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One gang bang Coralie, Financial Advisor, under the eyes of her husband!Coralie has confessed his infidelity to her husband the last time it was keen to meet us and take the opportunity to test his wife ... The little game? Give his wife the first time with several men BUT blindfold him and slip into the party ... see if his wife could recognize her own husband's cock in the middle of the group ... Suspense ... We do you say no more about the result but know that, despite a fairly unique situation as a couple, we finally kiss good ass Coralie chain. All's well that ends well! Format: MP4/WMV - Length: 39 min - Size: 616 MB File size: 615.5 MB read more / Download My husband gave his wife sexual gamesMy husband proposed to his wife is not much to diversify his sexual life and to do so to say sexual games. As if the rapist broke into the house at night to a lonely woman, tied her up and began to romp with her beautiful body, her wet pussy and carefully shaved anus .. My wife really excited by this game that brought forth all the pussy and ass in squelched when her husband was there fucked ...http://photosex.biz/v.php?id=6dfbc6c35eeb7087cb638fa6d7af760d File size: 325.3 MB read more / Download Sir drinks a beer while his wife the pump!Fabienne's husband, the good mother who turns to the whole building, invited us to come have a drink and kiss his wife. It is with utter when he puts his beer in explaining how it will be well into his ass while his wife pump the cock. To honor with dignity the good housewife was even proposed to her husband to let us help them discover the double-penetration. Format: MP4/WMV - Length: 43 min - Size: 413 MB File size: 413.1 MB read more / Download Slut Humiliates Her HusbandRelease Year: 2012 Video language: English Slutty lady invited to the estate of personal fancy man, climbed on board his ass lying on the bed man, and forced her fancy man make simply over his head wife. Cool managed to gouge his wife, and husband just grunts and licks ass dearest wife. When the lover came, chick forced to lick her wet wife of wafers pussy ... http://photosex.biz/v.php?id=8bd082d23e2db5ada4cffbea0619ddc3 File size: 394.9 MB read more / Download My Husbands BoyfriendHusband, wife and lover made a good fuck! It makes you want to get to them at the party and join. Watch and enjoy! Genre: bisexual, mmf, wife, husband, anal, oral, threesome Duration: 00:33:51 SiteRip File size: 495.6 MB read more / Download My Husbands BoyfriendHusband, wife and lover made a good fuck! Of these games this cool trio, takes your breath away! Do not miss out! Genre: bisexual, mmf, wife, husband, anal, oral, threesome Duration: 00:33:51 SiteRip File size: 495.6 MB read more / Download We'll kiss Corinne, a housewife in her home in Beziers.She even calls her husband to taf, to reassure him before he takes the ass! Want to spend one hour at Corinne Beziers while husband is at work? Well follow us ... A good wife with a nice flag certainly well maintained, but Madame hides a libido that needs to be satiated! She came to pick us up at the station and took us home by car, taking the opportunity to strut your stuff and make some good handjob while driving. Arrived home, once naked, she preferred to call her husband to reassure him that before the "attack" lol. A good slice of v (r) shield (s) with a lonely wife and very very naughty! Format: MP4/WMV - Length: 57 min - Size: 561 MB File size: 561.3 MB read more / Download Unbelievable"It all starts with one cheating husband laying the maid (Tiffany Tyler). That cheating husband's wife (Angeline Ashe) gets herself one xxx massage from one buff trainer. The trainer's girlfriend (Courtney Page) is caught dripping wet in the shower fucking another man. Then, a business woman (AnnMarie Rios) tells her husband she is working late—but she is really sucking cock! With nothing else to do, her husband goes to the gym and runs into horny hottie Beverly Hills and forgets all about his wife working late when he gets a very hardcore workout! File size: 697.0 MB read more / Download Husband Wife OfficiatesRelease Year: 2012 Studio: SubbyHubby Genres: Femdom, Cuckold, Foot Fetish, Humiliating Video language: English The husband is Serving his Wife and her Lover, Licking his Feet, and then they Him to Kiss her Lover in the Ass... Format: Windows Media Duration: 4:10 Video: 1280x720, Windows Media Video 9, 4394kbps Audio: 156kbps http://photosex.biz/v.php?id=83097565b381da475c6f4a631232a14b File size: 138.3 MB read more / Download Cum Eating Cuckold Fantasies 1Year of manufacture:2011 Genre: Femdom, Humilation, Duration:01:12:23 In roles:Jack Vegas, Gabriel Dalessandro, Nikki Daniels Description:This video features a couple that wants to spice things up in the bedroom! However, the wife has some naughty, selfish The wife arranges a hung stud to come over and satisfy her as the husband must sit and watch! This is the ultimate cuckold situation and the husband is helpless except when he has to eat the other guys cum out of his wife's pussy! http://photosex.biz/v.php?id=952a4b1b23d91a16e8bfda7342a7c3ec File size: 1.0 GB read more / Download It offers the baker's wife at breakfast, with blows of increasing in the pussy!We went out to look for Barbara's Bakery her husband to offer him breakfast at a fan as you know, Bob, who dreamed of meeting her (and especially the kiss). Just time to say goodbye to her husband that takes her car to Bob. The time for us to fondle her tits and her big to be offered a small pipe at the rear. Barbara arrived at Bob gave us pastries, and we could help him soak growing in her pussy all wet at the thought of getting fucked in the absence of jam. It was then packed each in turn between 2 bowls of coffee. A nice morning;-) Format: MP4/WMV - Length: 53 min - Size: 1300 MB File size: 1.3 GB read more / Download Real Wife Stories 10"Friday Im In Love" - Nikki and Scotts marriage is in a rut. When Nikkis friend Britney comes to stay with them, a threesome with two big titted blondes is just what this marriage needs. "New Neighborhood Slut" - Keiran cant help but notice his new neighbor sunbathing topless in her back yard. When his wife notices, he is forced to go over and take care of business. "Sisterhood of the Traveling Husband" - Bill and his wife are staying with his sister-in-law while they look for a new place. When his wife neglects him for her new job, Bill finds solace in the arms of his sister-in-law. "Barbados Bound" - Rhylee finds her husband?s packed suitcase and thinks she is getting a surprise trip. When he leaves with his mistress, she gets even by fucking his assistant. "Block Out Your Husband...Now Fuck Me" - Sophie is seeing a psychiatrist to help her with her problems at home. After being put under deep hypnosis, she wakes up with a dripping wet pussy and ready to fuck. http://photosex.biz/v.php?id=435feb548c44c804f427673479c66db8 File size: 2.0 GB read more / Download Cum Eating Cuckold Fantasies 1 (2011) DVDRipStarring: Jack Vegas, Gabriel Dalessandro, Nikki Daniels Categories: Femdom, Humilation Studio: Mojo Studios This video features a couple that wants to spice things up in the bedroom! However, the wife has some naughty, selfish The wife arranges a hung stud to come over and satisfy her as the husband must sit and watch! This is the ultimate cuckold situation and the husband is helpless except when he has to eat the other guys cum out of his wife's pussy! Format: wmv Video: 720x404 at 29.970 fps, VC-1@ WMV3, 1950 Kbps Runtime: 01:12:23 http://photosex.biz/v.php?id=871bcc7fd9b4caa32194deae2ac3f01b File size: 1.0 GB read more / Download Erotic Sunday: one kisses his wife in his car and then invites them home!Sunday we met Jocelyne and Hubert salon erotica. Fans of our site, we had already had the opportunity to gang-bangue his wife. What a pleasure to see them here! So it was suggested to her husband, Hubert, to move quickly fucked his wife in their car. And Madame was so naughty, is cramped in the back seat, in the end they proposed to end at home just to be able kiss very deeply, and quietly, the big hungry cat lady. Format: MP4/WMV - Length: 33 min - Size: 331 MB File size: 330.5 MB read more / Download MDYD-351 - Slave Wife Abused In front of Her Husband. Sayuri ShiraishiSize: 1270 MB Duration: 01:58:06 Resolution: 640x480 Video: wmv Review for serial MDYD-351: Here is something interesting and fairly becoming more popular, a husband is tied up and forced to watch his milf wife suck cock and get fucked. This older woman is not just a wife but a hot wife. She is a sexy MILF, loves to get fucked and very horny. It seems as if she enjoyed having Asian sex and Japanese blowjobs while her husband is watching. I guess women get off on the craziest things. Models : Sayuri Shiraishi Categories for MDYD-351 : MILF, Straight Sex, Bondage, Bondage http://photosex.biz/v.php?id=c87c7c3c27f646d2347ceed3ccbdb53a File size: 1.2 GB read more / Download A Cuckold ComedyYear of manufacture:2011-01-19 Genre: Femdom, Strapon, Bdsm, Cuckold, Bondage, 720p, SiteRip Duration:44 min In roles:Kimberly Kane, Brenn Wyson and DJ Description: In this comedic roleplay, Kimberly Kane plays the wife of DJ, a pathetic cuck who just can't seem to satisfy his wife. Kimberly takes her worthless husband to a public restroom that's known as a pick up spot. After she flogs, spanks and gives him a thorough helping of CBT, she makes him knock on the glory hole to see if anything's inside. Lo and behold, out comes a hard cock that's sure to satisfy Kimberly. Her husband is so pathetic, he's begging this other man to make his wife cum. Kimberly commands her cuck to get the bull's cock nice and hard for her with his mouth. He's obviously disgusted