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1Korean Minjok Leadership Academy, Anheung-myeon, Hoengseong-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
2Department of Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
Received date: April 29, 2016; Accepted date: May 23, 2016; Published date: May 30, 2016
Citation: Park DE, Kim JL, Cho J, et al. Soft Drink Consumption and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents: The Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. J Prev Med. 2016 1: 9. doi: 10.21767/2572-5483.100009
Copyright: © 2016 Park DE, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Evidence regarding mental health problems caused by related to excessive beverage intake is growing, but it is unclear which types of beverage increase mental health risks and at what level of consumption. We investigated the association between beverage intake and suicide attempts in a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents. We used the cross-sectional data of the 11th Korean Youth Risk Behavior web-based Survey, which adopted an internet-based, self-reported questionnaire with anonymity. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) and used 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) with multiple logistic regression models. In total, 68,043 adolescents participated in this study, and 1,662 (2.4%) reported a suicide attempt in the last 12 months. Students who drink carbonated beverages more than 5–6 times per week had higher odds of attempting suicide (OR, 3.237; 95% CI, 2.272–4.613). Adolescents who drink energy drinks more than three times per day had approximately five times higher odds of attempting suicide (OR, 5.203; 95% CI, 3.194–8.474). Beverage intake of more than three times a day was positively associated with suicide attempt in Korean adolescents. In particular, energy drink consumption was in robust, positive association with suicide attempt.
Adolescent; Carbonated beverage; Energy drinks; Suicide attempt
Suicide is one of many public health challenges in developed countries, particularly among the youths, being the second leading cause of mortality in individuals aged 10-24 years according to the World Health Organization [1]. In the Republic of Korea, suicide was the largest cause of death among people in their twenties as well as the second largest among teenagers in 2014 [2]. Suicidal behaviors can be triggered by impulsivity and aggressiveness, which may play a more important role among younger individuals, even among those without depression [3,4].
For decades, the consumption of soda drinks has been of great public health interest, which may have been provoked by sugar's adverse effects such as obesity [5-7]. However, there is growing evidence of the potential mental health effects of the chemicals in such beverages. Aspartame, an artificial sweetner, may also be a neurotoxin that releases methanol and induces oxidative stress in the brain [8]. A case report has described that the excessive consumption of energy drinks (high-caffeine drinks) may cause impulsiveness and suicidal tendencies [9], although moderate caffeine consumption may be associated with lower suicide rates, as suggested in large epidemiological studies [10,11].
There have been a few studies on the effects of beverage intake on adolescents' mental health. A US study found that a higher consumption of carbonated soft drinks was associated with violence, depressed mood, and suicidal ideation and behaviors in high school students [12]. A Chinese study reported a positive association between higher soft drink consumption and suicidal behaviors [13]. In the Republic of Korea, soda drinks intake (drinkers vs. non-drinkers) was presented as an influencing factor of suicide attempts in adolescents [14]. Another Korean study reported a relationship between soda drinks intake frequency and suicide ideation [15].
Evidence regarding mental health problems due to excessive beverage intake is growing, but it is unclear what type of beverage increases mental health risks, and at what level of consumption. Furthermore, suicide attempts in adolescents are more likely to be impulsive, so their relationship with beverages that may cause aggressiveness and impulsiveness such as high-caffeine drinks [9] would need to be identified for suicide prevention.
Thus, we investigated the association between beverage intake and suicide attempts in a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents. We divided the beverage into types such as soda, high-caffeine, and other sweetened drinks, and compared the strengths of their associations with suicide attempts.
Study participants
The Korean Youth Risk Behavior web-based Survey (KYRBS) has been performed annually in the Republic of Korea by the Ministry of Education, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Ministry of Health since 2005 [16]. In this study, we used the data of the 11th survey, which was conducted in 2015. Using a proportional allocation method and stratified cluster sampling to seek a nationally representative sample, the 11th survey sampled 400 middle schools and 400 high schools with 70,362 adolescents, and it was conducted in 797 schools in June 2015 with a participation rate of 96.7% (N = 68043). The survey adopted an internetbased, self-reported questionnaire format with anonymity. The KYRBS was approved by the institutional review board of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014-06EXP-02-PA).
Beverage intake habits were assessed using the question "How often have you consumed beverages over the last seven days?". Beverages were classified as soda, high-caffeine drinks (i.e., energy drinks), and other sweetened drinks (e.g., sports drinks, fruit drinks, tea, and coffee drinks). The intake frequency was categorized as none, 1-2 times per week, 3-4 times per week, 5-6 times per week, once per day, twice per day, and three times or more per day.
The dependent variable was suicide attempts over the last 12 months, which was assessed by the question "Have you ever attempted suicide over the last 12 months?". In addition to demographic variables such as grade and sex, we considered the confounders that were reported such as reasons for perceived stress by our study subjects including academic performance, subjective health status, subjective body image, household economic status, and frequency of being a victim of violence. Depressed mood was assessed with the question "Have you felt such severe sadness or hopelessness lasting two weeks or longer that you had difficulty in your daily activities over the last 12 months?". Perceived stress level was also evaluated by the question "How much do you usually feel stress?". Household economic status, academic performance, subjective health status, and perceived stress level were classifed into five ratings. Subjective body image was categorized as very thin, thin, moderate, heavy, or very heavy. The frequency of being a victim of violence was assessed with the question "How often have you received treatment in medical institutions for violence inflicted by friends, seniors, or adults over the last 12 months?" with categories of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and ≥ 6 times. Other risk behaviors such as drinking and smoking were regarded in this study with the dichotomous variable of lifetime experience status.
Statistical analysis
All analyses were performed with SAS version 9.3 (SAS institute, Cary, NC). Chi-squared tests were used to compare characteristics between suicide attempters and nonattempters for categorical variables, with weighted percentages estimated using "PROC SURVEYFREQ." We calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) with multiple logistic regression models ("PROC SURVEYLOGISTIC"), adjusting for age, sex, alcohol consumption lifetime experience, smoking lifetime experience, academic performance, subjective health status, subjective body image, depressed mood, perceived stress level, frequency of experiencing violence and treatment, and household economic status. All statistical tests were twotailed, and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
In total, 68,043 adolescents participated in this study, and 1,662 (2.4%) reported a suicide attempt during the last 12 months (Table 1). The numbers of those with drinking and smoking lifetime experiences were 27,201 (40.8%) and 11,628 (17.4%) in the total population, and 903 (55.0%) and 548 (33.5%) in those who had attempted suicide. The proportion of those who had experienced violence and were treated more than six times during the last 12 months was 0.3% in the total population, but 4.5% in those who had attempted suicide. Adolescents who had higher stress levels, lower academic performance, lower household economic status, and heavier subjective body image were more likely to have attempted suicide during the last 12 months.
|Grade (age, years), N(%)
|Total (N=68,043)
|Suicide attempt (N=1,662)
|1st grade middle school (13)
|10,786 (13.72)
|333 (17.80)
|2nd grade middle school (14)
|11,442 (15.61)
|323 (18.36)
|3rd grade middle school (15)
|12,071 (17.66)
|301 (18.31)
|1st grade high school (16)
|11,122 (17.39)
|240 (15.94)
|2nd grade high school (17)
|11,113 (17.55)
|222 (14.02)
|3rd grade high school (18)
|11,509 (18.07)
|Females, N(%)
|32,839 (47.86)
|983 (58.10)
|Alcohol consumption lifetime experience, N(%)
|27,201 (40.8)
|903 (54.95)
|Smoking lifetime experience, N(%)
|11,628 (17.41)
|548 (33.50)
|Frequency of being a victim of violation during the last 12 months, N(%)
|66,486 (97.70)
|1,379 (82.34)
|620 (0.89)
|60 (3.55)
|317 (0.46)
|62 (3.88)
|274 (0.43)
|57 (3.65)
|103 (0.16)
|26 (1.42)
|44 (0.06)
|10 (0.68)
|≥ 6
|199 (0.30)
|68 (4.47)
|Subjective health status, N(%)
|Very healthy
|18,065 (26.32)
|338 (19.69)
|31,492 (46.35)
|585 (35.28)
|14,598 (21.56)
|470 (27.64)
|3,648 (5.38)
|215 (13.42)
|Very unhealthy
|240 (0.39)
|54 (3.97)
|Depressed mood, N(%)
|15,894 (23.56)
|1,284 (77.90)
|Perceived stress level, N(%)
|Very high
|5,933 (8.79)
|616 (37.91)
|18,025 (26.59)
|591 (34.56)
|29,849 (44.05)
|319 (19.04)
|11,678 (16.90)
|74 (4.54)
|Very low
|2,558 (3.68)
|62 (3.94)
|Academic performance, N(%)
|Very high
