text: Biology Letters recent issues http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org Biology Letters RSS feed -- recent issues 1744-957X Biology Letters 1744-9561 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/4/20170556?rss=1 Stressful conditions experienced during early development can have deleterious effects on offspring morphology, physiology and behaviour. However, few studies have examined how developmental stress influences an individual's cognitive phenotype. Using a viviparous lizard, we show that the availability of food resources to a mother during gestation influences a key component of her offspring's cognitive phenotype: their decision-making. Offspring from females who experienced low resource availability during gestation did better in an anti-predatory task that relied on spatial associations to guide their decisions, whereas offspring from females who experienced high resource availability during gestation did better in a foraging task that relied on colour associations to inform their decisions. This shows that the prenatal environment can influence decision-making in animals, a cognitive trait with functional implications later in life. ]]> 2018-04-11T00:05:12-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0556 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0556 2018-04-11 Animal behaviour 14 4 20170556 20170556 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/4/20170617?rss=1 Australia's iconic emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae novaehollandiae) is the only living representative of its genus, but fossil evidence and reports from early European explorers suggest that three island forms (at least two of which were dwarfs) became extinct during the nineteenth century. While one of these—the King Island emu—has been found to be conspecific with Australian mainland emus, little is known about how the other two forms—Kangaroo Island and Tasmanian emus—relate to the others, or even the size of Tasmanian emus. We present a comprehensive genetic and morphological analysis of Dromaius diversity, including data from one of the few definitively genuine Tasmanian emu specimens known. Our genetic analyses suggest that all the island populations represent sub-populations of mainland D. novaehollandiae. Further, the size of island emus and those on the mainland appears to scale linearly with island size but not time since isolation, suggesting that island size—and presumably concomitant limitations on resource availability—may be a more important driver of dwarfism in island emus, though its precise contribution to emu dwarfism remains to be confirmed. ]]> 2018-04-04T00:05:20-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0617 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0617 2018-04-04 Evolutionary biology 14 4 20170617 20170617 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/4/20170730?rss=1 As the natural habitats of many species are degraded or disappear, there is scope for these species to be established in urban habitats. To ease the establishment and maintenance of urban populations of more species we need to better understand what degree of phenotypical change to expect as different species transition into urban environments. During the first stages of urban colonization, behavioural changes such as an increase in boldness are particularly important. A consistent response in urban populations is to decrease the distance at which individuals flee from an approaching human (flight initiation distance, or FID). Performing a phylogenetic generalized least-squares (PGLS) analysis on 130 avian species, I found that the largest changes in FID between rural and urban populations occur in species that are larger-bodied and naturally shy (higher rural FID), two phenotypic traits that are not normally associated with urban colonizers. More unlikely species may thus be able to colonize urban environments, especially if we design cities in ways that promote such urban colonizations. ]]> 2018-04-11T00:05:12-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0730 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0730 2018-04-11 Animal behaviour 14 4 20170730 20170730 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/4/20170747?rss=1 While it is widely acknowledged that forest biodiversity contributes to climate change mitigation through improved carbon sequestration, conversely how climate affects tree species diversity–forest productivity relationships is still poorly understood. We combined the results of long-term experiments where forest mixtures and corresponding monocultures were compared on the same site to estimate the yield of mixed-species stands at a global scale, and its response to climatic factors. We found positive mixture effects on productivity using a meta-analysis of 126 case studies established at 60 sites spread across five continents. Overall, the productivity of mixed-species forests was 15% greater than the average of their component monocultures, and not statistically lower than the productivity of the best component monoculture. Productivity gains in mixed-species stands were not affected by tree age or stand species composition but significantly increased with local precipitation. The results should guide better use of tree species combinations in managed forests and suggest that increased drought severity under climate change might reduce the atmospheric carbon sequestration capacity of natural forests. ]]> 2018-04-04T00:05:20-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0747 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0747 2018-04-04 Community ecology 14 4 20170747 20170747 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/4/20170761?rss=1 Trans-generational immunization is defined as the transmission of an enhanced resistance to a pathogen from parents to offspring. By using the host–parasite system of the ant Crematogaster scutellaris and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, we describe this phenomenon for the first time in ants. We exposed four groups of hibernating queens to different treatments (i) a non-lethal dose of live conidiospores in Triton, (ii) a dose of heat-killed conidiospores in Triton, (iii) a control Triton solution, and (iv) a naive control. We exposed their first workers to a high dose of conidiospores and measured mortality rates. Workers produced by queens exposed to live conidiospores survived longer than those belonging to the other groups, while exposure to Triton and dead spores had no effect. Starved workers showed a significantly higher mortality. The treatments did not influence queen mortality, nor the number of offspring they produced at the emergence of the first worker, showing no evidence of immunization costs—at least for these parameters in the first year of colony development. We propose that trans-generational immunization represents an important component of social immunity that could affect colony success, particularly during the critical phase of claustral foundation. ]]> 2018-04-18T00:05:08-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0761 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0761 2018-04-18 Pathogen biology 14 4 20170761 20170761 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/4/20180007?rss=1 Balancing selection is a major mechanism to maintain colour polymorphisms over evolutionary time. In common buzzards, variation in plumage colour was reportedly maintained by a heterozygote advantage: heterozygote intermediates had higher fitness than homozygote light and dark morphs. Here, we challenge one of the basic premises of the heterozygote advantage hypothesis, by testing whether plumage colour variation in common buzzards follows a one-locus two-allele inheritance model. Using a long-term population study with 202 families, we show that colour variation in buzzards is highly heritable. However, we find no support for a simple Mendelian one-locus two-allele model of inheritance. Our results rather suggest that buzzard plumage colour should be considered a quantitative polygenic trait. As a consequence, it is unlikely that the proposed heterozygote advantage is the mechanism that maintains this genetic variation. We hypothesize that plumage colour effects on fitness might depend on the environment, but this remains to be tested. ]]> 2018-04-18T00:05:08-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0007 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0007 2018-04-18 Evolutionary biology 14 4 20180007 20180007 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/4/20180056?rss=1 Almost all mammals communicate using sound, but few species produce complex songs. Two baleen whales sing complex songs that change annually, though only the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) has received much research attention. This study focuses on the other baleen whale singer, the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). Members of the Spitsbergen bowhead whale population produced 184 different song types over a 3-year period, based on duty-cycled recordings from a site in Fram Strait in the northeast Atlantic. Distinct song types were recorded over short periods, lasting at most some months. This song diversity could be the result of population expansion, or immigration of animals from other populations that are no longer isolated from each other by heavy sea ice. However, this explanation does not account for the within season and annual shifting of song types. Other possible explanations for the extraordinary diversity in songs could be that it results either from weak selection pressure for interspecific identification or for maintenance of song characteristics or, alternatively, from strong pressure for novelty in a small population. ]]> 2018-04-04T00:05:20-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0056 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0056 