiotic produced by Penicillium stipitatum Thom; its identity with duclauxin. J. Antibiot. 26: 535-536, 1973. PubMed: 4799788 type strain type strain Permits These permits may be required for shipping this product: Customers located in the state of Hawaii will need to contact the Hawaii Department of Agriculture to determine if an Import Permit is required. A copy of the permit or documentation that a permit is not required must be sent to ATCC in advance of shipment. Basic Documentation Product Sheet Certificate of Analysis SDS


text:
Cut-off wheels available in new sizes
Norton Abrasives' NorZon® Plus RightCut™ wheels are now available in 4-1/2 in. through 6-in. diameters in Type 01 straight and Type 27 depressed center shapes for right-angle grinders.
The ultra-thin NorZon Plus RightCut cut-off wheels are made with a combination of Norton SG® (seeded gel) ceramic alumina and NorZon zirconia alumina abrasives.