|8,615 (12.60)
|220 (13.05)
|17,075 (25.06)
|289 (18.00)
|18,952 (27.92)
|381 (22.50)
|15,994 (23.60)
|389 (22.41)
|Very low
|7,407 (10.81)
|383 (24.03)
|Household economic status, N(%)
|Very high
|6,214 (9.14)
|189 (11.34)
|18,316 (27.24)
|370 (23.15)
|31,962 (46.75)
|606 (35.45)
|9,330 (13.66)
|305 (18.35)
|Very low
|2,22 (3.21)
|192 (11.71)
|Subjective body images, N(%)
|Very thin
|2,981 (4.43)
|103 (6.01)
|15,046 (22.24)
|332 (20.48)
|23,727 (34.83)
|490 (28.46)
|22,285 (32.76)
|548 (33.30)
|Very heavy
|4,004 (5.74)
|189 (11.75)
All percentages were weighted
* Significance of differences between those who have attempted suicide over the last 12 months and those who have not
Table 1: General characteristics of study population.
In terms of beverage intake (Table 2), the respective percentages of those in the total population who had not drank soda, energy drinks, or other sweetened drinks during the last seven days were 23.6%, 88.1%, and 15.0%. The proportions of students who drank three types of beverage three times per day or more were 6.3% for soda, 3.8% for energy drinks, and 6.1% for the other sweetened drinks in suicide attempters, and 1.0%, 0.3%, and 1.2% in the total population.
|Total (N = 68,043)
|Suicide attempt (N = 1,662)
|Soda drinks, N(%)
|16102 (23.56)
|358 (21.37)
|< 0.001
|1–2 times a week
|32790 (48.10)
|651 (38.54)
|3–4 times a week
|13041 (19.32)
|337 (19.85)
|5–6 times a week
|3118 (4.68)
|114 (7.51)
|Once a day
|1604 (2.35)
|65 (4.23)
|Twice a day
|679 (0.96)
|39 (2.20)
|Three times or more a day
|709 (1.03)
|98 (6.30)
|Energy drinks, N(%)
|59836 (88.12)
|1223 (73.01)
|< 0.001
|1–2 times a week
|6015 (8.63)
|215 (12.78)
|3–4 times a week
|1247 (1.85)
|87 (5.42)
|5–6 times a week
|420 (0.63)
|46 (2.92)
|Once a day
|259 (0.38)
|25 (1.48)
|Twice a day
|98 (0.14)
|10 (0.63)
|Three times or more a day
|168 (0.26)
|56 (3.77)
|Other sweetened drinks, N(%)
|10270 (15.00)
|242 (14.53)
|< 0.001
|1–2 times a week
|29457 (43.13)
|572 (32.93)
|3–4 times a week
|17940 (26.53)
|431 (26.92)
|5–6 times a week
|5495 (8.15)
|188 (11.20)
|Once a day
|2978 (4.38)
|96 (5.80)
|Twice a day
|1087 (1.63)
|40 (2.51)
|Three times or more a day
|816 (1.18)
|93 (6.12)
All percentages were weighted
*Significance of differences between those who had attempted suicide during the last 12 months and those who had not
Table 2: Beverage intake frequency of study population.
In the multivariate results (Table 3), students who drank soda drinks more than 5-6 times per week had higher odds of having attempted suicide (OR, 3.237; 95% CI, 2.272-4.613). In terms of energy drinks, those who drank them even 1-2 times a week showed higher odds of suicide attempt (OR, 1.292; 95% CI, 1.081-1.546). Adolescents who had energy drinks three times per day or more had approximately five times higher odds of having attempted suicide (OR, 5.203; 95% CI, 3.194-8.474). Meanwhile, having other sweetened drinks was not significantly associated with attempting suicide, with the exception of when such drinks were consumed three times per day or more (OR, 2.583; 95% CI, 1.825-3.656).
|Soda drinks
|Energy drinks
|Other sweetened drinks
|Frequency during the last seven days
|1–2 times per week
|0.859 (0.741–0.996)
|1.292 (1.081–1.546)
|0.788 (0.661–0.938)
|3–4 times per week
|0.933 (0.789–1.104)
|1.901 (1.434–2.520)
|0.961 (0.797–1.158)
|5–6 times per week
|1.157 (0.901–1.486)
|2.41 (1.590–3.651)
|1.088 (0.872–1.357)
|Once per day
|1.378 (0.998–1.902)
|2.159 (1.285–3.626)
|0.912 (0.687–1.210)
|Twice per day
|1.4 (0.911–2.153)
|2.684 (1.208–5.964)
|0.938 (0.620–1.419)
|Three times or more per day
|3.237 (2.272–4.613)
|5.203 (3.194–8.474)
|2.583 (1.825–3.656)
OR: Odds ratio, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval
*From multiple logistic regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, alcohol consumption lifetime experience, smoking lifetime experience, academic performance, subjective health status, subjective body image, depressed mood, perceived stress level, frequency of being a victim of violence, and household economic status
Table 3: Odds ratios* of suicide attempt in relation to beverage intake frequency in adolescents.
In the nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents, we found that higher beverage intake was positively associated with suicide attempts. In particular, energy drinks showed the strongest association, with an approximately five-times higher likelihood when consumed three times per day or more compared to non-drinkers.
Considering the possibility that energy drink consumption increases impulsivity and aggressiveness [9], it is plausible that high-caffeine drinks may increase the risk of attempting suicide. Additionally, the link between energy drinks and suicide attempts might be partly due to conduct problems. Excessive energy drink consumption may be related to risky behaviors such as violence, substance abuse, and alcohol dependence, probably via difficulty with impulse control [17]. Meanwhile, we observed significant associations between intake frequency and suicide attempt for soda drinks and other sweetened drinks only when consumed three times per day or more. Excessive soft drink consumption is associated with hyperactivity and conduct problems [18], which might trigger suicidal behaviors. Moreover, adolescents with depression who are at higher risk for attempting suicide may be more susceptible to sugar addiction [19]. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether excessive sugar consumption affects adolescents' mental health or binge drinking of beverages is associated with suicidal behaviors. An alternative explanation is that aspartame may induce brain oxidative stress [8] in a manner related to suicidal behaviors, although we could not differentiate between aspartame and sucrose in carbonated beverages.
Previous studies have investigated associations between soft drinks and adolescents' suicidal behaviors. A Chinese study revealed that students who consumed soft drinks three times per day or more showed 3.5 times greater odds of suicide attempt compared to those consuming less than one per day [13], which was consistent with our results for soda drinks. In terms of high-caffeine drinks, we observed a strong dose-response relationship with suicide attempts. In the Chinese study, soft drinks were only exemplified by carbonated beverages such as Cola and Sprite, so energy drinks might have not have been regarded in the investigation, even though soft drinks included both soda and energy drinks. A Korean study found that a carbonated beverage intake of once or more per week was an influencing factor for suicide attempts in adolescents compared to non-drinkers [14]. This study dealt with only soda drinks and did not consider energy drinks, and did not focus on the dose-response relationship, as intake was treated as a dichotomous variable: drinkers or non-drinkers. Another Korean study reported the assciation between carbonated beverage intake frequency and adolescents' suicide ideation with ORs of 1.3-1.7 [15]. In this study, all categories of intake frquency had statistical significance, but the ORs did not increase in a dose-response manner. In our study, only those who drank soda drinks three times per day or more had a significant association, but the strength was higher than in the previous study by Yim [15]. Meanwhile, it is noteworthy that we observed lower likelihoods of attempting suicide in those drinking soda drinks four times or fewer a week compared to non-drinkers, which was also observed for other sweetened drinks. The Chinese study also revealed that non-drinkers were 1.3 times more likely to attempt suicide compared to those drinking such drinks less than once per day [13]. A recent experiment showed that sucrose beverage consumption lowered the salivary cortisol release induced by stress [20], which means that sugar beverages may function as a stress reliver. Thus, sugar's stress-relieving effects might be related to the lower likelihoods of suicide attempt in those with moderate carbonated beverage intake that were observed in our study. However, the experiment's intervention was sugar beverage consumption of three times per day for two weeks, which was considered an acute high dose, while our study focused on the long-term effects of beverage intake. In addition, the experiment suggested that aspartame had no stress-relieving effect, but our study did not specify the carbonated beverages' content such as sucrose and aspartame, which makes it difficult to apply the experiment's results to the interpretation of our study.
The present study used a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents, and found that energy drink consumption was in a robust, positive association with suicide attempt. We considered age- and culture-specific confounders related to psychological stress that may lead to suicidal behaviors, such as being victim of school violence and subjective body image. However, our study was crosssectional, so there is the possibility of reverse causation. In particular, beverage intake frequency and suicide attempt were assessed with different recall periods of during the last week and during the last year, respectively. However, this may not distort the present results, because the survey was completed in all schools in the same month.
In conclusion, an intake of carbonated beverages or other sweetened beverages of three times or more per day was positively associated with suicide attempts in adolescents. Energy drink consumption strongly increased the likelihood of adolescents attempting suicide, which may be due to increased impulsivity and aggression. Our findings highlight the negative mental health effects of energy drink consumption, even in moderate amounts, among adolescents. Because of increasing energy drink consumption among adolescents, the relationship with suicide attempts observed in the present study may be of public health interest and need to be considered in suicide prevention strategies.
There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
All Published work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Copyright © 2018 All rights reserved. iMedPub LTD Last revised : April 22, 2018