2018-04-04 Animal behaviour 14 4 20180056 20180056 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/4/20180086?rss=1 Life-history trade-offs are predicted to contribute to the maintenance of personality variation. Individuals with 'fast' lifestyles should develop faster, reproduce earlier and exhibit more risky behaviours. Evidence for such predicted links, however, remains equivocal. Here, I test how growth rate, timing of maturation, litter size and maternal effort correlate with exploration, boldness, fearlessness, docility and escape latency. I found several links that were predicted by recent theory while others were against theoretical predictions, e.g. fast-growing individuals were more fearful. Thus, while I found personality to be integrated with life history, I cannot fully support recent hypotheses aiming to explain such behaviour–life-history associations. ]]> 2018-04-18T00:05:08-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0086 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0086 2018-04-18 Animal behaviour 14 4 20180086 20180086 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/4/20180105?rss=1 Many species exhibit prosocial behaviour, in which one individual's actions benefit another individual, often without an immediate benefit to itself. The neuropeptide oxytocin is an important hormonal mechanism influencing prosociality in mammals, but it is unclear whether the avian homologue mesotocin plays a similar functional role in birds. Here, we experimentally tested prosociality in pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus), a highly social corvid species that spontaneously shares food with others. First, we measured prosocial preferences in a prosocial choice task with two different pay-off distributions: Prosocial trials delivered food to both the subject and either an empty cage or a partner bird, whereas Altruism trials delivered food only to an empty cage or a partner bird (none to subject). In a second experiment, we examined whether administering mesotocin influenced prosocial preferences. Compared to choices in a control condition, we show that subjects voluntarily delivered food rewards to partners, but only when also receiving food for themselves (Prosocial trials), and administration of high levels of mesotocin increased these behaviours. Thus, in birds, mesotocin seems to play a similar functional role in facilitating prosocial behaviours as oxytocin does in mammals, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved hormonal mechanism for prosociality. ]]> 2018-04-11T00:05:12-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0105 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0105 2018-04-11 Animal behaviour 14 4 20180105 20180105 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/4/20180160?rss=1 2018-04-04T00:05:20-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0160 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0160 2018-04-04 Corrections 14 4 20180160 20180160 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20170581?rss=1 2018-03-28T00:05:14-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0581 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0581 2018-03-28 Palaeontology 14 3 20170581 20170581 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20170622?rss=1 Mountainous areas contain a substantial part of the world species richness, but the evolutionary origins and diversification of this biodiversity remain elusive. Diversification may result from differences in clade age (longer time to diversify), net diversification rates (faster speciation rate) or carrying capacities (number of niches). The likelihood of these macroevolutionary scenarios was assessed for six clades of Apollo swallowtails (Parnassius) that diversified mainly in the Himalayan–Tibetan region. The analyses suggest that neither the clade age nor the speciation rate could explain the mountain butterfly diversification. Instead diversity-dependence models were strongly supported for each group. Models further estimated clades' carrying capacities, which approximate to the current number of species, indicating that diversity equilibrium has been reached (or close to being reached). The results suggest that diversification of mountain butterflies was controlled by ecological limits, which governed the number of niches, and provide macroevolutionary justification for regarding mountains as islands. ]]> 2018-03-07T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0622 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0622 2018-03-07 Evolutionary biology 14 3 20170622 20170622 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20170688?rss=1 Introgression is emerging as an important source of novel genetic variation, alongside standing variation and mutation. It is adaptive when such introgressed alleles are maintained by natural selection. Recently, there has been an explosion in the number of studies on adaptive introgression. In this review, we take a plant perspective centred on four lines of evidence: (i) introgression, (ii) selection, (iii) phenotype and (iv) fitness. While advances in genomics have contributed to our understanding of introgression and porous species boundaries (task 1), and the detection of signatures of selection in introgression (task 2), the investigation of adaptive introgression critically requires links to phenotypic variation and fitness (tasks 3 and 4). We also discuss the conservation implications of adaptive introgression in the face of climate change. Adaptive introgression is particularly important in rapidly changing environments, when standing genetic variation and mutation alone may only offer limited potential for adaptation. We conclude that clarifying the magnitude and fitness effects of introgression with improved statistical techniques, coupled with phenotypic evidence, has great potential for conservation and management efforts. ]]> 2018-03-14T00:05:13-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0688 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0688 2018-03-14 Evolutionary biology 14 3 20170688 20170688 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20170700?rss=1 Group-living offers both benefits (protection against predators, access to resources) and costs (increased ecological competition, the impact of group size on fertility). Here, we use cluster analysis to detect natural patternings in a comprehensive sample of baboon groups, and identify a geometric sequence with peaks at approximately 20, 40, 80 and 160. We suggest (i) that these form a set of demographic oscillators that set habitat-specific limits to group size and (ii) that the oscillator arises from a trade-off between female fertility and predation risk. ]]> 2018-03-07T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0700 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0700 2018-03-07 Animal behaviour 14 3 20170700 20170700 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20170702?rss=1 The rapid decline in Arctic sea ice (ASI) extent, area and volume during recent decades is occurring before we can understand many of the mechanisms through which ASI interacts with biological processes both at sea and on land. As a consequence, our ability to predict and manage the effects of this enormous environmental change is limited, making this a crisis discipline. Here, we propose a framework to study these effects, defining direct effects as those acting on life-history events of Arctic biota, and indirect effects, where ASI acts upon biological systems through chains of events, normally involving other components of the physical system and/or biotic interactions. Given the breadth and complexity of ASI's effects on Arctic biota, Arctic research requires a truly multidisciplinary approach to address this issue. In the absence of effective global efforts to tackle anthropogenic global warming, ASI will likely continue to decrease, compromising the conservation of many ASI-related taxonomic groups and ecosystems. Mitigation actions will rely heavily on the knowledge acquired on the mechanisms and components involved with the biological effects of ASI. ]]> 2018-03-21T00:05:15-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0702 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0702 2018-03-21 Special feature 14 3 20170702 20170702 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20170716?rss=1 The fluids of Nepenthes pitcher plants are habitats to many specialized animals known as inquilines, which facilitate the conversion of prey protein into pitcher-absorbable nitrogen forms such as ammonium. Xenoplatyura beaveri (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) is a predatory dipteran inquiline that inhabits the pitchers of Nepenthes ampullaria. Larvae of X. beaveri construct sticky webs over the fluid surface of N. ampullaria to ensnare emerging adult dipteran inquilines. However, the interaction between X. beaveri and its host has never been examined before, and it is not known if X. beaveri can contribute to nutrient sequestration in N. ampullaria. Xenoplatyura beaveri individuals were reared in artificial pitchers in the laboratory on a diet of emergent Tripteroides tenax mosquitoes, and the ammonium concentration of the pitcher fluids was measured over time. Fluid ammonium concentration in tubes containing X. beaveri was significantly greater than those of the controls. Furthermore, fluid ammonium concentrations increased greatly after X. beaveri larvae metamorphosed, although the cause of this increase could not be identified. Our results show that a terrestrial, inquiline predator can contribute significantly to nutrient sequestration in the phytotelma it inhabits, and suggest that this interaction has a net mutualistic outcome for both species. ]]> 2018-03-07T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0716 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0716 