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Huy động nguồn lực, Tự do hoá tài chính, và Đầu tư: Trường hợp của một số nước ở Châu Phi
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Huy động nguồn lực, Tự do hoá tài chính, và Đầu tư: Trường hợp của một số nước ở Châu Phi
The role of interest rate in the determination of investment and, hence economic growth, has been a matter of controversy over a long period of time. Yet, what constitutes an approoriate interest rate policy still remain to be a puzzling question.
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- Resource Mobilization, Financial Liberalization, and Investment: The Case of Some African Countries Mohammed Nureldin Hussain, Nadir Mohammed and Elwathig M. Kameir Introduction The role of interest rate in the determination of investment and, hence economic growth, has been a matter of controversy over a long period of time. Yet, what constitutes an appropriate interest rate policy still remains to be a puzzling question. Until the early 1970s, the main line of argument was that because the interest rate represents the cost of capital, low interest rates will encourage the acquisition of physical capital (investment) and promotes economic growth. Thus, during that era, the policy of low real interest rate was adopted by many countries including the developing countries of Africa. This position was, however, challenged by what is now known as the orthodox financial liberalization theory. The orthodox approach to financial liberalization (McKinnon-Kapur and the broader McKinnon-Shaw hypothesis) suggests that high positive real interest rates will encourage saving. This will lead, in turn, to more investment and economic growth, on the classical assumption that prior saving is necessary for investment. The orthodox approach brought into focus not only the relationship between investment and real interest rate, but also the relationship between the real interest rate and saving. It is argued that financial repression which is often associated with negative real deposit rates leads to the withdrawal of funds from the banking sector. The reduction in credit availability, it is argued, would reduce actual investment and hinders growth. Because of this complementarity between saving and investment, the basic teaching of the orthodox approach is to free deposit rates. Positive real interest
- rates will encourage saving; and the increased liabilities of the banking system will oblige financial institutions to lend more resources for productive investment in a more efficient way. Higher loan rates, which follow higher deposits rates, will also discourage investment in low-yielding projects and raise the productivity of investment. This orthodox view became highly influential in the design of IMF – World Bank financial liberalization programmes which were implemented by many African countries under the umbrella of structural adjustment programs. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a theoretical and empirical examination of the question of resource mobilization in the context of African countries as envisaged by the theory of financial liberalization. The chapter begins by developing the conceptual framework for the whole study. This involves the examination of the theory of financial liberalization, and the development of an analytical framework which exposes the theory and its critique. The chapter concentrates on examining the empirical relationship between the real interest rate, saving and investment. It draws a distinction between total saving and financial saving and estimates separate functions with special emphasis on the role of the real interest rate in the determination of each category of saving. For the relationship between the real interest rate and investment, this section employs a 3-equation investment model which tests for the effect of below equilibrium and above equilibrium interest rates on investment. The model also allows the calculation of the net effect of the real interest rate on investment after taking into account the effect of the real interest rate on the provision of credit and the cost of investment. Resource Mobilization and Financial Liberalization Resource Mobilization and Financial liberalization: A Conceptual Framework
- The accumulation of capital stock through sustained investment is indispensable for the process of economic growth. In a closed economy, investment itself can only be financed from domestic saving. Because the acts of saving and investing are usually conducted by different people, the financial sector is entrusted with the functions of channeling resources from savers to investors. The relationships between domestic saving and economic growth can be examined through the Harrod-Domar Result: g = p(S/Y) = p(I/Y) (1) where g is the rate of growth of real output, p is the productivity of capital and (S/Y) is the ratio of total domestic saving to income which, in equilibrium, is equal to the ratio of investment to income (I/Y). Accordingly, given the productivity of capital, the growth rate should increase the higher the ratio of saving (investment) to income. Conversely, if the ratio of saving (investment) to income is given, the growth rate can be increased by improving the efficiency of investment which will raise the productivity of capital (p). To do this, it is necessary to promote investment that support efficient production in sectors where rapid growth in effective demand can be expected (Okuda 1990). The orthodox approach to financial liberalization suggests that, financial liberalization will both increase saving and improve the efficiency of investment (Shaw 1973). By eliminating controls on interest rates, credit ceilings and direct credit allocation, financial liberalization is said to lead to the establishment of positive interest rates on deposit loans. This, in turn, is said to make both savers and investors appreciate the true scarcity price of capital, leading to a reduced dispersion in profits rates among different economic sectors, improved allocative efficiency and higher output growth (Villanueva & Mirakhor 1990).
- Figure (1) provides a diagrammatic illustration of the theory backing financial liberalization programs. The figure exhibits the behavior of savings (S) and investment (I) in relation to the real rate of interest (r). The savings schedule slopes upwards from left to right on the (classical) assumption that the rate of interest is the reward for foregoing present consumption. The investment schedule slopes downwards from left to right because it is assumed that the returns to investment decreases as the quantity of investment increases, which means that a lower real rate of interest is therefore necessary to induce more investment as the marginal return to investment falls. If the interest rate is allowed to move freely (i.e., no interest rate controls), the equilibrium rate of interest would be r* and the level of saving and investment would be at I*. If the monetary authorities impose a ceiling on the nominal saving deposit rate, this will give a real interest rate of, say, r1. If this rate is also applicable for loans,1 saving will fall to S1 and investment will be constrained by the availability of saving to I1. At r1 the unsatisfied demand for investment is equal to AB. According to the financial liberalization theory, this will have negative effects on both the quantity and the quality of investment. That is, credit will have to be rationed, consequently many profitable projects will not be financed. There will also be a tendency for the banks to finance less risky projects, with a lower rate of return, than projects with a higher rate of return but with more risk attached. If the ceiling on interest rate is relaxed, so that the real interest rate increases to r3, saving will increase from I1 to I3, and the efficiency of investment also increases because banks are now financing projects with higher expected returns. Unsatisfied investment demand has fallen to A1B1 and credit rationing is reduced. It is argued that savings will be «optimal» and credit rationing will disappear, when the market is fully liberalized and the real rate of interest is at r*.
- Although it appears convincing, the financial liberalization theory suffers from major shortcomings. As it has been argued by Warman & Thirlwall (1994), the financial liberalization theory makes no clear distinction between financial saving and total saving. To be sure, the saving symbol which appears in equation 0) stands for total saving and not financial saving. The relationships suggested by the Harrod-Domer result, between saving, investment and growth, are complicated by the fact that a significant portion of domestic saving may be held in the form of real assets (e.g., real estate, gold and livestock), exported abroad in the form of capital flight, or claimed by informal markets such as the informal credit market, the underground economy and the black market for foreign exchange. The fact that financial saving is only one form of saving, raises many important issues regarding the theory of financial liberalization. In what follows, a simple conceptual framework is developed to restructure the debate on financial liberalization and to articulate the arguments against the financial liberalization theory. It puts into focus some of the worries, criticisms and limitations of the financial liberalization theory which are important to bear in mind when evaluating the implementation of policies in the context of African countries. Total Saving, Financial Saving, and the Leakage The flow of total national saving can be decomposed into public saving and private (household and enterprise) saving: ST = SG + SP (2) Where ST, SG and SP are total, public, and private savings respectively. The flow of private saving can be divided into two major components: private financial saving which comprise the portion of private saving that is kept in the form of financial assets in the formal financial sector (FP) and private saving residue which
- comprises the portion of private saving which is kept in non-financial forms or put into other uses (L). That is: SP = FP + L (3) Substituting equation (3) into (2), we get: ST = SG + FP + L (4) The flow of total financial saving (FT) comprise public financial saving (FG) and private financial saving (FP). That is: FT = FP + FG (5) On the assumption that all government saving is kept in the form of financial assets (so that FG = SG) and substituting equation (5) in (4), and rearranging we have: L = ST — (FG + FP) (6) and, FT = ST – L (7) Dividing equation (6) by ST, we obtain: FT/ST = 1 – s (8) Where, s = L/ST, which measures the proportion of total saving that is leaked out of, or not captured by the formal financial sector. If equations (6), (7) and (8) are expressed in stock rather than flow terms, they can be interpreted as giving the condition for the case of what can be called full financial deepening where the whole stock of total saving is kept in financial forms and the leakage, L, is zero.
- The degree of financial deepening at any point in time, can be measured by equation (8), where the smaller, s, the higher will be the degree of financial deepening. The equations can also be used to clarify the confusion in the literature between total saving and financial saving. Total saving and financial saving are identical only in the case of a zero leakage (i.e., L=0). In their flow forms the equations can be interpreted as giving the 'dynamics' of the process of financial deepening. The case of a zero leakage with L = s = 0, corresponds to what can be called full financial augmentation where all the additions to total saving are kept in the form of financial vessels (so that ST = FG + FP in equation (6) and FT/ST=1 in equation (8)). A reduction in the leakage (i.e., s L0) implies an increase in the process of financial shallowing. The equations also illustrate the important result that even though total saving might be stagnant (i.e., s ST=0) financial saving can increase if sL
- is stagnant (i.e., s ST=0), financial saving can still increase — keeping other things constant — by reducing the stock of saving which is kept in real assets (i.e., sR
- positive increases in working capital and output. This depends on which component of the leakage is reduced and on whether the reduced component will cause an offsetting reduction in output. Two basic reasons (assumptions) are usually given to explain the position of the new structuralist: first, the intermediation of the informal credit market is said to be complete while that of the formal market is not and; second, the informal credit market is assumed to support equally productive and efficient activities, while the other components of the leakage do not. As for the first reason, the funds in the informal market are said to be transmitted, in full, to production entities with no holding of reserves, while in the formal sector the transmission is less than full. The required reserve ratio and the holding of excess reserves constitute another leakage in the flow of funds between savers and investors. This can be illustrated by assuming that financial savings are equal to bank time deposits. The relationship between financial saving and the supply of bank loans may be written as: BC = (1 – T) FT (10) where BC is the supply of bank loans, T is the required and excess reserves ratio held by banks and FT is financial saving. Thus, while reductions in any of the components of the leakage in equation (9), keeping all other parameters constant, will bring about an equal increase in financial saving, the supply of bank loans will not increase by the same amount because of the leakage caused by banks' holdings of reserves. As for the second reason, according to Van Wijnbergen's (1983) new structuralist model, if the increase in financial saving occurs through the reduction in hoarded cash balances [-H in equation (9)] and other intrinsic unproductive assets, then it will have a positive effect on output. If, however, it is at the cost of informal credit market (-N) it will lead to a fall in total private sector credit, working capital and output. The loss of informal sector credit without an equal compensating increase
- in formal sector lending, is said to bid up the informal sector lending rate and reduce net working capital causing a decline in output. The new structuralist argument rests, therefore, on the contentions that the intermediation of the formal sector is not full and that informal sector resources, and not the other components of the leakage in equation (9), are likely to be the closest substitute for time deposits. However, it has been argued by Serieux (1993), that less than full intermediation can only occur if we assume away the money creation capacity of banks. That is, most informal sector loans are essentially cash loans. It follows that a shift from informal sector resources to bank resources would imply a surrender of cash to the formal banking sector. This, will increase banks' reserves and hence their credit creation capacity. Accordingly, bank intermediation might be complete or even multiplicative. Also, an increase in bank deposit rates, may lead to shifts among the components of the leakage such that the available informal credit remains intact. The Real Interest Rate and the Determinants of Saving and Investment in Africa As outlined in the conceptual framework, the financial liberalization theory, is based crucially on three postulates concerning the relationship between the real interest rate, saving and investment: 1. that saving is positively related to the real rate of interest; 2. that investment is determined by prior saving; and 3. that the effect of the real rate of interest on investment will depend on whether the real interest rate is below or above the equilibrium rate.
- Although the financial liberalization theory places more emphasis on the desirable effects of raising the real interest rate towards equilibrium, it also postulates that the impact of the change in the real interest rate on investment depends on whether the actual interest rate is below or above equilibrium. Below the equilibrium interest rate, investment is constrained by saving. An increase in the real interest rate towards equilibrium, will increase saving and investment. Hence, as long as the equilibrium interest rate is not reached, investment is positively related to the real interest rate (see Figure 1). Beyond this equilibrium, an increase in real interest rate will have a negative effect on investment as the economy moves along the negatively-sloped investment demand curve. The relationship between the real interest rate and investment as postulated by the financial liberalization theory is depicted by Figure (2). Against this theory which is based on classical notions, we have the Keynesian framework which postulates that saving is positively related to income and investment is negatively related to the price of credit for which the interest rate stands as a proxy. However, the proponents of this Keynesian view concede that the real interest rate might also have a positive effect on investment through the provision of credit. That is, as financial saving and the rate of interest are positively related, interest rate may also have a positive effect on investment through the process of financial deepening and the provision of credit to the private sector (Warman & Thirlwall 1994). Thus the net effect of the real interest rate on investment will depend on the relative strength of its negative effect through the cost of investment and its positive effect through the provision of credit. In what follows, we discuss the empirical models that we are going to use to examine the validity of the postulates of the financial liberalization theory. Total Saving and Financial Saving: Empirical Models