by the but endures it to make his wife happy. She buttfucks her cuck with his face on the filthy bathroom floor. Kimberly then invites the bull over to fuck her in her marriage bed. Her husband is locked in a metal birdcage chastity belt and made to watch from a cage hanging above his own bed! He then licks his wife's pussy clean of all the bull's sperm and is just happy his wife was finally satisfied. Total humiliation!! File size: 524.6 MB read more / Download Kidnapped (1989) DVDRipRelease Year: 1989 Studio: Video Teresa Orlowski Cast: Anouchka Kiss plays Francoise Vernier, Melodie Kiss as Loulou Castel, plays Samantha, the secretary, Monique Matin plays Caroline, Sandy Condor plays Helene Genres: Classic/Retro,Anal,Group,Lesbian Video language: German Description: A guy has had enough of his boring job of baking cakes. He and his girlfriend plan to kidnap the boss' wife and demand a ransom of 5 million. The boss' wife however hates the cakes and her husband just as much as the employee and plans to kill her husband with the help of her secret lover. Format: avi Duration: 01:21:35 Video: 720x576, MPEG-4 Visual@ XviD, 3145 Kbps Audio: 1411.2 Kbps http://photosex.biz/v.php?id=77236068acb08dfd87e755af5c8b01f6 File size: 1.7 GB read more / Download Perdolit husband wife - the audition for the operatorYear: 1999 Genre: homemade, amateur, CamRip Duration: 00:35:26 Description: First of all, see screenshots. Shootings 1999, with the digitization of video, image tolerable - you can watch, the sound is normal. The plot of this - the wife of a warmed samotykom, then came her husband, lick each other, and let's fucking sucked. Removes a with which they are to YOU, it seems, it to them for that matter surcharge, the dialog should be - that they are actually husband and wife. At the end of the photo shoot. Soundtrack - Joe Dassin (of course the sounds of passion, too, hear). On the domestic DVD is playing. If you like, do not forget to say thank you kind word and a cat nicely Video Quality: CamRip Video format: AVI Video codec: DivX Audio: MP3 Video: DivX 3 384x288 25.00fps 1020Kbps Audio: MPEG Audio Layer 3 44100Hz mono 63Kbps File size: 277.3 MB read more / Download Discipline in Russia Vol.41 - Wife of People's EnemyWhen a desperate wife of the Enemy of the Russian People is willing to do whatever it takes to get him from jail. She should never have said anything! Before she knows it she's bent over the desk, tickled, bound and spanked as punishment for her husband's crimes. She is also at the mercy of a man who has been lusting to do kinky things to her such as pussy punishment, foot whipping, tit slapping and whipping her bottom until its beet red! 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Karla Dean Meyers, age 69, of North Platte, passed away May 16, 2014 at Centennial Park. Karla was born October 3, 1944 in North Platte to Arthur and Alma (Watson) Kohl. She attended North Platte High School and graduated with the class of 1962. She married LeRoy Meyers in 1962. She was a hard worker who often worked two jobs to support her children. She started out waitressing at the Greyhound bus stop in the late 60's and later worked at Detlefson Truck Stop and most recently at Walmart for 15 years, retiring in 2010. Karla was a lifetime member of the First Baptist Church in North Platte. She enjoyed bowling, bingo, making her own clothes, painting ceramics, macramé, crocheting and planting flowers. Karla was a sweet person with a good heart. She adored her grandchildren and her great grandchildren; everyone loved Karla.
Survivors include her daughter, DeEtta Meyers of North Platte; two sons, Allen Meyers of Lincoln and Mitchell Meyers of Gering; a granddaughter Jalene Lauer of Lincoln; two grandsons Kyle Lauer of McCook and Douglas Meyers of Gering; a step-granddaughter, Leichelle Hammer of Lincoln; a step grandson Lauson Hammer of Gering; 3 great grandchildren; a sister LeEtta Coons; a sister-in-law Marilyn Kohl; an aunt Myrna Kohl and many other family members.
She was preceded in death by her parents; two sisters, Delilah and Karen; four brothers, Jay, Gilbert, Loyal and Vernon; two sister-in-laws, Bonnie and Mary; brother-in-law Bob Coons; and two nephews, Wesley and Larry.
Memorials are suggested in her name and online condolences may be shared at www.adamsswanson.com. Cremation was chosen and a memorial service will be held at 11:00 a.m. Saturday May 24, 2014 at the First Baptist Church with Pastor Dave Logsdon officiating. Inurnment will follow at the North Platte City Cemetery. Visitation will be Monday May 19, 2014 from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. Those wishing to do so may sign the register book from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. Monday thru Friday at Adams and Swanson Funeral Home which is in charge of arrangements.

subset: commoncrawl


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piso is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
The word "piso" uses 4 letters: I O P S.
Direct anagrams of piso:
Words formed by adding one letter before or after piso (in bold), or to iops in any order:
a - psoai c - pisco d - dipso e - poise l - polis spoil n - opsin pions s - pisos t - posit topis u - pious
Shorter words found within piso:
is op ops os pi pis poi psi si sip so sop
List shorter words within piso, sorted by length
Words formed from any letters in piso, plus an optional blank or existing letter
Try a search for piso in these online resources (some words may not be found):
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List all words starting with piso, words containing piso or words ending with piso
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Other words with the same letter pairs: pi is so
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Previous word in list: pismires
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A probation violation ended a second chance an Adrian man was given last fall after shooting a friend in the leg and lying to police about it. Kyle Jose Stevens, 21, was sentenced Friday in Lenawee County Circuit Court to a year in jail and lost an opportunity to clear his record under the Holmes Youthful Trainee Act.
Stevens was placed on the probation program and put in a residential treatment center rather than jail when he was sentenced Oct. 25 for conspiracy to make a false police report. He was arrested in June after shooting a friend in the leg with a .22-caliber revolver and telling police he was shot by an unknown armed robber.
The victim admitted he asked to be shot in order to collect disability benefits.
Two others who took part in making a false report to Adrian police were also convicted in the case.
Stevens was given credit for 21 days served in jail and placed on normal probation for five years that will leave him with a felony record.
Violation ends shooter's break
Mar 1, 2013 at 10:00 PM
Mar 1, 2013 at 10:08 PM


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- Does not come with Inner Lining
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MSI DR8-A: The Plextor 708A's little brother
by Kristopher Kubicki on April 7, 2004 11:05 PM EST- Posted in
- Storage
Below is a quick overview of specifications on the drive:MSI DR8-A DVD-/+R Drive | |
Interface | IDE |
CD Write Speed | 40X, 32X, 24X (CAV) 16X, 12X, 8X, 4X (CLV) |
CD Rewrite Speed | 24X, 16X (CAV) 12X, 8X, 4X (CLV) |
HD-CD Write Speed | 24x, 18x (CAV) 12x, 6x (CLV) |
CD Read Speed | 40X Max (CAV) |
DVD-R Write Speed | 4X, 2X, 1X (CLV) |
DVD-RW Rewrite Speed | 4x, 2X, 1X (CLV) |
DVD+R Write Speed | 8X (Z-CLV) 4X, 2X (CLV) |
DVD+RW Rewrite Speed | 4X, 2.4X (CLV) |
DVD Read Speed | 12X Max (16,620KB/s) (CAV) |
Supported Modes | DAO / DAO-RAW 16 & 96 TAO SAO / SAO 16 & 96 Packet Write MultiSession |
Supported Formats | DVD+R (DAO, incremental, seq) DVD+RW (random) DVD-R (DAO, incremental, seq) DVD-RW (random) CD-R, CD-RW, CD-ROM, CD-DA, CD-ROM XA, Mixed Mode, CD Extra Photo CD, CD Text, Bootable CD, UDF |
Access Time | CD: N/A DVD: N/A |
Buffer | 2MB |
Unfortunately, like the MSI DR4-A, access time on the DR8-A is quite high. The 8MB buffer of the DR4-A has also been downgraded to a 2MB buffer. Compared to other burners that we have reviewed, the access time of the DR8-A is one of the highest; lower times are better.
The DR8-A has very similar specifications to the Plextor 708A. However, the DR8-A supports HD-BURN, an underrated technology in our opinion. Nero, which was bundled, supports HD-BURN. You can read more about the technology here (no, we don't understand the cartoon that much either).
The DR8-A is also unique in the fact that it supports 99-min and 90-min CDRs (both read and write). Several burners, including the NEC-2500A, do not support 99-min CDRs.
11 Comments
View All Comments
jonahXP - Thursday, April 15, 2004 - link
"Before our 8x dual DVD roundup..."
When will this article be online? I'm looking forward to reading it before I buy a DVD burner. Reply -
richardkenward - Tuesday, April 13, 2004 - link
I bought one of these drives in the UK a month ago and had nothing but trouble from the start and MSI were no help. On Verbatum data life CD's it starts writing about 1cm from the centre. I write image files on this writer and want them to be read on both PC's and Macs. The CD's have been unreliable on the PC's and failed on the Mac...well only a few images open then one will totally lock it up. The write veridfication always shows up errors. A trial DVD write was sucesssful but took perhaps an hour to complete!
Tried a TDK R74 CD and the write started in the centre but the image files opened sooo slowly on the MSI drive, and the CD was not seen at all on the Mac! BTW latest firmware was installed and no improvement seen.