2018-03-07 Community ecology 14 3 20170716 20170716 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20170777?rss=1 Many important behaviours are socially learned. For example, the acoustic structure of courtship songs in songbirds is learned by listening to and interacting with conspecifics during a sensitive period in development. Signallers modify the spectral and temporal structures of their vocalizations depending on the social context, but the degree to which this modulation requires imitative social learning remains unknown. We found that male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) that were not exposed to context-dependent song modulations throughout development significantly modulated their song in ways that were typical of socially reared birds. Furthermore, the extent of these modulations was not significantly different between finches that could or could not observe these modulations during tutoring. These data suggest that this form of vocal flexibility develops without imitative social learning in male zebra finches. ]]> 2018-03-14T00:05:13-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0777 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0777 2018-03-14 Animal behaviour 14 3 20170777 20170777 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20180002?rss=1 2018-03-28T00:05:14-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0002 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0002 2018-03-28 Palaeontology 14 3 20180002 20180002 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20180006?rss=1 Cationic antimicrobial peptides are ubiquitous immune effectors of multicellular organisms. We previously reported, that in contrast to most of the classic antibiotics, cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) do not increase mutation rates in E. coli. Here, we provide new evidence showing that AMPs do not stimulate or enhance bacterial DNA recombination in the surviving fractions. Recombination accelerates evolution of antibiotic resistance. Our findings have implications for our understanding of host–microbe interactions, the evolution of innate immune defences, and shed new light on the dynamic of antimicrobial-resistance evolution. ]]> 2018-03-21T00:05:15-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0006 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0006 2018-03-21 Evolutionary biology 14 3 20180006 20180006 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20180025?rss=1 Who should take on risky tasks in an age-heterogeneous society? Life-history theory predicts that, in social insects, riskier tasks should be undertaken by sterile individuals with a shorter life expectancy. The loss of individuals with shorter life expectancy is less costly for colony reproductive success than the loss of individuals with longer life expectancy. Termite colonies have a sterile soldier caste, specialized defenders engaged in the most risky tasks. Here we show that termite soldiers exhibit age-dependent polyethism, as old soldiers are engaged in front-line defence more than young soldiers. Our nest defence experiment showed that old soldiers went to the front line and blocked the nest opening against approaching predatory ants more often than young soldiers. We also found that young soldiers were more biased toward choosing central nest defence as royal guards than old soldiers. These results demonstrate that termite soldiers have age-based task allocation, by which ageing predisposes soldiers to switch to more dangerous tasks. This age-dependent soldier task allocation increases the life expectancy of soldiers, allowing them to promote their lifetime contribution to colony reproductive success. ]]> 2018-03-07T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0025 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0025 2018-03-07 Animal behaviour 14 3 20180025 20180025 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20180030?rss=1 Cooperatively breeding common marmosets show substantial variation in the amount of help they provide. Pay-to-stay and social prestige models of helping attribute this variation to audience effects, i.e. that individuals help more if group members can witness their interactions with immatures, whereas models of kin selection, group augmentation or those stressing the need to gain parenting experience do not predict any audience effects. We quantified the readiness of adult marmosets to share food in the presence or absence of other group members. Contrary to both predictions, we found a reverse audience effect on food-sharing behaviour: marmosets would systematically share more food with immatures when no audience was present. Thus, helping in common marmosets, at least in related family groups, does not support the pay-to-stay or the social prestige model, and helpers do not take advantage of the opportunity to engage in reputation management. Rather, the results appear to reflect a genuine concern for the immatures' well-being, which seems particularly strong when solely responsible for the immatures. ]]> 2018-03-28T00:05:14-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0030 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0030 2018-03-28 Animal behaviour 14 3 20180030 20180030 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20180043?rss=1 Humans created an environment that increased selective pressures on subgroups of those species that became domestic. We propose that the domestication process may in some cases have been facilitated by changes in mating behaviour and resultant sperm competition. By adapting to sperm competition, proto-domestic animals could potentially have outcompeted their wild counterparts in human-constructed niches. This could have contributed to the restriction of gene flow between the proto-domesticates and their wild counterparts, thereby promoting the fixation of other domestication characteristics. Further to this novel perspective for domestication, we emphasize the general potential of postcopulatory sexual selection in the restriction of gene flow between populations, and urge more studies. ]]> 2018-03-21T00:05:15-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0043 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0043 2018-03-21 Evolutionary biology 14 3 20180043 20180043 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20180070?rss=1 In socials insects, exploration is fundamental for the discovery of food resources and determines decision-making. We investigated how the interplay between the physical characteristics of the paths leading to food sources and the way it impacts the behaviour of individual ants affects their collective decisions. Colonies of different sizes of Lasius niger had access to two equal food sources through two paths of equal length but of different geometries: one was straight between the nest and the food source, and the other involved an abrupt change of direction at the midway point (135°). Both food sources were discovered simultaneously, but the food source at the end of the straight path was preferentially exploited by ants. Based on experimental and theoretical results, we show that a significantly shorter duration of nestbound travel on the straight path, which rapidly leads to a stronger pheromone trail, is at the origin of this preference. ]]> 2018-03-14T00:05:13-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0070 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0070 2018-03-14 Animal behaviour 14 3 20180070 20180070 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20180083?rss=1 Urbanization, one of the most extreme human-induced environmental changes, represents a major challenge for many organisms. Anthropogenic habitats can have opposing effects on different fitness components, for example, by decreasing starvation risk but also health status. Assessment of the net fitness effect of anthropogenic habitats is therefore difficult. Telomere length is associated with phenotypic quality and mortality rate in many species, and the rate of telomere shortening is considered an integrative measure of the 'life stress' experienced by an individual. This makes telomere length a promising candidate for examining the effects of urbanization on the health status of individuals. We investigated whether telomere length differed between urban and forest-dwelling common blackbirds (Turdus merula). Using the terminal restriction fragment assay, we analysed telomere length in yearlings and older adults from five population dyads (urban versus forest) across Europe. In both age classes, urban blackbirds had significantly shorter telomeres (547 bp) than blackbirds in natural habitats, indicating lower health status in urban blackbirds. We propose several potential hypotheses to explain our results. Our findings show that even successful city dwellers such as blackbirds pay a price for living in these anthropogenic habitats. ]]> 2018-03-21T00:05:15-07:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0083 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0083 2018-03-21 Global change biology 14 3 20180083 20180083 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/3/20180096?rss=1 2018-03-07T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0096 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0096 2018-03-07 Editorial 14 3 20180096 20180096 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170460?rss=1 Direct reciprocity can establish stable cooperation among unrelated individuals. It is a common assumption of direct reciprocity models that agents exchange like with like, but this is not necessarily true for natural interactions. It is yet unclear whether animals apply direct reciprocity rules when successive altruistic help involves different tasks. Here, we tested whether working dogs transfer help from one to another cooperative task in an iterated prisoner's dilemma