- The financial liberalization theory postulates that saving is positively related to the real interest rate. The theory, however, does not make clear distinction between total savings and financial saving. Total domestic saving consists of private and public savings of which financial savings is a part. While financial saving is the portion of total saving that is channeled through financial assets which comprise short and long-term banking instruments, non-bank financial instruments such as treasury bills and other government bonds and commercial paper. It is prudent, therefore, to examine the role of the real interest rate in the determination of both total saving and financial saving. To this end, the following two equations for total saving and financial saving are specified: TS = s0 + s1 + s2Y (12) FS = T 0 + T 1+ T 2 Y + T 3 (C/M1) (13) It is hypothesized that, total real domestic saving (TS is a function of real income (Y) and the real interest rate (r). It is expected that total saving is positively related to real income (Y). Whether the total saving is positively or negatively related to the real interest rate, will depend on the relative strength of the income and substitution effects of changes in the rate of interest [see Warman & Thirlwall (1994)]. The substitution effect of a higher interest rate is to encourage agents to sacrifice current consumption for future consumption, but the income effect is to discourage current saving by giving agents more income in the present, and the two effects may cancel each other out. As saving is a flow concept, financial saving is measured by the change in the stock of such financial assets. It is hypothesized that real financial saving (FS is positively related to real income (Y), and also positively related to the real rate of interest (r) as postulated by the financial liberalization theory. Also, because of the important role played by the informal credit market in many African countries, an
- attempt is made to capture its effect on formal financial saving. This is done by including as an independent variable, the ratio of currency outside banks to narrow money M1. The proportion of narrow money (M1) held as currency is commonly accepted as a measure of the size of the informal credit market (see Shaw 1973 and Serieux 1993), on the grounds that the higher this ratio the larger will be the size of the informal credit market. An Investment Model As it has been noted before, the financial liberalization theory suggests a differing effect of the real interest rate on investment, depending on whether the real interest rate is below or above the equilibrium rate. It is also noted that, on Keynesian grounds, the real interest rate might affect investment negatively through the cost of investment and positively through the provision of credit. The foregoing arguments suggest the use of a switching regime model which differentiate between the effect of above and below equilibrium real interest rates. They also suggest that attempts should be made to separate the positive and negative impact of the interest rate on investment. To this end, we use a switching investment model: I = a0 + a1BC + a2r+ a3 [(r-r*)D] + a4s Y (14) BC = O0 + O1FS (15) FS = T 0 + T 1r+ T2Y + T3 (C/M1) (16) where I is real gross fixed investment; r is the real interest rate; r* is the real equilibrium interest rate; Be is the supply of bank credit; D is the switching-point dummy variable which takes the value of zero when the interest rate is below equilibrium (i.e., r < r*) and the value of unity when the interest rate is above equilibrium; and s Y is the change in real income as a measure of the income
- accelerator effect on investment. Substituting equation (16) into equation (15) and the result in (14), and by totally differentiating equation (14) with respect to the real rate of interest and rearranging, the investment/interest rate (dI/dr) multiplier will be given as follows: dI/dr = a2 + a1T 1O1 + a3D (17) In the case where the interest rate is above the equilibrium with D=l, the negative effect of interest on investment is assumed to be at work and the effect of the real interest rate on investment will be given a2 + a1T 1O1 + a3. While below the equilibrium rate of interest, with D=0, the impact of a3 will disappear and there will remain only the impact measured by a2 + a1T 1O1. The product (a1 ?T 1 ?O1) represents the chain effect that goes from the real interest rate to investment, through the supply of credit. An increase in interest rate is expected to stimulate saving in financial forms (O1), which is expected to increase the supply of credit (T 1), which is expected, in turn, to increase investment (a1). The question of whether the final effect of interest rate on investment is negative or positive, depends on the relative magnitude of the parameters a2, a3, T 1, O1 and a1. Empirical Results: Saving Equations The saving equations (12) and (13) are estimated for 25 African countries over the period 1972–1992. A single equation OLS procedure is employed and in the case of the presence of autocorrelation in OLS estimates, a General Autoregressive and Moving Average Error Correction Process (GAMAECP), with a first-order autoregressive and/or first-order moving average is used. Different experiments with time lags on the real interest rate variable were conducted. Tables 11.1 and 11.2 give a summary of the results for the total saving and financial saving respectively.
- Table 11.1: Summary of the results of total domestic savings equation in 25 African countries, 1970–1992 Table 11.2. Summary of the results of the financial savings equation (FS) in 25 African countries, 1970–1992 It can be observed from Table (11.1) that of the 25 countries in the sample, the real interest rate has a positive impact on total saving in the case of 15 countries (60 percent of the total). The coefficient on the real interest rate is, however, positive and statistically significant, at the 10 percent level of confidence, in only 8 cases (32 percent of the total), these are Burkina Faso, Gabon, Mauritius, Nigeria, Swaziland, Zaire, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. This positive and significant relationship between the real interest rate and total saving, indicates that in the case of these countries the positive substitution effect of real interest rates outbalances the negative income effect. This also implies that, in the case of these countries, there is a strong substitution effect between present and future consumption. The real interest rate has a negative and significant effect on total saving in five cases (28 percent of the total). These are Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, South Africa, Togo, and Tunisia. Thus, in these five countries the implication with
- regard to the substitution and income effects is exactly the opposite to that of the eight cases above. In conformity with Keynesian theory, real income proved to be the most important determinant of saving. The coefficient on income has the expected positive sign in all cases with the exception of Tanzania, and it is positive and statistically significant in 18 cases. For some African countries (e.g., Ghana, Senegal, and Swaziland) the estimated propensity to save is very small not exceeding 0.01 for one unit of income. The largest propensities to save are recorded by Gabon (0.92) and Mali (0.61). In the majority of all the other countries, the estimated propensity to save ranges between 0.10 and 0.35. Contrary to expectations, the interest rate plays no significant role in the determination of financial saving (Table 11.2). The real interest rate and financial saving are positively related in 11 cases. However, this positive relationship is statistically significant in one case, Mauritius. The relationship between the real interest rate and financial saving is negative and significant in four cases, namely Tanzania, Tunisia, Zaire and Zimbabwe. Similarly, the impact of gross domestic income on financial savings is statistically insignificant in three quarters of the countries in the sample. It is positive and statistically significant in four cases (Kenya, Mali, Mauritius, and Togo) and negative and statistically significant in Gambia and Madagascar. The activities of the informal credit market as proxied by the ratio of currency outside banks to narrow money, proved to be the most important determinant of financial saving. The relationship between financial saving and (C/M1) ratio is negative in 18 cases. This indicates that as this ratio increases (indicating an increase in the activities of the informal credit market) financial saving decreases. This negative relationship between financial saving and the activities of the informal credit market is statistically significant in eight cases.
- These are Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, and Nigeria. Thus, in so far as the relationship between the real interest rate and saving is concerned, these results give no strong support to the financial liberalization theory. The real interest rate does not playa significant role in the determination of neither financial saving nor total saving. Real income is found to be the most important determinant of total saving while the activities of the informal market is found to be the most important determinant of financial saving. Empirical Results: Investment Model The investment model [equations (14) to (16)] is estimated for the 25 African countries in the sample over the period 1971–1992. As in the case of saving equations, a single equation OLS procedure is employed correcting for the presence of autocorrelation through the use of a GAMAECP with a first-order autoregressive and/or a first-order moving average. All the annual data used in the estimation are obtained from World Bank World Tables with the exception of data on nominal interest rate which are obtained from the IMF International Financial Statistics. For the basic investment equation, a similar OLS procedure is used. Preliminary experiments have also shown that investment in some African countries is volatile during years of armed conflicts. To capture this effect, we include in the basic investment equation a War dummy which takes a value of zero in peace years and a value of unity in the years of armed conflicts.3 Since the equilibrium interest rate (r*) is unknown, it is necessary to search for the equilibrium rate which minimizes the sum of square residuals using a trial and error process. That is, different hypothetical values of the real rate of interest that range from +30 percent to -30 percent are initially assumed. Each value is used to calculate the switch variable on the assumption that it represents the equilibrium
- rate of interest. Each of these variables are then used, together with the other explanatory variables to estimate equation (3). The hypothetical real interest value that yields the estimate with the smallest sum of square residuals is considered as the true equilibrium real interest rate (see Rittenberg 1991). Table 11.3 shows the values of the real interest rate arrived at in each country's case. The Table reveals that there is a large variations in real interest rate experienced by the African countries in the sample. In 12 countries, the estimated equilibrium real interest rate is positive ranging from a rate of 2.0 percent per annum in the case of Mauritius to a rate of 17 percent in Senegal. In 12 countries, it is negative ranging from a rate of -0.5 percent for Kenya, Gabon, Madagascar, and Zambia and a rate of -27.0 percent for Sierra Leone. This variation is evident even in countries with similar monetary arrangements such as the CFA Franc Zone. For instance, the estimated real interest rate for Côte d'Ivoire is negative amounting to about -7.5 percent, while in Burkina Faso it is positive amounting to 9.0 percent. Table 11.3. Equilibrium interest rates in 25 African countries, 1970–1992
- Table 11.4. Summary of the results of the basic investment (1) in 25 African countries, 1970–1992 It can also be observed that there is no apparent correlation between high inflation rates and negative equilibrium real interest rate. For instance, the equilibrium rate in Zaire ( a country with high inflation rates) is 3.0 percent while in Côte d'Ivoire (a country with low inflation rates) is -7.5 percent. The equilibrium interest rates in Table 11.3 are used to estimate the basic investment equation and the complete results are reported in Table 11.4. Table 11.5, provides a summary of these results and reveals that the supply of bank credit to the private sector is a very important determinant of investment. The coefficient on the supply of credit has the expected positive sign in 19 cases and it is positive and statistically significant in 16 cases. For most of these countries the size of this coefficient is large (in the cases of both elasticity and propensity estimates) indicating a large effect of changes in bank credit on investment. In the case of South Africa and Zimbabwe, for instance a one percent increase in the supply of credit leads to about 0.97 percent increase in investment. In Benin, Burkina Faso, and Côte d'Ivoire a one unit increase in bank credit leads to an increase in investment of about 5 to 7 units.
- However, in certain countries, namely, Gabon, Senegal, Tanzania, and Zaire, the coefficient on the supply of credit is negative and highly significant. Although this result is puzzling, but some "African" observations might help to resolve this puzzle. Because of macroeconomic instability, it is observed that in some African countries, investors opt to use the funds supplied by banks for the purchase of foreign exchange which is usually exported and deposited abroad (a form of capital flight) awaiting a large currency devaluation. After devaluation, part of the funds deposited abroad is imported and converted into domestic currency to repay the bank loan and the "profit" is kept abroad. Some investors simply default on the bank loan. If such an operation is in process for sometime and the level of investment is generally falling because of the very macroeconomic instability, it will not be surprising to find a negative and statistically significant relation between the supply of bank credit to the private sector and the level of investment. Demand factors as approximated by the income accelerator effect proved to be as important as the credit supply factor in the determination of investment. The impact of the change in income on investment is positive in 20 cases and it is positive and significant in 12 cases. However, the impact of real change in income is negative and statistically significant in Rwanda only. Out of the five countries affected by armed conflicts in the sample, the WAR dummy is negative and statistically significant in the case of Kenya and Rwanda. It is negative but not significant in the case of Zimbabwe, positive and statistically insignificant in the cases of Morocco and Tanzania. We turn now to the subject of primary interest to this study, namely, the effect of the real interest rate on investment. Table 11.5 shows that the effect of the real interest rate on investment has the expected positive sign in 13 cases (52 percent of the total) but it is positive and statistically significant in only 8 cases (32 percent of the total).
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Certainty is such an interesting thing. Just before going to London on Monday I had an online discussion about how long it used to take on the train from London to Newcastle in the 50's. I know there were times when we took the sleeper, so it was quite long. I was saying how great it was now as the train from Berwick-on-Tweed only takes 3 hours and 40 minutes all the way into Kings Cross. How wrong could I have been! A whole 6+ hours after starting out in Berwick, I arrived in London. Apparently there was a tree down somewhere between Darlington and York, but we didn't know this. All the passengers knew was that the train came to a grinding halt in no man's land, buffeted by the high winds, with searing sun coming in and no air con and no windows could be opened. To be fair the guard did keep announcing that help would be arriving, but that took one and a half hours to get to us. The nun in the seat opposite, I noticed, did a lot of praying. We were the last train through from Newcastle that day, so maybe her prayers worked.
I was supposed to be meeting up with Cathy the Bookseller/expert blogger/and all round jolly good person, and in the end she kindly came to Kings Cross and met me there. We adjourned to St Pancras, which is spectacularly beautiful, and sat on the concourse in Carluccio's for food and sustenance. Cathy persuaded me that a g&t would be a good start... and it was. From there we went on to wine, which proved my undoing, and in my lightweight drinking status, 2 wines and I was done for. So much so that Cathy even managed to persuade me to get a Twitter account, so that goes to show just how inebriated I must've been!
I am now the 'proud' owner of @dr_vee11 on Twitter. I've so far managed one post of 11 words. I've worked out that the number of hours it took me to write that is approximately just over three times the word count. Rock on! I can't even remember why Cathy thought it was a good idea I did this, but she is very persuasive.
Meanwhile London was one meeting after the other yesterday, followed by an 'interesting' drinks party with my mother in aid of the Red Cross. I didn't realise that it was the host's 60th birthday. In fact when I saw the napkins I thought someone was trying to be ironic because the host looked at least 75. I only twigged when the birthday cake came out, which he cut with a sword (?!) - luckily I didn't have that much champagne that I said anything of what I was thinking (which has been known in the past) and managed to get away with feeling that I'd lost two hours of my life, but in some ways I think I got off lightly!
Today was another meeting before heading back to Kings Cross for the journey back. My man and dog picked me up in Berwick-on-Tweed a mere 15 minutes or so late. What a relief!