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Investor Relations Home > About Us > Biography
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|Qian Zhao
Independent Director
Qian Zhao serves as an independent director of Fang and chair of nominating and corporate governance committee. Mr. Zhao is a founding partner of CXC China Sustainable Growth Fund, a private equity fund that makes investments in China-based companies. Mr. Zhao was a lawyer by training and is admitted to practice law in both China and New York. Mr. Zhao co-founded Haiwen & Partners in 1992, a preeminent China corporate finance law firm in Beijing. He worked in Sullivan & Cromwell's New York office from 1998 to 2000 and Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and Affiliates' Beijing office from 2000 to 2003. Mr. Zhao is currently a director and member of the audit committee of Trina Solar Limited, a NYSE-listed company, and CXC Capital, Inc., which is the management company of CXC China Sustainable Growth Fund.
Mr. Zhao received a J.D. degree from the New York University School of Law in 1998 and an LL.B degree from University of International Business& Economics, Beijing, in 1990.

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Drake's Jolly Rodger 2013 Imperial Black Ale
Review Details
Drake's Jolly Rodger 2013 Imperial Black Ale
Pours black with a thick creamy head. Aromas of citrus, pine, dark caramel, and toasted malts. Medium-bodied with a balance of bold hop and mildly sweet malty flavors. Medium hop bitterness.
Hops: Simcoe, Mosaic, Chinook, Citra, Amarillo
Malts: Pale 2-row, Munich, Crystal, Carafa
Dry-hopped for extra hop character.
Seasonal Winter release.


