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2016 U.S. Open Beer Championship Winners Follow Google+
Looking for your favorite Beer
Orlando Brewing's Blackwater Dry Porter uses american organic malts, hops and ale yeast, similar to stout, but without the roasted characteristics and light in body with an earthy flavor and a clean crisp dry finish. The dryness comes from the use of organic chocolate barley in addition to organic pale malt, moderate hop bitterness, and good attenuation. Water used in this porter has a carbonate hardness. An original dry porter we call the Black Lite.
Beer Review by Beer Advocate Poured on-tap at World of Beer in Viera, FL. Never had anything from this brewery before, so I figured I'd give it a shot. The beer was served in a pint glass, and it was a very deep, dark brown with amber highlights on the edges. No head to speak of. Aromas of molasses and coffee, blending into a nice bittersweet smell. Crisp and dry in mouth, which makes sense why it was listed on the beer menu as a Dry Porter; it's not just a clever name. Very smooth coffee flavors that start sweet, with the bitter, dark roasted flavors into the finish. Bitter and roasted aftertaste, too. Very easy to drink, and very tasty. Combined with a low ABV, this is an easy brew to session.
Orlando Brewing Company Orlando Brewing is Floridas only certified organic brewery. What does it mean to be organic? It means that ingredients used in crafting our ales are grown without insecticides, bioengineering, genetically modified organisms, sewage sludge or irradiation. Orlando Brewing Blonde, Pale, Red & Brown Ale in addition to Olde Pelican EPA, Blackwater Dry Porter and European Pilz, are officially certified Organic by the USDA. All our beers are the only ones declared Fresh From Florida by the States Department of Agriculture. You can taste the difference. Orlando Brewing brews in accordance with the German Purity Law of 1516. That means we use only natural, organic ingredients. We would never use cheap fillers or adjuncts. Our ales range from light & easy-drinking to deep, dark, robust porters. The beer is fresh and never pasteurized. Come visit us! We are located near Downtown Orlando at 1301 Atlanta Avenue (adjacent to the Orlando Amtrak Station). The beer is brewed right here on the premises, so it is as fresh as can be. We always have more than a dozen of our beers on tap. We offer free brewery tours, live entertainment, free Wi-Fi and a gift shop.
Orlando Brewing 1301 Atlanta Avenue Orlando, Florida, 32806 Phone: (407) 872-1117 www.orlandobrewing.com
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Gahl Sasson is a spiritual teacher who has earned a wide and enthusiastic following across the globe. He teaches ongoing workshops on Kabbalah, Mythology, and Astrology in Europe, Israel, Turkey, Hong Kong, Mexico, and in dozens of cities across the United States.
He is the author of A Wish Can Change Your Life: How to Use the Ancient Wisdom of Kabbalah to Make Your Dreams Come True, which was published by Simon and Schuster in 2003. The book was endorsed by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and is now in its fifth printing. His second book, Cosmic Navigator - Design Your...Read more
About the Lecturer
Gahl Sasson makes Kabbalah, astrology and psychology engaging, illuminating, and fun. The way he sees Kabbalah is accessible to anyone from any faith and background. The innovative examples that he conjures up to illustrate these high concepts spurs his audience to laugh and then declare, Aha. Most of all, Gahl tells stories, relating a vast array of compelling myths from traditions across the globe to delineate the workings of the inner world. His book, A Wish Can Change Your Life, (published by Simon & Schuster and co-written with Steve Weinstein), blends wisdom and metaphors from...Read more

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The Phillies have won two in a row at the hands of the surging Pirates looking to make it three at Citizens Bank Park on Wednesday. This comes along with the good news that Chase Utley hit a mammoth home run in Triple A and is on the verge of returning. This series comes off the heels of the disappointing loss of both games of a double header on Sunday where Charlie Manuel got testy with the media while being questioned for his in game strategy. Manuel took Cole Hamels out of a one run game in the 8th inning after walking two of the first three batters he faced. Manuel brought in Antonio Bastardo who surrendered a homer to Carlos Pena on the first pitch he threw. Manuel also brought Michael Martinez in to pinch hit when some thought Juan Pierre would have been a better option. Joe Madden out foxed Manuel when he intentionally walked Jim Thome who pinch hit in the 8th. The intentional pass tied Thome with Mickey Mantle for 7th place on the all time walks list, but in the context of the Phillies-Rays game it was important because it was an unexpected and shrewd move on Maddon's part , first base wasn't open and more importantly it limited Charlie Manuel's bats off the bench later in the 8th.
The Phillies returned home to face a Pirate team which has been hot of late. The Phillies won game 1 in the battle for the Keystone State in convincing fashion 8-3. Joe Blanton got his 7th win on fireworks night in South Philly and was aided by Jimmy Rollins who continued to swing a hot bat who led off the game with a double and scored on a Hunter Pence single and homered in the 4th inning. The Pirates didn't help their situation by committing 4 errors. Game two was closer, with the Phillies pulling out a 5-4 victory. Vance Worley earned his 4th victory of the year, allowing three runs on 6 hits through 6 innings. Carlos Ruiz continued his outstanding season at the plate hitting his 10th home run of the season, a career high, Ty Wigginton also homered. Perhaps more important to most Phillies fans is the news that Chase Utley could be returning to the lineup on Wednesday. He went two for five with a 400 ft home run in Triple A Lehigh Valley and said he feels good and ready to return to the regular line up. This is what Phillies fans have been waiting for all season, the absence of their 3 and 4 hitters has left morale low and offensive production lower, Utley's return could also spark fan interest as attendance has slowly began to decline at the typically full Citizens Bank Park. Whether or not the Phillies will be getting the five time all star and powerful left hand bat back or the older looking player with sore knees is yet to be determined. It will probably be somewhere in between but it will take a monumental effort for the Phillies to get back into the playoff picture, the slow start never really picked up and now they would have to win 2-3 games in every series for the rest of the season to make up the necessary ground. It's unlikely, but strange things happen in this game, if Ryan Howard can return and return to form and Doc Halladay comes back and dominates the Phillies may have a prayer. Cliff Lee would have to start winning some games, not exactly a ridiculous request of a man making over 100 million dollars.
About the Author
Written by Tom Bopp


text: Chilean Power Company to Distribute Zap Electric CarsMike Spinelli9/17/07 10:30amFiled to: Alternative EnergyChileElectric CarsEvZap2EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink It makes perfect business sense — a power company responds to serious air-pollution problems by allowing customers to finance electric vehicles on their monthly electric bill. It's happening — not in California — but in Chile, where the country's largest utility company, Chilectra signed an agreement with US-based Zap to distribute a full line of the company's electric bicycles, scooters, mopeds and, presumably cars. An initial order includes the Zap Power System electric bicycle kit, the ZAPPY3 and ZAPPY3 PRO personal electric transporter, as well as the new Zapino moped class electric scooter. According to the company, Chileans spend around $30 per month using mass transit. Under the monthly payment plan, the electrical customer can own the vehicle within 36 months. No word yet on whether the plan will cover Zap's planned e-cars like the Obvio 012e (shown) or the Lotus-sourced APX concept. Of course, there's no sign of a delivery date for those, either. Reply2 repliesLeave a reply


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4 October 2012
20 November 2012 Last updated at 02:34 GMT
The Bank of Japan is coming under increasing political pressure, from the current government and a potential future administration, to do more to boost the country's economy.
As Japan heads for a general election, the rival political parties are pressing the central bank to boost its stimulus measures.
However, as the BBC's Tokyo correspondent, Rupert Wingfield-Hayes, explains, the political interference threatens to undermine the independence of the central bank.


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Home > Products > Data Logging > EDL3
The Enclosed Dash Logger (EDL3) is a fully programmable data logger and powerful control device in one lightweight unit.
Based on the ADL3, it is supplied in an enclosed unit providing the flexibility to connect a display suitable for your application or to use as a 'black box' type data logger. As standard the EDL3 comes with 16 MB of data logging and 30 inputs/outputs.
It provides all the advanced features of MoTeC's ADL3 Dash Logger, including warning alarms, fuel prediction, engine logs, timers, tables, user conditions, telemetry and more.
Four auxiliary outputs are available to control external devices such as shift lights, warning lights, a gearbox oil pump and a thermo fan. Additional outputs are available as an upgrade or can be created using expander modules.
A range of upgrades is available to extend the functionality of this unit. For example, additional logging capacity and telemetry for real time viewing of data while the vehicle is on the track. This makes it possible to grow this flexible system as your requirements increase.
MoTeC's i2 data analysis software provides all the tools for comprehensive analysis of logged data.
Basic Specifications
- 16 MB standard logging memory (250 MB optional)
- Logging rates up to 1000 samples per second
- Fast Ethernet download
- 10 x Analogue voltage inputs (24 optional)
- 4 x Analogue temperature inputs (8 optional)
- 4 x Digital inputs
- 4 x Speed inputs with voltage measuring capability
- 4 x Switched inputs
- Compatible with VIM input expanders
- 4 x PWM, digital or switched outputs (8 optional)—for devices such as shift lights, warning lights, a gearbox oil pump or a thermo fan
- 2 x CAN with individually programmable CAN bus speeds
- 1 x RS232
- Dimensions 194.5 x 98.0 x 14.3 mm excluding connector
- Weight 385 gram
- 1 x 79 pin Autosport connector
(Click on the part number to download the datasheet.)
Image | Product | Details |
EDL3Part No: | Standard Options |
Useful links
Compare the EDL3 (ADL3) with other MoTeC logging devices
File | Size | Last Updated |
CDS18016 EDL3 Enclosed Dash Logger | 477 KB | Sep 22nd 2014 09:34 |