subset: commoncrawl


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Gartner Research Director Lydia Leong published a blog post detailing the process of creating a Magic Quadrant report. " We lay this process out formally in the initiation letters sent to vendors when we start MQ research, so I'm not giving away any secrets here, just exposing a process that's probably not well known to people outside of analyst relations roles," she wrote.
Here's a summary of the process:
- Step 1: Define a market and inclusion criteria.
- Step 2: Get approval from chief analysts.
- Step 3: Decide evaluation criteria and weights.
- Step 4: Send the evaluation criteria and weights to vendors.
- Step 5: Do hour long briefings with vendors.
- Step 6: Contact three to five reference customers provided by the vendor (however, Gartner mostly relies on the experiences of its clients).
- Step 7: Enter the numeric scores into the tool that generates the Magic Quadrant graph.
- Step 8: Write-up all the text.
- Step 9: Peer review.
- Step 10: Alter text and numeric scores accordingly.
- Step 11: Send the vendors a copy of the graphic and text written about them for fact-checking.
- Step 12: Finally, it goes on to editing and review.
The whole process generally takes four months, and Leong went into quite a bit more detail in her post.
And here's a particularly relevant bit:
Client status and whatnot doesn't make any difference whatsoever on the MQ. (Gartner gets 80% of its revenue from IT buyers who rely on us to be neutral evaluators. Nothing a vendor could pay us would ever be worth risking that revenue stream.)
Hopefully this will help make the Magic Quadrants less mysterious and more understandable.