paradigm. In our experiment, individual dogs received help to obtain food from a conspecific, which involved a specific task. Subsequently, the focal subject could return received favour by using a different task. Working dogs transferred the cooperative experience received through one task by applying an alternative task when they helped a previously cooperative partner. By contrast, they refrained from helping previously defecting partners. This suggests that dogs realize the cooperative act of a conspecific, which changes their propensity to provide help to that partner by different means. The ability of animals to transfer different tasks when helping a social partner by satisfying the criteria of direct reciprocity might explain the frequent occurrence of reciprocal cooperation in nature. ]]> 2018-02-14T00:05:18-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0460 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0460 2018-02-14 Animal behaviour 14 2 20170460 20170460 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170592?rss=1 In primitively eusocial insects, many individuals function as workers despite being capable of independent reproduction. Such altruistic behaviour is usually explained by the argument that workers gain indirect fitness by helping close genetic relatives. The focus on indirect fitness has left open the question of whether workers are also capable of getting direct fitness in the future in spite of working towards indirect fitness in the present. To investigate this question, we recorded behavioural profiles of all wasps on six naturally occurring nests of Ropalidia marginata, and then isolated all wasps in individual plastic boxes, giving them an opportunity to initiate nests and lay eggs. We found that 41% of the wasps successfully did so. Compared to those that failed to initiate nests, those that did were significantly younger, had significantly higher frequency of self-feeding behaviour on their parent nests but were not different in the levels of work performed in the parent nests. Thus ageing and poor feeding, rather than working for their colonies, constrain individuals for future independent reproduction. Hence, future direct fitness and present work towards gaining indirect fitness are not incompatible, making it easier for worker behaviour to be selected by kin selection or multilevel selection. ]]> 2018-02-07T00:05:19-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0592 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0592 2018-02-07 Evolutionary biology 14 2 20170592 20170592 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170647?rss=1 Some prey animals can escape from the digestive systems of predators after being swallowed. To clarify the ecological factors that determine the success of such an escape, we investigated how the bombardier beetle Pheropsophus jessoensis escapes from two toad species, Bufo japonicus and B. torrenticola, under laboratory conditions. Pheropsophus jessoensis ejects a hot chemical spray from the tip of the abdomen when it is attacked. Although all toads swallowed the bombardier beetles, 43% of the toads vomited the beetles 12–107 min after swallowing them. All the vomited beetles were still alive and active. Our experiment showed that P. jessoensis ejected hot chemicals inside the toads, thereby forcing the toads to vomit. Large beetles escaped more frequently than small beetles, and small toads vomited the beetles more frequently than large toads. Our results demonstrate the importance of the prey–predator size relationship in the successful escape of prey from inside a predator. ]]> 2018-02-07T00:05:19-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0647 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0647 2018-02-07 Animal behaviour 14 2 20170647 20170647 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170654?rss=1 The evolutionary loss of sexual traits is widely predicted. Because sexual signals can arise from the coupling of specialized motor activity with morphological structures, disruption to a single component could lead to overall loss of function. Opportunities to observe this process and characterize any remaining signal components are rare, but could provide insight into the mechanisms, indirect costs and evolutionary consequences of signal loss. We investigated the recent evolutionary loss of a long-range acoustic sexual signal in the Hawaiian field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. Flatwing males carry mutations that remove sound-producing wing structures, eliminating all acoustic signalling and affording protection against an acoustically-orientating parasitoid fly. We show that flatwing males produce wing movement patterns indistinguishable from those that generate sonorous calling song in normal-wing males. Evolutionary song loss caused by the disappearance of structural components of the sound-producing apparatus has left behind the energetically costly motor behaviour underlying normal singing. These results provide a rare example of a vestigial behaviour and raise the possibility that such traits could be co-opted for novel functions. ]]> 2018-02-14T00:05:18-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0654 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0654 2018-02-14 Animal behaviour 14 2 20170654 20170654 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170663?rss=1 In response to environmental change, species have been observed altering their migratory behaviours. Few studies, however, have been able to determine whether these alterations resulted from inherited, plastic or flexible changes. Here, we present a unique observation of a rapid population-level shift in migratory routes—over 300 km from Spain to Portugal—by continental black-tailed godwits Limosa limosa limosa. This shift did not result from adult godwits changing staging sites, as adult site use was highly consistent. Rather, the shift resulted from young godwits predominantly using Portugal over Spain. We found no differences in reproductive success or survival among individuals using either staging site, indicating that the shift resulted from developmental plasticity rather than natural selection. Our results therefore suggest that new migratory routes can develop within a generation and that young individuals may be the agents of such rapid changes. ]]> 2018-02-14T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0663 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0663 2018-02-14 Evolutionary biology 14 2 20170663 20170663 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170671?rss=1 Parasite-mediated competition can shape community structure and host distribution. If two species compete for resources, parasites may indirectly change the outcome of competition. We tested the role of a trematode parasite in mediating microhabitat use by congeneric isopods Austridotea annectens and Austridotea lacustris. Although both isopods share resources, they rarely co-occur in the same discrete microhabitats. We set up mesocosms with and without competition and/or parasites to examine the role of parasites in host distribution and habitat segregation. Austridotea annectens showed a clear preference for one microhabitat type regardless of competition or parasitic infection. By contrast, A. lacustris showed little habitat selection in the absence of competition, but favoured sandy habitats in the presence of uninfected A. annectens and rocky habitats when competing with infected A. annectens. Our results suggest that parasites in one species affect the distribution of another species, and mediate competition between these species. We demonstrated the impacts of a parasite on the microhabitat use of its host's competitor. This also represents an example of a super-extended phenotype, where a parasite affects the phenotype of a non-host. ]]> 2018-02-07T00:05:16-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0671 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0671 2018-02-07 Community ecology 14 2 20170671 20170671 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170709?rss=1 Social immunization (SI) is a horizontal transfer of immunity that protects naive hosts against infection following exposure to infected nestmates. While mainly documented in eusocial insects, non-social species also share similar ecological features which favour the development of group-level immunity. Here, we investigate SI in Tenebrio molitor by pairing naive females with a pathogen-challenged conspecific for 72 h before measuring a series of immune and fitness traits. We found no evidence for SI, as beetles who cohabited with a live pathogen-challenged conspecific were not better protected against bacterial challenge. However, exposure to a heat-killed-bacteria-challenged conspecific appeared to increase pathogen tolerance, which manifested in differential fitness investment. Our results together suggest that T. molitor do respond to immune-related cues in the social environment, despite not showing a classic immunization response as predicted. ]]> 2018-02-07T00:05:19-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0709 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0709 2018-02-07 Evolutionary biology 14 2 20170709 20170709 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170714?rss=1 Phenotypic plasticity facilitates survival and reproduction in rapidly changing and novel environments. Traffic noise spectrally overlaps with (i.e. masks) the sounds used by many acoustically signalling organisms to locate and secure mates. To determine if pre-reproductive exposure to noise improves adult performance in noisy environments, we reared field crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus) in one of three noise environments: masking traffic noise, traffic noise from which frequencies that spectrally overlap with the crickets' song were removed (non-masking), or