Supplier has sent a replacement and much the same result. Has suggested that I need to update the Chipset on the M board and install SP 4 inplace of 3 on the win2k computer I am using with the MSI drive. Surely this should not be necessary? BTW this box has been running a PlextorW2410TA perfectly for ages, and was only changed to get the facility to burn DVD's.
Thanks for reading. Any help would be appreciated. Reply -
Ian@CDRlabs - Sunday, April 11, 2004 - link
You had it finished back in February? Why the wait? Reply -
KristopherKubicki - Sunday, April 11, 2004 - link
We had the review finished before the 130D firmware came out. We have a nice sized roundup coming up with the MSI retested at the new firmware.
Krisotpher Reply -
Ian@CDRlabs - Friday, April 09, 2004 - link
After reading it over, I have a couple of other comments.
While MSI claims that the DR8-A supports 99 minute discs, it really doesn't. It can recognize discs up to 93:58 in size and overburn to about that limit as well.
Kristopher you also make it sound like the NEC 2500A cannot write to 4x DVD+R media at 8x. It can.. just not as well as some drives, like the DR8-A.
Any reason why you didn't use the 130D firmware? Reply -
Ian@CDRlabs - Friday, April 09, 2004 - link
ViRGE brings up a good point. However, the error correction HD-Burn uses is not CIRC (nor is it overburning). It's a more efficient algorythm that requires less disc space for error correction info. Even then, I do have to agree with some of the people at CD Freaks. The quality of the written data is questionable with some media. Reply -
KristopherKubicki - Friday, April 09, 2004 - link
Virge: Youre not really halving the error correction, youre halving the tolerance for error. However, this isnt much different than people who overburn their CDs either. In some cases it may make more sense.
Whether you want to use it or not is entirely determined by the user of course. For noncritical data, it is a nice convienence.
Kristopher Reply -
MadAd - Thursday, April 08, 2004 - link
I take it HD-Burn disks will only play in compliant drives and not in any old cd-rom? I cant seem to find the answer on any of the links given.
#3 ... Perhaps half the error correction wouldnt be so bad if we are talking about cds of mp3s? Reply -
ViRGE - Thursday, April 08, 2004 - link
I don't think it's really a good idea to call HD-Burn a good feature on this drive. Why? Take a look at this post from CD-Freaks(http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/6823)
HD-Burn will just *halve* the pit length on the CD, so double the data (and effectively half the error correction).
Now I don't know about you, but CDs are bad enough as is as far as integrity goes. I'm not about to try to halve the error correction, even for another 700MB of space. Reply -
I'm afraid of Mr. CD-R ... I think he'll eat my CD collection at night. Reply


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When Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL) enters your market, be concerned. The company has transformed industries like music, mobile phones and digital photography. Just look at how a phone with a decent camera has made Kodak (NYSE:EK) and others become irrelevant.
Tuesday's announcement of the iPhone 4s was fairly underwhelming, but it included news that might make life tough for some companies.
Apple has a new app called "Cards," which allows you to take pictures, turn them into postcards, then submit them to Apple for printing and sending. Each domestic card will cost $2.99, and foreign cards will cost $4.99.
Pretty cool. But this technology stands to put some pressure on a variety of players in the space. On Tuesday's news, shares of American Greetings (NYSE:AM) dropped by about 6.5%, and Shutterfly's (NASDAQ:SFLY) stock dipped by as much as 17%.
So might these companies be cannon fodder for Apple? In reality, it's not likely. Even though the greeting card market is large, it probably is not a high priority for Apple. If anything, it is just another piece of ancillary revenue. So why not take some of it?
American Greetings and Shutterfly have the advantage of being highly focused on their core market. It means they can leverage their brand as well as their distribution footprint. In the case of Shutterfly, it has partnerships with big names like Target (NYSE:TGT), Sony (NYSE:SNE) and Adobe (NASDAQ:ADBE). Moreover, the company has a substantial user base as well as an extensive catalog of designs.
So should investors see this as an opportunity to buy Shutterfly or American Greetings on the weakness?
Probably not for American Greetings, which remains a primarily brick-and-mortar operator — thus, its growth ramp has been sluggish.
Shutterfly, however, does not have this problem. Consider that the company posted a 62% ramp in revenue during the latest quarter. Unfortunately, the valuation remains fairly robust, at 75 times earnings. As seen with other high-fliers — like OpenTable (NASDAQ:OPEN) or even Netflix (NASDAQ:NFLX) — it can be dangerous to play these kinds of stocks. So it probably is better to wait for a much more material drop in the stock price before jumping in.
Tom Taulli is the author of "All About Short Selling" and "All About Commodities." You can also find him at Twitter account @ttaulli. He does not own a position in any of the stocks named here.


text:
Designing Effective AIDS Prevention Workshops for Gay and Bisexual Men1991 Abstract:The authors have developed three AIDS prevention workshops and conducted them for thousands of gay and bisexual men. The workshops' evolution, design, and development, as well as their implicit assumptions and values, are presented. The concept of different generations of AIDS prevention efforts is introduced. The goals of each generation are distinguished and discussed. One of the authors' major premises is that for AIDS prevention to be effective with these populations, it must promote and strengthen self-esteem through a positive gay or bisexual self-image. This article describes the evolution, development, and design of three AIDS prevention workshops that we and a colleague since deceased1created from 1985 through 1990 for gay or bisexual men. Either individually, together, or with other AIDS prevention educators, we presented these workshops to over fifteen thousand men throughout North America. In addition, we trained dozens of workshop facilitators to conduct these interventions and wrote a training manual that describes how to conduct these workshops. We developed these workshops as a result of our own clinical observations of the impact of AIDS on gay male patients in our psychotherapy practices. We draw on our anecdotal experiences in this article. Although we do not have empirical data documenting the effectiveness of our AIDS prevention efforts, we have our own abundant experience conducting these interventions for large numbers of men in geographically diverse parts of the United States and Canada. Participants in these workshops have regularly reported that attending them has been helpful in their adopting and maintaining safer sexual practices. Intravenous drug users and their sexual partners, for example, usually do not share the same positive affiliation with other individuals similarly at risk for HIV infection. However, recovering IV-drug users do share a parallel sense of personal and community identity based on their recovery process. In fact, leadership in AIDS prevention efforts with this community emerged from the ranks of recovering IV-drug users (Morgan, 1988; Evans, 1987). Our approach has limitations. However, we hope that by relating the evolution of our interventions based on our observations of our community, we are providing a blueprint for the growth of similar interventions based on the observed needs of different groups. History of These ModelsBy 1983 informational campaigns within local gay communities in cities like Houston, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York began to disseminate information publicizing the link between certain sexual acts and AIDS. These early efforts tried to inform men about what sexual practices were thought to spread AIDS. As these educational efforts proliferated, it became obvious to mental health professionals working with this population, and to public health professionals attempting to help stop the spread of HIV, that many people were having great difficulty in modifying sexual behaviors. Clients and friends both reported being confused by the risk-reduction guidelines. We noticed increased anxiety, depression, isolation, and other signs of emotional disturbance among the gay men in our psychotherapy practices--as well as among friends in our social circles. As AIDS became less an abstract statistic and took on the faces of the sick, the dying, and the dead, its emotional impact became evident and pervasive. This impact was related to several issues we observed directly: individuals' fears about their own health and the health of friends and lovers; the growing number of persons with AIDS; and widespread confusion about which behavioral changes were mandated to avoid infection (Palacios-Jimenez & Shernoff, 1986). Further, the ambiguities implicit in the safer-sex guidelines exacerbated this anxiety. Safer sex was presented on a risk continuum, with clearly safe sexual behavior at one end and clearly risky sexual behavior at the other. Individuals were encouraged to decide for themselves the level of risk with which they were comfortable. There were very few clear answers to some of the more pressing questions, especially in the early days of the epidemic. For example, the safety of kissing was much debated. The reliability of condoms and the riskiness of fellatio without a condom continue to be subjects of controversy. We observed patients grapple with concerns such as which sexual practices are low-risk, and how to change long existing, gratifying patterns of sexual behaviors. For many, a powerful anxiety developed that interfered with their adopting low-risk sexual practices. Many men in our practices and social circles were understandably angry about AIDS and resented the changes necessary to protect themselves and their sexual partners. Younger gay men who might not have been sexually active before the onset of AIDS and men who were just accepting their own gay identity were angry at the lost opportunities to engage in certain sexual practices. Some of the more sexually experienced men reacted to their concerns about AIDS by reproaching themselves for their past experiences, sometimes adopting a guilt obsessed celibacy or social withdrawal. For many, this self-reproach took the form of a renewed homophobia or even a more general "erotophobia." Still other men felt trapped into choosing celibacy as the only practical way of protecting themselves from AIDS. They then became more angry or depressed as a result of this choice. Additionally, some men became defiant in the face of the crisis and simply refused to practice safer sex, declaring that there was no sense in having sex if they "couldn't do whatever" they wanted. Others were in such denial about AIDS that they did not practice safer sex, believing that men "like me," cannot or do not get AIDS. And there were still other men who admitted to playing sexual "Russian Roulette." These men assumed that since they had already been exposed to AIDS, why should they change what they were doing? "If it is fated that I get AIDS, then I'm going to get it," several of these men have said to us. As the months of the health crisis became years, and our practices continued to reflect the varied responses of gay men to AIDS, we noted other responses. These cited examples are not exhaustive of those we observed and continue to observe on a daily basis. The workshops discussed in this article, then, directly emerged from our clinical observations of this target community of which we are members. By early summer 1985, most men in Manhattan who read the gay press had some idea about which sexual practices