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Categories:Business Planning, Expand Your Food Business, Knowledge Pantry
March 5, 2013
Rain In The 2013 Consumer Spending Forecast
Data coming out of the Commerce Department shows something interesting – consumers are saving more than ever before. That sounds, on the surface, like great news but it is something that should make anyone who makes and sells a product a little bit nervous.
The Robin Report had a great article, titled Nervous Consumers Go To The Mattress, about this trend of increased consumer savings. While I'll encourage you to read the entire article (it's really not long), in a nutshell the author says that the reason consumers are saving more is because they have a pessimistic outlook on the economic future. And by saving that means they are spending less.
This may be in contrast to the Specialty Food Trade report which indicated that spending for gourmet and specialty food products was up last year (I believe I used the word 'thriving') but keep in mind that food is just one very small line item in the overall consumer budget.
So will decreased consumer confidence in the overall economy slow down spending on specialty food items? Hopefully not but this quote from the Robin Report sums it up nicely.
Those marketers who create compelling shopping experiences, and who offer unique and innovative products and services, and at good value, stand the best chance of gaining market share in the current no-growth, low-spend environment.
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Creating Book Trailers
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Library Manners Video
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This is one of my favorite desserts of all time! (The original is from Martha Stewart Everyday Food.) I love the crunch the cornmeal gives the buttery batter and the fruit makes you feel like it's a healthy choice. The cake is yummy with ice cream for dessert or by itself for breakfast. You can substitute any combination of berries. (Note: The peaches add more liquid than berries, so it will need to bake a little longer.)
Blackberry-Peach Cornmeal Cake
1 Tbsp. butter
1 1/4 cup all-purpose flour
1/2 cup cornmeal
1 cup plus 2 Tbsp. sugar
2 tsp. baking powder
1 tsp. salt
1/2 cup butter, melted
1/2 cup buttermilk
2 eggs, lightly beaten
1 tsp. vanilla
1 pint fresh blackberries
4 peaches, peeled and chopped
1/4 cup sugar
1. Preheat oven to 375°. Place 1 Tbsp. butter in cast-iron skillet, and place skillet in oven to melt the butter.
2. Combine flour and next 4 ingredients in a mixing bowl. In a separate bowl, combine melted butter and next 3 ingredients. Add wet ingredients to dry ingredients, stirring to combine.
3. Pour mixture into hot skillet. Sprinkle blackberries and peaches on top; sprinkle with 1/4 cup sugar. Place a baking sheet under skillet.
4. Bake at 375° for 45 minutes. Allow cake to cool, and then invert onto a serving plate.


