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News & Issues February-March 2017
Unequal justice?
Bennington, Rutland rank high in study of police bias
By TRACY FRISCH
Contributing writer
Black drivers who are pulled over by city police in Rutland are at least six times more likely than white drivers to wind up being searched.
But police searches of black drivers in Rutland and elsewhere across Vermont are less likely than searches of white drivers to turn up drugs or other contraband.
These are among the findings contained in a new study that offers the most comprehensive analysis to date of racial disparities in policing in Vermont. The study, released in January, examined data from 29 law enforcement agencies across the state, including the Vermont State Police and municipal police departments in Rutland, Brandon, Bennington and Manchester.
The report found that in Bennington and Manchester, black drivers stopped by police in 2015 were five times more likely than white drivers to be subjected to searches.
The statistical study, entitled "Driving While Black and Brown in Vermont," used data collected under a new state law that required police agencies to keep track of the race of drivers in all traffic stops, beginning in 2015.
The study's authors – economics professor Stephanie Seguino of the University of Vermont and urban planning professor Nancy Brooks of Cornell University -- analyzed race and gender data for traffic stops from 2015 as well as data from previous years in jurisdictions where it was available.
State legislators crafted the new data-reporting law in 2014 after a series of cases around the state in which police agencies were accused of racial profiling. Advocates who pushed for the reporting law say the study's findings confirm their longstanding concerns about racial bias in Vermont's police agencies.
"A steady stream of data bear out what people of color have been saying for decades in Vermont and across the country," said Jay Diaz, a staff lawyer at the state chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union. "People of color are stopped much more frequently. And they're not being stopped due to actual infractions or infractions that are policed equally, but based on the color of the driver or another person in the car."
Overwhelmingly white
The issue of racial bias in policing may seem an unlikely controversy in Vermont, which remains one of the two whitest states in the nation. Only 1.6 percent of the state's population is black, according to census data used in compiling the new report.
But civil rights advocates say Vermont's incarceration rate alone raises questions about whether the state's laws are being evenly enforced: Fully 10 percent of the state's prison population is black.
Robert Appel, a Burlington lawyer who served as chairman of the Vermont Human Rights Commission for more than a decade, said he suspects the relative rarity of people of color in Vermont, especially in rural areas, contributes to racial bias.
He recalled the experience of a former neighbor, now deceased, who was born in 1946 and had never seen a black person until he entered the Army. Absent any first-hand experience, the neighbor took his ideas about black people from television, which in those days portrayed them mainly in crime dramas. Although Vermont has become slightly more diverse since then, many areas remain overwhelmingly white, and most police officers are recruited from within the state, Appel said.
Across Vermont, the new study found black and Hispanic drivers were more likely than white or Asian drivers to be pulled over by police in discretionary traffic stops. In Bennington, the black share of traffic stops was nearly 2.5 times higher than the black share of the county population.
Statewide, the rate at which black drivers were pulled over ranged from 161 percent to 193 percent more than their share of the driving or community population respectively. For Hispanic drivers, the stop rate was 179 percent greater. Conversely, white and Asian drivers were stopped less frequently than would be expected based on their population share.
The discrepancy cannot be explained as a statistical anomaly related to the state's small black population. The study points out, for example, that Asians represent a similarly small share of the state population – 1.8 percent – but the rate at which black drivers were searched was seven times the rate for Asian drivers.
Overall, black drivers who are pulled over by police across Vermont are four times more likely than whites to be searched. For Hispanic drivers, the likelihood of a police search is three times greater than for whites. All of these statistics are for discretionary police stops – in other words, in cases where there is no warrant for a person's arrest.
Though they were searched far more frequently when stopped, the study found black and Hispanic drivers were less likely than white and Asian drivers to be found with contraband. Seguino, the study's co-author, explained that this finding suggests searches of black and Hispanic drivers were subject to a lower threshold of evidence.
"The search disparities we find are very consistent with findings in other states," Seguino said.
But she added that the disparity in search rates was even wider in Vermont than in some other states where racial bias in policing has become a bigger issue, such as in Missouri and North Carolina.
Although black and Hispanic drivers were more likely than white drivers to face tickets or citations after Vermont traffic stops, those who were searched were far less likely to be arrested. Citation and arrest data provide strong evidence that police often were not finding anything serious enough to warrant taking these drivers into custody, Seguino explained.
The study also found a significant gender disparity by race. While 62 percent of white drivers in traffic stops statewide were male, 88 percent of the black drivers stopped were male. The study says this suggests that "black and Hispanic males, in particular, are targets for heightened police scrutiny."
Targeting the heroin trade
Locally, police in Bennington and Rutland both have faced accusations of racial profiling in recent years, and both agencies ranked high on some measures of racial disparity in the new study.
Police in both communities have been struggling in recent years to curb the flow of heroin that has been feeding Vermont's growing problem with opioid addiction.
Bennington Police Chief Paul Doucette did not respond to multiple requests for an interview for this report.
Seguino suggested black and Hispanic drivers are experiencing heightened scrutiny because of the opioid crisis in Vermont. She stressed, however, that despite the stereotype that blacks and Hispanics are disproportionately involved in drug trafficking, "our data doesn't support this assumption."
Rutland Police Chief Brian Kilcullen said his department is continuing to work to reduce bias in its policing.
"Going forward, we'll be looking at this as baseline," Kilcullen said of the figures used in the new study, which included five years' worth of data from Rutland covering 2011-15.
The police chief said he'll focus on improving data quality and identifying teachable moments for his officers. Although nearly 3 percent of traffic stops in the city's dataset lacked information on race, for example, he said this problem decreased over the course of the five-year period.
The data showed 5.5 percent of black drivers stopped in Rutland were subjected to searches, while just 0.9 percent of white drivers were searched.
Kilcullen responded to this by pointing out that only 21 black drivers were searched across the five-year period.
Even so, when compared with the proportion of white drivers who were subjected to searches, these 21 drivers represented a much larger share – 625 percent larger – of the pool of black drivers in traffic stops. And the number of black drivers stopped was already larger than would be expected if drivers of every race and ethnicity were stopped at the same frequency.
In addition, of the 21 black drivers who were searched, not a single one wound up being arrested, whereas 13 of the 108 white drivers searched during the same period were arrested.
When tickets or citations were factored in, Rutland police found contraband resulting in a ticket or arrest in 72 percent of the searches of white drivers but in only 32 percent of searches of black drivers. This makes the "hit rate" for blacks searched less than half of the rate for white drivers who were searched.
"That would suggest black drivers are being over-searched, and that perhaps officers have a lower threshold of evidence when deciding to search a black driver," Seguino said. "That is the real story here."
Data challenge assumptions
Kilcullen said he believes heroin trafficking accounts for the racial disparities seen in traffic stops by Rutland police. But his theory on the role played by drug crimes is quite different from Seguino's. He said his agency could extract information for each of the incidents to get a fuller picture.
"We need to look at context," Kilcullen said. "Drugs are trafficked into Vermont by train and by car. What we've seen are African-American males coming to Vermont from New York City. Some of them develop a relationship with particular Vermont females. A white female passenger may have drugs."
Told of the police chief's comments, Seguino said his view isn't supported by the data she reviewed.
"His stereotype about blacks is precisely what the data dispute," Seguino said. "Blacks are less likely to be carrying contraband than white or Asian drivers. The police are casting too wide a net. The great benefit of data is that we can test hypotheses such as his, and his hypothesis is simply refuted by the data."
Both Kilcullen and Seguino agreed that additional data would be illuminating. The data on traffic stops, for example, focuses on drivers and does not include information about passengers, their races and whether they were searched.
Kilcullen took over as police chief in November 2015, so nearly all of the figures examined in the new report predate his tenure. But Rutland police have struggled over the past decade with scandal, poor morale and incidents of officer misconduct – including allegations of racial bias. Kilcullen's predecessor, James Baker, was brought in to clean up the department in 2012.
Many details of the Rutland force's problems came to light two years ago in a discrimination lawsuit brought by Andrew Todd, who for many years was Rutland's only black officer. Todd alleged a supervisor and co-worker created a hostile work environment, routinely using racial slurs and engaging in racial profiling of black citizens. Among other examples, the lawsuit claimed city police observed the arrival of the nightly Amtrak train from New York City and detained and even strip-searched black passengers without probable cause, while white travelers were not searched.
Todd resigned in 2012 and later became a state trooper; Rutland hired another black officer in 2015. The city ultimately settled Todd's lawsuit for $975,000 -- a sum Appel characterized as one of the largest settlements, if not the largest ever, for an employment discrimination claim in Vermont.
Neighboring states lag behind
Seguino said 31 states collect some demographic data on traffic policing, but very few do an adequate job of it. New Hampshire's law, for example, pertains only to state police, and its data categories are more limited than Vermont's.
Other states don't make the data publicly available or lack transparency in other ways. In Maine, for example, police agencies submit traffic stop data only on paper, which makes the information nearly impossible for researchers to access and analyze.
New York is among the states that do not collect any data on the race of drivers in traffic stops. Race must be recorded only when a person is arrested. State legislators have sponsored bills on racial profiling and data collection in traffic stops since at least 2003, but only the Assembly has passed such legislation. But some individual jurisdictions, including the city of Albany, have responded to public concerns by opting to collect race data for all traffic stops.
Massachusetts in 2000 became one of the first states to pass legislation aimed at eliminating racial and gender profiling in traffic stops, but time has revealed major deficiencies in the law. Officers only collect demographic information for traffic stops if they issue warnings or tickets or makes arrests. In those situations, they must indicate if a search is conducted. The law also lacks any provision for enforcement if police agencies don't comply with the reporting requirements.
In 2004, the Northeastern University Institute for Race and Justice analyzed 27 months of data from more than 300 law enforcement agencies in Massachusetts. The analysis found significant racial disparities in more than 80 percent of these police forces. Under the 2000 law, that finding allowed the state to require those police agencies to collect more comprehensive data for one year, but it appears the state never exercised this option. Nor does it appear that any subsequent data analysis was conducted.
The same day the final Northeastern report was released, the Massachusetts Chiefs of Police Association issued a 32-page position paper attacking the data collection and analysis. The police chiefs contended that the overall racial disparity in traffic stops was "so low" that no police departments should be compelled to collect additional data.
Officer-by-officer breakdown
As part of her study in Vermont, Seguino examined data for individual police officers in departments that provided data. Only officers that made at least 50 traffic stops were included in this analysis. Seguino calculated the percentage of officers in each agency that stopped black drivers at a rate 50 percent or more above their share of the population.
The top three police agencies on this measure were all located in Rutland and Bennington counties. In Brandon, 67 percent of officers stopped black drivers at a rate above the threshold, while 63 percent of officers did so in Manchester, and 60 percent did in Bennington.
So in Bennington, where 1 percent of the overall population is black, black drivers accounted for 2 percent or more of the traffic stops recorded by 13 of the town's 24 police officers. And with four officers, black drivers were behind the wheel in more than 6 percent of the vehicles stopped.
And in Manchester, where slightly more than 1 percent of the population is black, seven of the town's eight officers reported that black drivers accounted for 2.5 percent or more of their traffic stops.
Individual officers are not identified by name in the data.
State Rep. Bill Lippert, D-Hinesburg, who shepherded the new data-reporting requirement through the Statehouse, said the law is the result of nearly a decade of effort to collect more information about racial profiling and police bias. Initially, he said, lawmakers held back while advocates and police agencies tried to create a voluntary reporting system. Although some, including Rutland's police force, took part, most police departments did not.
Even with mandatory reporting now in place, some data gaps remain.
"Some departments did a stellar job; others did not comply," said state Rep. Kiah Morris, D-Bennington, who has focused on fair-policing issues and, as a black woman, said she has at times been treated with suspicion by police because of the color of her skin.
In southwestern Vermont, the Bennington County Sheriff's Department has not provided data under the new law. Only three of the state's 11 county sheriff's departments did so, and another 20 municipal police agencies, mainly in smaller towns, also failed to comply with the mandate. But the 24 municipal departments that did supply data accounted for 78 percent of the Vermont population in communities with local police forces.
Last year, Vermont Public Radio requested public records for traffic-stop demographic data from about 20 police agencies around the state. In many jurisdictions, race and gender data were spotty or nonexistent -- or were not made accessible. VPR reported that the Bennington County sheriff said it would cost $750 to see the traffic-stop records, even though the records are supposed to be readily available under state law.
"Many of the smaller police agencies don't have the resources or skill sets to submit the data electronically," Seguino said. "They probably need the support of the state."
In her own review of the data, Seguino said she found a number of gaps. The Rutland County sheriff, for instance, provided no data on search outcomes or subsequent police actions, and other agencies had many instances in which information about race was missing in traffic-stop records.
Lippert said the data made available through the law is essential. But he also said the effort is insufficient "unless you use the data to correct the disparities that are found in roadside stops."
And what occurs in traffic stops "doesn't begin to address all the issues in the criminal justice system," he added. "There are much broader issues in terms of implicit bias."
To tackle the broader issues, Morris said she and other lawmakers are proposing to establish a racial justice oversight commission.
But trying to bring about change on race and policing at the Statehouse is not something that legislators can do in a vacuum, she noted. Taking up the issue brings out "multiple stakeholder groups from Border Patrol to immigrant activist groups and everything in between," Morris said.
Shedding light on bias
As an economist, Seguino studies racial and gender disparities and their effects on employment and income. As a member of the Burlington school board, she said she's become aware of the racial disparities in student suspensions.
"You learn that the issues are quite similar," she said.
Seguino said she undertook her analysis of the statewide traffic stop data as a voluntary commitment. She had worked on a similar project as faculty adviser to an earlier study of data voluntarily collected by city police in Burlington. She was not paid for this work, though she said she was able to obtain funding from the University of Vermont for an assistant to "clean up the data."
Before Seguino took on the project, Northeastern University had analyzed five years of race and gender data collected by the Vermont State Police.
"A number of people felt that Northeastern's analysis wasn't adequate," Lippert said, because it "lumped Asian-American drivers with other nonwhites."
Seguino agreed that Northeastern's approach was problematic, because "Asians get fairly equitable treatment compared to blacks and Hispanics.
"Putting all three groups together obscures the disparities," she explained.
Lippert said the purpose of collecting the data is to illuminate the differences in how people are treated, not to minimize them.
In framing the new analysis, Seguino said she set out to clear up other shortcomings in the previous effort.
"We have been interested in a straightforward methodology that can be replicated by others," Seguino said. "We know the Vermont context and have done ride-alongs with police here, giving us a sense of the underlying issues."
Reducing risks
Some of those working to curb police bias point out that routine traffic stops can easily escalate into situations with dire consequences. If the stop wasn't justified or an officer's handling of it is unfair, that unfairness can quickly be magnified: Traffic stops can turn violent or deadly, and confrontations may be more apt to escalate when drivers feel they are being targeted or scrutinized unfairly.
"Disproportionate contact with law enforcement leads to disproportionate arrests," Appel said.
Undocumented immigrants also face greater risk from traffic stops, as getting pulled over may lead to their being detained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers and potentially deported, separated from their families and livelihoods.
Lippert said Migrant Justice, an organization that represents "a lot of undocumented folks who are keeping our farm economy going," mobilized members and offered testimony at the Statehouse in favor of impartial policing.
Lippert and Morris promoted a requirement that all police agencies adopt a policy for fair and impartial policing. The model policy created by Vermont State Police and the state attorney general contains a provision directing police to refrain from automatically contacting Immigration and Customs Enforcement when they encounter someone who may be undocumented. Although this provision reduces the risk of deportation, it still can occur, Lippert noted.
Advocates point out that when people have experienced racial profiling or fear an encounter with police might lead to deportation, they are less likely to seek out or cooperate with law enforcement in addressing crime.
"The distrust between the community and law enforcement just gets amplified," Morris said.
State Police embrace change
In the effort to curb racial bias in policing, the State Police have taken the lead in Vermont. The agency has set an example for diversity in recruitment, community outreach, and training aimed at countering implicit bias.
"We have been working proactively toward bias-free policing since 2006 or 2007," explained Capt. Ingrid Jonas, who directs the agency's Fair and Impartial Policing program.
Early on, the Vermont State Police set up a Committee on Fair and Impartial Policing that has counted both Lippert and Appel among its members. The initiative has drawn praise from groups like the ACLU.
"We do applaud the State Police for their efforts," Diaz said. "They have made some important strides and are taking it very seriously."
Jonas said the agency has been working on "training, supervision and hiring the right people" – and that fair policing now is part of every review for promotion.
The agency screens against explicit bias, or overt bigotry, in hiring, but it also understands that everyone has implicit bias and that it must be addressed, she said.
Jonas defined implicit bias as "an unconscious mindset we might not be aware of." Dealing with implicit bias requires "self-reflection, realizing that we have the potential to make unconscious judgments about people, places and things," she said.
"We have to override that tendency to serve the public," Jonas said.


