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Eighth Air Force
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Eighth Air Force | |
Active | 19 January 1942 – present |
Country | United States |
Branch | United States Air Force |
Part of | Air Force Global Strike Command |
Garrison/HQ | Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana |
Nickname(s) | "The Mighty Eighth"[1] |
Engagements | |
Decorations |
Commanders | |
Current commander |
Maj Gen Thomas A. Bussiere |
Notable commanders |
James Doolittle Ira C. Eaker Carl Spaatz |
Insignia | |
Emblem of the Eighth Air Force |
The Eighth Air Force (8 AF) is a numbered air force (NAF) of the United States Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC). It is headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. The command serves as Air Forces Strategic – Global Strike, one of the air components of United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM). The Eighth Air Force includes the heart of America's heavy bomber force: the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber, the B-1 Lancer supersonic bomber, and the B-52 Stratofortress heavy bomber aircraft.
Established on 22 February 1944 by the redesignation of VIII Bomber Command at RAF Daws Hill in High Wycombe, England, 8 AF was a United States Army Air Forces combat air force in the European Theater of World War II, engaging in operations primarily in the Northern Europe AOR; carrying out strategic bombing of enemy targets in France, the Low countries, and Germany;[2] and engaging in air-to-air fighter combat against enemy aircraft until the German capitulation in May 1945. It was the largest of the deployed combat Army Air Forces in numbers of personnel, aircraft, and equipment.
During the Cold War, 8 AF was one of three Numbered Air Forces of the United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command (SAC), with a three-star general headquartered at Westover AFB, Massachusetts commanding USAF strategic bombers and missiles on a global scale. Elements of 8 AF engaged in combat operations during the Korean War; Vietnam War, as well as Operation Desert Storm.
Eighth Air Force is one of two active duty numbered air forces in Air Force Global Strike Command. Eighth Air Force, with headquarters at Barksdale AFB, in the Bossier City – Shreveport, Louisiana, metro area, supports U.S. Joint Forces Command, and is designated as U.S. Strategic Command's Task Force 204, providing on-alert, combat-ready forces to the president. The mission of "The Mighty Eighth" is to safeguard America's interests through strategic deterrence and global combat power. Eighth Air Force controls long-range nuclear-capable bomber assets throughout the United States and overseas locations. Its flexible, conventional and nuclear deterrence mission provides the capability to deploy forces and engage enemy threats from home station or forward positioned, anywhere, any time. The 8th Air Force motto is "Peace Through Strength."
The Eighth Air Force team consists of more than 16,000 active-duty, Air National Guard and Reserve professionals operating and maintaining a variety of aircraft capable of deploying air power to any area of the world. This air power includes the heart of America's heavy bomber force: the B-2 Spirit and the B-52 Stratofortress. The Mighty Eighth's B-52 force consists of 76 bombers assigned to two active duty wings, the 2d Bomb Wing at Barksdale AFB, Louisiana and the 5th Bomb Wing at Minot AFB, North Dakota, and one reserve wing, the 307th Bomb Wing at Barksdale AFB, Louisiana. The B-2 force consists of 20 bombers assigned to the 509th Bomb Wing at Whiteman AFB, Missouri.[3]
Major General Thomas A. Bussiere was named Commander on October 4, 2016 after having served as the Deputy Director, for Nuclear, Homeland Defense, and Current Operations, Joint Staff, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C.
- For additional history and lineage, see United States Air Forces in Europe
The history of Eighth Air Force begins on 2 January 1942 with its activation at Savannah Air Base, Georgia. In quick order, on 5 January, Major General Carl Spaatz assumed command of HQ Eighth Air Force at Bolling Field, Washington, DC. On 8 January the order activating the "U.S. Air Forces in the British Isles" (USAFBI) was announced. On 12 May, the first contingent of USAAF personnel arrived in England to join the Eighth Air Force. On 15 June, Spaatz arrived in England to establish the Headquarters of Eighth Air Force at Bushy Park, 15 miles (24 km) WSW of London.[4]
Eighth Air Force was the command and control organization over its operational components:
- VIII Bomber Command (Established 19 January 1942)
- Strategic bombardment using heavy, 4-engined bombers.
- VIII Fighter Command (Established 19 January 1942)
- Provide fighter escort of heavy bombers
- VIII Air Support Command (Established 24 April 1942)
- Provide reconnaissance, troop transport, and tactical bombardment using twin-engine medium bombers.
- VIII Air Service Command (later VIII Air Force Service Command)
- Service and logistical support.
VIII Bomber Command was activated at Langley Field, Virginia, It was reassigned to Savannah Air Base, Georgia on 10 February 1942. An advanced detachment of VIII Bomber Command was established at RAF Bomber Command Headquarters at RAF Daws Hill England on 23 February in preparation for its units to arrive in the United Kingdom from the United States. The first combat group of VIII Bomber Command to arrive in the United Kingdom was the ground echelon of the 97th Bombardment Group, which arrived at RAF Polebrook on 9 June 1942.
Regular combat operations by the VIII Bomber Command began on 17 August 1942, when the 97th Bombardment Group flew 12 B-17Es on the first VIII Bomber Command heavy bomber mission of the war from RAF Polebrook, attacking the Rouen-Sotteville marshalling yards in France.
During World War II, the offensive air forces of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) came to be classified as strategic or tactical. A strategic air force was that with a mission to attack an enemy's war effort beyond his front-line forces, predominantly production and supply facilities, whereas a tactical air force supported ground campaigns, usually with objectives selected through co-operation with the armies.
In Europe, Eighth Air Force was the first USAAF strategic air force, with a mission to support an invasion of continental Europe from the British Isles. Eighth Air Force carried out strategic daytime strategic bombing operations in Western Europe from airfields in eastern England.
World War II (1944–1945)[edit]
Target For Today – 1943 VIII Bomber Command film on YouTube |
On 4 January 1944, the B-24s and B-17s based in England flew their last mission as a subordinate part of VIII Bomber Command. On 22 February 1944, a massive reorganization of American airpower took place in Europe. VIII Bomber Command and Ninth Air Force were brought under control of a centralized headquarters for command and control of the United States Army Air Forces in Europe, the United States Strategic Air Forces (USSTAF).
VIII Bomber Command was redesignated as Eighth Air Force, with VIII Fighter and VIII Air Support Commands being brought under the command of the redesignated Eighth Air Force. This is from where the present-day Eighth Air Force's history, lineage and honors derive.
General Carl Spaatz returned to England to command the USSTAF. Major General Jimmy Doolittle relinquished command of the Fifteenth Air Force to Major General Nathan F. Twining and took over command of the Eighth Air Force from Lieutenant General Ira C. Eaker at RAF Daws Hill. Doolittle of course was well known to American airmen as the famous "Tokyo Raider" and former air racer. His directive was simple: 'Win the air war and isolate the battlefield'.
Spaatz and Doolittle's plan was to use the US Strategic Air Forces in a series of co-ordinated raids, code-named Operation 'Argument' and supported by RAF night bombing, on the German aircraft industry at the earliest possible date.
Big Week[edit]
Cold and clear weather was predicted for the last week of February 1944 and Operation Argument became known as "Big Week". On the night of 19–20 February, the RAF bombed Leipzig. Eighth Air Force put up over 1,000 B-17s and B-24s and over 800 fighters and the RAF provided sixteen squadrons of Mustangs and Spitfires. In all, twelve aircraft factories were attacked, with the B-17s heading to Leipzig (Allgemeine Transportanlagen-Gesellschaft - Junkers Ju 88 production and Erla Maschinenwerk - Bf 109), Bernburg-Strenzfeld (Junkers Ju 88 plant) and Oschersleben (AGO plant making Focke-Wulf Fw 190A fighters), while the B-24s hitting the Gothaer Waggonfabrik (production of Messerschmitt Bf 110), the Fw 190 Arado plant at Tutow and the Heinkel firm's "Heinkel-Nord" headquarters at Rostock (production of He 111). The raids on the German aircraft industry comprising much of "Big Week" caused so much damage that the Germans were forced to disperse aircraft manufacturing eastward, to safer parts of the Reich.
The next day, over 900 bombers and 700 fighters of Eighth Air Force hit more aircraft factories in the Braunschweig area. Over 60 Luftwaffe fighters were shot down with a loss of 19 US bombers and 5 US fighters. On 24 February, with the weather clearing over central Germany, Eighth Air Force sent over 800 bombers, hitting Schweinfurt and attacks on the Baltic coast, with a total of 11 B-17s being lost. Some 230 B-24s hit the Messerschmitt Bf 110 assembly plant at Gotha with a loss of 24 aircraft.
On 25 February, both Eighth and Fifteenth Air Forces hit numerous targets at Fürth airfield, Augsburg and Regensburg, attacking Messerschmitt Bf 110 and Bf 109 plants. The 8th lost 31 bombers, the 15th lost 33.
Less than a week after "Big Week", Eighth Air Force made its first attack on the Reich's capital, Berlin. The RAF had been making night raids on Berlin since 1940, (with heavy raids in 1943) and nuisance Mosquito raids in daylight, but this was the first major daylight bombing raid on the German capital. On 6 March 1944, over 700 heavy bombers along with 800 escort fighters of the Eighth Air Force hit numerous targets within Berlin, dropping the first American bombs on the capital of the Third Reich. On 8 March, another raid of 600 bombers and 200 fighters hit the Berlin area again, destroying the VKF ball-bearing plant at Erkner. The following day, on 9 March, H2X radar-equipped B-17s mounted a third attack on the Reich capital through clouds. Altogether, the Eighth Air Force dropped over 4,800 tons of high explosive on Berlin during the first week of March.