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This past week, Arizona Cardinals linebacker Daryl Washington was suspended for the year for again breaking the NFL substance abuse policy. According to Yahoo.com writer Brain McIntyre, the Cardinals will look to recoup the $12.5 million signing bonus Washington received over the last two seasons. Washington was suspended for the first four games of the 2013 season for the same reason.
In the NFL, players being suspended over substance abuse is nothing new. What has become alarming is that the players are repeat offenders and they are not being suspended over powerful narcotics. Players are being suspended for marijuana.
Cleveland Browns wide receiver Josh Gordon is facing a year suspension over the same thing. He too was suspended last season for a drug violation.
While it is beyond logical to put millions of dollars at state for a recreational drug, one must wonder if the NFL policy is antiquated.
The NFL has teams in two cities where marijuana is not illegal at all, Seattle and Denver. Public opinion has been swaying on the need for marijuana to be legal for years. It may be time for the NFL to look at how it is handling this particular situation.
According to Yahoo.com, more than 10 players failed drug tests at the 2014 NFL combine. These players knew they were to be tested and used anyway.
According to ESPN.com, the NFL is looking to reduce penalties for marijuana, but the guys who have already been suspended will not have their suspensions reduced.
The NFL may need to consider having a stay of penalty on any player until the new updated policy is in place.
In January ESPN.com reported that the NFL may consider allowing marijuana for medicinal purposes. Twenty states in the U.S. already allow such use.
The players who are putting themselves in the situation to be suspended are not thinking of their careers or their teams. However, when a league is so confused on how it wants to deal with its policy on marijuana use, it sends the wrong message to its players.
Photo Courtesy: Steve Bloom
Keenan Actkins
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Louis C.K.'s last (very pro-Hillary) appearance on Conan is still a recent, bittersweet memory, but audiences were treated to another interview with the comedian Tuesday night. Louie played the laughing devil's advocate like he loves to (think back to his bit on how great having sex with children must be on SNL) by advocating that professional dancers have chosen the worst profession ever. "Worst available career choice. It's a massive amount of dedication followed by giving up," he said, noting there are only like 3 dance jobs available on Earth. It's "stupid for their lives, wonderful for ours", he said.
C.K. also pushed Conan's band's buttons by retelling how all of them dreamed once of being individual rock stars and not an anonymous herd, but it's a living. He called them a "clump of nothing" making a noise that a computer could make. The bit can't be taken seriously for so many reasons, the sweetest being that comedian is also a preposterous career choice. Even with the current bubble in independent platforms seeking original content, the odds are just so ridiculously, tragically against everybody that a career in comedy is a little like laughing in the face of a horrific natural disaster. Louis kept up the bit while Conan questioned him incredulously, never letting the audience in on it, but the irony stood out like a little wink.


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Two people were killed Saturday night, when a motorcycle crashed into a station wagon that was making a U-turn in Sparks.
Sparks Police say a 28-year-old man was riding his motorcycle on Prater Way eastbound, and a Subaru station wagon heading traveling westbound attempted to make a legal U-turn at the intersection of Pullman Drive and Prater Way.
During the U-turn, the motorcycle collided with the rear passenger door of the station wagon. The motorcylclist was pronounced dead at the scene.
An 83-year-old woman was sitting near that passenger door inside the vehicle, and she was also killed. Another passenger in the vehicle was taken to Renown Medical Center for non-life threatening injuries.
The identities of the victims have not been released, and alcohol has not been named as a factor in the accident.


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1. Your Rights at the Hospital
2. Right to Emergency Contraception
1. Your Rights at the Hospital
If you have been raped or sexually assaulted you may choose to go to the hospital for medical care.
At the hospital, you have the following rights:
Right to a Support Person
You have the right to have a support person with you during the medical examination.
Right to a Free Medical Examination
Costs for a rape exam are paid by the state when the examination is performed for the purposes of gathering evidence for possible prosecution.
Right to Emergency Contraception
If you have been sexually assaulted and go to the hospital, you should receive information about emergency contraception. If you want emergency contraception, and it is medically appropriate, the hospital must provide it. You will not be charged for emergency contraception if it is given at the same time you receive a rape exam for the purposes of gathering evidence for possible prosecution.
2. Emergency Contraception (EC)
EC contains the same hormones used in regular birth control pills. It has been used for more than 30 years to prevent pregnancy when taken within a short time after intercourse. It can prevent pregnancy if given within 72 (and possibly up to 120) hours after a sexual assault.


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The attempt by Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein to launch a voter-initiated recount effort across Pennsylvania fell well short of its marker even in the state's most liberal strongholds of Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, according to figures obtained by the Washington Free Beacon.
The post Stein's Recount Effort Falls Way Short in Pennsylvania's Most Liberal Cities appeared first on Washington Free Beacon.
Source: Washington Free Beacon


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Japanese clothing label Graniph recently unleashed their latest collection of limited edition t-shirts featuring the classic children's book 'Where's Waldo'. First published in 1987 by English artist Martin Handford, the book and its elusive character have gone on to become one of the most globally recognized cartoon icons.
The trademark 'crowded-space drawings' are printed on striped t-shirts, hoodies, ladies tops, and tote bags. Take a closer look at the collection at Graniph's web store. See if you can spot the hidden Waldo amongst the maddening crowd!


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To my surprise, I have discovered that I might love gardening. My first foray into this new realm was planting a bunch of impatiens last weekend. Our block association had gotten flats of these little annuals from the city for a subsidized rate, and a neighbor and I decided they were such a good deal we really had no excuse not to take part in our block beautification. I ended up planting all of the plants in our three tree pits last Sunday when it was surprisingly lovely outside, and I found it a wonderfully soothing, pleasant way to pass a morning. (A corner of one tree pit above, and impatiens below.)
Impatiens led to conversations with my other neighbors about our front yard, and suddenly I seem to be the head of the Gardening Committee here at the corner of Carlton Ave., which is a role I am happy to assume. Because the truth is, I've also found myself thinking about planting and pruning things all week.
Today another neighbor and I went to the garden center down in Red Hook and picked up dirt, manure and peat moss for our front yard. Tomorrow we'll be turning up the soil to prepare for a bunch of plants we are getting for free from another yard. I'll take some before pictures of the front yard tomorrow so you can see the fruits of our labor. I'll also post some pictures of the impatiens as they grow and of the sweet potato vines I plan to plant alongside the impatiens.