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Study guide for Chapters 28 and 29
Study guide for Chapters 28 and 29 in Dr Delfert's class
increases testosterone production by the Leydig cells.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) binds to Leydig cells and
inhibits Serotoli cells.
promotes sperm cell production by the Leydig cells.
increases testosterone production by the Leydig cells.
stimulates GnRH levels to increase in the testes.
menses, proliferative, secretory.
The menstrual cycle can be divided into three continuous phases. Starting from the first day of the cycle, their consecutive order is
menses, proliferative, secretory.
menses, secretory, proliferative.
secretory, menses, proliferative.
proliferative, menses, secretory.
all of the above
Which of the following statements concerning the female mammary glands is true?
They are modified sweat glands.
They are the organs of milk production.
They may contain large amounts of adipose tissue.
They are attached to the pectoralis major muscle by Cooper's ligaments.
all of the above
graafian or mature
A follicle containing a secondary oocyte and a single fluid-filled antrum is called a _____ follicle.
graafian or mature
manual stimulation of the penis.
Erection and ejaculation can be initiated by
manual stimulation of the penis.
contraction of smooth muscle.
impulses from the cerebellum.
increassed blood levels of testosterone
28; 14
The average menstrual cycle is about ____ days long; ovulation occurs on about day ____.
30; 24
28; 14
24; 14
20; 10
remains in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Male infants can be born with an undescended testis. This means that the testis
lacks hormonal cells.
covers the top of the scrotum.
has lost its blood supply.
remains in the abdominopelvic cavity.
granulosa cells.
The androgens produced by the theca interna cells are converted to estrogen by
corpus luteal cells.
granulosa cells.
Frequently during childbirth, an episiotomy is performed. In this procedure the _____ is cut.
labia majora
labia minora
fertilized oocyte
"Zygote" is the term used to describe the
graafian oocyte.
primary oocyte.
secondary oocyte.
fertilized oocyte
estrogen and progesterone.
The placenta produces both
estrogen and progesterone.
progesterone and prolactin.
prolactin and FSH.
androgens and estrogens.
time from the onset of irregular menstrual cycles to cessation of those cycles.
The female climacteric refers to the
cessation of menstruation.
time from the onset of irregular menstrual cycles to cessation of those cycles.
decrease in the sexual drive.
inability to have sexual intercourse.
tunica albuginea.
The ovary is surrounded by a layer of fibrous connective tissue called the
tunica albuginea.
The forceful expulsion of semen from the urethra caused by contraction of smooth muscle in the urethra and skeletal muscle surrounding the base of the penis is called
physiological contracture.
secrete testosterone.
The interstitial cells or Leydig cells
produce sperm.
form the wall of the rete testis.
cover the testis with a while tunic.
secrete testosterone
keep the corpus luteum from degenerating
The hormone HCG is necessary to
form the corpus luteum.
cause the endometrium to proliferate.
stimulate primary oocytes to divide.
keep the corpus luteum from degenerating.
seminiferous tubules; epididymis
Sperm are produced in the _____ and complete maturation in the _____.
epididymis; testes
ductus deferens; epididymis
seminiferous tubules; prostate gland
seminiferous tubules; epididymis
The inferior portion is the cervix.
Which of the following statements concerning the uterus is true?
The inferior portion is the cervix.
The isthmus separates the body and the fundus.
The fundus forms the major portion of this organ.
The uterine wall is composed of four layers.
when a sperm cell penetrates a secondary oocyte.
Fertilization can only occur
if orgasms occur in both the male and female.
when a sperm cell penetrates a secondary oocyte.
when there is no menstrual flow.
after oxytocin is released from the hypothalamus.
Which of the following hormones would decrease if an adult male were castrated (testes removed)?
mons pubis--vaginal orifice
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
clitoris--erectile tissue
labia minora--unite anteriorly to form the prepuce
vestibular glands--maintain moistness of vestribule
mons pubis--vaginal orifice
tunica albuginea.
The thick white capsule that covers each testes is called the
tunica adventitia.
tunica albuginea.
Leydig capsule.
sperm plus the secretions of accessory glands
Semen is
produced solely by the testis.
a vaginal secretion needed to activate sperm.
sperm plus the secretions of accessory glands.
responsible for engorgement of erectile tissue of the penis.
Hot flashes during the climacteric are thought to be the result of decreased _____ levels.
pull the testes closer to the body.
Contraction of the cremaster and dartos muscles
causes the epididymis to shrink.
increases during exercise.
pull the testes closer to the body.
is responsible for ejaculation.
primarily effects granulosa cells.
stimulates theca interna cells to produce androgens.
primarily effects granulosa cells.
increases progesterone production.
inhibits LH.
secondary spermatocyte
Which of the following cell types is formed at the end of the first meiotic division?
primary spermatocyte
secondary spermatocyte
vas deferens (ductus deferens)
Which of the following structures would be found in the spermatic cord?
vas deferens (ductus deferens)
seminal vesicle
ejaculatory duct
The hypothalamic hormone that regulates both male and female reproductive cycles is
prostaglandins--cause urethral contractions
Which of the following substances found in semen is mismatched with its function?
fructose--nourishes sperm
mucus--lubricates urethra
fibrinogen--transient coagulation of semen
prostaglandins--cause urethral contractions
Follicles in the ovary that are never ovulated
become the corpus albicans.
form secondary follicles.
undergo and complete meiosis in the ovary
corpora cavernosa--form the foreskin
Which of the following is mismatched?
prepuce--skin that covers the glans penis
corpora cavernosa--form the foreskin
glans penis--contains external urethral opening
corpus spongiosum--expands to form the glans penis
corpus albicans
Which of the following follicular stages is the last to appear?
corpus albicans
corpus luteum
primary follicle
mature follicle
a theca or capsule is formed around it
As a secondary follicle enlarges,
the granulosa cells are replaced with fluid.
the secondary oocyte divides by mitosis.
a theca or capsule is formed around it.
the zona pellucida becomes thinner.
3, 2, 1
Arrange the following events in the correct sequence.
(1) ejaculation (2) emission (3) erection
1, 2, 3
3, 1, 2
3, 2, 1
1, 3, 2
dihydrotestosterone and estradiol
Which of the following substances found in Sertoli cells may be the active hormones that promote sperm cell formation?
IgA and IgG
sustentaculum and gubernaculum
dihydrotestosterone and estradiol
androgen-binding protein and testosterone
5, 2, 3, 1, 4
Arrange the following structures in the order sperm would pass through them from the seminiferous tubules to the urethra.
(1) ductus deferens (vas deferens) (2) efferent ductules (3) epididymis (4) ejaculatory duct (5) rete testis
5, 2, 3, 1, 4
3, 2, 4, 1, 5
3, 4, 2, 1, 5
5, 2, 4, 3, 1
contractions of skeletal muscle at the base of the penis
Which of the following events in the male sex act occurs last and results in ejaculation?
peristaltic contractions of the ductus deferens
contractions of skeletal muscle at the base of the penis
constriction of the internal sphincter of the urinary bladder
release of secretions from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland
uterine wall begins to thicken and increased estrogen production by the follicles
Which of the following events in the menstrual cycle occur at the same time?
maximal LH secretion and menstruation (menstrual flow)
early follicular development in the ovaries and maximum thickening of the uterus
ovulation and menstruation (menstrual flow)
uterine wall begins to thicken and increased estrogen production by the follicles
The oocyte is moved along the tube by peristaltic contractions of the muscular layer.
Which of the following statements concerning the uterine tube is true?
The outer layer of the tube is formed by the ampulla.
The oocyte is moved along the tube by peristaltic contractions of the muscular layer.
The opening of the uterine tube is the mesosalpinx.
The portion of the uterine tube closest to the uterus is the infundibulum.
It can lead to an increase in muscle mass
Which of the following statements concerning testosterone is true?
It prevents hair loss in pattern baldness.
It promotes atrophy of the larynx.
It can lead to an increase in muscle mass.
It causes the skin and hair to soften.
72 hours.
Spermatozoa may remain viable in the female reproductive tract for as long as
24 hours.
48 hours.
72 hours.
96 hours
causes cellular hypertrophy in the endometrium.
increases fallopian tube motility.
causes uterine muscle contractions.
causes ovulation.
causes cellular hypertrophy in the endometrium.
Of the two million primary oocytes in the ovaries at birth, only about _____ are ovulated.
extends through the length of the penis.
The male urethra
has numerous mucus-secreting glands.
extends through the length of the penis.
is lined with ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
extends from the prostate gland to the ductus deferens
Rising progesterone levels cause the myometrium to contract
Which of the following statements is false?
Estrogen causes endometrial cells to proliferate.
After ovulation, the endometrium becomes thicker.
Rising progesterone levels cause the myometrium to contract.
The uterine cycle makes the endometrium a hospitable environment for implantation
46 chromosomes.
A primary spermatocyte is a diploid cell that gives rise to two secondary spermatocytes after the first meiotic division. The primary spermatocyte has
92 chromosomes.
46 chromosomes.
23 chromosomes.
no chromosomes.
urogenital triangle
Which of the following structures is located within the perineum?
seminal vesicles
femoral triangle
urogenital triangle
the hypothalamus becoming less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of androgens.
The major factor controlling the onset of puberty in males is
a decrease in GnRH levels.
the production of testosterone by the testes.
the ability of the pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.
the hypothalamus becoming less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of androgens
both a and b are correct
Sexual drive in females
is dependent on hormones.
can be affected by psychological factors.
both a and b are correct
neither a nor b have any influence on sexual drive in females
cervical cancer.
A Pap test is used to detect
the time of ovulation.
cervical cancer.
a prolapsed uterus.
broad ligaments--help support the uterus
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