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Many people hate Perl because of its frightening syntax. While it's true that many Perl scripts border on the unreadable, some of Perl's operations are extremely handy. Two of them are the grep and map list operators. I'll first introduce them in brief for those not familiar with Perl, and then delve into some thoughts on how to have similar operations easily available in C#.
The code here is based on .NET framework/C# 2.0. The new framework version (in beta, as of this writing) provides good support for similar functions. For 1.x series of .NET, implementing this sort of operators is possible, but hard to do in a generic manner; you'll be needing a good dose of interfaces, and it will be hard to integrate with the existing types (int et al.). Also, code will be very messy because of the lack of anonymous method support. Although the code posted below is written using .NET Framework 2.0 Beta 1, it is expected to work as-is with the final release.
First, we must introduce ourselves to the list in Perl. It's roughly the equivalent of a one-dimensional array in most other languages. Perl's relatively weak typing means that the list element can be anything; integers, strings, references ("pointers") to structures, and so on. In these examples, we'll only look at the basics.
The Perl list is denoted using a @ symbol in front of the variable name. Local variables are declared using the keyword my, so that my @list = (1, 2, 3, 4); roughly equals the C# statement int[] list = {1, 2, 3, 4};. "Roughly", as Perl lists are flexible in size; you can throw in more elements or remove the old ones, and you can also add elements of any type you desire even if it's originally initialized with int values only. However, these details don't really make a difference with the stuff we're handling here, so let's leave it at that.
my @list = (1, 2, 3, 4);
int[] list = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Perl's map operator is actually syntactic sugar for a certain type of foreach statement. What it does is evaluate a certain expression on every element of a list and push the result into a new list. The expression can be any valid Perl code; the array element being iterated is in a special variable called $_.
For example, you can do the following:
my @numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4); my @doubles = map { $_*2 } @numbers; print @doubles; # prints 2468
The equivalent construct using foreach in Perl would be like:
my @numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4); my @doubles; foreach (@numbers) { push @doubles, $_*2; } print @doubles;
In C#, the foreach approach would require a bit more code since you have to deal with the fact that the array isn't flexible in size by nature; you'll have to push the results into an ArrayList or a List<T>. We'll get back to this later on.
Grep operator in Perl does about the same as its counterpart on the Unix command line: picks up list elements that match certain criteria. The syntax is very much similar to map; an expression is specified. The difference comes here: if the result of the expression is true ("non-zero" -- in this sense, Perl treats booleans much like C/C++), the element is included in the resulting array.
my @names = ("John", "Mike", "Jane", "Adam"); my @oNames = grep { substr($_, 0, 1) eq 'J' } @names; print @oNames;
With a little thought, I think you can figure out what the code above does. Yeah, it prints out those names whose first character ("1 character long substring from index position 0") equals 'J' - that is, John and Jane.
I've been longing for those two Perl operations for quite some time. When I first read the C# 2.0 spec, I realized the potential both generics and anonymous methods had for this purpose. However, I later noted that Framework 2.0 already contains fairly good support for these operations in the form of a couple of new methods. While the terse syntax of Perl will be missed, using map and grep like operations in C# 2.0 is almost trivial. Let's see a bit closer.
Typed arrays and the new List<t> type containers provide a new static method in 2.0: ForEach. It takes a typed array (or a list; I'll just talk about arrays in the following, but the same can mostly be applied for lists as well) and an Action type delegate as a parameter, and then runs the delegate for each array element. An action type delegate takes a single parameter of the list element's type and returns nothing. So, you can use ForEach like this:
private static void PrintNumber(int num) { Console.WriteLine("The number is " + num); } public static void Main() { int[] list = {1, 2, 3, 4}; Array.ForEach(list, new Action<int>(PrintNumber)); }
One of the greater new C# enhancements is the ability to define methods anonymously. So we can actually get rid of the PrintNumber method, too. The following code is equivalent with the snippet above:
public static void Main() { int[] list = {1, 2, 3, 4}; Array.ForEach( list, delegate(int num) { Console.WriteLine("The number is " + num); } ); }
The missing part here is the lack of return type in the Action delegate; you can't easily use it to construct a new list or array. So, let's construct some of our own tool code to help:
public delegate T MapAction<T>(T item); public static T[] MapToArray<T>(T[] source, MapAction<T> action) { T[] result = new T[source.Length]; for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; ++i) result[i] = action(source[i]); return result; }
So, we now have a MapAction delegate, which is much like the framework's Action, but also returns an element of type T. Then we have the MapToArray method, which always returns an array of same type and size as the source parameter - but the elements contained are passed through the MapAction handler, mutilating them in the way you wish. As a result, we can write:
public static void Main() { int[] list = {1, 2, 3, 4}; int[] doubled = MapToArray(list, delegate(int num) { return num*2; }); foreach (int i in doubled) Console.WriteLine(i); }
... and have it print out 2, 4, 6 and 8. That's it! Except that this isn't as flexible as Perl's map was; you still can't map the elements to a totally different type. Luckily, the changes required are pretty easy. Let's rewrite the MapAction delegate and the MapToArray method to work with different types:
public delegate DstType MapAction<SrcType, DstType>(SrcType item); public static DstType[] MapToArray<SrcType, DstType>( SrcType[] source, MapAction<SrcType, DstType> action) { DstType[] result = new DstType[source.Length]; for (int i = 0; i < source.Length; ++i) result[i] = action(source[i]); return result; }
We now have a whole lot of two type parameters - which I've also named SrcType and DstType for clarity - in both the delegate and the MapToArray method. This allows us to create maps from one type to another with arbitrarily complex operations:
public static void Main() { string[] files = { "map.pl", "testi.cs" }; long[] fileSizes = MapToArray<string,long>( files, delegate(string file) { return new FileInfo(file).Length; } ); for (int i=0; i < files.Length; ++i) Console.WriteLine(files[i] + ": " + fileSizes[i]); }
Yep, that example maps an array of filenames (strings) into an array of file sizes (longs). Note that the complexity of that example exceeds C#'s ability to infer the generic types; you have to manually specify SrcType and DstType at the MapArray call. That's not entirely bad, though - it does add some clarity to the code.
After having gone through all the trouble of implementing the map operation, implementing a grep equivalent is trivial. Both Arrays and List<T>s have a FindAll method, which works much like ForEach, but takes a Predicate type delegate, which essentially is just a method that takes an item and returns true if it matches the criteria. So, to filter even numbers from an int array, you just type:
int[] list = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}; int[] even = Array.FindAll(list, delegate(int num) { return num%2 == 0; }); foreach (int i in even) Console.WriteLine(i);
... and yes, the code above prints 2, 4 and 6. That's it for grep!
FindAll and ForEach are considerable improvements to the list/array handling mechanisms readily provided by the Framework. Combined with logic like the MapArray method posted above, you can make even complex array operations relatively simple. Although the terseness (or ugliness or elegance - whatever you prefer) of Perl code cannot be reached simply by coding new methods, much of the same power can be wielded.
The map operations described above are far from perfect. They're restricted to arrays both on input and output. It would be fairly simple to make them swallow IEnumerable<T>s, so you could give anything as an input. If you want the map operation to produce a list, you could write a separate MapToList method. However, for most cases, the relatively simple operations described above will suffice. Also, FindAll exists on both List<T> and Arrays, so you don't have to hack around for that.
2004-07-23: Initial version released.
This article has no explicit license attached to it but may contain usage terms in the article text or the download files themselves. If in doubt please contact the author via the discussion board below.
A list of licenses authors might use can be found here
public delegate object MapDelegate(object o); public delegate bool GrepDelegate(object o); public class ArrayListEx : ArrayList { public ArrayListEx() : base() {} public ArrayListEx(ICollection col) : base(col) {} public ArrayListEx(int capacity) : base(capacity) {} public ArrayList Map(MapDelegate action) { ArrayList res = new ArrayList(this.Capacity); foreach (object o in this) res.Add(action(o)); return res; } public ArrayList Grep(GrepDelegate pred) { ArrayList res = new ArrayList(); foreach (object o in this) if (pred(o)) res.Add(o); return res; } }
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Cancer Prevention Books
Protect Yourself and Your Family
Kicking Butts, Second Edition
Quit Smoking and Take Charge of Your Health
By American Cancer Society
Paperback: $8.95 (Ca $9.95)
A completely revised edition of a "quit smoking" classic! The new, award-winning edition includes the latest information on smoking-cessation products and offers a simple, proven approach to quitting smoking. Its easy-to-follow format will motivate you to quit, offering practical advice and tips to assure long-term success. No matter how long you've smoked, Kicking Butts can help.
120 pages
Paperback, eBook formats
Pub Date: August 2010
National Indie Excellence Awards, Winner
National Health Information Award, Silver Medal
Healthy Me
A Read-Along Coloring & Activity Book
Written by Grace Hawthorne
Illustrated by Eileen C. Blyth
Paperback: $6.95 (Ca $7.95)
Healthy habits to last a lifetime! This fun and engaging coloring book explores the world through nine updated fairy tales from diverse cultures, while encouraging healthy living and fun activities. Designed to help parents and teachers familiarize children with habits of healthy eating, these read-along stories are sure to entertain children as they reinforce messages about the benefits of being physically active, eating well, and avoiding tobacco. Also included are challenges such as mazes, matching, word finds, and connect-the-dots, which promote healthy living.
144 Pages
Pub Date: March 2004
No Thanks, but I'd Love to Dance
Choosing to Live Smoke Free
By Jackie Reimer
Hardcover:$14.95 (Ca $16.95)
At last! A book that encourages children to live smoke free! This book encourages young children to make a healthy choice and not smoke. Whimsically illustrated, the book chronicles the life of Belle, who at six years old, was "best friends forever" with her Grandma Bee, who after years of smoking could no longer do the one thing they both liked best—to dance. Grandma Bee tells Belle how, when she was a young girl, a boy had offered her a cigarette at a school dance. She had said yes and become addicted. She teaches Belle the importance of not smoking.
32 pages
Hardcover, eBook formats
Pub Date: April 2010
The Cancer Atlas, Second Edition
By Ahmedin Jemal, Paolo Vineis, Freddie Bray, Lindsey Torre, and David Forman
Forewords by John R. Seffrin, Cary Adams, and Christopher Wild
Paperback: $29.95 (Ca $32.95)
The essential reference in the global battle against cancer. In The Cancer Atlas, Second Edition, cancer control experts from around the world present useful and understandable information to aid in the fight against cancer. This all-new edition represents a comprehensive global overview of information about the burden of cancer, associated risk factors, methods of prevention, and measures of control. It provides basic information on the global burden of cancer in a user-friendly and accessible form for cancer control advocates, government and public health agencies, and policymakers as well as patients, survivors, and the general public. This book is an invaluable tool to promote cancer prevention and control worldwide.
136 pages
Pub Date: April 2015
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Foot-and-mouth disease
Foot-and-mouth disease | |
Ruptured oral blister in diseased cow. | |
Classification and external resources | |
Specialty | infectious disease |
DiseasesDB | 31707 |
MeSH | D005536 |
Foot-and-mouth disease or hoof-and-mouth disease (Aphthae epizooticae) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild bovids.[1][2] The virus causes a high fever for approximately two to six days, followed by blisters inside the mouth and on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has severe implications for animal farming, since it is highly infectious and can be spread by infected animals through aerosols, through contact with contaminated farming equipment, vehicles, clothing, or feed, and by domestic and wild predators.[3] Its containment demands considerable efforts in vaccination, strict monitoring, trade restrictions, and quarantines, and occasionally the killing of animals.
Susceptible animals include cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs,[4][5] antelope, deer, and bison. It has also been known to infect hedgehogs and elephants;[3][6] llamas and alpacas may develop mild symptoms, but are resistant to the disease and do not pass it on to others of the same species.[3] In laboratory experiments, mice, rats, and chickens have been successfully infected by artificial means, but they are not believed to contract the disease under natural conditions.[3] Humans are very rarely infected.
The virus responsible for the disease is a picornavirus, the prototypic member of the genus Aphthovirus. Infection occurs when the virus particle is taken into a cell of the host. The cell is then forced to manufacture thousands of copies of the virus, and eventually bursts, releasing the new particles in the blood. The virus is genetically highly variable,[7] which limits the effectiveness of vaccination.
The cause of FMD was first shown to be viral in 1897 by Friedrich Loeffler. He passed the blood of an infected animal through a Chamberland filter and found the collected fluid could still cause the disease in healthy animals.
FMD occurs throughout much of the world, and while some countries have been free of FMD for some time, its wide host range and rapid spread represent cause for international concern. After World War II, the disease was widely distributed throughout the world. In 1996, endemic areas included Asia, Africa, and parts of South America; as of August 2007, Chile is disease-free,[8] and Uruguay and Argentina have not had an outbreak since 2001. In May 2014, the FAO informed that Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru were "just one step away" from eradication;[9] North America and Australia have been free of FMD for many years. New Zealand has never had a case of foot-and-mouth disease.[10] Most European countries have been recognized as disease-free, and countries belonging to the European Union have stopped FMD vaccination.