On 22 March, over 800 bombers, led by H2X radar equipped bombers hit Berlin yet again, bombing targets though a thick rainy overcast causing more destruction to various industries. Because of the thick clouds and rain over the area the Luftwaffe did not attack the American bomber fleet, as the Germans believed that because of the weather the American bombers would be incapable of attacking their targets. However, the "pathfinder" bombers of the RAF Alconbury-based 482d Bomb Group proved very capable of finding the targets and guiding the bombers to them.
Prelude to Overlord[edit]
In a prelude to the invasion of France, American air attacks began in February 1944 against railroad junctions, airfields, ports and bridges in northern France and along the English Channel coastline. Fighters from both Eighth and Ninth Air Forces made wide sweeps over the area, mounting strafing missions at airfields and rail networks. By 6 June, Allied fighter pilots had succeeded in damaging or destroying hundreds of locomotives, thousands of motorized vehicles, and many bridges. In addition, German airfields in France and Belgium were attacked.
On 1 May, over 1,300 Eighth Air Force heavy bombers made an all-out attack on the enemy's rail network, striking at targets in France and Belgium. On 7 May, another 1,000 bombers hit additional targets along the English Channel coast, hitting fortifications, bridges and marshaling areas.
On D-Day, over 2,300 sorties were flown by Eighth Air Force heavy bombers in the Normandy and Cherbourg invasion areas, all aimed at neutralizing enemy coastal defenses and front-line troops.
Defeat of the Luftwaffe[edit]
The P-51 Mustang first entered squadron service in Europe with the British in early 1942; the Allison V-1710 engined P-51A (Mustang I) having much success with the RAF, although it found the aircraft's performance inadequate at higher altitudes. Rolls-Royce engineers rapidly realized that equipping the Mustang with a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine with its two speed, two stage supercharger would substantially improve performance. Also, by using a four-bladed propeller, rather than the three-bladed one used on the P-51A, the performance was greatly improved; the XP-51B achieved a level speed of 441 mph at 29,800 feet (9,100 m), over 100 mph faster than the Allison-engined P-51A at that altitude. At all heights, the rate of climb was approximately doubled.
The USAAF now finally had an aircraft that could compete on equal terms with the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and the later models of the Messerschmitt Bf 109. The USAAF was finally fully sold on the Mustang, and a letter contract for 2200 P-51Bs was issued. The engine was to be the Packard V-1650-3, based on the Merlin 68.
In late 1943, the P-51B Mustang was introduced to the European Theater by the USAAF. It could fly as far on its internal fuel tanks as the P-47 could with drop tanks. However, the P-51B was introduced as a tactical fighter, so the first deliveries of the P-51B in November 1943 were assigned to three groups in the tactical Ninth Air Force at the expense of VIII Bomber Command, whose need for a long range escort fighter was critical. The first escort mission for the bombers was not flown until 5 December.
As the new commander of the Eighth Air Force from January 1944 onwards, Major General Jimmy Doolittle's major influence on the European air war occurred early that year when he made a critical change to the policy requiring escorting fighters to remain with the bombers at all times — the aircraft evaluations for the change had occurred through late 1943, with the assistance of a trio of British military pilots, led by (and including) the UK Fleet Air Arm's best test pilot, Eric Brown. With Doolittle's permission, with bomber escort duties initially performed with P-38s and P-47s — with both previous types being steadily replaced with the long-ranged P-51s as the spring of 1944 wore on, American fighter pilots on bomber defense missions would primarily be flying far ahead of the bombers' combat box formations in air supremacy mode, literally "clearing the skies" of any Luftwaffe fighter opposition heading towards the target. This strategy fatally disabled the twin-engined Zerstörergeschwader heavy fighter wings and their replacement, single-engined Sturmgruppen of heavily armed Fw 190As, clearing each force of bomber destroyers in their turn from Germany's skies throughout most of 1944. As part of this game-changing strategy, especially after the bombers had hit their targets, the USAAF's fighters were then free to strafe German airfields and transport while returning to base, contributing significantly to the achievement of air superiority by Allied air forces over Europe.
The effect of the Mustangs, fully operating as an air supremacy fighter force, on the Luftwaffe defenders was arguably swift and decisive. The result was that the Luftwaffe was notable by its absence over the skies of Europe after D-Day and the Allies were starting to achieve air superiority over the continent. Although the Luftwaffe could, and did, mount effective attacks on the ever-larger formations of Allied heavy bombers, the sheer numbers of B-17s and B-24s attacking enemy targets was overwhelming the German fighter force, which simply could not sustain the losses the Eighth Air Force bombers and fighters were inflicting on it.
By mid-1944, Eighth Air Force had reached a total strength of more than 200,000 people (it is estimated that more than 350,000 Americans served in Eighth Air Force during the war in Europe). At peak strength, Eighth Air Force had forty heavy bomber groups, fifteen fighter groups, and four specialized support groups. It could, and often did, dispatch more than 2,000 four-engine bombers and more than 1,000 fighters on a single mission to multiple targets.
By 1945, all but one of the Eighth Air Force fighter groups were equipped with the P-51D.
Destroying the German oil industry[edit]
Eighth Air Force did not strike at oil industry targets until 13 May 1944 when 749 bombers, escorted by almost 740 fighters, pounded oil targets in the Leipzig area and at Brux in Czechoslovakia. At the same time, a smaller force hit an FW 190 repair depot at Zwickau. Over 300 German fighters attacked the bomber forces, losing almost half its aircraft, with claims of upwards of 47 Luftwaffe fighters by American fighter pilots. However, the Luftwaffe was successful in shooting down 46 bombers in a very unequal fight.[5]
After D-Day, attacks on the German oil industry assumed top priority which was widely dispersed around the Reich. Vast fleets of B-24s and B-17s escorted by P-51Ds and long-range P-38Ls hit refineries in Germany and Czechoslovakia in late 1944 and early 1945. Having almost total air superiority throughout the collapsing German Reich, Eighth Air Force hit targets as far east as Hungary, while Fifteenth Air Force hit oil industry facilities in Yugoslavia, Romania, and northeastern Italy. On at least eighteen occasions, the Merseburg refineries in Leuna, where the majority of Germany's synthetic fuel for jet aircraft was refined, was hit. By the end of 1944, only three out of ninety-one refineries in the Reich were still working normally, twenty-nine were partially functional, and the remainder were completely destroyed.
Casualties and awards[edit]
These missions, however, carried a high price. Half of the U.S. Army Air Force's casualties in World War II were suffered by Eighth Air Force (more than 47,000 casualties, with more than 26,000 dead). Seventeen Medals of Honor went to Eighth Air Force personnel during the war. By war's end, they had been awarded a number of other medals to include 220 Distinguished Service Crosses, and 442,000 Air Medals. Many more awards were made to Eighth Air Force veterans after the war that remain uncounted. There were 261 fighter aces in the Eighth Air Force during World War II. Thirty-one of these aces had 15 or more aircraft kills apiece. Another 305 enlisted gunners were also recognized as aces.
Victory in Europe[edit]
In January 1945, the Luftwaffe attempted one last major air offensive against the Allied Air Forces. Over 950 fighters had been sent west from the Eastern Front for "Operation Bodenplatte". On 1 January, the entire German fighter force in the West, comprising combat aircraft from some eleven Jagdgeschwader day fighter wings, took off and attacked 27 Allied airfields in northern France, Belgium and the southern part of the Netherlands in an attempt by the Luftwaffe to cripple Allied air forces in the Low Countries of Europe. It was a last-ditch effort to keep up the momentum of the German forces during the stagnant stage of the Battle of the Bulge (Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein). The operation was a pyrrhic success for the Luftwaffe as the losses suffered by the German air arm were irreplaceable and over 300 Luftwaffe aircraft were shot down, mostly by Allied Anti-Aircraft guns. The losses of the Allied Air Forces were replaced within weeks. The operation failed to achieve air superiority, even temporarily, and the German Army continued to be exposed to air attack.
First seen by Allied airmen during the late summer of 1944, it wasn't until March 1945 that German jet aircraft started to attack Allied bomber formations in earnest. On 2 March, when Eighth Air Force bombers were dispatched to attack the synthetic oil refineries at Leipzig, Messerschmitt Me 262As attacked the formation near Dresden. The next day, the largest formation of German jets ever seen, most likely from the Luftwaffe's specialist 7th Fighter Wing, Jagdgeschwader 7 Nowotny, made attacks on Eighth Air Force bomber formations over Dresden and the oil targets at Essen, shooting down a total of three bombers.
However, the Luftwaffe jets were simply too few and too late to have any serious effect on the Allied air armadas now sweeping over the Reich with near-impunity. A lack of fuel and available pilots for the new jets greatly reduced their effectiveness. The Me 262A was a difficult foe for the P-47s and P-51s, possessing a distinct speed advantage. Allied bomber escort fighters would fly high above the bombers – diving from this height gave them extra speed, thus reducing the speed difference. The Me 262 was also less maneuverable than the P-51 and so trained Allied pilots could turn tighter than an Me 262A. However, the only reliable way of dealing with the jets, as with the even faster Me 163B Komet rocket fighters, was to attack them on the ground and during takeoff and landing. Luftwaffe airfields that were identified as jet and rocket bases, such as Parchim and Bad Zwischenahn, were frequently bombed, and Allied fighters patrolled over the fields to attack jets trying to land. The Luftwaffe countered by installing flak alleys along the approach lines in order to protect the Me 262s from the ground and providing top cover with conventional fighters during takeoff and landing. Nevertheless, in March and April 1945, Allied fighter patrol patterns over Me 262 airfields resulted in numerous losses of jets and serious attrition of the force.