broad ligaments--help support the uterus
cervix--lined with rugae
basal layer - layer of endometrium closest to uterine cavity
perimetrium--muscular coat of uterus
penile erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood.
Erection of the penis occurs when
the pubic bones move together.
the bulbourethral muscles contract.
lymphatic fluid accumulates in the glans penis.
penile erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood.
FSH and LH secretion will occur.
Once GnRH is released from the hypothalamus and enters the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system,
testosterone is released from the anterior pituitary.
the Leydig cells produce inhibin.
estrogen production increases.
FSH and LH secretion will occur.
The _______ is a sac consisting of skin and superficial fascia that hangs from the base of the penis.
Dartos muscle
Cremaster muscles
The _______ muscle is located in the superficial fascia of the scrotum and septum.
The ________ muscles extend from the internal oblique muscle to the scrotum.
tunica vaginalis
The _______ _______ is a two-layered outer serous membrane surrounding each testis.
rete testis
seminiferous tubules
efferent duct
interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
tunica albuginea
The _______ _______ lies inside the tunica vaginalis and protrudes inward, dividing each testis into compartments called lobules.
rete testis
seminiferous tubules
efferent duct
interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
seminiferous tubules
One to four tightly coiled tubes, the _______ ________, lie inside each lobule.
rete testis
seminiferous tubules
efferent duct
interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
rete testis
The _____ ______ is a network of tubes formed by the merging of the tubulus recti from each lobule.
rete testis
seminiferous tubules
efferent duct
interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
efferent ducts
The _______ _______ transport sperm out of the testis (from the rete testis) to the epididymis.
rete testis
seminiferous tubules
efferent duct
interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
The ________ _______ surrounding the seminiferous tubules secrete testosterone and other androgen hormones.
rete testis
seminiferous tubules
efferent duct
interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
D. urethra
Which of the following functions in both urinary and reproductive systems in the male?
A. prostate
B. Seminal vesicle
C. Sertoli cells
D. urethra
B. aid the sperm in penetration into a secondary oocyte
The function of chemicals within the acrosomal cap is to
A. protect the DNA of the sperm
B. aid the sperm in penetration into a secondary oocyte
C. provide energy for the flagellum
D. provide motility for the sperm
B. corpus spongiosum
The portion of the penis which surrounds the urethra is the
A. tunica albuginea
B. corpus spongiosum
C. corpus cavernosum
D. prepuce
C. seminal vesicles
The fructose in semen is secreted by the
A. epididymis
B. ductus deferens
C. seminal vesicles
D. seminiferous tubules
B. progesterone and estrogens
The corpus luteum secretes
A. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
B. progesterone and estrogens
C. hCG and progesterone
D. estrogens and hCG
C. flagella
Sperm move by means of
A. cilia
B. microvilli
C. flagella
D. enzymes
A. secondary oocyte, primary oocyte
After ovulation the _____ becomes the _____.
A. secondary oocyte, primary oocyte
B. zona pellucida, corona radiata
C. mature (Graafian) follicle, corpus luteum
D. amount of glucose ingested
C. cortex
The portion of the ovary that contains the ovarian follicles is the
A. mesovarium
B. germinal epithelium
C. cortex
D. tunica albuginea
B. uterus
Which female reproductive structure is located between the urinary bladder and the rectum?
A. ovary
B. uterus
C. vagina
D. prostate
B. stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone
In males, FSH
A. acts indirectly with testosterone to stimulate spermatogenesis
B. stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone
C. has no function
D. causes sperm cells to secrete inhibin
D. Leydig cells
The cells in the testis responsible for producing testosterone are the
A. spermatogenic cells
B. spermatogonia
C. Sertoli cells
D. Leydig cells
C. tunica albuginea
The testes are covered by a dense white fibrous capsule called the
A. scrotum
B. tunica vaginalis
C. tunica albuginea
D. visceral peritoneum
A. spermatogonia
Which of the following cells lies next to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules?
A. spermatogonia
B. primary spermatocytes
C. secondary spermatocytes
D. spermatids
B. visceral peritoneum
The perimetrium or serosa is part of the
A. parietal peritoneum
B. visceral peritoneum
C. parietal pleura
D. visceral pericardium
A. mitosis
In the testis, spermatogonia divide by
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. reduction division
D. equation division
D. spermatids
The cells formed by meiosis II are called
A. spermatogonia
B. primary spermatocytes
C. secondary spermatocytes
D. spermatids
D. 300 million
The daily production of sperm in the testes is about
A. 30 thousand
B. 300 thousand
C. 30 million
D. 300 million
Which of the hormones produced in the male directly stimulates testosterone secretion?
C. inhibin
D. GnRH
C. Sertoli cells; FSH
In the male, the protein hormone inhibin is produced by the _____ and inhibits secretion of _____.
A. hypothalamus; LH
B. anterior pituitary gland; testosterone
C. Sertoli cells; FSH
D. Leydig cells; GnRH
A. ductus deferens
The longest duct of the male reproductive tract, passing from the scrotum into the pelvic cavity, is the
A. ductus deferens
B. epididymis
C. ejaculatory duct
D. urethra
B. prostate gland
The ejaculatory duct attaches to the urethra in a region surrounded by the
A. seminal vesicles
B. prostate gland
C. urogenital diaphragm
D. urinary bladder
D. mesonephric duct
The epididymis and ductus (vas) deferens develop from the embryonic
A. genital tubercle
B. labioscrotal swelling
C. paramesonephric duct
D. mesonephric duct
D. twenty million
A male is likely to be infertile if his sperm count is below _____ per mL of semen.
A. one thousand
B. ten thousand
C. one million
D. twenty million
B. corpus spongiosum
The bulb of the penis is located at the base of the
A. corpus cavernosum
B. corpus spongiosum
C. glans penis
D. prepuce
B. four hundred
At birth, hundreds of thousands of oogonia are present in each ovary at birth, but only about _____ of these will mature and ovulate.
A. fifty
B. four hundred
C. four thousand
D. half
A. during fetal development
In the ovary, oocytes begin meiosis I
A. during fetal development
B. during early childhood
C. after puberty
D. after ovulation
C. infundibulum
The open, funnel-shaped portion of a uterine tube is called the
A. fimbria
B. ampulla
C. infundibulum
D. isthmus
D. ampulla of the oviduct
Fertilization of the oocyte by a sperm usually occurs in the
A. vagina
B. cervix of the uterus
C. ovary
D. ampulla of the oviduct
B. broad ligaments
The uterus is attached to both sides of the pelvic cavity by the
A. round ligaments
B. broad ligaments
C. oviducts
D. cardinal ligaments
A. cancer of the cervix
A Pap smear is a test performed to detect
A. cancer of the cervix
B. pregnancy
C. infections of the ovary
D. vaginitis
C. anteflexion
The normal flexure of the uterus, projecting it anteriorly and superiorly over the vagina, is called
A. uterine prolapse
B. dorsiflexion
C. anteflexion
D. retroflexion
D. surgical removal of the uterus
A hysterectomy is the
A. downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina
B. most common sterilization procedure used in women
C. surgical procedure sometime used during childbirth to open the vaginal canal
D. surgical removal of the uterus
B. repeatedly gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
The stratum basalis of the uterus
A. is shed during menstruation
B. repeatedly gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
C. contracts during childbirth to help expel the fetus
D. is part of the visceral peritoneum and becomes part of the broad ligament
A. breakdown of glycogen that produces organic acids
The acidity of the vagina is due to
A. breakdown of glycogen that produces organic acids
B. secretion of small amounts of hydrochloric acid by cells lining the tube
C. reabsorption of bicarbonate ions, reducing their buffering action
D. secretions of bacteria that normally reside in this tube
C. labia minora
The small folds that are lateral to the vaginal opening are the
A. hymen
B. clitoris
C. labia minora
D. mons pubis
A. alveoli
The milk secreting glands in the breast are called
A. alveoli
B. lobules
C. lobes
D. lactiferous sinuses
A. lactiferous ducts
The last tubes through which milk flows before it reaches the outside through the nipple are the
A. lactiferous ducts
B. lactiferous sinuses
C. mammary ducts
D. secondary tubules
D. 35 and 39
he American Cancer Society recommends that a woman should have a baseline mammogram taken, to serve as a comparison, between the ages of
A. 20 and 24
B. 25 and 29
C. 30 and 34
D. 35 and 39
C. estrogens and progesterone
Which of the following hormones have the greatest direct control over the changes in the uterus?
A. GnRH
B. FSH and LH
C. estrogens and progesterone
D. inhibin and relaxin
A. beta-estradiol
The principal estrogen hormone in the nonpregnant woman is
A. beta-estradiol
B. estrone
C. estriol
D. progesterone
A. estrogens
Which hormone has effects on general metabolism to increase protein production and reduce cholesterol production as well as controlling the reproductive cycle in the female?
A. estrogens
B. progesterone
C. relaxin
__________ increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis at the end of pregnancy.
A. estrogen
B. progesterone
C. relaxin
D. inhibin
B. preovulatory phase
The mature (Graafian) follicle continues to enlarge and increase its estrogen production during the
A. menstrual phase
B. preovulatory phase
C. ovulation phase
D. postovulatory phase
The hormone responsible for stimulating the development of the secondary follicles in the ovary is
A. progesterone
D. GnRH
An over-the-counter test is now available for purchase that indicates ovulation. This test measures the levels of
A. estrogens
C. GnRH
A. menstruation
Low levels of progesterone cause
A. menstruation
B. inhibition of GnRH
C. a sudden surge of LH
D. inhibition of FSH and LH
D. inhibit the release of FSH and LH
Oral contraceptive pills contain estrogens and progestin that
A. cause the developing follicle to degenerate
B. inhibit the secretion of inhibin
C. prevent the development of the endometrium
D. inhibit the release of FSH and LH
B. sympto-thermal
The birth control method that is based on knowledge of certain physiological changes that occur during the menstrual cycle is
A. coitus interruptus
B. sympto-thermal
C. the intrauterine device
D. the cervical cap
C. the first menses
Menarche is
A. the same as menopause
B. the permanent cessation of menses
C. the first menses
D. when oogenesis begins

