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The bold taste of black bean-garlic sauce mellows into a rich and warming glaze in this fast Asian-style dish.
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Toast sesame seeds in a small dry skillet over medium-low heat, stirring constantly, until lightly browned and fragrant, 2 to 3 minutes. Transfer to a bowl to cool.
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Experimental Water Level and Current Forecast Guidance A forecast system developed for the Columbia River at Oregon Health and Sciences University is currently being tested, skill assessed and prepared for transition. New systems are being developed in CSDL for the Delaware Bay and River, for Tampa Bay, FL, and an experimental system is being run pseudo-operationally for the Gulf of Mexico (the National Ocean Service Gulf of Mexico Model (NGOM)). Also under development is a 2nd Generation Chesapeake Bay Experimental Forecast System. The existing CBOFS is based on a two-dimensional barotropic model that provides forecast guidance on water levels only (no currents); however, CBOFS will be upgraded to a fully three-dimensional, baroclinic model in the near-future to provide additional forecast guidance on currents, temperature and salinity. EXPERIMENTAL FORECAST MODELING SYSTEMS
Future Locations of Development Forecast systems will be operationally implemented in the future for numerous other ports, estuaries and coastal regions, depending primarily on the user needs and requirements of the marine navigation and emergency response communities. Systems are being considered for Cook Inlet, AK; San Francisco Bay, CA; and for numerous locations along the Gulf of Mexico coast. In addition, upgrades to existing operational forecast systems will be necessary. A map of potential operational forecast system locations is shown below.


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Cynthia McGinnes said that her husband Charles bought this painted horse at an auction to benefit the Thoroughbred Retirement Fund. What he paid for it, she said jokingly, indicated "he probably had one drink too many." The horse now has a place of honor on the lawn.
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Round Table movement
The Round Table movement, founded in 1909, was an association of organisations promoting closer union between Britain and its self-governing colonies. The movement began at a conference at Plas Newydd, Lord Anglesey's estate in Wales, over the weekend of 4–6 September.[1] The framework of the organisation was devised by Lionel Curtis, but the overall idea was due to Lord Milner. Former South Africa administrator Philip Kerr became secretary to the organisation.[2]
In 1910, The Round Table Journal: A Quarterly Review of the Politics of the British Empire was founded by Lord Milner and members Lionel Curtis, Philip Kerr and Geoffrey Dawson. Many of these original contributors were believers in the idea of an "imperial federation in which the British Empire would be united by a new centralized Imperial Parliament. However, after the First World War, this scheme appeared less realistic and the Round Table members became more drawn to a conception of the empire as a "Commonwealth of Nations". Accordingly, the journal's subtitle was changed to A Quarterly Review of the Politics of the British Commonwealth in 1919, A Quarterly Review of British Commonwealth Affairs in 1948, A Quarterly Review of Commonwealth Affairs in 1966, and The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs in 1983.[3] Other prominent members included Sir Harry Johnston and Nathan Mayer Rothschild.
During the interwar period the Round Table groups continued to advocate a policy of collaboration among the Dominions of the British Empire (South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland and Canada) together with the United States. However, its embrace of the "Commonwealth" ethos also led it to support movements for self-government within the Empire such as the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 and the Indian reforms of 1919 and 1935. In the late 1930s the contributors to the journal were split between those who advocated appeasement and those that did not.[4]
After World War II younger members began to dominate the editorial board, and The Round Table became less a journal espousing a particular view, and more a forum to exchange opinions.[5]
In 1910–1911 Philip Curtis took a tour of the Dominions to set up local Round Table groups. Groups were formed in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. A Newfoundland Round Table was set up in 1912.[6] A loosely organised Round Table group existed in the United States. Members of this American group included George Louis Beer, Walter Lippmann, Frank Aydelotte, Whitney Shepardson, Thomas W. Lamont, Jerome D. Greene, and Erwin D. Canham.[7]
Society of the Elect[edit]
Historian Carroll Quigley claimed that the Round Table Groups were connected to a secret society, which South African diamond baron Cecil Rhodes is believed to have set up with similar goals. Rhodes was believed by some to have formed this secret society in his lifetime. This secret society is supposed to have been named the Society of the Elect.[7]
Rhodes first formalised his idea with William T. Stead, editor of the Pall Mall Gazette, when he and Stead agreed on the structure of the secret society. This proposed secret society had an elaborate hierarchical structure, based on that of the Jesuits, which comprised: at the top, the position of "General of the Society"—a position modelled on the General of the Jesuits—to be occupied by Rhodes, with Stead and Lord Rothschild as his designated successors; an executive committee called the "Junta of Three", comprising Stead, Milner and Reginald Baliol Brett (Lord Esher); then a "Circle of Initiates", consisting of a number of notables including Cardinal Manning, Arthur Lord Balfour, Albert Lord Grey and Sir Harry Johnston; and outside of this was the "Association of Helpers", the broad mass of the Society. One of the puzzles surrounding this meeting is whether the "Society of the Elect" actually came into being. Carroll Quigley claims in Tragedy and Hope (1966) that Rhodes's "Society of the Elect" was not only "formally established" in 1891, although its first inception existed several years prior (1889), but that its "outer circle" known as the "Association of Helpers" was "later organised by Milner as the Round Table".[7] Quigley claimed that this secret society actually played a very important role in the history of the British Empire from 1899–1940, and that its place in history is so significant that it deserves to be known. Quigley also claimed that this group held nearly total control in writing the history of British imperialism during this period.
In several of his wills, Rhodes left money for the continuation of the project. However, in his later wills, Rhodes abandoned the idea and instead concentrated on what became the Rhodes scholarships, which enabled Commonwealth, American, and German scholars to study for free at Oxford University.[7]
Similar organisations[edit]
Lionel Curtis founded the Royal Institute of International Affairs in June 1920. A year later its sister organisation, the Council on Foreign Relations, was formed in America. One of the founders of the sister organisation was another member of the roundtable groups, Walter Lippmann.[7]
Current organisation and membership[edit]
The Round Table still exists but its position in influencing the policies of world leaders has been much reduced from its heyday during the First World War. Today it is largely a Commonwealth ginger group, designed to consider and influence Commonwealth policies.
The Round Tables editorial board, which also organises "occasional seminars, meetings and conferences on themes of Commonwealth interest" is known as 'The Moot'.[8]
- ^ Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. 1996. ISBN 0-313-27917-9.
- ^ J. Lee Thompson (2007). Forgotten Patriot: A Life of Alfred, Viscount Milner of St. James's And Cape Town, 1854–1925. ISBN 0-8386-4121-0.
- ^ The Journal's History
- ^ The Journal's History
- ^ The Journal's History
- ^ May, Alexander The Round Table, 1910–66 DPhil. University of Oxford 1995 pp.69–72
- ^ a b c d e Quigley, Carroll : Tragedy & Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. G. S. G. & Associates, Incorporated (June 1975). ISBN 0-945001-10-X, ISBN 978-0-945001-10-2
- ^ About the Moot
Further reading[edit]
- Quigley, Carroll The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden (1981)
- May, Alexander The Round Table, 1910–66 DPhil. University of Oxford (1995)
- Bosco, Andrea The Round Table Movement and the Fall of the 'Second' British Empire (1909-1919) (2017)