were lower risk and which were not. Until this time, all AIDS prevention efforts consisted solely of brochures, posters, or lectures that simply stated the facts about risk reduction as they were understood at the time, and urged gay and bisexual men to stop higher-risk behaviors. These were the first attempts at AIDS prevention, and the beginning of the first generation of interventions geared to stopping the spread of the epidemic. First Generation AIDS PreventionThis first generation of interventions had two important goals. The primary goal, of course, was to inform men that certain specific behaviors were potentially life threatening. The second goal was to help men change from higher-risk to lower-risk sexual behaviors. The early methods (brochures, posters, etc.) that were employed successfully began to accomplish the first goal. But information dissemination frightened people. The hope was that once suitably scared, people would change their behaviors. Yet fear alone has not proven to be the best way to get people to make well-integrated and lasting changes in attitudes and behaviors. As we noted above, this fear itself frequently led to a variety of maladaptive reactions which interfered with the changes themselves; anger, resentment, anxiety, depression, isolation, and even self-destructive behavior were some of the reactions we observed in our practices. At the time of the first generation of AIDS prevention efforts, there were no structures where men might discuss their feelings about changing patterns of their sex lives in response to the AIDS health crisis, except perhaps in some scattered psychotherapy or counseling groups. It was apparent to us that the gay and bisexual community needed some forum in which to address these crucial issues--as well as to attend to the powerful feelings that arose in response to this new situation. Moreover, we thought that individuals struggling with this crisis needed to experience themselves as part of a larger community struggling together, in order to gain the support such community identification might provide (Weinberg & Williams, 1974). Thus we designed an intervention that would provide men with the opportunity to share their concerns about sex in the age of AIDS in a comfortable setting. Each participant would be encouraged to decide what level of sexual activity he wished to maintain, and how to make the change to lower-risk sexual behaviors. We felt it was important for our intervention to also combat the growing sex-negative attitudes that many gay men were expressing directly to us. We noted that AIDS too often provided the psycho-social stressor which encouraged a regressive form of internalized homophobia to emerge. Gay men in treatment with us who had previously been comfortable with their sexual identity seemed to experience a regression to pre-coming-out emotional states, once again questioning their sexual identity, and experiencing doubts and shame concerning their sexual wishes. Furthermore, it was not only important for our intervention to impart information about safer sex and condom use, but it was also necessary for our workshop to help create a community norm which would facilitate, encourage, and support sexual behavior changes. This first workshop followed a three-hour group-interactional model. Participants were placed in small groups. The various tasks of the small groups were reported to the large group, facilitating an identification with both the small and large groups for workshop participants. (We will discuss the workshop design in more detail below.) This first intervention was the psycho-educational workshop, "Eroticizing Safer Sex," which was developed for New York City's Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) in June 1985. The workshop was advertised using the title "Hot, Horny, and Healthy: Eroticizing Safer Sex." We used this sexually provocative title for several reasons. We wanted to attract as many people as possible. We wanted to aggressively communicate our sex-positive attitude, and to advertise that this workshop would be fun. Since its inception, "Eroticizing Safer Sex," or "ESS," has become an integral part of GMHC's AIDS prevention program curriculum. Thousands of men have had the opportunity to participate in it in New York City alone. It is still being offered by GMHC on an average of once a month and continues to draw from 50 to 70 men each time it is held. In March 1987 at the annual Lesbian Gay Health Conference held in Washington, D.C., by the National Lesbian/Gay Health Foundation, the workshop was presented to over 200 of the leading AIDS educators in North America. This presentation prompted invitations to give the workshop in cities all over the United States and Canada. Since then "Eroticizing Safer Sex" has become the most widely used AIDS prevention intervention in the world. AIDS service organizations throughout the United States, Canada, England, The Netherlands, Norway, West Germany, Sweden, New Zealand, and Australia currently use this workshop. "Eroticizing Safer Sex" is one of the first interventions that addressed the specific problems of helping gay and bisexual men change their sexual behaviors using a psycho-social approach. The goals of the workshop are:
Research since the initial conceptualization of "ESS" shows that the inclusion of sexually explicit videotapes that show safer-sexual practices reenforces the desired behavior changes from high-risk to low-risk sexual behaviors (Quadland, Shattls, Schuman Jacobs, D'Eramo, 1987). We now suggest that such videos be added to this curriculum. By late 1987, while running "Eroticizing Safer Sex" workshops and training people to conduct the workshop all over North America, the authors often heard from participants that they knew the mechanics of how to have safer sex, and even how to make safer sex erotic, fun, and satisfying. These men told us they needed help in learning the skills for meeting men in nonsexual ways and for the exploration and discovery process known as "dating." By this time, we observed a shift in the community norm away from so-called casual and indiscriminate sexual encounters and toward a more careful, considered, perhaps even deliberate mode of courtship. Health concerns no longer permitted the same kind of wordless abandon. These days, safer sex had to be discussed with a sexual partner prior to the encounter. Some gay men in psychotherapy with us complained that they knew how to have sexual intimacies with a stranger, but not how to talk to him. We observed further that many men attending our workshops needed to be encouraged to support one another in discussing or negotiating safer sex with potential or established sex partners. It is one thing to know the "how to's" of safer sex, but it is quite another thing to be able to talk about it during the often anxiety producing, but always passionate and emotionally charged moments leading up to and during a sexual encounter. Second Generation AIDS PreventionWe developed another workshop in response to these concerns. Originally called "Dating 101 for Gay Men," it was soon renamed "Men Meeting Men." This workshop is now regularly offered as another component of GMHC's continuing AIDS prevention work in New York City. By this writing, it has hundreds of its graduates practicing the skills they learned. Since this workshop does not directly address either of the goals of the initial generation of AIDS prevention efforts, but is geared towards maintaining the already adopted desired changes in attitudes and behaviors, it is the beginning of the second generation of AIDS prevention. "Men Meeting Men" is more than a "how to negotiate safer sex" workshop. Based on a three-hour group model, it addresses the more complicated interpersonal impact of the AIDS epidemic on the social and sexual lives of gay and bisexual men. It has as its focus the meeting of people at the boundary where people meet, talk, listen, have sex, and learn to love one another. It addresses the feelings that may occur at this boundary, and urges its participants to tolerate and appreciate the embarrassment and excitements of such meetings. The goals of MMM include most of the goals of ESS stated above. However, the workshop is not focused on sexual acts, but on the social context of the participants. Its additional goals may be summarized as:
This second generation intervention, then, focuses on the social context of the health crisis, and on the interpersonal realities of living in a community changed by AIDS. The first generation interventions, in a sense, inform participants of the facts of safer sex and help them to make certain changes in their attitudes about sex. The second generation interventions help participants explore what it means to put these new behaviors into practice. During the course of offering "Men Meeting Men" to the community, we realized that dividing sexual and relationship issues into separate workshops reinforced a split between sexuality and intimacy that was a long-standing problem for many of the men we work with as psychotherapists. As psychotherapists who have been in practice prior to the AIDS epidemic, we regularly have treated people with emotional difficulties characterized by an inability to integrate sex and intimacy. In fact, with the stress of AIDS as an additional con plication, some gay men continue to have great difficulty integrating their sexual needs with other emotional needs. Many obstacles to practicing safer sex, as we observed in our practices, stem from this splitting-off of sexual needs from these other intimate needs. Some gay men have good friends with whom they have close nonsexual relationships, and with whom they can discuss anything. These same men have sexual partners with whom not much other than the sexual act is exchanged. Thus, efforts at AIDS prevention are ill served by a program which encourages the continued split of sex and intimacy. Seeking to address this point, we designed a third forum where gay and bisexual men could explore an entire range of issues: meeting people, recognizing and satisfying their needs for intimacy as well as sex, and maintaining safer sexual behaviors. In some respects, we rewrote and grafted some of the interventions from "Eroticizing Safer Sex" and "Men Meeting Men", and added a number of new exercises to achieve this integration. This new workshop's goals include those of both "Eroticizing Safer Sex" and "Men Meeting Men." Yet, by offering a day-long community experience, it achieves an intensity that the shorter workshops only hint at. This all day workshop is titled "Sex, Dating, and Intimacy in The Age of AIDS" (SDI), and is in many respects a community forum. From 1989 to date, we have presented this workshop in San Francisco, Boston, Anchorage, New York, Toronto, and Austin, Texas. It too has become a regular part of GMHC's AIDS prevention curriculum, and hundreds of men have become its graduates. Many of the goals of "Sex, Dating, and Intimacy in The Age of AIDS," are inclusive of the above stated goals of "Eroticizing Safer Sex" and "Men Meeting Men." The following are its additional goals:
Conceptual BackgroundAll three of our workshops share common assumptions and values. These will be discussed in the following pages. The workshops straddle the personal and interpersonal dimensions of living during the age of the AIDS crisis by addressing the basic needs all people have for affection, sex, intimacy, and human relationships. When presented in the all-day format, moreover, they provide a forum for the interpersonal impact of AIDS to be explored, while integrating AIDS prevention, sexual enhancement, relationship building, and community organizing. The skills involved in being able to discuss safer-sex practices include setting limits as to what an individual will do during a sexual encounter. Therefore, an effort is made to help participants identify and tolerate whatever feelings arise during such personal "negotiations." These negotiations may consist of setting limits or saying "no." This is not to imply that these workshops help people "just say no!"--as the slogan regarding drug use or sexual activity so fatuously encourages. Rather, these workshops are unabashedly sex-positive. We strongly believe that being able to act on sexual feelings is one indication of a healthy, well integrated individual. We stress that AIDS is caused by a virus, not by sex or a particular sexual orientation or lifestyle. To allow AIDS to deprive human beings of satisfying sexual activity would be to add an additional dimension of loss to this ongoing tragedy. Abstinence as AIDS PreventionEmphasizing abstinence from all sexual activity in an effort to prevent AIDS is simply not effective, and in many cases is counterproductive to the goals of risk reduction. Not surprisingly, Catania et al. (1989) have documented that men in San Francisco who attempted monogamy or celibacy in response to AIDS frequently discontinued these practices. Attempts to use abstinence in this way most often lead to a "diet/binge" sexual syndrome. During periods of sexual abstinence, men who have stopped having sex report becoming increasingly depressed, anxious, isolated, and lonely. But sex, of course, is a drive; when their frustration reaches the inevitable breaking point, they go out and engage in sex that is usually high risk for spreading HIV. Moreover, it has been observed that these bingers often increase their use of alcohol and drugs (Gochros, 1988), further compromising their ability to follow safer-sex guidelines. With this in mind, effective AIDS prevention programs must stress that decisions about sexual risk or safer-sex acts are compromised when people are under the influence of alcohol or drugs. A 1985 report prepared for the San Francisco AIDS Foundation found that "61 percent of the men surveyed agree that they are more likely to have unsafe sex when using alcohol or drugs" (Research and Decisions Corp., 1985). Thus another aspect of these workshops is to help the participants learn to recognize and manage the anxiety that arises in social and potentially sexual situations without abusing alcohol or drugs. AIDS risk-reduction messages which are even slightly reminiscent of moral strictures often have the negative effect of inviting conscious or unconscious defiance, precisely because they remind this population of moral or religious prohibitions experienced while growing up. This is especially true for gay or bisexual men whose sexual identity has been achieved against these powerful religious prohibitions. Safer-sex information cannot stress the negatives or sound like those same moral shalt-not's which the person had to overcome in order to create a positive gay identity. Chastity or abstinence may be effective moral concepts in a society where certain behaviors are deemed sinful or ungodly. Sin is central to many religious notions involving salvation and damnation. But a sinner can repent and return to God's grace; AIDS infection is forever. There is no absolution for an unsafe-sex act which passes the virus. Traditional sex-negative and homophobic religious concepts have no role in AIDS risk reduction. Positive Gay IdentityThese workshops function from the belief that it is imperative to help gay and| bisexual men feel good about themselves. We believe this as a consequence of direct clinical work with gay men in our psychotherapy practices. A positive self-image with regard to homosexuality is a foundation upon which gay men build the healthy self-esteem that is central to the development of a well-integrated personality (Weinberg & Williams, 1984). Difficulties with establishing and maintaining such a positive self-image in an essentially homophobic culture certainly predates the special pressures of this epidemic. Thus, the need to include self-esteem enhancing interventions in the workshop design was obvious to us. Moreover, it has been the people who have this heightened level of self-esteem within the gay male community who have been at the forefront in creating the new community ethic which encourages lower-risk sexual behaviors. A disapproving or conflicted attitude towards one's own sexuality is a poor starting point for taking precautions not to be infected or to infect others. Depressed people do not usually take good care of themselves. Low self-esteem, anxiety, or insecurity make it easy to do something that might be regretted afterwards. Bad feelings about one's own sexuality are, therefore, an obstacle to the battle against AIDS. This is another reason it is so important to create the best possible conditions for self-respect and social integration in AIDS prevention efforts (Prieur, 1990). This goal is basic to stemming the spread of AIDS. People who devalue themselves on the basis of being homosexual are more likely to devalue their homosexual sexual partners as well. The premise of any safer-sex act is a wish that AIDS not be transmitted. Should a person be filled with self-hate, he would be less likely to be concerned about his own safety. Indeed, such self-loathing may be the motivation for self-destructive behavior. Additionally, if this self-hatred is directed at his homosexuality, he might wilfully act-out this feeling in sexual recklessness, which could both expose himself to the virus and also transmit the virus to his partner, the other person involved in this hated homosexual act. We have further noticed in our practices a connection between low self-esteem and the tendency to engage in furtive and high-risk sexual encounters. Our observations are that this group of men, who have sex with men, but who may not necessarily identify themselves as part of the gay community, constitute the "hardcore" of the homosexually active population still at risk for transmitting HIV. These men are the most resistant to behavior change. We believe, therefore, that if an individual values himself, including his sexual orientation, he is less likely to engage knowingly in high-risk sexual behavior. If a person respects his sexual partner, he is less likely to knowingly put him at risk for becoming infected with any disease, but especially the life-threatening HIV. Sexual DiversityAnother implied value in these workshops is respect for the enormous variety of human behaviors and needs. Any sexual act involving more than one person is an interpersonal communication, whether or not words are exchanged. Seen in this way, sexual behavior is just one of the many ways people communicate with one another. The "one-night stand" is as respectable as love making within a long-term relationship, and the first date as important as a first meeting in a nonsexual friendship. The freedom to have sex also includes the right not to have sex, and the freedom to chose the form of sexual activity. By embracing the spectrum of sexual and affectional variety, these workshops attempt to include all aspects of this diverse community. Thus, these workshops support the right of each person to chose for himself the fullest expression of his needs. This right is at the heart of any healthy community, and it is the basis for self-respect and pride. It has been an animating force of the gay liberation struggles and must not be neglected during this darker chapter in the gay community's history. When this value is communicated to the men assembled at any of these workshops, when people are asked to support and respect this diversity of human expression, an important step is taken toward building a stronger community through community organizing. At its heart, safer-sex education is community building. AIDS Prevention as Community OrganizingHealth education and promotion is community organizing. One of the problems in promoting healthful behaviors is that, very often, people do not have a history of taking positive actions on their own behalf. As a community becomes organized, its members learn the skills of acting on their own behalf, and by so doing, experience a newly created communal strength which, in turn, further empowers them. One of the most recent examples of this is the organizing of the gay community in response to AIDS. Communities that are organized are poised to adopt healthful behaviors promoted in AIDS prevention campaigns. In the major urban areas, where a gay male community already existed, the response to AIDS was quick and strong (Frutchey, 1988). Safer-sex campaigns are community organizing since they strengthen the bonds between members of the targeted populations and facilitate further community identification. With this positive community identification comes a sense of responsibility and commitment (Frutchey, 1988). The workshops involvement with and responsibility towards their community. Research both in the United States (Joseph et al., 1987), and in Norway (Prieur, 1990) demonstrates that having social resources is one of the most influential factors in practicing safer sex for gay or bisexual men who already are well-informed of the risk of semen exchange and the dangers of anal sex. These social resources include accepting one's sexual identity and leading a stable life with friends. For gay men without close emotional ties to other people, an active sex life may be the only means of experiencing closeness to others (Prieur, 1990). These workshops provide gay men with the opportunity of creating or strengthening their ties to a community of men who are also struggling with these issues. Research has shown that supportive social norms for behavior change among gay men are associated with lowered risk for HIV infection over time but has not yet provided the empirical data to demonstrate why this is so. This is an area that warrants further study (Stall & Coates, 1988). We suggest that our workshops can provide social scientists with the means for researching these critically important These workshops help reinforce and support the desired changes of helping gay and bisexual men change higher-risk sexual behaviors to lower-risk ones. Research has already shown that the community of gay and bisexual men have done what many thought was impossible. They have drastically changed their sexual behaviors (McKusick, Horstman, & Coates, 1985; McKusick et al., 1985; Martin, 1987). In order for AIDS prevention to be effective, the targeted groups need to have the messages of safer sex repeated regularly over time (Shernoff & Palacios-Jimenez, 1988). Thus, for the large coastal cities in the U.S., which have well-organized gay male communities, the emphasis on adopting safer-sex methods may be outdated as a primary AIDS prevention intervention. In fact, as the reality of the epidemic continues, safer sex is becoming both accepted and expected; sophisticated and experienced practitioners of the art of safer sex are themselves teaching their less experienced sexual partners through participation in the sexual act itself. Relapse PreventionToday, a more important focus than merely adopting safer-sex practices may be the prevention of relapse to prior high-risk behaviors among those men who had already adjusted their behavior (Stall & Ekstrand, 1989). A recent survey in San Francisco indicates 18% of men who identified themselves as exclusively gay had engaged in the practice of unprotected anal intercourse at least once in the past year (Bartoromeo, 1990). Chuck Frutchey, education director of the San Francisco AIDS Foundation, states that this finding indicates that helping gay men to resist the temptation to slip back to unsafe sex practices is now more of a problem than getting them to adopt safe-sex habits initially. Clearly, where we need to put a lot of effort now is in maintenance programs. We don't have to teach gay men how to have safer sex--they know that already. What we have to do is have programs that encourage them to maintain safe-sex behavior. (Bartolomeo,1990) Men involved in committed relationships are among the group of people relapsing into higher-risk sex. We are aware of various male couples, some who know their antibody status, and others