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The Ancient World
The Dispersion of the Nations | In Genesis 10, the Bible says that the world was divided about 100 years after the flood after the birth of Peleg.
This could refer to a division of the land and the people.
At the Tower of Babel, the languages were created and the people were forced to separate by language among the seventy descendants of the three sons of Noah.
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Descendants Of Noah
Descendants of Noah (The Table of Seventy Nations) | |||
3 Sons | 16 Grandsons | 54 Descendants | Region |
Shem | Elam, Asshur, Lud | No children listed at the time the nations were separated | (Semitic) Arabia (Jews and Arabs) |
Arpachshad | Shelah (Son: Eber) (Grandsons: Peleg, Joktan) (Sons of Joktan: Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah, Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah, Obal, Abimael, Sheba, Ophir, Havilah, Jobab) | ||
Aram | Uz, Hul, Gether, Mash | ||
Ham | Cush | Nimrod, Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah (sons: Sheba, Dedan), Sabteca | (Negroid and Mongoloid) Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Far East into China and America |
Mizraim | Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, Naphtuhim, Pathrusim, Casluhim, Caphtorim | ||
Put (Phut) | No children listed | ||
Caanan | Sidon, Heth, Jebusite, Amorite, Girgashite, Hivite, Arkite, Sinite, Arvadite, Zemarite, Hamathite | ||
Japheth | Gomer | Ashkenaz, Riphath, Togarmah | (Caucasian) Indo-European, Europe, Mediterranean coast (Greeks and Romans) |
Magog, Madai, Tubal, Meshech, Tiras | No children listed. But Rosh is a name that is linked with these tribes | ||
Javan | Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, Dodanim | ||
Migration |
The tribes migrated and settled into a few regions where there was a desert river valley.
East. Written evidence remains of the ancient civilizations that developed in the east in Sumer, Egypt, the Indus Valley and China around 2000 BC. West. In the west The Etruscans moved to northern Italy and the Minoans settled in Crete. Their ancestors settled in Lydia (Asia Minor). America. The Clovis people and Olmecs also migrated to central America. Although scientists say it was from the Bering Straits, I believe it, or an earlier migration, could have been across North Africa when Pangea was still connected. Evidence of giant human beings have been found in North America. Glen Rose Tracks. A human skeleton of a woman 7 feet tall (210 cm). In addition several footprints of giant men 8.3 - 11.8 feet (253-360 cm) tall have been found in the same region in Texas with dinosaur tracks and below dinosaur tracks!See a map of other important migrations and people. By 350 AD another important migration occurred as the Huns forced the native Barbarian people off the land and into the Roman empire. But they virtually disappeared as a people. Around 1000 AD the Turks migrated off the steppes but they left no real traces. In the thirteenth century (1227) the Mongols migrated off the steppes but left no lasting traces of themselves. | ||
Steppes. Civilizations developed on the plains or large, flat grassland areas. The civilizations in Europe developed faster because they had the horse and their plains were so large that they connected various civilizations. In Eurasia the plains are called steppes. In Africa they are called veldts. In South America they are called pampas and prairie in North America. |
Pangea: The Ancient Continent
This is a map of Pangea, the world before it was broken up.
The undivided earth looks like the description of the New Jerusalem,
with mountain ranges in the north and south.
If this was the description of the terrain, then the people could have traveled great distances without the
hindrance of huge mountains after the flood.
The land was divided according to tribes about 100 years after the flood. Perhaps, the continents had not completed the drift. So this shows a possible distribution of the nations by land route before the continents drifted far apart. Other resettlements could have happened later. However, the map shows that America could have been populated directly from Africa and Europe. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A 2000 mile (3200 Km) walk, like the Appalachian Trail, can be done in six months in mountainous terrain. That is about ten miles per day (16 Km).
I have seen people who have walked over thirty miles over very steep mountains in one day.
I was very out of shape and I could do eight miles in one day.
So, starting from a central point in Eden, all continents could be reached in one year with easy travelling. That is a distance of 3200 miles (5100 km).
See a map of the dispersion of animals on Pangea and Tectonic Plates. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pangea: The Breaking Of The Continent
» Ring of Fire. It was created by the compression of the Asian and American continents as they moved in opposite directions and compressed the space between.
Notice that it is located on the edges of Pangaea.
» Western American Continent. The South American plates probably have more stress fractures because the continent moved a greater distance relative to North America. |
The flood began when the fountains of the sea "burst open" and it rained for 40 days.
... all the fountains of the great deep burst open, and the floodgates of the sky were opened. (Genesis 7: 11) We suspect that a large projectile cracked the foundations of the earth. Large Object From Space This object could have been a comet, meteor or asteroid struck the earth, tilted it and broke the foundations. Water under pressure poured out on to the earth in a giant tsunami and it caused it to flood and rain. There are several current craters that could have been caused at that time, but the meteors that broke the plates of the earth are probably buried in the sea. Several strategically placed objects could have broken the plates and separated the land mass. We can use what we have to make a guess about the location of the possible points of separation.
There is another theory that does not conflict with the bible. A catastrophic gas explosion that is caused by pressure from a stream of lava building up under a thick chunk of rock (craton). A supervolcano. The blast causes an earthquake of magnitude 11 and throws large chunks of rocks which form craters where they land. They believe that this blast occurred in the Deccan Traps of India and that it caused the Chicxulub crater. » A Circular Debris Pattern. If you look at the map above you will notice that the large craters seem to be in a circle with the focus in India. The force of the blast was in the direction of North America. Most of them landed in Canada, and more debris fell within that triangle than in any other place. The rocks missed the Middle East where the ark was located. The debris that was thrown into the air that would have caused a nuclear winter was washed away in the global rain that lasted for forty days. |
The Science Of Carbon Dating.
Pangea and the possible location of some asteroid impacts actually verify what we believe about the cause of the flood and the effects.
We believe that the earth is 6000 years old, therefore we do not believe in the millions of years between events that is the basis of current scientific belief.
So how do we reconcile those long periods of time and the timeline proposed by carbon dating?
Carbon dating can give a difference of ages of millions of years for different parts of the same body. Also, any sample that is carbon dated will be affected if the object has been submerged in water, because water changes the rate of decay of carbon 14! This is what we claim happened in the flood when the entire planet was submerged and subjected to forces that broke the foundations of the earth. Also, slight changes in the speed of light can also cause such enormous changes in radioactive decay so that dates calculated at millions of years are reduced to thousands of years. The speed of light is decreasing. But can all these events happen in less than 6000 years?