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Manson Family
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Manson Family | |
Quasi-commune | |
Country | United States |
State | California |
Founded by | Charles Manson |
The Manson Family was a quasi-commune led by murder-conspirator Charles Manson that arose in California in the late 1960s.
San Francisco followers[edit]
On his release day, March 21, 1967, Manson received permission to move to San Francisco, where, with the help of a prison acquaintance, he moved into an apartment in Berkeley. In prison, bank robber Alvin Karpis had taught him to play the steel guitar.[1]:137–146[2][3] Now, living mostly by panhandling, he soon got to know Mary Brunner, a 23-year-old graduate of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Brunner was working as a library assistant at University of California, Berkeley, and Manson moved in with her. According to a second-hand account, he overcame her resistance to his bringing other women in to live with them. Before long, they were sharing Brunner's residence with 18 other women.[1]:163–174
Manson established himself as a guru in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury, which during 1967's "Summer of Love", was emerging as the signature hippie locale. Vincent Bugliosi said in his book Helter Skelter that Manson appeared to have borrowed philosophically from the Process Church, whose members believed Satan would become reconciled to Christ, and they would come together at the end of the world to judge humanity. Expounding a philosophy that included some of the Scientology he had studied in prison,[1]:163–164 he soon had the first of his groups of followers, which have been called the Manson Family, most of them female.[1]:137–146 Upon a staff evaluation of Manson when he entered prison in July 1961 at the U.S. penitentiary in McNeil Island, Washington, Manson entered "Scientologist" as his religion.[1]:143–144
Manson taught his followers that they were the reincarnation of the original Christians, and the Romans were the establishment. He himself strongly implied that he was Christ; he often told a story envisioning himself on the cross with the nails in his feet and hands. Sometime around 1967, he began using the alias "Charles Willis Manson." He often said it very slowly ("Charles' Will Is Man's Son")--implying that his will was the same as that of the Son of Man.[1]:315
Before the summer ended, Manson and eight or nine of his enthusiasts piled into an old school bus they had re-wrought in hippie style, with colored rugs and pillows in place of the many seats they had removed. They roamed as far north as Washington state, then southward through Los Angeles, Mexico, and the southwest. Returning to the Los Angeles area, they lived in Topanga Canyon, Malibu, and Venice—western parts of the city and county.[1]:163–174 It was November when the school bus set out from San Francisco with the enlarged group.[4]
In 1967, Brunner became pregnant by Manson and on April 15, 1968, gave birth to a son she named Valentine Michael (nicknamed "Pooh Bear")[5] in a condemned house in Topanga Canyon and was assisted during the birth by several of the young women from the Family. Brunner (like most members of the group) acquired a number of aliases and nicknames, including: "Marioche", "Och", "Mother Mary", "Mary Manson", "Linda Dee Manson" and "Christine Marie Euchts".[6]
Manson's presentation of himself[edit]
Actor Al Lewis, who had Manson babysit his children on a couple of occasions, described him as "A nice guy when I knew him".[7] Through Phil Kaufman, Manson got an introduction to young Universal Studios producer Gary Stromberg, then working on a film adaptation of the life of Jesus set in modern America with a black Jesus and southern redneck "Romans". Stromberg thought Manson made interesting suggestions about what Jesus might do in a situation, seeming strangely attuned to the role; to illustrate the place of women he had one of his women kiss his feet, but then kissed hers in return. At the beach one day, Stromberg watched while Manson preached against a materialistic outlook only to be questioned about his well-furnished bus. Nonchalant, he tossed the bus keys to the doubter who promptly drove it away while Manson watched apparently unconcerned.[8] According to Stromberg, Manson had a dynamic personality with an ability to read a person's weakness and "play" them.[7] Trying to co-opt an influential individual from a motorcycle gang by granting him access to "Family" women, Manson claimed to be sexually pathetic and convinced the biker that his outsized endowment was all that kept the "Family" females at Spahn ranch.[9] On one occasion, the enraged father of a runaway girl who had joined the "Family" pointed a shotgun at Manson and told him he was about to die. Manson quietly invited him in.
Involvement with Wilson, Melcher, et al.[edit]
The events that would culminate in the murders were set in motion in late spring 1968, when (by some accounts) Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys picked up two hitchhiking Manson women, Patricia Krenwinkel and Ella Jo Bailey,[10] and brought them to his Pacific Palisades house for a few hours. Returning home in the early hours of the following morning from a night recording session, Wilson was greeted in the driveway of his own residence by Manson, who emerged from the house. Uncomfortable, Wilson asked the stranger whether he intended to hurt him. Assuring him he had no such intent, Manson began kissing Wilson's feet.[1]:250–253[11]
Inside the house, Wilson discovered 12 strangers, mostly women.[1]:250–253[11] Over the next few months, as their number doubled, the Family members who made themselves part of Wilson's Sunset Boulevard household cost him approximately $100,000. This included a large medical bill for treatment of their gonorrhea and $21,000 for the accidental destruction of his uninsured car, which they borrowed.[12] Wilson would sing and talk with Manson, while the women were treated as servants to them both.[1]:250–253
Wilson paid for studio time to record songs written and performed by Manson. Wilson introduced Manson to entertainment business acquaintances. These included Gregg Jakobson, Terry Melcher and Rudi Altobelli (the last of whom owned a house he would soon rent to actress Sharon Tate and her husband, director Roman Polanski).[1]:250–253 Jakobson, who was impressed by "the whole Charlie Manson package" of artist/lifestylist/philosopher, also paid to record Manson material.[1]:155–161, 185–188, 214–219[13]
The account given in Manson in His Own Words is that Manson first met Wilson at a friend's San Francisco house where Manson had gone to obtain cannabis. The drummer supposedly gave Manson his Sunset Boulevard address and invited him to stop by when he came to Los Angeles.[2]
Spahn Ranch[edit]
Manson established a base for the group at Spahn's Movie Ranch, not far from Topanga Canyon Boulevard, in August 1968 after Wilson's manager evicted the Family.[14] The entire Family then relocated to the ranch.[1]:250–253 The ranch had been a television and movie set for Western productions. However, by the late 1960s, the buildings had deteriorated and the ranch was earning money primarily by selling horseback rides.
Family members did helpful work around the grounds. Also, Manson ordered the Family's women, including Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, to occasionally have sex with the nearly blind, 80-year-old owner, George Spahn. The women also acted as seeing-eye guides for Spahn. In exchange, Spahn allowed Manson and his group to live at the ranch for free.[1]:99–113[15] Squeaky acquired her nickname because she often squeaked when Spahn pinched her thigh.[1]:163–174[12]
Charles Watson soon joined the group at Spahn's ranch. Watson, a small-town Texan who had quit college and moved to California,[16] met Manson at Dennis Wilson's house. Watson gave Wilson a ride while Wilson was hitchhiking after his cars had been wrecked.
Spahn nicknamed Watson "Tex" because of his pronounced Texan drawl.
Helter Skelter[edit]
This section should include only a brief summary of Helter Skelter (Manson scenario). See Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text. (July 2016) |
In the first days of November 1968, Manson established the Family at alternative headquarters in Death Valley's environs, where they occupied two unused or little-used ranches, Myers and Barker.[13][17] The former, to which the group had initially headed, was owned by the grandmother of a new woman in the Family. The latter was owned by an elderly local woman to whom Manson presented himself and a male Family member as musicians in need of a place congenial to their work. When the woman agreed to let them stay if they'd fix things up, Manson honored her with one of the Beach Boys' gold records,[17] several of which he had been given by Dennis Wilson.[18]
While back at Spahn Ranch, no later than December, Manson and Watson visited a Topanga Canyon acquaintance who played them the Beatles' White Album, then recently released.[13][19][20] Manson became obsessed with the group.[21] At McNeil, he had told fellow inmates, including Alvin Karpis, that he could surpass the group in fame;[1]:200–202, 265[22] to the Family, he spoke of the group as "the soul" and "part of the hole in the infinite. "[20]
Alternative theories[edit]
There are alternative theories to the Helter Skelter scenario and whether or not it was the actual motive behind the murders. According to Manson murderer Bobby Beausoleil, it was actually Beausoleil's arrest for the torture and murder of Gary Hinman that instigated the Manson Family's ensuing murder spree—enacted, in order to convince police that the killer(s) of Gary Hinman were in fact still at large. This has been substantiated by an interview with both Truman Capote and Ann Louise Bardach of Bobby Beausoleil in 1981.[23]
For some time, Manson had been saying that racial tension between blacks and whites was growing and that blacks would soon rise up in rebellion in America's cities.[24][25] He had emphasized Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, which had taken place on April 4, 1968.[17] On a bitterly cold New Year's Eve at Myers Ranch, the Family members gathered outside around a large fire, listening as Manson explained that the social turmoil he had been predicting had also been predicted by the Beatles.[20] The White Album songs, he declared, told it all, although in code. In fact, he maintained (or would soon maintain), the album was directed at the Family itself, an elect group that was being instructed to preserve the worthy from the impending disaster.[24][25]
In early January 1969, the Family escaped the desert's cold and positioned itself to monitor L.A.'s supposed tensions by moving to a canary-yellow home in Canoga Park, not far from the Spahn Ranch.[1]:244–247[20][26] Because this locale would allow the group to remain "submerged beneath the awareness of the outside world",[1]:244–247[27] Manson called it the Yellow Submarine, another Beatles reference. There, Family members prepared for the impending apocalypse,[28][29] which around the campfire, Manson had termed "Helter Skelter", after the song of that name.
By February, Manson's vision was complete. The Family would create an album whose songs, as subtle as those of the Beatles, would trigger the predicted chaos. Ghastly murders of whites by blacks would be met with retaliation, and a split between racist and non-racist whites would yield whites' self-annihilation. Blacks' triumph, as it were, would merely precede their being ruled by the Family, which would ride out the conflict in "the bottomless pit", a secret city beneath Death Valley.[30] At the Canoga Park house, while Family members worked on vehicles and pored over maps to prepare for their desert escape, they also worked on songs for their world-changing album. When they were told Terry Melcher was to come to the house to hear the material, the women prepared a meal and cleaned the place, but Melcher never arrived.[24][28]
Encounter with Tate[edit]
On March 23, 1969,[1]:228–233 Manson, uninvited, entered 10050 Cielo Drive, which he had known as Melcher's residence.[1]:155–161 This was Rudi Altobelli's property; Melcher was no longer the tenant. As of that February,[1]:28–38 the tenants were Sharon Tate and Roman Polanski.
Manson was met by Shahrokh Hatami, a photographer and Tate's friend. Hatami was there to photograph Tate in advance of her departure for Rome the next day. Having seen Manson through a window as Manson approached the main house, Hatami had gone onto the front porch to ask him what he wanted.[1]:228–233
When Manson told Hatami he was looking for someone whose name Hatami did not recognize, Hatami informed him the place was the Polanski residence. Hatami advised him to try "the back alley", by which he meant the path to the guest house, beyond the main house.[1]:228–233 Concerned about the stranger on the property, Hatami went down to the front walk to confront Manson. Appearing behind Hatami, in the house's front door, Tate asked him who was calling. Hatami said a man was looking for someone. Hatami and Tate maintained their positions while Manson, without a word, went back to the guest house, returned a minute or two later, and left.[1]:228–233
That evening, Manson returned to the property and again went back to the guest house. Presuming to enter the enclosed porch, he spoke with Rudi Altobelli, who was just coming out of the shower. Although Manson asked for Melcher, Altobelli felt Manson had come looking for him.[1]:226 This is consistent with prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi's later discovery that Manson had apparently been to the place on earlier occasions after Melcher's departure from it.[1]:228–233, 369–377
Speaking through the inner screen door, Altobelli told Manson that Melcher had moved to Malibu. He lied that he did not know Melcher's new address. In response to a question from Manson, Altobelli said he himself was in the entertainment business, although, having met Manson the previous year, at Dennis Wilson's home, he was sure Manson already knew that. At Wilson's, Altobelli had complimented Manson lukewarmly on some of his musical recordings that Wilson had been playing.[1]:228–233
When Altobelli informed Manson he was going out of the country the next day, Manson said he'd like to speak with him upon his return; Altobelli lied that he would be gone for more than a year. In response to a direct question from Altobelli, Manson explained that he had been directed to the guest house by the persons in the main house; Altobelli expressed the wish that Manson not disturb his tenants.[1]:228–233
Manson left. As Altobelli flew with Tate to Rome the next day, Tate asked him whether "that creepy-looking guy" had gone back to the guest house the day before.[1]:228–233
Crowe shooting[edit]
Crowe shooting | |
Date | July 1, 1969 |
On May 18, 1969, Terry Melcher visited Spahn Ranch to hear Manson and the women sing. Melcher arranged a subsequent visit, not long thereafter, during which he brought a friend who possessed a mobile recording unit, but he himself did not record the group.[1]:156,185[31]
By June, Manson was telling the Family they might have to show blacks how to start "Helter Skelter".[1]:244–247[29][32] When Manson tasked Watson with obtaining money supposedly intended to help the Family prepare for the conflict, Watson defrauded a black drug dealer named Bernard "Lotsapoppa" Crowe. Crowe responded with a threat to wipe out everyone at Spahn Ranch. Manson countered on July 1, 1969, by shooting Crowe at his Hollywood apartment.[1]:99–113[1]:91–96[33][34]
Manson's mistaken belief that he had killed Crowe was seemingly confirmed by a news report of the discovery of the dumped body of a Black Panther in Los Angeles. Although Crowe was not a member of the Black Panthers, Manson concluded he had been and expected retaliation from the Panthers. He turned Spahn Ranch into a defensive camp, with night patrols of armed guards.[33][35] "If we'd needed any more proof that Helter Skelter was coming down very soon, this was it," Tex Watson would later write. "Blackie was trying to get at the chosen ones."[33]
Hinman murder[edit]
Hinman murder | |
Date | July 25, 1969 July 27, 1969 |
On July 25, 1969, Manson sent Family member Bobby Beausoleil along with Mary Brunner and Susan Atkins to the house of acquaintance Gary Hinman, to persuade him to turn over money Manson thought Hinman had inherited.[1]:75–77[33][36] The three held the uncooperative Hinman hostage for two days, during which Manson showed up with a sword to slash his ear. After that, Beausoleil stabbed Hinman to death, ostensibly on Manson's instruction. Before leaving the Topanga Canyon residence, Beausoleil, or one of the women, used Hinman's blood to write "Political piggy" on the wall and to draw a panther paw, a Black Panther symbol.[1]:33, 91–96, 99–113[37]
In magazine interviews of 1981 and 1998–99,[38][39] Beausoleil would say he went to Hinman's to recover money paid to Hinman for drugs that had supposedly been bad; he added that Brunner and Atkins, unaware of his intent, went along idly, merely to visit Hinman. On the other hand, Atkins, in her 1977 autobiography, wrote that Manson directly told Beausoleil, Brunner, and her to go to Hinman's and get the supposed inheritance—$21,000. She said Manson had told her privately, two days earlier, that, if she wanted to "do something important", she could kill Hinman and get his money.[36] Beausoleil was arrested on August 6, 1969, after he had been caught driving Hinman's car. Police found the murder weapon in the tire well.[1]:28–38 Two days later, Manson told Family members at Spahn Ranch, "Now is the time for Helter Skelter." [40]
Tate murders[edit]
On the night of August 9, 1969, Manson directed Watson to take Susan Atkins, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel to Melcher's former home and kill everyone there. He told the three women to do as Watson told them. The Family members proceeded to kill five people: actress Sharon Tate, who was living there at the time; Jay Sebring, Abigail Folger, and Wojciech Frykowski, who were visiting her; and Steven Parent, who had been visiting the caretaker of the home. Atkins wrote "pig" in blood on the front door as they left. The murders created a nationwide sensation.[41] In a trial lasting from June 1970 to January 1971, Manson, Atkins, and Krenwinkel were found guilty and sentenced to death. In a separate trial in 1971, Watson was also found guilty and sentenced to death. All the death penalties were commuted to life in prison in 1972 when the death penalty was abolished in California.[42]
LaBianca murders[edit]
LaBianca murders | |
Date | August 10, 1969 |
The next night of August 10, 1969, six Family members—Leslie Van Houten, Steve "Clem" Grogan, and the four from the previous night—rode out on Manson's orders. Displeased by the panic of the victims at Cielo Drive, Manson accompanied the six, "to show [them] how to do it."[1]:176–184, 258–269[43] After a few hours' ride, in which he considered a number of murders and even attempted one of them,[1]:258–269[43] Manson gave Kasabian directions that brought the group to 3301 Waverly Drive. This was the home of supermarket executive Leno LaBianca and his wife, Rosemary, a dress shop co-owner.[1]:22–25, 42–48 Located in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles, it was next door to a house at which Manson and Family members had attended a party the previous year.[1]:176–184, 204–210
According to Atkins and Kasabian, Manson disappeared up the driveway and returned to say he had tied up the house's occupants. He then sent Watson up with Krenwinkel and Van Houten.[1]:176–184, 258–269 In his autobiography, Watson stated that having gone up alone, Manson returned to take him up to the house with him. After Manson pointed out a sleeping man through a window, the two of them entered through the unlocked back door.[43] Watson added at trial, he "went along with" the women's account, which he figured made him "look that much less responsible."[44]
As Watson related it, Manson roused the sleeping Leno LaBianca from the couch at gunpoint and had Watson bind his hands with a leather thong. After Rosemary was brought briefly into the living room from the bedroom, Watson followed Manson's instructions to cover the couple's heads with pillowcases. He bound these in place with lamp cords. Manson left, sending Krenwinkel and Leslie Van Houten into the house with instructions that the couple be killed.[1]:176–184, 258–269[43]
Before leaving Spahn Ranch, Watson had complained to Manson of the inadequacy of the previous night's weapons.[1]:258–269 Now, sending the women from the kitchen to the bedroom to which Rosemary LaBianca had been returned, he went to the living room and began stabbing Leno LaBianca with a chrome-plated bayonet. The first thrust went into the man's throat.[43]
Sounds of a scuffle in the bedroom drew Watson there to discover Mrs. LaBianca keeping the women at bay by swinging the lamp tied to her neck. After subduing her with several stabs of the bayonet, he returned to the living room and resumed attacking Leno, whom he stabbed a total of 12 times with the bayonet. When he had finished, Watson carved "WAR" on the man's exposed abdomen. He stated this in his autobiography.[43] In an unclear portion of her eventual grand jury testimony, Atkins, who did not enter the LaBianca house, said she believed Krenwinkel had carved the word.[1]:176–184[45] In a ghost-written newspaper account based on a statement she had made earlier to her attorney,[1]:160,193 she said Watson carved it.[46]
Returning to the bedroom, Watson found Krenwinkel stabbing Rosemary LaBianca with a knife from the LaBianca kitchen. Heeding Manson's instruction to make sure each of the women played a part, Watson told Van Houten to stab Mrs. LaBianca too.[43] She did, stabbing her approximately 16 times in the back and the exposed buttocks.[1]:204–210, 297–300, 341–344 At trial, Van Houten would claim, uncertainly,[1]:433 that Rosemary LaBianca was dead when she stabbed her. Evidence showed that many of Mrs. LaBianca's 41 stab wounds had, in fact, been inflicted post-mortem.[1]:44, 206, 297, 341–42, 380, 404, 406–07, 433
While Watson cleaned off the bayonet and showered, Krenwinkel wrote "Rise" and "Death to pigs" on the walls and "Healter [sic] Skelter" on the refrigerator door, all in LaBianca's blood. She gave Leno LaBianca 14 puncture wounds with an ivory-handled, two-tined carving fork, which she left jutting out of his stomach. She also planted a steak knife in his throat.[1]:176–184, 258–269[43]
Meanwhile, hoping for a double crime, Manson had gone on to direct Kasabian to drive to the Venice home of an actor acquaintance of hers, another "piggy". Depositing the second trio of Family members at the man's apartment building, he drove back to Spahn Ranch, leaving them and the LaBianca killers to hitchhike home.[1]:176–184, 258–269 Kasabian thwarted this murder by deliberately knocking on the wrong apartment door and waking a stranger. As the group abandoned the murder plan and left, Susan Atkins defecated in the stairwell.[1]:270–273
Justice system[edit]
The Tate murders became news on August 9, 1969. The Polanskis' housekeeper, Winifred Chapman, had arrived for work that morning and discovered the murder scene.[1]:5–6, 11–15 On August 10, detectives of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, which had jurisdiction in the Hinman case, informed Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) detectives assigned to the Tate case of the bloody writing at the Hinman house. Thinking the Tate murders were a consequence of a drug transaction, the Tate team ignored this and the crimes' other similarities.[1]:28–38[47] The Tate autopsies were under way and the LaBianca bodies were yet to be discovered.
Steven Parent, the shooting victim in the Tate driveway, was determined to have been an acquaintance of William Garretson, who lived in the guest house. Garretson was a young man hired by Rudi Altobelli to take care of the property while Altobelli himself was away.[1]:28–38 As the killers arrived, Parent had been leaving Cielo Drive, after a visit to Garretson.[1]:28–38
Held briefly as a Tate suspect, Garretson told police he had neither seen nor heard anything on the murder night. He was released on August 11, 1969, after undergoing a polygraph examination that indicated he had not been involved in the crimes.[1]:28–38, 42–48 Interviewed decades later, he stated he had, in fact, witnessed a portion of the murders, as the examination suggested. (See "Later events", below.)[48]
The LaBianca crime scene was discovered at about 10:30 p.m. on August 10, approximately 19 hours after the murders were committed. Fifteen-year-old Frank Struthers—Rosemary's son from a prior marriage and Leno's stepson—returned from a camping trip and was disturbed by seeing all of the window shades of his home drawn and by the fact that his stepfather's speedboat was still attached to the family car, which was parked in the driveway. He called his older sister and her boyfriend. The boyfriend, Joe Dorgan, accompanied the younger Struthers into the home and discovered Leno's body. Rosemary's body was found by investigating police officers.[1]:38
On August 12, 1969, the LAPD told the press it had ruled out any connection between the Tate and LaBianca homicides.[1]:42–48 On August 16, the sheriff's office raided Spahn Ranch and arrested Manson and 25 others, as "suspects in a major auto theft ring" that had been stealing Volkswagens and converting them into dune buggies. Weapons were seized, but because the warrant had been misdated the group was released a few days later.[1]:56
In a report at the end of August when virtually all leads had gone nowhere, the LaBianca detectives noted a possible connection between the bloody writings at the LaBianca house and "the singing group the Beatles' most recent album."[1]:65
Still working separately from the Tate team, the LaBianca team checked with the sheriff's office in mid-October about possible similar crimes. They learned of the Hinman case. They also learned that the Hinman detectives had spoken with Beausoleil's girlfriend, Kitty Lutesinger. She had been arrested a few days earlier with members of "the Manson Family".[1]:75–77
The arrests had taken place at the desert ranches, to which the Family had moved and whence, unknown to authorities, its members had been searching Death Valley for a hole in the ground—access to the Bottomless Pit.[1]:228–233[49][50] A joint force of National Park rangers and officers from the California Highway Patrol and the Inyo County Sheriff's Office—federal, state, and county personnel—had raided both the Myers Ranch and Barker Ranch after following clues unwittingly left when Family members burned an earthmover owned by Death Valley National Monument.[1]:125–127[51][52] The raiders had found stolen dune buggies and other vehicles and had arrested two dozen people, including Manson. A Highway Patrol officer found Manson hiding in a cabinet beneath Barker's bathroom sink.[1]:75–77, 125–127
Following up leads a month after they had spoken with Lutesinger, LaBianca detectives contacted members of a motorcycle gang Manson tried to enlist as his bodyguards while the Family was at Spahn Ranch.[1]:75–77 While the gang members were providing information that suggested a link between Manson and the murders,[1]:84–90, 99–113 a dormitory mate of Susan Atkins informed LAPD of the Family's involvement in the crimes.[1]:99–113 As one of those arrested at Barker, Atkins had been booked for the Hinman murder after she'd confirmed to the sheriff's detectives that she'd been involved in it, as Lutesinger had said.[1]:75–77[53] Transferred to Sybil Brand Institute, a detention center in Los Angeles, she had begun talking to bunkmates Ronnie Howard and Virginia Graham, to whom she gave accounts of the events in which she had been involved.[1]:91–96
On December 1, 1969, acting on the information from these sources, LAPD announced warrants for the arrest of Watson, Krenwinkel, and Kasabian in the Tate case; the suspects' involvement in the LaBianca murders was noted. Manson and Atkins, already in custody, were not mentioned; the connection between the LaBianca case and Van Houten, who was also among those arrested near Death Valley, had not yet been recognized.[1]:125–127, 155–161, 176–184
