text:
FILARSKY v. DELIA
No. 10–1018. Argued January 17, 2012—Decided April 17, 2012
Respondent Delia, a firefighter employed by the City of Rialto, California, missed work after becoming ill on the job. Suspicious of Delia'sextended absence, the City hired a private investigation firm to conduct surveillance on him. When Delia was seen buying fiberglass insulation and other building supplies, the City initiated an internal affairs investigation. It hired petitioner Filarsky, a private attorney, to interview Delia. At the interview, which Delia's attorney and twofire department officials also attended, Delia acknowledged buyingthe supplies, but denied having done any work on his home. To verify Delia's claim, Filarsky asked Delia to allow a fire department official to enter his home and view the unused materials. When Delia refused, Filarsky ordered him to bring the materials out of his homefor the official to see. This prompted Delia's attorney to threaten a civil rights action against the City and Filarsky. Nonetheless, after the interview concluded, officials followed Delia to his home, where he produced the materials. Delia brought an action under 42 U. S. C. §1983 against the City, the Fire Department, Filarsky, and other individuals, alleging thatthe order to produce the building materials violated his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The District Court granted summaryjudgment to the individual defendants on the basis of qualified immunity. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed with respect to all individual defendants except Filarsky, concluding that he was not entitled to seek qualified immunity because he was a private attorney, not a City employee.
Held: A private individual temporarily retained by the government to carry out its work is entitled to seek qualified immunity from suitunder §1983. Pp. 4−16.
FILARSKY v. DELIA
621 F. 3d 1069, reversed.
ROBERTS, C. J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court. GINS-BURG, J., and SOTOMAYOR, J., filed concurring opinions.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in thepreliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested tonotify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in orderthat corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.
No. 10–1018
STEVE A. FILARSKY, PETITIONER v. NICHOLAS B.
[April 17, 2012]
CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS delivered the opinion of theCourt.
Section 1983 provides a cause of action against stateactors who violate an individual's rights under federal law.42 U. S. C. §1983. At common law, those who carried out the work of government enjoyed various protections from liability when doing so, in order to allow them to serve thegovernment without undue fear of personal exposure. Our decisions have looked to these common law protections in affording either absolute or qualified immunity to individuals sued under §1983. The question in this case iswhether an individual hired by the government to do itswork is prohibited from seeking such immunity, solely be- cause he works for the government on something otherthan a permanent or full-time basis.
Nicholas Delia, a firefighter employed by the City of Rialto, California, became ill while responding to a toxic spill in August 2006. Under a doctor's orders, Delia missed three weeks of work. The City became suspicious
FILARSKY v. DELIA
of Delia's extended absence, and hired a private investi- gation firm to conduct surveillance on him. The privateinvestigators observed Delia purchasing building supplies— including several rolls of fiberglass insulation—from a home improvement store. The City surmised that Deliawas missing work to do construction on his home rather than because of illness, and it initiated a formal internal affairs investigation of him.
Delia was ordered to appear for an administrative in- vestigation interview. The City hired Steve Filarsky to conduct the interview. Filarsky was an experienced employ- ment lawyer who had previously represented the City inseveral investigations. Delia and his attorney attendedthe interview, along with Filarsky and two fire department officials, Mike Peel and Frank Bekker. During theinterview, Filarsky questioned Delia about the building supplies. Delia acknowledged that he had purchased the supplies, but claimed that he had not yet done the work on his home.
During a break, Filarsky met with Peel, Bekker, andFire Chief Stephen Wells. Filarsky proposed resolving theinvestigation by verifying Delia's claim that he had not done any work on his home. To do so, Filarsky recommended asking Delia to produce the building materials.Chief Wells approved the plan.
When the meeting resumed, Filarsky requested permission for Peel to enter Delia's home to view the materials. On the advice of counsel, Delia refused. Filarsky thenasked Delia if he would be willing to bring the materialsout onto his lawn, so that Peel could observe them without entering his home. Delia again refused to consent. Un-able to obtain Delia's cooperation, Filarsky ordered him to produce the materials for inspection.
Delia's counsel objected to the order, asserting that itwould violate the Fourth Amendment. When that objection proved unavailing, Delia's counsel threatened to sue the City. He went on to tell Filarsky that "[w]e mightquite possibly find a way to figure if we can name you Mr. Filarsky. . . . If you want to take that chance, you go right ahead." App. 131–132. The threat was repeated over and over: "[E]verybody is going to get named, and they are going to sweat it out as to whether or not they have individual liability . . . ." "[Y]ou order him and you will be named and that is not an idle threat." "Whoever issues that order is going to be named in the lawsuit." "[W]e willseek any and all damages including individual liability . . . .[W]e are coming if you order this." "[M]ake sure the spelling is clear [in the order] so we know who to sue." Id., at 134–136, 148–149. Despite these threats, Filarsky prepared an order directing Delia to produce the materials, which Chief Wells signed.
As soon as the interview concluded, Peel and Bekker followed Delia to his home. Once there, Delia, his attorney, and a union representative went into Delia's house,brought out the four rolls of insulation, and placed themon Delia's lawn. Peel and Bekker, who remained in their car during this process, thanked Delia for showing themthe insulation and drove off.
B Delia brought an action under 42 U. S. C. §1983 against the City, its Fire Department, Chief Wells, Peel, Bekker, Filarsky, and ten unidentified individuals, alleging that the order to produce the building materials violated hisrights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. The District Court granted summary judgment to all theindividual defendants, concluding that they were pro- tected by qualified immunity. The court held that Delia had "not demonstrated a violation of a clearly established constitutional right," because "Delia was not threatened with insubordination or termination if he did not comply with any order given and none of these defendants entered
FILARSKY v. DELIA
[his] house." Delia v. Rialto, No. CV 08–03359 (CD Cal.,Mar. 9, 2009), App. to Pet. for Cert. 42, 48.
The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmedwith respect to all defendants except Filarsky. The Court of Appeals concluded that the order violated the FourthAmendment, but agreed with the District Court that Delia"ha[d] not demonstrated that a constitutional right was clearly established as of the date of Chief Wells's order, such that defendants would have known that their actions were unlawful." Delia v. Rialto, 621 F. 3d 1069, 1079 (2010). As to Filarsky, however, the court concluded thatbecause he was a private attorney and not a City employee, he was not entitled to seek the protection of qualified immunity. Id., at 1080–1081. The court noted that its decision conflicted with a decision of the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, see Cullinan v. Abramson, 128 F. 3d 301, 310 (1997), but considered itself bound by Circuit precedent and therefore "not free to follow the Cullinan decision." 621 F. 3d, at 1080 (citing Gonzalez v. Spencer, 336 F. 3d 832 (CA9 2003)).
Filarsky filed a petition for certiorari, which we granted.564 U. S. ___ (2011).
II Section 1983 provides a cause of action against any person who deprives an individual of federally guaranteed rights "under color" of state law. 42 U. S. C. §1983. Anyone whose conduct is "fairly attributable to the state" canbe sued as a state actor under §1983. See Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U. S. 922, 937 (1982). At common law, government actors were afforded certain protectionsfrom liability, based on the reasoning that "the public goodcan best be secured by allowing officers charged with theduty of deciding upon the rights of others, to act upon their own free, unbiased convictions, uninfluenced by any apprehensions." Wasson v. Mitchell, 18 Iowa 153, 155–156
(1864) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also W. Prosser, Law of Torts §25, p. 150 (1941) (common law protections derived from the need to avoid the "impossible burden [that] would fall upon all our agencies of government" if those acting on behalf of the government were "unduly hampered and intimidated in the discharge oftheir duties" by a fear of personal liability). Our decisions have recognized similar immunities under §1983, reasoning that common law protections " 'well grounded in his-tory and reason' had not been abrogated 'by covert inclusion in the general language' of §1983." Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U. S. 409, 418 (1976) (quoting Tenney v. Brandhove, 341 U. S. 367, 376 (1951)).
In this case, there is no dispute that qualified immunity is available for the sort of investigative activities at issue. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U. S. 223, 243–244 (2009).The Court of Appeals granted this protection to Chief Wells, Peel, and Bekker, but denied it to Filarsky, because he was not a public employee but was instead a privateindividual "retained by the City to participate in internalaffairs investigations." 621 F. 3d, at 1079–1080. In determining whether this distinction is valid, we look to the "general principles of tort immunities and defenses" applicable at common law, and the reasons we have afforded protection from suit under §1983. Imbler, supra, at 418.
A Under our precedent, the inquiry begins with the common law as it existed when Congress passed §1983 in1871. Tower v. Glover, 467 U. S. 914, 920 (1984). Understanding the protections the common law afforded to those exercising government power in 1871 requires an appreciation of the nature of government at that time. In the mid-nineteenth century, government was smaller in both size and reach. It had fewer responsibilities, and operated primarily at the local level. Local governments faced tight
FILARSKY v. DELIA
budget constraints, and generally had neither the need nor the ability to maintain an established bureaucracy staffed by professionals. See B. Campbell, The Growth of American Government: Governance From the Cleveland Era to the Present 14–16, 20–21 (1995); id., at 20 (noting that in the 1880s "[t]he governor's office staff in Wisconsin. . . totaled five workers if we count the lieutenant governor and the janitor").
As one commentator has observed, there was at that time "no very clear conception of a professional office, that is, an office the incumbent of which devotes his entire time to the discharge of public functions, who has no other occupation, and who receives a sufficiently large compensation to enable him to live without resorting to other means." F. Goodnow, Principles of the AdministrativeLaw of the United States 227 (1905). Instead, to a significant extent, government was "administered by members of society who temporarily or occasionally discharge[d] public functions." Id., at 228. Whether government relied primarily upon professionals or occasional workers obviously varied across the country and across different governmentfunctions. But even at the turn of the twentieth century,a public servant was often one who "does not devote his entire time to his public duties, but is, at the same timethat he is holding public office, permitted to carry on someother regular business, and as a matter of fact finds his main means of support in such business or in his privatemeans since he receives from his office a compensationinsufficient to support him." Id., at 227.
Private citizens were actively involved in government work, especially where the work most directly touched thelives of the people. It was not unusual, for example, to see the owner of the local general store step behind a window in his shop to don his postman's hat. See, e.g., Stole Stamps, Maysville, KY, The Evening Bulletin, p. 1, Sept. 25, 1895 (reporting that "[t]he post office and general store at Mount Hope was broken into," resulting in the loss of $400 worth of cutlery and stamps). Nor would it have been a surprise to find, on a trip to the docks, the local ferryman collecting harbor fees as public wharfmaster. See 3 E. Johnson, A History of Kentucky and Kentuckians1346 (1912).
Even such a core government activity as criminal prosecution was often carried out by a mixture of public employees and private individuals temporarily serving thepublic. At the time §1983 was enacted, private lawyers were regularly engaged to conduct criminal prosecutionson behalf of the State. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Gibbs, 70 Mass. 146 (1855); White v. Polk County, 17 Iowa 413 (1864). Abraham Lincoln himself accepted several suchappointments. See, e.g., An Awful Crime and Speedy Punishment, Springfield Daily Register, May 14, 1853(reporting that "A. Lincoln, esq. was appointed prosecutor"in a rape case). In addition, private lawyers often assistedpublic prosecutors in significant cases. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Knapp, 10 Mass. 477, 490–491 (1830); Chambers v. State, 22 Tenn. 237 (1842). And public prosecutors themselves continued to represent private clients while in office—sometimes creating odd conflicts of interest. See People v. Bussey, 82 Mich. 49, 46 N. W. 97, 98 (1890) (public prosecutor employed as private counsel by the defendant's wife in several civil suits against the defendant); Phillip v. Waller, 5 Haw. 609, 617 (1886) (public prosecutor represented plaintiff in a suit for malicious prosecution); Oliver v. Pate, 43 Ind. 132, 139 (1873) (public prosecutor who conducted a state prosecution against a defendant later served as counsel for the defendant in a malicious prosecution suit against the complaining witness).
This mixture of public responsibility and private pursuits extended even to the highest levels of government. Until the position became full-time in 1853, for example,
FILARSKY v. DELIA
the Attorney General of the United States was expected toand did maintain an active private law practice. To cite a notable illustration, in Hayburn's Case, 2 Dall. 409 (1792), the first Attorney General, Edmund Randolph, sought awrit of mandamus from this Court to compel a lower courtto hear William Hayburn's petition to be put on the pension list. When this Court did not allow the AttorneyGeneral to seek the writ in his official capacity, Randolphreadily solved the problem by arguing the case as Hayburn's private lawyer. Ibid.; see also Letter from Edmund Randolph to James Madison (Aug. 12, 1792), reprinted in14 The Papers of James Madison 348, 349 (R. Rutland,
T. Mason, R. Brugger, J. Sisson, & F. Teute eds. 1983);Bloch, The Early Role of the Attorney General in Our Constitutional Scheme: In the Beginning There Was Pragmatism, 1989 Duke L. J. 561, 598–599, n. 121, 619.
Given all this, it should come as no surprise that thecommon law did not draw a distinction between public servants and private individuals engaged in public service in according protection to those carrying out governmentresponsibilities. Government actors involved in adjudicative activities, for example, were protected by an absolute immunity from suit. See Bradley v. Fisher, 13 Wall. 335, 347–348 (1872); J. Bishop, Commentaries on the Non-Contract Law §781 (1889). This immunity applied equally to "the highest judge in the State or nation" and "thelowest officer who sits as a court and tries petty causes,"
T. Cooley, Law of Torts 409 (1879), including those who served as judges on a part-time or episodic basis. Justices of the peace, for example, often maintained active private law practices (or even had nonlegal livelihoods), and generally served in a judicial capacity only part-time. See Hubbell v. Harbeck, 54 Hun. 147, 7 N. Y. S. 243 (1889); Ingraham v. Leland, 19 Vt. 304 (1847). In fact, justices of the peace were not even paid a salary by the government, but instead received compensation through fees payable
Opinion of the Court
by the parties that came before them. See W. Murfee, The Justice of the Peace §1145 (1886). Yet the common law extended the same immunity "to a justice of the peace asto any other judicial officer." Pratt v. Gardner, 56 Mass. 63, 70 (1848); see also Mangold v. Thorpe, 33 N. J. L. 134, 137–138 (1868).
The common law also extended certain protections to individuals engaged in law enforcement activities, such assheriffs and constables. At the time §1983 was enacted,however, "[t]he line between public and private policing was frequently hazy. Private detectives and privately em- ployed patrol personnel often were publicly appointed as special policemen, and the means and objects of detective work, in particular, made it difficult to distinguish between those on the public payroll and private detectives." Sklansky, The Private Police, 46 UCLA L. Rev. 1165, 1210 (1999) (footnotes and internal quotation marks omitted). The protections provided by the common law didnot turn on whether someone we today would call a policeofficer worked for the government full-time or insteadfor both public and private employers. Rather, at common law, "[a] special constable, duly appointed according tolaw, ha[d] all the powers of a regular constable so far asmay be necessary for the proper discharge of the special duties intrusted to him, and in the lawful discharge of those duties, [was] as fully protected as any other officer."
W. Murfee, A Treatise on the Law of Sheriffs and Other Ministerial Officers §1121, p. 609 (1884).
Sheriffs executing a warrant were empowered by thecommon law to enlist the aid of the able-bodied men of the community in doing so. See 1 W. Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 332 (1765); In re Quarles, 158 U. S. 532, 535 (1895). While serving as part of this "posse comitatus," a private individual had the same authority as the sheriff, and was protected to the same extent. See, e.g., Robinson v. State, 93 Ga. 77, 18 S. E.
FILARSKY v. DELIA