However, in 2001, a serious outbreak of FMD in Britain resulted in the slaughter of many animals, the postponing of the general election for a month, and the cancellation of many sporting events and leisure activities, such as the Isle of Man TT. Due to strict government policies on sale of livestock, disinfection of all persons leaving and entering farms, and the cancellation of large events likely to be attended by farmers, a potentially economically disastrous epizootic was avoided in the Republic of Ireland,[citation needed] with just one case recorded in Proleek, Co. Louth. In August 2007, FMD was found at two farms in Surrey, England. All livestock were culled and a quarantine erected over the area. Two other suspected outbreaks have occurred since, although these seem now not to be related to FMD. The only reported case in 2010 was a false alarm from GIS Alex Baker, as proven false by the Florida Farm and Agricultural Department, and the confirmed quarantine/slaughter of cattle and pigs was reported from Miyazaki Prefecture in Japan in June after three cows tested positive. A total of some 270,000 cattle have been ordered slaughtered following the disease's outbreak.
Clinical signs[edit]
The incubation period for foot-and-mouth disease virus has a range between one and 12 days.[11][12] The disease is characterized by high fever that declines rapidly after two or three days, blisters inside the mouth that lead to excessive secretion of stringy or foamy saliva and to drooling, and blisters on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness.[4][13] Adult animals may suffer weight loss from which they do not recover for several months, as well as swelling in the testicles of mature males, and in cows, milk production can decline significantly. Though most animals eventually recover from FMD, the disease can lead to myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle)[14] and death, especially in newborn animals. Some infected ruminants remain asymptomatic carriers, but they nonetheless carry FMDV and may be able to transmit it to others. Pigs cannot serve as asymptomatic carriers.[15]
Of the seven serotypes[16] of this virus, A, C, O, Asia 1, and SAT3 appear to be distinct lineages; SAT 1 and SAT 2 are unresolved clades.[17] The mutation rate of the protein-encoding sequences of strains isolated between 1932 and 2007 has been estimated to be 1.46 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year, a rate similar to that of other RNA viruses. The most recent common ancestor appears to have evolved about 481 years ago (early 16th century). This ancestor then diverged into two clades which have given rise to the extant circulating Euro-Asiatic and South African. This event occurred around 1800.[18] Skyline plot analysis shows a population expansion in the early 20th century, which was then followed by a rapid decline in population size in the late 20th century.
At least seven genotypes of serotype Asia 1 are known.[19]
The FMD virus can be transmitted in a number of ways, including close-contact animal-to-animal spread, long-distance aerosol spread and fomites, or inanimate objects, typically fodder and motor vehicles. The clothes and skin of animal handlers such as farmers, standing water, and uncooked food scraps and feed supplements containing infected animal products can harbor the virus, as well. Cows can also catch FMD from the semen of infected bulls. Control measures include quarantine and destruction of infected livestock, and export bans for meat and other animal products to countries not infected with the disease.
Just as humans may spread the disease by carrying the virus on their clothes and bodies, animals that are not susceptible to the disease may still aid in spreading it. This was the case in Canada in 1952, when an outbreak flared up again after dogs had carried off bones from dead animals.[3] Wolves are thought to play a similar role in the former Soviet Union.[20]
Infecting humans[edit]
Humans can be infected with foot-and-mouth disease through contact with infected animals, but this is extremely rare. Some cases were caused by laboratory accidents. Because the virus that causes FMD is sensitive to stomach acid, it cannot spread to humans via consumption of infected meat, except in the mouth before the meat is swallowed. In the UK, the last confirmed human case occurred in 1966,[21][22] and only a few other cases have been recorded in countries of continental Europe, Africa, and South America. Symptoms of FMD in humans include malaise, fever, vomiting, red ulcerative lesions (surface-eroding damaged spots) of the oral tissues, and sometimes vesicular lesions (small blisters) of the skin. According to a newspaper report, FMD killed two children in England in 1884, supposedly due to infected milk.[23]
Another viral disease with similar symptoms, hand, foot and mouth disease, occurs more frequently in humans, especially in young children; the cause, Coxsackie A virus, is different from FMDV. Coxsackie viruses belong to the Enteroviruses within the Picornaviridae.
Because FMD rarely infects humans, but spreads rapidly among animals, it is a much greater threat to the agriculture industry than to human health. Farmers around the world can lose huge amounts of money during a foot-and-mouth epizootic, when large numbers of animals are destroyed, and revenues from milk and meat production go down.
Like other viruses, the FMD virus continually evolves and mutates, thus one of the difficulties in vaccinating against it is the huge variation between, and even within, serotypes. There is no cross-protection between serotypes (a vaccine for one serotype will not protect against any others) and in addition, two strains within a given serotype may have nucleotide sequences that differ by as much as 30% for a given gene. This means FMD vaccines must be highly specific to the strain involved. Vaccination only provides temporary immunity that lasts from months to years.
Currently, the World Organisation for Animal Health recognizes countries to be in one of three disease states with regard to FMD: FMD present with or without vaccination, FMD-free with vaccination, and FMD-free without vaccination.[24] Countries designated FMD-free without vaccination have the greatest access to export markets, so many developed nations, including Canada, the United States, and the UK, work hard to maintain their current status. Some countries such as Brazil and Argentina which have large beef exporting industries, practise vaccination in some areas but have other vaccination-free zones.
Reasons cited for restricting export from countries using FMD vaccines include, probably most importantly, routine blood tests relying on antibodies cannot distinguish between an infected and a vaccinated animal,[25] which severely hampers screening of animals used in export products, risking a spread of FMD to importing countries. A widespread preventive vaccination would also conceal the existence of the virus in a country. From there, it could potentially spread to countries without vaccine programs. Lastly, an animal infected shortly after being vaccinated can harbor and spread FMD without showing symptoms itself, hindering containment and culling of sick animals as a remedy.
Many early vaccines used dead samples of FMDV to inoculate animals, but those early vaccines sometimes caused real outbreaks. In the 1970s, scientists discovered that a vaccine could be made using only a single key protein from the virus. The task was to produce enough quantities of the protein to be used in the vaccination. On June 18, 1981, the US government announced the creation of a vaccine targeted against FMD, the world's first genetically engineered vaccine.
The North American FMD Vaccine Bank is housed at the United States Department of Agriculture's Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at Plum Island Animal Disease Center. The Center, located 1.5 mi (2.4 km) off the coast of Long Island, NY, is the only place in the United States where scientists can conduct research and diagnostic work on highly contagious animal diseases such as FMD. Because of this limitation, US companies working on FMD usually use facilities in other countries where such diseases are endemic.
United States 1870–1929[edit]
The US has had nine FMD outbreaks since it was first recognized on the northeastern coast in 1870;[26] the most devastating happened in 1914. It originated from Michigan, but its entry into the stockyards in Chicago turned it into an epizootic. About 3,500 livestock herds were infected across the US, totaling over 170,000 cattle, sheep, and swine. The eradication came at a cost of US$4.5 million, a huge sum of money in 1914.
A 1924 outbreak in California resulted not only in the slaughter of 109,000 farm animals, but also 22,000 deer.
The US had its latest FMD outbreak in Montebello, California, in 1929. This outbreak originated in hogs that had eaten infected meat scraps from a tourist steamship that had stocked meat in Argentina. Over 3,600 animals were slaughtered and the disease was contained in less than a month.[27][28]
United Kingdom 1967[edit]
In October 1967, a farmer in Shropshire reported a lame sow, which was later diagnosed with FMD. The source was believed to be remains of legally imported infected lamb from Argentina and Chile. The virus spread and, in total, 442,000 animals were slaughtered and the outbreak had an estimated cost of £370 million.[citation needed]
Taiwan 1997[edit]
Taiwan had previous epidemics of FMD in 1913–14 and 1924–29, but had since been spared,[29] and considered itself free of FMD as late as in the 1990s. On the 19th of March 1997, a sow at a farm in Hsinchu Prefecture, Taiwan, was diagnosed with a strain of FMD which only infects swine. Mortality was high, nearing 100% in the infected herd. The cause of the epidemic was not determined, but the farm was near a port city known for its pig-smuggling industry and illegal slaughterhouses. Smuggled swine or contaminated meat are thus likely sources of the disease.
The disease spread fast among swine herds in Taiwan, with 200–300 new farms being infected daily. Causes for this include the high swine density in the area, with up to 6,500 hogs per square mile, feeding of pigs with untreated garbage, and the farms' proximity to slaughterhouses. Other systemic issues, such as lack of laboratory facilities, slow response, and initial lack of a vaccination program, contributed. The farmers allegedly intentionally introduced FMD to their flocks, because the payment offered to farmers for culled swine was at the time higher than their market value.
A complicating factor is the endemic spread of swine vesicular disease (SVD) in Taiwan. The symptoms are indistinguishable from FMD, which may have led to previous misdiagnosing of FMD as SVD. Laboratory analysis was seldom used for diagnosis, and FMD may thus have gone unnoticed for some time.
The swine depopulation was a massive undertaking, with the military contributing substantial manpower. At peak capacity, 200,000 hogs per day were disposed of, mainly by electrocution. Carcasses were disposed of by burning and burial, but burning was avoided in water resource protection areas. In April, industrial incinerators were running around the clock to dispose of the carcasses.
Initially, 40,000 combined vaccine doses for the strains O-1, A-24, and Asia-1 were available and administered to zoo animals and valuable breeding hogs. At the end of March, half a million new doses for O-1 and Asia-1 were made available. On the May 3rd, 13 million doses of O-1 vaccine arrived, and both the March and May shipments were distributed free of charge. With a danger of vaccination crews spreading the disease, only trained farmers were allowed to administer the vaccine under veterinary supervision.
Taiwan had previously been the major exporter of pork to Japan, and among the top 15 pork producers in the world in 1996. During the outbreak, over 3.8 million swine were destroyed at a cost of US$6.9 billion. The Taiwanese pig industry was devastated as a result, and the export market was in ruins.[27][dead link] [30] In 2007, Taiwan was considered free of FMD, but was still conducting a vaccination program, which restricts the export of meat from Taiwan.
United Kingdom 2001[edit]
The epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in the United Kingdom in the spring and summer of 2001 was caused by the "Type O pan Asia" strain of the disease.[31] This episode resulted in more than 2,000 cases of the disease in farms throughout the British countryside. Around ten million sheep and cattle were killed in an eventually successful attempt to halt the disease.[32] The County of Cumbria was the worst affected area of the country, with 843 cases. By the time the disease was halted in October 2001, the crisis was estimated to have cost Britain £8 billion ($13 billion) [33] in costs to the agricultural and support industries, and to the outdoor industry. What made this outbreak so serious was the amount of time between infection being present at the first outbreak locus, and the time when countermeasures were put into operation against the disease, such as transport bans and detergent washing of both vehicles and personnel entering livestock areas. The epidemic was probably caused by pigs which had been fed infected rubbish that had not been properly heat-sterilized. Further, the rubbish is believed to have contained remains of infected meat that had been illegally imported to Britain.[34]
China 2005[edit]
In April 2005, an Asia-1 strain of FMD appeared in the eastern provinces of Shandong and Jiangsu. During April and May, it spread to suburban Beijing, the northern province of Hebei, and the Xinjiang autonomous region in northwest China. On 13 May, China reported the FMD outbreak to the World Health Organization and the OIE. This was the first time China has publicly admitted to having FMD.[35][36] China is still reporting FMD outbreaks. In 2007, reports filed with the OIE documented new or ongoing outbreaks in the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang. This included reports of domestic yak showing signs of infection.[37] FMD is endemic in pastoral regions of China from Heilongjiang Province in the northeast to Sichuan Province and the Tibetan Autonomous region in the southwest. Chinese domestic media reports often use a euphemism "Disease Number Five" (五号病 wǔhàobìng) rather than FMD in reports because of the sensitivity of the FMD issue. In March 2010, Southern Rural News (Nanfang Nongcunbao), in an article "Breaking the Hoof and Mouth Disease Taboo", noted that FMD has long been covered up in China by referring to it that way.[38] FMD is also called canker (口疮, literally "mouth ulcers" kǒuchuāng) or hoof jaundice (蹄癀 tíhuáng) in China, so information on FMD in China can be found online using those words as search terms.[39][40] One can find online many provincial orders and regulations on FMD control antedating China's acknowledgment that the disease existed in China, for example Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 1991 regulation on preventing the spread of Disease No.5.[41]
United Kingdom 2007[edit]
An infection of foot-and-mouth disease in the United Kingdom was confirmed by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, on 3 August 2007, on farmland located in Normandy, Surrey.[42][43] All livestock in the vicinity were culled on 4 August. A nationwide ban on the movement of cattle and pigs was imposed, with a 3-km (1.9-mi) protection zone placed around the outbreak sites and the nearby virus research and vaccine production establishments, together with a 10-km (6.2-mi) increased surveillance zone.[44]
On 4 August, the strain of the virus was identified as a "01 BFS67-like" virus, one linked to vaccines and not normally found in animals, and isolated in the 1967 outbreak.[45] The same strain was used at the nearby Institute for Animal Health and Merial Animal Health Ltd at Pirbright, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) away, which is an American/French owned research facility, and was identified as a possible source of infection.[46]
On 12 September, a new outbreak of the disease was confirmed in Egham, Surrey, 19 km (12 mi) from the original outbreak,[47] with a second case being confirmed on a nearby farm on 14 September.[48]