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Download EBOOK Smash: Trial by Fire PDF for free
Category: Children's Books
The author of the book: Chris A Bolton
Format files: PDF, EPUB, TXT, DOCX
The size of the: 8.55 MB
Language: English
Edition: Candlewick Press,U.S.
Date of issue: 10 September 2013
Description of the book "Smash: Trial by Fire":Whap! Thud! Crash! An action-packed graphic novel simultaneously spoofs and pays tribute to superhero lore while inspiring a new generation of crimefighters. Ka-boom! Clobbered by fallout from a blast that kills the local superhero, Defender, Andrew Ryan suddenly has super strength and speed! And he can fly! Now it's up to him to protect citizens from thieves, thugs, and fearsome villains. He dons a homemade costume to hide his true identity, and Smash is born! But fighting crime isn't easy, especially when you're in fifth grade. On top of evil robots and trigger-happy bank PDF robbers, there's homework, curfew, and the school bully to deal with. Not to mention the Magus, a fearsome villain who will stop at nothing to steal Smash's superpowers for himself! Influenced by film, cartoons, and of course, classic comic books, this vivid escapade features a rib-tickling, high-energy storyline and the colorful, exaggerated figures of nostalgic comic-book art: a combo perfect for kids longing for a secret identity of their own.
Reviews of the Smash: Trial by FireUntil now in regards to the guide we've Smash: Trial by Fire suggestions users have not yet still left his or her writeup on the experience, or otherwise not make out the print but. However, should you have presently see this guide and you really are ready to produce their results well request you to spend time to leave an overview on our site (we will publish both bad and the good critiques). In other words, "freedom connected with speech" Most of us completely reinforced. Your comments to reserve Smash: Trial by Fire -- additional audience will be able to choose in regards to guide. Such help could make us additional Usa!
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Potential systems
AFIS systems are amazing. With AFIS, people can be fingerprinted and have their criminal history records checked in a matter of minutes; a mug shot and palm print might be included on the rap sheet returned to the inquiring agency. The technology has moved from exclusively forensic or criminal applications into other areas, such as social services benefits and other emerging applications. The greatest use of AFIS technology is for tenprint identifications, in which rolled fingerprint images are compared against enrolled records.
311p vutrung 03-09-2009 159 50 Download
This chapter is devoted to ''fundamental'' fundamentals—certain principles which lay the foundation for what is to come. Starting with the original author's suggested thought process for analyzing typical problems, the reader is then exposed to a buzzword of our time: value engineering. Next follows a discussion of codes and regulations, political criteria which constrain potential design solutions to the bounds of public health and welfare, and sometimes to special interest group sponsored legislation....
14p babyuni 16-08-2010 110 47 Download
As a user, acquirer, or developer of a system, product, or service, have you ever been confronted with one of the situations listed below? • Wondered if the people who designed a product bothered to ask potential users to simply try it before selling it to the public. • Found that during a major program review prior to component development that someone thought a requirement was so obvious it didn't have to be written down.
832p thix1minh 16-10-2012 66 25 Download
Scientific report: "The potential energy recovery from landfills and evaluate the environmental benefits of the generation system using gas from landfills in Nam Son landfill, Vietnam"
Landfill gas from a source of green energy, clean, renewable and can be used to create electricity, or used in the energy industry. This paper reviews the potential energy recovery landfill gas from municipal solid waste, to reducing methane emissions in particular, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions in general. In addition, this paper provides an assessment using the model of methane generated from landfill municipal solid waste and generate energy potential of gas recovered. In particular, this paper uses a life cycle assessment methods ......
10p thulanh2 07-09-2011 59 17 Download
Although inelastic scattering of light from molecules, a phenomenon now known as Raman scattering, was observed by C. V. Raman in 1928, the nonlinear phenomenon of stimulated Raman scattering was not demonstrated until 1962. Soon after low-loss silica fibers became available around 1970, Roger Stolen and coworkers used stimulated Raman scattering in such fibers not only for amplification of optical signals but also for constructing fiber-based Raman lasers.
389p nguyenthai_thinh 16-03-2013 50 15 Download
This book is the result of discussions that took place at the Pellston Workshop on Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems. The workshop, sponsored by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), was held 3–8 May, 2003, in Pensacola, FL.
159p 951628473 07-05-2012 73 15 Download
Combining AHP with GIS for Predictive Cu Porphyry Potential Mapping: A Case Study in Ahar Area (NW, Iran)
Using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method for multi-index evaluation has special advantages, while the use of geographic information systems (GIS) is suitable for spatial analysis. Combining AHP with GIS provides an effective approach for studies of mineral potential mapping evaluation. Selection of potential areas for exploration is a complex process in which many diverse criteria are to be considered.
12p anhnhoe11 12-04-2013 66 11 Download
Spirax Sarco is the recognized industry standard for knowledge and products and for over 85 years has been committed to servicing the steam users worldwide. The existing and potential applications for steam, water and air are virtually unlimited. Beginning with steam generation, through distribution and utilization and ultimately returning condensate to the boiler, Spirax Sarco has the solutions to optimize steam system performance and increase productivity to save valuable time and money.
66p dangphuc84 20-05-2013 39 6 Download
Conventional approaches to health in poor countries focus on disease–specific interventions and their cost effectiveness, implemented via the path of least resistance with a strong emphasis on short term results. The upshot is that sys- temic problems which underlie poor health, failing health systems, and health inequity are circumvented. Long–term, sustainable strategies are rarely devel- oped or deployed. The crisis may change its spots, expressing itself in different diseases, populations or geographic areas, but it essentially continues unabated.
24p connicquy 20-12-2012 35 4 Download
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: Manage IOS image files to maintain accessible IOS images according to best practices, given operational access layer switches, routers, and a TFTP server Manage device configuration files to reduce device downtime according to best practices, given operational access layer switches, routers, and a TFTP server Execute an add, move, or change on a router, given a new network requirement Handle the troubleshooting process to minimize any potentially adverse impact on Cisco devices...
22p trinhvang 25-01-2013 28 4 Download
Báo cáo khoa học: A novel electron transport system for thermostable CYP175A1 from Thermus thermophilus HB27
CYP175A1 fromThermus thermophilusis a thermophilic cytochrome P450 and has great potential for industrial applications. However, a native elec-tron transport system for CYP175A1 has not been identified. Here, an elec-tron transport system for CYP175A1 was isolated from T. thermophilus HB27 by multistep chromatography, and identified as comprising ferre-doxin (Fdx; locus in the genome, TTC1809) and ferredoxin–NAD(P) + reductase (FNR; locus in the genome, TTC0096) by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis and MALDI-TOF-MS, respectively. ...
14p viettel02 22-02-2013 22 4 Download
This National Research Council (NRC) study, commissioned by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) in response to a mandate from Congress, addresses the question of whether there are alternatives to antipersonnel landmines (APL)—including technologies, tactics, and operational concepts. The study was conducted at an interesting historical juncture, when the United States is at peace and, at the same time, the number of new technologies rich in military possibilities is unprecedented. The convergence of these two factors presents the U.S.
141p camnhung_1 14-12-2012 23 4 Download
Differences in 4-Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor, Chronically III Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems
Height and weight of the subjects were measured using standard procedures. The weight was measured using SECA balance with minimum of cloths to the nearest of 100 gms and height was measured using an anthropometric rod to the minimum of 0.5 cm. Body mass index (BMI : weight in kg/height in meters2 ) was calculated from heights and weights. A value ≤ 18.5 is considered as a cut-off point for chronic energy deficiency (CED) or undernutrition (thinness), while BMI ≥ 25 is considered as overweight or obese. Prevalence of diseases in both groups separately was calculated.
9p taisaokhongthedung 01-01-2013 25 3 Download
The crisis has shown that securitization is heavily dependent on markets' perceptions and could be subject to sudden bouts of illiquidity generated from investors' concerns. Namely the consequences of the increased participation in bank funding by financial markets' investors and the large increases in securitized assets, can led to acute liquidity crises.
0p enterroi 01-02-2013 18 3 Download
The current extraordinary advances in basic biomedical and social sciences have unprecedented potential to improve the human condition. These insights, together with the human genome project and its successor proteomics, will require an enormous commitment to translational research to harvest their applications for medicine and public health. The progress in political and social theory, linguistics, statistics, psychology, and behavioral sciences generally deserves a similarly broad application of human research to reach full expression.
313p mnemosyne75 02-02-2013 24 3 Download
Báo cáo khoa học: Zinc potentiates the antibacterial effects of histidine-rich peptides against Enterococcus faecalis
Antimicrobial peptides are effector molecules of the innate immune system. We have recently shown that peptides containing multiples of the heparin-binding Cardin and Weintraub motifs AKKARA and ARKKAAKA exert antimicrobial activities. Here, we show that replacement of lysine and arginine in these motifs by histidine abrogates the antibacterial effects of these peptides.
8p inspiron33 26-03-2013 22 3 Download
According to our analysis, which included interviewing over 125 representative industry leaders in the region, the sector shows strong potential for growth across all dimensions: talent, which is affecting the creation of quality local content; content production, leveraging the expanding network of media free zones; consumption across traditional and new, digital platforms; and monetisation, through better targeting of audiences and new revenue streams. The industry is also expected to take advantage of the high proportion of young people in the Arab population.
45p nhacsihuytuan 13-04-2013 18 3 Download
Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600UMI.The Potential of Soil Survey Data in a Quantitative Evaluation of Surficial Geology Mapping in Northern Maine by Rosalia EvansThesis submitted t
The Potential of Soil Survey Data in a Quantitative Evaluation of Surficial Geology Mapping in Northern Maine by Rosalia Evans Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography
131p samsung_12 07-05-2013 18 3 Download
A Class of Code Compression Schemes for Reducing Power Consumption in Embedded Microprocessor Systems
Compression of executable code in embedded microprocessor systems, used in the past mainly to reduce the memory footprint of embedded software, is gaining interest for the potential reduction in memory bus traffic and power consumption. We propose three new schemes for code compression, based on the concepts of static (using the static representation of the executable) and dynamic (using program execution traces) entropy and compare them with a state-of-the-art compression scheme, IBM's CodePack.
16p alehaphoho 22-06-2015 25 4 Download
Báo cáo khoa học: Association of RNA with the uracil-DNA-degrading factor has major conformational effects and is potentially involved in protein folding
Recently, a novel uracil-DNA-degrading factor protein (UDE) was identi-fied inDrosophila melanogaster, with homologues only in pupating insects. Its unique uracil-DNA-degrading activity and a potential domain organiza-tion pattern have been described.
21p mobifone23 07-01-2013 11 2 Download