1018, 1019 (1893) ("A member of a posse comitatus summoned by the sheriff to aid in the execution of a warrant for a felony in the sheriff 's hands is entitled to the same protection in the discharge of his duties as the sheriff himself "); State v. Mooring, 115 N. C. 709, 20 S. E. 182 (1894) (considering it "well settled by the courts" that a sheriff may break open the doors of a house to execute a search warrant and that "if he act in good faith in doing so, both he and his posse comitatus will be protected"); North Carolina v. Gosnell, 74 F. 734, 738–739 (CC WDNC 1896) ("Both judicial and ministerial officers, in the execution of the duties of their office, are under the strong protection of the law; and their legally summoned assistants, for such time as in service, are officers of the law"); Reed v. Rice, 25 Ky. 44, 46–47 (App. 1829) (private individuals summoned by a constable to execute a search warrant were protected from a suit based on the invalidity of the warrant).
Indeed, examples of individuals receiving immunity for actions taken while engaged in public service on a temporary or occasional basis are as varied as the reach of government itself. See, e.g., Gregory v. Brooks, 37 Conn. 365, 372 (1870) (public wharfmaster not liable for ordering re- moval of a vessel unless the order was issued maliciously); Henderson v. Smith, 26 W. Va. 829, 836–838 (1885)(notaries public given immunity for discretionary actstaken in good faith); Chamberlain v. Clayton, 56 Iowa 331, 9 N. W. 237 (1881) (trustees of a public institution for the disabled not liable absent a showing of malice); McCormick v. Burt, 95 Ill. 263, 265–266 (1880) (school board members not liable for suspending a student in good faith); Donohue v. Richards, 38 Me. 379, 392 (1854) (same); Downer v. Lent, 6 Cal. 94, 95 (1856) (members of aBoard of Pilot Commissioners given immunity for official acts); Rail v. Potts & Baker, 27 Tenn. 225, 228–230 (1847) (private individuals appointed by the sheriff to serve as judges of an election were not liable for refusing a voter absent a showing of malice); Jenkins v. Waldron, 11 Johns. 114, 120–121 (NY Sup. Ct. 1814) (same).
We read §1983 "in harmony with general principles of tort immunities and defenses." Imbler, 424 U. S., at 418. And we "proceed[ ] on the assumption that common-lawprinciples of . . . immunity were incorporated into our judicial system and that they should not be abrogated absent clear legislative intent to do so." Pulliam v. Allen, 466 U. S. 522, 529 (1984). Under this assumption, immu- nity under §1983 should not vary depending on whether an individual working for the government does so as afull-time employee, or on some other basis.
B Nothing about the reasons we have given for recognizingimmunity under §1983 counsels against carrying forward the common law rule. As we have explained, such immu- nity "protect[s] government's ability to perform its traditional functions." Wyatt v. Cole, 504 U. S. 158, 167 (1992).It does so by helping to avoid "unwarranted timidity" inperformance of public duties, ensuring that talented candidates are not deterred from public service, and preventing the harmful distractions from carrying out the work ofgovernment that can often accompany damages suits. Richardson v. McKnight, 521 U. S. 399, 409–411 (1997). We have called the government interest in avoiding "unwarranted timidity" on the part of those engaged in the public's business "the most important special government immunity-producing concern." Id., at 409. Ensuring thatthose who serve the government do so "with the decisiveness and the judgment required by the public good," Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U. S. 232, 240 (1974), is of vital importance regardless whether the individual sued as a state actor works full-time or on some other basis. Affording immunity not only to public employees but
FILARSKY v. DELIA
also to others acting on behalf of the government similarly serves to "'ensure that talented candidates [are] not deterred by the threat of damages suits from entering publicservice.'" Richardson, supra, at 408 (quoting Wyatt, supra, at 167). The government's need to attract talented individuals is not limited to full-time public employees.Indeed, it is often when there is a particular need for specialized knowledge or expertise that the governmentmust look outside its permanent work force to secure the services of private individuals. This case is a good example: Filarsky had 29 years of specialized experience as anattorney in labor, employment, and personnel matters,with particular expertise in conducting internal affairs investigations. App. to Pet. for Cert. 59, 89; App. 156.The City of Rialto certainly had no permanent employee with anything approaching those qualifications. To the extent such private individuals do not depend on the government for their livelihood, they have freedom to select other work—work that will not expose them to liability for government actions. This makes it more likely that the most talented candidates will decline public en- gagements if they do not receive the same immunity enjoyed by their public employee counterparts.
Sometimes, as in this case, private individuals willwork in close coordination with public employees, and facethreatened legal action for the same conduct. See App.134 (Delia's lawyer: "everybody is going to get named" in threatened suit). Because government employees will often be protected from suit by some form of immunity, those working alongside them could be left holding the bag—facing full liability for actions taken in conjunctionwith government employees who enjoy immunity for thesame activity. Under such circumstances, any private individual with a choice might think twice before accepting a government assignment.
The public interest in ensuring performance of government duties free from the distractions that can accompanyeven routine lawsuits is also implicated when individualsother than permanent government employees dischargethese duties. See Richardson, supra, at 411. Not only will such individuals' performance of any ongoing governmentresponsibilities suffer from the distraction of lawsuits, butsuch distractions will also often affect any public employees with whom they work by embroiling those employeesin litigation. This case is again a good example: If the suitagainst Filarsky moves forward, it is highly likely that Chief Wells, Bekker, and Peel will all be required to testify, given their roles in the dispute. Allowing suit under§1983 against private individuals assisting the government will substantially undermine an important reasonimmunity is accorded public employees in the first place.
Distinguishing among those who carry out the public's business based on the nature of their particular relationship with the government also creates significant linedrawing problems. It is unclear, for example, how Fil- arsky would be categorized if he regularly spent half his time working for the City, or worked exclusively on one City project for an entire year. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 34–36.Such questions deprive state actors of the ability to "reasonably anticipate when their conduct may give rise toliability for damages," Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U. S. 635, 646 (1987) (alteration and internal quotation marksomitted), frustrating the purposes immunity is meant to serve. An uncertain immunity is little better than no immunity at all.
III Our decisions in Wyatt v. Cole, 504 U. S. 158 (1992), and Richardson v. McKnight, 521 U. S. 399 (1997), are not to the contrary. In Wyatt, we held that individuals who used a state replevin law to compel the local sheriff to seizedisputed property from a former business partner were
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not entitled to seek qualified immunity. Cf. Lugar, 457
U. S. 922 (holding that an individual who uses a state replevin, garnishment, or attachment statute later declared to be unconstitutional acts under color of state law for purposes of §1983). We explained that the reasonsunderlying recognition of qualified immunity did not sup- port its extension to individuals who had no connectionto government and pursued purely private ends. Because such individuals "hold no office requiring them to exercise discretion; nor are they principally concerned with enhancing the public good," we concluded that extending immunity to them would "have no bearing on whetherpublic officials are able to act forcefully and decisively in their jobs or on whether qualified applicants enter public service." 504 U. S., at 168.
Wyatt is plainly not implicated by the circumstances of this case. Unlike the defendants in Wyatt, who were using the mechanisms of government to achieve their own ends, individuals working for the government in pursuit ofgovernment objectives are "principally concerned with en- hancing the public good." Ibid. Whether such individ-uals have assurance that they will be able to seek protection if sued under §1983 directly affects the government's ability to achieve its objectives through their public service. Put simply, Wyatt involved no government agents,no government interests, and no government need for immunity.
In Richardson, we considered whether guards employed by a privately run prison facility could seek the protectionof qualified immunity. Although the Court had previouslydetermined that public-employee prison guards were entitled to qualified immunity, see Procunier v. Navarette, 434 U. S. 555 (1978), it determined that prison guardsemployed by a private company and working in a privately run prison facility did not enjoy the same protection. We explained that the various incentives characteristic of the private market in that case ensured that the guards would not perform their public duties with unwarranted timidityor be deterred from entering that line of work. 521 U. S., at 410–411.
Richardson was a self-consciously "narrow[ ]" decision. Id., at 413 ("[W]e have answered the immunity question narrowly, in the context in which it arose"). The Court made clear that its holding was not meant to foreclose allclaims of immunity by private individuals. Ibid. Instead, the Court emphasized that the particular circumstances of that case—"a private firm, systematically organized to assume a major lengthy administrative task (managing aninstitution) with limited direct supervision by the government, undertak[ing] that task for profit and potentially in competition with other firms"—combined sufficiently tomitigate the concerns underlying recognition of governmental immunity under §1983. Ibid. Nothing of the sortis involved here, or in the typical case of an individualhired by the government to assist in carrying out its work.
* * * A straightforward application of the rule set out above is sufficient to resolve this case. Though not a public employee, Filarsky was retained by the City to assist in conducting an official investigation into potential wrongdoing. There is no dispute that government employees performing such work are entitled to seek the protection of qualified immunity. The Court of Appeals rejectedFilarsky's claim to the protection accorded Wells, Bekker,and Peel solely because he was not a permanent, full-timeemployee of the City. The common law, however, did not draw such distinctions, and we see no justification for doing so under §1983. New York City has a Department of Investigation staffed by full-time public employees who investigate city personnel, and the resources to pay for it. The City of
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Rialto has neither, and so must rely on the occasional services of private individuals such as Mr. Filarsky. There is no reason Rialto's internal affairs investigator should bedenied the qualified immunity enjoyed by the ones who work for New York.
In light of the foregoing, the judgment of the Court of Appeals denying qualified immunity to Filarsky is reversed.
It is so ordered.
No. 10–1018
STEVE A. FILARSKY, PETITIONER v. NICHOLAS B.
[April 17, 2012]
JUSTICE GINSBURG, concurring.
The Court addresses a sole question in this case: Is aprivate attorney retained by a municipality to investigate a personnel matter eligible for qualified immunity in a suit under 42 U. S. C. §1983 alleging a constitutionalviolation committed in the course of the investigation? I agree that the answer is yes and that the judgment of the Court of Appeals holding private attorney Filarsky categorically ineligible for qualified immunity must be re- versed. Qualified immunity may be overcome, however, if the defendant knew or should have known that his conduct violated a right "clearly established" at the time ofthe episode in suit. See Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U. S. 800, 818 (1982). Because the Ninth Circuit did not con- sider the application of that standard to Filarsky, the matter, as I see it, may be pursued on remand.
Filarsky was retained by the City of Rialto to investigate whether city firefighter Delia was taking time offfrom work under the false pretense of a disabling physical condition. In pursuit of the investigation, Filarsky asked Delia to consent to a search of his home to determine what Delia had done with several rolls of insulation he had recently purchased at a home improvement store. When Delia, on counsel's advice, refused to consent to the search, Filarsky "hatch[ed] a plan" to overcome Delia's resistance.
GINSBURG, J., concurring
tary and occurred as a result of the direct threat ofsanctions[.]").
In further proceedings upon return of this case to the Court of Appeals, these questions bear attention. First, if it is "clearly established," as the Ninth Circuit thought it was, that "the warrantless search of a home is presumptively unreasonable," id., at 1075, and that a well-trained investigating officer would so comprehend,1 may an officialcircumvent the warrant requirement by ordering the person under investigation to cart his personal property outof the house for inspection?2 And if it is "clearly established" that an employee may not be fired for exercising aconstitutional right, see id., at 1079,3 is it not equallyplain that discipline or discharge may not be threatened to induce surrender of such a right?
In short, the Court has responded appropriately to thequestion tendered for our review, but the Circuit's law will remain muddled absent the Court of Appeals' focusedattention to the question whether Filarsky's conductviolated "clearly established" law.
—————— 1Delia also suggests that Filarsky's conduct should be measured against a "reasonable attorney" standard: whether an attorney providing advice in a public-employee investigation should have known thatthe search of Delia's personal property, stored in his home, would be lawless. See Brief for Respondent 45–46. 2An additional inquiry may be appropriate: Although conceived as a substitute for a warrantless entry, should the inspection order Filarskycounseled pass muster as a permissible discovery device? Cf. Oklahoma Press Publishing Co. v. Walling, 327 U. S. 186, 195, 208–211 (1946) (subpoena duces tecum for a corporation's business records, authorized by §9 of the Fair Labor Standards Act, encountered no Fourth Amendment shoal). 3The Ninth Circuit referred to cases holding that public employees' job retention cannot be conditioned on relinquishing the Fifth Amendment's safeguard against self-incrimination: Uniformed Sanitation Men Assn., Inc. v. Commissioner of Sanitation of City of New York, 392 U. S. 280 (1968), and Gardner v. Broderick, 392 U. S. 273 (1968).
No. 10–1018
STEVE A. FILARSKY, PETITIONER v. NICHOLAS B.
[April 17, 2012]
JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR, concurring.
The Court of Appeals denied qualified immunity toFilarsky solely because, as retained outside counsel, hewas not a formal employee of the City of Rialto. I agreewith and join today's opinion holding that this distinctionis not a sound basis on which to deny immunity.
I add only that it does not follow that every privateindividual who works for the government in some capacitynecessarily may claim qualified immunity when sued under 42 U. S. C. §1983. Such individuals must satisfy our usual test for conferring immunity. As the Court explains, that test "look[s] to the 'general principles of tort immunities and defenses' applicable at common law, and the reasons we have afforded protection from suit under §1983." Ante, at 5 (quoting Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U. S. 409, 418 (1976)).
Thus in Richardson v. McKnight, 521 U. S. 399 (1997),we denied qualified immunity to prison guards who wereprivately employed, despite their quintessentially public function. We did so because we found "no special reasons significantly favoring an extension of governmental immunity" in that context. Id., at 412. We left open, however, the question whether immunity would be appropriatefor "a private individual briefly associated with a government body, serving as an adjunct to government in an
FILARSKY v. DELIA
essential governmental activity, or acting under close of- ficial supervision." Id., at 413.
Filarsky, supported by the United States as amicus curiae, contends that he fits into this coda because he worked in close coordination with and under the supervision of City employees. Whether Filarsky was supervised by those employees, and did not himself do the supervising, is unclear. But there is no doubt that Filarsky worked alongside the employees in investigating Delia. In such circumstances, I agree that Filarsky should beallowed to claim qualified immunity from a §1983 suit. As the Court's opinion persuasively explains, there is a "'firmly rooted' tradition of immunity" applicable to individuals who perform government work in capacities otherthan as formal employees. Id., at 404; see ante, at 5–11. And conferring qualified immunity on individuals likeFilarsky helps "protec[t] government's ability to perform its traditional functions," and thereby helps "protect the public at large." Wyatt v. Cole, 504 U. S. 158, 167–168 (1992). When a private individual works closely with immune government employees, there is a real risk that the individual will be intimidated from performing hisduties fully if he, and he alone, may bear the price of liability for collective conduct. See ante, at 12; see also ante, at 13 (noting distraction caused to immune publicemployees by §1983 litigation brought against nonimmuneassociates).
This does not mean that a private individual may assert qualified immunity only when working in close coordination with government employees. For example, Richardson's suggestion that immunity is also appropriate forindividuals "serving as an adjunct to government in anessential governmental activity," 521 U. S., at 413, wouldseem to encompass modern-day special prosecutors and comparable individuals hired for their independence. There may yet be other circumstances in which immunity
SOTOMAYOR, J., concurring
is warranted for private actors. The point is simply thatsuch cases should be decided as they arise, as is ourlongstanding practice in the field of immunity law.