The Ancient Places
Ancient Name | Modern | Destiny In Prophecy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Egypt, Abyssinia | Egypt | Will become a lowly kingdom without a monarchy until the end. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abyssinia | Ethiopia | Follows the king of the north with the Libyans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Babylon, Mesopotamia, Land of Shinar | Iraq | The nation will exist at the end of time. But the original, ancient city will never be rebuilt. Alexander the Great and Saddam Hussein have tried to rebuild it. It was also known as Sumer, the Land of the Chaldees and the Akkadian people | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Persia (Parthia) | Iran | The nation will exist at the end of time, but not as a significant empire. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Media | Iran | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thrace | Greece | The nation will exist at the end of time, but not as a significant empire. The ancient Greeks were also known by the name Javan and Macedonians. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rome | Italy | The original empire will be divided until the end of time | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gaul | France | Would be the source of a demonic doctrine. Causes the fall of the church | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lydia and Cilicia Anatolia Asia Minor Ottoman Empire | Turkey | Some interpretations give Turkey a role as the "King of the North" |
Byzantium, Constantinople | Istanbul | The new capital of eastern Rome (Byzantine Empire) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kittim | Cyprus | Ships of Kittim invade the Roman empire. Kittim might be a word that refers to any rampaging evil empire | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Edom, Moab and Ammon | Jordan | Will escape destruction in the last wars, but will be defeated when it attacks Israel | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Israel (The Levant) | Israel | Will accept the Messiah during a time of great conflict | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Aram, Assyria | Syria | The land is part of the New Jerusalem | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nubia, Cush | Sudan | Will pay homage to God | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Philistia | Gaza | Not prophesied | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Khorason | Afghanistan and West Pakistan | Ten lost tribes exiled here | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bactria (Balkh) | Afghanistan | Not prophesied | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bharata | India | Not prophesied | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Scandinavia | Norway, Sweden, Finland | Not prophesied | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nubia | Egypt-Sudan | Not prophesied |
The Birth Of Empires
Century | Africa | Europe | Middle East | Asia | America | ||||||||||
West | East | North | West | Holy Land | Persia | India | Chinese | Russia | North | South | |||||
3300-1500 | West | Kush | Egypt | Minoan | Levant - Mesopotamia | Dasyus | Xia | - | - | - | |||||
1500 BC | Tribal | Kush | Egypt | Tribal | Israel | Medes Persia | Sakas | Shang (Yin) | Tribes | Tuniit | Clovis | Olmec | |||
721-605BC | Egypt, Nubian | Assyrian | Magadha | Zhou | Tuniit | Olmec | |||||||||
605-586BC | Babylon | ||||||||||||||
539-334BC | - | Persian (Achaemenid) | Nanda | Zhou Qin | |||||||||||
334-197BC | Tribal | - | (Ptolemy) Greek (Seleucid) | Mauryan | |||||||||||
197BC-70 | Roman | Parthian | Indo-Greek | Han | Hopewell | Maya, Nazca | |||||||||
70AD-224 | Aksum | Roman | Kuninda Kushan | ||||||||||||
224-476 | Barbarian Invasion | Sassanid | Kushan | ||||||||||||
476-630 | Egypt, Numidia | Catholic Bishops | Byzantine | Gupta | Sui | Khazaria | Thule, Pueblo | Maya, Zapotec | |||||||
632-661 | Rashidun | ||||||||||||||
660-750 | Ghana | Umayyad | Prathihara | Tang | Hohokam | Maya, Chaco | |||||||||
750-1000 | Abbasid | Pala | Kiev Rus | ||||||||||||
1000-1200 | Mali | Fatimid | Holy Roman Empire | Seljuk | Abbasid | Solanki Sena | Song, W. Xia, Jin | Kiev Rus | Anasazi | Toltec | |||||
1200-1250 | Mali, Kilwa, Great Zimbabwe, Songhay | Ayyubid | Seljuk Sultan of Rum | Delhi Sultanate | Yuan (Mongol) | Inuit Cahokia | Inca | ||||||||
1250-1300 | Mamluk | ||||||||||||||
1300-1400 | Ottoman | Abbasid Timurid | Ming | Duchy of Moscow (Muscovy) | Inca Aztec | ||||||||||
1400-1500 | Pueblo | ||||||||||||||
Slaves | New World | ||||||||||||||
1500-1800 | Britain Portugual | Ottoman | Safavid | Mughal Maratha | Quing | Romanov | Britain, France | Spain, Portugual | |||||||
1800-1922 | Britain, France | Qajar | Britain | Quing | |||||||||||
1933-1945 | Democracy Republic | Nazi | Islam | Communism | Democracy Republic | ||||||||||
1947-1981 | Islam | Islam | |||||||||||||
1981-Now | |||||||||||||||
Jewish | Areas under Christian or Jewish influence who were exposed to the gospel and people of God | ||||||||||||||
Christian | |||||||||||||||
Muslim | Areas under Muslim influence | ||||||||||||||
Hindu | At its peak, the Indian empire stretched from Bangladesh to Afghanistan. But Islam converted the west | ||||||||||||||
Buddhist | Areas under Buddhist influence | ||||||||||||||
Symbols | Democracy Communism Islam |
Modern Empires
The modern empires of the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries were mostly made by the strong members of the Roman empire. The British empire eventually absorbed the Ottoman empire. |
Trading Route | Location and Products | |
Silk Road | 1 | A trading route which extended from China to Constantinople. It included several routes over land and sea |
Vikings | 2 | The Vikings conquered Russia by sailing from the Baltic to the Black Sea through the Russian river systems |
Triangle Slave Trade | 3A | Slaves were shipped from West and South East Africa to the North and South American continent. | 3B | Sugar, tobacco, cotton and other products of slave labor were shipped to Europe from America. | 3C | Other manufactured goods were taken from Europe to be used to trade for slaves. |
Global | Today our global trading routes are driven by the need for energy in the form of oil, gas and coal. These are mostly in the Middle East. See the list of energy reserves by country below. |
Ancient Perception Of The World | Empire | Period | Land | Population | GDP | ||
Km2 | %Earth | Million | % | $Billion | |||
British | 1583-1945 | 33.7 | 22.63% | 458 | 20.0% | $918.7 | |
Mongol | 1206-1368 | 24.0 | 16.11% | 110 | 25.6% | $257.7 | |
Spanish | 1516-1899 | 20.0 | 13.43% | 68.2 | 12.3% | $ | |
Qing | 1644-1912 | 14.7 | 9.87% | 432.2 | 36.6% | $241.3 | |
Russian | 1721-1917 | 23.7 | 15.91% | 176.4 | 9.8% | $ | |
Umayyad | 661-750 | 13.0 | 8.73% | 62 | 29.5% | $ | |
Roman | 27BC-476AD /1453 | 6.5 | 4.36% | 65-88 | 29.2-39.5% | $ | |
Old Persian | 550-330BC | 8.75 | 5.85% | 49.4 | 20% | $ | |
French | 1534-1980 | 13.0 | 8.73% | 112.9 | 5.1% | $234.1 | |
Italian | 1861-1914 | 3.8 | 2.55% | 51.9 | 2.3% | $143.4 | |
Portuguese | 1415-1912 | 10.4 | 6.98% | 12.6 | % | $ | |
Nazi Germany | 1933-1945 | 6.4 | 4.30% | 75.4 | % | $375.6 | |
Macedonia | 800-146 BC | 5.2 | 3.49% | - | % | $ | |
Ottoman | 1299-1923 | 5.2 | 3.49% | 39 | 7.10% | $26.4 | |
» Sea Of Darkness. The ocean was populated with dragons.
» American Continent. It was discovered in 1492, but people believed that they were on the west shores of India (West Indies) until the theory of a new continent emerged in 1504. » Flat Earth. Most people believed the earth was flat. |
Lydian | 1200-546BC | 0.5 | .336% | - | % | $ |
Neo-Babylonian | 626-539BC | 0.5 | .336% | - | % | $ | |
Aztec | 1428-1521 | 0.22 | .148% | - | % | $ | |
The Old World. This is a map of what people in the fifteenth century thought the world looked like. The American continent was missing and nobody dared to cross the sea of darkness which was populated with monsters.
» Tordesillas Line (1493). Pope Alexander VI's line dividing the earth between Spain (west) and Portugal (east hemisphere). |
The Pyramids.
Egypt has over 90 major pyramids built between 2600-1500BC.
The vast majority are found in the north, in the Nile delta region.
They are all located on the west bank of the Nile.
The most famous are the structures found at Giza, built during the fourth dynasty.