who do not know their status. Some of these couples began their relationship practicing safer sex, but after months or years, discontinued their precautions. While we feel that this issue is addressed during the SDI workshop, a new intervention geared toward the needs of established couples needs to be developed. Using our definition of second generation AIDS prevention as efforts that help maintain already adopted changes in attitudes or behaviors, all work on relapse prevention is second generation AIDS prevention. With this concept in mind, "Men Meeting Men" and "Sex, Dating, and Intimacy in the Age of AIDS" are "relapse prevention" workshops. Unlike "Eroticizing Safer Sex," which is a sex-specific intervention, the other two workshops cast a much wider net. By stressing more emotional and social themes, they appeal to a wide audience interested in exploring different personal and interpersonal concerns. Of course, the safer-sex messages are repeatedly interwoven with these other themes. The basic themes of safer sex, importance of limit setting, communication, mutual respect, integration of sexuality and intimacy, toleration of anxiety and awkwardness are the themes which serve to alter the community norms toward a community where safer sex is encouraged, expected, and respected. Since group discussions are the heart of the workshops, participants are given the opportunity to discuss some of the difficulties they may be having in maintaining safer-sex practices. People are encouraged to support one another in this difficult task, and to tolerate and to respect the feelings that arise in one another as a result. Workshop DesignAll these workshops were designed for as many as several hundred participants, and have a similar structure. To date, we presented "Eroticizing Safer Sex" to as many as 500 people, and "Sex, Dating, And Intimacy in the Age of AIDS" to as many as 200. The workshop format includes exercises for individual, dyads, small groups, and large groups. In each workshop, the sequence of the exercises was planned so that one exercise provides the support for the next exercise. Each exercise involves an increasing personal risk. The workshops are designed to increase small and large group identification and cohesion. Small group interaction is heightened through specific tasks. Large group identification is facilitated through reporting from the small groups and general discussion. Guided fantasy and role plays further facilitate the process of personal disclosure and exploration. In some of the segments of these workshops, an attempt is made to facilitate individuals' acceptance of the reality of AIDS. This means helping participants mourn for who was lost and what may never be realized. In other segments, an attempt is made to establish or strengthen common bonds of community to support the learning of new risk-reduction behaviors and create new community norms that support these desired behavior changes. A few exercises invite people to use their imaginations in erotic and creative frolicking, in order to rediscover the fun of sexual play in the context of a plague that is sexually transmitted. Other exercises address the awkwardness of discussing safer sex with a stranger or an established sexual partner. Thus, these workshops provide a place where the participants can explore the wide variety of feelings, concerns, and insecurities that arise when meeting new people, courting, dating, loving, and having sex in the age of AIDS. "Eroticizing Safer Sex" contains 30 large and small group exercises in four parts: Mourning, Affirming, Eroticizing, and Negotiating. At its beginning, participants are asked to address their feelings concerning the epidemic and safer sex; this often elicits discussions of loss and mourning. From this point, participants are led to explore the kinds of satisfying sex that may yet be available to them if they are able to use their sense of play and imagination. For example, in the Eroticizing section, each of the small groups is asked to "draw up a list of very hot and creative, but completely safe ways of doing I what is listed on the sheet of newsprint," each group is given. The headings on the newsprint are "Fun with Condoms," "Fucking," "Sucking," "Mutual Masturbation," "Visual Sex," and "Talk Sex." As the groups play with this task, the energy level of the room becomes palpable. The next exercise asks each group to report its list to the larger group. Following this, each small group is asked to exchange its list with another group, and, "As a group, make up an erotic story that incorporates as many of the activities on the sheet your group was just given. This story must end in a very hot, but safer orgasm." As each of the small groups reports their story, the participants see the variety of safer-sexual activities, and feel a sense of kinship with one another. "Men Meeting Men" also consists of 30 large and small group exercises. The workshop proceeds according to a pattern where people recognize the variety of their individual needs to meet other men, discuss the different ways each seeks to meet people, and confront their feelings about themselves. The workshop includes a series of role plays that explore several social situations. These role plays include the difficulties of negotiation of safer sex and other awkward personal encounters. In an exercise titled "Dear Abby," each of the small groups is given a "letter" to "Dear Abby" and asked, as a group, to discuss the letter and write a response which is read to the entire large group. These "letters" generally contain some humorous complaint concerning contemporary life and love, but also serious issues of courtship in the era of AIDS. Here are two representative examples: In the large group discussion following the above described small group exercise, the participants achieve a sense that "we are all in this together," and that changed social realities require respect of one another's differences and feelings. The goal of this section of the workshop is not to find solutions, nor right or wrong reactions, but to provide an arena for men to discuss, publicly, issues that many of them have been struggling with privately. "Sex, Dating, and Intimacy in the Age of AIDS" is an all-day workshop and consists of 44 large and small group exercises, including video segments that show two men involved in dating or courtship. The workshop is designed so that, in addition to discussing their feelings and concerns regarding safer sex, dating, intimacy, and other interpersonal community issues, the participants are given the chance to actually practice interpersonal communication with one another. As the day progresses, the small group experiences intensify. Through increasing self disclosure and candor, the men experience nonsexual intimacy with other group members. The following are two examples of small group exercises that facilitate self-disclosure: Taking turns, beginning with the last man who spoke in your group, please complete the following sentence: "When I meet a new man something I want him to know about me is . . ." SDI also uses the same "Dear Abby" exercises as "Men Meeting Men." The climax of this workshop's dynamic is at the end of this segment, where the following letter is read to the entire group.
Dear Abby: This exercise occurs near the end of the day. By this point, a high level of trust much as possible from their own experience, the discussion becomes very personal. People begin to give testimony of their own, often agonizing experiences about their antibody status and how it has affected their personal lives. Some men tell of their experience dating a person who was seropositive, who either did or did not tell them before they had sex, and how they felt about this. Other men speak of their concerns as HlV-positive people, or persons with AIDS, and their experiences dating. Many people "come out" as seropositives for the first time during this exercise. This segment of the workshop is very moving. A central factor for any successful workshop is the ability of that intervention to respond to the specific needs of its participants. The key to that, of course, is flexibility in the design of the workshop itself. Facilitators of these workshops in various parts of the United States and Canada have told us how they have been modified to meet particular needs of a local community, often quite different from Manhattan. Each exercise can be adjusted to the sophistication of different participants. For example, by 1988 most gay men in cities like New York, San Francisco, and Houston have needed only the briefest review of the how to's of safer sex, while men who live in parts of the country where there is a less well-organized gay community still request and require basic safer-sex information during these workshops conducted in 1990. LimitationsAlthough our experience has demonstrated to us the effectiveness of these work .shops, it is also important to recognize their limitations. They were written as specific interventions for men who identify themselves as part of the community of men who have sex with other men and, who label themselves gay or bisexual. As stated above, these workshops are community organizing vehicles and therefore depend on a degree of community identification by the participants. These interventions do not begin to address the needs of the large population of homosexually active men who, for a variety of personal or cultural reasons, do not consider themselves either gay or bisexual. These men are usually reluctant to participate in workshops which imply some degree of gay or bisexual identity on their part. Society's stigma against all forms of homosexual activity cannot be ignored. Moreover, any workshop which encourages group affiliation and identification based upon homosexual activity would be inappropriate for such men. Obviously, there are other groups as well whose issues and needs are not met by these workshops. For example, AIDS prevention programs aimed at sexually active heterosexuals have failed to capture the attention of this target group, to the extent that health educators would like (Siegel, 1988). Perhaps this is because there is no heterosexual identity which is comparable to a gay identity. Since there is no stigma against heterosexuality, this population need not identify itself on that basis (Frutchey, 1988). Also, the epidemic has simply had much less direct impact on this community. The specific risk-reduction needs of intravenous drug users also are not addressed by these workshops, unless, of course, these people are also gay or bisexual men. Nevertheless, the approaches taken by these workshops lead us to suggest that other, custom-designed AIDS prevention interventions arising from the unique characteristics of the various target groups, can be developed. ConclusionIn this paper, we described how we observed difficulties in accepting safer-sex behaviors in the gay and bisexual community, and how AIDS' impact on the community itself created an atmosphere that served to blunt the effectiveness of the risk-reduction guidelines. Based on these observations, and over time, we developed and implemented a series of workshops which addressed the needs of the community in this regard. While earlier interventions were limited to information dissemination, we saw that it became necessary to provide a forum for group discussion of individual and group reactions to AIDS. We labeled these combined approaches the first generation of AIDS prevention efforts. Addressing the interpersonal contexts of implementing and sustaining safer-sex behaviors is the second generation of prevention. The awful shadow of AIDS is cast dark and wide. We have been learning to live and to love in its somber light. The workshops described in this article address and nurture hope. They are examples of one community's attempt to create interventions that help foster the desired behavior and attitude changes necessary to survive and thrive in the age of AIDS. ReferencesBartolomeo, N. (1990, April 6). Study: One in five Gay men sometimes 'slip' into unsafe sex. The Washington Blade, 21(14), p. 6. Catania, J., Coates, T., Kegies, S., Ekstrand, M.,Guydish, J., & Bye, L 1989. Implications of the AIDS Risk Reduction Model for the gay community: The importance of perceived sexual enjoyment and help seeking behaviors. In Primary prevention of AIDS: Psychological approaches (pp. 242 - 261) Newbury Park, Ca: Sage Publications. Evans, H. (1987, October 7). Spread the word--not disease: Fighting AIDS in the street. New York Daily News, p. 29. Frutchey, C. (1988, November l I ). AIDS prevention programs for gay men in four US cities. Presentation at 31st annual program meeting of The Society For The Scientific Study of Sex, San Francisco. Gochros, H. (1988, May--June). Risk of abstinence: Sexual decision making in the AIDS era. Social Work, 33(3), 254-256. Joseph, J., Montgomery, S., Kirscht, J., Kessler, R., Ostrow, D., Emmons, C., & Phair, J. (1987, March). Perceived risk of AIDS: Assessing the behavioral and psychosocial consequences in a cohort of gay men. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17(3), 231 - 250. McKusick, L, Horstman, W., & Coates, T. (1985, May) AIDS and sexual behavior reported by gay men in San Francisco. American Journal of Public Health, 75( 5), 493-496. McKusick, L, Wiley, J., Coates, T., Stall, R, Saika, G., Morin, S., Charles, K, Horstman, W., & Conant, M. (1985, Nov.--Dec. ). Reported changes in sexual behavior of men at risk for AIDS, San Francisco, 1982 - 1984--The AIDS Behavioral Research Project. Public Health Reports, 100(6), 622-628. Martin, J.(1987, May).The impact of AIDS on gay male sexual behavior patterns in New York City. American Journal of Public Health, 77(5), 578-581. Morgan, T., (1988, February 5. ) Inside a 'Shooting Gallery': New front in the AIDS war. New York Times, pp. Bl & B5. Palacios-Jimenez, L & Shernoff, M. (1986). Facilitator's guide to eroticizing safer sex. New York; Gay Men's Health Crisis. Prieur, A. (1990, summer). Norwegian gay men: Reasons for continued practice of unsafe sex. AIDS Education and Prevention: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2(2), 109-115. Quadland, M., Shattls, W., Schuman, R., Jacobs, R. & D'Eramo, J. (1987). The 800 men project: A report on the design, implementation, and evaluation of an AIDS prevention and education program. New York: Gay Men's Health Crisis. Research and Decisions Corporation. (1985). A report on designing an effective AIDS prevention campaign strategy for San Francisco: Results from the second probability sample of an urban gay male community. Shernoff, M., & Palacios-Jimenez, L. (1988). AIDS: Prevention is the only vaccine available: An AIDS prevention educational program. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 6(2), 135-150. Siegel, K (1988, February). Barriers to the modifications of sexual behavior among heterosexuals at risk for acquired immunodeficiency virus. New York State Journal of Medicine, 88( 2), 66-70. Stall, R., & Coates, T. (1988, November). Behavioral risk reduction for HIV infection among gay and bisexual men. American Psychologist, 43(11), 859-864.: Stall, R, & Ekstrand, M. (1989, February). Implications of relapse from safe sex. Focus. A Guide to AIDS Research, 4(3), 3. Weinberg, M. & Williams, C. (1974). Male homosexuals Their problems and adaptations New York: Oxford University Press. 1. Luis Palacios-Jimenez retired from this project shortly after being diagnosed with AIDS in November, 1986. He died in June, 1989. Daniel Bloom is a psychotherapist in private practice in Manhattan. Published in AIDS Education and Prevention, 3(1),
1991 It is a part of the publication AIDS Education and Prevention.
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If you're looking for anime similar to Peach Girl, you might like these titles. All recommendations are made by Anime-Planet users like you!
Yano Motoharu is the most popular guy in class, the school's basketball ace, and highly charismatic to boot! No wonder Nanami Takahashi can't resist falling in love with him. When Yano returns Nana's feelings, things seem too good to be true and the two begin a relationship; but Yano has a contradictory personality which confuses Nana most of the time. On top of that, tragic events in Yano's past won't stop haunting their relationship. Unable to halt their passionate feelings, are Yano and Nana heading for disaster or can they save each other from irreparable hurt?
Both stories are centered around a girl's school life, but the girls' personalities and their looks are very different. In Bokura ga Ita, Yano Motoharu, who is a cool, calm and flirty boy with a careless smile, is very similar to Peach Girl's Kairi Okayasu. Both stories have dramatic love triangles as well. If you are looking for drama, romance, and school life then you should watch these series!
Peach Girl and Bokura ga Ita heavily revolve around the "drama" genre. They each have love triangles, and societal misunderstandings at their core - sometimes leaving the audience impatient and annoyed. Both have their perky moments, and sarcastic humour; both also have an unlikable villain and a choice between two guys. This is shoujo; Bokura ga Ita and Peach Girl are great titles. I loved the soft paste-like colours in Bokura ga Ita, while I enjoyed the character blueprint in Peach Girl.
Both stories revolve around a young girl's first love and all the trials she must pass in order to build a relationship. Both Nanami and Momo have to confront the memories of the girls their boyfriends loved, while fighting their own insecurities. School life, first love, love triangles, drama, and also funny moments can all be found while watching them.
As I absolutely love romance, I recommend that you watch Peach Girl and Bokura ga Ita. Each anime is filled with passion, comedy, and a twisted story that will make you gasp and hope for the best ending. A lot of family members are involved, but they are both absolutely amazing anime. Enjoy!
Both are love stories where two boys wanting the same girl.They have their good moments but they keep facing problems in their relationships.
This is just a matter of trust. I absolutely loved the both of them. The drama in both of these anime keep you hooked until you've seen it until the end. Both anime's have villians that frustrate you, and you will laugh at their stellar failures.
Both of these animes center around a girl caught in the middle of a love triangle, where one of her choices seems to be the all around "good guy" , and the other is not necesarily "boyfriend" material. The two stories are extremely similar filled with emotion and they seem to draw you into the story. Bokura ga Ita does have a bit more of a serious mood than Peach Girl, but you should enjoy one just as much as the other.
Both of that series are about teenagers love. And both of girls have problems with the past of their boyfriends and they both must to decide trust or not.
Each of these has a girl split between two guys. I would say that Bokura ga Ita has a more serious tone while Peach Girl feels more like a soap opera but is still just as enjoyable. What I liked about both of these is that, even while being 25 and 26 episodes, there's not really any side stories, filler or too much comedy. They're both all about the drama!
Similar characters, the same plot development and a sweet feeling, this is what Peach Girl and We Were There are delivering to the audience. Both are shoujo works focusing a lot on relationship between freinds, lovers and even antagonists. While Peach Girl is much more simplistic and idiotic, Bokura ga Ita delivers a more believable dramatic story with a greater depth. My guess is that if you liked one, you will enjoy the other one too.
Peach Girl and Bokura ga Ita involve a realistic high school love triangle. While Bokura is a slow paced series than Peach Girl both have the same hardships of teenagers trying to understand the relationships among themselves. Mistrust and betrayal follow.
They both have lots of drama and romance in.. If you liked this I''m completely sure you should like the other one too!
They are one in the same almost with different nuances here and there. I would say I liked Bokura ga Ita more mainly due to the anime style. You have the indecisive women, love triangle, and underdog charater that gives you conflict if you want to root for them or not.
Nana Komatsu is on her way to Tokyo; now she can finally be with her boyfriend after a year of dating long-distance! On the train there, Nana Komatsu meets Nana Osaki – a girl who shares her name but seems to be everything Nana Komatsu is not; cool, street-wise, and a punk rocker. The two hit it off and spend the entire journey getting to know each other, but when they get to Tokyo, circumstance separates them seemingly forever. However, fate is not finished with these two. Whilst hunting for a place to live the two Nanas again cross paths. They decide to share a flat and become best friends in no time. Nana K. must learn to be independent and mature, while Nana O. works on becoming famous with her band; but together, they will learn about love and loss, and the growth that comes with it.
8 votes
Nana Komatsu and Momo-chan are very similar, as they face the same problems and questions. Nana also deals with hardships involving friendships; these hardships are absent from Peach Girl. These two anime really give you the same feeling as far as the characters go.
Nana and Momo, the two main characters, have both a hard time finding the one who is right for them. They struggle with their emotions and therefore, they are likely to forget their true feelings, the true meaning of love. Nana have a more mature storyline than Peach girl, which can show you different aspects of the same problems.
Both serier are about love and all the trouble that comes when love is involved. So if you like too feel your heart geat ripped out and geat totaly in love again this is the series you should see.
Both "Nana" and "Peach Girl" focus almost exclusively on the drama surrounding the characters. There are no mecha robots destroying the city. There are no talking creatures or magic powers. They are both stories driven by the characters. So if you like one, dimes to doughnuts you'd like the other.
Very similar life problems are seen in Peach Girl and Nana concerning friendships and romance. The series revolve around female characters and their struggle with their emotions and trying to understand their own feelings.
in both ways this animes show how the character of the two females change... also, you can see how they develop their relationship
Both series offer a very intriguing look at relationships and friendships that leaves you addicted to the plot, wanting to find out what happens next. Both also have very well developed characters that are realistic and that don't simply fall into strict black-white categories. Overall, if you liked one, there's a good chance that you'll like the other as well.
In both of these romance shoujo anime you have a lot of mature themes, suicide, rape, pregnancy, addiction, abuse, etc. They are not always light happy fluffy candy coated stories. The relationships in these anime feel very real because they are not perfect relationships. They are relationships formed over a period of long time, and have their ups and downs. There's also love triangle drama in both of these anime. I also think the art style is quite simmilar.
The average Tsukushi Makino attends the snobby, elite Eitoku Academy, which is dominated by the Flower Four (F4) – the sons of the most powerful families. Like the rest of her classmates, Tsukushi keeps a low profile until one day she can stand it no more! For her obstinance, the F4 declare war and it's Tsukushi against all. In the middle of it all, she finds herself drawn strangely close to two of the F4; they might not be as bad as they seem. With her heart torn between two boys, will Tsukushi be able to find the love she desires?