These outbreaks caused a cull of all at-risk animals in the area surrounding Egham, including two farms near to the famous four-star hotel Great Fosters. These outbreaks also caused the closure of Windsor Great Park due to the park containing deer; the park remained closed for three months. On 19 September 2007, a suspected case of FMD was found in Solihull, where a temporary control zone was set up by Defra.
Japan and Korea 2010–2011[edit]
In April 2010, a report of three incursions of FMD in Japan and South Korea led the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to issue a call for increased global surveillance. Japan veterinary authorities confirmed an outbreak of type O FMD virus, currently more common in Asian countries where FMD is endemic.
South Korea was hit by the rarer type A FMD in January, and then suffered type O infection in April.[49] The most serious case of foot-and-mouth outbreak in South Korea's history started in November 2010 in pig farms in Andong city of Gyeongsangbuk-do, and has since spread in the country rapidly.[50][51] More than 100 cases of the disease have been confirmed in the country so far,[50] and in January 2011, South Korean officials started a mass cull of approximately 12%, or around three million in total, of the entire domestic pig population, and 107,000 of three million cattle of the country to halt the outbreak.[50]
On 10 Feb 2011, North Korea reported an outbreak affecting pigs in the region around Pyongyang, by then ongoing since at least December 2010. Efforts to control the outbreak have been hampered by illicit sales of infected meat.[52]
Bulgaria 2011[edit]
The outbreak was recognised when a wild boar was shot, which had crossed the Bulgarian-Turkish border near the village of Kosti, Burgas Province, in the Strandzha Mountains.[53] The necropsy uncovered foot-and mouth disease.[53] After this, 37 infected animals were discovered in the village of Kosti, and all susceptible animals there were culled. Burgas Province and seven other neighboring provinces declared a quarantine zone.[54]
On 14 January, a further outbreak was discovered in the neighboring village of Rezovo,[53] thought to have been carried by a Turkish cattle herd. On 17 January, the presence of the disease was confirmed.[53] The Bulgarian authorities ordered culling of all susceptible livestock in Rezovo.[55] Compensation for the losses in the two villages has been promised.[53]
On 31 January, a third focus of infection was discovered in the southeastern Bulgarian village of Gramatikovo. On 25 March, two new outbreaks were discovered in the villages of Granichar and Kirovo.[56]
Economic and ethical issues[edit]
Epidemics of FMD have resulted in the slaughter of millions of animals, despite this being a frequently nonfatal disease for adult animals (2–5% mortality), though young animals can have a high mortality.[57] The Taiwan outbreak that only affected pigs also showed a high mortality for adults. The destruction of animals is primarily to halt further spread, as growth and milk production may be permanently affected, even in animals that have recovered. Due to international efforts to eradicate the disease, infection would also lead to trade bans being imposed on affected countries. Critics of current policies to cull infected herds argue that the financial imperative needs to be balanced against the killing of many animals,[58] especially when a significant proportion of infected animals, most notably those producing milk, would recover from infection and live normal lives, albeit with reduced milk production. On the ethical side, one must also consider FMD is a painful disease for the affected animals.[59] The vesicles/blisters are painful in themselves, and restrict both eating and movement. Through ruptured blisters, the animal is at risk from secondary bacterial infections [59] and, in some cases, permanent disability.
See also[edit]
- Animal virology Animal viruses
- Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD)
- Swine vesicular disease (SVD)
- ^ Arzt, J.; Juleff, N.; Zhang, Z.; Rodriguez, L. L. (2011). "The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease I: Viral Pathways in Cattle". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 58 (4): 291–304. doi:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01204.x. PMID 21366894.
- ^ Arzt, J.; Baxt, B.; Grubman, M. J.; Jackson, T.; Juleff, N.; Rhyan, J.; Rieder, E.; Waters, R.; Rodriguez, L. L. (2011). "The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease II: Viral Pathways in Swine, Small Ruminants, and Wildlife; Myotropism, Chronic Syndromes, and Molecular Virus-Host Interactions". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 58 (4): 305–326. doi:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01236.x.
- ^ a b c d e Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Animal Products - Foot-and-Mouth Disease Hazard Specific Plan Archived June 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b Stenfeldt, C.; Pacheco, J.M.; Rodriguez, L.L.; Arzt, J. (2014). "Infection dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs using two novel simulated-natural inoculation methods". Research in Veterinary Science. 96 (2): 396–405. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.01.009. PMID 24548596.
- ^ Stenfeldt, Carolina; Pacheco, Juan M.; Rodriguez, Luis L.; Arzt, Jonathan (2014). "Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Pigs; Identification of Oropharyngeal Tonsils as Sites of Primary and Sustained Viral Replication". PLoS ONE. 9 (9): e106859. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j6859S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106859. PMC 4153717. PMID 25184288.
- ^ McLauchlan, J. D.; Henderson, W. M. (1947). "The Occurrence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Hedgehog under Natural Conditions". The Journal of Hygiene. 45 (4): 474–479. doi:10.1017/s0022172400014194.
- ^ Martinez-Salas E, Saiz M, Sobrino F (2008). "Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus". Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. pp. 1–38. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6.
- ^ "Foot and Mouth Disease" (PDF). Washington State Department of Health. March 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ "Latest swine news : FAO: Andean countries short of eradicating the foot-and-mouth disease - pig333, pig to pork community". pig333.com.
- ^ "official government press release, New Zealand's Freedom From Foot-And-Mouth Disease, Biosecurity New Zealand". Biosecurity.govt.nz. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ J. Arzt. "The Early Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Cattle After Aerosol Inoculation". sagepub.com.
- ^ "Foot-and-Mouth Symptom Guide". Farmers Weekly. 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
- ^ Stenfeldt; et al. (September 3, 2014). "Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Pigs; Identification of Oropharyngeal Tonsils as Sites of Primary and Sustained Viral Replication". PLoS ONE. 9 (9): e106859. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j6859S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106859. PMC 4153717. PMID 25184288.
- ^ Stenfeldt, C; Pacheco, JM; Borca, MV; Rodriguez, LL; Arzt, J (2014). "Morphologic and phenotypic characteristics of myocarditis in two pigs infected by foot-and mouth disease virus strains of serotypes O or A" (PDF). Acta Vet. Scand. 56: 42. doi:10.1186/s13028-014-0042-6. PMC 4105858. PMID 25015718.
- ^ C. Stenfeldt; et al. (2014). "Detection of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus RNA and Capsid Protein in Lymphoid Tissues of Convalescent Pigs Does Not Indicate Existence of a Carrier State". TBED. 63 (2): 152. doi:10.1111/tbed.12235.
- ^ "Foot and Mouth Virus Information". Copus.org.uk. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ Yoon SH, Park W, King DP, Kim H (2011) Phylogenomics and molecular evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Mol Cells
- ^ Tully, DC; Fares, MA (2008). "The tale of a modern animal plague: tracing the evolutionary history and determining the time-scale for foot and mouth disease virus". Virology. 382 (2): 250–256. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.011. PMID 18945462.
- ^ Jamal, SM; Ferrari, G; Ahmed, S; Normann, P; Belsham, GJ (2011). "Molecular characterization of serotype Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Pakistan and Afghanistan; emergence of a new genetic Group and evidence for a novel recombinant virus". Infect Genet Evol. 31 (5): 413–21. doi:10.1007/s10059-011-0249-6. PMC 3887601. PMID 21448588.
- ^ Graves, Will (2007). Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages. p. 222. ISBN 1-55059-332-3.
- ^ "Foot and Mouth Disease update: further temporary control zone established in Surrey". Defra. 2007-08-14. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
- ^ Jeffery, Simon (2001-11-23). "Foot and Mouth Disease". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
- ^ Jeffery, Simon (2001-11-23). "Foot and mouth 'killed people in 1800s'". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
- ^ "List of FMD free Member Countries". OIE. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
- ^ Canadian Food Inspection Agency Q&A, question 20. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/fmdfie/questionse.shtml
- ^ Correa Melo, E; López, A (2002). "Control of foot and mouth disease: The experience of the Americas". Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics). 21 (3): 695–8, 689–94. PMID 12523707.
- ^ a b EDEN http://www.eden.lsu.edu/Issues_View.aspx?IssueID=5f3b1efb-d295-4d8e-9cab-8e3bba3c3824
- ^ CRS Report for Congress—Foot and Mouth Disease: A Threat to U.S. Agriculture, Segarra, Rawson. http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RS20890.pdf
- ^ Foot-and-mouth virus: A global dilemma http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/02/27/farming.world/index.html
- ^ US Department of Agriculture—Foreign Animal Report 1998, p41 http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fadrep.pdf Archived February 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "What is foot and mouth disease?". Copus.org.uk. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ Carl Boyde, "Inside Out", BBC, Oct. 31, 2007.
- ^ Knight-Jones, T. J.; Rushton, J (2013). "The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease – What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?". Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 112 (3–4): 161–173. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013. PMC 3989032. PMID 23958457.
- ^ DEFRA—Origin of the UK Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemic 2001
- ^ Jia Hepeng, China confirms bird flu and foot-and-mouth outbreaks http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=2122&language=1
- ^ "Foot-and-mouth Outbreaks Confirmed - china.org.cn". Russian.china.org.cn. 2006-01-17. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ "WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database". Oie.int. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ "Breaking the Hoof and Mouth Disease Taboo - A Milestone in the March 5, 2010 issue of Nanfang Nongcunbao". Xumuren.cn. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ "Yahoo Question and Answers FMD in Chinese". Ks.cn.yahoo.com. 2006-03-14. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ 五号病. "Disease Number Five in Hudong, a Chinese-language wiki". Hudong.com. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ "Regulations of the Guangzi Zhuang Autonomous Region on the Prevention of the Spread of Disease Number 5 dated October 1991 as copied on the "Law Library" website". Law-lib.com. 1991-10-24. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ "Foot and Mouth Disease confirmed in cattle, in Surrey". DEFRA. 2007-08-03. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
- ^ "Further farms tested for disease". BBC News. 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
- ^ Miles Goslett (2007-08-03). "Foot and mouth: new possible cases reported". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
- ^ "Results of Foot and Mouth Disease Strain in Surrey, extension of zones". DEFRA. 2007-08-04. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
- ^ "Foot-and-mouth strain identified". BBC News. 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
- ^ "'Pirbright link' to farm outbreak". BBC News. Dated 12 September 2007
- ^ "BBC NEWS - UK - Outbreak at second farm confirmed". bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "UN agency warns of increased foot-and-mouth threats after outbreaks in Asia" UN News Centre
- ^ a b c Ramstad, Evan; Woo, Jaeyeon (2011-01-11). "Foot-and-Mouth Disease Roils Korean Farms". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Wong, Curtis (2011-01-12). "South Korea Reportedly Buries 1.4 Million Pigs Alive To Combat Foot And Mouth Disease". The Huffington Post.
- ^ "Pork Prices Rising with FMD Meat on Sale".
- ^ a b c d e "Второ село беше пренесено в жертва на шапа". Agro.bg.
- ^ "Умъртвяват животни заради шап в Странджанско". Vesti.bg.
- ^ Шап плъзна в Резово, умъртвяват добитък - trud.bg
- ^ "Нови две огнища на шап в община Средец - Нова телевизияnewspaper=Novatv".
- ^ Arzt, J; White, W. R.; Thomsen, B. V.; Brown, C. C. (2010). "Agricultural diseases on the move early in the third millennium". Veterinary Pathology. 47 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1177/0300985809354350. PMID 20080480.
- ^ "The UK Foot and Mouth Epidemic of 2001: A Research Resource". Fmd.brass.cf.ac.uk. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ a b [1] section 1.6.1 Archived September 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foot-and-mouth disease. |
- FMD Myocarditis in Pigs
- Stenfeldt, C.; Pacheco, J. M.; Smoliga, G. R.; Bishop, E.; Pauszek, S. J.; Hartwig, E. J.; Rodriguez, L. L.; Arzt, J. (2014). "Detection of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus RNA and Capsid Protein in Lymphoid Tissues of Convalescent Pigs Does Not Indicate Existence of a Carrier State". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 63 (2): n/a. doi:10.1111/tbed.12235.
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease 12-part comprehensive overview from the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy
- FMD portal
- 2007 Outbreak Foot and Mouth Disease Timeline
- Animal Disease and Human Trauma—Emotional geographies of disaster Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-0-230-50697-8 authored by the research team of a longitudinal study into the Health and Social Consequences of FMD in North Cumbria (Lancaster University).
- A Manufactured Plague: The history of Foot-and-mouth Disease in Britain. Foot and Mouth—the Management of a Pseudo-crisis (2004, ISBN 1-84407-080-8) by Abigail Wood, a veterinary researcher at the University of Manchester.
- Armstrong R, Davie J, Hedger RS (1967). "Foot-and-mouth disease in man". Br Med J. 4 (5578): 529–30. doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5578.529. PMC 1749100. PMID 4294412.
- Current status of Foot and Mouth Disease worldwide at OIE. WAHID Interface—OIE World Animal Health Information Database
- Disease card
- Foot-and-mouth disease in man
- Foot and Mouth Livestock Symptoms Guide and Images
- In the 1884 outbreak in Britain
- Intervet International has a site devoted to FMD detailing information about Control, Vaccination, Legal Issues, and Preparation
- Levy, Jay A., Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, and Robert A. Owens. "Picornaviridae" Chap. 2, section 2.2 in Virology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.
- News updates on the 2007 UK Foot-and-mouth disease outbreak
- Foot and Mouth Disease Iowa State University Department of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Food Security and Public Health
- United States Animal Health Association FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
- USDA Foot-and-Mouth Research Laboratory Records
- The Lab-On-Site Project has more information in Foot and Mouth Disease Virus.


