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Childhood excess weight
England is one of the most overweight nations in the world, the
majority of adults are either overweight or obese. The
government document "Healthy Lives, Healthy People. A call to
action on obesity in England" (DoH, 2011)
summarises the significant
scale of the threat that excess wieght (overweight and obesity)
pose to our health and wellbeing, and to both the NHS and the
economy as a whole.
Excess weight is a major risk factor for diseases such as
type 2 diabetes, cancer and heart disease. Alongside the serious
ill-health it provokes, it can reduce people's prospects in life,
affecting individuals' ability to get and hold down work, their
self-esteem and their underlying mental health'
Overweight and obese children are more likely
to become obese adults, and have a higher risk of morbidity,
disability and premature mortality in adulthood2.
Nationally, almost a third of children are either overweight or
obese and this trend is predicted to continue to rise if serious
action is not taken by local services and
What is Excess Weight and Obesity?
The term 'Excess Weight' encompasses both
overweight and obese. Although obesity is a clinical term, both
overweight and obese are used to describe an accumulation of fat
mass to the extent that it may be detrimental to health. Excess
weight is commonly measured using the Body Mass Index (BMI), which
is a measure that most people can use to check whether their weight
is healthy for their height. BMI is calculated using the
following equation:
BMI = Weight (Kg) / Height (m)2
In children however, BMI has the potential to
be less accurate and there is no single definition applied
worldwide. In England, child BMI is measured at Reception
Year (age 4-5 years) and Year 6 (aged 10-11 years) through the
National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP), which is a government
mandated requirement. In children, BMI values are given as
percentiles (or centiles) plotted against a 1990 population sample
reference curve (Cole et al).
Population (epidemiological) cut off values are shown below:
NCMP population
BMI percentile
>2nd but < 85th
Healthy weight
≥85th but <95th
Clinical cut off values are different to the
population monitoring levels reflecting the higher level of
confidence required for individual measures. These are the cut-offs
used for NCMP parental letters.
Clinical setting
≥91st but <98th
Complications in measuring children at Year 6
(aged 10-11 years) include increasing muscularity and movement
through puberty. However, insufficient evidence presently exists to
quantify this effect.
What are the causes of Excess
For the majority of individuals, excess weight
gain is the result of eating more calories than needed and/or
undertaking too little physical activity to match calorie
intake. Much public discourse exists regarding who is to
'blame' for childhood obesity. However, the processes behind this
are complex and varied based on physiology, psychology, powerful
marketing messages and the social settings we live in. The
following diagram is taken from the Foresight Obesity Systems Map
(2007) and broadly identifies the issues surrounding weight:
For a more comprehensive analysis of the factors at
play, click here to view the Obesity Systems Map, Foresight (2007)
Level of need in the population
Childhood excess weight is influenced by
genetics, gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic deprivation. Children
most at risk are those with one or both parents that are overweight
or obese.
Children with mental health issues have an
additional level of need as they are more likely to lead unhealthy
lifestyles, take little exercise, and become obese as a direct
result of the symptoms and treatment associated with their
illness. It is recommended that services are targeted in
areas with high concentration of BME groups and in wards with high
levels of socioeconomic deprivation 1.
Findings from the EarlyBird study5
suggests that over 90% of the excess weight in girls, and over 70%
in boys, is gained before the child reaches school age, stressing
the need for prevention and intervention before they reach this
How does excess weight affect
Being overweight or obese in childhood has
consequences for health and emotional well-being, in both the short
and long term. Type 2 diabetes, previously considered an adult
disease, has increased dramatically in overweight children as young
as five, and referred to as 'diabesity' 6. Raised blood
pressure and cholesterol can also be identified in obese children
and adolescents, and they may also suffer disturbed sleep and
A systematic review of obesity and educational
attainment 7 asserted that obesity should not be
understood solely as a health issue, because the most noticeable
way that children are affected is in their social
relationships. In addition, it was noted that many studies
fail to adequately capture many of the potential causative factors
that are likely to impact children and young people in schools that
contribute to their lower educational attainment and this is
something that should be considered when considering the
experiences of overweight and obese children.
Overweight or obese children are significantly
more likely to be victims of bullying, which is likely to have a
negative impact for a period of years, lasting even after childhood
and adolescence 8. In addition, obese children are
more likely to become obese adults, who are more likely to be
subject to social discrimination, including loss of, or lower
earning power, adverse consequences on the wider economy from lost
working days and increased benefits payments 9
Maternal Obesity
There is evidence that children born to
overweight or obese mothers, tend to have higher birth weights, and
become overweight children, and subsequently overweight
adults10. The Maternity Services Data Set (MSDS) has
been developed and data will be collected monthly. The reports are
available to read at - http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB19869
In July 2015, 25% of pregnant women who
attended an appointment at Bedford Hospital were overweight and
16.6% were obese. For more information on the health risks of
excess weight in pregnancy, see the 'Adult Excess Weight'
Facts, Figures, Trends
National Prevalence
Childhood obesity in the UK is amongst the
highest in the world. The latest national figures indicate
that in 2015/16, 9.3% of Reception year children (aged 4-5) were
obese and 12.8% were overweight. In Year 6 (aged 10-11), 19.8% of
children were obese and a further 14.3% were overweight. This means
that over a fifth of 4-5 year olds and almost a third of 10-11 year
olds are overweight or obese. This figures are also an increase on
2014/15 data.
Local Prevalence
The National Child Measurement Programme
(NCMP) data 2015/16 in Bedford Borough revealed that 13.2% and 8.1%
of children are overweight and obese respectively at year R; and
14.1% and 19.9% of children are overweight and obese respectively
at year 6. It can be seen from the diagram below, that Bedford
Borough is below the national average for excess weight in both
year groups. However, it is above the East of England Excess Weight
These percentages equate to approximately
8,118 overweight and obese children (4,007 overweight, 4,110 obese)
in Bedford Borough between the ages of 5 and 11 years.
The graph below shows trend data from the
National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) over a 8-year period
The graph shows that in year R across Bedford
Borough, there is a downward trend in excess weight, indicating
that progress is moving in the right direction. In year 6, however,
there is a slight upward trend in excess weight.
The chart below shows the most recent Excess Weight 3-year
aggregated data for Reception year by ward, with a comparison to
the Bedford Borough, East of England and England averages. Although
Great Barford has the highest prevalence, this is not statistically
significant in comparison to the Bedford Borough and England
The chart below shows the most recent Excess Weight 3-year
aggregated data for Year 6 by ward, with a comparison to the
Bedford Borough, East of England and England averages. The
Confidence Interval for Cauldwell shows that the prevalence of
excess weight is statistically higher than the Bedford Borough and
England average
Dietary Consumption and Physical Activity
The National Diet and Nutrition Survey
2012-2014 11 found that children aged 4-18 years are
consuming well above the recommended amounts of sugar, saturated
fat and salt . Furthermore, it is recommended that children eat at
least one portion of oily fish a week (140g). The survey found
however that average consumption was well below
The average number of portions of fruit
consumed daily by age 15 in Bedford Borough is 2.44 (compared to
2.39 nationally). The average number of portions of vegetables
consumed daily by age 15 in Bedford Borough is 2.65 (2.40
nationally). Although above the national averages, both these
figures are significantly lower than the Government recommendation
of '5 a day'. In fact, only 55.4% of 15 year olds in BBC meet the
'5 a day' guideline 12.
Access to healthy affordable food is an
essential component of achieving and maintaining a healthy
lifestyle. A whole community approach can contribute to this by
ensuring healthy food is grown and sold locally, enabling people to
access growing spaces and teaching children how to grow and prepare
food. Food security is when people have access to sufficient, safe
and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life. This
includes the physical availability of and economic access to food,
as well as the nutritional knowledge and skills to prepare and cook
healthy food. Food poverty occurs when people are unable to access
or afford healthy food.
Eating meals outside of the home is becoming ever more frequent,
with 1 in 6 meals being consumed outside of the home
13. Fast-food is energy dense, but nutrient poor,
and the link between energy dense food and obesity is well
documented. Foods purchased from fast-food outlets and restaurants
are up to 65% more energy-dense than the average diet
14. An average meal from a fast-food chain is 1015
kilocalories 15, half the recommended daily calories for
a woman (2000 kcals) in just one meal, and just under half for men
(2,500 kcals), not to mention the high amounts of fat (42g), sugar
(52g) and salt (2.9g). To burn off this meal, an adult would need
to run for 1-2 hours 16. An average child's meal
contains 24g of fat (red traffic light) and 2.2 g salt (daily
recommended maximum salt intake for a child aged 4-6 years is 3g
salt). A child would have to run 1.5-2 hours to burn off this
meal16. However, surveys have found that only 21% of boys and 16%
of girls aged 5-15 years are reaching the recommendation of 60
minutes a day of physical activity 17.
What does it cost?
In 2008, obesity cost NHS Bedfordshire £98.8 million, and this
figure was predicted to rise to £136 million in 2015 18.
Estimated social care costs are difficult to quantify. However,
nationally 70% of total health and social care spend is on
long-term conditions attributable to excess weight and poor
lifestyles (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, muscular skeletal
disease, some cancers and mental health problems) 19.
The wider cost to the economy is estimated to be closer to
£27billion a year, once factors such as lost productivity and sick
days are taken into account 9.