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Penn Democrats of the University of Pennsylvania (who recently were named Pennsylvania's College Democrats Chapter of the Year) hosted an evening with a number of candidates tonight. Around 75 people came out, most looked like undergraduates but there were a few who looked like older city residents. Chapter president Nathan Hake served admirably as emcee. These are my impressions of the speakers. I took notes as carefully as I could and apologize for any errors.
Chris Bowers of mydd started the evening off by pointing out that we need to become more active and make sure the political machinery is in place to win elections. He encouraged those attending to get involved at the local level, and consider becoming committeepeople.
Duncan Black of Atrios, took the floor next and continued the theme that people need to be more involved in the political process. He also told a number of jokes. His take on the evening is here.
Paul Lang, candidate for the 6th state senate district, followed and spoke on the importance of the state legislature in many issues that directly affect us, such as health care and the minimum wage. As another example he mentioned that New Jersey has almost 30 caseworkers for returning veterans. Pennsylvania, with four times as many veterans, has three. He spoke well and I foresee a long political future for him.
Philadelphia City Councilman Michael Nutter talked about the need for an educated workforce and thus for colleges and college graduates. He also made the point that if you want politicians to pay attention to your issues you should be sure to vote.
Dennis Spivack, candidate for a Delaware congressional seat, took the floor after Lang. He is a Penn alum, as is his daughter. He said we have a rare opportunity as voters are listening to candidates right now. Spivack spoke at length and my apologies to him for not recording more of it, but since he is from out of state I took this opportunity to count heads.
Lois Murphy, candidate for the 6th congressional district, was up next. She listed the things she expected of the Bush administration and the Republican controlled Congress and said they had actually done far worse that she thought. Like Spivack she thinks the electorate is engaged and interested and this provides an opportunity for candidates to connect with them. She called for responsibility and integrity in Washington. This was my first opportunity to see or hear her and I wasn't disappointed.
Joe Hoeffel came to the podium as the audience applauded. He also listed things like tax cuts for the rich, wiretapping, and the governmental failures during and after Hurricane Katrina and asked if we had had enough. There was resounding agreement. He said we must respond to the GOP mantras of cutting taxes and shrinking the government. He said that the GOP was so scornful of government that they put cronies into important government jobs. Hoeffel spoke of Democratic values, such as healing the sick and housing the homeless, and said they were strong moral value, Biblical values. Democrats embrace the last, the least, and the lost among us. He said the GOP uses this against us, since we allow everyone a seat at the table, and we need to reclaim our beliefs, such as public action for public good, and that community values are as important as family values. He was in rare form and it was great to see him in action again.
Patrick Murphy, candidate for the 8th congressional district, ended the evening on a high note. I've heard Patrick speak before but he was exceptional tonight. He said he followed Gandhi's belief that we must be the change we want to see in the world. He also spoke of being the youngest professor at West Point while he was there and challenging a visiting senior Defense Department official on matters of policy. In his view the current administration is squandering the reputation our fathers, grandfathers and great grandfathers built for our country. He said this election season was an incredible opportunity for people to be involved in politics and asked that at the end of the day we look in the mirror and ask if we are doing everything we can to change the world. I'm not capturing the passion with which he spoke or the cadence of his words, I can only tell you that you shouldn't pass up the opportunity to hear him talk.
This was a chance for me to see and hear a number of candidates at once and it was well worth the effort to get out. I would encourage all of you to take advantage of forums and settings like this, which all too often only seem to occur in election years, to observe and interact with those who are or would be your voice in government. My thanks to the candidates, Duncan and Chris, and the Penn Dems for an enjoyable evening. And yes, I did wear blue. For those who might have been there and are wondering who I was, I sat in the midst of things next to a student who was probably horrified that people might think he brought his mother with him.
[Updates: www.penndems.org has photos of the event; also I had originally said the group had been named Young Democrats chapter of the year -- it is College Democrats. I apologize for the error which has been corrected.]
Tuesday, April 04, 2006
An Evening in Blue
The Penn Democrats of the University of Pennsylvania (who recently were named Pennsylvania's College Democrats Chapter of the Year) hosted an evening with a number of candidates tonight. Around 75 people came out, most looked like undergraduates but there were a few who looked like older city residents. Chapter president Nathan Hake served admirably as emcee. These are my impressions of the speakers. I took notes as carefully as I could and apologize for any errors.
4 comments:
- AMN said...
Oh damn, I'm not sure if I got a chance to speak with you or not. As probably the resident political blogmonger, I was trying to speak with the bloggers who came. I did get a chance to speak with Chris, Atrios, and Booman. Anyways, I justed wanted to say thanks for the kind words about our event! Hopefully, we'll be able to host a similar type of event as it gets closer to Election Day.
- Wed Apr 05, 10:05:00 PM 2006
- AboveAvgJane said...
It was a great event and I hope you have more of them.
- Wed Apr 05, 10:56:00 PM 2006
- LVDem said...
hey, if I ever got my mom to come to a political event, I'd show her off. She normally rolls her eyes at me when I talk about politics.
Glad the event was great. We need more of them.
- Wed Apr 05, 11:08:00 PM 2006
- AboveAvgJane said...
But you may not have felt that way when you were 19.....
- Thu Apr 06, 10:41:00 AM 2006