text:
Mohali, Mar 16, 2013
Former Australian batsman Matthew Hayden praised Shikhar Dhawan's magnificent hundred on debut and feels that innings will be spoken about for a long time.
"This 100 of Dhawan will be spoken about for a very long time. The new brand of India has arrived!!! Great to witness history in Mohali. Dhawan's 100 is the fastest Test 100 by any debutant. Amazing performance!" [sic] Haydeen wrote on his twitter page.
Former England captain Michael Vaughan while praising Dhawan didn't forget to take a dig at the Australians.
"Dhawan's homework of the Aussie bowlers seems to have worked" Vaughan commented.
His India teammates Harbhajan Singh and Ajinkya Rahane also took to twitter to congratulate him.
"Very welldone shikhar jaat ji. Top top top batting.really happy for u brother. hard work always pays off.rab rakha jatta. chardikalla ch raho," [sic] Harbhajan tweeted.
"Very well played shikhar:) very happy for you buddy!," [sic] tweeted Rahane.
Manoj Tiwary also copngratulated Dhawan on his knock.
"Great display of battin by Shikhar.. Amazin stuff !!! Wish u many more in future bro??" [sic]


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Mayor Brown Recognizes Randi Weingarten as he Concludes Women's History MonthMarch 27 – Mayor Byron W. Brown today recognized the extraordinary accomplishments of Randi Weingarten, President, of the American Federation of Teachers, one of the nation's largest labor unions, with over 1.6 million members, as he concluded the celebration of Women's History Month 2017 – Honoring Trailblazing Women in Labor & Business. Mayor Brown proclaimed Monday, March 27, 2017, "Randi Weingarten Day" in the City of Buffalo during a ceremony at City Hall. Mayor Brown called Ms. Weingarten a "trailblazer and true champion" who has not only distinguished herself as one of the most powerful labor leaders in the U.S., but has also championed the causes of gender and racial equality and diversity throughout her storied career. Train Station Site Election Stakeholders Host Another Public Session Regarding Plans for a New Train Station LocationMarch 22 – As Chair of Governor Andrew Cuomo's Train Station Site Selection process, Mayor Byron W. Brown, joined by Train Station Site Selection Stakeholders, hosted another public session in an open house format, where engineers presented the pros and cons so far of the potential locations for the new Buffalo train station. The meeting took place today at the Buffalo Museum of Science. Representatives from WSP Parsons Brinckerhoff, the engineering consultant hired by the state Department of Transportation, presented city residents with an update on the viability of the potential station locations for a new Buffalo train station, explaining in detail the opportunities and challenges associated with each location. The two locations being advanced for further evaluation include the Downtown location and Central Terminal location. Earlier this month, the Train Station Site Selection Stakeholders voted to remove the Larkin location from further studies at this time. The Stakeholders decided to remove the Larkin site from further consideration for multiple reasons, especially factors which would currently complicate the potential for multi-modality at this location. Mayor Brown Proclaims Today U.S. Conference of Mayor's National Day of Immigration Action in BuffaloMayor Brown nominated Westminster Economic Development Initiative's West Side Bazaar Expansion Initiative for the 2017 Wells Fargo and USCMCommunityWINS Grant Program as Buffalo's action to aid the city's growing immigrant and refugee community
Mayor Brown Announces Key Steps In The Northland Corridor Project, Advancing The Process To Accommodate The New Workforce Training CenterFirst Community Workforce Outreach events is held at the Delavan-Grider Community Center Demolition of a large section of a former industrial plant in mid-March "We are now moving from the discussion and planning stage, into the physical transformation of this site, which is key to our efforts to revitalize the Northland Corridor on our City's East Side and prepare the next generation for the jobs powering Buffalo's revitalization," said Mayor Brown. "With today's community workforce outreach event and the start of construction later this month, progress will be visible as we advance the process to accommodate the new Workforce Training Center." Mayor Brown Marked The 100th Year Of The First Known Sale Of Girl Scout Cookies By Issuing A ProclamationMarch 8 – As part of the 2017 Girl Scout Cookies program, Mayor Byron Brown, joined by the Girl Scouts of Western New York, today issued a proclamation, declaring Wednesday, March 8, 2017 as 100 years of Girl Scout Cookies Day in the City of Buffalo. As part of the commemorative anniversary, Mayor Brown also helped promote a new Girl Scout Cookie, called the 'S'more', as he took part in a Mayoral Cookie Challenge.
Mayor Brown Leads Black History Month 2017 CelebrationThe event, held in the lobby of City Hall, also honored leading Buffalo African-Americans for their commitment in the categories of Art, Education, Youth, Military & Law Enforcement, Faith-based, Family, and Health Care service February 21 – Mayor Byron W. Brown today led a celebration of Black History Month during a noon time event in the lobby of City Hall. In his Mayoral Proclamation, the Mayor noted the theme of Black History Month 2017 is "Black Education." "This year's theme examines the role that education has played in the history of African Americans from times of slavery, through the Civil War, to present day. History is full of examples of people overcoming arbitrary boundaries imposed on them. My administration is committed to clearing as many of those barriers as possible through several initiatives to ensure no one is left out or left behind on their path to education and employment," Mayor Brown said. Mayor Brown cited the City's Summer Reading Rules Challenge, which has included 13,000 champion readers in the past 15 years; his administration's steadfast support of the Say Yes Buffalo education initiative to which the City has contributed $1.3 million through 2016, which additional funds for 2017; Mayor Brown's Summer Youth Employment Program, which has employed 22,000 youth, ages 14-21, since 2006, and new City of Buffalo Mentoring Program, through which city employees and community members will tutor Buffalo Public Schools students and serve as role models. "I also announced in my State of the City Address last week the new $44 million WNY Training Center, which will anchor the Northland Corridor, will include a Coding School, to help local residents pursue careers in the burgeoning technology arena." Mayor Brown Announces Launch of CitiStat 2.0The reinvigorated CitiStat 2.0 will be an issue-based, dialogue-driven process,structured to bring City departments together with outside experts to tackle city-wide issues . Mayor Brown and Save Our Streets Task Force Sponsor Free Landlord TrainingMayor Byron W. Brown, in his ongoing effort to create safe, healthy and livable neighborhoods, wants to remind everyone that he is sponsoring, through the Save Our Streets Task Force, 'Free Landlord Training' on February 24, 2017. Mayor Brown Holds Groundbreaking Ceremony for $2.8 Million Scajaquada Restoration ProjectThe Buffalo Sewer Authority will serve as the lead agency in the project which will resolve odor, flooding, stagnation, algae and sediment issues in Scajaquada Creek between Main Street and Elmwood Avenue Mayor Brown Proclaims January National Mentoring Month in the City BuffaloAt a mentoring orientation meeting, Mayor Brown W. Brown thanked dozens of city employees for answering his call to take part in a new City of Buffalo Mentoring Program designed to help improve the lives of Buffalo youth
Read More... Mayor Brown Hosts Annual Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Commemoration CeremonyJanuary 19 - The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Commemoration, Pledge to Service and Recognition Ceremony, is an annual event where Mayor Byron W. Brown and the City's Division of Citizens Services recognizes groups and individuals for their contributions to the community through service. • National Impact Award - Bishop Anthony Bronner – ELIM Christian Fellowship Mayor Brown Unveils Phase Two of The Buffalo Opportunity AgendaMayor Brown will expand phase one of the Buffalo Opportunity Pledge by issuing a series of Executive Orders that strengthen the City's minority and women business enterprise programs, promote inclusion and bolster City resident workforce goals Mayor Brown Announces Public Comment Period On City Of Buffalo's Proposed Open Data ProgramStarting today, January 10 through January 24, 2017, residents are invited to review and comment on the draft Open Data policy which will guide the enhancement of government transparency through a new data program Mayor Brown And Common Council Host Signing Ceremony of City's New Unified Development OrdinanceThe "Green Code" is the first major overhaul of City zoning laws since 1953 and will have a transformative impact on the future of continued development in Buffalo Giving the Buffalo New Year's Eve Ball A Final Test Before Its Big NightBuffalo Ball Drop returns to Downtown Buffalo on December 31, 2016 at Theodore Roosevelt Plaza in Buffalo Mayor Brown Announces Holiday Sanitation ScheduleDecember 21 – Mayor Byron W. Brown announced today that during the week of Christmas, because the holiday falls on a Sunday, there will be no changes to the garbage and recycling pick up schedule. In the same way during New Year's week scheduled garbage and recycling pick-ups will remain the same. Mayor Brown stated, "After the holidays, we are pleased to offer city residents the additional opportunity to properly and safely recycle unwanted computers and electronic items. By participating in this event, residents are helping to reduce the amount of unsafe disposals in our area, which can be harmful to their health as well as the environment." In addition to electronics recycling, the City of Buffalo will also be accepting Christmas trees for recycling at the January 7th event. City residents can bring their natural Christmas tree to 1120 Seneca Street where it will be chipped on site. Residents can take chips with them for re-use as mulch. Trees should be free of ornaments and tinsel. The City will also have curbside collection of naturally grown Christmas trees. The collection is scheduled to last from January 2nd to January 13th on residents scheduled garbage day. This will be conducted by the City of Buffalo's Department of Public Works, Parks & Streets as a way to help the environment and reduce costs associated with taking the trees to landfills. To participate in this collection, city residents are asked to place trees out on their curb before a scheduled garbage pickup and to not place them in garbage bags. Although they are scheduled on the same days, trees will be picked up separately from garbage, so city residents should not be concerned if they are left behind after garbage removal. Mayor Brown Sets New Date For First Public Meeting For Input On The Selection Of A New Train StationDecember 21 – After inclement weather earlier this month forced the postponement of the first public meeting for input on the selection of a new train station location, Mayor Byron W. Brown today set a new date for the meeting. The event will take place on Thursday, January 19, 2017, beginning at 10:00 am in the Buffalo Common Council Chamber, located on the 13th Floor of Buffalo City Hall. The registration deadline is Friday, January 13, 2017. "We are pleased that there is so much community interest in the train station selection project and look forward to hearing testimony from residents on potential sites across the City of Buffalo," said Mayor Brown. Buffalo Ball Drop Returns to Downtown Buffalo For Its 29th YearDecember 20 - Today, Mayor Byron W. Brown invited city residents and visitors to ring in 2017 at the 29th annual "Buffalo Ball Drop & Fireworks" at Iskalo Development's Electric Tower, located in Downtown Buffalo's Roosevelt Plaza. Roosevelt Plaza is located where Huron, Genesee, and Washington Streets meet. Mayor Brown and BPS Superintendent Cash Send Critical Lead Poisoning Prevention Information to All StudentsMore than 18,000 lead information flyers, in seven languages will be mailed to all Buffalo Public Schools families this week
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/// Locarno: 'R. Lorena,' 'Kill' Set For Carte Blanche
MADRID – Alejandro Fernandez Almendras' "To Kill a Man" and Isidora Marras' "R. Lorena" will screen at the Locarno Festival's third Carte Blanche, a pix-in-post section focusing this year on Chile. A change of register and setting for Fernandez Almendras after 2009 family saga "Huacho" and 2011's countryside-set drama "By the Fire," well received at… Read more