Public Health England (2015) – 'Why invest in
The majority of long term conditions will involve the provision
of social care. Some of the social care costs for obesity
related conditions such as stroke, diabetes, hypertension etcetera
are likely to consist of:
National & Local Strategies (Current best
What can we do?
To help make healthy living the easier choice, it is imperative
that services within Bedford Borough Council work together to
ensure an integrated service for the local population. This
will help to ensure that children and families are not 'lost to the
system', and that adequate support is given to those families who
require it the most. We must ensure that we are providing
meaningful opportunities (triggers) to engage families and support
them to manage their weight.
Since there is evidence of a direct and indirect impact of
various influences on weight (including physical activity, poverty,
learning disability, healthy eating, educational attainment,
transport, employment and relationship status), the excess weight
agenda is wide, and is essentially 'Everybody's Business'. This
means working together with a range of BBC departments and internal
and external services such as:
In addition, this means ensuring that we are
contributing and adhering to a range of national and local
strategies and documents including:
What are the key
Whilst everyone is susceptible to obesity,
levels are disproportionally higher in the lower socio-demographic,
socially disadvantaged groups and some ethnic groups. Nationally,
there is an almost linear relationship between obesity prevalence
in children and the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010 (IMD) decile
for the area where they live. Child obesity prevalence in the most
deprived tenth of local areas is almost double that in the least
deprived tenth 20.
Boys and girls in reception year from Black
African, Black Other and Bangladeshi ethnic groups have the highest
prevalence of obesity. Boys in Year 6 from all minority groups are
more likely to be obese than White British boys; for girls in Year
6, obesity prevalence is especially high for those from Black
African and Black Other ethnic groups 21
Tackling challenges in Childhood Obesity
With the exception of age, gender, and
ethnicity, many of the risk factors for obesity are modifiable and
centre on healthy lifestyle changes, towards a healthier diet and
more physical activity in everyday life. This requires more
than just information alone. The three key elements that must
converge at the same time in order for behaviour change to take
place are:
The challenge is to create an environment in
which these three elements are present and this should be a
starting point for commissioning of all services to prevent weight
gain or manage weight. It is possible, through working with
children and families, to impart the ability and even provide some
trigger points. However, for action to take place, the
trigger must be relevant to the real life of the individual or
individuals involved. This will impact their level of
motivation, so the challenge lies in finding a range of triggers
that may initiate meaningful action in families.
Although overweight and obesity are clinical
terms, they are now considered in society as offensive. This is
particularly true of children who are overweight or obese as they
are significantly more likely to be victims of bullying. This
presents additional challenges in tackling obesity, as parents are
reluctant to admit their child is obese and subsequently to seek
assistance. Furthermore, it has been found that over 50% of parents
underestimate their child's weight status 23. The
visual perception of excess weight in children is hard to
recognise; take a look at the pictures below:
You might be surprised to know that all of the
children in the pictures above are above the healthy weight range
for their age and height. In general, our perception of what is a
healthy weight for children has changed over the years, making it
more difficult to spot. The most recent Health Survey for England
(2015) found that 48% of mothers and 43% of fathers thought their
obese child was 'about the right weight' 24.
Typically, parents with an obese child fall
into three broad categories
In addition, some children recognise that they
have an issue with their weight and are discouraged by their
parents or even medical professionals, who insist that they will
'grow out of it'.
There is a common misconception regarding the
genetic element of obesity and this can affect the response toward
taking action (as described above). Although genes contribute
to the way that the body reacts to diet and exercise, in the vast
majority of cases, making lifestyle changes are effective tools in
managing weight.
What are we doing and
A range of services are currently commissioned
to prevent and manage excess weight in Bedford Borough. When these
services are commissioned or developed, it is done so in accordance
with the guidance developed by the Medical Research Council (2006)
25 and the Standard Evaluation Framework for weight
management interventions (2009)26. This enables Public Health to
develop and evaluate complex interventions ensuring that an
appropriate evidence base is used to justify its effectiveness and
value for money. Where there is inadequate evidence to
commission a service, or no service currently exists, services are
developed and evaluated in order to ensure that action is being
taken in the areas necessary whilst evidence is being collected
The following services are currently
commissioned in Bedford Borough:
BZ Bumps: Maternal Obesity
programme - delivering healthy living information and support to
pregnant women with a BMI > 30. The programme provides
information on nutrition as well as safe physical activity
sessions, ante and post-natal. The programme recruits from
midwifery at Bedford Hospital and the Luton and Dunstable hospital.
This service is commissioned 2015-2019.
HENRY (Health, Exercise,
Nutrition for the Really Young) – A universal group programme for
0-5 year olds and their families. It combines nutrition, physical
activity, behaviour change and parenting skills. It has the most
robust evidence base of all available interventions. BeeZee Bodies
CIC staff run programmes in the Children Centres, alongside locally
trained practitioners. This fills a gap of need within tier 1 in
Bedford Borough, as Children Centres do not offer an equivalent of
their own. Findings from the Earlybird study5 suggest that 90% and
70% of the excess weight in girls and boys respectively is gained
before school, demonstrating the importance of offering weight
management/prevention programmes in this age group.
National Child Measurement Programme
(NCMP) – A mandatory national programme. The school
nursing team measure all children in reception year and year 6. It
allows a targeted approach to obesity services in wards with high
childhood obesity levels.
Making the Most of Me (MMoM)
– An outcomes based package of work which delivers positive changes
in attitude, understanding, behaviour and aspirations towards
healthy lifestyles of year R pupils and year 4 pupils. The aim of
the programme is to increase the number of portions of fruit and
vegetables consumed, decrease consumption of high fat, sugar and
salt foods, increase the amount of time spent being physically
active/reduction in time spent being sedentary, parental confidence
in managing their child's eating behaviour and parental nutritional
After successful delivery in schools in wards
with higher obesity levels, the programme was developed into a
'train the trainer' programme for school staff teaching reception
year and year 4. Schools are trained and equipped fully with units
of work, lesson plans and resources for both Food/PSHE and Physical
The pilot showed that 15% of respondents had
increased age appropriate physical activity and healthy eating
(self- reported), and 20% had a greater awareness of what
constitutes a healthy weight in children and how to recognise
BikeIt Officer – Public
Health have commissioned a BikeIt Officer from Sustrans to work
with selected schools in the Borough. Overall 119 activities
took place in ten schools during the 15/16 school year, with a
total of 13,413 interactions with children. The most popular
activity was the scooter skills training. In the school year
2016/17, the BikeIt officer will work with four new schools, whilst
continuing to support four schools at a distance. Six schools
will be supported at a similar level as last year.
Whole School Reviews –
Schools in Bedford Borough complete 'Whole School Reviews' every 2
years to demonstrate the health and wellbeing provision across
their whole school community, and identify any gaps.
BeeZee Bodies 5-15 years – A
17-week referral programme for families with a child on or above
the 91st centile for BMI. BeeZee Bodies deals with
individual, personal and family issues that surround the issue of
weight, and targets those in deprived wards and from BME groups
where the need is greater.
The programme is designed in accordance with
the relevant guidance 25,26, 27, in developing and
delivering a multidisciplinary weight management programme. The
breakdown of how BeeZee Bodies meets this guidance is available on
The BeeZee Bodies programme continues to
achieve significant decreases in both BMI and BMI Z-scores in
participants, across all age groups.
BeeZee Bodies aims to deliver improvements
"My 6 year old son and I have just
completed a 17 week programme and it has been brilliant. We have
learned lots from quantity, nutrition to portion sizes and choices.
My son understands the importance of exercise and has made many new
friends. If anybody is reading this and gets a chance to be part of
it then grab it with both hands (Parent)
0-19 Team Training – BeeZee
Bodies CIC delivers training to the 0-19 team in order to increase
the confidence of the team in raising the issue of weight and
awareness of available referral options. The need for this training
was identified by the 0-19 team leads and Public Health's 0-5
service review.
Cook and Eat Workshops for Vulnerable
Groups – Public Health commission cook and eat sessions
for groups at most need, such as young mums and men living alone.
By the end of the programme (typically 6 weeks), participants have
developed cooking skills and knowledge around healthy eating,
increased their awareness and consumption of fruit and vegetables,
reduced salt, sugar and saturated fat in their diet, increased
confidence in preparing well balanced meals on a budget, improved
social skills and increased confidence and self-esteem.
Bedford Borough Excess Weight
Partnership Strategy
A range of childhood obesity prevention and
intervention services are in place (as described above). However
the causes of excess weight are complex and multifactorial, and
wider determinants including the so-called 'obesogenic environment'
must also be addressed. These are the processes behind excess
weight, which are complex and varied based on physiology,
psychology, powerful marketing messages and the social settings we
live in.
Tackling excess weight requires a 'whole systems' approach,
creating strong links with other directorates, and internal and
external services such as Environmental Health, Planning,
Transport, the 0-19 team and the voluntary sector. These plans are
formalised in the Excess
Weight Partnership Strategy 2016-2020
A Countywide Excess Weight Strategy Implementation Group meets
twice a year.
The following joint projects are currently
The development of a
Supplementary Planning Document with Planning Policy and
Development Management to include Health Impact Assessments (HIA)
in new development applications.
Bedford Borough Sports Development Team- aims
to provide quality opportunities at all levels of sport, promoting
sport as an activity that enables individuals to develop their own
performances to their maximum potential, whilst highlighting the
personal and social benefits of a healthy lifestyle. Sports
development is concerned with increasing sporting opportunities for
ALL members of the community:
What are the unmet needs/ service
Access to high quality, healthy, affordable
food is not universally available to the whole population.