On 7 April 1945, the Luftwaffe flew its most desperate and deadliest mission, with the dedicated aerial ramming unit Sonderkommando Elbe. This operation involved German pilots of the unit ramming their worn-out Bf 109Gs, each barely armed with only one MG 131 heavy machine gun and 50 rounds of ammunition, into American bombers in order to get the Allies to suspend bombing raids long enough for the Germans to make a significant amount of Me 262A jet fighters. The 8th Air Force was targeted in this operation. Fifteen Allied bombers were attacked, eight were successfully destroyed.
On 7 April, Eighth Air Force dispatched thirty-two B-17 and B-24 groups and fourteen Mustang groups (the sheer numbers of attacking Allied aircraft were so large in 1945 that they were now counted by the group) to targets in the small area of Germany still controlled by the Nazis, hitting the remaining airfields where the Luftwaffe jets were stationed. In addition, almost 300 German aircraft of all types were destroyed in strafing attacks. On 16 April, this record was broken when over 700 German aircraft were destroyed on the ground.
The end came on 25 April 1945 when Eighth Air Force flew its last full-scale mission of the European War. B-17s hit the Skoda armaments factory at Pilsen in Czechoslovakia, while B-24s bombed rail complexes surrounding Hitler's mountain retreat at Berchtesgaden.
Pacific Theater[edit]
Following the end of the war in Europe in May 1945 plans were made to transfer some of the B-17/B-24 heavy bomber groups of Eighth Air Force to the Pacific Theater of Operations and upgrade them to B-29 Superfortress Very Heavy (VH) bomb groups. As part of this plan, Eighth Air Force headquarters was reassigned to Sakugawa (Kadena Airfield), Okinawa, on 16 July 1945, being assigned to the United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific without personnel or equipment.[6]
On Okinawa, Eighth Air Force derived its headquarters personnel from the inactivated XX Bomber Command, and Lieutenant General James H. Doolittle assumed command, being reassigned from England on 19 July. The command controlled three airfields on Okinawa, Bolo, Futema, and Kadena Airfield. The Eighth received its first B-29 Superfortress on 8 August 1945.[6]
Eighth Air Force's mission in the Pacific was initially to organize and train new bomber groups for combat against Japan. In the planned invasion of Japan, the mission of Eighth Air Force would be to conduct B-29 Superfortress raids from Okinawa in coordination with Twentieth Air Force operating from airfields in the Mariana Islands.[6]
Units assigned to Eighth Air Force in the Pacific were:
The atomic bombings of Japan led to the Japanese surrender before Eighth Air Force saw action in the Pacific theater. Eighth Air Force remained in Okinawa until 7 June 1946.
Strategic Air Command[edit]
World War II proved what the proponents of air power had been championing for the previous two decades—the great value of strategic forces in bombing an enemy's industrial complex and of tactical forces in controlling the skies above a battlefield. As a result, Eighth Air Force was incorporated into the new Strategic Air Command (SAC).
On 7 June 1946, Headquarters Eighth Air Force was reassigned without personnel or equipment from Okinawa to MacDill AAF, Florida, becoming SAC's second numbered air force. At MacDill, Eighth Air Force headquarters were manned chiefly by personnel from the 58th Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy, stationed at Fort Worth AAF, Texas. The organization reported administratively to the Fifteenth Air Force at Colorado Springs, Colorado. That base assignment lasted until 1 November 1946, when SAC transferred the Eighth to Fort Worth (later renamed Carswell AFB).
Bomb units[edit]
Both Davis-Monthan and Fort Worth Army Airfields were B-29 training bases during World War II, and the Eighth Air Force Bomb Groups were simply activated at the same field and on the same day as the original Army Air Force Continental Air Forces training bomb groups were inactivated. The assets of the former training units were simply assigned to Eighth Air Force. This was largely so that the Air Force could perpetuate the names of groups that had distinguished themselves in World War II.
These bomb wings were drastically undermanned and under equipped. At the close of 1946, they shared only a handful of operational bombers, all B-29 Superfortresses. Although there were many available which were returned from Twentieth Air Force in the Pacific Theater they were war-weary from the many long combat missions flown during the war. However, it was believed that a strong strategic air arm equipped with B-29s would deter a possible aggressor from attacking the United States for fear of massive retaliation with nuclear weapons.
By the late 1940s, the B-17 Flying Fortresses and B-24 Liberators used in the European Theater of the war were thoroughly obsolete as combat aircraft and were mostly sent to the smelters. A handful remained in service performing non-combat duties though the mid-1950s as air-sea rescue aircraft (SB-17, SB-24); photo-reconnaissance aircraft (RB-17, RB-24), and as unmanned target drones (QB-17) and their controllers (DB-17).
Initially, Eighth Air Force under SAC consisted of the following:
- Fort Worth AAF (Later Carswell AFB), Texas
- 58th Bombardment Wing (later Air Division)
- Reassigned from March Field, California 8 May 1946
- Reassigned to Andrews AFB, Maryland 1 March 1948 (Inactivated 16 October 1948)
- 449th Bombardment Group
- Reassigned from McCook AAF, Nebraska December 1945 (McCook AAF Closed)
- Inactivated on 4 August 1946
- 7th Bombardment Group
- Activated on 1 October 1946
- 7th Bombardment Wing established on 17 November 1947. 7th Bomb Group assigned as subordinate unit.
Personnel and equipment from the inactivated 449th Bomb Group were reassigned to the 7th Bomb Group (later 7th Bomb Wing). The command staff and all personnel of the 58th Bomb wing were eliminated on 1 November 1946 and the organization was reduced to a paper unit. For two years, the wing remained in this status until the 58th Bomb Wing was inactivated on 16 October 1948.
- Davis-Monthan AAF (Later Davis-Monthan Air Force Base), Arizona
- 40th Bombardment Group
- Reassigned from March Field, California, 8 May 1946
- Inactivated on 1 October 1946
- 444th Bombardment Group
- Reassigned from Merced AAF, California 6 May 1945
- Inactivated on 1 October 1946
- 43rd Bombardment Group
- Activated on 4 October 1946
- 43d Bombardment Wing established on 3 November 1947. 43d Bomb Group assigned as subordinate unit.
Personnel and equipment from the inactivated 40th and 444th Bomb Groups were reassigned to the 43d Bomb Group
- Roswell AAF (Later Walker Air Force Base), Arizona
- 509th Bombardment Group
- Reassigned from North Field, Tinian on 8 November 1946
- 509th Bombardment Wing established on 3 November 1947. 509th Bombardment Group assigned as subordinate unit.
The Eighth Air Force was specifically charged with the atomic mission; however, only the 509th Composite Group at Roswell AAF had B-29s that had the capability to drop nuclear weapons - the 7th Bomb Group at Fort Worth AAF was modifying their aircraft to carry the atomic bomb.
- Smoky Hill AAF (Later Smoky Hill Air Force Base), Kansas Transferred from Fifteenth Air Force, 16 May 1948
- 301st Bombardment Wing
- Reassigned to Barksdale AFB, Louisiana, 1 August 1949. Smoky Hill AFB Inactivated.
From 1946 through 1949, what little money became available was used to buy new planes (B-50 Superfortress, B-36 Peacemaker) for SAC, and as the newer aircraft became available, the older B-29s were sent to storage depots or sent to Air Force Reserve units for training missions.
Fighter units[edit]
SAC was founded by the men who fought in World War II, who knew the importance of fighter escorts. In its early days, SAC had fighter wings for the escorting its aircraft equipped with the new F-82E Twin Mustang along with long range F-51H Mustangs and F-47N Thunderbolts, all of which were designed late in World War II for use in the planned invasion of Japan. SAC fighter wings assigned to Eighth Air Force were:
- 27th Fighter Wing (F-82E Twin Mustang)
- Activated at Kearney AFB, Nebraska on 27 July 1947
- Reassigned to Bergstrom AFB, Texas on 16 March 1949 (Base Closed)
- 31st Fighter Wing (F-47N Thunderbolt)
- Activated at Turner AFB, Georgia on 25 June 1947
- Inactivated on 16 June 1952
- 33d Fighter Wing (F-51H Mustang, F-80C Shooting Star)
- Attached to 509th Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy, Walker AFB, New Mexico 17 November 1947
- Reassigned to Otis AFB, Massachusetts, 15 November 1948
- 82d Fighter Wing (F-51D Mustang)
- Activated at Grenier AFB, New Hampshire on 12 April 1947
- Inactivated 2 October 1949
Fighter escorts were no longer needed once SAC was equipped with Boeing B-47 Stratojet and then Boeing B-52 Stratofortress jet bombers carrying nuclear bombs. As the nuclear weapons carried by the bombers were so powerful that only one plane was assigned to a target that might have previously needed a whole bomb group of aircraft. Although SAC fighter squadrons upgraded to Republic F-84F Thunderstreak jet fighters in the early 1950s, the new jet bombers flew so high and so fast there was little danger of them being intercepted by enemy fighters.[citation needed] By 1955, SAC no longer needed its fighters and these fighter units were transferred to Tactical Air Command and utilized in a tactical role.