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Lynchburg College's plan for camping facilities—dubbed an Eco Village—at Claytor Nature Study Center is on its way to the Bedford County Board of Supervisors with the County Planning Commission's blessing. The commission voted, Monday night, to recommend it by a 6-1 vote. District 4 planning commissioner Frederic Fralick cast the lone dissenting vote.
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October Studio AE from Technique Tuesday Blog Hop
Welcome to the Studio AE/Technique Tuesday October blog hop.
This month's stamp set is right in time for the holiday crafting / December Daily / card-making season.
Say hello to December Joys:
DIGITAL MEMORY KEEPER? This set is a combines digital brushes from the following sets: Christmas Line Stacks, Outline Christmas Brushes, Merry Banners and Merry Little Christmas Brushes. You can check out all my Christmas related digital products here: Ali Edwards Christmas Digital Brushes.
Also check out my other Christmas-themed stamps available from Technique Tuesday:
Jingle All The Way and Magic of Christmas
Tis The Season Banners and Holiday In A Box
Here's a look at what I put together for this month's blog hop:
It's a full-page (8.5x11) photo layout with a cut-up divided page protector on top.
Super fun and totally felt like I was doing a giant-sized December Daily.
Here's a look at the process:
I started by stamping and embossing using Versamark and Red Zing Embossing Glitter and Gold Zing Embossing Glitter.
And then I cut them out. I embossed around the edge of the line-stacked stamps.
I cut up a divided page protector to make four pockets and I printed out the enlarged photo + two smaller ones to fit in the pocket page.
I machine stitched with red thread a box around each of the line-stacked stamped images and then I stitched the whole divided page protector onto the enlarged photo (right across the middle).
Click on the images to link to the products.
Check out what the rest of the Technique Tuesday Studio AE design team has created this month:
Mendi Yoshikawa, our Studio AE guest for October - Tobi Crawford
- Daniela Dobson
- Nichol Magouirk
- Laura O'Donnell
- Sharyn Tormanen
- Teri Anderson
GIVEAWAY | From all the comments made during the hop, we'll draw at random for a $25 gift certificate from TechniqueTuesday.com. The winners will be announced on the TT blog on the 13th.