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Well this has been a busy week.
Dayjob has taken a bit more time than usual, but things went great.* I've got a lot to catch back up on but I should have all of that done by next week.
Free time was definitely curtailed this weekend by my car breaking down. As I went to leave Friday morning there was a puddle of antifreeze in the driveway. B was home so he checked into it while I drove the truck to work. From what we can tell, water pumps have a sort of safety feature that causes them to leak before they go out. However, taking the water pump involves a lot of dismantling of the side of the engine. Since our savings was pretty much depleted the month before to help out B's dad, we decided to handle the repairs ourselves.
Currently the car is still in the driveway with most of the parts reassembled. The last portion is going to be the most difficult. Since we had everything dismantled, we are pulling the timing belt and replacing it. Since my parents owned the car before me, we have a general idea of when that was changed last–somewhere about 70,000+ miles ago. It's not that the belts wear out though, they stretch and the timing can start to miss.
A retired mechanic friend is going to help us out with this last part. Hopefully things stay dry Saturday so they can get it all put back together. It's supposed to rain on Sunday. Plus I just realized that's Mother's day! O.o
So that left this week with only time to do necessary work. This weekend I MUST catch up. Some things can sit a bit such as finding a new home for a rejected story or finishing one of the others for submission. Other things such as some AIP work must be finished soon. Next week I have to write up a tutorial for a class I'm teaching next weekend. EEEP! There's some other things that need to be done, but I think I'll have a bit more time next week to get it all together.
Normally I don't talk about dayjob much. Just so you know.


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The 2017 GCA Convention is hosted by the Ulladulla and Districts Garden Club in the beautiful Shoalhaven Area of Sun and Beaches in Southern NSW. The hosts have assured us of a scentastic, scentsational event with planning well underway. Lots of exciting gardens and beautiful places to see, starting Sunday 5th November 2017 with the AGM on Wednesday 8th November 2017. The event is completed on Friday 10 November so please view the brochure below.
Click here to view the Brochure for this event.
Click here to see gardens open to view for the convention.
Click here to see an Article from courstey of Gardening Australia on the convention.
Click Here to see the Club celebrating special awards, a birthday and a Christmas in July.
Some scenicsational places and people awaiting to greet and provide The Garden Clubs of Australia 2017
Convention visitors in the Ulladulla Region. Wonderful visits to scentsational places and tours to match plus
meet and greet many other affiliated members!


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Free bedside table plans woodworking plans and information, Childrens bedside table this child size bedside table is perfect for storing a few nighttime books. buil littlefreemonkeys (free plans) try your own google search.
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Wooden counterweight desk (or table) – youtube, My version of a standing desk, all wood no power cords required! more info here: http://mechanicallumber.com/desk-plans/ questions, and plan requests to.


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36 HRS: Staring contest, prostitutes, beyonce, laugh with brewer, how many bars on church street?, adele drag queen at woody's, kissing at zippers, meeting the dog, talking star trek and gay sex, visiting yerxa and I live to see you again in august bestest buddy xxxo.
Sunday, May 27, 2012
1 comment:
- AnonymousJune 1, 2012 at 9:29 PM
this sounds like the best day!!ReplyDelete
- dave c
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Reply to 'Civilizing the "Barbarian": A Critical Analysis of Behaviour Modification Programmes in Forensic Psychiatry Settings'
Bowler, N
Williams, M
Bibliographic Citation
Journal of nursing management 2011 Apr; 19(3): 302-4
To consider ethical propositions relating to nursing in UK forensic settings.
MetadataShow full item record
Related items
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Civilizing the 'Barbarian': A Critical Analysis of Behaviour Modification Programmes in Forensic Psychiatry Settings Holmes, Dave; Murray, Stuart J (2011-04)Drawing on the works of Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault, this article presents part of the results of a qualitative study conducted in a forensic psychiatry setting.
Comments on the Report of a Joint Working Party to Formulate Ethical Guidelines for the Conduct of Programmes of Behaviour Modification in the National Health Service Unknown creator (British Psychological Society. Professional Affairs Board, 1981-12)


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Facebook has denied it is targeting insecure young people to push advertising. A research paper, reported on but not published by The Australian newspaper, was said to go into detail about how teenage users post about self-image, weight loss, and other adolescent issues. Facebook dismissed the charge – noting the research was never used to target ads and was based on data that was anonymous and aggregated.
More great content like this @ Business & Economy Front Page or you can Request Invite