text: Lot #451 - This beautiful convertible is powered by a 327/300hp V8 engine mated to a 4-speed manual transmission. This Corvette is an amazing survivor with original paint, interior, top glass, T-3 headlights, date-coded radiator and expansion tank. It has the original engine, transmission and rear end. This Corvette presents itself very well for being mostly original. It runs and performs extremely well. Additionally, it comes with the original Window Sticker, owner's manual and Protect-O-Plate.


text:
the removal of the level cap in several Chains of Promathia areas, Sera and I had a bit of a disagreement on the news. Or, more accurately, we had a bit of a disagreement regarding the expansion as a whole. Sera was of the opinion that it was quite possibly the best expansion in the game's history. I, as has been stated before, feel somewhat less positive about it -- which is to say that I've usually regarded it as one of the worst.
The comment thread to that news showed that this divide was not unique to the two of us. Comments were sharply divided between those who would happily blacklist Chains of Promathia and forget it existed, and those who were heartbroken at something so wonderful being toned down. So I decided to go ahead and take another look at the expansion as an aggregate, both the good and the bad. Out of all the Final Fantasy XI expansions, this one was the most unique. Was it a good experiment, or was it a failure?


text:
English to Spanish Live Interpretation Professional Daniel Tapia
Member since February 18, 2015
Daniel Tapia has been an English to Spanish interpreter for the past 3 years. A resident of Mexico Daniel typically translates content for the websites and telecommunications industries, as well as 6 others. Daniel has received a College Degree, and has 3 years experience in the translation industry.
College Degree
Studied grammar, spelling, traditions, and culture of the U.S. for 11 years at Colegio Americano Del Pacifico. Worked for 3 years at customer service and technical support for companies like: Virgin Mobile, Directv, Advantage rent a Car. Which gives me experience not only in practice of everyday language but also customer service through calls, notating, multitasking, resolving issues, and proper assistance to any issue.


text:
Alexis Venton Gets Cummed On Her Face
Duration: 5min 00sec Views: 496 Submitted: 1 year ago
Description: This beauty gets a load of semen on her face from that huge dick after sucking it with pleasure. She wears sexy long socks and nothing more so we can see her cute tits and some semen that is dripping on them. Is she going to clean that sperm from her face and leave or she's going to call another girl to help her.