text:
Called Environmental Humanities, for ease of recollection! PDF here.
Dear EH Editorial Board members
Please find attached
a notice announcing the pending launch of our new journal. Below is a general and ongoing
call for papers in email form.
It would be fantastic if you could circulate this
email far and wide (with the attachment where possible). At this stage we are in the
process of posting it to all of the relevant groups and networks of which we are aware,
but it has become very clear over the last few months that there are plenty of individual
scholars and even larger groups working in the Environmental Humanities that we have not
yet encountered.
As you will see in the attached document, we have set up a range of different options
for people to subscribe for notification of future issues of the journal.
Thank you
again for very much your involvement in this journal.
Thom and Debbie
Subject: Notice of new journal:
Environmental Humanities
Dear fellow environmental humanities scholars
We are pleased to announce the pending launch of a new open-access, interdisciplinary
journal: Environmental Humanities.
The attached document provides some basic information about the
journal, including the list of eminent scholars who have agreed to serve
on the Editorial Board.
Further information about the journal can be found at our new
website: www.environmentalhumanities.org
We would like to take this opportunity to issue an open and ongoing
call for papers for
the journal. We aim to publish the best interdisciplinary scholarship
on the environment coming out of the humanities and we are confident
that the growing and vibrant international community of environmental
humanities scholars will support us in this effort.
There are various ways to keep up to date with relevant news and new
issues of the journal. Please see the 'About EH' page of the
Deborah Rose and Thom van Dooren
For the
Environmental Humanities Editorial Team