Nubia. This is the kingdom which is south of Egypt. They have over 180 pyramids. Many are small buildings. The Nile is the longest river in the world (6825 Km). It flows from Africa to the Mediterranean Sea through two main tributaries which meet in Khartoum, Sudan. Blue Nile. Its head waters are in Lake Tana in Ethiopia. White Nile. The most distant head waters are in the Nyungwe Forests of Rwanda. They and many feeder rivers flow to Lake Victoria then to Lake Albert. |
The Exodus. Israel escaped from Egypt by crossing the Red sea at the northern tip, during the reign of either Amenhotep 1 or his son Tutmoses 1. Nefure was the daughter of Tutmoses 1 who rescued Moses. She became queen Hatshepsut. They lived in Egypt from about the twelfth dynasty to the eighteenth. They wandered through the desert and eventually arrived in Palestine after forty years. It is a trip that should have taken two or three months. | |
History: Alexander the Great. After Alexander conquered Egypt in 331BC, he was guided by ravens as he crossed the desert to visit the temple of Amon-Ra. There he wanted to know if he was the son of God like other pharaohs. He was made pharaoh by the Egyptians. He also built the city of Alexandria in his honor. History: Napoleon. When the French conquered Egypt in 1798, they blew the nose off the Sphinx when they used it for target practice. They found the Rosetta stone, blasted the circular zodiac out of the temple in Dendera carried many Egyptian objects to their museums in France. |
The Empire of Assyria
The Hittites invaded the north regions of Assyria and assimilated into the region.
The Ten Lost Tribes. In 722 BC the Assyrian empire, under King Shalmaneser V and Sargon II, captured the northern kingdom of Israel, destroyed the capital in Samaria and took away ten tribes and their priests to Khorason. They became known as the ten lost tribes. The Jews". Only the tribes of Judah and Benjamin and their priests remained in the south and became "the Jews". They would be taken into exile by Babylon in 586BC. |
This empire is not described in any of the prophecies relating to the distant future end of time. This is because the experience of the ten "lost tribes" did not become a model of the church of God at the end of time. | ||||
Hittites (1295 BC) | Assyrian (800 BC) | Assyrian (600 BC) | Israel (North) 10 Tribes | Judah (South) 2 Tribes |
The Empire of Babylon
Babylon controlled Israel for seventy years (609-539 BC).
» 605. Daniel taken captive. Nabopolassar died and Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon by a short route across the desert. » 597. More captives. Ezekiel and Jehoiachin » 588-586. Siege of Jerusalem. Solomon's temple in Jerusalem destroyed. Zedekiah and other captives taken. |
This is the empire described as the head of gold and the lion with wings in prophecy. Babylon became a model of the circumstances at the end of time because it will destroy the religion of God and the church will be rescued by God from a similar captivity. |
The Medo-Persian Empire
The Medo-Persian empire ruled from 539 BC to 331 BC. It defeated three nations:
Lydia. 547 BC. Babylon. 539 BC. Egypt. 538 BC. The leader was Cyrus the Great. He allowed the Jewish captives to go home with their sacred objects. He respected all religions and people and rebuilt the religious temples of the gods and freed all exiles. In the time of Christ, this empire was known as the Parthian empire. |
This was prophesied as a bear with three ribs in its mouth. |
The Greek Empire
The bronze empire, that was also described as a leopard with four wings.
It ruled from 331 BC to 168 BC under the leadership of Alexander the Great. He defeated Darius III of Persia.
The Greeks defeated Persia in three decisive battles. Battle of Granicus (334 BC). Battle of Issus (333 BC). Battle of Arbela (Gaugamela). 1 October 331 BC. One million Persians against 50,000 Greeks. Siege of Tyre (332 BC). 7 months Egypt (spring 331 BC). Temple of Amon-Ra Battle of Hydaspes (326 BC). The last battle was against King Porus and an Indian elephant corp |
The Hellespont (Dardanelles) is the location where Alexander crossed from Macedonia to Asia Minor in 334 BC with his chief officers Antigonus, Ptolemy and Seleucus and an army of 35,000 Macedonians and 7,600 Greeks to begin his war against Darius III and Persia | |
Alexander the great, was described as a "notable horn" which was broken into four horns |
The Divisions Of The Greek Empire
The Greek Empire lasted from 331 BC to 168 BC.
The kingdom was divided among his generals, the diadochi.
But they fought among themselves for the kingdom.
Battle of Ipsus 301 BC. Antigonus attempted to reunite Alexander's empire under his control. He invaded Egypt, but his forces and those of his son Demetrius were defeated. Antigonus was killed. Asia Minor was taken by Lysimachus. Battle of Corupedion 281 BC. Lysimachus was defeated by Seleucus I. Battle of Raphia/Gaza 217 BC. Ptolemy IV defeats Antiochus III. |
4 Divisions | Location | Years | Conquerer | 2 Divisions | Roman | Battle | |
West | Cassander | Greece, Macedonia | 321-168 | Lysimachus (288) | North | Aemilius Paullus | Pydna (168) |
North | Lysimachus | Thrace, Asia Minor | 323-281 | Seleucus (281) | Pompey (63 BC) | - | |
East | Seleucus | Syria, Babylon, Persia | 312-63 | Ptolemy Ceraunus | Pompey (63 BC) | - | |
South | Ptolemy | Egypt, Palestine | 323-30 | - | South | Octavian (31 BC) | Actium |
Alexander the Great died June 11, 323BC leaving a half brother Arridaeus (Philip II) and a pregrant queen Roxanne and Perdiccas, a commander Alexander had named as his successor.
After the death of Alexander without an heir, the Greek empire was eventually divided among four successors.
Ptolemy, Seleucus and Lysimachus were his generals and Cassander was the son of his general Antipater.
After a while, the empire was reduced to a northern and southern kingdom.
Diadochi Wars. South. The Greeks started a new dynasty of kings (Ptolemies) in Egypt. They were defeated in the battle of Actium in 31 BC. North. The generals in the north were at war.
Aemilius Paullus. In 168 BC, He defeated Perseus in the Battle of Pydna and the Greek kingdom came under Roman rule. Attalus III. In 133 BC, Asia Minor was willed to Rome by Attalus. In 63 BC Pompey ended all rebellion against Rome. Pompey. In 63 BC, he conquered Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine. Mark Anthony and Cleopatra. In 31 BC, they were defeated by Octavian (Augustus Caesar) in the battle of Actium. |
The Roman Empire
The Roman empire ruled from 168 BC to 476 A.D.
Battle of Pydna (168 BC). Rome defeated the Greeks. In 15 days, Aemilius Paullus defeated Perseus of Macedonia at Pydna, near Mount Olympus on 22 June 168. Battle of Actium 31 BC. Naval battle off the shores of Greece. Augustus (Octavian) defeated Cleopatra and Mark Anthony. Battle of Adrianople (378 AD). Goths kill Emperor Valens and half the Roman army. The empire splits after this. Battle of Chalons (451 AD). June 20. Western Rome defeats the Huns in Gaul. The Huns never establish a lasting kingdom. The prophecy stated that the Messiah would die during the rule of this empire. It also described two kings that would rule during His life, Augustus Caesar and Tiberius Caesar. |
Roman Empire. These German tribes migrated into the Roman empire after the Huns chased them from their homes.
Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians, Lombards, Franks and Suevi.