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Lovely 3 Bed home swap in Cape Town, South Africa
Our home, where we have lived since 2000, is a double storey Edwardian townhouse. The house has a warm feel to it, partly because there is Oregon pine throughout, but it is also light and spacious. There are 3 bedrooms upstairs, 2 of which are en-suite and have double beds. The third is our 7 year old daughter's room with a single bed and a sleeper couch. The bedroom at the front of the house has a balcony with a view of Table Mountain. Downstairs the lounge leads into the spacious eat-in kitchen which leads out to a leafy courtyard. There's a large Syringa tree which provides much needed shade and this is where we eat most of our meals in the summer. There is also a study with a piano and fireplace.
The City Bowl is a residential part of Cape Town situated between the scoop of Table Mountain and the sea. We live in one of the best streets in the City Bowl. Our street has mostly Victorian and Edwardian homes in it and although within a few minutes walk of shops and restaurants, is very quiet. Around one corner is De Waal park where we walk our dog daily as do many other dog owners in the area. It's also the place you will see groups of nannies with babies and toddlers in the morning, picnic parties, celebrations and quite frequently a movie crew. At the other end of the street is the bustling Kloof Street with a wide selection of restaurants, delis and other speciality shops. There is also a library in Kloof Street. Cinemas, museums, art galleries are all within walking distance. The cable car is less than 10 minutes drive away and Camps Bay beach is about 10 minutes drive for our house.
Type of home swap
- Home Exchange
Conditions of home exchange
- Non smokers only
- Children welcome
- Washer / Drier
- Use of computer
- Internet / WiFi
- Golfing
- Walking
- Car recommended
- Good public transport
- Local restaurants
- Shopping facilities
Nearest city: Cape Town
Property type: Townhouse
Location type: City
Cape Town (HE26158)
Western Cape, South Africa
- 3 bed (sleeps 7) 2.5 bath
Preferred destinations
- Edinburgh
Dates available
Swap duration: 2 - 3 weeks
Meet the member
Membership expiry date: 12 Sep 2012


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Sean Hannity lost his composure on his show last night and was absolutely roaring at a blonde left-wing bimbo who was on his panel who was insisting that it was both correct and good for the government to start inquiring of 12 year olds about their sex lives "for the greater good" whateverinhell that means! Then she tried to spin Global Climate Change (used to be know as Global Warming before the junk science and hypocrisy was thoroughly exposed) as being the fault of people who have steak for dinner! What a dimwitted apologist for airy fairy theories.
We have serious stuff going on in the world folks. The Middle East is largely composed of people who hate our guts, want what we have, and who will kill us to get it! Why are we wasting time on this kind of crap? Do we really think if we lick their withers it's going to buy us tranquility in our time? Really? Not so much.
People on both coasts seem to be under the impression that they are the intelligentsia and movers and shakers of this land. Apparently the lesson of the Tea Party Movement is wholly lost on them. There are a lot of us who still believe in God, still attempt to keep the 10 Commandments sacred and who do not want a government bureaucrat indoctrinating our kids with the latest crack-brained theories! Police cannot question a minor outside of the presence of their parent(s) but school factotums have abrogated unto themselves the right to ask highly personal and invasive questions as part of the school curriculum. No wonder Johnny cannot read - he's being taught by lunatics and idiots!
I am very depressed about the state of the world and our nation in particular. I refuse to give in to the feelings however - I'm going to get myself in better physical shape, clean my house and then find a Tea Party rally to attend whenever possible!
And just as an aside, wasn't Senator Rubio's recent speech inspiring and on point?


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Children's fossil program scheduled at museum
By News-Argus Staff
Published in News on August 14, 2008 1:47 PM
The Wayne County Museum will host a free children's event featuring fossils and a live iguana Friday night.
The presentation will begin at 7 p.m. upstairs in the museum, which is located at 116 N. William St. The presentation by Marvin E. Underwood, known as "the fossil man," will engage the children to participate with hands-on activities. Then children will be allowed to roam the exhibit afterwards and meet Baby, the museum manager's 10-year-old iguana. Museum Manager Johnna Nelson said Baby is a descendant of the dinosaur.
For information, call 734-5023.
Other Local News
- Care in the sky: Members of the aeromedical evacuation crew fight to get injured troops back to their families


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Up the Street in Concord
Body of Missing Woman Found in Concord
Tragic, huh?
Thank you for visiting the UNCC and University City Blog. If you have not already done so, we recommend that you read the first page
Labels: UNCC Concord Murder
Is UNCC right for you? News about UNCC the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and University City area of Charlotte.
Body of Missing Woman Found in Concord
Labels: UNCC Concord Murder


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General Category > Ingredients
Corn sugar vs rice syrup
I'm planning on making a lite lager as a base for some session beer flavor experiments.
I have a lot of corn sugar, but most recipes seem to use rice as the adjunct instead of corn. The BJCP style guide indicates corn ok.
What is the different flavor profile corn vs rice will contribute?
corn sugar is 100% glucose whereas rice syrup has a sugar profile that is closer to actual brewer's wort. I.e. you get a mix of glucose, maltose, maltotriose and so forth.
I'd go with rice syrup. But you may also be able to use up to 10% corn sugar to lighten the flavor.
[0] Message IndexGo to full version


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Bid Information
Bid Alert No: 00000402040
Bid Title: Phone Router Upgrades
Agency Bid No. Title: 15136-1000 BP01
Received Date: 10/26/2015
Close Date: 11/05/2015
Purchase Type: Not Stated
Delivery Point: Farmington, Michigan
Delivery Date: Not Stated
Special Notices: Bid Bond Required: 5%, Performance Bond Required: 100%, Payment Bond Required: 100%, Bidder Prequalification
Specifications include, but are not limited to: Design Requirements: Furnish all labor, materials, equipment, technical supervision, and incidental services required to complete, test and leave ready for operation the technology systems as specified and as indicated on Drawings. 1. The Drawings indicate the general design and extent of the technology system. Comply with the Drawings as closely as actual construction of the building and the work of other Trades permit. B. Performance Requirements: Perform all work in a first class and workmanlike manner, in accordance with the latest accepted standards and practices for the Trades involved. 1. All equipment of the same or similar systems shall be by the same manufacturer. 2. All equipment shall be new, of modern design, and current standard production of the manufacturer
Bid Related DocumentsDownload Document
Product Code: 92037
Agency Information
Note to Vendors To access the agency specs go to: WWW.BID4MICHIGAN.COM. Registration is mandatory and free for BidNet clients. If you are not already registered, login to WWW.BIDNET.COM and select Add eProcurement Systems. For assistance, call BidNets Bid Alert Service Support Center at 1-800-677-1997.
Issuing Agency: Farmington Public Schools/IPT
State: Michigan
Agency Type: State and Local
Contact: Julie Yelick Purchasing Department, 32500 Shiawassee, Farmington, Michigan, 48336
Phone: 248-489-3332
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Windows 7 or Moblin?
Wed, 01/13/2010 - 02:20
Hi group, i'm really new to Atom development, but i would to participate in the App Contest. What worries me is will it be open for Windows 7 apps or just Moblin? So far what i can see is that Moblin has an App Garage where people can get free and paid apps, will the same be available on Windows 7? thanks in advance!


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Two goals from Tomi Juric sealed a 2-1 win over Adelaide United in their A-League clash at Pirtek Stadium.
Marcelo Carrusca broke the deadlock in the 54th minute for the visitors before Juric hurt his former club with an equaliser just six minutes later and then bagged the vital goal in the 80th minute.
The return of striker Jeronimo Neumann and midfielder Carrusca from injury proved vital for the Reds with the Argentinians imports combining to open the scoring.
But while the visitors had a decent share of possession, the well-structured Wanderers were mostly able to nullify any threat as Adelaide largely lacked any real spark up front.
It took until the 40th minute for Wanderers goalkeeper Ante Covic to make his first save when Sergio Cirio got his head to a Carrusca ball into the box.
Western Sydney, on the other hand, looked dangerous from the outset. It took just 35 seconds for the hosts to have their first shot when a Shinji Ono free-kick found Nikolai Topor-Stanley in the box, his ensuing header putting Reds gloveman Eugene Galekovic straight to work.
And the chances kept coming for the Wanderers with striker Juric forcing another save from Galekovic in the 20th minute - the rebound going only as far as fellow new recruit Brendon Santalab who shot just wide.
Juric finally broke through in the 60th minute for his second goal of the season, getting past former Wanderer Tarek Elrich and his superb strike was too good for Galekovic.
Ono was perfectly set up by Italian Iacopo La Rocca to snatch a winner with just over 10 minutes remaining, but the Japanese star sent his shot high.
Instead it was Juric who put the game beyond doubt soon after, heading the ball home off a perfect cross from German Jerome Polenz to send the crowd into raptures.