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TUPELO – Richard Barkley grew up in New Albany and spent a lot of time in the kitchen with his grandmother, who lived in Cotton Plant.
"Basically, it was maters, taters, beans and bread. If you didn't grow it, you didn't eat it," said the 39-year-old. "But Granny always had a smile on her face when she was in the kitchen. That's the way she showed her love for her family. When she would have family dinners, she was fanatical about fixing everybody's favorite. That's when I learned how food can affect emotions."
As a young man, Barkley began dating his future bride, Heather. Her family had two restaurants in Jackson, Burwell's Deli and Sister's restaurant.
"I learned about a whole different culture of food than what we got in Cotton Plant," he said. "I was exposed to a lot of foods I didn't know or couldn't pronounce. I learned to eat or go hungry. And I discovered how delicious different foods could be."
Today, Barkley, the information services department leader for Dodge's stores, still turns out old Southern favorites in his kitchen in Tupelo. But you're more likely to find him experimenting with shrimp and grits or braised short ribs or chocolate cheesecakes, to name a few of his specialties.
"I probably never make the same thing twice the same way," said the father of two boys, Chance and Tanner. "Right now, I'm looking for a fish taco recipe that's as good as the one I had in Dallas. So, we've been having a lot of fish tacos at our house lately and will until I find a recipe I like."
Cookbook and blog
The more the Barkleys tried new and interesting dishes for family, friends and co-workers, the more their guinea pigs wanted their recipes. So last Christmas, the couple took their 100 favorite recipes and put them into a cookbook to give as Christmas gifts.
But they didn't stop there.
They've also created a food blog (rhctbarkley.blogspot.com) where they offer recipes and step-by-step instructions, complete with photos.
"How many recipes do we have out there? I don't know, maybe three kajillion," he joked. "No really, it's probably about 50. It takes a lot of time, but people kept asking for them so we just started recording them."
Barkley said there's no real trick to knowing what flavors will pair well. It just takes practice and knowing your own palate.
"As long as you think about what goes together and how different flavors complement each other, you're probably not going to have a disaster," he said. "I mean, I'm not going to put ketchup on my cheesecake. And if a recipe calls for putting ketchup on my cheesecake, then I'm going to skip that step because I know that would be a disaster. But you have to be willing to experiment. Minds are like parachutes. They're best when they're open."
Do you know a good cook? Send your nominations to Ginna Parsons, Cook of the Week, P.O. Box 909, Tupelo, MS 38802. Or you can fax them to (662) 842-2233 or e-mail them to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Ginna Parsons/NEMS Daily Journal