Germany. These German tribes stayed in Germany. Saxons, Alemanni, Thuringians and Rugians. These old tribal areas became the stem duchies when Germany separated into East Francia. England. By 410 Britain was deserted by the Romans who were struggling with the Goths and Huns. So the Angles and Saxons went to assist the Celts and defeated the Picts and Scots who were invading Celtic Britain. But they eventually stayed and occupied the country. Heruli. They were Norsemen from Scandinavia. Some may be mixed with the Scyrri. Others. Alans - Iranian people who were not from the Germanic tribes. |
Europe - The Ten Divisions
The northern border of the Roman empire was the Danube and Rhine river, the Carpathian mountains and the Black Sea. |
The Lombards migrated to Italy after the Heruli and Ostrogoths were removed.
These are the ten toes of the statue and the ten horns of the beast in the prophecies of Daniel |
The World - The Ten Kingdoms Of The Club Of Rome
If it follows the prophetic pattern of the original ten divisions of Rome, then three of these divisions will be absorbed by another, leaving seven. However, this could occur in the final year or month on earth.
Roman Provinces
Only these seven regions contained armies from Christ until about 114 A.D. They were the centers of power at His birth. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
After 114 A.D. these regions also maintained an army. |
Attempts To Unite The World Languages
Distribution Of Languages | ||||
Babel. God scattered the language at Babel but every world empire has imposed a common language on the conquered people.
The distribution of language and writing scripts is clearly seen in the official and common languages of many conquered nations hundreds of years later.
The source of much of the world languages is Europe (Greece, Rome, Britain, Spain, France and Portugal). Islam spread Arabic. |
Attempts To Unite Europe
Major Empires | ||||||||||||||||||
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German Reich | German Allies | Neutral | Undefeated Roman Empire | Others: European Union | ||||||||||||||
Families | Hohenzollern (Germany and Prussia), Hapsburg (Spain and Austria), Romanov (Russia), Ottoman (Turkey) | |||||||||||||||||
Hitler and Charlemagne were one of many who tried to unite Europe and recreate the old Roman empire. Prophecy states that the divisions of the Roman empire (Europe and the Byzantine empire) will never unite to form another Roman Empire. It specifically mentions attempts to unite through families. |
Many Attempts To Unite Europe
Time | Method | Leader | Result |
538-1798 | Religion | Popes and kings | Successful religious union by force for western empire from 538-1798. |
768-814 | War | Charlemagne | Region of France, Germany and Italy (Holy Roman Empire) |
936-973 | War | Otto I the Great | Unsuccessful political union. Germany, north Italy. He was able to promote church and state union but he did not unite the territory of the old Roman empire. |
1039-1056 | War | Henry III | German emperor. He wanted to be ruler of the Universal state through the church. He fought for the idea of the supremacy of the church. Under his rulership, the Holy Roman Empire achieved its greatest power. |
1294-1328 | War | Charles IV | Unsuccessful political union. Holy Roman Emperor. Second King of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg |
1300-1922 | War | Ottoman Turks | Turkey, eastern Europe and Middle East influence. |
1643-1715 | War | Louis XIV | Unsuccessful political union. |
1795-1812 | War | Napoleon | Unsuccessful political union. Britain and most of the Holy Roman empire escaped |
1866-1871 | War | Bismark | German unification. Prussian who wanted to unite Germany. Prussia, north and south Germany, France (Lorraine, Alsace) |
1500-1558 | Marriages Failed Unions European Royalty | Carlos 1 | Carlos 1 of Spain and V of Germany (1500-1558) |
1817-1921 | Fathers-in-Law of Europe |
Denmark King Christian IX (1818-1906) and Queen Louise (1817-1898). The six children and 4 grandchildren married into 5 nations
Nicholas I of Montenegro (1841-1921). The five children married into 4 nations. | |
1819-1918 | Queen Victoria European Royalty | Queen Victoria was called the "Grandmother of Europe" because she successfully married her nine children to 19 royal houses and nations.
(Britain, Spain, Greece, Yugoslavia, Serbia, Romania, Portugal, Bulgaria, Ireland, Luxenburg, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Russia, Canada) | |
1914 | War | Kaiser Wilhelm | Unsuccessful political union in World War 1. Germany, Belgium, Prussia |
1939-1945 | War | Adolph Hitler and Mussolini | Unsuccessful political union in World War 2. Most of the European continent were either allies or directly occupied, there were allies in parts of North Africa. But England, Switzerland, Spain, Egypt, Palestine and most of the far eastern Roman Empire were not captured. Mussolini invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia) |
2001 | Economy | European Union | Successful economic union of parts of the Roman empire. Prophecy does not support a political union under one government, but it does support a religious union under the church. |
2005 | Political | The union is now in doubt as France and the Netherlands rejected the constitution in 2005 but a parlimentary vote replaced the popular vote | |
2008 | Political | Greece finances leave them under the austere program of the Germans | |
2016 | Political | Britain voted to leave the EU (July 23, 2017) |
Italy (Roman Catholic Church), France and Germany have been the forces behind all the attempts of European Unification.
Several attempts have been made to unite Europe. None have achieved the unity present
under the Roman empire during the reign of the Caesars.
Various attempts to unite the nations included war, marriage between the royal houses, religion and the latest attempt at an economic union began after WWII under the Papacy.
For a long period there was a successful but turbulent union with the church. But the nations (notably Britain and France)
were constant enemies. There has never been a successful political union under one ruler since the Caesars.
All attempts have failed. Britain seems to be the country that continues to escape.
Prophecy says that there never will be a successful political union under one ruler.
At least not one that will last.
The Vatican And The Seven Hills Of Rome
Temples. The city was full of temples dedicated to various gods.
» Pantheon (126 AD). A temple which had statues of all the gods of ancient Rome arranged in a circle around the building » Templum Divii. Temples erected for the people who were deified. Templum Divii Claudii who was deified in 54 AD, Templum Divii Romulii, Templum Divii Caesaris, and Templum Divii Iulii (Temple of Caesar) 29 BC, dedicated to Julius Caesar. Entertainment And Public Life » Circus. A stadium for mass entertainment and chariot racing like the Greek Hippodrome. » Circus Maximus. Holds 150,000 spectators. Located in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. » Coliseum (Flavian Ampitheatre) [72-80 AD]. It was an arena which seated 50,000 spectators to entertain the public. It was used for gladiator combats. Armed combatants fight each other, wild animals and condemned criminals such as Christians. » Naumachia. A field where ancient land or sea battles and victories were reenacted using prisoners condemned to death. Caesar created the first in 46 BC. It was bloodier than gladiator sports. Vatican City. Located west of the Tiber in the north west of Rome. Established 1929, it is the smallest independent state. 110 acres, 836 population, army (Swiss guard), currency. |
The United States Expansion
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The United States expanded from the Atlantic to the Pacific by taking over or buying the territories of other empires.
The Native Americans were driven off their land and forced to move to reservations or walk to Oklahoma. Louisiana purchase from France for $15 million. France was in debt after the revolution. (Adams-Onis Treaty). Florida is given up by Spain. We paid $5 million. Texas is taken after the Mexican war. Mexico surrenders California and the Mexican Territory after the Bear Flag Rebellion. Alaska was purchased from Russia for $7.2 million. Mississippi River. This river runs from northern Montana to New Orleans along the eastern border of the Louisiana purchase territory. It is an important trade route that is a link to some of the major rivers which carry grain cargo and the oil from the Gulf of Mexico and cargo from foreign ships at the port in Louisiana. Tornado Alley. An area in the Great Plains of the central United States that is mostly west of the Mississippi river, between the Rocky Mountains in the west and the Appalachian Mountains in the east. It generates the most tornadoes at the front where the warm air masses from the gulf of Mexico and the polar air from Canada collide during the tornado season (March to September). The states in this region are east Colorado and east Wyoming, North Dakota and South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, South West Minnesota, West Kentucky and West Tennessee. Fault Lines. There are four major fault zones in the continental United States and one in Alaska.