Furthermore, many families lack the skills required to plan and
prepare healthy balanced meals.
Accessibility to open play areas and
opportunities to use active transport are not universal.
Recommendations for
consideration by organisations i.e BCCG, General Practices, Local
Authority, Public Health and other providers e.g. SEPT, Bedford
There are a range of childhood obesity
prevention and intervention services. However, the obesogenic
environment that Bedford children and young people live in must
also be addressed.
It is important to work collaboratively
We should continue to focus on areas of
deprivation and in high BME wards in order to reduce the
inequalities gap that presently exists, by ensuring that culturally
appropriate social marketing is taking place, alongside the
targeted interventions mentioned above. In addition, we should look
to explore other high risk groups, for example, those with learning
Childhood excess weight is caused by a
complex mix of personal, familial, societal and environmental
factors. In order to tackle childhood excess weight in Bedford
Borough, we should continue to commission services to prevent and
manage excess weight, and at the same time, take a 'whole systems'
approach which recognises that tackling excess weight is everyone's
"The word I think sums up [..] for me
and which I associate with the programme is "sustainable"; to build
the lessons we have learnt into our individual lifestyles to create
something unique which works for us, that we can sustain because it
fits into our lives and gives us control. That it is not
about "flash in the pan" diets as there is a much bigger picture to
look at, which encompasses so much more, full of positivity,
confidence, good choices, a healthier lifestyle and most of all
making these changes sustainable" (A family who
attended a Family Weight Management
This section links to the following
sections in the JSNA:
Adult Excess
Department of Health (2011). Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A call
to action on obesity in England.
National Obesity Observatory. Health risks of childhood obesity.
Government Office for Science (2007). Foresight: Tackling Obesities
- Future Choices. London.
Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard
definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide:
international survey. BMJ. 320:1240–3.
Gardner, D. et al. (2008) Trends, associations and predictions of
insulin resistance in prepubertal children (EarlyBird 29).
Pediatrics Diabetes; 3; 214-220.
PHE (2015). Health risks.
Caird, J. et al. (2011) Childhood obesity and educational
attainment: a systematic review. London: EPPI-Centre, Social
Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of
Janssen, I. et al. (2004) Associations between overweight and
obesity with bullying behaviors in school-aged children.
Pediatrics; 113(5):1187-1194.
National Obesity Observatory (PHE) (2015). Why invest in obesity.
10. National
Obesity Observatory (PHE) (2015). Maternal obesity and child
(2016). National Diet and Nutrition Survey Results from Years 5 and
6 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2012/2013 – 2013/2014).
(2016). Public Health Outcomes Framework.
Cabinet Office (2008). Food Matters: Towards a Strategy for the
21st Century.
14. Prentice,
A.M. and Jebb, S.A. 2003. Fast Foods, Energy Density and Obesity: A
Possible Mechanistic Link. Obesity Reviews, 4:187–194.
16. World Cancer Research Fund (2016). Exercise Calorie
17. British heart Foundation (2015). Physical Activity
Statistics 2015.
18. National
Heart Forum (2010). Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives Toolkit for
Developing Local Strategies.
19. Local
Government Association &Public Health England (2013). Social
Care and Obesity: A discussion Paper. London.
20. Public
Health England (National Obesity Observatory) (2014). Child
Obesity and Socioeconomic Status Data factsheet.
21. Public
Health England (National Obesity Observatory) (2015). Child Weight
Data Factsheet.
Taylor, D. et al (2006). A Review of the use of the Health
Belief Model (HBM), the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the Theory
of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM) to
study and predict health related behaviour change.
23. Parry,
L., Netuveli. G and Saxena, S. (2008). A Systematic Review of
Parental Perception of Overweight Status in Children. J Ambulatory
Care Manage. Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 253–268.
Healthy Survey for England (2015). http://www.content.digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB22610
25. Medical
Research Council (2006). Developing and evaluating complex
interventions: new guidance. University of Cambridge.
(2009). Standard Evaluation Framework for weight management
(2006). Obesity guidance on the prevention, identification,
assessment and management of overweight and obesity in adults and
children. Department of Health.
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February 4, 1980
Colie B. CHAPPELLE
George CHASE, Sgt. John Doe, Joseph O'Neill, Frank L. Rizzo, Ralph Dennis, Joseph R. Glancey, and The City of Philadelphia.
The opinion of the court was delivered by: POLLAK
On April 11, 1979, plaintiff Colie B. Chappelle, Esq., a lawyer practicing in Philadelphia, commenced this action against Philadelphia Municipal Court Judge Ralph Dennis; President Judge of the Municipal Court Joseph R. Glancey; Officer George Chase and Sergeant "John Doe" of the Philadelphia police force; former Police Commissioner Joseph O'Neill; former Mayor Frank L. Rizzo; and the City of Philadelphia. The complaint asserts (1) federal claims said to arise under the Fourteenth Amendment and under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and other federal civil rights statutes, and (2) state law claims asserted to be pendent to the federal claims.
Judge Dennis has moved to dismiss on the grounds (1) that this Court lacks jurisdiction over him because he is protected by judicial immunity, and (2) that the complaint fails to state a claim against him upon which relief can be granted. Judge Glancey has moved to dismiss on the immunity grounds and on the additional grounds that (1) respondeat superior does not reach mere negligence in civil rights cases, and (2), even if it did, he cannot be vicariously liable if Judge Dennis is not primarily liable. Defendants Chase, O'Neill, Rizzo and the City have moved to dismiss (1) for lack of jurisdiction and failure to state viable causes of action, and (2) because the claims are time-barred.
The time-bar defenses, though more modest in implication than the jurisdictional defenses, are broader in scope, since, if meritorious, they bar most of the claims made against all of the defendants. I will, therefore, begin by assuming, arguendo, that the challenges to jurisdiction and the asserted causes of action are unfounded,
and will address the various statute of limitations questions. To put the questions in context, it is necessary to summarize the factual allegations of the complaint.
The complaint alleges the following events: At a hearing on April 12, 1977, Judge Dennis excoriated plaintiff for professional incompetence, threatened him with a citation for contempt of court, and yelled at him to "get out of here." Officer Chase then refused to permit plaintiff to see his client, physically removing plaintiff from the cell-block area and forcibly escorting him out of the building. There, Officer Chase "pushed plaintiff and twice dry spitted in his face" and another officer "called plaintiff a faggot." Thereafter, prompted by Sergeant "Doe," Officer Chase arrested plaintiff and brought him back into the building where plaintiff was searched a search "observed from a distance of a few feet" by Judge Dennis and confined to a cell. An hour later, plaintiff, in handcuffs, was transported, by police wagon, to the 35th Police District where he was placed in a detention room and handcuffed to a bench. A few hours later, plaintiff was "mugged (and) fingerprinted" and then released on his own recognizance to stand trial on June 3, 1977, pursuant to a criminal complaint lodged by Officer Chase, charging simple assault, trespass, and disorderly conduct. On June 3, 1977, the charges were withdrawn at the request of the District Attorney.
On the basis of these alleged events, Mr. Chappelle has charged all the defendants with violating his federal constitutional and statutory rights, and also various state common law rights. Specifically, he has accused them of depriving him of his rights (1) to be free of illegal seizure of his person, (2) to be free of cruel and unusual punishment, (3) to due process and equal protection, and (4) to "freely, fully, and truthfully" participate in judicial proceedings; he has also accused them of assault and battery, defamation, false arrest and false imprisonment. Finally, he has charged them (although this would appear to apply only to the defendant City and its former Mayor and Police Commissioner) with negligent failure properly to "discipline, restrict and control employees known to be dangerous" and with failing to take "adequate precautions in the hiring and retention of police officers and judges."
Since there are no specifically stated federal statutes of limitations governing actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, 42 U.S.C. § 1988 instructs that the controlling provision is the most appropriate limitations period provided by state law, "so far as the same is not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States."
See Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, Inc., 421 U.S. 454, 95 S. Ct. 1716, 44 L. Ed. 2d 295 (1975).
Defendants contend that under Pennsylvania law plaintiff's claims sounding in conspiracy and defamation are subject to a one-year statute of limitations. Plaintiff alleges that Judge Dennis and Officer Chase and another person named "Morris" (not named as a defendant or otherwise identified in the complaint) each "conspired with others to defame" plaintiff. Complaint PP 28-30. Assuming that a conspiracy to defame can give rise to a cause of action under § 1983, (but see Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 96 S. Ct. 1155, 47 L. Ed. 2d 405 (1976)), these claims are nonetheless time-barred. Although the Court of Common Pleas did hold, in Smith v. Morris, 40 D.C. 237 (Pa.C.P.1941), that such an alleged conspiracy was subject to a six-year statute of limitations, I am persuaded that the proper Pennsylvania rule, reflected in more recent decisions, instructs the court to be guided by the statute of limitations for the substantive offense alleged to have been the object of the conspiracy. Brownley v. Gettysburg College, 68 D.&C.2d 288, 297-302 (Pa.C.P.1973), aff'd 229 Pa.Super. 739, 322 A.2d 368; Auld v. Mobay Chemical Co., 300 F. Supp. 138 (W.D.Pa.1969). The relevant statutes are 12 P.S. §§ 31 and 32 which specify a one-year statute of limitations for "trespass on the case for words." These claims will be dismissed.