Watson and Krenwinkel were already under arrest, with authorities in McKinney, Texas, and Mobile, Alabama, having picked them up on notice from LAPD.[1]:155–161 Informed that a warrant was out for her arrest, Kasabian voluntarily surrendered to authorities in Concord, New Hampshire, on December 2.[1]:155–161
Before long, physical evidence such as Krenwinkel's and Watson's fingerprints, which had been collected by LAPD at Cielo Drive,[1]:15, 156, 273, and photographs between 340–41 was augmented by evidence recovered by the public. On September 1, 1969, the distinctive .22-caliber Hi Standard "Buntline Special" revolver Watson used on Parent, Sebring, and Frykowski had been found and given to the police by Steven Weiss, a 10-year-old who lived near the Tate residence.[1]:66 In mid-December, when the Los Angeles Times published a crime account based on information Susan Atkins had given her attorney,[1]:160,193 Weiss' father made several phone calls which finally prompted LAPD to locate the gun in its evidence file and connect it with the murders via ballistics tests.[1]:198–199
Acting on that same newspaper account, a local ABC television crew quickly located and recovered the bloody clothing discarded by the Tate killers.[1]:197–198 The knives discarded en route from the Tate residence were never recovered, despite a search by some of the same crewmen and months later by LAPD.[1]:198, 273 A knife found behind the cushion of a chair in the Tate living room was apparently that of Susan Atkins, who lost her knife in the course of the attack.[1]:17, 180, 262[54]
Manson Family | |
Decided | January 25, 1971 |
The trial began June 15, 1970.[1]:297–300 The prosecution's main witness was Kasabian, who, along with Manson, Atkins, and Krenwinkel, had been charged with seven counts of murder and one of conspiracy.[1]:185–188 Since Kasabian, by all accounts, had not participated in the killings, she was granted immunity in exchange for testimony that detailed the nights of the crimes.[1]:214–219, 250–253, 330–332 Originally, a deal had been made with Atkins in which the prosecution agreed not to seek the death penalty against her in exchange for her grand jury testimony on which the indictments were secured; once Atkins repudiated that testimony, the deal was withdrawn.[1]:169, 173–184, 188, 292 Because Van Houten had only participated in the LaBianca killings, she was charged with two counts of murder and one of conspiracy.
Originally, Judge William Keene had reluctantly granted Manson permission to act as his own attorney. Because of Manson's conduct, including violations of a gag order and submission of "outlandish" and "nonsensical" pretrial motions, the permission was withdrawn before the trial's start.[1]:200–202, 265 Manson filed an affidavit of prejudice against Keene, who was replaced by Judge Charles H. Older.[1]:290 On Friday, July 24, the first day of testimony, Manson appeared in court with an X carved into his forehead. He issued a statement that he was "considered inadequate and incompetent to speak or defend [him]self" – and had "X'd [him]self from [the establishment's] world."[1]:310[55] Over the following weekend, the female defendants duplicated the mark on their own foreheads, as did most Family members within another day or so.[1]:316 (Years later, Manson carved the X into a swastika. See "Remaining in view", below.)
The prosecution argued the triggering of "Helter Skelter" was Manson's main motive.[40] The crime scene's bloody White Album references (pig, rise, helter skelter) were correlated with testimony about Manson predictions that the murders blacks would commit at the outset of Helter Skelter would involve the writing of "pigs" on walls in victims' blood.[1]:244–247, 450–457
Testimony that Manson had said "now is the time for Helter Skelter" was supplemented with Kasabian's testimony that, on the night of the LaBianca murders, Manson considered discarding Rosemary LaBianca's wallet on the street of a black neighborhood. Having obtained the wallet in the LaBianca house, he "wanted a black person to pick it up and use the credit cards so that the people, the establishment, would think it was some sort of an organized group that killed these people."[40] On his direction, Kasabian had hidden it in the women's restroom of a service station near a black area.[1]:176–184, 190–191, 258–269, 369–377 "I want to show blackie how to do it," Manson had said as the Family members had driven along after the departure from the LaBianca house.
Ongoing disruptions[edit]
During the trial, Family members loitered near the entrances and corridors of the courthouse. To keep them out of the courtroom itself, the prosecution subpoenaed them as prospective witnesses, who would not be able to enter while others were testifying.[1]:309 When the group established itself in vigil on the sidewalk, some members wore a sheathed hunting knife[citation needed] that, although in plain view, was carried legally. Each of them was also identifiable by the X on his or her forehead.[1]:339
Some Family members attempted to dissuade witnesses from testifying. Prosecution witnesses Paul Watkins and Juan Flynn were both threatened;[1]:280, 332–335 Watkins was badly burned in a suspicious fire in his van.[1]:280 Former Family member Barbara Hoyt, who had overheard Susan Atkins describing the Tate murders to Family member Ruth Ann Moorehouse, agreed to accompany the latter to Hawaii. There, Moorehouse allegedly gave her a hamburger spiked with several doses of LSD. Found sprawled on a Honolulu curb in a drugged semi-stupor, Hoyt was taken to the hospital, where she did her best to identify herself as a witness in the Tate-LaBianca murder trial. Before the incident, Hoyt had been a reluctant witness; after the attempt to silence her, her reticence disappeared.[1]:348–350, 361
On August 4, despite precautions taken by the court, Manson flashed the jury a Los Angeles Times front page whose headline was "Manson Guilty, Nixon Declares". This was a reference to a statement made the previous day when U.S. President Richard Nixon had decried what he saw as the media's glamorization of Manson. Voir dired by Judge Older, the jurors contended that the headline had not influenced them. The next day, the female defendants stood up and said in unison that, in light of Nixon's remark, there was no point in going on with the trial.[1]:323–238
On October 5, Manson was denied the court's permission to question a prosecution witness whom the defense attorneys had declined to cross-examine. Leaping over the defense table, Manson attempted to attack the judge. Wrestled to the ground by bailiffs, he was removed from the courtroom with the female defendants, who had subsequently risen and begun chanting in Latin.[1]:369–377 Thereafter, Older allegedly began wearing a revolver under his robes.[1]:369–377
Defense rests[edit]
On November 16, the prosecution rested its case. Three days later, after arguing standard dismissal motions, the defense stunned the court by resting as well, without calling a single witness. Shouting their disapproval, Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten demanded their right to testify.[1]:382–388
In chambers, the women's lawyers told the judge their clients wanted to testify that they had planned and committed the crimes and that Manson had not been involved.[1]:382–388 By resting their case, the defense lawyers had tried to stop this; Van Houten's attorney, Ronald Hughes, vehemently stated that he would not "push a client out the window". In the prosecutor's view, it was Manson who was advising the women to testify in this way as a means of saving himself.[1]:382–388 Speaking about the trial in a 1987 documentary, Krenwinkel said, "The entire proceedings were scripted – by Charlie."[56]
The next day, Manson testified. Lest Manson's address violate the California Supreme Court's decision in People v. Aranda by making statements implicating his co-defendants, the jury was removed from the courtroom.[1]:134 Speaking for more than an hour, Manson said, among other things, that "the music is telling the youth to rise up against the establishment." He said, "Why blame it on me? I didn't write the music." "To be honest with you," Manson also stated, "I don't recall ever saying 'Get a knife and a change of clothes and go do what Tex says.'"[1]:388–392
As the body of the trial concluded and with the closing arguments impending, attorney Ronald Hughes disappeared during a weekend trip.[1]:393–398 When Maxwell Keith was appointed to represent Van Houten in Hughes' absence, a delay of more than two weeks was required to permit Keith to familiarize himself with the voluminous trial transcripts.[1]:393–398 No sooner had the trial resumed, just before Christmas, than disruptions of the prosecution's closing argument by the defendants led Older to ban the four defendants from the courtroom for the remainder of the guilt phase. This may have occurred because the defendants were acting in collusion with each other and were simply putting on a performance, which Older said was becoming obvious.[1]:399–407
Conviction and penalty phase[edit]
On January 25, 1971, the jury returned guilty verdicts against the four defendants on each of the 27 separate counts against them.[1]:411–419 Not far into the trial's penalty phase, the jurors saw, at last, the defense that Manson—in the prosecution's view—had planned to present.[1]:455 Atkins, Krenwinkel, and Van Houten testified the murders had been conceived as "copycat" versions of the Hinman murder, for which Atkins now took credit. The killings, they said, were intended to draw suspicion away from Bobby Beausoleil by resembling the crime for which he had been jailed. This plan had supposedly been the work of, and carried out under the guidance of, not Manson, but someone allegedly in love with Beausoleil—Linda Kasabian.[1]:424–433 Among the narrative's weak points was the inability of Atkins to explain why, as she was maintaining, she had written "political piggy" at the Hinman house in the first place.[1]:424–433, 450–457
Midway through the penalty phase, Manson shaved his head and trimmed his beard to a fork; he told the press, "I am the Devil, and the Devil always has a bald head."[1]:439 In what the prosecution regarded as belated recognition on their part that imitation of Manson only proved his domination, the female defendants refrained from shaving their heads until the jurors retired to weigh the state's request for the death penalty.[1]:439, 455
The effort to exonerate Manson via the "copycat" scenario failed. On March 29, 1971, the jury returned verdicts of death against all four defendants on all counts.[1]:450–457 On April 19, 1971, Judge Older sentenced the four to death.[1]:458–459
On the day the verdicts recommending the death penalty were returned, news came that the badly decomposed body of Ronald Hughes had been found wedged between two boulders in Ventura County.[1]:457 It was rumored, although never proven, that Hughes was murdered by the Family, possibly because he had stood up to Manson and refused to allow Van Houten to take the stand and absolve Manson of the crimes.[1]:387, 394, 481 Though he might have perished in flooding,[1]:393–394, 481[57] Family member Sandra Good stated that Hughes was "the first of the retaliation murders".[1]:481–482, 625
Watson returned to McKinney, Texas after the Tate-LaBianca murders. He was arrested in Texas on November 30, 1969, after local police were notified by California investigators that his fingerprints were found to match a print found on the front door of the Tate home. Watson fought extradition to California long enough that he was not included among the three defendants tried with Manson.[58] The trial commenced in August 1971; by October, he, too, had been found guilty on seven counts of murder and one of conspiracy. Unlike the others, Watson had presented a psychiatric defense; prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi made short work of Watson's insanity claims. Like his co-conspirators, Watson was sentenced to death.[1]:463–468
In February 1972, the death sentences of all five parties were automatically reduced to life in prison by California v. Anderson, 493 P.2d 880, 6 Cal. 3d 628 (Cal. 1972), in which the California Supreme Court abolished the death penalty in that state.[1]:488–491 After his return to prison, Manson's rhetoric and hippie speeches held little sway. Though he found temporary acceptance from the Aryan Brotherhood, his role was submissive to a sexually aggressive member of the group at San Quentin.[59]
Before the conclusion of Manson's Tate/LaBianca trial, a reporter for the Los Angeles Times tracked down Manson's mother, remarried and living in the Pacific Northwest. The former Kathleen Maddox claimed that, in childhood, her son had suffered no neglect; he had even been "pampered by all the women who surrounded him."[60]
Willett murders[edit]
On November 8, 1972, the body of 26-year-old Vietnam Marine combat veteran James L. T. Willett was found by a hiker near Guerneville, California.[61] Months earlier, he had been forced to dig his own grave, and then was shot and poorly buried; his body was found with the one hand protruding from the grave and the head and other hand missing (most likely because of scavenging animals). His station wagon was found outside a house in Stockton where several Manson followers were living, including Priscilla Cooper, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, and Nancy Pitman. Police forced their way into the house and arrested several of the people there, along with Fromme who had called the house after they had arrived. The body of James Willett's 19-year-old wife Lauren "Reni" Chavelle[62] Olmstead Willett was found buried in the basement.[61] She had been killed very recently by a gunshot to the head, in what the Family members initially claimed was an accident. It was later suggested that she was killed out of fear that she would reveal who killed her husband, as the discovery of his body had become prominent news. The Willetts' infant daughter was found alive in the house. Michael Monfort[who?] pled guilty to murdering Reni Willett, and Priscilla Cooper, James Craig, and Nancy Pitman pled guilty as accessories after the fact. Monfort and William Goucher[who?] later pled guilty to the murder of James Willett, and James Craig pled guilty as an accessory after the fact. The group had been living in the house with the Willetts while committing various robberies. Shortly after killing Willett, Monfort had used Willett's identification papers to pose as Willett after being arrested for an armed robbery of a liquor store.[62] News reports suggested that James Willett was not involved in the robberies[63] and wanted to move away, but was killed out of fear that he would talk to police. After leaving the Marines following two tours in Vietnam, Willett had been an ESL teacher for immigrant children.
Shea murder[edit]
In a 1971 trial that took place after his Tate/LaBianca convictions, Manson was found guilty of the murders of Gary Hinman and Donald "Shorty" Shea and was given a life sentence. Shea was a Spahn Ranch stuntman and horse wrangler who had been killed approximately 10 days after an August 16, 1969, sheriff's raid on the ranch. Manson, who suspected that Shea helped set up the raid, had apparently believed Shea was trying to get Spahn to run the Family off the ranch. Manson may have considered it a "sin" that the white Shea had married a black woman; and there was the possibility that Shea knew about the Tate/LaBianca killings.[1]:99–113[64] In separate trials, Family members Bruce Davis and Steve "Clem" Grogan were also found guilty of Shea's murder.[1]:99–113, 463–468[65]
In 1977, authorities learned the precise location of the remains of Shorty Shea and, contrary to Family claims, Shea had not been dismembered and buried in several places. Contacting the prosecutor in his case, Steve Grogan told him Shea's corpse had been buried in one piece; he drew a map that pinpointed the location of the body, which was recovered. Of those convicted of Manson-ordered murders, Grogan would become, in 1985, the first— and, as of 2017[update], the only one—to be paroled.[1]:509
Remaining in view[edit]
On September 5, 1975, the Family rocketed back to national attention when Squeaky Fromme attempted to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford.[1]:502–511 The attempt took place in Sacramento, to which she and Manson follower Sandra Good had moved to be near Manson while he was incarcerated at Folsom State Prison. A subsequent search of the apartment shared by Fromme, Good, and a Family recruit turned up evidence that, coupled with later actions on the part of Good, resulted in Good's conviction for conspiring to send threatening communications through the United States mail and transmitting death threats by way of interstate commerce. The threats involved corporate executives and U.S. government officials vis-à-vis supposed environmental dereliction on their part.[1]:502–511 Fromme was sentenced to 15 years to life, becoming the first person sentenced under United States Code Title 18, chapter 84 (1965),[66] which made it a Federal crime to attempt to assassinate the President of the United States.
In December 1987, Fromme, serving a life sentence for the assassination attempt, escaped briefly from Alderson Federal Prison Camp in West Virginia. She was trying to reach Manson, whom she had heard had testicular cancer; she was apprehended within days.[1]:502–511 She was released on parole from Federal Medical Center, Carswell on August 14, 2009.[67]
In a 1994 conversation with Manson prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi, Catherine Share, a one-time Manson-follower, stated that her testimony in the penalty phase of Manson's trial had been a fabrication intended to save Manson from the gas chamber and had been given on Manson's explicit direction.[1]:502–511 Share's testimony had introduced the copycat-motive story, which the testimony of the three female defendants echoed and according to which the Tate-LaBianca murders had been Linda Kasabian's idea.[1]:424–433 In a 1997 segment of the tabloid television program Hard Copy, Share implied that her testimony had been given under a Manson threat of physical harm.[68] In August 1971, after Manson's trial and sentencing, Share had participated in a violent California retail store robbery, the object of which was the acquisition of weapons to help free Manson.[1]:463–468
In January 1996, a Manson website was established by latter-day Manson follower George Stimson, who was helped by Sandra Good. Good had been released from prison in 1985, after serving 10 years of her 15-year sentence for the death threats.[1]:502–511[69]
William Garretson, once the young caretaker at Cielo Drive, indicated in a program broadcast (The Last Days of Sharon Tate) in July 25, 1999 on E!, that he had, in fact, seen and heard a portion of the Tate murders from his location in the property's guest house. This comported with the unofficial results of the polygraph examination that had been given to Garretson on August 10, 1969, and that had effectively eliminated him as a suspect.[70] The LAPD officer who conducted the examination had concluded Garretson was "clean" on participation in the crimes but "muddy" as to his having heard anything.[1]:28–38 Garretson did not explain why he had withheld his knowledge of the events.[48]
It was announced in early 2008 that Susan Atkins was suffering from brain cancer.[71] An application for compassionate release, based on her health status, was denied in July 2008,[71] and she was denied parole for the 18th and final time on September 2, 2009.[72] Atkins died of natural causes 22 days later, on September 24, 2009, at the Central California Women's facility in Chowchilla.[73][74]
In September 2009, The History Channel broadcast a docudrama covering the Family's activities and the murders as part of its coverage on the 40th anniversary of the killings.[75] The program included an in-depth interview with Linda Kasabian, who spoke publicly for the first time since a 1989 appearance on A Current Affair, an American television news magazine.[75] Also included in the History Channel program were interviews with Vincent Bugliosi, Catherine Share, and Debra Tate, sister of Sharon.[76]
As the 40th anniversary of the Tate-LaBianca murders approached, in July 2009, Los Angeles magazine published an "oral history", in which former Family members, law-enforcement officers, and others involved with Manson, the arrests, and the trials offered their recollections of—and observations on—the events that made Manson notorious. In the article, Juan Flynn, a Spahn Ranch worker who had become associated with Manson and the Family, said, "Charles Manson got away with everything. People will say, 'He's in jail.' But Charlie is exactly where he wants to be."[77]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz Bugliosi, Vincent with Gentry, Curt. Helter Skelter – The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994. ISBN 0-393-08700-X. oclc=15164618.
- ^ a b Emmons, Nuel. Manson in His Own Words. Grove Press, New York (1988); ISBN 0-8021-3024-0
- ^ Karpis, Alvin, with Robert Livesey. On the Rock: Twenty-five Years at Alcatraz, 1980
- ^ Sanders, Ed (2002). The Family. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-396-7. Pages 13–20.
- ^ Bugliosi, Vincent: Helter Skelter, 1994. pg. 513
- ^ Bugliosi, Vincent: Helter Skelter, 1974. pg. xv.
- ^ a b Charles Manson by Simon Wells
- ^ Manson: The Life and Times of Charles Manson. By Jeff Guinn. p. 124.
- ^ Bugliosi, Vincent; Gentry, Curt (1974). Helter Skelter. Arrow Books Limited. p. 146. ISBN 0-09-997500-9.
- ^ "The Six Degrees of Helter Skelter", 2009 Documentary
- ^ a b Sanders 2002, p. 34.
- ^ a b Watkins, Paul with Soledad, Guillermo (1979). My Life with Charles Manson, Bantam. ISBN 0-553-12788-8. Chapter 4.
- ^ a b c Watson, Charles as told to Ray Hoekstra. "Will You Die for Me?". aboundinglove.org. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
- ^ The Story of the Abandoned Movie Ranch Where the Manson Family Launched Helter Skelter. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
- ^ Watkins, pages 34 & 40.
- ^ "Watson, Ch. 4". Aboundinglove.org. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ a b c Watkins, Ch. 10.
- ^ Watkins, Ch. 11
- ^ "1". Manson. aboundinglove.org. Manson's Right-Hand Man Speaks Out!. ISBN 0-9678519-1-2. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Watkins, Ch. 12
- ^ "Larry King Interview with Paul Watkins". CNN Larry King Live: Interview with Paul Watkins. Manson's obsession with the Beatles is discussed at the interview's very end.
- ^ Sanders 2002, 11.
- ^ Jailhouse Interview: Bobby Beausoleil by Ann Louise Bardach Retrieved March 10, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Watson, Ch. 11". Aboundinglove.org. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ a b The Influence of the Beatles on Charles Manson. UMKC Law. Retrieved April 7, 2006.
- ^ Sanders 2002, 99–100.
- ^ Watkins, p. 137.
- ^ a b Watkins, Ch. 13
- ^ a b Watson, Ch. 12 Archived August 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine..
- ^ Testimony of Paul Watkins in the Charles Manson Trial UMKC Law. Retrieved April 7, 2007.
- ^ Sanders 2002, 133–36.
- ^ Watkins, Ch. 15
- ^ a b c d "Watson, Ch. 13". Aboundinglove.org. August 8, 1969. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ Sanders 2002, 147–49.
- ^ Sanders 2002, 151.
- ^ a b Atkins, Susan, with Slosser, Bob (1977). Child of Satan, Child of God. Plainfield, NJ: Logos International. pp. 94–120. ISBN 0-88270-276-9.
- ^ Sanders 2002, page 184.
- ^ "Beausoleil Oui interview". charliemanson.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010.
- ^ "Beausoleil Seconds interviews". beausoleil.net. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007.
- ^ a b c Prosecution's closing argument. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
- ^ "Sharon Tate murder 10 years ago". UPI. The Hour. August 9, 1979. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ "Manson Family Murders Fast Facts". CNN Library. August 24, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Watson, Ch. 15". Aboundinglove.org. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ "Watson, Ch. 19". Aboundinglove.org. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ "Atkinson grand jury testimony". Afternoon grand-jury testimony of Susan Atkins, Los Angeles, California, December 5, 1969. The statement comes in a moment of confusion on the part of Atkins; it's possible she's saying she believes Krenwinkel is the person who told her about the carving of "War".
- ^ "Susan Atkins' Story of 2 Nights of Murder". Los Angeles Times. December 14, 1969.
- ^ Sanders 2002, 243–44.
- ^ a b Transcript and synopsis of William Garretson comments. Archived August 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. "The Last Days of Sharon Tate", The E! True Hollywood Story. CharlieManson.com. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
- ^ Watkins, Ch. 21.
- ^ "Watson, Ch. 2". Aboundinglove.org. Archived from the original on November 11, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ Sanders 2002, 282–83.
- ^ Watkins, Ch. 22
- ^ Report on questioning of Katherine Lutesinger and Susan Atkins October 13, 1969, by Los Angeles Sheriff's officers Paul Whiteley and Charles Guenther.
- ^ Atkins 1977, 141.
- ^ Sanders 2002, 388.
- ^ Biography – "Charles Manson." A&E Network.
- ^ Sanders 2002, 436–38.
- ^ Extradition of Charles 'Tex' Watson. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
- ^ George, Edward; Dary Matera (1999). Taming the Beast: Charles Manson's Life Behind Bars. Macmillan. pp. 42–45. ISBN 978-0-312-20970-4. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
- ^ Smith, Dave. Mother Tells Life of Manson as Boy. 1971 article; retrieved June 5, 2007.
- ^ a b Manson Family Suspect in Killing Archived June 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., The Times Standard, November 14, 1972.
- ^ a b "Two men and three women charged with murder of 19-year-old girl" Archived May 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., Reuters News Service, 1972.
- ^ "Ex-cons, Manson Girls Charged" Archived June 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., The Billings Gazette, November 15, 1972.
- ^ Sanders 2002, 271–2.
- ^ Transcript of Charles Manson's 1992 parole hearing University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
- ^ "18 U.S.C. § 1751". .law.cornell.edu. June 28, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ "Would-Be Assassin 'Squeaky' Fromme Released from Prison". ABC. August 14, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2009.
- ^ Catherine Share with Vincent Bugliosi, Hard Copy, 1997 youtube.com. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
- ^ "Manson's Family Affair Living in Cyberspace". Wired, April 16, 1997. Retrieved May 29, 2007.
- ^ Transcript of William Garretson polygraph exam. Archived August 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. CharlieManson.com. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
- ^ a b "Ailing Manson follower denied release from prison" CNN, July 15, 2008.
- ^ Netter, Sarah; Lindsay Goldwert (September 2, 2009). "Dying Manson Murderer Denied Release". ABC News. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ Fox, Margalit (September 26, 2009). "Susan Atkins, Manson Follower, Dies at 61". New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
- ^ Blankstein, Andrew (September 25, 2009). "Manson follower Susan Atkins dies at 61". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 25, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ a b "Manson Family member interviewed for special". Reuters. July 28, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ "Manson, About the Show". History Channel. Archived from the original on October 2, 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
- ^ Steve Oney (July 1, 2009). "Manson Web Extra: LAST WORDS". Los Angeles magazine. Retrieved July 8, 2009.