In 1949, a realignment of responsibilities for SAC's two air forces occurred. Fifteenth Air Force was relocated to March AFB, California. As part of this realignment, most SAC bomber forces west of the Mississippi River were reassigned to 15th AF. Those east of the Mississippi were assigned to SAC's other strategic air force, Eighth Air Force, which was reassigned to Westover AFB, Massachusetts, where it commanded all SAC bases in the eastern United States.
Several events in the late 1940s reversed the drawdown of United States strategic forces. The 1948 blockade of West Berlin by the Eastern bloc and the outbreak of the Cold War caused the United States to deploy SAC's B-29 bomber force back to the United Kingdom and West Germany. Communist victories in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 and the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 meant that the United States would have to expand SAC to address these potential threats both in Europe as well as Asia.
By the time of the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, Eighth Air Force consisted of the following units:
Korean War[edit]
On 25 June 1950, the armed forces of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) invaded South Korea. On 27 June, the United Nations Security Council voted to assist the South Koreans in resisting the invasion. Although Eighth Air Force's strategic bomber force was not committed to combat in Korea, the Eighth deployed the 27th Fighter Escort Wing for combat action in Korea and earned numerous honors and awards for their combat record during the Korean War.
On 21 January 1951, Lt. Col. William Bertram, commander of the 523rd Fighter-Escort Squadron, shot down the first MiG-15 for the wing and became the first F-84 pilot with a confirmed MiG kill. Two days later, on 23 January, the 27th FEW participated in the raid on Sinuju Airfield in North Korea and shot down four more MiG-15s. By the time the group rotated back to the United States, they had flown more than 23,000 combat hours in more than 12,000 sorties.
For its Korean War service, the 27th Fighter-Escort Wing received the Distinguished Unit Citation, covering the period of 26 January through 21 April 1951, for their actions in Korea.
The 27th was relieved of its duties supporting U.N. forces in Korea and returned to Bergstrom AFB on 31 July 1951, but was redeployed to Misawa AB, Japan during 6 October 1952 – 13 February 1953 to provide air defense.
Cold War[edit]
With the end of fighting in Korea, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who had taken office in January 1953, called for a "new look" at national defense. The result: a greater reliance on nuclear weapons and air power to deter war. His administration chose to invest in the Air Force, especially Strategic Air Command. The nuclear arms race shifted into high gear. The Air Force retired nearly all of its piston-engined B-29/B-50s and they were replaced by new Boeing B-47 Stratojet aircraft. By 1955 the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress would be entering the inventory in substantial numbers, as prop B-36s were phased out of heavy bombardment units rapidly.
Also after the deployment of forces to Far East Air Force to engage in combat over Korea, the history of Eighth Air Force becomes indistinguishable from that of Strategic Air Command. The Eighth's weapons inventory also changed to include KC-135 air refuelers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (the Atlas, Titan I and Titan II, and all Minuteman models.)
At the same time, aerial refueling techniques were improved to the extent that Eighth Air Force bombers could still reach targets in Europe and Asia even if overseas bases were destroyed by an enemy attack. To reduce the risk to its bomber fleet in the United States, Eighth Air Force aircraft stood nuclear alert, providing a deterrent against an attack on the United States by the Soviet Union. It dispersed its planes to a large number of bases across the United States so as not to have too many concentrated at a single location.
Vietnam War[edit]
In 1965, Eighth Air Force entered combat again, this time in Southeast Asia. At first, the Eighth deployed its B-52 bomber and KC-135 tanker units from the U.S. to operating bases in Guam, Okinawa and Thailand. Then in April 1970, SAC moved the Eighth without personnel or equipment to Andersen AFB Guam, absorbing resources of the 3d Air Division. At Anderson, the Eighth took over the direction of all bombing and refueling operations in Southeast Asia. The intensive bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong during 11 days in December 1972, known as Operation Linebacker II, was but one highlight of those war years. Importantly, the Eighth's bombing effectiveness influenced the North Vietnamese to end hostilities. With the end of combat in Southeast Asia, the Eighth Air Force moved without personnel or equipment to Barksdale AFB Louisiana on 1 January 1975, absorbing the resources of Second Air Force.
In the 1980s, the Eighth participated in several key operations such as running the tanker task force for Operation Urgent Fury in 1983 and directing all air refueling operations for Operation El Dorado Canyon in 1986 and Operation Just Cause in 1989.
Operations over Iraq[edit]
The Eighth's units played a key role in the 42-day Gulf War in 1991. An Eighth Air Force unit, the 2d Bomb Wing, spearheaded the air campaign by dispatching B-52s from Barksdale to launch conventional air-launched cruise missiles against Iraqi targets. Eighth Air Force bomb wings, stationed in the Persian Gulf region, also attacked Iraq's Republican Guard forces and numerous key strategic targets, while other units provided air refueling and tactical reconnaissance throughout the conflict. As a headquarters, the Eighth had another important role in victory over Iraqi forces—operating the logistics supply and air refueling bridge between the U.S. and gulf region.
History from June 1992[edit]
Fifteen months after Operation Desert Storm, the Air Force reorganized. Eighth Air Force was relieved from assignment to Strategic Air Command and assigned to the new Air Combat Command (ACC) on 1 June 1992.
Under ACC, Eighth Air Force provides command and control, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C2ISR); long-range attack; and information operations forces to Air Force components and warfighting commands. Eighth Air Force trains, tests, exercises and demonstrates combat-ready forces for rapid employment worldwide.
Eighth Air Force also provides conventional forces to U.S. Joint Forces Command and provides nuclear capable bombers, specified Global Strike assets, and C2ISR capabilities to U.S. Strategic Command (STRATCOM). Eighth Air Force also supports STRATCOM's Joint Force Headquarters – Information Operations and serves as the command element for Air Force wide computer network operations.
Under ACC, the Eighth received control over active duty, Air Force Reserve, and Air National Guard units in the central U.S. and two overseas locations. Then in January 1994, ACC reorganized Eighth Air Force as a general purpose Numbered Air Force (NAF) with a warfighting mission to support the U.S. Joint Forces and U.S. Strategic Commands. Support to the latter command included the operation of Task Force 204 (bombers).
Since 1994, the Eighth has participated in a string of contingency operations, such as the 1996 Operation "Desert Strike" against Iraq, the 1998 Operation "Desert Fox" (similarly named but in no way associated with Field Marshal Erwin Rommel) against Iraq, which featured the B-1B in its combat debut, and 1999 Operation "Allied Force" against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which involved the B-2A Spirit in its first uncontested mission of aggression, which was officially designated "combat". The "Allied Force" campaign also marked the Eighth's return to Europe and the participation of U.S. bombers in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) first combat operation. Altogether, the Eighth's bombers flew 325 sorties to drop over 7 million pounds of ordnance on a nation slightly smaller than the state of Colorado.
In 2000, the Air Force decided to integrate information operations into Eighth Air Force. The integration process started on 1 February 2001, when the Air Force realigned the Air Intelligence Agency (AIA) under ACC and assigned the 67th Information Operations Wing and the 70th Intelligence Wing to the Eighth. The reorganization transformed the Eighth into the only information operations and bomber NAF in the Air Force. For the Mighty Eighth, that change heralded an interesting future, one that bring further restructuring, different aircraft system purchases, and a new challenging mission to the NAF.
While posturing itself for that mission change, the Eighth also supported Operation "Enduring Freedom" in which the Air Force operates against targets in Afghanistan, and "NOBLE EAGLE" for the defense of North American airspace. Throughout the first six months of "ENDURING FREEDOM", the Mighty Eighth's bombers were instrumental in the eradication of many targets and opposing combatants in Afghanistan.
Global Strike Command[edit]
Under Air Force Global Strike Command since 1 Feb. 2010, Eighth Air Force controls strategic bomber (e.g., B-2 Spirit and B-52 Stratofortress, and B-1 Lancer) assets throughout the United States and overseas locations. Eighth Air Force would carry out its warfighting missions under U.S. Strategic Command or possibly other regional Unified combatant commands since the demise of U.S. Joint Forces Command. Eighth Air Force has five Regular Air Force bomb wings, two Air Reserve Total Force Integration bomb wings (one in Air Force Reserve Command and one in the Air National Guard), and one detachment in the continental United States.
Bomber wings of the 8th Air Force include:
- Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana
- 2d Bomb Wing, B-52H
- Dyess Air Force Base, Texas
- 7th Bomb Wing, B-1B
- Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota
- 28th Bomb Wing, B-1B
- Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota
- 5th Bomb Wing, B-52H
- Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri
- 509th Bomb Wing, B-2
- 576th Flight Test Squadron – Vandenberg Air Force Base, California
- 595th Command and Control Group - Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska[7]
Lineage, assignments, components, and stations[edit]
- Established as Eighth Air Force by the redesignation of VIII Bomber Command and activated on 2 February 1944
- Redesignated: Eighth Air Force (Air Forces Strategic) on 3 June 2008.