The Seven Churches of Revelation
The seven churches in the prophecies of Revelation are located in Asia Minor. John wrote these prophecies while he was exiled on the Isle of Patmos. |
Paul's Missionary Journeys
1 | Acts 13-14 | Antioch to Seleucia, stoned in Lystra and returned to Antioch |
2 | Acts 15: 36 - 18: 22 | Paul and Silas from Antioch. Beaten and imprisoned in Philippi. Released by an earthquake |
3 | Acts 18: 23 - 21:17 | Antioch to Jerusalem. Riot in Ephesus. Eutychus falls from a window. |
4 | Acts 27 | Paul goes from Caesarea to Rome as a prisoner. He was shipwrecked on Malta |
Old Europe German Unification under Bismark (1871) Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Württemberg. Duchies: Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Mecklenburg, Saxe-Weimar, Oldenburg, Brunswick, Saxe-Gotha, Saxe-Coburg, Saxe-Meiningen, Anhalt. Principalities: Schwarzburg, Hohenzollern, Waldeck, Reuß, Lippe. Free cities: Bremen, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Lübeck. Ottoman Empire: Turkey, Greece, Macedonia, Albania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Moldova |
Modern Europe European Union 2004 § France (1951) § Germany § Italy § Belgium § Netherlands § Luxembourg Denmark (1973) United Kingdom § Ireland § Greece (1981) § Portugal (1986) § Spain § Finland (1995) Sweden Austria Cyprus (2004) Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Malta Poland Slovak Republic Slovenia Bulgaria (2007) Romania (2007) Seeking Membership Turkey | |
§ Eurozone countries (Euroland 2004). These have completed their currency conversion on January 1, 2002. |
Division By Religion (Thirteenth Century)
Western Rome. Catholic. After the division of the Roman empire into a western and eastern part, each came under the dominance of one religion. In the West, the bishop of Rome with the help of the European governments worked to make Roman Catholicism the state religion. Byzantine Empire. Islam. However, in the east the Byzantine empire came under the attack of the invading Turks and the Moslem religion became dominant. Eastern Orthodox. The surviving Christian religion in those regions became the Eastern Orthodox, Armenian and the Coptic church. |
Roman Catholic | Eastern Orthodox | Islam | Pagan | Buddhist | Hindu | Judaism | Coptic | Animist |
Protestant Distribution
The Lutherans were mostly in northern Germany and Scandinavia.
France. The Protestants were mostly in the south of France, northern Italy, northern Spain and even in southern Italy. Eastern Europe. Bohemia and Moravia were 80% Hussites before they were killed. Spain. Protestantism never really gained ground in Spain because of the Spanish Inquisition. |
Huguenot | Albigenses | Waldenses | Hussites | Lutheran | Anabaptist | Anglican (Episcopal) |
This map is an approximate distribution of Protestants in the sixteenth century. It was created from the descriptions of where these people operated. So it is not an adequate map of boundaries but as a map that shows spheres of influence. |
The 10/40 Window
The 10/40 window, or the "resistant belt", covers the region that has the least amount of Christians.
It is located between ten degrees north and 40 degrees north of the equator. Most of the Moslem, Hindu and Buddhist people reside in this region.
This region poses the last obstacle in fulfilling the "Great Commission". This task is the last sign before the end of the world. Unfortunately, prophecy predicts two simultaneous efforts to reach the world. Three Angels' Message. The people of God will try to use persuasion to reach the world. Conversion by Force. The apostate Christian religion will attempt to use force to convert the people of the world. This is the same method that it used in the past. Map of satellite foot prints. |
Dominant Religions : | Islam | Buddhist | Hindu | Christian | Christian | |
The Gospel must be preached to all the world as a witness to all the nations and then the end will come. (Matthew 24: 14) |
The Islamic Caliphates
» Crusaders » Turks » Mongols |
Modern Middle East
Most of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are located in the Middle East.
* Canada includes 174.1 of tar sands
Oil (Gb = Billion barrels) Gas (Trillion Cubic feet) Coal (Million short tons) 2003 figures Source. "Oil and Gas Journal" 2006 Figures from the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Coal estimates of the EIA from the "International Energy Annual 2003". |
List Of Oil And Gas Fields
Types of Oil.
Ancient Israel | Modern Israel |
Jerusalem (Ancient). It was the site of the ancient Jewish temples which were destroyed twice. » Babylon. 586BC. » Rome. 70AD. Jerusalem (Modern). The temple mount, or "the noble sanctuary" has the following structures. » The Wailing Wall. Ruins of the Jewish temple destroyed in 70AD. » Dome of the Rock. Islamic site built 687-691AD. » Al-Aqsa Mosque. Islamic temple at the Dome of the Rock. Archaeology. » "House of David". Tel Dan » Pilate Reference. Caesarea » Dead Sea Scrolls. Qumran caves » Moabite Stone. Dibon |
Size. The land of Israel is 290 miles (470 km) long from north to south and about 85 miles (135 km) across at its widest point between the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean sea. Borders. It is bordered by Lebanon in the north, Egypt in the southwest, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east and the Mediterranean Sea in the west. Climate. It has a temperate climate with much sunshine, and a rainy season from November to April producing 20-30 inches (50-75 cm) in the north and about an inch (about 3 cm) in the south. Regional climatic conditions vary considerably:
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Foreign Occupation Of Israel.
Jerusalem: United Nations International City
The 1947 United Nations resolution 181 proposes the following boundaries for the special regime of Jerusalem.
The City of Jerusalem shall include the present municipality of Jerusalem plus the surrounding villages and towns, the most eastern of which shall be Abu Dis; the most southern, Bethlehem; the most western, 'Ein Karim (including also the built-up area of Motsa); and the most northern Shu'fat. |
The Exodus Journey
The Exodus is the forty year journey of Moses and the Jews (Israel) at the end of their 430 year slavery in Egypt until they crossed the Jordan river into the Promised Land. |
Crossing the Red Sea. Ten commandments on Mt. Sinai Fed by quails Twelve spies. Crossing the Jordan. The walls of Jericho collapse. Complaints and Punishments Rephidim: No water to drink Massah: Moses strikes rock Sinai: Worshipped Calf Taberah: Fire from God Kibroth-Hattaavah: Plague, quails Hazeroth: Miriam given leprosy Kadesh-Barnea: Moses hits rock Meribah: Moses strikes rock twice Hormah: Defeated by Caananites and Amalekites. Exiled for 40 years. Earthquake and Fire: Korah, the sons of Levi and 250 leaders rebel. Aaron's rod budded. 14,700 die of plague the next day. Mt. Nebo. Moses died. Travel Time 50 days from Egypt to Sinai 1 Year from Egypt to Kadesh 40 Years from Egypt to Jericho Seven Nations Defeated Canaanites. Hittites. Perizzites. Jebusites. Amorites. Hivites. Girgashites. |
The Israelites Camp In The Desert
Gershon | Moses and Aaron | |||||||||||||||||||||||
In the New Jerusalem, Levi replaces Dan and Joseph replaces Ephraim.
There are no special tribes of priests around the city, because all tribes that surround the city are priests.
We have an entire lesson on the sanctuary and the meaning of the symbols. |
The Temples :
Two permanent temples were built in Jerusalem.