silence. At reproductive maturity, we tested female mate location ability under one of the same three acoustic conditions. We found that exposure to noise during rearing hindered female location of mates, regardless of the acoustic environment at testing. Females reared in masking noise took 80% longer than females reared in silence to locate a simulated singing male who was less than 1 m away. Impaired mate location ability can be added to a growing list of fitness costs associated with anthropogenic noise, alongside reductions in pairing success, nesting success and offspring survival. ]]> 2018-02-28T00:05:23-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0714 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0714 2018-02-28 Animal behaviour 14 2 20170714 20170714 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170722?rss=1 The cost of pregnancy is hard to study in marine mammals, particularly in species that undergo pregnancy while diving continuously at sea such as elephant seals (genus Mirounga). We analysed the diving behaviour of confirmed pregnant and non-pregnant northern elephant seals (M. angustirostris, n = 172) and showed that after an initial continuous increase in dive duration, dives of pregnant females become shorter after week 17. The reasons for this reduction in dive duration remain unknown, but we hypothesize that increased fetal demand for oxygen could be the cause. Our findings reveal an opportunity to explore the use of biologging data to investigate pregnancy status of free-ranging marine mammals and factors that could affect pregnancy success. ]]> 2018-02-14T00:05:18-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0722 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0722 2018-02-14 Animal behaviour 14 2 20170722 20170722 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170740?rss=1 Research on animal personality explains the coexistence of distinct behavioural phenotypes within a species and demonstrates limits to individual plasticity. However, the mechanisms guiding the lifelong development of personality should receive more attention, because many elements of personality are emergent properties of interactions between the environment and an individual's genetic background. In these interactions, mechanisms (e.g. genetic regulatory networks, epigenetic processes and neuroendocrine regulation) influencing personality may be modified. An approach integrating proximate mechanisms with a view of lifelong personality development will crucially improve understanding stability, plasticity and inter-individual variability of personalities and clarify the effects of selection on the phenomenon. ]]> 2018-02-28T00:05:21-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0740 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0740 2018-02-28 Animal behaviour 14 2 20170740 20170740 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170741?rss=1 Ongoing changes to global weather patterns and human modifications of the environment have altered the breeding and non-breeding ranges of migratory species, the timing of their migrations, and even whether they continue to migrate at all. Animal movements are arguably one of the most difficult behaviours to study, particularly in smaller birds that migrate tens to thousands of kilometres seasonally, often moving hundreds of kilometres each day. The recent miniaturization of tracking and logging devices has led to a radical transformation in our understanding of avian migratory behaviour and migratory connectivity. While advances in technology have altered the way researchers study migratory behaviour in the field, advances in techniques related to the study of physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying migratory behaviour have rarely been integrated into field studies of tracking. To predict the capacity of migrants to adjust to a changing planet, it is essential that we combine avian migration data with physiological and genetic measurements taken at key time points prior to, during and after migration. ]]> 2018-02-14T00:05:18-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0741 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0741 2018-02-14 Conservation biology 14 2 20170741 20170741 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170743?rss=1 The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, appears to have been extirpated from Palmyra Atoll following rat eradication. Anecdotal biting reports, collection records, and regular captures in black-light traps showed the species was present before rat eradication. Since then, there have been no biting reports and no captures over 2 years of extensive trapping (black-light and scent traps). By contrast, the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, was abundant before and after rat eradication. We hypothesize that mammals were a substantial and preferred blood meal for Aedes, whereas Culex feeds mostly on seabirds. Therefore, after rat eradication, humans and seabirds alone could not support positive population growth or maintenance of Aedes. This seems to be the first documented accidental secondary extinction of a mosquito. Furthermore, it suggests that preferred host abundance can limit mosquito populations, opening new directions for controlling important disease vectors that depend on introduced species like rats. ]]> 2018-02-28T00:05:23-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0743 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0743 2018-02-28 Conservation biology 14 2 20170743 20170743 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170752?rss=1 Organisms use a variety of environmental cues to orient their movements in three-dimensional space. Here, we show that the upward movement of young Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) emerging from gravel nests is influenced by the geomagnetic field. Fish in the ambient geomagnetic field travelled farther upwards through substrate than did fish tested in a field with the vertical component inverted. This suggests that the magnetic field is one of several factors that influences emergence from the gravel, possibly by serving as an orientation cue that helps fish determine which way is up. Moreover, our work indicates that the Oncorhynchus species are sensitive to the magnetic field throughout their life cycles, and that it guides their movements across a range of spatial scales and habitats. ]]> 2018-02-07T00:05:20-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0752 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0752 2018-02-07 Animal behaviour 14 2 20170752 20170752 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170770?rss=1 Ecological and anthropogenic corridors are becoming more common worldwide, but little is known about how corridor size (width) affects species' movements, and thus their effects. Here we investigated whether 4- and 8-m wide anthropogenic corridors (seismic lines) cleared for petroleum (oil sands) exploration in boreal forests in Alberta, Canada, act on altering the behaviour of a habitat generalist butterfly, the Arctic fritillary (Boloria chariclea). Specifically, we captured 539 Arctic fritillaries and released them in seismic line corridor or control sites with no structural directionality (i.e. forests and clearings), and recorded both their initial direction (along the seismic line or not) and persistence in directional movements. Arctic fritillaries moved inside these lines twice as often as they left them, and maintained their initial direction more often, regardless of line size and independently of forest structure or sex of individuals. Thus, anthropogenic corridors as narrow as 4 m can affect insect movements. Given the vast area of boreal forests disturbed from seismic assessments, investigating if the effects of these dense, localized lines affect population dynamics and species interactions would provide important insights to managing this ecosystem and identifying restoration actions. ]]> 2018-02-28T00:05:21-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0770 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0770 2018-02-28 Conservation biology 14 2 20170770 20170770 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170771?rss=1 Organisms with complex life cycles can differ markedly in their biology across developmental life stages. Consequently, distinct life stages can represent drastically different environments for parasites. This difference is especially striking with holometabolous insects, which have dramatically different larval and adult life stages, bridged by a complete metamorphosis. There is no a priori guarantee that a parasite infecting the larval stage would be able to persist into the adult stage. In fact, to our knowledge, transstadial transmission of extracellular pathogens has never been documented in a host that undergoes complete metamorphosis. We tested the hypothesis that a bacterial parasite originally sampled from an adult host could infect a larva, then survive through metamorphosis and persist into the adult stage. As a model, we infected the host Drosophila melanogaster with a horizontally transmitted, extracellular bacterial pathogen, Providencia rettgeri. We found that this natural pathogen survived systemic infection of larvae (L3) and successfully persisted into the adult host. We then discuss how it may be adaptive for bacteria to transverse life stages and even minimize virulence at the larval stage in order to benefit from adult dispersal. ]]> 2018-02-07T00:05:20-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0771 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0771 2018-02-07 Evolutionary biology 14 2 20170771 20170771 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170779?rss=1 Affective states influence decision-making under ambiguity in humans and other animals. Individuals in a negative state tend to interpret