- United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe, 22 February 1944
- United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific, 16 July 1945
- Pacific Air Command, United States Army, 6 December 1945 (redesignation of U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific)
- Strategic Air Command, 7 June 1946
- Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992
- Air Force Global Strike Command, 1 August 2010
Major components[edit]
- VIII Air Force Composite Command: 22 Feb 1944 – 1 Feb 1945
- VIII Air Force Service Command: 22 Feb 1944 – 16 Jul 1945
- VIII Fighter Command: 22 Feb 1944 – 16 Jul 1945
Divisions during World War II[edit]
- Operated the B-17F/G Flying Fortress with "Triangle" tail codes between 22 February 1944 and 16 July 1945
- Headquartered at Brampton Grange, Brampton, Cambridgeshire
- 1st Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Bassingbourn (Call sign: Goonchild/Swordfish)
- 91st Bombardment Group (Triangle-A), RAF Bassingbourn
- 381st Bombardment Group (Triangle-L), RAF Ridgewell
- 398th Bombardment Group (Triangle-W), RAF Nuthampstead
- 482d Bombardment Group (No Tail Code), (B-17, B-24) RAF Alconbury
- RADAR-equipped pathfinder group. Attached to: VIII Composite Command, 14 Feb 1944 – 1 Jan 1945
- 40th Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Thurleigh (Call sign: Bullpen/Foxhole)
- 92d Bombardment Group (Triangle-B), RAF Podington
- 305th Bombardment Group (Triangle-G), RAF Chelveston
- 306th Bombardment Group (Triangle-H), RAF Thurleigh
- 41st Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Molesworth (Call sign: Fatgal/Cowboy)
- 303d Bombardment Group (Triangle-C), RAF Molesworth
- 379th Bombardment Group (Triangle-K), RAF Kimbolton
- 384th Bombardment Group (Triangle-P), RAF Grafton Underwood
- 94th Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Polebrook (Call sign: Ragweed/Woodcraft)
- 351st Bombardment Group (Triangle-J), RAF Polebrook
- 401st Bombardment Group (Triangle-S), RAF Deenethorpe
- 457th Bombardment Group (Triangle-U), RAF Glatton
- 67th Fighter Wing, Walcot Hall, Northamptonshire (Attached from VIII Fighter Command) (P-51D/K Mustang) (Call sign: Mohair)
- Operated B-24D/H/J/L/M Liberator with "Circle" tail codes until early February, 1944. Later designation was by various color vertical tail fins with contrasting horizontal, vertical, or diagonal stripes designating a specific bomb group between 22 February 1944 and 25 June 1945
- Headquartered at Ketteringham Hall[8] Norwich, Norfolk
- 2d Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Hethel (Call sign: Winston/Bourbon)
- 389th Bombardment Group (Circle-C, Black/White Vertical ), RAF Hethel
- 445th Bombardment Group (Circle-F, Black/White Horizontal[9]), RAF Tibenham
- 453d Bombardment Group (Circle-J, Black/White Diagonal), RAF Old Buckenham
- 14th Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Shipdham (Call sign: Hambone/Hardtack)
- 44th Bombardment Group (Circle-A), RAF Shipdham
- 392d Bombardment Group (Circle-D), RAF Wendling
- 491st Bombardment Group (Circle-Z), RAF North Pickenham (Aug 1944 – 16 Jul 1945)
- 492d Bombardment Group (Circle-U), RAF Harrington
- 20th Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Hardwick (Call sign: Pinestreet/Bigbear)
- 93d Bombardment Group (Circle-B), RAF Hardwick
- 446th Bombardment Group (Circle-H), RAF Bungay
- 448th Bombardment Group (Circle-I), RAF Seething
- 489th Bombardment Group (Circle-W), RAF Halesworth (Aug 1944 – 16 Jul 1945)
- 95th Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Halesworth (May–Aug 1944) (Call sign: Shamrock)
- 489th Bombardment Group (Circle-W), RAF Halesworth
- 491st Bombardment Group (Circle-Z), RAF North Pickenham
- 96th Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Horsham St Faith (Call sign: Redstar/Lincoln)
- 458th Bombardment Group (Circle-K), RAF Horsham St. Faith
- 466th Bombardment Group (Circle-L), RAF Attlebridge
- 467th Bombardment Group (Circle-P), RAF Rackheath
- 65th Fighter Wing (Attached from VIII Fighter Command), Saffron Walden (P-51D/K Mustang) (Call sign: Colgate)
- Operated B-17F/G Flying Fortress with Square tail codes between 22 February 1944 and 16 July 1945
- Headquartered at RAF Honington, Thetford, Norfolk
- 4th Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Bury St Edmunds (Call sign: Franklin/Hotshot)
- Redesignated from: 92d Combat Bombardment Wing, 22 November 1944
- Redesignated from: 4th Bombardment Wing (Provisional), 16 February 1945
- 94th Bombardment Group (Square-A), RAF Bury St. Edmunds
- 447th Bombardment Group (Square-K), RAF Rattlesden
- 486th Bombardment Group (Square-O/W), RAF Sudbury
- (Converted from B-24s to B-17s, Summer 1944)
- 487th Bombardment Group (Square-P), RAF Lavenham
- (Converted from B-24s to B-17s, Summer 1944)
- 13th Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Horham (Call sign: Zootsuit/Fireball)
- 95th Bombardment Group (Square-B), RAF Horham
- 100th Bombardment Group (Square-D), RAF Thorpe Abbotts
- 390th Bombardment Group (Square-J), RAF Framlingham
- 45th Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Snetterton Heath (Call sign: Zootsuit/Fireball)
- 96th Bombardment Group (Square-C), RAF Snetterton Heath
- 388th Bombardment Group (Square-H), RAF Knettishall
- 452d Bombardment Group (Square-L), RAF Deopham Green
- 93d Combat Bombardment Wing, RAF Mendlesham, (Call sign: Zootsuit/Fireball)
- 34th Bombardment Group (Square-S), RAF Mendlesham
- (Converted from B-24s to B-17s, Summer 1944)
- 385th Bombardment Group (Square-G), RAF Great Ashfield
- 490th Bombardment Group (Square-T), RAF Eye
- (Converted from B-24s to B-17s, Summer 1944)
- 493d Bombardment Group (Square-S), RAF Little Walden
- (Converted from B-24s to B-17s, Summer 1944)
- 34th Bombardment Group (Square-S), RAF Mendlesham
- 66th Fighter Wing, Sawston Hall, (Attached from VIII Fighter Command) (P-51D/K Mustang) (Call sign: Oilskin)
- Special Groups: as of 1 Jan 1945
- 36th Bombardment Squadron, (B-24H/J)
- Radar/Electronic-countermeasure operations: August 1944 – April 1945
Divisions (Strategic Air Command)[edit]
- 2d Bomb Wing, 16 Jun 1988 – present
- 5th Bomb Wing, 1 Jun 1991 – present
- 7th Bomb Wing, 1 Oct 2015 – present
- 9th Reconnaissance Wing, 1 Oct 2002 – 1 October 2009
- 28th Bomb Wing, 1 Oct 2015 – present
- 67th Information Operations (later, 67th Network Warfare) Wing, 1 Feb 2001 – present
- 509th Bombardment (later, 509th Bomb) Wing, 29 Mar 1989 – present
- 552d Air Control Wing, 1 Oct 2002 – 1 Oct 2009[10]
- 492d Bombardment Group, RAF North Pickenham, 18 Apr 1944 – 8 Jul 1945
- Assigned directly to Eighth Air Force Headquarters, performed special operations (Operation Carpetbagger) missions.
- 608th Air Operations Center (formerly 608th Air Operations Group and 608th Air and Space Operations Center), 1 Jan 1994 – present
- Air Force Information Operations: 1 May 2007 – present
See also[edit]
- Target for Today - ninety-four-minute depiction of an Operation Pointblank mission from 1944.
- Mighty Eighth Air Force Museum
- Eighth Air Force Museum
- David Wade, past commander
- ^ The Eighth Air Force's now commonly-accepted nickname, "The Mighty Eighth", derives from the title of British farmer and life-long Eighth Air Force historian Roger A. Freeman's seminal History of the U.S. 8th Army Air Force (Doubleday and Company, 1970).
- ^ Video: Allies Pierce Siegfried Line. Universal Newsreel. 1945. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
- ^ "Factsheets : Eighth Air Force". 8af.af.mil. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- ^ USAAF.net
- ^ "Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces - May 1944". usaaf.net. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
- ^ a b c USAF Historical Research Agency Document 00219137
- ^ http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/968759/e-4bs-realign-under-8th-air-force-595th-cacg-stands-up.aspx
- ^ "Headquarters". 2nd Air Division Memorial Library. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^ Simpson, Michael. "History of the 445th Bomb Group, Revised Edition". Unit Historian. Self. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
- ^ Blacke, Kinder (1 October 2009). "12 AF welcomes back 552 ACW". 552nd Air Control Wing Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "http://www.barksdale.af.mil/8af".
- Anderson, Christopher J. The Men of the Mighty Eighth: The U.S. 8th Air Force, 1942–1945 (G.I. Series N°24). London : Greenhill, 2001.
- Astor, Gerald. The Mighty Eighth: The Air War in Europe as told by the Men who Fought it. New York: D.I. Fine Books, 1997.
- Bowman, Martin. 8th Air Force at War: Memories and Missions, England, 1942–1945. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1994.
- Bowman, Martin. Castles in the Air: The Story of the Men from the US 8th Air Force. Walton-on-Thames, UK: Red Kite, 2000.
- Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Office of Air Force History, 1961, republished 1983.
- Freeman, Roger A. and Winston G. Ramsey. Airfields of the Eighth: Then and Now. London: After the Battle, 1978. Republished 1992.
- Freeman, Roger A. The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines – A History of the US 8th Air Force. 1970. ISBN 0-87938-638-X.
- Revised as The Mighty Eighth: a History of the Units, Men and Machines of the Us 8th Air Force. Cassell & Co., 2000. ISBN 1-85409-035-6.
- Freeman, Roger A. et al. The Mighty Eighth War Diary. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1981.