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Related Regions: Boone, United States,
Durka durka beech is open for the season...until it gets into the 60's in a week or so and all melts
when will they open
Sun guns and blue skies at Appalachian Ski Mountain. Copyright: Appalachian Mountain
Snowmaking sets up Mid-Atlantic resorts for Thanksgiving Openings. Copyright: Appalachian Mountain
Find late night cord during Midnight Blast Weekends at Appalachian Mountain. Copyright: Appalachian Mountain
Appalachian Ski Mountain is gunning for an early Opening Day this season. Copyright: Appalachian Ski Mountain
Almost that time boysssss
Had some trouble finding our way to the resort because of the snow. But other than that, great skiing conditions today!
killer day, in the mid 40s and fresh pow!
great conditions. great work wolf. keep it up.
wow they lost 50in in one day? well no big deal they allready have shown how they can make 50in in one day so by tomorrow they should have 120in base. this place is awsome well except for the fact that it sucks! do I really look like a bridge troll?
40 inch base at Sugar!
72 inch base at Sugar!
Some bare muddy spots but rideable...and can't beat the $31 spring tix for twilight! Lift lines averaging 20-30min during the day.
great day...
tons of powder and slooes are empty!!
coming down pretty hard
72 inch base...six feet of snow? It does not take a genius to see the bs.
last day!
South East ski season winding down.
warm, sunny, but real good slopes. alot of fun, plus plenty o' beer
good conditions, blue bird skies, crappy employees
Conditions were pretty good last night. Crowds low excellent March Madness skiing . Get there before it melts this weekend..
Great day and with another big hit of snow expected on 3/06/13...this could be the best week if the season! Lift lines were less than 5min wait.
get in those trees!
tons of fresh powder snow, great skiing, so glad I came here.
was there last week, good powder and the lift is only about 8 mins. after all its about a mile or so up
snowing all day, best conditions so far this season, icy spots up top. they've turned the blowers off to enjoy the pow. great runs!
went monday night. was pretty good. some hard spots but still decent. heres the summit
Skied Sat and Sun-conditions good and no crowds on Sun. Snow on the way later this wk
sunday was fun
I was there 13th thru 17th and we got 9in of snow so a foot in a week is not really farfetched.
Worst day of skiing in my life. Horrible customer service. I got 2 runs in, then stuck on lift due to faulty equipment. Had to be lowered by rope. Would NOT recommend to orhers. Resort refused to provide refund. Do yourself a favor and go elsewhere
The weather is perfect today!
snowed last night so conditions today were awesome!!
Tons of powder all weekend which unfortunately drew tons of people. This pic was Saturday night, 6? summit, tons of fresh powder even the crowds couldn't pack it came down so thick!
Had an awesome weekend there. A little crowded but the weather conditions were well worth the wait in line!
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My favorite anime is Full Metal Alchemist!
Other animes that I like alot are: Durarara! and Death Note.
I don't care so much about the genres but if I have to chose it would be Comedy, Action and Adventure. And my least favorites would be Sports, Mecha and Harem... but I don't really care, I watch it if it looks interesting.
What else.... Don't call me Otaku, I'm just an anime fan.
2,812 total episodes
Hello! Just leaving comments for folks who used to have twitter accounts linked to let you know about the new/much better version of the feature: http://www.anime-planet.com/forum/showthread.php?t=197818
We had to remove all previous twitter setups to activate the feature, so you may have noticed a 'lost twitter badge'. To re-set it up, just go to 'edit profile' and use the new 'sign in with twitter' button. Once you do, you can also opt-in (it's opt-out by default!) to automatically tweet when you do stuff on the site, like mark anime or add recommendations. If you just 'sign in' without opting in to any settings, it'll be just like before, and your feed will once again show on your profile homepage :)