ambiguous cues more negatively than individuals in a positive state. We demonstrate that the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, also exhibits state-dependent changes in cue interpretation. Drosophila were trained on a Go/Go task to approach a positive (P) odour associated with a sugar reward and actively avoid a negative (N) odour associated with shock. Trained flies were then either shaken to induce a purported negative state or left undisturbed (control), and given a choice between: air or P; air or N; air or ambiguous odour (1 : 1 blend of P : N). Shaken flies were significantly less likely to approach the ambiguous odour than control flies. This 'judgement bias' may be mediated by changes in neural activity that reflect evolutionarily primitive affective states. We cannot say whether such states are consciously experienced, but use of this model organism's versatile experimental tool kit may facilitate elucidation of their neural and genetic basis. ]]> 2018-02-28T00:05:21-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0779 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0779 2018-02-28 Animal behaviour 14 2 20170779 20170779 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20170783?rss=1 Activation of the immune system is associated with an increase in the breakdown of various peripheral tissues, including bone. Despite the widely appreciated role of inflammatory mediators in promoting bone resorption, the functional value behind this process is not completely understood. Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism have highlighted the metabolic reprogramming that takes place in activated immune cells. It is now believed that the breakdown of peripheral tissue provides metabolic substrates to fuel metabolic anabolism in activated immune cells. We argue that phosphate, liberated by bone resorption, plays an indispensable role in sustaining immune cell metabolism. The liberated phosphate is then incorporated into macromolecules such as nucleotides and phospholipids, and is also used for the phosphorylation of metabolites (e.g. glycolytic intermediates). In addition, magnesium, also liberated during the breakdown of bone, is an essential cofactor required by various metabolic enzymes which are upregulated in activated immune cells. Finally, calcium activates various additional molecules involved in immune cell migration. Taken together, these factors suggest a key role for bone resorption during infection. ]]> 2018-02-28T00:05:21-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0783 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0783 2018-02-28 Physiology 14 2 20170783 20170783 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20180001?rss=1 Global declines of insect pollinators jeopardize the delivery of pollination services in both agricultural and natural ecosystems. The importance of infectious diseases has been documented in honeybees, but there is little information on the extent to which these diseases are shared with other pollinator orders. Here, we establish for the first time the presence of three important bee viruses in hoverfly pollinators (Diptera: Syrphidae): black queen cell virus (BQCV), sacbrood virus (SBV) and deformed wing virus strain B (DWV-B). These viruses were detected in two Eristalis species, which are behavioural and morphological bee mimics and share a foraging niche with honeybees. Nucleotide sequences of viruses isolated from the Eristalis species and Apis mellifera were up to 99 and 100% identical for the two viruses, suggesting that these pathogens are being shared freely between bees and hoverflies. Interestingly, while replicative intermediates (negative strand virus) were not detected in the hoverflies, viral titres of SBV were similar to those found in A. mellifera. These results suggest that syrphid pollinators may play an important but previously unexplored role in pollinator disease dynamics. ]]> 2018-02-28T00:44:31-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0001 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0001 2018-02-28 Pathogen biology 14 2 20180001 20180001 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20180004?rss=1 2018-02-28T00:05:23-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0004 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0004 2018-02-28 Corrections 14 2 20180004 20180004 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20180005?rss=1 In naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber), some non-breeding males show faster growth and are more likely to disperse than others. These differences have been suggested to be the result of a specialized developmental strategy leading to shorter philopatry and independent breeding, as opposed to extended philopatry as non-reproductive helpers. However, it is unclear whether fast-growing males disperse sooner than slow-growing males. An alternative explanation is that variation in quality between individuals causes high-quality individuals to grow quickly and maximize dispersal success without reducing philopatry. Here we show that in Damaraland mole-rats (Fukomys damarensis), males that subsequently disperse successfully grow faster than other non-reproductive males. This pattern is predicted by both hypotheses and does not discriminate between them. However, contrary to the suggestion that faster growth represents a developmental specialization for early dispersal, fast-growing and slow-growing males remained equally long in their natal groups. Our study provides no evidence for adaptive divergence in male development leading either to early dispersal or extended philopatry. Instead of representing specialized dispersers, fast-growing males of this species may be high-quality individuals. ]]> 2018-02-21T00:05:16-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0005 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0005 2018-02-21 Animal behaviour 14 2 20180005 20180005 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20180032?rss=1 2018-02-14T00:05:18-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0032 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0032 2018-02-14 Expression of concern 14 2 20180032 20180032 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20180058?rss=1 2018-02-21T00:05:16-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0058 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0058 2018-02-21 Corrections 14 2 20180058 20180058 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/2/20180069?rss=1 The ability to develop cultural adaptations to local environments is critical to the biological success of humans. Although overall population size and connectedness are thought to play an important role in increasing the rate of cumulative cultural evolution, the independent effect of dispersal rules on rates of cultural evolution has not been examined. Here, a computational model is used to explore the effect of dispersal on the rate of cultural evolution in traits transmitted patrilineally (from father to son), matrilineally (mother to daughter) and bilineally (through both sexes). Two dispersal conditions are modelled: patrilocality (where females disperse and males stay) and bilocality (where either sex may disperse). The results suggest that when only females disperse, the capacity for cumulative cultural evolution in traits shared only among males is severely constrained. This occurs even though overall rates of dispersal and the number of cultural models available to males and females are identical in both dispersal conditions. The constraints on the evolution of patrilineally inherited traits could be considered to represent a process of 'cultural inbreeding', analogous to genetic inbreeding. ]]> 2018-02-28T00:05:23-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0069 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2018.0069 2018-02-28 Animal behaviour 14 2 20180069 20180069 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170453?rss=1 Ecologists have often predicted that species' niche breadths should decline towards the Equator. Dan Janzen arrived at this prediction based on climatic constraints, while Robert MacArthur argued that a latitudinal gradient in resource specialization drives the pattern. This idea has some support when it comes to thermal niches, but has rarely been explored for other niche dimensions. Body size is linked to niche dimensions related to diet, competition and environmental tolerance in vertebrates. We identified 68 pairs of tropical and nontropical sister bird species using a comprehensive phylogeny and used the VertNet specimen database to ask whether tropical birds have lower intraspecific body-size variation than their nontropical sister species. Our results show that tropical species have less intraspecific variability in body mass ( ; p = 0.009). Variation in body-size variability was poorly explained by both abiotic and biotic drivers; thus the mechanisms underlying the pattern are still unclear. The lower variation in body size of tropical bird species may have evolved in response to more stable climates and resource environments. ]]> 2018-01-24T00:05:19-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0453 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0453 2018-01-24 Community ecology 14 1 20170453 20170453 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170490?rss=1 Primate groups vary considerably in size across species. Nonetheless, the distribution of mean species group size has a regular scaling pattern with preferred sizes approximating 2.5, 5, 15, 30 and 50 individuals (although strepsirrhines lack the latter two), with a scaling ratio of approximately 2.5 similar to that observed in human social networks. These clusters appear to form distinct social grades that are associated with rapid evolutionary change, presumably in response to intense environmental selection pressures. These