- Freeman, Roger A. (Ed.) The Mighty Eighth in Art. London: Arms & Armour, 1995.
- Freeman, Roger A. The Mighty Eighth in Colour. London: Arms & Armour, 1991.
- New Edition as The Mighty Eighth: The Colour Record. London: Cassell & Co., 2001.
- Freeman, Roger A. The Mighty Eighth War Diary. 1990. ISBN 0-87938-495-6.
- Freeman, Roger A. Mighty Eighth War Manual. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1984.
- Freeman, Roger A. The Mighty Eighth: Warpaint and Heraldry. London: Arms & Armour, 1997.
- Lambert, John W. The 8th Air Force: Victory and Sacrifice: A World War II Photo History. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0-7643-2534-5.
- McLachlan, Ian and Russell J. Zorn. Eighth Air Force Bomber Stories: Eye-Witness Accounts from American Airmen and British Civilians of the Perils of War. Yeovil, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1991.
- McLaughlin, (Brigadier General) J. Kemp. The Mighty Eighth in World War II: A Memoir. Kentucky University Press, 2000.
- Miller, Kent D. Fighter Units & Pilots of the 8th Air Force September 1942 – May 1945. Volume 1 Day-to-Day Operations – Fighter Group Histories. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7643-1241-3.
- Miller, Kent D. and Nancy Thomas. Fighter Units & Pilots of the 8th Air Force September 1942 – May 1945. Volume 2 Aerial Victories – Ace Data. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-7643-1242-1.
- Ramsey, Winston G. [Editor]. Airfields of the Eighth. London: 1978.
- Scutts, Jerry. Lion in the Sky: US 8th Air Force Fighter Operations, 1942–1945. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1987.
- Smith, Graham. The Mighty Eighth in the Second World War. Newbury: Countryside Books, 2001.
- Steijger, Cees. A History of USAFE. Voyageur, 1991. ISBN 1-85310-075-7.
- Strong, Russell A. A Biographical Directory of the 8th Air Force, 1942–1945. Manhattan, Kansas: Military Affairs – Aerospace Historian, 1985.
- Werrell, Kenneth P. & Robin Higham. Eighth Air Force Bibliography : An Extended Essay & Listing of Published & Unpublished Materials. Manhattan, Kansas: Military Affairs – Aerospace Historian, 1981 (Second Edition 1997, Strasburg, Pennsylvania: 8th Air Force Memorial Museum Foundation, 1997).
- Woolnough, John H. (Ed.) The 8th Air Force Album: The Story of the Mighty Eighth Air Force in WW II. Hollywood, Florida: 8th AF News, 1978.
- Woolnough, John H. (Ed.) The 8th Air Force Yearbook: The current Status of 8th AF Unit Associations, 1980. Hollywood, Florida: 8th AF News, 1981.
- Woolnough, John H. (Ed.) Stories of the Eighth: An Anthology of the 8th Air Force in World War Two. Hollywood, Fla.: 8th AF News, 1983.
- Office of Air Force History (1983) [1961]. Maurer, Maurer, ed. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Print. Off. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
- "8th Air Force to become new cyber command". Archived from the original on 15 March 2007.
External links[edit]
- USAF Fact Sheets: Eighth Air Force History
- Eighth Air Force official website
- Eighth Air Force Archive at Penn State
- Eight Air Force tactical mission report of Operation Shuttle
- Establishment of the Eighth Air Force in the United Kingdom
- The Ruhr – one of the main target of the 8th USAAF in Europe, 1943–1945
- Map of 8th Air Force airfields in England 1942–1945
- Crew 21 – 96BG 337BS 1943 East Anglia, UK.
- Eighth Air Force Historical Society
- A 1956 LIFE photo of every plane in the Eighth Air Force's arsenal
- Eighth Air Force is available for free download at the Internet Archive
- 4th Fighter Group Association, 65 Fighter Wing, 8th Air Force World War II
- Replica WWII 8th AF Briefing Room at U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum
- National Museum of the Mighty Eighth Air Force Savannah, Georgia


text:
94 N. Main Street, Jasper, GA - (706) 253-2457
From Beetles to Karmann Ghias and Things, vintage Volkswagens will descend on Main Street this Saturday, August 2 for Jasper's first VW Car Show & Swap Meet, organized by Vintage VW off Camp Road.
"The closest VW shows you have are in Chattanooga and down in Atlanta," said Vintage VW owner Rick Laukka, who has been working with the Jasper Merchant's Association to organize the event. "There was nothing in North Georgia and We wanted to fill that gap, but we also wanted to bring tourists to Jasper to support businesses here and bring in some revenue."
Laukka said with it being the show's first year there's no telling how many VWs will show up, "but we've had a great response," he said. "Our phone has been ringing a lot this week."
The event will feature live music, food vendors, and vendors for VW stickers, used parts, a VW locksmith, VW art and a variety of others.
Trophies - sponsored by Domin8 Mobile Food Service - will be awarded for first and second place in five different classes. Participants can also take part in the parts swap.
"A lot of older Volkswagen parts aren't manufactured anymore," Laukka said, "so we invite people to come out with odd parts and they can buy, sell or trade. We want to bring VW people together."
The show will be held on North Main Street in Jasper from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m.

subset: commoncrawl


text: We Can Now Laugh At This Canadian TV Reporter Who Spoke Gibberish On MondayEmma Carmichael3/24/11 4:40pmFiled to: TransliterationEh?Media MeltdownsMark mcallisterGlobal torontoTv reportersTelevisionCanadaserene bransonFb43EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Global Toronto reporter Mark McAllister had a Serene Branson moment on air earlier in the week, as he attempted to report on Canada's involvement in the Libya effort. McAllister is reportedly doing fine after experiencing what the network called "a moment of disorientation," so it is probably safe to enjoy our subtitled interpretation of the report in the above video. And we sincerely hope McAllister is feeling more oriented today.


text:
Beautifully engineered hardware allied with great software, the HTC Legend is super-fast too
It's a cliché but it's true. The iPhone 3GS has been top of the smartphone pile for nearly a year now, and its reign has been pretty much unchallenged. Now, as the new iPhone 4 looms, there are two rivals worthy of the name: the HTC Legend, and the Desire.DesignThe Legend is a gorgeous piece of kit, with a body machined from a billet of aluminium, an optical four-way control set minimally into the phone's subtle "chin", and soft touch pads on the rear to prevent the silver finish being scratched. Its profile - all sensuous curves, not-too-sharp edges and rounded corners - means the Legend is a fabulous phone to hold in the hand. Even the battery compartment is smart; instead of the rear panel clipping on and off, the SIM card, battery and microSD slot all sit beneath a small rubberised cap on the bottom edge.ScreenTurn the Legend on and its tremendous OLED screen glows into life. Colours take on an almost hyper-realistic hue, which helps UI elements, graphics, video and web pages leap from the screen. Another advantage is the brightness, which keeps things clear and readable even when dialled down to one step above minimum to conserve battery. We've seen well-built phones before, but this handset could teach Apple a thing or two.OS featuresThe beauty of the Legend isn't just skin deep, however; there's plenty of substance behind the perfect facade. For starters, it runs Android 2.1 (aka Eclair), which means you get a unified email inbox, support for multiple Gmail accounts and five home screens. The Legend also implements pinch-to-zoom gestures, just as the Hero did before it, for iPhone-esque web browsing.What you don't get is the full array of voice control that you do with Google's Nexus One nor Google's turn-by-turn navigation application. You can, however, download the Voice Search app from the Android Market if you're desperate to look an idiot shouting search terms into your phone.InterfaceThen there's the latest version of HTC's Sense UI added on top. The key benefit of this is that it unifies contacts, pictures and updates from Facebook, Flickr and Twitter into one location. The updates come via the Friend Stream app, preinstalled on one of the home screens. But it also adds a home screen overview mode: on the main screen, hit the home button, or pinch your fingers as if to zoom out, and up pops a thumbnail view of each of the Legend's five home screens. Another tap takes you to the screen you need, and you can even temporarily zoom in this view to take a closer look and then back out again.FeaturesElsewhere, the HTC Legend boasts all the hardware you'd expect to see in a phone of this class. There's fast HSDPA data, strong call performance anywhere in the world with quad-band GSM support, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, an FM radio tuner and GPS. There's a full array of sensors, including a digital compass, accelerometer, plus light and proximity sensors. The 5-megapixel autofocus camera is good too. Images boast good contrast with less of the washed-out look we've seen with HTC phones in the past, and there's a single-LED flash on the rear for emergency use in low-light.ResponsivenessWhat makes the jaw drop lower than anything else, however, is this phone's sheer speed. It responds to finger gestures as if reading your mind, with web pages and menus whizzing by at express speed. Nothing judders, nothing lags and there are no delays. At the time of writing, only the iPhone 3GS can match it for sheer alacrity.