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Shiny 3D Glass Sphere vector background 03 download Good morning, this post will give you some very impressive Photoshop material for your FREE downloading on the following related topic " Shiny 3D…The Whole Contents
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I just got this email:
Hello, La Leche League mothers…
My name is Michele and am a fellow attendee of the Beaches/Clairemont LLL group.
As you may know, one of our wonderful leaders, Jill, lost her family home and farm to the fires here in San Diego. She has just recently found a housing situation for herself, her husband and her three boys, and she has initiated the long and arduous process of contending with her insurance company.
We would like to take a collection for the family and present Jill with a gift card so that they can purchase necessities during this very challenging time in their lives. We are planning to give her the gift card at the end of our Holiday Potluck this coming Thursday.
Please feel free to contact me through this email, or at ***-***-****
Thank you very much for your consideration and generosity! Hope to see you on Thursday!
Now to explain why this pisses me off. I asked for information before we moved out here. No one replied. I then asked for information when I moved out here. They replied quickly. But the deal out here is that they move from house to house every 4 months. So when I went to the 1st meeting, I asked to be emailed where the next meeting was. I never got one. And today I get an email asking for money? I have no problems being asked for money from someone who lost their house in the fire BUT I have a problem being asked by a member who got my email addy from somewhere. Considering I haven't gotten an email from them in over 3 months, I am VERY pissed.
A substitute for natural pregnancy...
--Author Unknown
A substitute for natural pregnancy has been developed by Breed Bronson, Inc., makers of Infantill formula and other baby products. The YOUterus/Plus-centa unit was introduced in pharmacies and discount stores nationwide today.
A company representative explained the rationale for the product: "Many women find it inconvenient to carry their fetuses and maintain a healthy food supply for them for an entire nine months. Pregnancy changes their figures, can interfere with job performance, and requires avoiding drugs and junk food. And some men don't like to be reminded that female sex organs don't exist solely for them."
After a woman's fetus is implanted in a YOUterus/Plus-centa, the unit is simply kept in contact with a body having a temperature of 98.6* F. "But after the second trimester, " commented the representative, "the fetus can maintain its own warmth. It can be left completely alone, except for periodic refilling of the Plus-centa feeding solution."
When asked if such technology would be an acceptable substitute for a woman's experience of new life developing within her, the representative stated: "We believe it will be fairly common for women to carry their own babies the first few weeks, when the thrill of motherhood is new. But soon, anyone experiencing nausea will be referred to our product. Eventually, anyone appearing pregnant after 6 months will be considered a fanatic."
"Eventually there will be psychologists, completely ignorant of the history of human reproduction, who will state that after 6 months, natural gestation is harmful to the fetus' independence."
All preliminary research has indicated that artificially fed fetuses are significantly less healthy than their naturally nourished counterparts. The Breed Bronson representative commented: "The literature accompanying the units will state that natural pregnancy is preferable. But that won't affect sales. We'll spend millions on freebies to obstetricians, and they'll convey to their patients that natural pregnancy is not greatly important, just a matter of personal preference."
"Through advertising dollars, we'll also enlist the media. Television will present natural pregnancy as abnormal by never showing it. 'Yes, we're expecting,' your favorite sitcom character will say, 'our housekeeper is carrying the baby right now.' Parents will come to believe that pregnancy, especially in public, is immodest."
"In natural pregnancy, only mom carries and nourishes the baby. With a YOUterus/Plus-centa, dad, grandma and sitter will all have equal access. We'll promote this idea that democracy, and not quality or safety, is what is important in fetal feeding."
When asked if the company was concerned about government regulation of a product proven harmful to developing babies, the representative stated: "Are you kidding? We project the government will buy one third of our units to distribute to poor women."
I just made a Yahoo group for Mammary_Militia. If you want to join, please go to
I read The Lactivist http://thelactivist.blogspot.com/. I guess I am a little miffed on her latest post. She has been trying to wean her 14 month old son for the past 2 months.
Maybe I am overreacting but I thought part of being a "lactivist" meant that you nurse until your kid no longer want to. IE you nurse until he hits college. I thought she would at least nurse until 2 maybe more. But now she is ... SO ready to be done nursing. I've BEEN so ready to be done nursing. Unfortunately, Emmitt isn't quite there yet.
When I was pg with my son, I thought 18 months was all I was going to do. Not bad for someone who never saw a woman nurse. And when I learned about how good it was, hey I figure let him finish. He was 2 yrs, 2 mon, 2 wks old when he weaned. Come to DD and she nurses like it is 1999. I had a "thing" about nursing past 3 but I doubt she will be ready to give it by then. I am all about child-led weaning but didn't think I would get a "boob addicted" toddler.
I so want to say something to her about WHO and all those statistics about extended breastfeeding. But I can't bear to do it. I just don't have a mean bone in my body (ATM) and want to stay that way for a bit.
I just cannot fathom a "lactivist" weaning a child before 2 years.
i figured i'd ask here before seeking the advice of a lactation consultant or something. each month, a few days before my period, i develop what i think may be a milk blister (red raised spot, almost like a large pimple). it's in virtually the same spot every time, lasts for about a week and a half, hurts like hell, and eventually goes away only to return. i didn't have this happen with my son, just my daughter. at first i thought it was from her teeth irritating the nipple or something but since it comes and goes and is in the same spot i'm pretty sure it's not. does this sound like a milk blister? can they reoccur like that? is there something i can do to prevent it? it seriously becomes too painful to nurse on that side but of course it's the side she usually prefers (although i think she's gotten broken of that a bit because of all my wincing). tia!
I have been thinking since morgangallagher posted a link awhile back about the formula companies making the BFing PSA tone down their ads. There was something in there about a class action lawsuit.
I know that the tobacco companies were just like the formula companies now in their agressive advertising. And after all the lawsuits, they were forced by law to stop advertising to minors, kids, posting billboards, put warning labels on..... (and more but I don't know what they might be).
So my question is, is it possible to get a bunch of women together and bring a class-action lawsuit against the formula companies for their agressive advertising? Because of their agressiveness (a word?), they have damaged millions of breastfeeding relationships and killed thousands of babies. How many moms would have successfully breastfed if they weren't sent home with free formula? How many would have nursed if the LC's, nurses, OB/GYN's, and Peds were paid by the formula companies by lining their pockets. How many babies have gotten sick, gotten cancer, gotten ear infections, gotten massive diarrhea, gotten meningitis? How many moms have died because of breast, uterine, ovarian cancer because of the natural effect of BFing?
I know that this might seem overwhelming, but if we can convince 1 FF mom that the formula companies and not her are to blame, then she might "get on the bandwagon" and convince another one. From the previous post about the blog of the woman stopping BFing because "it took up too much of her time", they have been brainwashed by the formula companies.
It might have taken people dying from lung cancer because of the agressive advertising of the tobacco companies but they finally got them to stop agressively advertising. Everyone knows that smoking can give you lung cancer. It is not a question of if, but when. But yet people still smoke everyday. And FF a baby causes at least 1 baby a second to die because of it. And yet the formula companies are still able to get away with murder. Something needs to be done and it needs to start with us.
I am seriously bothered by any bottle of formula. So much so that I have to restrain myself to go yell at the woman for being so stupid and nursing that baby myself to show her how a "real" woman does it. I hate the fact the these women are stupid as to listen to these companies that all they want to do is make money. And for every drop of formula that goes into a babies mouth, the formula company makes money and will continue to do so with that baby, that baby's baby, and so on. (Read "Don't Kill your Baby" and find out how formula came to be).
I know that America is all about Consumerism. But the lives of our children depend on us to make sure we are healthy enough to make it to the next 100 years.
Anyone with me? Anyone have ideas how to start this? Because I know that FFers tend to get VERY defensive with their "choice".
SixApart would like to mine you for information. Doesn't that sound like fun?
If not, go to your Admin console and paste in "set opt_exclude_stats 1" without the quotation marks. That will opt you out of the mining. Otherwise you're automatically in.
I nursed my first baby until she weaned herself at 20 months. It never occured to me that I was latching her on wrong, but I must have been. I had her in my home, so I never had a lactation consultant showing me what I was doing wrong. I thought I was a pro. I had no pain, no complications, it was fine. I just held my breast in her mouth for 20 months. No one handed nursing for me, ever.
I thought I could change it with this baby. But.. somehow I didn't. I felt like my breast was smushing him and suffocating him, so I held it.
He's 5 months. His latch sucks. He absolutely cannot hand onto my breast if I let go, because he keeps so little of my breast in his mouth.
That's the real problem. He opens up, I pull him close, and he squishes his mouth shut. His lips don't go out around my nipple, they turn in. I try and pop them out, but nothin. He gets ticked off, unlatches, and we do it again.
I finally saw a lactation consultant. I paid 40 bucks to have her tell me that, by 4 months of age, his latch was probably unchangable.
I just don't believe it. There HAS to be something I can do.
Tell me you have some suggestions.
One of my good friends son died yesterday. He was just 2 years old. He had some rare genetic disease that they could not diagnose but they were sure he was going to live long enough for them to figure it out. She tried to nurse him but he was unable to suck due to his illness so she pumped exclusively for 8 months until she found herself pregnant again.
Her name is raisangrrl but she has asked not to be contacted because her son's death was quite sudden and tragic for her.
I am trying to set up a paypal account for her, but do not know her account address. If anyone would like to donate, please let me know.
(account address is email@example.com. It is my husband's email addy because I couldn't set one up under mine, I already have those under mine)
*edit* spelled her name wrong SORRY!
I do believe they think he had this:
Pompe disease has historically been divided into three forms defined by age of onset and progression of symptoms (see below). More recently there has been a trend to divide the disease into two groups: infantile onset (involving the massive enlargement of the heart) and late onset (no heart enlargement):
Infantile, or early onset, is noticed shortly after birth. Symptoms include severe lack of muscle tone, weakness, and enlarged liver and heart. Mental function is not affected. Development appears normal for the first weeks or months but slowly declines as the disease progresses. Swallowing may become difficult and the tongue may protrude and become enlarged. Most children die from respiratory or cardiac complications before 2 years of age.