text:
Sunday, April 16, 2017
Roland JP-08 Exploring Jupiter 2017 Analog Circuit Behavior Synthesizer JP8 Rik Marston
Published on Apr 16, 2017 SynthgodXXX
"Roland JP-08 'Exploring Jupiter' 2017
by Rik Marston 100% No Talking!!!
**Watch in HD** **Turn it UP!!**
The Roland Boutique JP-08 JUPITER-8
recreation with K-25M keyboard in an
extensive deep TWEAKING showing off
the power of the JP-08 & it's ACB technology.
I have owned a Jupiter-8 (see my video for it)
and YES the JP-08 can sound like it but it
lacks some of the warmth & charm that a real
JP8 has that it can only produce. That being said,
the JP-08 is FANTASTIC for sound design &
music composition. The JP-08 sounds & behaves
just like a Jupiter-8. Perfect for the person who
craves a JP8 but has a limited budget or just
wants to save a bit. It can be a fight to shape
the right TUNING (as you will hear in the video demo)
the little sliders makes it hard to hit the right sweet spot.
A external midi controller with a ton of assignable
sliders will be a blast to use to control the JP-08.
It's made for all genres, not just the local eighties
cover bands, but serious audio tweakers who need
some serious kit to mold their specific needs into life.
I am using a Roland V-Synth as a MIDI CONTROLLER
for this video, it has Attack & Release programmed
to it's assignable knobs. Recorded DRY into Ableton
Live 7 with no other effects.
Patch info:
Patch 46 (PWM Strings) @ 00:06
Patch 41 (Solo/Lead) @ 04:39
Patch 73 (Bass into Oblivion) @ 09:45
Patch 47 (Pad/Strings) @ 19:08
Thank you for watching!
Please Like, Share & SUBSCRIBE!
More Synthesizer demos,
Ambient Chill Zen Music,
UFOs & strange stuff...
Rik Marston
Posted by matrix at 4/16/2017 11:17:00 AM | SUPPORT MATRIXSYNTH | eBay: US | UK | AU | DE
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text:
Nyasa Big Bullets defender John Lanjesi has taken over a role of the club's captain after Chiukepo Msowoya left for South Africa's Golden Arrows.
Langezi has welcomed the appointment with a open arm, said he did not take it for grated.
"I am humbled. I don't take it for granted. I did not expect it because I know Bullets have a lot of good players capable of leading the team," Lanjesi said.
Bullets Trustees Genera Secretary, Jim Kalua, confirmed the choice of Lanjesi, said the defender is experienced and can play as either a centre back or right back.
However, other reports show that some Bullets senior players are not happy with the choice of Lanjesi.
But Bullets experienced defender George Nyirenda has welcomed Lanjesi's appointment.
"Before the coach made the choice, he gave the opportunity for the players to do so and they failed. He eventually made his choice and that is why the players support the coach's decision," Nyirenda explained.
And defender Yamikani Fodya on Thursday confirmed his appointment as deputy of Lanjesi.


text:
Skip to comments.LIVE THREAD(Testimony at USCCR on Black Panther voter intimidation - C-span 1; 10AM EDT
Posted on 09/24/2010 7:06:46 AM PDT by ken5050
Should be good..The witness is a hero..God bless him..
Be back in a minute. I have to change my cracker-baby's diaper.
Anybody see Geraldo on FOX this morning?
He says nobdy "credible" has complained and Coates is a conservative activist stirring the pot to keep things riled up well beyond what it should be.
Thanks for the thread, ken.
American Hero: Coates Negates a Year of Justice Department Spin on New Black Panther Case
Thanks for starting the thread. Can't wait to watch!
WOW!! His testimony so far is explosive!
Just tuning in ...
Thanks for the thread, Ken.
It looks like he's going to absolutely skewer the Holder DOJ.
his chance to get his face out there again. So needy and thinks so highly of himself.
Everyone in the room looks like they are bored spitless...or p.o.'d...or both!
Jerry Rivers is a racist, IMO.
From another thread:
Stunning new developments in the New Black Panther Party (NBPP) voter-intimidation scandal indicate that high level Justice Department officials have been misleading the public and Congress. Indeed, they may also have committed perjury before the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Judicial Watch recently filed a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit requesting documents. These detail numerous discussions between the Civil Rights Division and political appointees in the highest reaches of the Justice Department including Eric Holder and two of his assistants.
Wow..he is pulling NO punches..
Who's the AA dude with the handlebar mustache? He looks p!ssed.
DOJ does not want to protect white people only minorities
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Fridays equal Gym days here at PAL and today we had our very first Gym class. And to help us are two awesome professional Gym teachers!
We played with hoops, traced our steps on straight lines and crawled through tunnels. With cloudy and rainy weather outside, we were all very excited to move around and have fun in the gym.
Whoever said staying fit isn't fun?


text:
cheapest high qual bid will win paraphrasing 2500 words in 3 hrs
Bajet $10-30 USD
write "c" at top of bid
must be able to start now
Dianugerahkan kepada:
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text:
EAST ST. LOUIS — Two Georgia men have pleaded guilty in a credit card fraud scheme that targeted area Walmart stores.
In a press release, U.S. Attorney Donald S. Boyce said Samirahdam E. Rolley, 25, of Stone Mountain, Ga., pleaded guilty to two credit card fraud charges and a charge of aggravated identity theft Thursday in federal court in East St. Louis. Michael A. Gordon, also of Stone Mountain, pleaded guilty Feb. 27 to the same charges arising out of the same incidents. The duo's crimes occurred at several Walmart stores in the Metro East over a three-day period in June 2015.
At their plea hearings, the pair admitted that they traveled from Georgia to Southern Illinois in early June 2015. During their trip, Rolley and Gordon possessed numerous gift cards. The cards' magnetic strips had been re-encoded with stolen debit card numbers. Some of these debit account numbers were for the accounts of Southern Illinois residents at a local credit union. Rolley and Gordon used the altered gift cards to make purchases at Walmarts, including stores in Cahokia, O'Fallon, Belleville, Highland, Wood River, Collinsville, Glen Carbon, Godfrey, Jerseyville, Waterloo and Carlyle. The purchases made by Rolley and Gordon were debited to the bank accounts of the victims whose debit account numbers had been embedded on the gift cards.
The sentencing hearings for both men are scheduled for June 23. The charges of using stolen account numbers and using counterfeit credit cards are both punishable by up to 10 years in prison, a $250,000 fine, three years of supervised release and restitution. The aggravated identity theft charge carries a mandatory sentence of 2 years in prison, which must be served consecutively with any prison sentence imposed for the stolen account number charge.
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text:
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Read a review of the original printed book here:


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text:
In a nation dedicated to shopping, there are a handful of powerhouses in the retail arena. Each of them lays claim to quality merchandise, reasonable prices and excellent customer service. Below are few of Singapore famous Department Stores.
Isetan Company is a famous Japanese department store with Singapore locations in Shaw House and Wisma Atria. Founded in 1930, Isetan is a household name for designer fashions, kimonos, household furnishings, linens, kitchen supplies, toys, cosmetics, luggage and bags, stationary and shoes. Isetan is a favorite of golfers, designer label aficionados and shoe mavens.
John Little, established in 1845, was taken over by Robinson's in 1955. Since that time, John Little has come to be known as the place for fashion, children's toys and household goods. The John Little business also includes automotive repair and sales, a furniture factory, a beauty salon and a café. John Little now offers many exclusive brands in men's, women's and children's wear, including Glenn, Manhattan, Criss Cross, Melange, Monroe Relax and Ten & Co. John Little's "Everyday Little Price" guarantee assures shoppers that they will save money every time they shop at John Little.
Metro Group operates three department stores in Singapore: Metro Paragon, Metro Woodlands and Metro Sengkang. Metro offers world-class customer service with award-winning employee training programs. Customers feel equally well cared for as they shop in well-lit, well organized stores with Macy's-like quality and prices. If that weren't enough, Metro offers special sales and benefits to its regular customers, including the opportunity to win a new car.
OG is a department store with outlets located in Orchard Point, Albert and People's Park. OG carries fashion and fashion accessories for men, women and children, shoes, lingerie, home furnishings, bags and luggage, home style and health products. Their slogan, "We've got it all!" appears to be pretty accurate. They sponsor special services and events such as Green Shopping, cooking classes, a tourist privilege card and Colours of Fortune.
Robinsons is known as an upscale department store to shop for furniture and home furnishings, clothing for men, women and children, jewellery, cosmetics, fragrances and other beauty products. You will feel truly pampered as a Robinsons' customer, where you are given red carpet treatment at every turn. Robinsons also offers special benefits, discounts and vouchers to cardholders.
Takashimaya, located on Orchard Road, is a favorite of locals, expatriates and foreign visitors with its extensive inventory of appliances, boutiques, cosmetics and fragrances, sporting goods, stationary, beauty salons, restaurants, fitness centres and florists.
Tangs is a major contender on Orchard Road with its niche boutiques, specialty shops and lifestyle concepts. Tangs is a high-end department store that offers high quality jewellery, home furnishings and beautiful fashions.
It's difficult to say which of these icons of Singapore shopping is "best" because they all offer quality products in an elegant setting with a staff that is dedicated to provide you with every comfort and convenience.
Photo Credit: Choo Yut Shing


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Furst is my beaWOOtiful furiend Princess Dakota from OP KS
She has Cushings Disease and is having a rough time right now. She's had some seizures in the past weeks. Her furamily isn't ready to lose her yet. She still wants to be here with us and we don't want her to go until she is ready.
Please keep her in your thoughts...
And then there is our handsome Golden buddy Benson
He has had a relapse and needs us to khross our paws so he khan PULL through too.
Please meet Sinatra
She is in Kansas too. My mom read about her on Sibernet and then furwarded her story onto the SMS Moms. One of the SMS Moms is BILOXI'S MOM. When she read Sinatra's story it reminded her soooooo much of the injures Biloxi had at about the same age. It is khritkhal that Sinatra receives the khare she needs ASAP.
A khouple more of the SMS Moms Khapt'n Maverikhk's and Aja and Flurry's helped us find the link fur the donations with her story.
Please khonsider making a small donation towards her fund so that she khan have a full and healthy life!
I'm just going to sit here and think how lukhky I am to be healthy...