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Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, presents JAYSES 2011 (Japan-Asia Young Scientist and Engineer Study Visit 2011).
Joint study trip program for the students from member universities of JAYSES in Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam. The participants will learn how the Japanese technology and methodology are applied to the practical stage and effect Asian society in various aspects and also study about close relation among Japan and Asian countries.
1. Observation: Thai/Japanese companies, JICA Projects, government organizations (Department of Intellectual Property),educational facilities (member universities of JAYSES), research institute, etc.
2. Discussion: Separate into several groups according to topics and exchange opinion and share idea among students. (Students from Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, the Philippines, Vietnam, Japan and neighboring countries)
3. Presentation: Each group should make presentation of conclusion of the discussion.
[Merits for the participants]
1) Can establish network with Japanese and neighboring countries students
2) Can learn the relation among Asian countries through private investment or Official Development Assistance (ODA)
3) Can be awarded the certificate of official participation by the Executive Vice President of Tokyo Tech.
4) Can collect useful information about studying in Japan especially at Tokyo Tech.
1. Participant should have proper ability to communicate in written and spoken English.
2. Participant should attend at least 3 days of site observation visits and 1 day of discussion (Student Forum). The certificate will be awarded at the Final Presentation Session on 29 August 2011 (Mon). The detailed schedule will be announced after confirmation.
3. Open only for students year 2008 and 2009
Applicants should download, fill up, and e-mail the application form to JAYSES Working Committee (JWC) by the deadline 20th June 2011 (23:59 JST*). For further information and the application form, please open JAYSES Official Website http://www.ttot.ipo.titech.ac. jp/JAYSES/top_e.html


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John T. Kirby
Let me begin with a word about the title I have chosen. The word 'rhetoric' is commonly used in both a stricter sense, that is, having to do with theory about (or the study of) discourse, and a looser, that is, as synonymous with discourse itself, or 'oratory'. In the brief space allotted to me here, I shall attempt to say something about Cicero's rhetoric in both senses. As for the term 'Ciceronian', I should say that I mean 'of Cicero' in the strictest sense; it is far beyond the scope of this collection to chart the course of the Ciceronian tradition in Renaissance (and later) rhetorics.
Cicero himself was a voluminous writer on the topic of rhetoric, beginning with the De Inventione Rhetorica and spanning the rest of his adult life, to the late Orator in 46 BCE. It is important to remember that, in this lifelong enterprise, he was the heir of a cultural phenomenon that was firmly entrenched, elaborately institutionalized, and minutely codifed. Horace wrote, Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artis/intulit agresti Latio ('Captive Greece captured her fierce captor, and introduced the arts to hayseed Latium', Epist. 2.1.156-7); 1 and in no area of human endeavour was this truer than in that of rhetoric. Well before Aristotle began to work on his monumental Rhetoric-of which more below-the Greeks, and especially those in and around Athens, were absorbed (not to say obsessed) with the phenomenon of persuasive language, with its formalization in oratory, and with its theoretical abstraction in what came to be called rhêtorikê. Indeed this group of cultural practices stands fair to be considered one of the greatest achievements and


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11am-6pm May 20-21st, 2017 Garner Arts Festival, GARNER Arts Center, 55 West Railroad Avenue, Garnerville, NY 10923
More Event info at: www.garnerartscenter.org/arts-festival/
May 13-14th, 2017 Beacon Open Studios, 211 Fishkill Ave, #111b, Beacon NY, bldg entrance on Kent Street
More Event info at: www.beaconopenstudios.org
January 2017, Geo-Co-Lab, solo installation, and artist in residence at Matteawan Gallery
Jan 1-22, 2017.
Artist Talk Jan 22nd,
Press Release: http://www.matteawan.com/uploads/1/8/3/4/18348239/winter_residency_2017_press_release.pdf
August 2016, I'm pleased I was nominated for the Rema Hort Mann Foundation's
NYC Emerging Artist Grant 2016. Unfortunately I wasn't one of the lucky recipients. My work will be featured on the Foundation's website:
July 2016, Saltonstall Foundation Artist Residency.
A new 'Rainwater Collector' design was constructed as a model for future Public Art Proposals. Also, several 2D works came out of the residency, as I continue the evolution of my designs for the Geo-Robot series.
December 2015, Award of Excellence, monetary award, for 'Sun Reflector' in Dave Bown Projects
11th Semiannual Competition, Curators: Katherine Pill, Ron Platt, Kelly Shindler. International
October 2015 'Be The Change' Solo Show by Artist Zac Skinner
Made possible by Jentel Foundation, and I-Park Foundation
The Gallery @ The Ann Felton Multicultural Center, Storer Auditorium Building, Lower Level,
4585 West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, NY 13215
July-Aug 2015, I-Park Foundation Artist Residency Program was a success!
New projects included a backyard Geo-Engineering sun reflector, a 12 volt solar system sculpture, and water collectors, East Haddam, CT.
October 2014, Jentel Artist Residency Program was a success!
New project is a contemplation on the power of wind, in the ancient petrified sand dunes that now make up the "Snake Hills", Banner WY.
2014 Dave Bown Projects - 7th Semiannual
Competition (Curators: Jeremy Adams, CUE Art
Foundation, New York; Janet Dees, SITE
Santa Fe; David S. Rubin, San Antonio Museum
of Art)
Zachary Skinner Honorable Mention.
FORM OF EMPTINESS: Two person show featuring Jayoung Yoon, and myself showing: Protesters; a participatory installation,
and recent drawings. Deep Tanks Studio
New York, NY: Nov.-Dec. 2013
December 14, 2013, Performance: Clearing the Mind, by Jayoung Yoon, featuring sound by me, followed by a video screening of my 2 channel video-work: Meat Robots
2011, Zachary Skinner's video-art "Destroy", review in Nictoglobe Magazine:
see the video here
by Arelis Eleftherios (CV)
All Content © Zachary Skinner 2008-2017


text: Arguably one of the most recognizable paintings of all time, The Starry Night was painted by which famous painter? Hint hint, it was painted in June 1889, and depicts the view from the east-facing window of his asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Share this trivia question with your friends to see if they know the answer! And don't forget to leave us a comment below!


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Hosianum Palace Hotel
Hosianum Palace Hotel
Hosianum Palace Hotel
LocationVia Dei Polacchi 23
Rome, IT
Description: Hosianum Palace HotelHosianum Palace is a 16th-century, stone building located 200 meters from Piazza Venezia and approximately 20 miles from Rome Fiumicino Airport. This location is also 100 meters from the Cordonata Steps and Gesu Church, 200 meters from the Fountain of the turtles, 300 meters from San Marco Basilica and Palazzo Venezia, half a mile from Piazza Navona and the Spanish Steps, and one mile from the Coliseum and Vatican City with Saint Peter's Cathedral. Hotel amenities include the courtyard, bar, and dining on the fifth-floor terrace amid rooftop views. The hotel also offers room service, concierge assistance, free weekday newspapers, valet laundry service, 24-hour front desk service, currency exchange, and transportation to and from the airport (surcharge). All rooms feature neoclassical fabrics, plasma-screen satellite TVs, safes, minibars, individual climate control, hairdryers, and bidets.The city of Rome imposes a tax of 2-3 EUR per person, per night, for stays of up to 10 nights. This tax will be charged to guests at check-out, and must be paid directly to the hotel.
Other Local Hotels
Albergo AbruzziRoma
Hotel FortysevenRome
Kolbe Hotel Rome Rome
La PapessaRome
Pantheon InnRoma
Prince of NavonaRoma


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Recently, USMNT head coach Jurgen Klinsmann, made some unsavory comments regarding the team's 2014 World Cup chances. Paraphrasing Klinsmann, the 2014 World Cup championship is not a reasonable objective for the young squad.
This is not due to the lack of talent and depth of the Americans; but rather due to their unfortunate draw into the "group of death." Playing against two of the top international teams, as well as a Ghana team that has a history of upsetting United States' World Cup chances, is enough to make even the head coach question his team's chances.
The United States would have to play "out of their mind" to top the group or even come in second. Germany have evenly distributed talent from their forwards down to their goalkeeper; Portugal, currently, have the best player in the world; and Ghana have a burly attack with the Ayew brothers, Sulley Muntari, Kevin-Prince Boateng and Michael Essien. Even for a 100 percent patriotic American soccer supporter and self-proclaimed "American Outlaw," I have to side with Klinsmann on this one.
Klinsmann is not saying he does not believe in his team; on the contrary, he believes his team is moving in the right position. Before the 2010 World Cup, the USMNT was nowhere close to the advancements that were facilitated by both Bob Bradley and Klinsmann. The coach has taken "the yanks" to new-found heights, as they are currently No. 13 in FIFA's international rankings. The players selected by Klinsmann are expected to be in Russia four years from now. Age and form of crucial players such as Clint Dempsey and Tim Howard, as well as their group draw, will remain potential obstacles for a realistic World Cup championship opportunity.
Four years from now, many of United States' core, young players will be more mature and will have plenty more caps. As well, Klinsmann has a knack of finding American players overseas who have dual-citizenship, including Mikkel "Mix" Diskerud and Aron Johannsson, two players who I think will become the future's Clint Dempsey and Michael Bradley.
The future is bright for American soccer, but if Klinsmann and the USMNT do not live up to their potential, then Klinsmann's job and the team's international presence will be in jeopardy.
Collin Ruby is a Soccer writer for RantSports.com, follow him on Twitter @Collin_Ruby


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Don't miss a story. Like us on Facebook. Like Dallas News' Facebook Page
Updated at 8:45 a.m. with information from police.
One pedestrian was fatally struck while crossing the street in Oak Cliff early Wednesday.
The person was struck by a 2003 Mercedes while walking across South Hampton Road in the 2600 block about 5:45 a.m., Dallas police spokeswoman Tramese Jones said in an email. He died at the scene.
He has not been identified.
The driver of the Mercedes remained at the scene and no charges are pending at this time, Jones said.


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Lynda Royal: Bachology Founder and Writer
When my grandmother died I asked to be left her cookbooks. I am fascinated by the scraps of paper with scribbled recipes, old community cookbooks and old fashioned food trends. Our mothers and grandmothers were experts at pulling together tasty meals usually out of cheap and simple ingredients.
I really enjoy cooking for me own family and friends. Particularly when I am on holiday because that's when I have the time to create. My holiday cooking isn't usually terribly elaborate. The focus is often seafood and I love just finding what's around me and creating dishes from that – making do – making a lot out of a little. The term for a holiday home in some parts of New Zealand is a Bach – hence the name Bachology. So you will also find recipes here from holiday cooking, vintage recipes, vintage cookbooks and recipes with a story along with some social history too.
Would you like to get in touch? See the contact page for details and I'd love to hear from you!
Sharon Elizabeth – Bachology Writer
Once upon a time, a young chatterbox called Sharon Elizabeth dreamed of running away to the circus to walk the tightrope, and of baking gargantuan cakes fit for the queen! Now all grown up and still a chatterbox, she resides in a Tudor house near the English South Coast with her composer husband, living an alternative fairy tale. A professional cabaret artiste, vintage lifestyle writer and creator of romantic baking for her website essensualbaking.com, the only tightrope this 40-something treads nowadays is the balancing act between her many passions and creative pursuits.