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'Veronica Mars' cast sums up the movie in one word ... including a deadly spoiler (or not) -- VIDEO
On the set of the Entertainment Weekly cover shoot for the Veronica Mars movie, the cast seemed to really enjoy one of the many reunions they'll have thanks to their Kickstarter-funded film. Ryan Hansen (Dick) joked about making out with fans who came to the set. Chris Lowell (Piz) explained why he always knew a Mars movie would happen. And creator Rob Thomas blurted out one hell of a spoiler.
"Veronica dies," the straight-faced Thomas said when asked to sum up the movie in one word. Not only did he break the single-word rule, but he blew our minds — OK, not really. He already told us last week that there's a future to the VM franchise beyond the March 14 movie, and clearly that future needs to include the title character herself.
Watch our behind-the-scenes video below, which also includes Krysten Ritter (Gia), Tina Majorino (Mac), Percy Daggs III (Wallace), Francis Capra (Weevil), and Enrico Colantoni (Keith) on set. For some time with LoVe — Kristen Bell and Jason Dohring — check out our Facebook-exclusive video; you have to "like" our page to watch.
VIDEO available at the source.


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Tea giveaway celebration of April 23rd-ness
I recently received two sample packages—first from Cait and then from Ricky. It was utterly wonderful. It was simply enchanting to open a package and not know what surprises lay within. I enjoy sending out samples too—almost as much as receiving them. So I propose a little random contest. I will send out three samples on April 23 or a day or so later in honor of an enchanting date of the year.
Please sign up below if you'd like to enter the drawing, which will be random using randomizer.org. But you must say if you'd like to compete for the Shakespeare Sample, the Nabokov Sample, or the Shirley Temple Sample. Why them? They all have April 23rd birthdays.
The Shakespeare sample will be a bit magisterial and wide-ranging, full of all kinds of different types of tea. The Nabokov sample will be a bit pyrotechnic with some big flavors. The Shirley Temple sampler will be decaff teas, sweet teas, a bit of rooibos—a bit like a Shirley Temple cocktail.
You have no obligation whatsoever. Just sign up and indicate which drawing you prefer to be in. The sign-ups will close sometime in the middle of the day of April 23rd. Please sign up for only one of the drawings.
I don't mind shipping outside of the USA for this one.
OK- I will sign up for the Nabokov package- perfect match of tea and author/celebrity! What fun! Who would have thought that Nabokov, Shakespeare, and Shirley Temple shared the same birthday….
And I will join Ricky and Doulton and volunteer to send a package.
One suggestion: when Doulton does her "lottery pick", I can send a package to the "runner-up"…
Nabokov, definitely :D
(Standard disclaimer about shipping it off to Europe if you win. I won't pout if you don't want to do that)