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Thank you Bianca! I think this is a very fair article. I only have one clarification: It quotes me as saying :"I'm realizing that people have the freedom in Christ to choose to live in a gay relationship. That's not for me to judge on their behalf."
I implied that as a freedom of choice about one's life, not an affirmation from Christ for their choice. I don't want to be a spokesperson for Jesus in that.


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Without seeing a schematic of your amp all I can do is venture a guess. Some SET amps have outputs that are capacitively coupled to your speaker. The capacitor is there to keep DC of of your speakers. It could be that this capacitor is breaking down. If you are witnessing this in both channels the problem is probably a bad or breaking down power supply filter capacitor. This problem is consistant with the Hum you are hearing also. In either case you are risking damage to your speakers and or amp by using it in this condition. The repair is pretty straight forward but I recommend a pro doing the job if you do not feel comfortable as a faulty repair can do much more damage than you care to deal with. Best of luck and I hope you enjoy your amp for many years to come after it's repair.
Help: Tube Amps Pops Speaker Cone
One of my single-ended triode monoblocks makes a loud popping sound in my speaker shortly after turning it on. There is an LED on the amp to indicate the proper waiting time for the internal tension of the amp to be adequate for functioning. After this LED goes on (to indicate it is ready) the amp then initiates a sequence of pops of decreasing volume in the speaker for a few minutes. There is also a hum present that largely disappears when music is played over the speakers. What is the problem with my amp? What can I do to stop this popping? I am afraid of damaging my speakers.
5 responses Add your response


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Eddy has been hard at work getting some of his papers published (yay!) but I have been working on a different kind of publication. Earlier this year, Jason Thompson, author of Making Journals by Hand, contacted me to ask if he could feature some of my paper necklaces in his upcoming book, Playing with Books. The books are finally back from the printers and my advanced copy is on its way! I'll post more photos here once we receive our copy. In the meantime, Jason has posted a preview of the book on his blog, Rag & Bone. The book looks amazing! I can't believe some of my pieces are being featured among such talent!
Monday, February 22, 2010
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Our two year old, Daniel, suffered through a strain of bacterial meningitis last Feb. This has caused many delays and difficulties, but the hardest has been that he is now completely deaf. Thankfully, we were able to get him bilateral cochlear implants (from a company called Cochlear, which gave him their newest N5 which has a cool remote to go with it!). With cochlear implants his hearing is now at almost a 20, which is in the range of a normal child! Woo-hoo! However, we have a weekly speech appointment, and a session with a teacher of the deaf, to help him learn how to hear with this technology and to continue to get to age level with his language. He is catching up very quickly, but it is a lot of hard work. We don't do school yet, of course, but we do lots of singing, nursery rhymes, playing with toys and working hard on language. They recommended that Daniel go to preschool next fall, but we are going to stick with homeschooling, and embrace the challenge. With older siblings, AWANA, and our co-op we feel he will get plenty of peer language exposure.
This is a record of our journey as a Christian, farming homeschooling family. Joshua 1:9 As for me and my house, we will serve the Lord.
Wednesday, January 26, 2011
Homeschooling a child with Cochlear Implants
2 comments:
I just came across your blog and am so encouraged. Like you, I am homeschooling my daughter who is bilaterally implanted as well. She is 9 and I also homeschoool my 15 yr. old. thank you for your encouraging blog. With God All things are possible.
Love In Christ,
Thank you. He should be in kindergarten this year, we are hoping to work through his challenges and keep him home. God bless.ReplyDelete
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