The distance between the columns was too narrow. The room was also too narrow. The ark could only be placed in the room if the poles and the long sides were aligned East to West. So I did further research and found the following information about the ark.
Babylon (Babylonia) and The Holy Land
The Land between the rivers (Euphrates and Tigris). It can be divided into several sections. Assyria. North Akkad. Center Sumer. South Babylonia. Akkad and Sumer Chaldea. South Land of Shinar. Babylon Southern Mesopotamia was known as Babylon after Hammurabi's reign in 1792 BC. The Center of Idolatry Tower of Babel. Image of Gold. City of Babylon. Modern People Modern Iraq is divided among three groups. Kurd. North (ethnic Sunni) Sunni. West (religious) Shia. South (religious) Other Empires Mitanni. Syria Hittite. Turkey | |
Sodom and Gomorrah. They were located near Zoar (Genesis 13: 10-11). Abraham could see the land in the east from his location near Bethel and Ai at the "oaks of Mamre". The location is the best guess that I can find from all the maps and literature. Hebron is apparently the same place as Mamre. | |
Abraham's Journey. Abraham traveled North from Ur in the Chaldees along the Euphrates and then South from Haran through Canaan to Egypt. Most of these cities became cities of refuge by law. Numbers 35: 6. Genesis 11: 31-12:6. |
The Fall Of Ancient Babylon
The Ancient City of Babylon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The ancient city of Babylon is sixty miles south west of Baghdad.
It is about 14 miles (22.5 km) on each side, surrounded by a moat. The wall had 250 towers 450 feet high (37m) and it was 35 feet (10.7m) below ground. The wall was 56 miles long (90 km), 300 feet high (91m) and 25 feet (7.6m) thick. A chariot could be driven on the wall. There was a second wall 75 feet (23m) behind the first. Two Possible Locations of the Tower of Babel. Ruins seven miles north of the city. Etemenanki (E-temen-an-ki). "The house that is the foundation of heaven and earth". It was a ziggurat made of seven terraces and eight towers. It was a cube 92 meters tall (300 feet). Structures. Processional Way. The 70 feet (21.4m) wide road from the Ishtar gate to the Esagila. The walls were lined with lions. Palace. Near the Ishtar gate and the hanging gardens. Hanging Gardens. They may have been located in the palace complex next to the Processional Way. Esagila. "The temple that raised its head", was the Babylonian name of the temple of Marduk. It was built at the center of the world as the axis of the universe. It was either founded by the god Lugal-du-azaga or built by Marduk. Plains of Dura. It was where Nebuchadnezzar built the statue of gold for worship. Gods and Temples There were 53 Temples and 180 altars to the goddess Ishtar. Nine gates are named after the gods.
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The Persian Conquest. Cyrus, the Persian king from the east, conquered the city on October 12, 539 BCE (Tishri 16) during an annual festival when everyone would be drinking and dancing. He diverted the Euphrates in the north of the city and lowering the river up to the thighs. Then the army entered under the gates through the river bed. There were also walls on either side of the river running through the city. These had 100 brass gates. 25 gates connected the city to the river, but the gates were left open. If the gates had been closed the Persian army could only have marched from one end of the river to the other and never entered the city. The Babylonians thought that they were secure and had stored enough food to last 20 years. Cyrus divided the soldiers into three groups. He used some soldiers to dig a canal and divert the river into a marsh near by. He positioned other soldiers at the northern and southern regions of the city where the river flowed through the walls. Gobryas (Ugbaru) the governor of Gutium defected to Cyrus and came with the troops. Read the prophecy about the fall of Babylon. Ishtar Gate. The original blue Ishtar Gate, decorated with horses and dragons, is now in the Berlin Museum. Saddam Hussein rebuilt this gate as part of his failed efforts to rebuild the city of Babylon. During the war in Iraq, American and Polish soldiers stayed at this ancient site and ruined the ancient artifacts. |
Armageddon Forces
Israel and Armageddon | Prophecy |
This is a map of the time when Israel is surrounded by her enemies.
It is a combination of Muslim, Jewish and Christian prophecies.
Muslim prophecies. Christian prophecies. The Preparation. » Zechariah 12. » Daniel 11: 44-45. The War. » New Jerusalem. » Hamon-Gog. The preparation for Armageddon will involve some conflict in the Middle East that will be a sign that there will be global persecution for the church. |
Islamic Holy Sites.
» Mecca (Makkah). The holiest place on earth. Site of a building made by Abraham and Ishmael. » Medina. Muhammad is buried here. It is the destination of the Hegira, his flight from persecution. » Jerusalem. Muhammad ascended to heaven from this spot. Site of Jewish and Islamic temples. Shi'a Holy Sites. » Najaf. Shrine of the Imam Ali. The founder of Shi'a Muslims. » Karbala. Shrine of the Imam Husain, grandson of Ali. Martyred in 680AD. A gate of Paradise. » Samarra. Site of the Askariya Mosque ("Gold Dome Mosque") and shrine of the tenth and eleventh Imam (Ali al-Hadi and his son Hassan al-Haskari) and the cave where the twelfth imam (Madhi) disappeared and is still hiding. » Kadhimiya. Shrine of the Imam Musa al-Kadhim, the seventh Imam. » Jamkaran, Iran. Site of the holy well where Imam Madhi was seen in 947AD. » Mashad, Iran. Shrine of Imam Reza, the eighth imam. He was poisoned. » Qom, Iran. Shrine of the sister of Imam Reza. |
Imam Madhi.
He is the twelfth imam who died and disappeared in 878AD and was seen at a well in Jamkaran, Iran in 947AD. He is being kept alive by God and he is hidden. He will return at the end of time to bring justice to the world, riding to battle on a white horse to prepare the way for the coming of Isa (Jesus). |
Nuclear Facilities. Analysts claim that these are some of the nuclear production sites of Iran.
» Weapons. Tehran, Esfahan, Natanz, Qom, Arak, Saghand, Gchine, Lashkar-Abad, Ramandeh » Power Plant. Bushehr, Tehran » Nuclear Waste. Anarak, Karaj | On 7 June 1981, Israel destroyed the Iraqi nuclear facility at Osiraq near Baghdad. |
The New Jerusalem
Map of The New Jerusalem
Zechariah 14 describes the map of the area.
The land will be changed.
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Green Square. 375 mile border. Blue Square. 1500 mile border. |
The New Jerusalem Mount of Olives. And his feet shall stand in that day upon the mount of Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the east, and the mount of Olives shall split in the middle of it toward the east and toward the west, and there shall be a very great valley; and half of the mountain shall remove toward the north, and half of it toward the south. And you shall flee to the valley of the mountains; for the valley of the mountains shall reach to Azal: yes, you shall flee, like as you fled from before the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah: and the Lord my God shall come, and all the saints with you. (Zechariah 14: 4-5) Size. The city is laid out as a square, and its length is as great as its width; and he measured the city with the rod; fifteen hundred miles; its length and width and height are equal. (Revelation 21: 16) Since the language is ambiguous, the length of each side of the city could be either 375 miles or 1500 miles. 375 Miles (604 kilometers). The New Jerusalem is 375 miles long and 375 miles wide. It extends from the bottom of the Sinai peninsula to the middle of Syria. And from Cairo to the western border of Iraq. This essentially enclosed the actual area of the Promised Land (Deuteronomy 11: 23-25). It is also 375 miles high. This extends over 200 miles higher than where the space shuttle flies. Putting this in perspective, clouds can extend up to 11 miles, the space shuttle orbits at about 150 miles and the space station orbits at about 220 miles. Our tallest buildings are about a quarter of a mile high. 1500 Miles (2414 kilometers). If the city is 1500 miles in all three direction, then it extends from the western border of Egypt to eastern Iraq. And from the top of the Black sea to the southern border of Saudi Arabia. Notice that at this size these facts become very important.