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The lineup and tour dates for the second year of the touring Identity Festival have been officially announced this morning, and we're excited about the headliners this year. It seems as if Eric Prydz has overcome his fear of flying and will be making his first return to the United States since 2010 to headline this year's festival. Some other notable acts on the bill this year are young guns Madeon and Porter Robinson, Dubstep dons Excision and Nero, and of course, Wolfgang Gartner. Tickets have gone on sale today for the low price of $25. Get 'em before they're gone!
Tour announcement video and full 15 tour dates after the jump!
Tour Dates:
7/19 Cincinnati – Riverbend
7/20 Detroit – Elektricity Festival Grounds
7/21 Toronto – Echo Beach powered by Rogers
7/26 Boston – Comcast Center
7/27 DC – Jiffy Lube Live
7/28 Wantagh – Nixon at Jones Beach Theater
7/29 Camden – Festival Pier at Penn's Landing
8/2 Atlanta – Aarons Amphitheatre
8/3 Tampa – 1-800 Ask Gary Amphitheatre
8/4 Miami – Klipsch Amphitheatre at Bayfront
8/10 Dallas – Gexa Energy Pavilion
8/11 Houston – Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion
8/17 San Francisco – Shoreline Amphitheatre * Ticket on-sales 5/29
8/18 San Diego – Cricket Amphitheatre * Ticket on-sales 5/29
8/19 Phoenix – Pavilion Amphitheatre