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Myself, Sandra, Lynette, and Michelle took the train from Solana Beach up to San Juan Capistrano and back on Monday, December 12, 2016. The train station is very close to the Mission so it was an easy day and just perfect weather. I took several photo's with my Canon G7X camera.
But first we had lunch at a restaurant across the street.
Talked to this woman who was doing an oil painting. Turns out she was born in Minneapolis just like me. Small world.


text:
Okay, so I only found it by flipping through the channels in between the Dodgers-Cardinals thriller and the start of the Red Sox-Angels game but the UFL is on Versus right now.
It's actually not terrible. Football is always fun to watch and I contend that if you're willing to watch two no-name college teams play football or, worse yet, a high school game on TV, then why not watch some UFL? There are familiar names -- like J.P. Losman, B.J. Sams and DeDe Dorsey -- in this Las Vegas Locomotives v. California Redwoods matchup.
One of the main problems with this game, though, is the uniforms. Las Vegas is wearing bright blue pants and gray tops, while California is dressed in white pants with white tops. The colors are way too similar and even in high definition it's hard to tell the teams apart in the open field.
The referees, however, are very stylishly outfitted. Not zebras, instead they're dressed in black pants with red tops.
Enough of the fashion breakdown... check out the UFL if you like, it's really not as bad as you might think. Versus and HDNet will be carrying the league all season long. Here is the full schedule.


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Thursday, November 4, 2010
Hopalong Cassidy, Superman, the Shadow and Robert Mitchum
I own a number of Hoppy DVDs, but I didn't happen to have that particular film (Hoppy Serves a Writ from 1942), so I immediately Netflixed it. And, by golly, not only is Bob Mitchum in it, so is George Reeves and Victor Jory.
Jory played the Shadow (the toughest of pulp magazine tough guys) in a 1940 serial. Reeves, of course, played Superman (the toughest of comic book tough guys) on TV in the 1950s.
And Mitchum, of course, is one of the toughest of tough guy actors. Heck, he's so tough he probably hung around the back lot between movies chewing on nails along with Richard Widmark, Lee Marvin and Charles Bronson.
In the Hoppy movie, Jory is the leader of a gang of rustlers and stage coach robbers. Reeves and Mitchum are members of his gang. Despite the fact that all three men are playing outlaws and thugs, it is by default the most manly gang of real men in the history of manliness.
There's one scene in which one of Hoppy's sidekicks is captured by the gang and knocked around in an attempt to get him to talk. To his credit, he doesn't talk, despite the fact that the Shadow and Superman are taking turns punching him while Bob Mitchum holds him up.
The movie as a whole, by the way, is a typically good B-Western. William Boyd gives his usual boisterous and likable performance as Hoppy, there's an effective use of outdoor locations and the plot is well-constructed. And there's a great saloon brawl in which Hoppy beats the snot out of the Shadow. Now THAT'S tough.
My appreciation to the gentleman who left the comment that inspired me to catch up on another great black-and-white Western. I just wish the film had a better title. Hoppy Serves a Writ just isn't tough enough. But I suppose Hoppy Beats the Snot Out of The Shadow wouldn't have fit on the theater marquee.
2 comments:
A great post! I'm that gentleman and I'm still reading and enjoying your 'blog!ReplyDelete
"Hoppy Serves a Writ" was a pretty good movie (the title is taken from one of the original Mulford novels), but if you really want to enjoy Hoppy with Mitchum, Reeves and Jory you must see "Bar 20," one of my favorite Hoppy movies and the only one that features Reeves playing Hoppy's young sidekick Lin Bradley. Mitchum and Jory are excellent here too.
Mitchum appeared in seven Hoppy movies (Border, Patrol, Bar 20, Hoppy Serves a Writ, Riders of the deadline, False Colors, Colt Comrades, and Leather Burners). Reeves was in five Cassidy pictures (Border Patrol, Bar 20, Hoppy Serves a Writ, Riders of the Deadline and Colt Comrades) and Jory was in seven, four alongside Mitchum (Bar 20, Hoppy Serves a Writ, Colt Comrades and Leather Burners). all of these movies date to 1943.
Victor Jory is a great, underappreciated actor. In addition to "The Shadow," which I've yet to see, he was also "The Green Archer."
Old comics, old-time radio, old movies and serials are among my favorite things, so it's always a delight to come here and see them all being celebrated and discussed with intelligence and insight.
-- Gary Peterson, Omaha, NE
Thanks for your kind words. I'll see if I can dig up "Bar 20" and watch it. I appreciate you taking the time to add to my Hoppy knowledge.ReplyDelete


text:
The power of Google Apps lies in their usability, ease of collaboration and cross-platform compatibility. They are also intrinsically designed to work cooperatively. I will present tip and tricks on how Google+ hangouts, Drive and Docs, Google Earth and more can be combined and utilized in creative ways to overcome classroom limitations.
Presenter: John Bailey


text:
A Scam Email with the Subject "HELLO FROM WESTERN UNION.UK" was received in one of Scamdex's honeypot email accounts on Tue, 13 May 2008 12:24:38 -0400 and has been classified as a Generic Scam. The sender was "WESTERN UNION REFUNDS CENTER" <firstname.lastname@example.com>, although it may have been spoofed.
Welcome to Western Union
Dear Sir/Madam, There is an issue with the WESTERN UNION MONEY TRANSFER in the amount which you have lost via Western Union Money Transfer To some Scammers who claim to be what they are not. The United Nation (UN) and International Monetary Fund(IMF) Have Directed us(WESTERN UNION MONEY TRANSFER UK) to re-activate back to you the money which you have been lost to Scammers all over the world, Most importantly England (UK) AND NIGERIA.We have been directed to re activate in cash credited to file KTU/9023118308/03,to you from our branch in UK. Your are requested to confirm the below information to us for verification and confirmations. FULL NAME: FULL CONTACT ADDRESS: MOBILE PHONE NUMBER: OCCUPATION: COUNTRY: MARITAL STATUS AND AGE: AMOUNT LOST: In order to resolve this problem, please Contact with the above information of your via Western Union Solicitors Fund Verification Department:Contact Person:Engr.JAMES MARK Position:International Payment Headquarter.447 Harewood Row, London, NW1 6S England,UK. Engr.JAMES MARK Email:firstname.lastname@example.com TELL:+447035910134 As soon as the above information is received by Eng. JAME MARK,the re-activation of your fund will commence immediately with no delay. When emailing, please use reference number 250-153 for our mutual convenience and Location of your File.THE MANAGEMENT OF WESTERN UNION MONEY TRANSFER,OFFICE UNITED KINGDOM BRANCH. Sincerely, MR.KEN ARCHIE Director Western Union Service. UNITED KINGDOM(UK) ----------------------------------------------------------------- Find the home of your dreams with eircom net property Sign up for email alerts now http://www.eircom.net/propertyalerts