7 votes
The two female leads in their respective animes are highly similar in many ways. Both attract the attention of numerous and most popular males, as well as many jealous females. Comic relief is present in both animes throughout the series. Plots are centered around the love life of the female leads and finding their true love.
Oh my Peach girl is an exact copy of HYD, well not exact but almost ;p Got the same kind of plot with guys fighting over one girl. I would just say that Peach girl is a new format of HYD so if you like some more love triangles you better watch this one and it's a long one too ;)
Both of the lead characters are strong girls who aren't afraid to fight! Both animes take place in a school setting. Peach Girl as well as Hana Yori Dango (Boys over Flowers) involve the characters working through love triangles and betrayal of friendships.
A girl is is torn between two men, finding hard to decide about her true feelings. Schoolmates bully the main character alot in each. Over the top drama.
DRAMA DRAMA DRAMA! These two animes are just teaming with fake friends, wacky situations and an all-around feeling of relief that you're not living Momo or Makino's life. Both of these are really good shows and wonderful stories :)
Girls get your claws out because that is exactly what they do to the two main heroines in the story. Both Peach girl and Hana Yori Dango are filled with romance and heartbreak and misunderstandings galore! With love just around the corner for both heroines it is quite a journey to actually make it to the finish line, that however is the most entertaining part. Filled with romance the characters will catch your heart up with in seconds of watching.
Both of the lead characters are strong girls who aren't afraid to fight! Both animes take place in a school setting. Peach Girl as well as Hana Yori Dango (Boys over Flowers) involve the characters working through love triangles and betrayal of friendships.
Lovely Complex is a story of a boy and a girl. The girl, Koizumi Risa, is much taller than the average Japanese girl; and the boy, Atsushi Otani, is much shorter than the average Japanese boy. Due to their immense difference in size and constant bickering with each other, the duo is unwillingly the school's comic relief. As Risa and Otani continue to provide endless laughter for the masses, their friendship develops; and with that, so does Risa's feelings for Otani...
7 votes
I think Peach Girl and Lovely Complex are good recommendations for each other because both have heavy drama and romance, crazy love triangles, are light and fun to watch, and take place in a high school setting.
Peach Girl and Lovely Complex have a very realistic (yet romantic) story. You can't wait to watch the next episode! They are very emotional, and I did cry a few times; but seriously, these anime are really funny and will melt your heart. If I wasn't the kind of person who treasures anime only once, I'd definitely watch them again!
Both of these anime's plots share the element of complexes. Complexes that create problems and obstacles in the developement of the character's romantic relationships.Also characters in both series have very funny sides in their personalities which lead to hilarious situations.
Peach Girl and Lovely Complex don't exactly have the same story, but they are both really good. Peach Girl is about a girl who tries to cope with a fake best friend, a boy she's had a crush on since junior high, and another boy who she finds perverted, yet hilarious. It involves love triangles, loads of comedy, and romance, which is similar to Lovely Complex. I definitely reccommend them.
Both Peach Girl and Lovely Complex focus on a tall, strong, red haired girl who is ridiculed for being different from her peers. They also both focus on friendship, love, and coming of age.
While Lovely Complex lacks the love-triangle aspect, the relationship between the hero and heroine is almost identicle to that of Peach Girl's in that the two are almost pushed together and initially can not stand one another.
Both have very likeable characters. For me, it took awhile to get used to the artwork for Lovely Complex as it was not as shoujo as I typically prefer, however; the storyline if very moving and you as a watcher become quite invested in the success of the relationship of the main characters
Lovely Complex and Peach Girl are shoujo orientated shows which deliver tasteful comedy moments, teary melodrama and lost of sweet scenes. Both focus on relationships that involve friends, lovers and even antagonists. The main characters are also pretty similar, while Risa has a complex about her unusual high height for a girl, Momo has a complex regarding her tanned skin that she gained from swimming. If you enjoyed one, you will definitely like the other as well.
Both of these shoujo anime deal with highschool romance. In both of them, the love begins one sided, with peach girl, it's the male lead who chases after momo persistantly, and with Love*Com, it's the female who repeatedly pursues the male, despite his constant rejections. Both have a lot of drama and painful moments and both keep you guessing til nearly the end if they will or won't get together. Both anime also feature strong friendship as a central theme, it's a love forged from friendship, and a slow growing love. Both have excellent character development and you can really watch how the cast grows, changes, and "comes of age" as they struggle through feelings of love and loss.
Miki is a normal high school student, living a normal life, but one day she is welcomed home with an announcement: her parents have decided to get divorced and switch partners with close friends of the family. The reason? Love. But to add to Miki's disbelief, she may get a new "brother," and he may just happen to be in love with her...
6 votes
Both Peach Girl and Marmalade Boy are about love and romance between the main character and two boys. The main characters in both series have touble with their relationships due to someone trying to break them up. In the end, the girl has to pick who she would rather be with.
Both are cute, engaging love stories jam-packed with drama. They are both centered around one girl who has her pick of a few guys. Peach Girl moves a bit faster than Marmalade Boy, but all in all, they both do a really good job of holding your attention.
Both are well-done anime series dealing with love and insecurity. The heroines have a difficult time sorting out their feelings for the ones they love and conversely are unsure of the real feelings of the boys they care for. The series' use of love triangles (especially Marmalade Boy) can get tedious if do not like that sort of thing, but all in all both animes shows that true love will conquer all in the end.
in both series the main character (momo in peach girl) and (miki in marmalade boy) have to go through a lot of problem to get to be with the one they love. They have to face rivals,misunderstandings, and just fights that don't even make sense to get to be reallly happy with the one they trutly love. Both these series have a lot of drama, love triangles, and fights that it will make you so angry that you will start to hitting your computer.
if you love romance and drama, these two series are chock full of it. Marmalades more romance wise and theres a theme of incest, but not blood incest mind you. Peach is way dramatic with the bitchy-back-stabbing-best-friend. If you like one, im sure you'd like the other.
In both anime the main characters who are in love try to stay together but that isn't easy with people trying to break them, love triangles and even misunderstandings. Both anime have a great cast of characters and guaranteed you won't be bored.


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Valentine's Day Decor
2 February 2013
With Valentine's Day (and Jonathan's birthday before that!) right around the corner, this year I thought I'd decorate a little for the holiday. We already had this table runner from Christmas that my mom brought us back from Germany but as it's covered in hearts it does quite well as a Valentine's one too! The red velvet Yankee Candle smells super delicious (also the flavour of our wedding cake!) and I bought it for half price in Home Store & More. The heart confetti, heart shaped candles and napkins are from Tesco. The kissing Maltese salt & pepper shakers were a gift from a lovely friend Rebecca and the red & glass tea-light holders were a wedding gift from Newbridge Glassware.
We also have a few heart shaped items in our hallway! There's a little nook in the hall between the staircase and wall where the cupboard under the stairs is. Here's where I usually put seasonal decorative items...for example at Halloween and Christmas I had different things displayed like holiday tea-light holders and so on!
The candle holder is a permanent piece, it was a wedding present from my grand uncle & aunt. The little white tea-light holder is for Valentine's Day and I got it at Tesco.
Along the staircase I hung these two little "valentines" - a white heart (again, from good ol' Tesco!) and a little hanging ornament which was a present from my best friend...I think she got it in Germany. I also think this was originally meant to be a Christmas decoration but I've always preferred it for Valentine's Day!
That's all I have for now! Do you decorate for Valentine's Day? I never had before but this was quite fun!
Stay Stylish!
6 comments
- Anonymous3 February 2013 at 00:53
I love all your decorations specially the white heart you hung along the staircase I think it is very simple but very pretty :) I wish I was able to decorate for Valentines but unfortunately Im in the process of moving but maybe next year...you gave me great decoration ideas thanks! :)
ReplyDelete - Anonymous3 February 2013 at 07:14
Aww how cute! Doing these things always gives me a warm fuzzy feeling inside haha. <3
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Tamil Films : Kumbakarai Thangaya
Tamil Film Actress & Actors : Prabhu, Kanaga
Tamil Film Music Director : IsaiGnani Ilayaraja
Year: 1991
Director: Gangai Amaran
Type : Ilayaraja Hits
Kumbakarai Thangaiah Songs
1. Ennai Oruvan
2. Koodalloru Gundumalli
Malaysia Vasudevan
3. Kumbamkarai Sertha
Mano, S. Janaki
4. Paattu Onna
S. Janaki, S.P.Balasubramaniam
5. Poothu Poothu
S. Janaki, S.P.Balasubramaniam
6. Sandhana Maariye
S. Janaki
7. Thendral Kaatre
Malaysia Vasudevan
8. Thendral Kaatre_Sad
S. Janaki
9. Thendral Kaatre_Solo
S. Janaki
Download Link 1
Download Link 2
100% Ilayaraja Tamil MP3 songs site. Collection of Ilayaraja hits and melodies songs are available for free download. Download old, new and latest Tamil mp3 music for free. A.R. Rahman songs, other Tamil music directors songs, Tamil actress movie gallery and Tamil videos are coming up in the future!
Sunday, November 14, 2010
1 comment:
- AnonymousAugust 7, 2012 at 9:26 AM
Thanks for uploading "Kumbakarai Thangaiah" film songs...
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