findings may have wider implications for other highly social mammal taxa. ]]> 2018-01-17T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0490 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0490 2018-01-17 Animal behaviour 14 1 20170490 20170490 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170514?rss=1 Air sacs are an important component of the avian respiratory system, and corresponding structures also were crucial for the evolution of sauropod dinosaur gigantism. Inferring the presence of air sacs in fossils so far is restricted to bones preserving internal pneumatic cavities and foramina as osteological correlates. We here present bone histological correlates for air sacs as a new potential identification tool for these elements of the respiratory system. The analysis of several avian and non-avian dinosaur samples revealed delicate fibres in secondary trabecular and secondary endosteal bone that in the former case (birds) is known or in the latter (non-avian dinosaurs) assumed to have been in contact with air sacs, respectively. The bone histology of this 'pneumosteal tissue' is markedly different from those regions where muscles attached presenting classical Sharpey's fibres. The pneumatized bones of several non-dinosaurian taxa do not exhibit the characteristics of this 'pneumosteum'. Our new histology-based approach thus can be instrumental in reconstructing the origin of air sacs among dinosaurs and hence for our understanding of this remarkable evolutionary novelty of the respiratory system. ]]> 2018-01-03T00:05:13-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0514 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0514 2018-01-03 Palaeontology 14 1 20170514 20170514 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170540?rss=1 Autophagy is a major cellular metabolic pathway that facilitates degradation of a subset of long-lived proteins and cytoplasmic organelles in eukaryotic cells. This pathway plays a vital role in preserving the cellular homeostasis of the cells themselves, in addition to maintaining the normal physiological state of cell renewal. Many stressors, such as starvation, ischaemia and oxidative stress can induce autophagy. In addition to its physiological roles, autophagy also occurs in a wide variety of pathological processes, including tumour progression, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative and lung diseases. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has shown that autophagy also plays a key role in the development of mammalian diseases, a function that has garnered substantial attention and study. An in-depth understanding of the molecular role that autophagy plays in pathological settings is vital for both the diagnosis and treatment of mammalian diseases and will aid in the search for novel targets for therapeutic drug intervention. Here, we provide an integrated review of recent studies implicating autophagy dysfunction in the progression of mammalian disorders and summarize research suggesting that the molecular pathways involved in autophagy could serve as potential therapeutic targets. ]]> 2018-01-10T00:05:12-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0540 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0540 2018-01-10 Physiology 14 1 20170540 20170540 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170566?rss=1 While genetic diversity within species is influenced by both geographical distance and environmental gradients, it is unclear what other factors are likely to promote population genetic structure. Using a machine learning framework and georeferenced DNA sequences from more than 8000 species, we demonstrate that geographical attributes of the species range, including total size, latitude and elevation, are the most important predictors of which species are likely to contain structured genetic variation. While latitude is well known as an important predictor of biodiversity, our work suggests that it also plays a key role in shaping diversity within species. ]]> 2018-01-17T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0566 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0566 2018-01-17 Population genetics 14 1 20170566 20170566 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170587?rss=1 We analysed the patterns of coordination of striking movement and perceptuomotor control of stone hammers in wild bearded capuchin monkeys, Sapajus libidinosus as they cracked open palm nut using hammers of different mass, a habitual behaviour in our study population. We aimed to determine why these monkeys cannot produce conchoidally fractured flakes as do contemporary human knappers or as did prehistoric hominin knappers. We found that the monkeys altered their patterns of coordination of movement to accommodate changes in hammer mass. By altering their patterns of coordination, the monkeys kept the strike's amplitude and the hammer's velocity at impact constant with respect to hammer mass. In doing so, the hammer's kinetic energy at impact—which determines the propagation of a fracture/crack in a nut—varied across hammers of different mass. The monkeys did not control the hammer's kinetic energy at impact, the key parameter a perceiver-actor should control while knapping stones. These findings support the hypothesis that the perceptuomotor control of stone hammers in wild bearded capuchin monkeys is inadequate to produce conchoidally fractured flakes by knapping stones, as do humans. ]]> 2018-01-10T00:05:12-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0587 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0587 2018-01-10 Biomechanics 14 1 20170587 20170587 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170613?rss=1 Recent advances in genomics and palaeontology have begun to unravel the complex evolutionary history of the gray wolf, Canis lupus. Still, much of their phenotypic variation across time and space remains to be documented. We examined the limb morphology of the fossil and modern North American gray wolves from the late Quaternary (<ca 70 ka) to better understand their postcranial diversity through time. We found that the late-Pleistocene gray wolves were characterized by short-leggedness on both sides of the Cordilleran–Laurentide ice sheets, and that this trait survived well into the Holocene despite the collapse of Pleistocene megafauna and disappearance of the 'Beringian wolf' from Alaska. By contrast, extant populations in the Midwestern USA and northwestern North America are distinguished by their elongate limbs with long distal segments, which appear to have evolved during the Holocene possibly in response to a new level or type of prey depletion. One of the consequences of recent extirpation of the Plains (Canis lupus nubilus) and Mexican wolves (C. l. baileyi) from much of the USA is an unprecedented loss of postcranial diversity through removal of short-legged forms. Conservation of these wolves is thus critical to restoration of the ecophenotypic diversity and evolutionary potential of gray wolves in North America. ]]> 2018-01-17T00:05:18-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0613 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0613 2018-01-17 Evolutionary biology 14 1 20170613 20170613 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170642?rss=1 The last large marsupial carnivores—the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilis harrisii) and thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus)—went extinct on mainland Australia during the mid-Holocene. Based on the youngest fossil dates (approx. 3500 years before present, BP), these extinctions are often considered synchronous and driven by a common cause. However, many published devil dates have recently been rejected as unreliable, shifting the youngest mainland fossil age to 25 500 years BP and challenging the synchronous-extinction hypothesis. Here we provide 24 and 20 new ages for devils and thylacines, respectively, and collate existing, reliable radiocarbon dates by quality-filtering available records. We use this new dataset to estimate an extinction time for both species by applying the Gaussian-resampled, inverse-weighted McInerney (GRIWM) method. Our new data and analysis definitively support the synchronous-extinction hypothesis, estimating that the mainland devil and thylacine extinctions occurred between 3179 and 3227 years BP. ]]> 2018-01-17T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0642 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0642 2018-01-17 Global change biology 14 1 20170642 20170642 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170651?rss=1 The level of kin help often depends on the degree of relatedness between a helper and the helped. In humans, grandmother help is known to increase the survival of grandchildren, though this benefit can differ between maternal grandmothers (MGMs) and paternal grandmothers (PGMs) and between grandsons and granddaughters. The X-linked grandmother hypothesis posits that differential X-chromosome relatedness between grandmothers and their grandchildren is a leading driver of differential grandchild survival between grandmother lineages and grandchild sexes. We tested this hypothesis using time-event models on a large, multigenerational dataset from pre-industrial Finland. We found that the presence of an MGM increases grandson survival more than PGM presence, and that granddaughter survival is higher than that of grandsons in the presence of a PGM. However, there was no support for the key prediction that the presence of PGMs improves granddaughter survival more than that of MGMs, diminishing the overall support for the hypothesis. Our results call for alternative explanations for differences in the effects of maternal and paternal kin to grandchild survival in humans. ]]> 2018-01-10T00:05:12-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0651 