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J'adore la France
Enrich yourself with for four to seven weeks in the cities of Nice and Paris. See the French Riviera, the Louvre museum, Arc de Triomphe, Eiffel Tower and many other treasures of Cannes, Nice, Monte Carlo and of course Paris, the city that many people call the "cultural capital of the world." Attendees will be immersed in French while living with a French family. "Culture and language converge in some of the most scenic and historic locations of France. This is an experience that … will influence a student over a lifetime," said Tammy Christensen, French instructor and an...Read More


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Date(s) - 04/27/17
10:00 am - 5:00 pm
Endangered Animal Rescue Sanctuary - EARS
Categories No Categories
You wont want to miss this adventure!!! Thursday, April 27th
We will travel to Cross Creek, FL for lunch at The Yearling Restaurant. We will have a choice of 3 entrees, Chicken, Catfish or Shrimp. Sides and a beverage will be included for $15.95 plus tax per person. Old time cracker Florida restaurant. Not fancy, just good food. Decor based on book, The Yearling by Marjorie Kinan Rawlings. We will plan to eat between 12 and 12:15.
After our lunch we will travel south to Citra to EARS (Endangered Animal Rescue Sanctuary). Our tour begins at 3:00 and will last about 1hr 15 mins. It costs $18.00 per person. They accept CASH or CHECK ONLY. We will see bears, lions, leopards, cougars, tigers, primates and others who have been rescued from abuse and other situations. Donations are of the following items are accepted: frozen chicken, cat or dog food, bleach, canned fruits and veggies, soap and trash bags.
The entire trip one way will be about 50 miles, 1hr and 10min leaving from Mulberry Rec center. Meet at Mulberry Grove Rec Center at 1045AM, we will leave at 11AM for the drive to the restaurant.
Be sure to sign up soon, this will be a great rally!!!!
Bookings are closed for this event.


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Tirunelveli Aavin Job Vacancy 2016 2017 17 Manager, Executive, Technician Posts | Tirunelveli AavinJob Vacancies 2016 Download Application Form | Tirunelveli Aavin Released Job Openings Notification 2016 Eligible Candidates can Download Application Through Official website www.aavinmilk.com | Tirunelveli Aavin Syllabus, Call Latter, Age Limit, Eligibility Criteria, Application Processes, Last Date Details Given below Check before Applying
Tirunelveli Aavin Recruitment 2016 - Vacancy Details:
Organization Name: The Tirunelveli District Cooperative Milk Producers' Unions Ltd., (Tirunelveli Aavin)
Employment Category: Tamilnadu Govt Jobs
Total No. of Vacancies: 17
Job Location: Tirunelveli
Name of the Post & No of Vacancies:
For the Post Of Manager and Above
1. Manager (Veterinary) / (P & I) - 01
2. Manager (Marketing) - 01
3. Manager (Engineering) - 01
For the Post Of Below Managers
4. Deputy Manager (Dairying) - 03
5. Deputy Manager (System) - 01
6. Executive (Office) - 03
7. Extension Officer Grade - II - 04
8. Technician (Electrical) - 03
Eligibility Criteria for Tirunelveli Aavin Recruitment 2016
Educational Qualification:
1. Manager (Veterinary) / (P & I) - Must possess a Degree in Veterinary Science from a recognized University. Must have registered with Veterinary Council
2. Manager (Marketing) - Must possess any degree and MBA with specialization in Marketing /Sales promotion from a recongnized university/Institution (or) any degree and 2 year post Graduate Diploma with Specialization in Marketing / Sales promotion from a recognized University/Institution
3. Manager (Engineering) - Must possess a Bachelor Degree in Electrical / Electronics and Communication / Instrumentation / Automobile / Mechanical Engineering / Dairy Technology from recognized university
4. Deputy Manager (Dairying) - Must possess Degree and IDD /NDD or Post graduate degree in Dairy Science / Dairying or B.Tech in Food Technology / Dairy Technology / Food Processing from any approved institutions
5. Deputy Manager (System) - Must possess Bachelor Degree in Engineering (Information Technology) / (Computer Science) / Master of Computer Applications from a recognized University
6. Executive (Office) - Post Graduate Degree and pass in Cooperative Training.
7. Extension Officer Grade - II - Must be a graduate in any degree. Must possess a Diploma in Co-operative Management from any recognized Co-operative institution in Tamilnadu exemption for holders of degree in B.A. (Co-op), or B.Com (Co-op) from passing Co-operative training
8. Technician (Electrical) - SSLC / X Std. pass. Must possess ITI (Electrical) with National Trade Certificate in Lineman / Wireman (B' License)
Age Limit: (As on 01.07.2016)
Go through Manager, Executive, Technician official Notification 2016 for more reference
Pay Scale:
For the Post Of Manager and Above
1. Manager (Veterinary) / (P & I) - Rs.9300-34800 + Grade Pay Rs.4700/-
2. Manager (Marketing) - Rs.9300-34800 + Grade Pay Rs.4700/-
3. Manager (Engineering) - Rs.9300-34800 + Grade Pay Rs.4700/-
For the Post Of Below Managers
4. Deputy Manager (Dairying) - Rs.9300 - 34800 + Grade Pay Rs.4400/-
5. Deputy Manager (System) - Rs.9300 - 34800 + Grade Pay Rs.4400/-
6. Executive (Office) - Rs. 5200 – 20200 + Grade pay Rs.2800/-
7. Extension Officer Grade - II - Rs. 5200 – 20200 + Grade pay Rs.2400/-
8. Technician (Electrical) - Rs. 5200 – 20200 + Grade pay Rs.2400/-
Tirunelveli Aavin Recruitment 2016 - Selection Procedure & Exam Fee:
Selection Procedure: Academic Qualification and Oral Test
Application Fee: Mode of Payment of Examination Fee for the post of Manager and above
Payment of fee Rs.250/- should be made by way of demand draft only, drawn in favour of "The General Manager, Tirunelveli District Co-operative Milk Producers Union Ltd.," and payable at Tirunelveli. No. fees for SC/ST applicants Demand draft can be drawn in any one of the Nationalised Banks / Cooperative Banks and examination fees for each post should be remitted separately
How to Apply for Tirunelveli Aavin Recruitment 2016:
Candidates satisfying the above Tirunelveli Aavin Recruitment 2016 eligibility conditions Use Following Procedure Given Below to Apply Offline Mode
1. Visit official website www.aavinmilk.com
2. Search Tirunelveli Aavin Manager, Executive, Technician Application form
3. Click on "Download" option and PDF form
4. Fill required details and Make Payments
5. Applicants send their applications in prescribed format along with attested copies of Documentary proof of Age, Caste, Educational/ Technical certificates, e-Receipt for fee payment as applicable & relevant documents, self addressed envelope affixed postage stamps to the following address (Address Mentioned in Official Notification). Envelope must be super-scribed with "APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF "……………."EMPLOYMENT ADVT. NO. 2/2016 DATED: 22.08.2016
Filled in Application should be sent to:
The General Manager , The Tirunelveli District Co-operative Milk Producers Union Ltd., Reddiarpatty Road, Perumalpuram Post, Tirunelveli – 627 007.
Tirunelveli Aavin Recruitment 2016 - Important Dates:
1. Starting Date for Submission of Application: 22.08.2016
2. Last date for Submission of Application: 20.09.2016
Important Links for Tirunelveli Aavin Recruitment 2016:
Application form and Guidelines for Managers: Click Here to Download
Application form and Guidelines for Below Managers: Click Here to Download
Latest Govt Jobs 2017 - 2017:-
Central Govt Jobs 2017 - 2017
Latest State Wise Jobs 2017 - 2017:-


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Well, we knew it would happen sooner or later, and Rovio recently revealed that their Angry Birds cartoon will premiere the weekend of March 16th. Dubbed "Angry Birds Toons," the series seems to take place on Pig Island, which is surely full of egg-nabbing swine.
What we find most interesting about the trailer above is the fact that it doesn't tell us where the animated series will premiere. The Angry Birds Twitter account says "distribution channels will be available later," so only time will tell I suppose.
In addition to the upcoming "Toons," let's not forget that Rovio also has an "Angry Birds" feature film on the way. Slated for 2016, the Angry Birds movie already has two producers attached for development. The first being David Maisel, who's known for his work on "Iron Man," and the latter being John Cohen, who helped bring us "Despicable Me."
What are your thoughts on the feisty flock soaring to TV and film? Share your thoughts in the comments section below!
Related posts:
Sony President Shuhei Yoshida Talks About The PS4's Origins
'Diablo III' On PS3 And PS4 Will Not Require A Constant Internet Connection
Follow @MTVGeek on Twitter and be sure to "like" us on Facebook for the best geek news about comics, toys, gaming and more! And don't forget to follow our resident gadget geek @hatfieldy!