text:
Certain statements contained in this press release regarding matters that are not historical facts, including, but not limited to, statements regarding our projections for revenue and earnings per share for the second quarter and fiscal year 2011 (both GAAP and non-GAAP, as applicable, to exclude purchase accounting for deferred revenue, acquisition-related amortization and stock-based compensation expense), statements about management's views concerning the Company's prospects and outlook for 2011 and subsequent years, including statements and projections relating to the impact of stock-based compensation, statements regarding management's use of non-GAAP financial measures, statements regarding the Company's second quarter and beyond visibility, statements regarding first quarter results representing early momentum from the focus and investments in 2010, statements regarding the continued dedication, ongoing efforts and support of our Japanese employees and customers being a focus in the remainder of 2011, statements regarding our diversified global reach, resilient business model and technological leadership continuing to drive customer engagements, statements regarding customers increasingly using simulation to enable innovation and value creation due to the growing need for energy efficiency, stricter environmental and regulatory mandates and ever-increasing customer expectations, and statements regarding increasing business pressures coupled with the dedication and focus of our global team continuing to enable us to deliver on our commitments, are "forward-looking" statements (as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995). Because such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements in this press release are subject to risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to, the risk that adverse conditions in the global economy and financial markets will significantly affect ANSYS' customers' ability to make new purchases from the Company or to pay for prior purchases, the risk of declines in the economy of one or more of ANSYS' primary geographic regions, the risk that ANSYS' operating results will be adversely affected by changes in currency exchange rates, the risk that the assumptions underlying ANSYS' anticipated revenues and expenditures will change or prove inaccurate, the risk that ANSYS has overestimated its ability to maintain growth and profitability and control costs, uncertainties regarding the demand for ANSYS' products and services in future periods, the risk that ANSYS has overestimated the strength of the demand among its customers for its products, uncertainties regarding customer acceptance of new products, the risk that ANSYS' operating results will be adversely affected by possible delays in developing, completing, or shipping new or enhanced products, the risk that enhancements to the Company's products may not produce anticipated sales, the risk of difficulties in the relationship with ANSYS' independent regional channel partners, the risk that the expected income tax impacts of the merger of the Company's Japan subsidiaries will not be realized in one or more future periods, and other factors that are detailed from time to time in reports filed by ANSYS, Inc. with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including ANSYS, Inc.'s 2010 Annual Report and Form 10-K. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether changes occur as a result of new information or future events, after the date they were made.
ANSYS, ANSYS Workbench, Ansoft, AUTODYN, CFX, FLUENT, Realize Your Product Promise, and any and all ANSYS, Inc. brand, product, service and feature names, logos and slogans are registered trademarks or trademarks of ANSYS, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. ICEM CFD is a trademark used by ANSYS, Inc. under license. All other brand, product, service and feature names or trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
SOURCE ANSYS, Inc.
|ANSYS, Inc.
Investors, Annette Arribas
Phone: +1-724-514-1782
Email Contact
Media, Fran Hensler
Phone: +1-724-514-2967
Email Contact both of ANSYS, Inc.
Web: http://www.ansys.com


text:
Fix the following errors:
Read the CNP fraud terms lexicon and learn the pros & cons of common approaches to managing online fraud.
Assess fraud operations and learn how to benchmark current performance to identify areas for improvement.
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Use our list of key questions to identify the best third party fraud prevention solution provider for your business.
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Procuring An eCommerce Fraud Solution


text:
Right now, it sounds like we're thinking hard about getting together for the first session on Saturday, January 8th. The big questions are: can everyone make it, and what time do we want to meet? Does anyone have to leave at a specific time?
Update: Steve has trouble with Saturday nights for at least a few weeks. How does Friday nights, 6:30 to 11 pm (or so) work for everyone?


text:
So here I am again to share with you the new (and some old) books I am reading this year. Click the link to head to the goodreads profile where I've rated (and sometimes reviewed) them. Onto the reading adventure!
Total Pages: 619 pages
- The Middle of Somewhere by Sonja Yoerg (336 pages)
- Persepolis 2: The Story of a Return by Marjane Satrapi (187 pages)
- Everything I Need to Know I Learned from Disney by Diane Muldrow (96 pages)


text:
Paris is a San Francisco Bay Area rapper who first broke on the scene in 1990 with his hit single and album The Devil Made Me Do It and quickly earned the reputation as being one of most politically charged MC's in the game who didn't shy away from putting issues on the forefront.
His first single from that album, "Break The Grip of Shame," illustrated this as MTV made the decision to ban the video for being too controversial. Since then, his uncompromising stance on political issues, police brutality, gun violence and systematic oppression and racism haven't wavered and confronted on his latest album, "Pistol Politics". After more than 25 years in the industry, the Black Panther of rap told me as a guest on Down With The Kings that he has seen very little advancement, "Not a a lot has changed at all, honestly. Police brutality is still pervasive, government malficence is still pervasive. This really is a way to speak out to what's going on in a way that's entertaining"
Pistol Politics is described as a a musical statement of solidarity – and a much needed united front – against oppression and institutional racism in an age almost devoid of meaningful commentary in urban entertainment.
Check out the full interview below:
Down With The Kings can be heard exclusively every Wednesday night at 11pmEST on Maximum FM Hip Hop
Log on on MaximumFM.ca to check it out or download the Maximum FM app.


text:
Only two photography classes left. Still working on "tools". A paint brush is a tool so I asked my friend, Lynne, who is an art teacher to do a bit of painting while I took some photos. I dug out some old Crayola paints & she did some magic with them that I didn't know they could do. She had fun playing & I had a great time too. And I was very pleased with my photos.
Tuesday, November 29, 2011
Monday, November 28, 2011
Lynne's family
My friend, Lynne, had both of her childeren, Kris & Emily, home for Thanksgiving. A rare occasion since they live in other states. So when Lynne asked if I could take some pictures of her family I agreed partly to see her kids & grandkids again. Dorothy, her mother, & Tom, a brother, were part of the holiday group too.
Posted by Lois at 6:06 AM 1 comment:
Thursday, November 24, 2011
Happy Thanksgiving!
Don took this photo at the ranch this past weekend. From a second floor window of the house he captured this shot of three wild turkeys walking through the yard. I love how he included the winding driveway in the background.
I am thankful for so many things this year. Today I am especially thankful to have my kids joining us around the dinner table. May your day be blessed as well.
I am thankful for so many things this year. Today I am especially thankful to have my kids joining us around the dinner table. May your day be blessed as well.
Posted by Lois at 6:37 AM No comments:
Labels: ranch
Tuesday, November 22, 2011
Monday, November 21, 2011
Aka Avery. She is the granddaughter of Mary, one of my coworkers. I went to Mary's home yesterday to take some family photos before their Thanksgiving dinner. It's my fourth year of taking their pictures. Avery is two now. She has a zillion expressions & I love them all. And her big brown eyes. Check them out . . .
Posted by Lois at 7:10 PM 1 comment:
Friday, November 18, 2011
the accordion
Don's father, Art, collected accordions at one time. I don't know how many he had. I never heard him play either. I don't think he ever mastered it to want to play for an audience. Over time he got rid of them. At least I thought he had. Last weekend Don pulled one out of an upstairs bedroom closet. I felt like we'd found buried treasure. I hefted the suitcase downstairs & checked it out. I love all the buttons & shiny surfaces. I even got the straps around my shoulders & got it to play . . . badly of course since I've never played an accordion before. I worried that the bellows would crack from old age & dryness but they didn't. I got it back into its suitcase & closed the lid. I'll let Don hoist it back up the stairs.
Posted by Lois at 6:08 AM No comments:
Labels: ranch
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text:
WHAT you need for tuning the car
Every motorist wants his car to have unique characteristics and personality.
Unfortunately, during mass production all cars of the same brand are similar to each other, like two drops of water.
Correct the situation will help tuning - refinement of the machine, which allows to improve its driving performance and create a unique design.
You will need
- - workshop-
- - set of tools-
- - equipment for repair-
- - Components and materials.
- 1
First of all, determine what improvements youIntend to bring into the design of the machine. This can be forcing the engine, improving the suspension or brakes in order to make the car more powerful and faster. And some are limited to the so-called styling - making changes in the appearance of the car or salon. From your choice will depend on a set of tools for tuning, as well as the required parts and materials.
- 2
Choose a place where you will improveYour car. Some types of work can be performed in the conditions of a home workshop or own garage. If you are aiming at significant structural changes, find a specialized workshop that will take care of tuning your car. Own efforts, of course, will be cheaper, but professional masters will perform most operations at a higher quality level.
- 3
Prepare the tools you need toAlterations of the machine. You will need a set of screwdrivers with attachments, wrenches, knife, hammer, electric drill, angle grinder. For certain types of work, purchase or lease special equipment. Use only high-quality tools and tools. Cheap can not withstand the load and break at the most inopportune moment.
- 4
Stock up with the necessary materials and details. Tuning of units and assemblies of the car assumes replacement of standard factory elements with more powerful ones, suitable for parameters or requiring some refinement. This applies to pistons, valves, connecting rods, turbocharging, air filters and so on. Make sure that the parts you purchase for replacement are serviceable and suitable for use on your particular car.
- 5
If you are planning to improve the brakeSystem, get ventilated disks of a larger size, and also a vacuum amplifier of increased productivity. Brakes are extremely important to ensure the safety of driving, therefore, to select the elements for the brake system, take with the utmost responsibility.
- 6
Remember the basic rule of tuning: When choosing the components, consider the conditions for the intended use of the vehicle. Be sure to consult with specialists before making irreversible changes to the design.