Next, defendants argue that plaintiff's claims sounding in false arrest and malicious prosecution are governed by the one-year limitations period heretofore prescribed by former 12 P.S. § 51. Here, the false-arrest claim accrued on April 11, 1977; and the malicious prosecution claim accrued on June 3, 1977, when the criminal charges against plaintiff were withdrawn. See Sicola v. First National Bank, 404 Pa. 18, 170 A.2d 584 (1961). Since the complaint was not filed until April 11, 1979, these claims are time-barred if Section 51 controls. Furthermore, defendants assert that plaintiff's claims sounding in false imprisonment and in assault and battery and his claim charging an unlawful search of his person must be subsumed under Section 51's one-year false-arrest/malicious-prosecution limitation because the conduct giving rise to those claims was "inextricably intertwined" with Mr. Chappelle's arrest. See Gagliardi v. Lynn, 446 Pa. 144, 285 A.2d 109 (1971).
Mr. Chappelle does not dispute that the defamation claim apart the claims are all "inextricably intertwined," and that if Section 51 governs as to false arrest and malicious prosecution, it bars the other claims as well. Rather, plaintiff points to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5524, Pennsylvania's newly enacted limitations provision, which allows two years for actions for false arrest, malicious prosecution, assault and battery, and false imprisonment.
This provision took effect June 27, 1978. Plaintiff concedes that (1) the new act specifically provides that "no cause of action fully barred prior to the effective date of this act shall be revived by reason of the enactment of this act," and (2) accordingly, under state law, his claims which were fully barred as of April 12 and June 3, 1978 were not revived by the new two-year provision. Nonetheless, plaintiff argues that this court, in determining the timeliness of plaintiff's federal-law claims, should disregard the non-revival provision. It is plaintiff's view that the non-revival provision, by denying him recovery, "contravenes . . . Congressional policy geared to promote prosecution of meritorious civil rights claims," and therefore is, within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 1988, "inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States."
The Supreme Court has recently reemphasized that "Federal courts must be ever vigilant to insure that application of state law poses "no significant threat to any identifiable federal policy or interest.' " Burks v. Lasker, 441 U.S. 471, 479, 99 S. Ct. 1831, 1838, 60 L. Ed. 2d 404 (1979) (quoting Wallis v. Pan American Petroleum Corp., 384 U.S. 63, 68, 86 S. Ct. 1301, 1304, 16 L. Ed. 2d 369 (1966)). Thus, "specific aberrant or hostile state rules," United States v. Little Lake Misere Land Co., 412 U.S. 580, 596, 93 S. Ct. 2389, 2398, 37 L. Ed. 2d 187 (1973), will not be applied. And state rules which operate to frustrate federal policy here the weighty policy of preventing official illegality will be displaced, lest "the prohibition of (the) federal statute . . . be set at naught." Sola Electric Co. v. Jefferson Electric Co., 317 U.S. 173, 176, 63 S. Ct. 172, 173, 87 L. Ed. 165 (1942). In the instant case, however, plaintiff does not suggest that the non-revival provision was enacted out of hostility to civil-rights claims or that its application will adversely affect the rule of federal law in preventing abuses of power by those acting under color of state authority. Nor does he contend that the non-revival provision is unreasonable when applied to his state-law claims. Rather, the inconsistency complained of is simply that application of the provision deprives plaintiff of an opportunity to litigate his federal claims at this date. In Robertson v. Wegmann, 436 U.S. 584, 593, 98 S. Ct. 1991, 1997, 56 L. Ed. 2d 554 (1978), Justice Marshall made short shrift of a similar contention:
That a federal remedy should be available, however, does not mean that a § 1983 plaintiff . . . must be allowed to continue an action in disregard of the state law to which § 1988 refers us. A state statute cannot be considered "inconsistent" with federal law merely because the statute causes the plaintiff to lose the litigation. If success of the § 1983 action were the only benchmark, there would be no reason at all to look to state law, for the appropriate rule would then always be the one favoring the plaintiff, and its source would be essentially irrelevant. But § 1988 quite clearly instructs us to refer to state statutes; it does not say that state law is to be accepted or rejected based solely on which side is advantaged thereby.
Thus, since application of the non-revival provision is not inconsistent with federal law, this court is obliged to give the provision effect in ...
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I am descended from African Americans, from American Indians, from women, from immigrants, and from poor people. Fortunately, I had decent parents, so I learned patriotism in this great country. I learned to understand America's greatness and to continue working on those areas where we still need to improve. One doesn't have to hate America to get the full story - although I'm sure the goal of a shockingly biased spin on the truth is to implement communism, which would never pass with Americans who understood an honest version of our history (or of communism's history).
Well said. This reminds me of the "LA RAZA" curriculum they were teaching in the Tucson Unified School District's Ethnic Studies. (which our former Ed head and now Attorney General went after).
Tucson is still trying and the "la raza" demonstrators had disrupted TUSD public meetings, intimidated the Board at the meetings, and displayed poor behavior. (adults and la raza influenced students).


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Q: My 6-year-old Quarter Horse mare is very difficult to get into a lope. She usually just goes into an extended trot. When I do get her to lope, it is very rough and hard to sit. Do you have any advice?
A: It's hard to tell what the particular issues are without watching you ride, but I can share some thoughts about common issues I tend to see. It sounds like your horse may be cross-cantering: on one lead in the front and on the opposite lead in the back. The first thing to look for is back soreness; it would be a good idea to have your horse checked out by a vet for any medical or chiropractic problems. Next, make sure that your saddle fits her and is properly positioned on her back.
When all of the medical and health issues have been addressed, I like to see that a horse can canter on a longeline or in a round pen on the correct lead and in a balanced frame without the weight of the rider.
Before you ask your horse to canter or lope under saddle, you need a solid forward cue at the walk and the trot. Practice lots of upward and downward transitions. Make sure your horse is responsive to your request for an increase in speed. Go from a halt to a walk and back to the halt. If she doesn't respond immediately, then that needs work.
I teach the forward cue from the ground first, using a kissing sound and a tap on the hip with a dressage whip. After a couple of times, you won't need to tap with the whip. When your horse is responsive to your cue, move on to working under saddle. Your forward cue will then be to open your horse's shoulders-—open your shoulders and chest and move your hands forward slightly—and close your legs on her sides. If she doesn't respond, you can back it up with the whip.
Be sure to get the forward cue solid at the walk and the trot, and do a lot of transitions within the gaits: Cue your horse for a fast walk and a slow walk, a fast trot and a slow jog.
Once you have a solid forward cue, it's all about hip control. You want to get your horse to the point where she will perform the haunches-in at the lightest touch of your leg—first at the halt, then at the walk and the trot. When she can travel along for several strides at the jog with her haunches in, it's time to try loping her again. Be sure to break the process down into the smallest steps possible, and seek the help of a trainer if you can.
When your horse becomes responsive to your forward cue, she'll understand when you're asking for a transition. The haunches-in helps her get the correct canter lead. By cueing her for the haunches-in, you'll minimize the probability of cross-cantering.
JIM McDONALD is an AQHA Professional Horseman and a CHA and Centered Riding instructor. www.traininginharmonywithhorses.com
The purpose of the Certified Horsemanship Association (CHA) is to promote excellence in safety and education for the benefit of the horse industry. The CHA certifies instructors and trail guides, accredits equestrian facilities, publishes educational manuals, produces educational horsemanship DVDs, and hosts regional and international conferences. Visit www.cha-ahse.org or call 859-259-3399. To find a certified horseback riding instructor or accredited equine facility near you, visit www.chainstructors.com.
This article originally appeared in the November 2013 issue of Horse Illustrated. Click here to subscribe.
Galadriel Lothlorien, ME
Great tips.
rocki CA, CA
Jim McDonald gave solid advice for smoothing the lope. What he neglected to share was that after all the preliminary work is smooth, the learning to smooth the lope part could perhaps add-up to over 100 hours of loping practice. I find that riders expect a rocking horse lope after just a few trys.
J In, MT
Great article! I have a horse that is really hard to get into a canter. Definitely going to be working on haunches-in with him. I have taught my other gelding to do haunches-in and it really helps get the right lead. In teaching haunches-in, you also have to get them loosened up and soft throughout their whole body which I think helps all around.
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April 6, 2010
NICOLE M. BERNHOLC, RESPONDENT,v.JAY BORNSTEIN, APPELLANT.
In an action for a divorce and ancillary relief, the defendant appeals, as limited by his brief, from stated portions of a judgment of the Supreme Court, Suffolk County (Cohen, J.), entered December 4, 2008, which, inter alia, upon a jury verdict, awarded the plaintiff a divorce on the grounds of constructive abandonment and cruel and inhuman treatment and, after a non-jury trial, awarded him only 40% of the marital property as his equitable share, directed him to pay 40% of certain credit card debt incurred by the plaintiff consisting of a debt to American Express Costco in the sum of $1,835.93 and a debt to Smith Barney Visa Platinum Selection in the sum of $1,005, failed to award him equitable distribution of a specified Teachers Federal Credit Union account in the plaintiff's name, awarded him the sum of only $900 as a distributive award attributable to the marital residence, and failed to award him maintenance and counsel fees.
Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431.
This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports.