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2011 Ford F-250 Super Duty XL
2011 Ford F-250 Super Duty XL 4-Door Truck
Exterior Color: White
Interior Color: GREY
Stock Number: 5869
Mileage: 115,000
Engine: 6.2L Flex Fuel V8 385hp 405ft. lbs.
Fuel: Flex-fuel
Transmission: Automatic
Title: Clear
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Internet Price: $19,995
Vehicle Description
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: (435) 725-6275
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Standard Features
Air Conditioning:
Front Air Conditioning
Single Front Air Conditioning Zones
Dual Front Airbags
Front Side Airbags
Front Side Curtain Airbags
Side-Curtain Airbag Rollover Sensor
Audio System:
Mast Antenna
AM/FM Radio
2 Total Speakers
4-Wheel ABS
Electronic Brakeforce Distribution
13.7 Front Brake Diameter
Ventilated Disc Front Brake
13.4 Rear Brake Diameter
Ventilated Disc Rear Brake
Comfort Features:
Front Center Armrests
Rubber/Vinyl Floors
Convenience Features:
Front Cupholders
Front Overhead Console
Two 12V Front Power Outlet(s)
Power Steering
Front Reading Lights
Tilt and Telescopic Steering Wheel
Cargo Tie-Down Anchors and Hooks
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3.73 Axle Ratio
155 Amps Alternator
650 Cca Battery Rating
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Tepid Jobs Report Reduces Likelihood of Fed Rate Hike
Tepid Jobs Report Reduces Likelihood of Fed Rate Hike
Following a lackluster job creation report issued by the US Department of Labor on Friday, many analysts now believe that an interest rate hike on the part of the Federal Reserve has become less likely. The potential rate hike was believed to be a likely outcome of September's meeting of the Federal Reserve Board.
The report, which covered employment data for the month of August, showed that 151,000 jobs were added, excluding employment in the agricultural sector. Though still significant, this growth fell considerably behind the job creation seen in the previous two months. In June and July, more than 250,000 jobs were created per month, raising the 12 month average job creation rate to roughly 204,000 jobs per month. Hourly wage increases were also a lackluster metric within the Labor Department's report.
This may delay plans for an interest rate hike that has been discussed by the Federal Reserve Board. Though the US central bank has long discussed the need to return interest rates to a more normal level, it has also repeatedly put off such measures in response to tepid economic data, such as August's jobs report. Given the extreme caution that the Fed has taken with the concept of raising interest rates over the past two years, the introduction of the August jobs report may be enough to convince the US central bank to once again hold off on raising interest rates.
Despite this caution and the long-term application of low interest rates, both of which have been criticized by many economists, Federal Reserve Chairwoman Janet Yellen acknowledged in an address last month the need for interest rates to return to more normal levels. According to Yellen, if future Fed leaders kept interest rates at their artificially depressed levels for long enough, they could "encourage excessive risk-taking and so undermine financial stability." This statement echoes the concerns of many economists who have spoken out against global low and even negative interest rates as a factor that may contribute to future recessions.


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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2006, held in Macao, China, in November 2006.
The 38 revised full papers presented together with 3 keynote talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 108 submissions. The papers address all current issues in formal methods and their applications in software engineering. They are organized in topical sections on specification and verification, internetware and Web-based systems, concurrent, communicating, timing and probabilistic systems, object and component orientation, testing and model checking, tools, fault-tolerance and security, as well as specification and refinement.


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Sat, Apr 25, 2015
Mount Juliet, TN
This event is a fundraiser benefiting the local, non-profit organization, Rescue 1 Global. All proceeds will be donated towards the purchase of a safe house that will shelter Human Sex Trafficking victims. To learn more about Rescue 1 Global, please visit: www.rescue1global.org
Join us for "Run 2 Rescue 1" to help raise not only the funds to purchase a property, but also to raise awareness to a very serious, ongoing, global crime effecting so many lives right under our very own noses. It is time to take action in our communities to eliminate this growing issue, and to help save women and children being forced to take part in modern day slavery.
Money is being raised, and Project: Life House will be overseen by Mount Juliet Life Church. Rescue 1 Global has an incredible, passionate staff fully prepared to care for and assist victims through a healing process. Please partner alongside us and Rescue 1 Global in this very important cause.
Don't forget all of your GLOW GEAR! Let's Shine a Light into the Darkness!!!
Run2Rescue1 5k Glow Run/Walk
Family Friendly Event for ALL ages! This is a run, but feel free to come and enjoy the evening to support the cause and walk with your little ones as well!
Bag pick up: April 23rd and 24th (location TBA)
Race Day Schedule
Sponsor Booths will be on-site before and after race.


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Berman Will File 9 Bills About Illegal Immigration
By ADAM RUSSELL
Staff Writer
State Rep. Leo Berman, R-Tyler, will file nine bills in Austin aiming to reduce the burden of illegal immigration on taxpayers by reducing benefits and protections for illegal immigrants in the state.
Berman said legislators first addressed illegal immigration during the last legislative session, but around 24 bills were killed in committee before they could be voted on by the House. He hopes legislators will consider immigration legislation during the coming session.
The first bill Berman plans to file will challenge automatic citizenship under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The bill says the state of Texas will not issue a birth certificate to children of illegal immigrants born in the state.
Berman said if the bill passes it will invite an immediate lawsuit into a federal court and possibly will require a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court.
"The 14th Amendment of the Constitution has no application to the children of illegal aliens or any other children of foreigners born in the United States," he said. "We are giving away 350,000 citizenships each year (nationally) erroneously and that's why we have to challenge it."
The second bill would put an 8 percent surcharge on money wired from Texas to Mexico, Central and South America, he said. There is about $6 billion each year sent from Texas to Mexico alone, Berman said.
The bill would require all recaptured funds, almost half-a-billion dollars, be earmarked for border security and hospitals that provide free health care.
Another bill to be filed by Berman would analyze the number of illegal alien children in the state's public school system.
"We are building new schools across the state which are costing hundreds of millions of dollars and we think that at least 20 percent are for the children of illegal aliens that pay little to no property taxes," he said.
Berman will file a bill that would make English the official language of Texas. That would mean that all state business, except for that which is mandated by the federal government, be done in English.
A bill requiring every level of government in the state to enforce all federal and state laws and constitutions under penalty of losing all state funding will also by filed by Berman.
This would require "sanctuary cities," such as Houston, Austin and Dallas, to enforce immigration laws or be held liable for nonaction.
Another bill to be filed is identical to a five-part bill passed in Oklahoma that resulted in thousands of illegal immigrants moving from Oklahoma to Texas, Berman said. He said there would be no public state benefits for illegal immigrants and authorizes law enforcement officers to take Section 287 G training with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security allowing them to deal directly with illegal immigrants.
"Right now a law enforcement officer can't do anything with (illegal aliens) unless they commit a crime," he said. "But if they take the 287 G training they can actually arrest them for being illegal in the United States."
The bill would also prohibit the transportation, concealment or housing of illegal aliens, Berman said. This would make it possible for stiffer penalties to be levied against landlords, employers or traffickers who house, employ and transport illegal immigrants within the state of Texas.
The bill would also require employers to verify citizenship of anyone they hire, he said. Berman said the means are available by the federal government to verify Social Security numbers to determine if the numbers are fraudulent or stolen.
Berman said the immigration bills he is filing may be blocked in the Senate or vetoed by the governor, but the need to address illegal immigration remains.
He said it is outrageous that he has middle income constituents that have fewer benefits than illegal immigrants.
"It is important for them to pass because we have 2 million illegal aliens in Texas that are costing my constituents, my Texas residents, $4 billion every year," he said. "We have never had a class of immigrants in the United States that require free education and free health care by U.S. citizens as the illegal aliens in our country require."
November 13, 2008
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The Curious Case of Larry Kladek
Do you take the money?
Larry Kladek is an entrepreneur. In the mid-1960s he was working for the railroad and got injured on the job. He got a monetary settlement from the company and used the money to open a polka bar. The polka bar didn't do well and he changed the bar into a "Gentlemen's Club" called the "King of Diamonds." Kladek is personally worth more than $10.5 million.
Kladek got in trouble with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). He used undeclared revenue from his business to replenish an ATM machine in the club. He then deposited nearly $2 million in ATM revenue into a hidden bank account for personal use. He pleaded guilty in December 2008 to one count of filing a false individual tax return and admitted owing the IRS more than $912,000. He acknowledged receiving about $1.2 million in unreported income between 2000 and 2004. He was sentenced to 20 months in prison, fined the maximum of $40,000 and has to pay the IRS. By the way, the Federal Court Judge who presided on Larry Kladek's case was Patrick Schiltz, former Dean of the University of St. Thomas School of Law
But, Kladek maintained that he should stay out of prison because he does a lot of charity work including renting 28 vegetable farm plots on his hilly estate to about 50 Hmong farmers. Ly Vang, head of the Association for the Advancement of Hmong Women in Minnesota even said that the Kladeks' land feeds hundreds of Hmong families and those farmers relied on the tilling and other help that Kladek had given them, as well as his low land rental prices.
Kladek's liquor license was coming due at the King of Diamonds, and under Minnesota law (Minnesota Rule 7515.0410) the applicant "shall have good moral character and reputation." To avoid this legal problem, Larry Kladek sold the business to his wife, Susan Kladek.
Susan is trying to raise the profile of the King of Diamonds with projects such as the food donation drives and by publicizing the help and support that she and and her husband have given Hmong farmers. She also wants to support the local high school that needs money for their sports program. She signs a written pledge promising to give $1000 to the Sports Boosters Club.
So on a recent Saturday, Susan, Larry and their employees including some of their female entertainers donned tank tops and shorts, and soaped cars for a car wash fundraiser in the back of their King of Diamonds Club to raise over $1000 for the high school's sports programs.
The school board must formally approve accepting contributions from booster clubs if the money is used to hire additional coaches. But, the school board has no authority over the booster clubs and the organizations that contribute to them if it is used for other purposes.
You are the Athletic Director of that high school and your department really needs the money. The school has recently announced that there may be either cuts in sports or activities fees may be raised dramatically.
Part I – Analyze the facts.
a. Can you legally enforce the pledge from the Kladeks? Do they have a contract to give the gift? Do they need a contract? What are the best argument(s) for enforcing the pledge?
b. If the Kladek's now refuse to pay, do they have any defenses?
Part II – Analyze the facts.
a. From a manager's position would you take the donation?
b. Does it make a difference if it was a donation from Applebee's or Tires Plus?
c. If you do want the money, and Kladek's refuse to pay, should you sue them?
d. Would it make a difference if, instead of being $1000, the amount they pledged was $10,000 or $25,000 or $50,000?
Apply what you have learned in your readings and in class to this case!
Your Executive Memo should be, at most, two pages and it is due by ___________________