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Words containing elatini
Found 13 words containing elatini. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that contain elatini. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play!
- Scrabble
- Words With Friends
- WordHub
- Crossword


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Regular price $20.00 USD
What is beard strength balm?
Beard and Company's beard strength balm is formulated to make your beard strong and protect it from everyday damage.
✔ Replenishes moisture in dry beards
✔ Strengthens beards with omega fatty acids
✔ Protects beards from split ends
Available in two sizes: 30 ml (1 ounce) and 60 ml (2 ounces)
How to use beard balm:
1. Take a small pea-sized amount and massage into hands.
2. Apply to damp or dry beard until fully distributed.
What's in our beard balm:
Geranium oil: promotes cell growth by removing old dead cells and generating new cells
White beeswax: seals in moisture; naturally stimulates hair growth
Shea butter: contains inflammatory properties and is rich in vitamins, fat, and moisture. It's ideal for beard growth due to its ability to heal scalp and skin issues.
Jojoba oil: nourishes the follicles of your hair and makes your beard stronger and healthier
Argan oil: repairs beard split ends and increases overall beard health due to its beneficial nutrients
Almond oil: moisturizes and strengthens your beard with magnesium
Hemp seed oil: contains omega fatty acids and protein which stimulates beard growth
Vitamin E: an antioxidant that improves circulation to the scalp
What's NOT in our beard balm:
- Synthetic fragrances
- Chemical fillers


text:
University of Houston experts, including William Fitzgibbon, dean of the College of Technology and an expert on mathematical models used to analyze the spread of infectious disease, are prepared to comment on topics related to the H1N1 Virus.
The University of Houston has cancelled all classes after 2 p.m. today (Dec. 4). No decision has been made yet regarding Saturday classes. UH officials are monitoring the weather and will make a decision in a timely manner. Please continue to check the UH Emergency Page Web site for updates.


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Read to write. It really helps you to improve your work.
".. never believe that you have reached the top because there isn't one. "
-Accept and note the areas that you have trouble with, whether they include dialogue, structure, characterization, setting, etc. Know and embrace the fact that you have room to improve.
-Pick a story or a book (or a few!) that really made an impression on you in terms of style, tone, and connection. It should be something that you don't mind reading again, and that you would give a glowing review.
-Read the story slowly. Take your time. Figure out how that story…
View original post 337 more words


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I like turtlez
Turtlez is life, Turtlez is love
Friday, May 8, 2015
Author notes for choose your own adventure thing
I made a story with jesus and it is about zombies and stuff that try to chase you and you try to survive but it is a struggle. We first used paper to do the map for the choices and then we transported it to a word doc and then we did a key note. It turned out very awesome and I think that would have been the best we could have done. I like to work with my partner and it was very fun. I didn't like is that it was for a class and it was homework.
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On this day 35 years ago, Marc Bolan played Newcastle City Hall with The Damned, on the 1977 tour. I was going to go to that gig, but because my girlfriend at the time couldn't go, l gave it a miss, and thought l would catch him on the next tour.
Sadly, that never happened, as he died later in the year, which meant l never got to see him play live.
Bloody women.
toodle pip


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Living fairly near to the coast we tend to get quite a lot of those ugly beaky birds called seagulls. Which are renowned for their misdemeanours, wether that is pooping on you, pecking your finger or eating your food. My nearest and dearest have been victims of these winged pooping hyenas over the last few weeks, and I'm sensing they are planning their assault on me very soon. Things come in threes, right?
The first instance was a bowel release on Babe's knee as we packed our mega weekly supermarket shop into the boot of the car. Fortunately hubby was with me, so I was able to let him continue the heavy lifting to wipe off the mess. Babe seemed pretty unpeturbed by the incident.
Not like the latest attack, which involved a great big fat bully bird diving into hubby's Big Mac, taking half his burger and attempting to amputate one of his fingers. Said bird had been stalking round our patch and hubby had given it a bit of a talking too and the evil eye. Clearly this only jeered the bird on. Needless to say hubby was not best pleased and neither was Babe who all of a sudden got very protective over her fries and went on to tell all the birds around us how naughty they were.
So I'm standing guard, with a packet of tissues at the ready!


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Watch the Bystanders play Yoshi Woolly World part two/
This week Frank and Anthony continue through the cute and colorful world of Yoshi Woolly World for the Nintendo Wii U. Can the Bystanders cooperate long enough to find all the multi-colored yoshi?
Subscribe: youtube.com/gamemusic4all | Support: patreon.com/genoboost
Check out thebystanderspodcast.com to find more of The Bystanders Podcast.
Subscribe to Game Music 4 All on YouTube at youtube.com/gamemusic4all to catch the latest episodes of The Bystanders Podcast every Saturday, and subscribe to the audio version of the show via iTunes or Stitchr!


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Single Mothers
Single Unemployed Mothers (Demographic Paper)
Brittney Williams
September 17, 2012
Single Unemployed Mothers (Demographic Paper)
A mother is a tough job at hand, but thinks for a second about a mother who is unemployed as well as a mother with an absent parent; the issue is many within one. The state of Michigan is experiencing an all-time high increase of unemployed people, suffering in poverty. The question at hand is how the demographic issue is affecting the society, relatively the health care market. Identify target population
The demographics of the topic; single unemployed mothers within our nation as of 2008 were 84.5 million and 9.9million were single moms with no help from the absent parent, according to the 2008 Census Bureau. However a single unemployed mother in Michigan has been, and is currently a huge growing issue. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics the highest unemployed mothers are the minority, African Americans women, and Hispanic women. The report stated which single unemployed African American mothers increase within June till July from 11.8 percent to 12.9 percent; whereas the statistics for single unemployed Hispanics were 11 percent to 12.1 percent. The following statistics is based within the demographic population of the state of Michigan. However when you break the statistics down to a city, the numbers seems closer to reality. In saying you're able to comprehend the issue at hand a bit more Maternal and Infant Well-Being - Michigan. (2011, July 8).
Gathered Information about the Population
Statistics on single unemployed mothers within in the city of Grand Rapids Michigan reports, from the Institute for Research on Poverty states that the increase of poverty is rising extremely high in Grand Rapids. The League of Human Services states that 40% of births in Grand Rapids are to unwed mothers researched in 2010. However the percentage has increased from 2010 to 2012 by 20 percent. This goes into explaining the demographics further, in which reports out of every 3 births, 2 of which are to an unwed moms aging in her early 20's Mothers by the Numbers. (2012, September 17). Demographics effects the HealthCare market
According to the Kids Count of Michigan, unmarried woman are more likely to give birth into poverty, born in poverty may lead to health problems as well as educational problems. Living within poverty affects the person enduring the process as well as others. Being poor and less unfortunate affects the healthcare economy, by increasing the dollar amount for healthcare coverage. Not only does it increase the dollar amount for covering services/ treatments for those that are not able to afford, but it also puts a demand on the services, the physicians, and providers. The increase of Medicaid is looking as if we may enter a debt that no one is ready for. The demand for healthcare is vital, the government is doing the best to their ability, and however it is making younger people with a job work harder. As a result of them working harder, the taxes they pay into is going to those that are less fortunate. In my opinion to this topic, I'm fearful that the government is paying close attention to our debt and healthcare needs, and am totally excluding the attention our education needs. Overall the general effect of single unemployed mothers have on the healthcare market is that, because of the current demographics of the population the healthcare market has to work harder to stay out of debt.
Changes in the population may help the healthcare market
In 2009 Obama stated that he wanted to set up a plan to target the Department of Education to increase the financial aid packages for unemployed people so that they can get ahead, while still unemployed. The plan was to increase the pell-grant, so that the people that qualify can have extra funds to care for other things such as medical and housing expenses. The pell-grant was to...
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text:
…longer have to follow along with the roads to where I wish to go. Touching a Blingtron's power supply might be sufficient to kill modest critters, like moles. Such equipment…
Ala Mode Yakima
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The apology tendered by Shiv Sena President Uddhav Thackeray over an anti-Maratha cartoon in a party publication was "politically motivated" and "devoid of respect for the agitating community", senior Congress leader Narayan Rane said on Monday.
"Uddhav's apology was not genuine. It was more out of selfish political motives than respect for the Maratha community," the former Chief Minister said at a press meet.
Last Saturday, the Sena chief publicly apologised for a cartoon published in party mouthpiece 'Saamana' that sought to lampoon Maratha protests.
The politically powerful community has been taking out silent marches all over Maharashtra in support of their demands that include reservation in jobs and education.
Watch What Else Is making News
The Sena's mind is not clean in respect to the demands of Marathas," said Rane, who headed the committee set up by the previous Congress-NCP Government that recommended 16 per cent reservation in jobs and education for Marathas.
"Seeing the massive morchas of Marathas and protest voiced by its own MLAs and MPs over the cartoon, Uddhav had no option but to apologise," he said.
Ridiculing the Sena for demanding a special session of the legislature to consider economic criteria for quota, Rane wondered how could it be done given the matter is sub-judice.
"The state government is not serious about giving reservations to Marathas. After a month-long study of the prevailing social condition of Marathas, my committee had recommended 16 per cent reservation for them under an Article of the Constitution that empowers states to provide reservation to socially and educationally backward communities," the Shiv Sainik-turned-Congressman said.
However, the current Devendra Fadnavis Cabinet did not even discuss how to coherently present the government case on the issue in the Court. Ministers are taking different stands on the issue, he said.
"If the Government does not take any decision (on quota), it will be responsible for any consequences that may follow," the Congress leader warned.
He slammed MNS President Raj Thackeray for demanding economic criteria for quotas. "Can the prevailing reservation (based on social criteria) be scrapped? Is it possible?"
Referring to the state cabinet meeting to be held in Aurangabad tomorrow, Rane wondered why prohibitory orders have been put in place in the city in Marathwada.
"If the Cabinet takes a definite stand on Maratha reservation or announces loan waiver for farmers then only it would show the Fadnavis Government means business. Just having a Cabinet meet in Marathwada doesn't mean the government plans to provide relief to the people of the region."
For all the latest India News, download Indian Express App


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NEWCOMERS who recently moved to Cloncurry can learn exactly what the community has to offer at Curry Day.
The event is held at Mary Kathleen Memorial Park on Sunday from 3pm.
Local community groups, charities, organisations and event committees will have booths to promote what they do at Curry Day.
There will also be a cupcake competition and a junior best dressed competition. Both competitions have the theme of Green.
Curry Day was typically held on the weekend of St Patrick's Day, as an acknowledgement of the Irish roots of its town's namesake. But in the past two years it has merged with Curry Harmony Day, held since 2015.