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I enjoy working here because of the reasons stated in the Pros. Mainly, this is a good Organization to work with.
However, the wages are quite low. They should be competitive with the wages of the AHS and compensated for the employees' workloads and, therefore, could help to motivate employees and reduce burnouts and sick leaves.


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starting a new one.
I will be starting a new log about my reg park routine im going to start it once i get all the info and pics i want in it. I start the routine probably about april 17th but i may start the log early if i get everything in order. I just want to make this log nice and clean.
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The Exchange is a series of evangelism and discipleship materials written by Jeff Musgrave. The Exchange is a four-lesson Bible study designed to help people understand who God is and how to have a relationship with Him. The Exchange Leader's Guide assists spiritual mentors as they guide others through lessons in The Exchange.
The twelve-week study Living the Exchange helps believers discover all that is rightfully theirs as joint heirs with Christ and answers many of the questions flooding the mind of a new believer. Giving the Exchange is a course in relational evangelism and discipleship, designed to be used in the local church under the guidance of a teacher.
Jeff Musgrave earned a MA in Bible from Bob Jones University. After working for Dr. John Vaughn in Greenville, South Carolina, for four years, he and his wife Anna along with their children planted Highlands Baptist Church in Centennial, Colorado, under the leadership of Dr. Ed. Nelson and South Sheridan Baptist Church. Twenty years later they are handing that ministry over to another pastor and are beginning an intensive ministry of evangelism and discipleship training in local churches.
They are blessed with four children, two daughters-in-law, one son-in-law, and three adorable graddaughters. As empty-nesters, Jeff and Anna thoroughly enjoy serving the Lord together all over the world.


text: You and me both, sis. I'm still pressed over how Gamefreak decided to make fun of one of the best Water-types ever by giving him a Grass-type twin. Like seriously, what was that about? Same goes for Froakie though. I hope to God that its final form doesn't look anything like Seismitoad, but I'm 99% sure that it will. Sigh. At least there's hope for Fennekin. I want that Ninetales & Zoroark hybrid. That would be better than a straight-up copy of a previous Pokemon.


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You will receive your OTP on 9986293101
Want to change your mobile no?We will contact you shortly.
"Even though everyday we get our bathrooms cleaned and use all sorts of disinfectants to keep our bathroom germ free, sometimes a professional help is required who can help you clean the entire bathroom and make it a germ free area. Though it seems very unbelievable simply book our bathroom cleaning services and experience it first hand. Our bathroom cleaning vendors are driven with technology and are equipped with the latest cleaning gadgets that bring a long lasting effect on your bathroom."
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Explore our wide range of trending services and get acquainted with the array of house cleaning services that we provide through the help of our vendors. Our trending services are a right option for all your household problems. Check and choose the below-mentioned house cleaning services as per your requirement.


text:
Kate Middleton Caught Up in Fur Protest Between PETA and The International Fur Trade Federation
The row over a fake fur coat has thrust the issue into the spotlight.
LONDON – The Duchess of Cambridge has become caught up at the centre of an angry row between pro and anti-fur campaigners after being photographed wearing a coat lined with fake fur.
The picture was posted on the website of the International Fur Trade Federation, which hailed the recently married Duchess for wearing what it described as "a classy fur-lined coat."
The IFTA regularly posts pictures of celebrities including Kylie Minogue and Kate Moss, wearing fur items.
But the posting has enraged anti-fur organisation Peta, People for the Ethical Training of Animals, which has told the International Fur Trade Association it must take the photograph down.
Peta says it has checked with with Duchess's representatives and that the coat worn had a fake lining.
The Duchess' office has confirmed in a letter to Peta that 'Her Royal Highness was not wearing fur. The coat was not lined with fur. We therefore insist that you remove the photo from your social media page and issue an immediate public retraction of your claim."
The letter also read: "To state that the Duchess is wearing fur is not only false but offensive...to portray the new Duchess wearing something so blatantly cruel and contrary to her country's values is insulting."
Peta has threatened legal action against the International Fur Trade Association, which has not yet responded.