See another map of the same area without the current geography. | |
The Garden Of Eden "And the Lord God planted a garden towards the east in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed" "And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it was parted, and became four rivers. The name of the first is Pishon: it flows around the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone. And the name of the second river is Gihon: if flows around the whole land of Cush. And the name of the third river is Hiddekel [Tigris]: it flows east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates." (Genesis 2: 8, 10-14) So He drove the man out; and at the east of the garden of Eden He stationed the Cherubim and the flaming sword which turned every direction to guard the way to the tree of life. (Genesis 3: 24) There are several theories about the location of the Garden of Eden.
There are some possible explanations:
Jesus said to him, I am the way, and the truth, and the life; no one comes to the Father but through Me. John 14: 6 | Time: 120 minutes Print: 34 pages |
Updated : June 2006
Author: Laverna Patterson. Editor: Patterson (January 2008) Credits: The information was compiled from various sources. All images were created by Laverna Patterson and are the property of teachinghearts. Maps were created by Teachinghearts.org by using PowerPoint and Paint. Free maps of the modern world are available from Graphic Maps (Worldatlas.com) CIA World Factbook has maps in the public domain Strategic Petroleum Reserves. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve Troop placements. motherjones.com Map of the city of Babylon. Combination of Unger and other maps Ancient Europe. URL: http://www.friesian.com/francia.htm Paul's Missionary Journeys. A combination of maps from the NASB and other sources. Verneshot. URL: http://www.meta-religion.com/Archaeology/Other/verneshot_cause_of_dinosuars.htm Migration of Early Civilizations URL: http://www.friesian.com/upan.htm List of largest empires. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empires Foreign Occupation Of Israel. URL: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/History+of+Israel/HISTORY-%20Foreign%20Domination |


text:
Wi-Fi Definition is Not Wireless Fidelity
Wi-Fi is the name of a wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide high-speed network and Internet connections. This Webopedia "Did You Know..." article explains Wi-Fi technology: how it works and misconceptions about Wireless Fidelity.
Wi-Fi Definition: What is Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is the name of a wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide high-speed network and Internet connections.
The Wi-Fi Alliance, the organization that owns the Wi-Fi (registered trademark) term specifically defines Wi-Fi as "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards."
Initially, Wi-Fi was used in place of only the 2.4GHz 802.11b standard, but the Wi-Fi Alliance has expanded the generic use of the Wi-Fi term to include any type of network or WLAN product based on any of the 802.11 standards, including 802.11b, 802.11a, dual-band, and so on, in an attempt to stop confusion about wireless LAN interoperability.
How Does Wi-Fi Technology Work?
Wi-Fi works with no physical wired connection between sender and receiver by using radio frequency (RF) technology, a frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through space.
The cornerstone of any wireless network is an access point (AP). The primary job of an access point is to broadcast a wireless signal that computers can detect and "tune" into. In order to connect to an access point and join a wireless network, computers and devices must be equipped with wireless network adapters.
Recommended Reading: See "How Wireless Networks Work" in the "Did You Know..." section of Webopedia
Wi-Fi is supported by many applications and devices including video game consoles, home networks, PDAs, mobile phones, major operating systems and other types of consumer electronics. Any products that are tested and approved as "Wi-Fi Certified" (a registered trademark) by the Wi-Fi Alliance are certified as interoperable with each other, even if they are from different manufacturers. For example, a user with a Wi-Fi Certified product can use any brand of access point with any other brand of client hardware that also is also "Wi-Fi Certified". Products that pass this certification are required to carry an identifying seal on their packaging that states "Wi-Fi Certified" and indicates the radio frequency band used (2.5GHz for 802.11b, 802.11g, or 802.11n, and 5GHz for 802.11a).
What is Wireless Fidelity?
A common misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for "wireless fidelity." This is not the case. Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked term meaning IEEE 802.11x. The false notion that the brand name "Wi-Fi" is short for "wireless fidelity" has spread to such an extent that even industry leaders have included the phrase wireless fidelity in a press release. You'll also find references to Wi-Fi being short for wireless fidelity on a number of well-known and respected technology-focused publications and websites. The truth is, Wi-Fi isn't short for anything — and it never was.
Recommended Reading: Learn more about the history of the name Wi-Fi and the wireless fidelity misconception in this "'Wireless Fidelity Debunked" story on Wi-Fi Planet.
Wireless Fidelity Debunked
The current confusion seems to stem from a brief period early in the days of the Wi-Fi Alliance when a regrettable tag line was added that stated, 'The Standard for Wireless Fidelity.' This was not part of the original name and was not created by Interbrand, but it was added as an afterthought in an attempt to help users make sense of the new and somewhat nonsensical word, Wi-Fi.
Did You Know... How Wireless Networks Work
A wireless network or Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) serves the same purpose as a wired one . to link a group of computers. Because "wireless" doesn't require costly wiring, the main benefit is that it's generally easier, faster and cheaper to set up.
Wi-Fi Planet
802.11 news, commentary and information.
Wireless Tips for Road Warriors
If you travel a lot for work, chances are good that your notebook PC is equipped with a wireless adapter. So it's understandable that you hate the thought of being tethered to a wired Internet connection . Especially a dialup one. Follow these tips if you find yourself away from home and looking for a wireless connection.
Based in Nova Scotia, Canada, Vangie Beal is a freelance writer, covering business and Internet technology for more than a decade. She is also managing editor of Webopedia.com.
Stay up to date on the latest developments in Internet terminology with a free weekly newsletter from Webopedia. Join to subscribe now.

subset: commoncrawl


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The ROBERTS Classic 996 is a stylish portable radio with three band (LW, MW, FM) analogue reception. This radio features a large loudspeaker for clarity of sound with an angled tuning dial and top mounted controls for ease of use. Lightweight and durable this radio is ready to accompany you anywhere. LW / MW / FM wavebands Large loudspeaker for clarity of sound Dial tuning system LED power indicator Headphone socket Angled top Panel for ease of use
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Recreational and competitive sailing has a rich history in Minnesota. In 1882, informal sailboat races were held on Lake Minnetonka as part of the festivities for the public opening of James J. Hill's Hotel Lafayette. That summer, the Minnetonka Yacht Club, one of the oldest sailing clubs west of the Atlantic, was formed.
In the 1890s, racing ice yachts, the fastest vehicles of their era, became popular. In a historic tie-breaking race against The Pepin Ice Yacht Club, Minnetonka Ice Yacht Club's 17-year-old Nan Bassett became the first woman to win an ice yacht race.
During this period, Minnesota boat builder J.O. Johnson developed an idea for a radically different type of sailboat. In 1886, his "Johnson Scow" debuted at a White Bear Yacht Club race and easily won first place. By 1904, Johnson Boat Works was in full production, and Johnson was recognized as a top sailboat designer.
Today, there are yacht clubs and teams throughout the state, including the University of Minnesota sailing team. One of our most celebrated sailors, school teacher Gerry Spiess, crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1979, and the Pacific in 1981, alone on his home-built sailboat, Yankee Girl.