(Index No. 03489/07)
ORDERED that the judgment is modified, on the law and the facts, (1) by deleting the provision thereof directing the defendant to pay 40% of certain credit card debt incurred by the plaintiff consisting of a debt to American Express Costco in the sum of $1,835.93 and a debt to Smith Barney Visa Platinum Selection in the sum of $1,005, and (2) by deleting the provision thereof awarding the defendant the sum of $900 as a distributive award attributable to the marital residence and substituting therefor a provision awarding the defendant the sum of $34,189.96; as so modified, the judgment is affirmed insofar as appealed from, without costs or disbursements.
The parties were married on March 8, 1992, and have one child, who was born on June 10, 1996. At the time of the marriage, the plaintiff wife owned the marital residence, which she purchased in 1984. The parties agree that certain renovations performed around the time of the marriage resulted in an appreciation in its value in the sum of $35,000.
On February 6, 2007, the plaintiff commenced this action seeking, inter alia, a divorce on the grounds of constructive abandonment and cruel and inhuman treatment. The issue of whether the plaintiff had grounds for a divorce was tried before a jury, which unanimously found in her favor with respect to both grounds alleged. Additionally, following a non-jury trial on ancillary issues, the Supreme Court, inter alia, awarded the defendant 40% of the marital property as his equitable share, treated the plaintiff's credit card debt as marital debt and directed the defendant to pay 40% of that debt, limited the defendant's distributive award for the value of improvements made to the marital residence to the sum of $900, failed to award the defendant a distributive award from a specified Teachers Federal Credit Union account in the plaintiff's name, an award of maintenance, and an award of counsel fees. We modify.
For a court to determine that a jury verdict is not supported by legally sufficient evidence, it must conclude that there is "no valid line of reasoning and permissible inferences which could possibly lead rational [people] to the conclusion reached by the jury on the basis of the evidence presented at trial" (Cohen v Hallmark Cards, Inc., 45 NY2d 493, 499). Furthermore, a jury verdict should not be set aside as against the weight of the evidence unless the verdict could not have been reached upon any fair interpretation of the evidence (see Lolik v Big V Supermarkets, 86 NY2d 744, 746). Here, the jury properly found that the plaintiff was entitled to a divorce on the ground of cruel and inhuman treatment. A party seeking a divorce on the ground of cruel and inhuman treatment "must generally show a course of conduct by the defendant spouse which is harmful to the physical or mental health of the plaintiff and makes cohabitation unsafe or improper" (Brady v Brady, 64 NY2d 339, 343). "A pattern of conduct which includes verbal abuse and physical harassment is sufficient" (Bulger v Bulger, 88 AD2d at 896; see Freas v Freas, 33 AD3d 1069, 1970). In the case of a long marriage, "courts in this State have required a high degree of proof of cruel and inhuman treatment . . . and an isolated act of mistreatment will rarely suffice" (Brady v Brady, 64 NY2d at 344). Contrary to the defendant's contention, his tumultuous behavior on several occasions, as well as his verbal abuse, were sufficient to establish a cause of action for a divorce based on cruel and inhuman treatment (see Bulger v Bulger, 88 AD2d 895, 896). Further, the plaintiff's doctor and therapist testified that the defendant's conduct was affecting her mentally and physically. Accordingly, the jury's finding that the plaintiff was entitled to a divorce on the ground of cruel and inhuman treatment was supported by legally sufficient evidence and was not against the weight of the evidence.
On the question of equitable distribution of marital property, a trial court is vested with broad discretion in making an equitable distribution award, and unless it can be shown that the court improvidently exercised that discretion, its determination should not be disturbed; equitable distribution does not necessarily mean equal distribution (see Michaelessi v Michaelessi, 59 AD3d 688, 689; Evans v Evans, 57 AD3d 718, 719; Mavra v Mavra, 131 AD2d 447, 448). Under the totality of the circumstances in this case, the award of 40% of the marital property to the defendant was a provident exercise of discretion.
However, the evidence did not establish that the plaintiff's credit card debt constituted marital debt that should be shared equally by the parties, as opposed to a debt incurred by the plaintiff for her personal expenses (see Preisner v Preisner, 47 AD3d 695, 696; Mulcahy v Mulcahy, 255 AD2d 565), and some of that debt was incurred subsequent to the commencement of the divorce action. Therefore, we find that the Supreme Court erred in directing the defendant to pay for 40% of that debt.
The marital residence constituted the plaintiff's separate property. Appreciation in the value of separate property is considered separate property, "except to the extent that such appreciation is due in part to the contributions or efforts of the other spouse" (Johnson v Chapin, 12 NY3d 461, 466; see Domestic Relations Law § 236[B][1][d][3]). When the nontitled spouse makes direct financial contributions to the property and/or direct non-financial contributions to the property "such as by personally maintaining, making improvements to, or renovating a marital residence," or the appreciation is the result of both parties' efforts, appreciation due to those efforts constitutes marital property subject to equitable distribution (Johnson v Chapin, 12 NY3d at 466; see Kost v Kost, 63 AD3d 798, 799).
Further, where marital funds are used to pay off the separate debt of the titled spouse on the separate property, the nontitled spouse may be entitled to a credit (see Mahoney-Buntzman v Buntzman, 12 NY3d 415, 421). The reduction of indebtedness on separate property is not considered appreciation in the value of the separate property; rather, the credit is to remedy the inequity created by the expenditure of marital funds to pay off separate liabilities. The marital funds used to pay off those liabilities are added back into marital property, and the nontitled spouse is awarded his or her equitable share of those recouped marital funds (see Kilkenny v Kilkenny, 54 AD3d 816, 819; Markopoulos v Markopoulos, 274 AD2d 457, 458-459; Micha v Micha, 213 AD2d 956, 957). Financial contributions by a spouse during a marriage are treated as marital property, unless the party making the contributions can trace the source of the contributions to separate property (see Steinberg v Steinberg, 59 AD3d 702, 704).
In the instant case, both parties contributed to the appreciation of the marital residence in the sum of $35,000 resulting from the renovation of the marital residence. The evidence established that the defendant performed some of the work himself, and contributed to paying off home equity loans used to make the renovations. Further, a stipulation between the parties with respect to ancillary issues indicates that the sum of $50,474.90 of the principal amount of the original mortgage loan on the marital residence was paid during the course of the marriage, and the plaintiff failed to establish that those payments were made from ...
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Initial findings point to engine failure in plane crash
By Khanyisa Tabata
25 September 2009
Preliminary findings are indicating that it could have been engine failure that was responsible for Thursday's SA Airlink plane crash in Merebank, south of Durban.
According to initial reports, the SA Airlink Jetstream 41 Turboprop aircraft, which had twin engines, broke in two after crashing into a school ground in Merebank, shortly after take-off from the Durban International Airport around 8am yesterday.
In a statement spokesperson for the Civil Aviation Authority Phindiwe Gwebu said the prelimary phases of the investigations were complete and they can confirm the possibility of an engine failure could have caused the crash.
It is not yet known when the final report will be released.
Gwebu said the wreckage could now be removed since the crash investigators have completed collecting all the physical evidence at the scene, and have documented evidence from the crash site and other parts of the plane.
She said the crash investigators are expected to return to Johannesburg later this afternoon, where investigators will continue to examine their evidence, interact with various experts, including the manufactures of the plane, in order to understand what exactly happened.
Four people sustained injuries in the crash; two pilots are in a critical condition in ICU; a flight attendant suffered back and neck injuries; and a municipal worker on the ground was injured and taken to hospital


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Imagine 2011
January 3, 2011 8 Comments
While I have a lot of things I want to accomplish in the next year, I'm not really going to set them up as "goals" or "resolutions" for the next year. I've decided instead to focus on general themes for my life – or what I will call "imaginings".
These are the things I'm going to strive for – am striving for – will strive for.
The goals for 2011 aren't specific like "lose 10 pounds" or "save $5,000". They're bigger than that. This year I'm looking at improvements to my life and who I am as a person. Creating positive growth in areas of my life by whatever means possible. That is where the IMAGINING comes in.
What life do I want? How will I get there?
Personal Growth: I want to find out who I am.
I have realized in the past two weeks that absent from work I'm clueless as to who I am as a person. I have decided that for now I need to explore the part of me that wants to give to others. I also need to work on developing new friendships. While I have a great relationship with BF and a good set of people I can hang out with through him – I have very little friends of my own apart from him. A few things I have already put in to place to help develop and foster these relationships and this personal growth:
- Attend church and Sunday school weekly to meet new people
- Volunteer monthly at the local homeless shelter preparing and serving meals
- Attend the monthly game night held by my local church
- Attend Financial Peace University – to get financially more on track and connect with others in the class
- Find a mentoring/tutoring/long term weekly tutoring commitment with adult learners/battered women/homeless shelter – I'm going to an informal training session for one held by the local community college on January 23rd
Relationship Growth: Continue to build a strong relationship with BF
The relationship that BF and I are fostering is already very strong. We make each other laugh, we are caring to each other, open with each other and we genuinely make each other very happy. One reason why is that we both put the time and effort in to treating the other person with respect and love. We both want this relationship to go somewhere stronger and are both dedicated towards nurturing each other and the relationship. It is a refreshing feeling knowing that I'm not "in it" alone and that I have someone by my side who will be there for me. He is easy to be with and I appreciate that. I want in the next year to continue to grow this relationship with trust, love and honesty. There are no set ways to do this but a conscious desire on both our parts to be the best partners to each other that we can be.
Financial Growth: Get a positive net worth.
My big financial aspiration is to have a positive net worth. I'm tired of being worth less than I owe. It is time to get in the black! There are a few ways that I plan on obtaining a positive net worth. These are my current goals, and they could change. Just so long as in the end my net worth gets to >$0.