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People around the world are showing their support for females by celebrating International Women's Day. The day was used to bring attention to better equality between males and females, and some women even stayed home from work to prove a point. Ieasha Feagin works in Macon, and she says going to work Wednesday was not even a question.
"You can't just call in because there's a special day for you, and it's called Women's Day. Come on," says Feagin. She says to her March 8th is just another day.
"I couldn't not go to work and not bring home a check," says Feagin. She says she heard that some women were taking the day off for International Women's Day, but she says it seems useless.
"For what? We're still here we're still working. What's the day set aside," says Feagin.
However, Susannah Maddux says this day's importance only became clearer from the people she talked to the Women's March on Washington in January.
"These women at this march were like, 'I can't believe I was marching in the '60s for women's rights. I can't believe its 2017 and I'm still marching for these same things,'" says Maddux. She says she wore red, not because she knows this inequality firsthand, but for those who might.
"We're only as strong as our weakest. If anyone anywhere feels that they're not equal, then that is our issue," says Maddux.
Alexandria Paul says although she had to work, she stands in solidarity with those who took the day off.
"Women kind of getting shoved under the rug, and we've made a lot of progress, but I think there's still a lot of room for growth," says Paul.
Although Feagin says she does not side with those taking the day off, she says she does agree that the women's role in the workplace is an important one.
"The men probably wouldn't know what to do," says Feagan.


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This is the story of
when I was a boy,
almost 100 years ago,
when fire engines were
pulled by horses,
boys did not play with girls,
kids went to libraries for books,
there was no TV,
you could see a movie for a nickel,
and everybody wore a hat.
About William SteigSee more books from this Author
Between portrait photos taken almost nine decades apart, Steig crustily introduces his Mom, his Pop, and his childhood world—a world where "there were almost no electric lights, cars or telephones—and definitely no TV."May 20 2010 | Read Full Review of When Everybody Wore a Hat
With his customary mix of charm and directness, Steig (Which Would You Rather Be?) reflects on his Bronx childhood.| Read Full Review of When Everybody Wore a Hat
When Everybody Wore a Hat .| Read Full Review of When Everybody Wore a Hat
An aggregated and normalized score based on 9 user ratings from iDreamBooks & iTunes


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Between the ages of 4 and 5, my son extended his make-believe play to include the small scale (i.e. doll-house type play with him supplying lots of animated dialogue in addition to him acting out the roles in his fantasy world). He also became a lot more interested in playing games and in doing puzzles (primarily 48 piece, though he also likes to work on more challenging puzzles with help). With the extra dexterity that an added year afforded him, he was also able to start playing with toys and educational tools that required a bit of hand-eye coordination.
Below are a few suggestions that my four year old likes now and also are interesting and fun for the 4 year olds that play at our house as well.
Click each item below for a detailed review of each recommended item:
Snap Circuits Kits by Snap Circuits (Elenco) ($20-$125)
Robot Turtles by Think Fun (~$20)
Automoblox by The Automoblox Co. (~$30)
Zingo! by Thinkfun ($17-$20)
Q & A a Day for Kids by Betsy Franco (~$15)
Blu Track 18′ Starter Set by Blu Track ($35-$40)
Folding Medieval Castle by Melissa & Doug ($50-$100)
Busytown: Eye Found It! Game by Wonder Forge ($18-$25)
Magnetic Dress-Up Playsets by Melissa & Doug ($12-$20)
Cash Register by Learning Resources ($30-$40)
48 to 100 piece puzzles by Melissa & Doug ($30-$40) (affiliate link — review to come)
Click here for more Best Gifts for Kids ideas.
Related Links
Best Books for Preschool
Best Gifts for 3-Year-Olds
Best Gifts for 5-Year-Olds


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Hi, everyone, I'm Susi, a writer for Design Shuffle, a fabulous social media site that promotes interior designers and their work from around the world. My writing focuses on things I'm passionate about: interior design, home furnishings, gardening, travel and art. I love vintage style and was excited when asked to write about vintage spaces for great celebrations for RubyJu. Birthdays, holidays, tea parties and weddings can all be celebrated in vintage charm. Here are several of my favorite vintage inspired celebrations, special occasions and parties. Thanks for inviting me and Design Shuffle to visit and share these decorating ideas. I had so much fun! Enjoy!
I Plan it Right via
Yellow and white balloons fill an antique decorated room with vintage party charm. Love the mix of formal furniture and playful balloons for a grown up party.
Atlantis Home via
A striped event tent has a vintage beach cabana charm. Filled with modern furnishings, this is a chic party space for dancing and lounging.
Hostess via
Vintage and antique furnishing and objects create the perfect backdrop for a Halloween house, haunted or not. Look for Victorian inspired pieces for the authentic haunted house feeling.
Southern Living via
Perhaps the most nostalgic of vintage spaces for celebrations is a room decorated with vintage Christmas dÈcor. It's never too early to start thinking about interior design ideas for the holidays. Look for pieces throughout the year at estate sales and online. Mix in personal items for a nostalgic feeling.
Saras Party Perfect via
A vintage bakery theme is perfect for a birthday party. Love the colorful cupcake cup garland and vintage aprons on the chairs. Some of these pieces may even work well for someone looking for kitchen design ideas.
Lauryl Lane via
Vintage charm can extend to outdoor spaces too. The eclectic mix of chairs and vintage accessories on the table give this party table a sweet vintage style.
Hostess Blog via
A 1940s inspired outdoor picnic. Love the suitcase phonograph (wonder if it works?), vintage quilts and even lantern for evening light. This space was designed as part of a wedding. Such charming decorating ideas.
Cake Events via
What could be more vintage than a drive in movie party... in your own backyard. Vintage accessories and old film reels create the mood while modern technology provides the movie. Found this interesting? Come find much more at Design Shuffle a great place joining interior design enthusiasts and designers from across the country like New York interior designers together!