Surprisingly, this responsiveness doesn't appear to stem from sheer horsepower. The Legend's CPU is rated at only 600MHz, and it didn't put in a particularly stellar performance in our browser tests. It loaded the SMH homepage over Wi-Fi in an average of 14 seconds and scored 93 in the Acid3 test. Several phones are speedier than this, including the iPhone 3GS, which also scores higher in Acid3.Battery LifeNeither is battery life particularly impressive. With just a 1300mAh lithium-ion cell inside, that isn't surprising, but we'd prefer to have seen more than 40% remaining after our 24-hour test. This involves 30 minutes of calls, an hour of music playback, an hour of the screen on idle, plus a 50MB download, with background Gmail synchronisation. It's below average, and lags behind the iPhone 3GS by a notch.Two final complaints are that the strip of buttons that rest in the angle between the phone's chin and screen feels a little plasticky next to the quality of everything else, and the amount of storage is low. There's just 512MB of integrated storage and a 2GB microSD card in the box.ConclusionIn the context of the phone as a whole, though, these are relatively minor complaints. It's wonderful to finally have an Android smartphone that stands toe to toe with Apple on design, speed and ease of use. Better still, the HTC Legend manages to do so without costing the earth. The iPhone 3GS just about shades it, thanks to its superior app selection and slightly better battery life, but there's barely a hair's breadth between the two.
This Review appeared in the August, 2010 issue of PC & Tech Authority Magazine
Source: Copyright © Alphr, Dennis Publishing
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text: Deals: Xbox One for $360, Preorders for Alien, Halo 5, Destiny, MoreShane Roberts7/10/14 12:45pmFiled to: Kotaku DealsDeals1254EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkWe've got a slew of notable preorders and preorder discounts for you today.AdvertisementLet's start with Alien: Isolation which, in one of the more egregious, anti-consumer uses of the pre-order we've seen in a long time, has locked Sigourney Weaver behind the pre-order wall. [Alien: Isolation]Oh sorry, you wanted good news? Ok, use code ALIENI-SOLATI-ONPC25 to get the PC version for $37.50. [Alien: Isolation]Now for something much happier. Preorder any of the following Xbox One games from Microsoft's Store and get a $10 credit. AdvertisementHalo 5: GuardiansHalo: The Master Chief CollectionSunset OverdriveCall of Duty: Advanced WarfareFinally we come to Destiny. The great thing about this Limited Edition of course being that it comes with real, significant content you'll actually want. 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This post is about the Yamani-Ryu bojutsu kata, Shuji Nu Kun (or Shuji No Kon). I learned this kata from Sensei Katsuhiko Shinzato, along with Sakugawa Nu Kun and Shirataru Nu Kun.
Monday, I was going over the kata with my students. I asked them, "How many times do you change your grip during the kata?"
The answer was surprising, even to me. You do not change your grip at all during the kata. Once you grip the bo, your right and left hand grips do not change. You only slide the bo to make one end or the other longer or shorter.
How amazing that such a beautiful and varied kata could involve no grip changes.
I think of Shuji Nu Kun as being similar to our Rohai kata. Both are relatively short, but contain techniques that involve very advanced principles. It is very difficult to perform these kata well.
Charles C. Goodin
Shuji Nu Kun
Posted by Charles C. Goodin on Wednesday, January 24, 2007


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Study Nursing Courses Online Australia
Types of Nurses
Nursing is an allied health profession that is primarily concerned with the care of individuals, families, and communities to achieve or maintain optimal health and enhance quality of life. In Australia, nurses have been governed by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia since 2010. This agency works under the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (APHRA) to enable a national approach to nursing regulation.
Nurse Practitioner
An advanced practice registered nurse (RN) who has acquired advanced clinical education to a master's levelis called a nurse practitioner (NP). An NP's scope of practice goes beyond that of an RN in that an NP is qualified to conduct physical examinations, as well as order the diagnostic tests and medical treatments necessary to address both acute and chronic illnesses. In addition, NPs can prescribe medications and perform advanced procedures with or without the supervision of a physician.
To be an NP in Australia, an individual has to accumulate some experience as an RN. NPs are required to register under AHPRA. The professional organization governing NPs is the Australian College of Nurse Practitioners
Registered Nurse
Registered nurses (RNs) are individuals who possess a bachelor's degree in Nursing. RNs are educated and trained to take responsibility for the direct care of patients under the supervision of a physician. Working as an RN enables an individual to gain exposure to a large number of clinical areas, including aged care, pediatrics, orthopedics, and intensive care.
Being an RN in Australia can provide individuals with a stable career in either the hospital or clinical research and laboratory setting. Gaining extensive clinical experience can also open opportunities for an RN to become a specialist in a particular clinical area.
Enrolled Nurse
Enrolled Nurses (ENs) work under the supervision of an RN in the delivery of basic patient care. In Australia, an individual can become an EN by acquiring two years of training consisting of both theoretical and practical components.
Most ENs are generalists who have the skills necessary to work in any aspect of health care. Their primary responsibilities include the measurement and recording of vital signs, the preparation and administration of oral medications and injections, as well as wound dressing. The shortage of qualified RNs in Australia has resulted in the expansion of the role of ENs in the hospital setting.
This page lists where to open study online nursing courses in Australia for distance education programs.A sample of the available nursing programs includes:
- Bachelor Of Nursing Pre-registration - Charles Darwin University
- Bachelor Of Nursing (honours) - Flinders University
- Bachelor Of Science (nursing) Honours - Edith Cowan University
- Postgraduate Certificate In Child And Adolescent Mental Health Nursing - Edith Cowan University
- Graduate Certificate In Nurse Led Telephone Triage And Consultation - Edith Cowan University
- Master Of Mental Health Nursing (research) - Flinders University
If you do not find a course that matches your requirements then broaden your search from distance learning nursing Australia courses to related areas of study.


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AMD Athlon II X4 620 & 630: The First $99 Quad Core CPU
by Anand Lal Shimpi on September 16, 2009 12:00 AM EST- Posted in
- CPUs
SYSMark 2007 Performance
Our journey starts with SYSMark 2007, the only all-encompassing performance suite in our review today. The idea here is simple: one benchmark to indicate the overall performance of your machine.
If we only look at the AMD numbers in this chart, there's a pretty nice lineup going on here. The Athlon II X2 250 is slower than the Athlon II X4 620/630, which is slower than the Phenom II X3 730 and all are slower than the Phenom II X4 955. The performance lines up with the pricing, so all is good.
The problem with these cheap quad-cores has always been that you give up a lot in order to get four cores at a low price. The Athlon II X4 appears to break the mold however. The Athlon II X4 620 is priced at $99 and it performs like a $99 CPU. With the exception of the Core 2 Duo E7500 whose high clock speed makes it do unsually well here, the 620 is balanced. You get a reasonably high clock speed and enough cache to be competitive, both at a good price.
You'll see in the individual tests below that performance varies between competitive and underwhelming depending on the task. Anything that can take advantage of four cores does well, otherwise the smaller L2s of the Athlon II X4 hurt it a bit.
In applications that aren't well threaded, you'll see the Athlon II X4 perform less than stellar - but the same is true for all lower end quad-core CPUs. Even the Q8200 is outperformed by the E6300 here. Situations like this are validation for Intel's aggressive turbo modes on Lynnfield.
Any strenuous video encoding however will seriously favor the Athlon II X4. Here we find the $99 620 tying the Core 2 Quad Q8200, and the 630 outperforming it - all at a lower price.
We're back to needing higher clock speeds and larger caches to compete. Being a quad-core processor isn't easy.
149 Comments
View All Comments
silverblue - Wednesday, September 16, 2009 - link
Sure, AMD has been forced to realise that competing at the higher end is a worthless exercise thanks to Lynnfield, however they've had Propus on their roadmap for a year now so I'd hardly term it "Emergency Edition". It's not a clock-speed bump like a certain Emergency Edition we all remember (how much did the various P4 EEs cost again?).
With AMD providing a more complete platform, and especially one that allows for easy upgrades, the new Athlon II X4s could work for them in that it'll be cheap to upgrade from the old Athlon X2s as well as relatively inexpensive to build a new setup with CPU/motherboard/RAM (remember the onboard Radeon still runs rings around any Intel IGP). I doubt that i5/i7 sales make up most of their current order book (hell, they're still advertising Core2 on television and in IT publications here in the UK) so, like with graphics cards, the majority of the money stands to be made from mainstream and value products. As someone said before, this could be great for OEMs to improve their margins, as well as AMD if it means more bundles are sold. What's more, as things get more multi-threaded, dual cores fall more and more below the curve.
I'm interested in seeing what Intel does, and even though their market share has grown again this quarter, I don't believe they can just do nothing about the Athlon II X4. Generally, below $150 or so, AMD does offer better performance for the price, even if, per clock, an Intel chip does more (and it's not always down to Intel-specific optimisations either) and earns its maker more money. Reply -
silverblue - Wednesday, September 16, 2009 - link
Slight clarification on the P4 EE; it wasn't just a clock speed bump (3.2GHz -> 3.46GHz -> 3.73GHz) as, for example, the FSB was increased with the 3.46GHz model to 1066MT/s, then the core changed from Gallatin to Prescott (inc. extra cache) for the 3.73GHz model.
Don't want anyone to think I just picked on the P4 EE just because it was fashionable or anything :) Reply -
Ratman6161 - Wednesday, September 16, 2009 - link
Microcenter is advertising a special on the i5 750 at $159. But even at the full $206 suggested retail, if you are really doing something that benefits from 4 cores, it doesn't really make sense to me to go with anything less. There are even 1166 motherboards for just over $100 so the $99 quad just isn't saving enough to make it worthwhile. Reply -
gstrickler - Wednesday, September 16, 2009 - link
On page 6 of the review the Excel Monte Carlo Simulation test shows the Q8200 (2.33GHz) being faster than the Q8400 (2.66Ghz)
Same thing happens again on page 7 on the WinRAR Archive Creation test.