- Getting my Emergency Fund up to $1,200 by the end of the year
- Reducing my credit card debt another $5,000
- Continually investing 6% of my income (my full match) in to retirement
The reason I call this "Imagine 2011" instead of "2011 Goals" is because I want my focus not to be on set or specific WAYS to go about achieving these big themes (Personal Growth, Relationship Growth and Financial Growth) but instead on imaging what my life will be when I obtain these goals and discovering new ways to obtain them as the year continues.
Thus, I'm not setting myself concrete goals like "volunteer at 2 places" – but instead over-arching theme goals of "find out more who I am". For now I believe that this means volunteering and getting involved in my church. But in three months this may mean exploring crafts and hobbies like hiking or mountain biking or sky diving. I'm a living, breathing, changing being – and so should my goals!
Thus in 2011 I'm going to imagine the possibilities of a better life and imagine various ways to obtain that life.
Just imagine – what will YOU do in 2011? Who do you want to be when this year is over?


text: 9-11 first responders Design, Location Chosen For Permanent 9/11 Memorial By Paul Tuthill • Jan 16, 2017 Spirit of Springfield Listen Listening... / 3:23 After years of delay and false starts, plans have been unveiled in Springfield, Massachusetts for a permanent 9/11 memorial that will include a piece of steel from the destroyed World Trade Center. Ceremony Honors 9/11 First Responders By Paul Tuthill • Sep 11, 2015 WAMC September 11th remembrance ceremonies took place across the region today in communities large and small. The city of Springfield, Massachusetts held an annual memorial to the emergency workers killed in the terrorist attack. Of the nearly 3,000 people killed in the September 11th attacks 14 years ago, 414 were emergency workers in New York City who responded to the World Trade Center. These included firefighters, police officers and emergency medical technicians and paramedics from private ambulance companies. Congressional Corner With Sean Patrick Maloney By Alan Chartock • Apr 28, 2015 Listen Listening... / 8:41 The impacts of 9/11 are still felt 14 years later. In today's Congressional Corner, New York representative Sean Patrick Maloney tells WAMC's Alan Chartock about his work to keep first responders in good health. They Rallied Against the Compressor Station Days Before a Court Decision By Allison Dunne • Feb 19, 2013 WAMC/Allison Dunne Some residents in a western Orange County town gathered over the weekend for a rally, in protest of the ongoing construction of a natural-gas compressor station. The station is being built to increase the capacity of a natural gas pipeline heading towards New York City.


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I'm hoping to find a definitive answer to this:
We are using SharePoint 2010 and OneNote 2010 for documenting our systems. I want to create a URL link in a SharePoint list that points to a specific OneNote page.
The OneNote link starts "onenote:http://" and is rejected as an invalid URL by SharePoint. I have tried a variety of column types (hyperlink, hyperlink for publishing, publishing HTML) and none of them will accept this as a valid URL.
I have tried the suggestion here
which didn't seem to help.
I can use straight "http://" however this only takes me to the OneNote section, not the page within the section. As a section may contain quite a few pages, this is not exactly what I want.
Is there a solution to this or am I limited to the URL types that are hardcoded somewhere within SharePoint?
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I've followed the KB article
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/946336 for enabling OneNote indexing in SharePoint 2007. I've found OneNote 2007 can be indexed (and searched), while OneNote 2010 cannot be indexed. OneNote 2010 content throws the error...
The filtering process could not be initialized. Verify that the file extension is a known type and is correct.
Even though both OneNote 2007 & 2010 use the same ".one" extension.
Is it true that OneNote 2010 cannot be indexed in SharePoint 2007? Is there any workarounds to this issue?
Setup: Visual studio 2010 SharePoint 2010 Workflow with custom infopath task edit form, with file attachment control. If I attach a file to the infopath task edit form, I got the following error message, though the attachment is saved, but the next task
is not created and the current task is not marked as completed either.
09/27/2010 15:34:31.18 w3wp.exe (0x2B88) 0x2844 SharePoint Foundation
Workflow Infrastructure 88xr Unexpected WinWF Internal Error, terminating workflow Id# 04621f32-17d4-439a-883a-7566b96481bb
09/27/2010 15:34:31.18 w3wp.exe (0x2B88) 0x2844 SharePoint Foundation
Workflow Infrastructure 98d4 Unexpected System.Workflow.Runtime.Hosting.Pers
I have been unable to synchronize my MS Project with a SharePoint Foundation tasks list. Each time I try I get the following message:
"Unable to synchronize the project with the SharePoint tasks list because the list name contains invalid characters. Modify the list name and synchronize again. Valid list names cannot contain any of the following characters: !.[]'"
I click OK and the process stops. It creates the Task list in SharePoint but does no more.
The SharePoint task list name is not the issue. I've tried a few (Project Tasks, tasks etc). It's not the Task Name in Project either. I'm using a test project file with only two tasks called "Startup" and "planning".
Any ideas?
I installed SharePoint 2010 Standard on a Server with Windows 2008 Service Standard SP2 64bit OS. When I run the Configuraton Wizard it fails and the following message appears:
An exception of type System.Invalid OperationException was Thrown.Additional exception information: Cannot start service c2wts on computer.
the details are:
System.InvalidOperationException: Cannot start service c2wts on computer '.'. ---> System.ComponentModel.Win32Exception: The service did not respond to the start or control request in a timely fashion
--- End of inner exception stack trace ---
at System.ServiceProcess.ServiceController.Start(String[] args)
at Microsoft.SharePoint.Win32.SPAdvApi32.StartService(String strServiceName)
at Microsoft.SharePoint.Administration.SPWindowsServiceInstance.Start()
at Microsoft.SharePoint.Administration.SPWindowsServiceInstance.Provision(Boolean start)
at Microsoft.SharePoint.Administration.Claims.SPWindowsTokenServiceInstance.Provision()
at Microsoft.SharePoint.PostSetupConfiguration.ServicesTask.InstallServiceInstanceInConfigDB(Boolean provisionTheServiceInstanceToo, String serviceInstanceRegistryKeyName, Object sharepointServiceObject)
at Microsoft.SharePoint.PostSetupConfigur
I try create WebApp and site collection and used for this PowerShell.
I am use this post
I make the following
Add-PsSnapin Microsoft.SharePoint.PowerShell
# Set variables
$WebAppName = "Portal"
$WebAppHostHeader = "portal.contosto.com"
$WebAppPort = 80
$WebAppAppPool = "Portal"
# This User has to be a Sharepoint Manager Account
$WebAppAppPoolAccount = "corp\admin"
$WebAppDatabaseName = "MOSS_Content"
$WebAppDatabaseServer = "DataBase_instance"
$SiteCollectionName = "Corporate_portal"
$SiteCollectionURL = ("http://" + $WebAppHostHeader)
$SiteCollectionTemplate = "STS#0"
$SiteCollectionLanguage = 1033
$SiteCollectionOwner = "corp\admin"
# Create a new Sharepoint WebApplication
New-SPWebApplication -Name $WebAppName -Port $WebAppPort -HostHeader $WebAppHostHeader -URL ("http://" + $WebHostHeader) -ApplicationPool $WebAppAppPool -ApplicationPoolAccount (Get-SPManagedAccount $WebAppAppPoolAccount
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text:
Glencore - Kidd Operations
Glencore Xstrata is one of the world's largest global diversified natural resource companies and is one of the biggest companies within the FTSE 100 Index. The Group's industrial and marketing activities are supported by a global network of more than 90 offices located in over 50 countries. Our diversified operations comprise of over 150 mining and metallurgical sites, offshore oil production assets, farms and agricultural facilities. We employ approximately 190,000 people, including contractors.
The combination of a leading integrated producer and marketer of commodities with a leading portfolio of industrial assets enables us to capture value at every stage of the supply chain from sourcing raw materials deep underground to delivering products to an international customer base.
We are a major producer and marketer of over 90 commodities that are transformed into products used in everyday life, such as mobile phones, bicycles, cutlery, plastics and electricity, to customers in industries ranging from automotive to food processing and power.
Our company is structured into three distinct business segments:
- Metals and Minerals: focusing on copper, nickel, zinc/lead, alloys, alumina/aluminium and iron ore. We have interests in both controlled and non-controlled industrial assets that include mining, smelting, refining and warehousing operations;
- Energy Products: focusing on oil and coal. Our Energy Products businesses include controlled and non-controlled coal mining and oil production operations and investments in strategic handling, storage and freight equipment and facilities; and
- Agricultural Products: focusing on grains, oils/oilseeds, cotton and sugar. Our Agricultural Products group is supported by both controlled and non-controlled storage, handling and processing facilities in strategic locations.


text:
Sheet Music: Score
Aperire : for flute, clarinet, violin, 'cello and marimba / Christine McCombe.
by Christine McCombe (1992)
Usually ships in 2-5 business days
Product details
Published by: Australian Music Centre — 1 facsimile score (4p. -- A3 (landscape))
Includes performance instructions.
This is a handwritten edition — it is not typeset.
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- Browse other works for Chamber music
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The May RMHS Music Boosters meeting is postponed until Tuesday May 10th due to the musical starting May 3rd and running until May 7th.
We will be completing nominations for elected officers for next year's RMHS Music Boosters executive committee. After nominations are closed there will be a final vote by all those present at the meeting.