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There's more than one way to do things | |
PerlMonks |
Comment on |
( #3333=superdoc: print w/replies, xml ) | Need Help?? |
Thanks for your response.
I tried your code and it's not bad but not exactly what I expected. Instead of showing an error-message if the file is opened the program waits until the file is getting closed. That is not bad, but kind of useless for my problem.
I am sure we are pretty near to a solution, so can somebody tell me how it works - please ;) Best regards, - fish In reply to Re^2: Check whether the file is in use by an other user
by fish


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A new report by Human Rights Watch released Monday calls for holding those responsible for abuses accountable
A U.S.-based rights group says all parties to Somalia's armed conflict have committed serious violations of the laws of war that contribute to the country's humanitarian catastrophe.
In a report released Monday, Human Rights Watch calls on all sides in the Somali conflict to immediately end abuses against civilians.
Rona Peligal, deputy director for Africa at Human Rights, says the report also calls for holding those responsible for human rights abuses to account and ensuring access to aid.
"The report looks at abuses by al-Shabab, the Somali Transitional Federal Government, African Union peacekeeping forces and others. It also looks at the current refugee crisis in Kenya of Somalis fleeing the Somali crisis," she said.
Peligal says the 58-page report entitled, You Don't Know Who to Blame: War Crimes in Somalia, documents numerous abuses during renewed fighting in the past year by parties to the Somali conflict.
She says the report was compiled based on interviews with recently arrived Somali refugees in Kenya, as well as from other sources.
Peligal says Human Rights Watch has evidence that all sides to the conflict have caused civilian casualties.
"There have been times where, for example, al-Shabab has fired mortars indiscriminately in densely populated areas and the TFG and AMISOM forces have responded with indiscriminate attacks. At the same time, we have found that the TFG has engaged in violations, including arbitrary arrests and detention, restriction of free speech and assembly," Peligal said.
Somali government spokesman Abdirahman Omar Osman says the claim that his government has failed to provide basic security for unarmed civilians is inaccurate. He says the TFG deserves praise, not criticism, for forcing al-Shabab to withdraw from Mogadishu.
But, Peligal says it is unclear what the TFG means that al-Shabab has withdrawn from Mogadishu.
"Al-Shabab does control large swaths of territory and the TFG controls a small part of Mogadishu. That's part of the problem. And, the other part of the problem has been that there has been no accountability for the abuses that have been committed," Peligal said.
Human rights Watch urges all parties to the Somali conflict to take concrete steps to protect civilians.
The group reiterated its call for the establishment of a U.N. commission of inquiry to investigate violations of human rights and the laws of war by all sides.
"Most importantly, what we want to see now and this goes to al-Shabab is, first of all, an end to the attacks and, secondly, humanitarian access to those fleeing the conflict and, thirdly and a more longer term, our recommendation would be the creation of a U.N. commission of inquiry to look at the violation of human rights," Peligal said.


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The New Jersey Supreme Court decided that a couple's private communications remain protected under the marital communication privilege pursuant to N.J.R.E. 509 despite those communications being wiretapped by State investigators. In State v. Terry, the couple was indicted along with twenty other individuals on charges of conspiracy to manufacture, distribute, and possess with intent to distribute cocaine and heroin. When the State moved to introduce evidence of wiretapped communications between the husband and wife, Teron Savoy and Yolanda Terry, the couple claimed that the communications were protected by marital privilege. The trial court denied the couple's motion and stated that since the communications were disclosed to a third party, the state investigators, it had lost its privilege. Further, the trial court noted that the privilege was not meant to protect crimes or frauds. The defendants appealed and the Appellate Division reversed the trial court's determination which was affirmed by the New Jersey Supreme Court.
The Court reasoned that the public policy of the N.J.R.E. 509 is to encourage free and open communication between spouses and that the State's contention that communications between husband and wife lose its privilege when intercepted by a wiretap would undermine the social policies of any privilege. The Court noted that if it had not been for the wiretap the communications would have remained privileged and the defendants could not have been compelled to disclose it. The Court concluded that a communication "does not lose its privileged character because it is intercepted by a wiretap."
Due to the particular facts of this case, the Court noted that the policy behind the marital privilege is to protect marital harmony not to protect the planning or commission of crimes. In its opinion, the New Jersey Supreme Court came up with a crime-fraud exception to the privilege which they submitted to the New Jersey legislature for approval. Stay tuned to see what happens in the New Jersey Legislature on this issue.
Do you think a communication between a husband and wife should be protected by the marital privilege regardless of the communication's content?
See more »
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
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Polar Capital has announced that it has accepted the resignation of Julian Barnett, the portfolio manager of the Polar Capital Paragon Fund.
Barnett has for personal reasons decided to take a break from the investment industry.
He will continue to manage the Paragon Fund until it is wound down and funds are returned to investors - expected to be in line with the standard quarterly liquidity terms of the fund - at which point he will leave the company.
Both Barnett and the company have confirmed that the departure is amicable.
Polar Capital Holdings is a specialist asset management group which seeks to build a broad family of funds diversified by asset class, geographical and sectoral specialisation, strategy and structure.
Polar Capital Partners was established in January 2001 as a research driven investment management company.
A substantial majority of the business is owned by management and staff. Caledonia Investments, a London listed investment trust, and XL Capital, the Bermudan resident NYSE listed provider of insurance services, are the only two substantial outside shareholders.
Its county of incorporation and main country of operation is the UK.


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Talking about AP, PP, and VC, and their respective reputations has kind of got me thinking recently. As a relative newcomer to horology, it is interesting to read the perspective of others in regards to the 'trinity.' As a younger guy (at least in regards to most on this thread), I feel like I have a very different perspective of the trinity than most. I think that out of the three, I definitely view PP to be in a league of its own (I am excluding AL&S). PP is definitely what I have always perceived as the tip-top of the tier. Somewhere below them I view VC. I actually never heard of VC until I became more interested in watches. Even now, I view them as a slight step down from PP, but in the same realm.
What I find kind of funny is how people tend to lump AP in with PP and VC (and AL&S). At least from my perspective, I generally associate AP with rappers, nouveau riche, etc. In a lot of ways, like a more expensive Hublot or possible IWC. Now, that is not to say that I necessarily think that. There are a lot of AP pieces that I would LOVE to own. I just typically do not think of them as being part of that top tier anymore. They do not market like PP or VC, they have much more 'mainstream' styles, they use celebrities. When I think of AP, I automatically think of the ROO, and various special editions.
I guess I just find it interesting, because for me, AP just does not hold the same cachet as I think it does for other generations.
Yes AP makes a lot of sort of blingy LE watches but if you see one up close, the quality is immediately evident. They make nearly all their movements in-house now and their haute horology department is among the best. It would be a mistake not to rate them at a level with PP and VC.


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Social media is already a tough sale as is, but how do you sell it internally to a large company? As the landscape of social media continually changes with new platforms popping up almost daily, it can be difficult to know what types of social media can be productive. Below are a few suggestions that might work.
Hot Blog Post
One very common way to drive a ton of traffic is to write a controversial blog post and then get it on the home page of Digg. The end result would be a ton of traffic to the article and an amazing amount of links from other blogs, but this would likely result in little to no revenue. Thus, justifying the return on investment with the project becomes extremely unclear and difficult to put in a power point.
Imagine walking into the VP's office and trying to explain how this article, which could be considered utterly useless from a sales perspective, will help drive search engine optimization efforts. A small to medium-sized startup usually can digest this type of experimentation, but when it comes right down to it, enterprise-sized companies will only understand the dollar-in versus dollar-out model. So we can try something else.
Cool Video
Lets look at video for a moment and try and understand what the potential return on investment could be. For this example, let's say we are a large exercise equipment manufacturer. You could create a low budget funny video utilizing a few staff members and a popular piece of equipment. Have your staff come up with a really funny blooper reel and keep it amateur to keep costs down. You then post your video on all the famous video sites, properly set up with the right keywords, and link it back to a sign-up page for more information.
The simplicity of this type of video is easy to justify, and the return on investment, in this case, will be warm leads. This time, when you are faced with getting money out of a VP, the reaction isn't quite as bad, and you may even wind up with a larger budget to keep playing. The end result is you have a good stream of traffic to your site. And, if its done right, you will wind up with quite a few links back to your lead page, and your SEO benefits will be felt rather quickly, and you will wind up with an ongoing revenue source.
MySpace Buzz
Another impossible strategy to sell is creating a buzz on MySpace to drive traffic and links. If you thought the reaction to investing in a Digg-based promotion was hard, you might wind up getting laughed at with this one. I like to call this strategy "trying to put out a fire by throwing hammers at it." No sane member of MySpace really appreciates the friend requests from Viagra Girl or Discount Mortgage Dude. So if management actually falls for it, make sure that your strategy is sound and relevant to the demographic. Now that I am 30, I feel too old for MySpace. It's likely that a 45-year-old VP of marketing will feel even more disconnected from that audience.
Your Own Community
Social media also extends into simple communities that can be implanted directly within your site. The key to these communities is having an attractive, fun, and unique offering to drive new users to the site. No one is really interested in posting on an empty site with little to no content from other users, which is why seeding the user base is very important. One such method that is very effective is to post within the blogosphere; get the community to spread the word for you.
All in all, social media as we know it can be a very powerful tool to drive traffic and search engine optimization efforts. From a logical perspective, with the exception of video, enterprise business is not ready for social media. More data needs to become available before this type of marketing can hit prime time at the enterprise level. So go out there make some cool funky videos and let the traffic pour in.
Related reading
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Lens will be central to the fortunes of Pinterest's decidedly alternative entry to the digital advertising market, so we've taken a hands-on look at what it is, how it works, and just how effective it is.
Four collaboration tools to bring your marketing efforts to a new level
The internet has given us the ability to work with people around the world and there are a few powerful tools that offer different types of collaboration to enhance your marketing efforts.
Chrome Extensions: A vehicle for Amazon and Pinterest to compete with Google?
As Google's index goes mobile-first, consumers get to grips with voice search, and technology advances to avail of image identification in our predominantly visual culture, new opportunities are opening up for the competition.
Five most interesting search marketing news stories of the week
This week, Google's emoji conquest of the SERP is advancing on AdWords titles, Snapchat influencers may be fleeing the platform for greener pastures, and an unconfirmed ranking update dubbed "Fred" has been shaking up the SERP.


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MSI P55-GD65 motherboard preview by windwithme
Over in our forums
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One of our forum members, windwithme, has posted a picture preview of the P55-GD65 motherboard over in our forums.
What is probably most interesting about this board is that it has overclocking buttons - yep, you heard right. There are plus and minus buttons which allows you to adjust the base clock speed of the Core i5 processor.
You can see all the pictures of the mobo right here.
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