text:
Friday, April 21, 2017 - 7:00pm
The Upton Historical Society will sponsor an Antique Appraisal Night on Friday April 21st at 7 PM at the Upton VFW on Rt. 140, with appraisals by Tom Tomaszek,noted antiques dealer and appraiser. The event is open to the public
The cost of appraisals for Members $6.00 for one item, $10.00 for two; non-members: $7 for one item, $12 for two or a $3 entrance fee. There is a two item limit. You do not have to have items appraised to attend. The total number of appraisals will be limited based on available time. Owners are responsible for their own items.
Mr. Tomaszek has appeared at Historical Society programs in the past and he has always presented an interesting and informative program. His ability to provide detailed background on a wide variety of items is amazing. Even if you do not bring items to be appraised you will enjoy his presentation.
Mr. Tomaszek entered the antiques business in 1964 at the age of 12. Soon apprenticed with the House that Jack Built Antiques in Bellingham, Massachusetts, owned and operated by Jack Garfield and Les Hudson. In the 1970-80's traveled extensively in eastern Europe (Belgium, France, England, Ireland, Luxemburg, Holland, Germany) as well as Japan and Singapore studying antiques. Exhibited at east coast shows from Maine to Florida starting in 1970 and continue to do so. Have done appraising for over 30 years for estate planning and selling purposes. Expertise consists of numismatics (coins and tokens), militaria (military antiques) ephemera, stamps pre-1900, fine jewelry of the Georgian to Edwardian period, artwork, and American folk art. Have been continuously selling and buying at the Brimfield Antiques Shows from 1976 to present. Authored numerous published articles and guest speaker to numerous northeast historical venues. Presently resides in Blackstone, Massachusetts. He displays and sells in antique cooperative shops located in Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine. Power seller on eBay under the name tommytomas with over 9,000 positive feedbacks, 100% rating. Holds a BAT in History and Anthropology from Rhode Island College.


text:
Dutch Language Specialist Job Openings-Corbus India NoidaAugust 23rd, 2010 Posted by VFreshers
Job Position : Associate – Dutch Language Expert
No of Openings : 10
Name of the Organization : Corbus India Pvt. Ltd.
Experience: 1 – 4 Years
Job Location: Noida
Required :
- Graduate / Any stream + Diploma/Certificate in Dutch Language
- 0 – 1 Years Experience of transactions using Dutch language to communicate to the customers
- Excellent Communication Skills in English and Dutch
- Should be comfortable in working in UK/US shifts.
- Basic Computer knowledge
- Fluency in verbal / written communications in Dutch language.
- Fluency in verbal / written communications in English
- Exposure in SCM-Procurement Outsourcing environment (Optional)
- Excellent Analytical skills (Optional)
- SAP-MM exposure (Optional)
Job Responsibilities :
- Handle inbound / outbound Dutch &English calls from Customers giving excellent customer service and meeting the business needs.
- Execute the assigned transactions meeting the timelines
- Respond to e-mails and/or chat from customers in specified language
- Communicate verbally and in writing between customers and interpret and respond clearly and effectively to spoken requests and written instructions.
- Establish and maintain effective working relationships with colleagues and customers alike.
- Reports & MIS
About Company :
Established in 1994, Corbus is a SEI CMMI LEVEL 5 organization has been at the helm of providing consulting, IT and BPO services to its global clientele through its offices in Europe, India, and US.
Vision: Recognized Centers of Excellence providing cost effective IT and BPO services.
Corbus provides its clients a wide spectrum technology and service base through experienced professionals with multiple platform skills and rich domain experience across various industry segments.
Website: http://www.corbus.com
Corbus India Pvt Ltd
SDF # C – 5 Software Technology Park NEPZ NSEZ
NOIDA,Uttar Pradesh,India 201008
Apply : Email ur cv to firstname.lastname@example.com,firstname.lastname@example.com
Email Subject : Profiles from vfreshers.com


text: Can someone give me an idea of what monthly deductions they are experiencing for about a 500k share per month trading volume ? This would include commissions, VPN/Platform fees, ECN fees, other software/communication fees (outside of DSL/Cable cost). Also exclude any "bench" fees. A rough total is all I am looking for right now....if you are doing 1 million or more, I'd like to get a handle on that level as well.


text:
On Tuesday, Cara attended the Chanel Show at the Paris Fashion Week, here are photos:
Tag: Chanel
Cara Delevingne is modelling for Chanel's Spring 2016 Eyewear, here's the first official photo. Maybe she's modelling for hats too? Cause this one looks pretty cool!
A brand new futuristic-like video of Cara Delevingne for Chanel Eyewear has been released:
On Wednesday, Cara attended the Vanity Fair & Chanel Party at the 68th Cannes Film Festival, here are photos:
Gallery Links:
Press Events & Appearances > 2015 > May 20 | 68th Cannes – Channel Vanity Fair Party


text:
…stays in Vegas.
I hate that saying. I really, really do – because its not true. In fact, its silly. If you go to Vegas with the intention of misbehaving or acting like a dipstick, chances are whatever you do there will follow you home. Pictures? Yea, people can take pictures with friggin PENS and load them to facebook, tag your wife, and send it out to the entire INTERWEB thanks to Al Gore faster than you can put your shirt back on. Herpes? I'm pretty sure they don't stay on the Strip after you've had a tryst with a hooker, and I know for a FACT that if you get married in Vegas, when you go home, you're still married!
Ain't that a kick in the pants. They're valid across state lines!
Anyway, every so often I like to increase the balance in my Karma bank by doing good stuff, specifically with charity. In fact, I would have a lot more money in the bank if I wasn't addicted to giving it away to different fundraisers – or, at the very least, I'd have a few more tattoos. But hey, I like to share. This season I'm doing another century ride with Team in Training called "the Ride to Montauk" (http://pages.teamintraining.org/li/montjune12/jgerold4420) and I've raised about 1200 dollars (so far – my goal is 1600) for the LLS. I like to limit myself to one event a season, mainly because the training occurs on Sundays and that seriously affects my social life in the summer (hey, I live in a beach town, and I like to drink PBRs on the beach with my friends without having to worry about being dehydrated on a bicycle in the middle of a 75 mi bike ride in 98 degree weather).
That being said, the team is going to Vegas for the fall season. That's right, Vegas. They're going to do a 118 mile bike ride, through the desert, in Vegas. And they think I'm going to go with them! The minimum is really low, which makes it really inviting, but I've never been to Las Vegas before. I don't really have much of a desire to go there, cause I don't really like the suffocating heat and I don't really like being hung over, and being hung over in the suffocating heat sounds like the 7th circle of Hell for me. I also don't gamble, but if the opportunity presented itself, and I DID happen to go to Vegas, you can bet your Lilly white behind it wouldn't be to ride a bike.
In fact, I'd probably come home married to transvestite sailor named Bubba. With a new tattoo. And a lot of pictures documenting the whole, beautiful ceremony.
Now what to write about for my 70th post! How exciting. I'll try to make it a good-un.


text:
Sinn Sage, Ash Hollywood - Strapped Dykes #02
Pretty, young dyke Sinn Sage knocks on the bedroom window of her girlfriend, luscious blonde supermodel Ash Hollywood. The frisky brunette is hungry for pussy! These hot lesbian lovers kiss, trying to keep things quiet so as not to be discovered. Sinn orally worships Ash's small, perfect breasts until the blonde is squirming with pleasure, sucking Ash's sweet pussy through her sheer nylon panties and fingering her juicy hole. Pulling her jeans down, she unveils a fat strap-on dildo, and Ash gags on the fake cock before taking the fuck of her life. The horny girls make each other climax.
Related Galleries
Lesbian Galleries


text:
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Dear Editor:
Thank you, Mr. LaTour, for expressing the point so nicely. Many immigration advocates call upon our heritage as a "nation of immigrants" to justify the
current high levels of immigration, particularly from Third World countries. What these same advocates ignore is that that history has expected, indeed, required immigrants to be self-supporting. As long as we ignore
that aspect of our history, and continue to import large numbers of legal
and illegal immigrants who do not have the skills or education necessary to
succeed in modern society, we will have these exorbitant medical costs, and
the rising costs of educating or training people who are not only
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Ali Alexander