Gale Family Library
MN Historical Society Library
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Tuesday: 9am to 8pm
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Monday: Closed
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Reference Staff


text: David Tinker Nov-11-92 07:50AM Emergent Properties. I. Introduction Organization: University of Toronto, Biochemistry From: firstname.lastname@example.com (David Tinker) Message-ID: firstname.lastname@example.com Reply-To: email@example.com Followup-To: talk.origins Newsgroups: talk.origins The recent spate of articles in talk.origins on "emergent properties" generated some heat, but not much light! My colleague, Larry Moran, objects to the term because he suspects (wrongly) that it is based on non-mechanistic or vitalistic superstition, and (rightly) that the term implies there is an obstacle to the reductionist agenda in biology. Other postings imply that the term "emergent properties" is tautologous, and not unique to biology; it has been claimed that everything has emergent properties, so the adjective "emergent" is meaningless. I think the topic is worth further exploration, and submit this article to stimulate discussion. I hope that we have not seen the last word on this topic. First, I do not think there is a satisfactory closed definition of the term "emergent", nor is it universally used by the research school most concerned with such properties, the 'Artificial Life' community. Nevertheless I believe the concept is so well accepted in this community that the term can be used casually with the assurance that it is understood. I turned to my well-thumbed copy of "Artifical Life I" and searched in the annotated bibliography and in the index for terms like "emergent" - see below for the results. Nowhere did I find a definition that would satisfy Larry Moran, but in re-reading the articles I found many clues to a definition. So, being willing to be called a fool, I will essay a definition: ============================================================================= A system may be said to possess "emergent properties" when (a) it is composed of a collection of entities, (b) it has global properties, obeying well- characterised rules that may be used for predictive purposes, that arise from non-linear combinations of local interactions among the entities, and (c) the rules do not depend specifically on the chemical nature of the entities." ============================================================================= Glosses: By "entities" I mean systems which may exist independently, and which make up the system by simple addition to it. Thus the protein molecules in a crystal are entities in this sense, but the atoms in a molecule are not "entities" composing the molecule. By "non-linear" I simply mean the mathematical connotation, as in "non-linear function". I wished to use this term in the definition rather than the less general adjective "non-additive". =========================================================================== Now some questions and tentative answers. 1. Do such systems exist? Yes they do. Three systems with emergent properties that have been well examined are (a) artificial neural networks, (b) organisms that exhibit schooling or flocking behaviour, and (c) cellular automata. 2. You say that the properties are independent of chemical nature of the entities. Does this mean you espouse a non-mechanistic view? Not at all. Let's take flocking behaviour as an example. It appears to arise when entities have a mechanism for detecting spatial proximity of identical entities and a feedback mechanism for maintaining a range of postions relative to their neighbours. Essentially identical behaviour can arise in organism as diverse as fish, insects and birds. It could also arise in collections of robots made out of Lego (tm) - all that is required is there be physical mechanisms for _instantiating_ the local interactions. If I were studying sandpipers, say, I would certainly hope to elucidate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of recognition and feedback, and to learn how the relevant genes have evolved to optimise these interactions for efficient flocking behaviour. The _instantiation_ of the behaviour does depend on mechanisms which obey the laws of physics and chemistry, but the behaviour itself trans- cends these laws. 3. Aren't these rules merely empirical inventions that will be unnecessary when we understand the mechanisms fully? I don't think so. The work in this area indicates many of the "rules" governing such properties are universal, and have a formal logical structure and grammar. In the sense that thermodynamics is a formal system independent of any specific physical system, so are the laws governing emergent properties. However, it is true that like thermodynamics, "emergo-dynamics" will be ultimately related to lower-level physical theories. 4. Aren't all properties of matter "emergent" - e.g. the properties of water? Not in the sense I have defined. The properties of water depend absolutely on the specific interactions of water molecules, whereas the properties I have called "emergent" would arise no matter what entities are involved. 5. Simple things like flocks and cellular automata don't convince me - these are just computer games. Is there any evidence that *real* biological behaviour can be 'explained' by such notions? I'm glad you asked. See the amazing chapter by P. Hogeweg (cited below) in which he models such high-level behaviours as bumblebee sociology. The fact that successful models of living systems can be constructed out of computer instructions or Lego indicates that the properties being modelled are 'real' ones. 6. Wait a minute! I'm beginning to think you are a Moravecian (see Hans Moravec, "Mind Children"). Do you really think biological properties including (choke) consciousness could arise in machines? Is Data (in Star Trek) really human after all? Do you think human beings are machines? Yes. In fact, my conviction that my humanity has "emerged" from the properties of molecules contributes mightily to that emergent property of me, that I call a "religious world-view". 7. How can I learn more about such area so that I can critically discuss this topic on talk.origins? Start with the "Artificial Life" volumes from the Santa Fe insitute, published by Addison Wesley. In my next posting, I'll re-post a *long* annotated bibliography that was prepared by G. Miller and P. Todd, and posted in sci.bio a year ago. ----- Bibliography and Footnotes: ========================== From the annotated bibliography, in C.G. Langton, editor, "Artificial Life I", pp 527-625, Addison Wesley, 1989. (a) Titles containing the word "_emergent_" or "_emergence_". ============================================================= J.H. Holland. "Studies of the Spontaneous Emergence of Self-Replicating Systems using Cellular Automata and Formal Grammars." In A. Lindenmayer and G. Rozenberg, editors, "Automata, Languages, Development", pp 385-404, North Holland, 1976. J.J. Hopfield. "Neural Networks and Physical Systems with Emergent Collective Computational Abilities." Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 79:2554-2558, 1982. S.A. Kauffman. "Emergent Properties in Random Complex Automata." Physica D, 10, 1984. (b) Titles that are germane to this posting. ============================================ C.W. Reynolds. "Flocks, Herds and Schools: A Distributed Behavioural Model". Computer Graphics: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '87, 21(4):25-34, July 1987. S. Wolfram, editor. "Theory and Applications of Cellular Automata." World Scientific, Singapore, 1986. P. Hogeweg. "MIRROR beyond MIRROR, Puddles of LIFE". In C.G. Langton, editor, "Artificial Life I", pp 297-316, Addison Wesley, 1979. Towards a legitimisation of emergent behaviour? =============================================== From C.G. Langton, in "Artificial Life I" page 3: " The "key" concept in AL is _emergent behaviour_. Natural life emerges out of the organized interactions of a great number of nonliving molecules, with no global controller responsible for the behaviour of every part. Rather, every part is a behav_or_ itself, and life is the behav_ior_ that emerges out of all the local interactions among individual behav_ors_. It is this bottom-up, distributed, local determination of behaviour that AL employs in its primary methodological approach to the generation of lifelike behaviors. " From R. Dawkins, _ibib._ page 209 (discussing the biomorphs produced by his 'Blind Watchmaker' program): " ... Our watchword is that as much as possible must emerge rather than being designed. But having seen the range of phenotypes that emerge from the basic program, can we think of any modifications to the basic program that seem likely to unleash opulent flowerings of new emergent properties? ... " -- ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : Prof. David O. Tinker INTERNET: email@example.com : : Dept. of Biochemistry uunet.ca!beltrix!blunile!dtinker : : University of Toronto FAX: (416)978-8548 : : Toronto, Ont. M5S 1A8 VOICE: (416)978-3636 : ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : Blue Nile Software INTERNET: email@example.com : : 16 Victoria St. : : Markham, Ont. L6C 1A7 VOICE: (416) 887-5631 : ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -- ! David O. Tinker / Department of Biochemistry / University of Toronto / ! ! TORONTO, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 / Voice: (416) 978-3636 / ! ! UUCP: firstname.lastname@example.com / BITNET: email@example.com !


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Applying for Student Loans
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