A discussion of Mr. Carroll's request for program support for the Music for All Orchestra America National Festival will be on the agenda. This first came up in April meeting and we need review, discuss and vote on the request for programming funds.
We meet near the back of the cafeteria in the Faculty Lounge at 7pmas we begin to look forward to planning many of the year end activities.
If you have any questions about boosters please send an email to president@rmhsmusicboosters or reach out to Mr. Buti or Mr. Carroll for additional information. The RMHS Music Boosters work closely with the directors in helping to plan and support such things as band competitions, concerts, trips, camps and Jazz in the Meadows.
We look forward to seeing you at the meeting.


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To Use Gembloong Plugin:
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text:
Variable - Concept of programming language:
Variable: As referencing memory by its physical address is very tedious, variable names are used. A variable is a symbolic name given to a memory location. Once a variable is assigned to a memory location, the programmer can refer to that location by variable name instead of its address. Variable is the connection between a name and a value. It is composed of a name, attribute, reference and a value. Attribute means the type of value a variable can hold.
For example the following programming code in C declares variables a & b.
int a,b;
char c;
In the above declaration, a & b are the variable name, which refer to a memory location where integer values can be stored. Instead of address of the memory location, variable names a and b will be used to refer to a memory location in order to store or retriever update its value. Similarly, c is a variable name given to a memory location where a character value can be stored. Further c will be used to refer to the memory location in order to store or retrieve or update its value.


text:
Best Foxcatcher in Best Look.Now you can see Foxcatcher in HD format with duration 130 Min and has been launched in 2014-11-14 with MPAA rating is 0.
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- Anthony Michael Hall ( )
- Sienna Miller ( Nancy Schultz )
- Vanessa Redgrave ( )
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But while the world has not ended, a gorgon may be upon us! Gorgon? Yes, if you are not aware, or do not recall what a gorgon is,
The Gorgons were two monstrous sisters whose bodies were covered with impenetrable, grey, foul-smelling scales, and whose hair was made up of living snakes. And the description just gets worse from there; they had hands made of brass, tusks erupting from the sides of their mouths, sharp venomous snake's fangs and climbing up on the gross-factor, they both had scraggly, unkempt beards dangling down from their scaly chins. Yep, beards. Hanging out of their mouths were black, lumpy tongues that spoke of death and rot. And just when you thought this vision of pure slimy grossness couldn't get any nastier, the sisters had slitted, yellow snake's eyes that could turn any living being into stone just by making eye contact with them. Makes even the worst wake-up-get-ready Monday look pretty good when you think about what the Gorgons had to work with!
The most famous gorgon of course, was Medusa. She had been a beautiful young priestess in a temple dedicated to Athena. But Poseidon fancied her, and being a god, he thought nothing of forcing himself upon her, thus defiling the temple. Athena was furious! Apparently, she felt that the young priestess was to blame for this defilement, and so she turned the young girl into, yes, a gorgon, and deposited her on a deserted island. Indeed, Athena had quite a temper! Medusa hung out there, gaining quite a nasty reputation for her deadly stare, and for rarely cleaning the place. Later, Perseus would find a use for Medusa's head and so he lopped it off and deposited in a sack that he carried around.
I go through this history to provide some background to Donald Trump's recent press conference and subsequent tweet. At his press conference, President Trump lost his mind. He thought he was in control. And his obviously misplaced self assurance made things much worse.
What caused this? My own theory is that as he got started, Trump had a vision. The vision was that gorgons were returning to life. They were coming to claim him! They are the press! Looking into their eyes would be the kiss of death. And so, he reasoned, one must deflect and demur, dodge and parry! One cannot be honest! Ever! And with these thoughts foremost in his mind, Trump behaved in a most peculiar manner. Again, he thought he was being clever. He thought that the audience would see that the room was full of gorgons. But to those not aware of his inner torment, and not aware of the gorgons before him, Trump looked quite mad..
BTW, this is a rather historic moment. Historic because Donald Trump belongs to s rather historic group of people . Donald Trump belongs to that segment of society who believe that modern capitalism has no dark side. They want their unlimited energies to be unleashed! There is nothing to fear! There is nothing to fear, especially, when republicans control all levels of government!
As Sir Kenneth Clarke informs us, this energetic attitude was germinated in 17th century Holland, and with the restoration of Charles II to England. it took root there. Science and poetry had not yet been estranged from each other. European man saw no limits to his scientific, and industrial potential. He was full of curiosity and ambition. This led to the industrial revolution, and heroic materialism, and eventually to Donald Trump. Donald Trump believes in the ascendancy of this group!
But then suddenly Trump had visions of gorgons besieging him! He lost it during an important press conference. That night, he tweeted that the press is the enemy! He is quite sure that the press are gorgons returned to afflict us all! To ruin the wonders that his brand of crony capitalism could create! We all must be warned!
But there is a deeper level still to Trump's thoughts. He is only dimly aware of this deeper level as he stares approvingly in the mirror. The deeper level whispers to him that he was the maiden in Athena's temple. He has become the gorgon, Medusa. And worst of all, Perseus is coming.
Stay tuned!


text:
By Dan Jenkins
A ridiculous Paul George-to-the-Pistons rumor started last month with no evidence that the Detroit Pistons and Indiana Pacers were talking about a deal.
The rumor has its origins from a site where readers are literally asked to send in trade rumors.
Somehow, someway, that trade idea gained steam on the internet and Pistons president and coach Stan Van Gundy was even asked about it.
"Yeah, it's just being finalized," Van Gundy said sarcastically.
The rumor has been further squashed this week by NBA trade guru Adrian Wojnarowski on his "The Vertical Podcast with Woj."
"I know teams have been calling Indiana, and they're going to ask about Paul George," Wojnarowski said. "And the answer is, 'Absolutely, positively no. He is not available. There is no conversation to be had. Don't even make offers to us. We're not moving Paul George.'"
One would have to wonder why the Pacers would think about moving a guy averaging nearly 22 points and seven rebounds a game while they sit smack in the middle of a crowded Eastern Conference playoff race.
The struggling Pistons may make a big move, as Van Gundy has shown to do in the past, but it almost certainly won't be for George.


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Monday, October 12, 2009
Our last year
Since our big cruise at Christmas we took it easy for a while with the traveling. We kept close to home and did things on Base. In March Surgarland came and we were able to see their concert on base for free. It was great, but the kids were not that impressed and we left a little early when Ethan fell asleep on the bench. Living in big houses we got used to hosting all of the holiday events. Now living in an apartment we just don't have room so we have passed the torch off to Billie to host, but I don't think she likes it so much. But Easter was at her house this year with a big Easter Egg Hunt for the kids. It worked out well for us because we left the kids there because Bryce and I left the next day for Cabo San Lucas for a week.
We had a great spring break with Bryce's mom in Cabo and enjoyed the sun and ocean with no kids for a week. During the time we were there the Swine Flu broke out and on returning we got so much crap from people about the swine flu. But we never got it and still have not gotten it yet!
This summer we once again participated in the summer outings and were able to go and see many things around our area with the kids. For our anniversary Bryce and I made it to Paris and Versailles in July. It was great weekend together. The rest of the summer passed in a whirl wind. Billie and I went on a girls trip to Poland and Prague. We first stopped in Boswecia and went polish pottery shopping (I know you are thinking "Doesn't she have enough"). Then we went all the way to Auschwitz to visit the concentration camp. That was a very sobering experience but I am glad I was able to go. Then ended our trip in Prague for 2 days. What a great city! We had a great time touring the city and taking in the sights. We were only home for 3 days then we all left for a family vacation it Italy. We went camping at Camp Darby for 4 days and had a great time at the ocean. Billie and Jere came with us and the kids had a blast. They were able to run around playing with other kids all day and night. We all got plenty of sun and water.
The fall started off for us with the sad news of Bryce's Grandma Shafer passing away. So instead of starting school we packed us all up and headed to the States for her funeral. We were able to spend a week with the family and then it took us a week and a half to get home flying space a. But we also got to spend a couple of day with Kelly in Baltimore while waiting for a flight out. The kids are doing great in school and we are taking it easy until Christmas when we are going back to the States for Christmas.
Bad Me
Wednesday, January 28, 2009
Top 100
I tag anyone else who wants to share...Just paste this list into your blog and bold the ones that you HAVE done, and unbold any I have done that you have NOT...
I have done everything that is in big, bold letters .