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An ice cream cone packaging system manufactured in Rochester will be used at Super Bowl XLIV on Sunday.
The Buddy Cone System prevents ice cream drips and the transfer of germs from the vendor and the customer, officials said.
Robert Sotile, president and CEO of Buddy Cone Systems Inc., confirmed the sale of the Buddies to Dade Paper Co., the concessionaire supervising sales at Sun Life Stadium in Miami during the Super Bowl.
"We've always known the Buddy System was a super product," Sotile said. "Now, it's confirmed."
Sotile said ice cream sales expectations for the Super Bowl and surrounding events are 28,000 to 30,000 cones. The Buddy cone jackets were shipped the week of Jan. 18, he said.
Developed in 1998, the Buddy Cone jackets are unlike paper jackets, which are permeable and get soggy with dripping ice cream. The Buddy Cone jackets provide a solid polystyrene shield that leaves each cone untouched by workers.
They also have a lip that serves as a reservoir to keep drips off consumers' hands. The packaging costs roughly 3 cents per serving, company officials said. The Buddy System also is recyclable.
More than 320 million Buddy System cone-holders have been shipped from the Rochester manufacturing plant to customers in 14 different countries, and ships at sea, including the Royal Caribbean Oasis of the Seas, the largest cruise ship in the world.
(c) 2010 Rochester Business Journal. To obtain permission to reprint this article, call 585-546-8303 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Invaluable cannot guarantee the accuracy of translations through Google Translate and disclaims any responsibility for inaccurate translations.
Show translation options
Lot 2073: Sterling Silver Duck Napkin Ring
Jewelry, Fine Art, Silver, Antique & Decor Auction
by Berner's Auction Gallery
20 October 2016
Springfield, OH, USA
Live AuctionSold
Looking for the realised and estimated price?
Description: Marked Sterling. 0.445 Ozt. 2.25" X 1.75".


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Marc Singer has a good article about Trump in the New Yorker. Ever since I became aware of his bubbling birtherism, he's totally lost any respect that I had for him.
Posts Tagged 'egomaniac'
Mark Singer on Trump
Published May 2, 2011 asides , blogs , finance , news 1 CommentTags: donald trump, egomaniac, lunacy, mark singer, narcissism, narcissistic personality disorder


text:
Nestled between the clear waters of Three Valley Lake and sheer cliffs of the Monashee Mountains, Three Valley Lake Chateau is an extraordinary Revelstoke resort destination. Whether you are looking for Revelstoke accommodations or attractions, Three Valley Lake Chateau is the place to visit.
Come back into history with us! Three Valley Gap Heritage Ghost Town*, is a unique attraction adjacent to Three Valley Lake Chateau. A visit to our Ghost Town will bring you back to the pioneer days of a typical 1800's British Columbia western town. During your visit, you will tour more than 25 rescued and restored historic buildings, an Antique Auto Museum* featuring automobiles dating from 1902, and our Railway Roundhouse*, complete with turntable, locomotives and rail cars.
Bring your own equipment for water skiing, sailing, fishing, swimming, and wind surfing on 3 Valley Lake. For breathtaking views of mountain peaks and lush valleys, hop on a flight with Glacier Helicopters - tours depart directly from Three Valley Lake Chateau.
12 miles away is the town of Revelstoke, an 18-hole golf course, hiking trails, museums and shopping. Other stops of interest within a 20 minute drive are The Enchanted Forest, BC SkyTrek Zipline Adventure, Craigellachie's "The Last Spike" and numerous campgrounds.
You'll welcome the change, our hospitality will warm you, and our spectacular scenery will impress you. Naturally your stay can be as relaxing or as lively as you wish.
Enjoy these stunning aerial videos of Three Valley Lake Chateau & Heritage Ghost Town.
Site Map
*All facilities are a division of Three Valley Lake Chateau Ltd.


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Cabin Rental Booking Request Form
Fill up the form below for your Cabin Rental Booking Request.
Disclaimer: This form will only submit a request for availability of preferred unit types provided with the dates specified.
Fill up the form below for your Cabin Rental Booking Request.
Disclaimer: This form will only submit a request for availability of preferred unit types provided with the dates specified.
Book Banff, Canada Winter and Summer Activities with Banff Adventures.
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Sunwapta Falls Rocky Mountain Lodge
Get great deals on lodging in our newly renovated rooms & cabins surrounded by Jasper scenery.
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Mount Robson Inn
A Jasper hotel offering family friendly accommodations in the Canadian Rockies with landscapes that will capture your heart.
Mountaineer Lodge
Comfortable lodge located in Lake Louise, nestled in a pine forest with tremendous views of Mount Temple and its summit glacier.
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We are the premier provider of trekking, mountaineering, and rock climbing in the Canadian Rockies.
Banff ATV Tours & Zipling
Experience the beauty of the Canadian Rockies on an ATV Tour. Or have fun Ziplining in Banff, Alberta!
Winter Icewalk Tours
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Join us on the three-hour Maligne Canyon Icewalk, where you will discover frozen
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Raft the exciting Sunwapta or the Athabasca River, or try the Fraser River in B.C. Raft Jasper!
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The best & most beautiful golf courses in the Canadian Rockies...
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SPRINGFIELD — The Illinois Legislature approved a historic plan Tuesday to eliminate the state's $100 billion pension shortfall, with a vote that drew threats of a legal challenge from labor unions but that supporters said was crucial to repairing Illinois' deeply troubled finances.
The House voted 62-53 in favor of the plan, sending it to Gov. Pat Quinn, who has said he will sign it. The Senate approved the measure 30-24 just minutes earlier.
"The message is this is not a one-sided bill. There will be changes here, much-needed changes, but this bill is a well thought out, well balanced bill that deserves the support of this body, the state Senate and the approval of Gov. Quinn," House Speaker Michael Madigan said at the start of the House debate. "Something's got to be done. We can't go on dedicating so much of our resources to this one sector of pensions."
Public employee unions, who oppose the bill, vowed to quickly take legal action. They say the legislation is unfair to workers and retirees who for years made faithful contributions to retirement systems but now will see benefits cut because of government mismanagement. They also argue parts of the measure are unconstitutional.
Illinois' unfunded pension problem is considered the worst in the nation, primarily because lawmakers failed for decades to make the state's full payments to the funds. The massive unfunded liability has led the major credit rating agencies to downgrade Illinois' rating to the lowest of any state in the nation. It's also siphoned money from education, roads and other areas.
Yet for years, lawmakers have been unable to agree on how to fix the problem.
The measure approved Tuesday emerged last week following negotiations by a bipartisan pension conference committee and then meetings of Illinois' legislative leaders. They say it will save the state $160 billion over 30 years and fully fund the systems by 2044.
It would push back the retirement age for workers ages 45 and younger, on a sliding scale. The annual 3 percent cost-of-living increases for retirees would be replaced with a system that only provides the increases on a portion of benefits, based on how many years a beneficiary was in their job. Some workers would have the option of freezing their pension and starting a 401(k)-style defined contribution plan.
Workers will contribute 1 percent less to their own retirement under the plan. Legislative leaders say they included that provision, as well as language that says the retirement systems may sue the state if it doesn't make its annual payments, in hopes of boosting the measure's odds of surviving the unions' anticipated court challenge.
Quinn and the legislative leaders reached out to a number of lawmakers over recent days, urging them to support the bill.
In addition to the labor unions, some Republicans said they opposed the bill because it didn't cut benefits enough. Other opponents said there wasn't sufficient time for lawmakers and the public to review it.
The bill is SB1


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Located in Ludwigsvorstadt, Hotel Italia is a leisurely stroll from popular sights such as Asamkirche and Church of Our Lady. The 40 rooms at this 3-star hotel include minibars and flat-screen TVs and guests can enjoy free breakfast. Located in central Munich, the hotel is also near Marienplatz and English Garden.
Start your day off right with a free buffet breakfast.
Hotel Italia's 40 rooms provide minibars, safes, and desks. Guests can expect free WiFi and flat-screen TVs with satellite channels. Bathrooms have hair dryers and free toiletries.
Property features
Guests of Hotel Italia enjoy free WiFi in public areas, express check-in, and express check-out. Self parking is offered for EUR 15 per night. The 24-hour front desk has multilingual staff ready to help with luggage storage, and answer any questions about the area.
- Walking distance to Asamkirche and Church of Our Lady
- Free buffet breakfast
- Free WiFi in rooms and public areas
- 24-hour front desk
Hotel Italia
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
A complimentary breakfast is offered. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access. This Munich hotel also offers multilingual staff, express check-in, and express check-out. Onsite parking is available (surcharge).
Hotel Italia is a smoke-free property.
- Total number of rooms - 40
- Free breakfast
- 24-hour front desk
- Multilingual staff
- Elevator/lift
- Luggage storage
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Smoke-free property
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Free WiFi
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Free Wi-Fi
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
Hotel Italia offers 40 accommodations with minibars and safes. Flat-screen televisions come with satellite channels.
Bathrooms include showers, complimentary toiletries, and hair dryers. Guests can surf the web using the complimentary wireless high-speed Internet access. Hypo-allergenic bedding and irons/ironing boards can be requested. Housekeeping is provided daily.
- Satellite TV service
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Minibar
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Shower only
- In-room safe
- Desk
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary buffet breakfast.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at midnight
Check-in time starts at 1 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Children 5 years old and younger stay free when using existing bedding.
- Free cribs (infant beds)!
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of EUR 10 per pet, per night
- Dogs and cats only
- 1 per room
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
Optional extras
- Self parking fee: EUR 15 per night
- Pet fee: EUR 10 per pet, per night
Hotel Name
- Hotel Italia Munich
- Italia Munich
We should mention
Children 5 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Set meals are served in guestrooms only (no menus or public dining).
National Rating
Hotelstars Union assigns an official star rating for properties in Germany. This property is rated 3 stars.