text:
Download 47 Hearts ebook by Unknow
Type: pdf, ePub, zip, txt
Publisher: MediKnow Publishing
Released: February 14, 2010
Page Count: 66
Language: English
Download link: 47 Hearts
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Review"Dr. Manis new book is a GEM. Actually, let me correct it – every page in the book is a GEM"– Rajesh Setty, Entrepreneur, Author & Speaker"A system for making a real difference in the world. Everyone needs to read and practice… read more …
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I mean, its 47 Hearts the point where people make it sound like a Pisces and a Scorpio cant walk past each other on the street without falling deperately in love. I think he did a good job in being a relatable character and the part with his daughter after his wife died was gut wrenching. 47 Hearts can find information keyed to it on line as well ( If youre going to buy a deck with a different set of designs, be sure you can get 47 Hearts book on how to read the 47 Hearts cards you do buy. " Leave it at that. Heats Add Your Q got me checking my current book.
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Ervin Stutzman's last day as executive director of Mennonite Church USA (MC USA) is April 30. I would like to thank him for his years […]
Name: Michelle Dula
Occupation: Pastor at Blossom Hill Mennonite Church in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and Member of the Mennonite Church USA Executive Board
Photo: Michelle leads the congregation in a child dedication for baby James, with mother Lisa Cameron in the background. Photo provided.
1. What is your earliest memory of church?
I grew up attending North Lima Mennonite Church in North Lima, Ohio. When I think about early memories, I just have different snapshots that came to mind. I remember our Sunday shoes all lined up on the newspaper after I had polished them on Saturday. There were seven kids in my family, so there were a lot of shoes! I remember the flannel graph stories in Sunday school being sort of mesmerizing. And I remember the four-part singing and my mom's strong alto voice.
2. When did you first realize that you might be called to pastoral ministry?
I would say that it probably didn't come until the middle of my seminary program. I entered seminary with this call to go to seminary to learn more about theology and about faith, but I didn't know what I would do with it after I had a degree. I entered in a very part-time program because I had young children and I knew I couldn't do it all, so I just started part-time. It was probably about halfway through that I began feeling the nudging toward pastoral ministry.
I kept that to myself for about six months to a year because it felt complicated at that point. I was part of Lancaster Mennonite Conference and our conference wasn't ordaining women yet. Even though our pastor was a woman and I really credit her with making this an option for me, I think there was still some resistance within me that was wrapped up in that whole question of, How dare you feel the call to ministry as a woman?
But it was just an undeniable call. I was at a United Church of Christ seminary that was very strongly female-oriented and there were some really strong Anabaptist women who were students there at the same time who were walking with me and struggling with the same issues. Discerning together helped me to overcome that fear. I have a distinct memory of a sermon that someone candidating as a homilectics professor at the seminary gave. Her sermon was on the idea of obeying God instead of man and boy did that speak to me. That was a particular turning point.
3. What do you think has been the most surprising part of being a pastor. What has been different than you expected?
I'm amazed at how people let you into the front seat of their lives because of the role you're in. Soon after I started at Akron Mennonite Church, I visited an older man in the hospital. After we chatted a little bit, he patted his bedside and said, "Pastor will you pray for me?"
I was blown away by that. Here this older man was inviting me in to be his pastor even though he didn't know me very well. And beyond that you get to visit the newborn babies in the hospital and sit with couples planning to get married and hear their hopes and dreams and you sit with couples having marriage difficulties and you're one of the first ones called when there's a death. It's humbling work and often feels like holy ground.
4. Tell me about Blossom Hill. What's unique about your congregation?
If you would ask 10 different people in our congregation, you might get 10 different answers to this question. I would say Blossom Hill is unique in its level of openness. There is an invitational spirit here that shows up in creativity or the level of vulnerability and authenticity and willingness to take risks. This also shows up in our care of people on the margins and gives us a global perspective. Over the last 15 years we've had some pretty big changes and we've managed to ride those changes with minimal upheaval. We have a lot of young families and a lot of young children and some really special older sages. We work really hard to make everyone feel like they are a valued part of the congregation.
One of the phrases that we use a lot in baby dedications is that you are known and loved by God. Recently, when one of our high school students was leaving for college, her father stood up on her last Sunday and said, "This is Erin's last Sunday and this congregation has been a blessing to our family. We believe that Erin knows that she is known and loved by God as we send her out." The family had really embraced that knowledge and that was a way that they could let her go.
5. Why did you say yes to the invitation to join the Executive Board?
I would say that I have a deep love for the wider church and even though I knew I was joining at a difficult time and I knew it would be hard. I also felt a sense of hope for what God has in store for the future and felt called to be part of it. I think that's the main part of it. I'm excited about all the people I can meet and the opportunity to get a wider picture of the church.
6. What are your hopes for the upcoming gathering in Orlando?
My hope is that it would be a time for healing and that there would be a unified spirit as we look ahead to who God is calling us to be. I'm excited about the proposed changes for the Delegate Assembly. I think they will give us new life. I also have a sense that the people who will be there this time will want to be there and are excited about what lies ahead, and it was not necessarily that way in Kansas City.
7. If you could only recommend three texts to someone (books, magazines, articles, songs, poems, etc.), what would they be?
Interview by Hannah Heinzekehr. Read past seven question interviews.
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Jan 5 – Jan 18, 2017. Two weeks is not even close to enough time to spend in this beautiful country. But, it is what it is and we had a blast. So here we go.
Chapter 1: Flight from Chicago
16 1/2 hours from Chicago to Tawain and 3 1/2 hours from Tawain to Bangkok. This girl popped a sleeping pill, put her head back and went to sleep. I did not get up one time during these flights and I must say, I have mastered the art of plane riding and should receive an award for being the best person to sit next to on a fight. Anthony did better than anticipated.
Chapter 2: Bangkok
So here's the deal with Bangkok…Take a day trip to Ayutthaya, see the original Reclining Buddha, check out The Floating Market, see a couple parks, go to the Grand Palace, and then LEAVE!! (All places mentioned pictured above). I would never go back to Bangkok. It is dirty, sketchy, and obnoxiously busy. It is great to see one time and stay for a couple days, but it is far from being the best of Thailand.
Chapter 2: Chaing Mai
Night Market. One of the coolest parts of Chaing Mai and probably the best night market in Thailand.
Elephant Sanctuary. We had a great time. The elephants we were with were rescued and the people took good care of them. There are SO many places in Thailand that abuse elephants and use them for money. Tourists need to understand that and plan accordingly. If you are ever in Thailand and want to hang with some elephants, please go to humane places when booking an your tour.
The White Temple: Wat Rong Khun. One of my personal favorite parts of our trip. This was my favorite temple. It SLAYS the Grand Palace in my opinion. Major jaw dropper and a must see in my book.
The Golden Triangle. Where three countries meet. Amazing views.
Chaing Mai is one of my favorite places on earth right now. It is probably the coolest place I have ever been to. The night market is so much fun, the massages were cheap, the people were SO nice, and the views were incredible. The White Temple was outstanding. We were also lucky enough to see some hillside tribes and get a look at a more not so touristy areas. If you're ever floating around Thailand, GO TO CHAING MAI!!
Chapter 3: Phuket
Day 1: You want a glimpse of paradise? Go to Phuket and then hop on over to Phang Nga Bay. We went kayaking through caves and actually had to completely lay down flat in our kayak in order to get through some of them. One cave was pitch black, but once we saw light again, we were heading towards a lagoon with the clearest water. We went to James Bond Island, Rang Yai Island, Kai Nai Island, and the caves in the middle of Ban Kalai, Phang Nga Bay. This was the most beautiful, thrilling, and relaxing day.
Day 2 in Phuket we headed off to Maya Bay. This day trip was not as exciting as Phanga Nga Bay but Maya Bay Beach is one of the most beautiful beaches in the world. You can see right through the water and there is nothing but sand on the floor. We went jet skiing and snorkeling as well. Anthony swam off a little farther than he probably should have but he made it out alive!!!
After 2 full days in Phuket, we saw the most beautiful islands and bays, our skin was burnt to crisps and we were exhausted.
Day 3: We hired a taxi man to drive us around to see some common places, including Monkey Hill and Big Buddha. The monkeys in Phuket were so funny and nice. They were a little scary and tried to climb up my dress a few times, naughty, naughty!! By the time we made it to Promthep we were exhausted and done. We didn't want to walk or hike or climb any more stairs. We enjoyed the view of the bay and headed home.
Chapter 4: Back to Bangkok
We ditched our hostel our last two nights of this trip. We had an amazing hotel room with even more amazing views. We then hit a popular sky bar in Bangkok and had some drinks. The drinks were over priced but the views were worth every penny.
Oh Lopburi, you crazy place. We spent our last day in Thailand on a 2 hour train ride to Lopburi, the town of monkeys. We were stoked after our monkey interactions in Phuket. But let me tell you, if you have the option to hang with monkeys in Phuket or Lopburi, do it in Phuket. The monkeys in Lopburi were and are absolutely insane! At one point there were at least six monkeys using Anthony and I as a jungle gym, jumping back and fourth from him to me. Those suckers are smart too. They opened Anthony's backpack and tried drinking my hand sanitizer. We left quicker than anticipated, you can blame me getting nipped by a monkey and us being quite terrified after that.
We finished our last night in Bangkok at our hotel pool. Enjoyed the pool bar and views of the city at night one last time. Thanks for everything, Thailand. We would love to come back.
Representing Hope for the Day everywhere I go. It's okay not to be okay. #HaveHope
What would we do differently? We would skip Bangkok on our next trip. It's cool to see the important parts but we definitely did not need to spend as much time as we did there. We would have spent more time in Chaing Mai and maybe explored some other islands.
Coolest parts? In my opinion, it was all amazing. I thought the best parts were the monkeys in Phuket, feeding elephants, kayaking in the Phang Nga Bay Caves, seeing the White Temple and getting massages for what is equivalent to $10.
Go see the world. Can't wait to float away on our next adventure. Thanks for reading. 💜


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Born in Germany from italian parents, Raffaela start to work for Discomania distribution. At the end of 90s come back in Italy and work, as A&R, for [l=More Music Italy], well-known for some important hits like "Praise My DJ's" by Run from Run DMC and "9 PM (Till I Come) by ATB. In 2000 she founded [l=Wild! Entertainment], the first italian trance platform who has launched big artists like Paul Van Dyk, Blank & Jones and Tomcraft.