1. Started your own blog
2. Slept under the stars
3. Played in a band (I am the lead guitarist in Rubbish our Rock Band)
4. Visited Hawaii
5. Watched a meteor shower
6. Given more than you can afford to charity
7. Been to Disneyland (Do we count Disney World?)
8. Climbed a mountain
9. Held a praying mantis
10. Sang a solo (Notice I did not say lead singer in Rock Band)
11. Bungee jumped
12. Visited Paris
13. Watched a lightning storm at sea
14. Taught yourself an art from scratch
15. Adopted a child
16. Had food poisoning
17. Walked to the top of the Statue of Liberty
18. Grown your own vegetables (Once)
19. Seen the Mona Lisa in France
20. Slept on an overnight train
21. Had a pillow fight
22. Hitch-hiked
23. Taken a sick day when you're not ill
24. Built a snow fort
25. Held a lamb
26. Gone skinny dipping
27. Run a marathon (Blomsday once and that was enough for me!)
28. Ridden in a gondola in Venice(The one thing I wanted to do in Venice and did not do!)
29. Seen a total eclipse
30. Watched a sunrise or sunset
31. Hit a home run (does Kick Ball count?)
32. Been on a cruise
33. Seen Niagara falls in person
34. Visited the birthplace of your ancestors (I Live in Germany)
35. Seen an Amish community
36. Taught yourself a new language (And that is why I don't speak very good German)
37. Had enough money to be truly satisfied
38. Seen the Leaning Tower of Pisa in person
39. Gone rock climbing (Does the fake rock climbing wall count?)
40. Seen Michelangelo's David
41. Sung karaoke
42. Seen Old Faithful geyser erupt
43. Bought a stranger a meal at a restaurant
44. Visited Africa (Egypt is part of Africa)
45. Walked on a beach by moonlight
46. Been transported in an ambulance
47. Had your portrait painted
48. Gone deep sea fishing )
49. Seen the Sistine Chapel in person
50. Been to the top of the Eiffel Tower in Paris
51. Gone scuba diving or snorkeling
52. Kissed in the rain
53. Played in the mud
54. Gone to a drive-in theater ( I remember seeing Top Gun and Karate Kid II)
55. Been in a movie (Bryce always has our movie camera out)
56. Visited the Great Wall of China
57. Started a business (You too can have a Lia Sophia home based business!)
58. Taken a martial arts class
59. Visited Russia
60. Served at a soup kitchen
61. Sold Girl Scout Cookies
62. Gone whale watching
63. Got flowers for no reason
64. Donated blood, platelets or plasma
65. Gone sky diving
66. Visited a Nazi Concentration Camp
67. Bounced a check (Haven't we all did
68. Flown in a helicopter
69. Saved a favorite childhood toy
70. Visited the Lincoln Memorial
71. Eaten Caviar
72. Pieced a quilt And I am still working on it 8 years later!
73. Stood in Times Square
74. Toured the Everglades
75. Been fired from a job (Once and I am still upset by it!)
76. Seen the Changing of the Guards in London
77. Broken a bone (My finger when I tripped running up the stairs)
78. Been on a speeding motorcycle
79. Seen the Grand Canyon in person
80. Published a book
81. Visited the Vatican (But not the Sistine Chapel!)
82. Bought a brand new car
83. Walked in Jerusalem
84. Had your picture in the newspaper (Last week we were in the KA)
85. Read the entire Bible (Do I get points for the Book of Morman?)
86. Visited the White House
87. Killed and prepared an animal for eating
88. Had chicken pox (3 times!)
89. Saved someone's life
90. Sat on a jury
91. Met someone famous
92. Flown in an airplane
93. Joined a book club
94. Lost a loved one
95. Had a baby
96. Seen the Alamo in person
97. Swam in the Great Salt Lake
98. Been involved in a law suit
99. Owned a cell phone
100. Been stung by a bee
Tuesday, January 27, 2009
Photo Tag With The Forth
Thursday, January 22, 2009
Jewelry Obsession
Monday, January 12, 2009
Christmas Fun
Our first full day was at sea. I found out that I do not have sea legs and the legs I do have love terra firma! The boys loved that we passed an active volcano though. There was smoke coming out the top and a little town on the bottom. Something did not seam right to me!
Our first port day was Katakolon, Greece. From there we rented cars and went up to the ancient town of Olympia. We were able to explore where the Olympic games started thousands of years ago. It was amazing to see the Temple of Zeus and walk the track of the ancient athletes.
On the 22nd of December we went to the "Land of Sun" Rhodes, Greece. In a place that has 360 days of sunny weather we went in pouring rain. We still were able to walk on the Knights street and explore the four quarters of the old town. Unfortunately we did not stay to do some shopping. The next day was our big excursion to Cairo, Egypt! We had been planing this for months. And you all know that I am the Nazi Planner! We were all really excited to go to Egypt. All three families went together and we had a great time. When we got off the boat it was beautiful out side. Sunny and warm we were prepared for a great day. The closer we got to Cairo the darker the clouds got. The winter in Egypt is mild and sunny but not on the day we were there.
After Katakolon we headed to Athens, Greece. There we went to the Acropolis and saw the Parthenon. The view of the city is beautiful from up there. And once again we had renovations! So we had to try hard not to get pictures with scaffolding. We also took a tour of the city and got an up close view of the riots destruction. Our next stop was the archaeological museum down town Athens. There we were able to see the artifacts from the Acropolis that were not taken by the British! Our last stop in Athens was the Plaka. It is a vibrant part of the city with a close neighborhood feel. The food was great and the shopping plentiful.
Our next stop was the Great Sphinx. It was not as big as I thought it would be but it was still impressive. After the Spinx we went to the Egyptian Archaeological Museum. We saw the entire King Tut burial treasures and tons of other artifacts. The museum is very over whelming with how much there is inside. The boy's highlight was the mummies!
The next day was Herklion, Crete. We went to the Palace of Knossos, it was not only the residence of the ruling house but also an administrative & religious center for the whole region It is one of the most important archaeological site of the Minoan Empire.
Tuesday, December 30, 2008
It Has Been Forever
Sunday, September 14, 2008
Weekend Woes
Another great weekend is coming to a close and I find myself NOT looking forward to work tomorrow. I keep telling Meg that any time she is ready to trade places with me she can take the wheel and I will stay home (especially now that the kids all go to school during the day). Anyway, it was a relatively calm weekend as one of our good friends came back from a three month stay in the states. On Saturday we all went to the restaurant called Big Emma where the food portions where about the only good thing that came out of the meal. I suppose I can't complain though, we fed the family with relatively little spending. I have posted a picture of the size of snitzel that we had just for lunch, then leftovers for dinner, and then another meal! I finally went to the pool with the kids this week. I was relieved to find out that the water temperature had risen a little since the family last swam. I didn't go last time but I heard that the water temp was really cold. Laine kept jumping in the water(the deep end) and all the time keeping her big eyes open under the water. She looked so cute and she is so fearless in the water. Remington is the complete opposite however. I tried to teach him to swim but he insisted on clinging on to my arm with a death grip that suggested he thought he might not make it to his 8th birthday. Megan is running full force with a number of new activities now that she has a little more freedom during the day. She has started to work out with a personal trainer and after just week one it is hard to tell how much help it has been. She is also booking a lot of her Lia Sophia shows so that we can pay for our trip in December. I am completing my OTS (officer training package) so that I can submit it in December and see if I have what the Air Force is looking for this next year. I am the Elders Quorum secretary and since our ward is so transient we are having to update the home teaching list on a weekly basis. It is a lot of work and since we are all so geographically separated we have an even harder time trying to match up people with places and families, ect. Anyway I think that is all for now but I will have more to come as life goes by.
Monday, September 1, 2008
Laine's 1st day of German Kindergarten
Saturday, August 30, 2008
We had a great breakfast with the Priesthood making pancakes and saugages, with a little guidence from the Sisters:) And after that we had a great time playing family fear factor. Our group came in second to last but we still had a great time and the kids loved eating things without their hands and throwing things at Mom. So next time I am bringing a really nice airmattress and we will give this another shot!


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It's Christmas Eve.... so much excitement. I had to take my husband to the ER for an allergic reaction to ??. We're not sure. That took about 4 hours. I'm feverishly working to finish the hat now and get all the flowers done. I've got the scarf blocking upstairs and it's almost ready for a picture debut.
Stay tuned.
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Thursday, April 23, 2009
Article One: Public Transport of Karachi: Reason for Violence.
Public Transport System is one of the major reason of Violence in the city. In the population of arounds 200,000,00 citizens there is very uncomfortable & ugly system of Transport always act as a THREAT to the citizens of this megapoliton city. The burning era of Karachi had started after the Bushra Zaidi's accident case and citizens have been suffered the after effects upto many years as well as this incident changed the collective attitude of the city and the City of Lights becomes the City of Disputes thus we have been experienced a divide society here still. Dirty & bad-maintained buses & wagons, Old model taxies & smoking rachshaws alongwith un-trained & misbehaving drivers (in the majority) having no driving license and also unknown about traffic laws made this city like a hell where apparently no law is present to savew citizens from Transport mafia.What is this?Is this Karachi: The biggest one city of country?I this Karachi: The economical capital of country?Provincial Transport Ministry, City District Govt Karachi, Traffic Police & Traffic Engineering Bearu are busy to fight eachother for share of powers & jurisdaction.So who is responsible to DO SOMETHING for Transport & transport system of Karachi.Since long time the citizens have been listening & listening only but in this regard no major changes have seen so this matter becomes a story that citizens of Karachi have better facilities of transport. This misbehave by authorities provoking citizens and make them angry about everything and this is not a good indicator as disturbed people or citizens ever being problem for governments & society but there is all society became disturbed just because of nobody from authorities really do something for thier problems.But there is another view point for all this problem. Have we ever relay on government & authorities to DO SOMETHING for MAKE THINGS GO RIGHT?Will we DO SOMETHING to MAKE THINGS GO RIGHT?Is only government responsible for ?As a citizen or society how we change the things toward the better?We have right of protest but how?protest by violence is not the solution or right answer to the problem we have.We will protest by blogging, commenting on blogging. by writing emails to the concern authorities & media also to raiae the matter on screen & news., by writing letters to the authorities, editors of newspapers, news televisions and the parlimentarian, judges.We will arrange rallies, silent protest by many methods.we will make the change if we really want to do. Now question is that: Are we really want a change?
Posted by Faisal Ali Arain at 5:43:00 PM
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