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0651 2018-01-10 Evolutionary biology 14 1 20170651 20170651 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170659?rss=1 A considerable body of evidence supports the prediction that males should increase their expenditure on the ejaculate in response to sperm competition risk. The prediction that they should reduce their expenditure with increasing sperm competition intensity is less well supported. Moreover, most studies have documented plasticity in sperm numbers. Here we show that male crickets Teleogryllus oceanicus exhibit reduced seminal fluid gene expression and accessory gland mass in response to elevated sperm competition intensity. Together with previous research, our findings suggest that strategic adjustments in seminal fluid composition contribute to competitive fertilization success in this species. ]]> 2018-01-24T00:05:19-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0659 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0659 2018-01-24 Evolutionary biology 14 1 20170659 20170659 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170679?rss=1 Persistent phenotypic changes due to early-life stressors are widely acknowledged, but their relevance for wild, free-living animals is poorly understood. We evaluated effects of two natural stressors experienced when young (maltreatment by adults and nutritional stress) on stress physiology in wild Nazca boobies (Sula granti) 6–8 years later, an exceptionally long interval for such studies. Maltreatment as a nestling, but not nutritional stress, was associated years later with depressed baseline corticosterone in females and elevated stress-induced corticosterone concentration [CORT] in males. These results provide rare evidence of long-term hormonal effects of natural early-life stress, which may be adaptive mechanisms for dealing with future stressors. ]]> 2018-01-10T00:05:12-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0679 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0679 2018-01-10 Animal behaviour 14 1 20170679 20170679 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170686?rss=1 Satellite DNAs (satDNAs) are major components of eukaryote genomes. However, because of their quick divergence, the evolutionary origin of a given satDNA family can rarely be determined. Herein we took advantage of available primate sequenced genomes to determine the origin of the CapA satDNA (approx. 1500 bp long monomers), first described in the tufted capuchin monkey Sapajus apella. We show that CapA is an abundant satDNA in Platyrrhini, whereas in the genomes of most eutherian mammals, including humans, this sequence is present only as a single copy located within a large intron of the NOS1AP (nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein) gene. Our data suggest that this intronic CapA-like sequence gave rise to the CapA satDNA and we discuss possible mechanisms implicated in this event. This is the first report to our knowledge of a single copy intronic sequence giving origin to a satDNA that reaches up to 100 000 copies in some genomes. ]]> 2018-01-31T00:05:19-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0686 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0686 2018-01-31 Genome biology 14 1 20170686 20170686 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170694?rss=1 The psychological effects of brain-expressed imprinted genes in humans are virtually unknown. Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurogenetic condition mediated by genomic imprinting, which involves high rates of psychosis characterized by hallucinations and paranoia, as well as autism. Altered expression of two brain-expressed imprinted genes, MAGEL2 and NDN, mediates a suite of PWS-related phenotypes, including behaviour, in mice. We phenotyped a large population of typical individuals for schizophrenia-spectrum and autism-spectrum traits, and genotyped them for the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs850807, which is putatively functional and linked with MAGEL2 and NDN. Genetic variation in rs850807 was strongly and exclusively associated with the ideas of reference subscale of the schizophrenia spectrum, which is best typified as paranoia. These findings provide a single-locus genetic model for analysing the neurological and psychological bases of paranoid thinking, and implicate imprinted genes, and genomic conflicts, in human mentalistic thought. ]]> 2018-01-17T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0694 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0694 2018-01-17 Evolutionary biology 14 1 20170694 20170694 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170695?rss=1 Males often produce dynamic, repetitive courtship displays that can be demanding to perform and might advertise male quality to females. A key feature of demanding displays is that they can change in intensity: escalating as a male increases his signalling effort, but de-escalating as a signaller becomes fatigued. Here, we investigated whether female fiddler crabs, Uca mjoebergi, are sensitive to changes in male courtship wave rate. We performed playback experiments using robotic male crabs that had the same mean wave rate, but either escalated, de-escalated or remained constant. Females demonstrated a strong preference for escalating robots, but showed mixed responses to robots that de-escalated ('fast' to 'slow') compared to those that waved at a constant 'medium' rate. These findings demonstrate that females can discern changes in male display rate, and prefer males that escalate, but that females are also sensitive to past display rates indicative of prior vigour. ]]> 2018-01-17T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0695 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0695 2018-01-17 Animal behaviour 14 1 20170695 20170695 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170705?rss=1 Caste determination in social Hymenoptera (whether a female egg develops into a reproductive queen or a sterile worker) is a remarkable example of phenotypic plasticity where females with highly similar genomes exhibit striking differences in morphology and behaviour. This phenotypic dichotomy is typically influenced by environmental factors. However, recent studies have revealed a strong caste–genotype association in hybridogenetic ants: workers are all interlineage hybrids while queens are all purebred, suggesting that female caste fate is genetically determined. Using the hybridogenetic ant Cataglyphis mauritanica, we show that under laboratory conditions, purebred offspring develop into reproductive queens but occasionally give rise to workers. Moreover, while hybrids typically become workers, juvenile hormone treatment can switch their developmental pathway to the reproductive caste. These results indicate that phenotypic plasticity has been retained in an ant with a strong caste–genotype association, despite its lack of expression in natural conditions. ]]> 2018-01-17T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0705 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0705 2018-01-17 Evolutionary biology 14 1 20170705 20170705 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170707?rss=1 The right hemisphere plays a crucial role in social processing. Human mothers show a robust left cradling/holding bias providing greater right-hemispheric involvement in the exchange of social information between mother and infant. Here, we demonstrate that a similar bias is evident in face-to-face spatial interactions in marine and terrestrial non-primate mammals. Walruses and Indian flying foxes showed a significant population-level preference for the position which facilitates the use of the left visual field in both mother and infant. This behavioural lateralization may have emerged owing to benefits conferred by the enhanced right-hemispheric social processing providing the mother and infant an optimal perception of each other. ]]> 2018-01-10T00:05:12-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0707 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0707 2018-01-10 Animal behaviour 14 1 20170707 20170707 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/short/14/1/20170729?rss=1 Intergeneric hybridization and introgression was reported from one of two populations of the recently discovered kipunji (Rungwecebus kipunji), a critically endangered African monkey species of southern Tanzania. Kipunjis of the introgressed population (from Mount Rungwe) carry a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype closely related to those of parapatric yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus), whereas the second kipunji population, in the Udzungwa Mountains, carries the original kipunji mtDNA haplotypes, which diverged from the baboon lineage about 3 million years ago. Interestingly, in our study of yellow baboons in Tanzania, we found that baboons from the southeastern boundary of the Udzungwa Mountains carry mtDNA haplotypes closely related to the original kipunji haplotype, whereas baboons from the northern boundary, as expected, carry mtDNA haplotypes of the northern yellow baboon clade. These findings provide evidence for a case of inverted intergeneric admixture in primates: (i) a baboon mtDNA haplotype introgressed the Mount Rungwe kipunji population by mitochondrial capture and (ii) an Udzungwa Mountains kipunji mtDNA haplotype introgressed a small subpopulation of yellow baboons by either mitochondrial capture or nuclear swamping. The baboon–kipunji example therefore constitutes an interesting system for further studies of the effects of genetic admixture on fitness and speciation. ]]> 2018-01-17T00:05:17-08:00 info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0729 hwp:master-id:roybiolett;rsbl.2017.0729 2018-01-17 Evolutionary biology 14 1 20170729 20170729


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