You didn't mention it in the text and it's very unlike you to overlook or fail to comment on such an odd result. Reply -
flipmode - Wednesday, September 16, 2009 - link
you said
Overclocking suffers a bit as the chips capable of the highest clocks are destined to be Phenom IIs.
And I think this does not make any sense. These are probably manufactured on their own wafers, and they are not Deneb dice, but completely different dice, so regardless of the clockspeed that any individual die is capable of, it cannot become a Phenom 2. Reply -
Anand Lal Shimpi - Wednesday, September 16, 2009 - link
You're quite right :) I clarified in the article. That would apply to rebadged Denebs, but as to why the Propus core doesn't clock so well it's not totally clear to me at this point.
It could be a design decision or just the impact of manufacturing a brand new die or just a bad sample.
Note that I could get the chip a lot higher but it wasn't stable by my definition :)
Take care,
Anand Reply -
gstrickler - Wednesday, September 16, 2009 - link
It's not overclocking. These chips are rated to run at "turbo" speed indefinitely. Each of the 4 cores is capable of running at that speed. However, for power and thermal management of all 4 cores, the on chip power management "underclocks" the cores dynamically depending upon load to keep the combination of all active cores from exceeding thermal and power limits.
Intel is being very honest in listing the speed as the slowest speed at which all 4 cores can run concurrently, even though they're all rated to run 1.5x bus multiplier steps faster. The difference between the slowest "underclock" and "turbo" mode on the upcoming Core i7 mobile chips is reported to be much more than 1.5x (~6x). Again, that's for power (mostly) and thermal management, allowing it to operate as a fast single/dual-core or slower tri/quad core depending upon current usage.
The reality is that most software can't currently take advantage of more than 1 or 2 cores, and for those applications, you're going to get the benefits of turbo mode. When you're running tasks that can benefit from 3 or 4 cores, the cores reduce their clock to limit the power and heat, giving lower performance on each thread, but higher total throughput.
The user gets the benefits of a fast dual core and a slower quad core, depending upon current load. Because all of that power management is handled by the PM on the CPU, it's transparent to the OS. Reply -
The0ne - Wednesday, September 16, 2009 - link
I see many angry users concern about the term overclocking. It strikes me hilarious that people really claim to know what Intel is and/or have actually done with their chip.
I too agree it is not a fair comparison because the Turbo mode does increases the frequency. Granted that this is a feature of the chip itself but that is a feature that is not present on the AMD and hence isn't a apples to apples comparison. If you're going to represent Intel with a 600MHGhz boost why not compare it to a regular clocked AMD and an AMD chip that is clocked around the same turbo-boosted speed. That would be a fair comparison and would give anyone a clearer picture.
The reason why the arguments by most of the users here are hilarious to me is that I don't think they have a clue to how the CPU's were tested. We have had CPU's that were generally locked to keep the speed/price ration. This "feature" was not presented as a feature to the consumer but once the market found out the chip could actually provide more then they in a sense enabled it. So the difference here now is is that Intel is making this available, unlocked and calling it a feature and suddenly cries of joy and stupidity are abound. Yes, yes, the technology isn't entirely the same but the end result is.
Do you seriously think Intel did not overstress test their chips and fool-heartily tested only at stock. Do you think they didn't test them in turbo mode and still continue until the chip died? I can't recount the 30 years on my engineering career not having to test products in the extreme range of just about anything (temp, vibration, shock, emc, drop, shipping, customer use, etc.). If you are an engineer and don't do this you shouldn't be selling your shtty product, end of conversation. Feel free to disagree and be laugh at by the industry.
Having said of of this the simple matter is that if Intel's feature is boosting the clock by 600, then why not compare an AMD chip with similarly clocked speed? And further more, why do you even rant about having to do this in the first place? Getting caught up in this "overclocking" terminology and not looking beyond what stands to reason is ignorant. At the very least I would hope to see the lower price Intel I5/I7 compare with the competition in default and turbo modes. Why wouldn't YOU?
Flame away, Reply -
Ratman6161 - Wednesday, September 16, 2009 - link
Weather its overclocking or not, leaving the turbo feature on the i5 makes it a good comparison for those people who want to just plug in the chip and run it within its specs. You are comparing "out of the box" speed of one versus the other. It doesn't make sense for every one, but I think the article gave enough information for the knowledgeable reader to make their own decisions. Reply -
pervisanathema - Wednesday, September 16, 2009 - link
How can anyone advocate intentionally crippling the superior product in order to make the comparison more favorable for the competition? That's like a car magazine intetionally removing the turbo from a factory turbo charged vehicle so "that would be a fair comparison and would give anyone a clearer picture."


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Home > Faculty & Staff > Information Technology Services > Web-Based Services
Web-Based Services
Information Technology Services (ITS) maintains the colleges web-based services and hardware. Marketing, advertising, event calendars, student portal and eLearning technologies are all maintained by ITS in conjunctions with other departments.
Bristol Community College maintains a web-based email portal for faculty and staff to access their email from off campus. Once you have a BCC email address, you can access It from any computer with internet access using Outlook Web Access.
For more information on email and web-based access, please contact ITS at x3333.
Web Page
The Bristol Community College (BCC) web page for marketing is maintained by College Communications in cooperation with ITS . All content for the BCC web page must have approval of College Communications and adhere to the the BCC web policy for style and content.
College news and events can be submitted to College Communications in a timely manner for inclusion in the Spotlight News events or Events Calendar.
Scheduled events may be submitted to the appropriate departmental contact for inclusion in the college Events Calendar. For more information on the college Events Calendar you may contact College Communications at ext. 2169.
Student Portal
ITS maintains the security and access control to the student portal, accessBCC. For assistance in technical issues you may contact ITS at ext. 3333.
Designated contacts from college departments, organizations and groups may also add directed marketing messages, student email announcements and content channels to accessBCC.
For more information on how to add your content to the accessBCC portal, please contact ITS at ext. 3333.


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Re: Set page width for Put; or is there a stream associated with Put
Hello, You can investigate how Put works with Trace: Trace[x >> "log.txt", TraceInternal -> True] The output shows that Put is based on OpenWrite. So what you need is to evaluate SetOptions[OpenAppend, PageWidth -> Infinity] HTH, Alexey "ezh" <dgolber at aol.com> news:jb2htn$5dl$1 at smc.vnet.net... > Running Mathematica 4. > I have a bunch of Mathematica code that uses "Put". Is there a way to > set the page width (so long lines don't get folded)? > > If I knew a stream associated with Put, then I could set the Page > Width there. > > I suspect that the answer is to not use put, but to use "Open","Write, > etc. > > Thanks >


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Nursing Handbook For CNA Program
Residents of California cities and communities including Susanville, Truckee and Tahoe City enroll as • Revocation, denial, or suspension of a license or certificate, Admission, transfer, and discharge procedures. g. … Get Content Here
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As a student at South University, you will have the opportunity to learn from accomplished faculty members who have real-world experience in the subjects that they teach. Our small class sizes allow you to receive personalized attention from instructors, and the encouragement to recognize your goals for the future and the means to achieve them.
- Nursing (BS)
Since 1977, Keiser University has maintained a practical, hands-on approach to career education to help our students achieve their personal and professional goals. Our student-centered approach remains at the foundation of the Keiser University mission and continues to attract students who prefer a more personal learning experience.
- Bachelor of Science in Nursing (Accelerated)
There are a lot of reasons Bryant & Stratton College is the place to get an education. From the personal attention you receive from instructors that stay after class to make sure you are on the right track.
- BS Nursing Generalist
- AAS/ADN Nursing
- AAS Medical Assisting


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'American Idol,' Season 11, Who Was Voted Off?: TV Recap
Tonight at the beginning of "American Idol" there were 53 million votes, seven contestants, and zero saves left. And then in a jaw-dropping elimination, there were six, as a favorite went home.
The final seven performed "Dancing in The Streets" before hearing results. Then Joshua and Hollie were called up to the stage. Jimmy said while Hollie had a great performance with smart song choices last night, she has too far to climb to make it to the end. Jimmy thinks Joshua can get to the finals if he just keeps doing what he's doing. America agreed and put Hollie in the bottom three and Joshua in a safe seat.
Then Idol alum Kris Allen performed his new single "Vision of Love."
It was Skylar and Elise together next for results. Jimmy was down on both of Elise's performances last night and said for her to make it to the final she'll have to sing like she sang Led Zeppelin. Jimmy referred to Skylar as "the little engine that could" and "the best performer we have." Ryan asked Elise if she thought the judges and Jimmy were a bit harder on her, maybe she said, because she's older and can take it.
Before results continued, there was a piece on the late Dick Clark, Ryan's mentor, reviewing his many accomplishments and his impact on the music, television and entertainment scenes.
Then LMFAO performed "Sorry For Party Rocking."
Then results resumed, with only true favorites left to fill the final seat in the bottom three. Phillip, Colton and Jessica stepped up. Jimmy apologized for letting a song too old for Jessica hit the stage, but he loved Phillip's first performance. He was really disappointed not only with Colton's "Bad Romance" showing, but also the outfit he performed it in.
Jessica was declared safe and so was Phillip, who has yet to land in the bottom three. Colton, though, found himself in unfamiliar territory, taking the third seat beside Elise and Hollie. Off the hook first, after a bit of a fake out by Ryan: Elise, who took the couch with the rest of the safe crowd.
Two lowest vote getters: Colton and Hollie.
Surprisingly eliminated and out of the competition: Colton Dixon.
How do you feel about America's decision? Follow Stephanie Krikorian on Twitter @tvnewschick.