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Directed by: John Hayes
Stars: Desiree Cousteau, Christine DeShaffer, Sharon Kane, Bonnie Holiday, Juliet Anderson, Anita Grimes, Brigit Olsen
Country: Usa
Description: Naïve country bumpkin Andrew gets fired from his job working at a diner. Worse yet, his unfaithful wife Lisa wants to divorce him, so his lawyer Luana gets Andrew a new job as an encyclopedia salesman so he can pay the necessary legal fees for said divorce. Moreover, Andrew's sincere and clumsy manner makes him a surprise hit with the ladies.
Watch online server mega3x
Download Dream of Sufu 2016
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Engage Your Vagus Nerve: Breathing Techniques For Relaxation And Insomnia Relief
Concerns about the long-term impact of chronic stress, depression, anxiety and insomnia is a topic of concern for many of my coaching and therapy clients. A few stressful, sleepless nights can easily spiral into a regular problem as clients begin to develop a negative relationship with bedtime and sleep. Many will seek the help of a psychiatrist to obtain prescription medications in an effort to break the cycle. This is reasonable for many in the short-term, but less than ideal as a long-term solution. I always recommend lifestyle modifications and attempts at simple changes in the environment first. In addition to dimming the lights and reducing evening electronic stimulation, some helpful evening rituals include: meditation, guided imagery, progressive muscle relaxation, restorative yoga, gentle stretching to release tension in the body, a warm bath, tea, herbs and homeopathic support. You may not be aware that throughout your busy day, your breathing has become shallow. Your thoughts likely contribute to this process as well. When you are having negative thoughts or feeling demands and pressure, you create tension in your body by inhaling longer than you're exhaling. The goal is to help you become more mindful of this process throughout your day and create greater ease in your body.
Breathing keeps us alive, but you may not know about the importance of enlisting your diaphragm and lungs to relax your nervous system. As you go about your day, you need your sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to help with metabolism and keep you alert and managing the stress and demands of the day. All good, and just as it's meant to be! However, as you move towards evening, your body needs to power down -- it's time to relax, unwind, conserve energy, and allow for the cellular renewal and healing that occurs with sleep. This is when the parasympathetic division (PNS) becomes your restoration ally. Both aspects, the SNS and PNS are divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which has the job of regulating and maintaining vital organ function.
With every inhale, you activate the SNS -- It's an energizing function, speeding up the heart rate and allowing you to prepare for activity and alertness. When you exhale, the PNS is turned on which then activates the vagus nerve, thus slowing the heart rate. What's the point of all of this? When you exhale, and especially when you consciously lengthen your exhale, this calms your nervous system and creates a natural sedation. Thats right -- natural, organic, drug-free sedation that you can learn to activate on your own, as needed! If you already have a regular yoga, meditation or pranayama practice, you know that deep inhalation energizes and invigorates, while the process of exhalation calms, de-stresses, and grounds the body and nervous system.
Yoga practitioners can choose to emphasize relaxation or energizing, depending on the particular needs of the mind and body. If you're trying to manage conditions such as anxiety, insomnia and depression, it's helpful to know how to focus your breathing efforts. With respect to general health, lack of stimulation can contribute to depression, while over-stimulation can lead to anxiety and insomnia. Certain medications, recreational drug and alcohol use, sugar, uncontrolled stress and poor lifestyle habits can contribute to emotional health challenges. Whether you're struggling with anxiety or depression, it's good to know that you may be able to support positive health changes by focusing just on your breathing!
I frequently suggest the following simple breathing technique...
- Once you're in bed, your room and surroundings should be free from distractions, light and noise -- settle in and allow your body to relax into the comfort of your bed.
- Take even, relaxed breaths. When you're ready, take deeper, even breaths. Initially, you can mentally count, allowing the inhale to equal the count of the exhale. Most are comfortable with an inhale of 3 counts, and an exhale of 3. You can also connect to the body by placing a hand on your chest or belly, noticing the rise and fall of your body.
- You might observe your thoughts, sounds in your environment and various sensations in the body, as you do this. Gently bring your awareness back to the steady rhythm of the breath.
- As you become comfortable with the six count breathing technique 3/3, begin to focus on lengthening exhalation. The shorter inhalation will be followed with a slightly longer exhalation. The goal is to experience a deepened relaxation in mind and body.
When the sun greets you in the morning, you can consider lengthening the inhalation, as needed, throughout the day to activate the SNS, giving you the necessary energy to move through your day.
Cheat sheet...
- Longer inhale for energy and alertness
- Longer exhale to activate the vagus nerve and relaxation response


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A family-oriented winter-themed carnival with horse-drawn hayrides, ice skating and ice golf. Warm up inside with face painting, games, and arts and crafts. Dance to live music and win prizes. (Noon-3 p.m. Sat. Free. Lake Hiawatha Park, 2701 E. 44th St., Mpls. 612-673-2100. www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us.)
Celebrate the customs of Chinese New Year and celebrate the year of the horse. Learn about famous horses from literature and mythology and explore equine evolution. Play games, and enjoy entertainment and activities. (1-4 p.m. Sun. Free. Harriet Alexander Nature Center, 2520 N. Dale St., Roseville. 651-792-7000. www.ci.roseville.mn.us.)
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-2 Muay Thai boxing shots.
-5 Dad shots.
-4 Nepal shots.
-6 Dump shots.
Not sure about the boxing photos, might change that off to an extra photogaph of dad and the families of the dump. I will start printing the exhibition this Monday, which will give me 5 months to complete it. The most important shots of those of dad so will probably print those first so he can still see them.


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Summer has officially begun for us, and I am looking forward to a different pace. While the summer won't contain the busy, "Go, go, go!" attitude, I still want to add rhythm and structure. Part of my goal is to continue to promote a love of reading throughout this season. These creative summer reading ideas will help kick start your own family into fun learning even though the school year is… {Read More}
How to Integrate Literacy into Everyday Life
You always hear people encouraging you to read to your kids. I have also given you this advice. I do want to say that reading books is not the only way to help kids find value in learning to read. The more you can learn how to integrate literacy into everyday life, the quicker children will pick up on the skill. Without pressure, you can show them that knowing to… {Read More}
Zap It! A Learning Game for Kids
Need a really fun game to teach a variety of learning skills including letters, reading, math facts, vocab and more? Then "Zap It!" is the game for you. Today was the last day of school, but it doesn't need to mean the last day of learning. Summer is such a great time to practice school in fun, creative spurts. So much can be lost throughout the summer if we just… {Read More}
Teaching Beginning Reading Activities & Giveaway
Beginning reading can be challenging to teach if you don't have the right resources. I wanted to provide you with fun reading games and activities for you to do with your kids. This is also a giveaway, and I am able to provide you with the opportunity to win books for your family. I did a similar post for teaching kids their letters. Once your children have their letters down,… {Read More}
Upper and Lower Case Egg Match
OK – All of the eggs have been found. Maybe you have a lot already emptied of the goodies inside. What do you do with them? You could save them until next Easter. You could make Egg Pops out of them. You could help your kids learn their double digit numbers with them. You could also do the following lesson. I found this activity on Crystal and Comp. When I… {Read More}


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Part of community service
- hooty
- 9/9/17
Mitchum probably doing community service, yes it was several years between arrest and release of this but when was this actually filmed before release and how long did Mitchum have to complete the court ordered community service is the question.Mitchum was independent but behind the 8 ball as I think he took the blame to help out others; he would never have done this if not for the court order.
Distant Drummer is great time capsule
- Kristin
- 1/15/17
Hysterical short about hippies and drugs. Ironic that it would be narrated by Robert Mitchum since he was arrested for smoking pot in 1948.
Distant Drummer is great time capsule
- Kristin
- 1/15/17
Hysterical to watch. Ironic that Robert Mitchum would narrate it since he was arrested for pot smoking in 1948.
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Canada's access system slow, ineffective
The Canadian government insists it is trying to become more transparent in the access to information system and decrease the number of requests, but investigative experts insist the system will remain the same.
The federal Treasury Board says all requests and payments will soon be made online to improve the current system. The plan also includes posting reports commissioned by the federal government to a virtual library.
But Ken Rubin, an investigative researcher who has spent the past few decades filing access to information requests for both himself and some news organizations, said the system will continue to be ineffective.
The government's solution do not seem to fix the problems, he said, which are too many exemptions, loose timelines and too much "creative avoidance" by government departments.
"If you can't release records right away, and we've go the technological means to do so, then you've got a problem," said Rubin, who referenced one situation where it took four years to receive Health Canada files on asbestos in Canadian schools and office buildings.
"It was incomplete...that's no reason to hold it for that many years."
The country's information commissioner defended the current process but admitted ongoing improvements need to be made.
Suzanne Legault added the open government initiative, which is happening all over the world, is slowly making Canada's system better but can't change access laws.
"Open government does not mean we have to let go of high performance standards on access to information," said Legault.
Federal government departments received more than 35,000 access-to-information requests in 2010 alone. CBC News reported Monday public servants often make requests for their personal work information.


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I am an immigration lawyer with over 15 years experience in the field. Immigration law is one of the most complex and frustrating fields of law today. This blog is an attempt to shed some light on Immigration Law.
Friday, May 21, 2010
No More Green I-94W
Department of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano today announced the elimination of the paper arrival/departure form (Form I-94W) for authorized travelers from nations participating in the Visa Waiver Program (VWP)—streamlining secure travel for millions of visitors to the United States every year by consolidating the collection of traveler information and enhancing security by automatically providing DHS with important passenger information prior to departure.
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