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Human Gingival Crevicular Fluids (GCF) Proteomics:
An Overview
Zohaib Khurshid 1,*, Maria Mali 2, Mustafa Naseem 3, Shariq Najeeb 4
and Muhammad Sohail Zafar 5,6
1 Prosthodontics and Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Orthodontics, Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Karachi 78650, Pakistan;
3 Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar-Al-Uloom University, Riyadh 13314, Saudi Arabia;
4 Department of Dentistry, Riyadh Consultative Clinics, Riyadh 11313, Saudi Arabia;
5 Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Al-Taibah University, Medina Munawwarah
41311, Saudi Arabia; firstname.lastname@example.com
6 Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University,
Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
* Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.com; Tel.: +966-550-293-747
Academic Editor: Jukka Meurman
Received: 21 January 2017; Accepted: 18 February 2017; Published: 22 February 2017
Abstract: Like other fluids of the human body, a gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) contains proteins,
a diverse population of cells, desquamated epithelial cells, and bacteria from adjacent plaque.
Proteomic tools have revolutionized the characterization of proteins and peptides and the detection
of early disease changes in the human body. Gingival crevicular fluids (GCFs) are a very specific
oral cavity fluid that represents periodontal health. Due to their non-invasive sampling, they have
attracted proteome research and are used as diagnostic fluids for periodontal diseases and drug
analysis. The aim of this review is to explore the proteomic science of gingival crevicular fluids
(GCFs), their physiology, and their role in disease detection.
Keywords: proteomics; proteins; biomarkers; gingival crevicular fluids (GCFs); dentistry
1. Introduction
Proteomic science aids in different areas of biomedical and clinical sciences with tools such as
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass
spectrometry (MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), and surface-enhanced laser
desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SELDI-MS) [1]. This science provides an understanding of
healthy and diseased states of the human body through protein nature. Protein builds the human
body and is known as the "working horses" of a cell. The 'proteome' is the cell's proteins content. In
short, proteomics is the discovery technology that rescues the understanding of the molecular
behaviour of protein activity and how they respond to the process of a disease. Human body fluids
such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), sera, urine, vaginal
secretion, breast milk, sputum, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, and pericardial fluids are approved
clinical samples for the diagnosis and maintenance of a disease state [2].
Human gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was discovered in the nineteenth century, and its
composition and oral defense mechanism were demonstrated by Brill and Björn in 1959 [3]. GCF is a
physiological fluid that is classified as inflammatory exudate by many investigators, and some
suggest it is an altered tissue transudate in a normal healthy state (see Figure 1). Originally, they
Dent. J. 2017, 5, 12; doi:10.3390/dj5010012 www.mdpi.com/journal/dentistry
Dent. J. 2017, 5, 12 2 of 9
originate from the gingival plexus of blood vessels in the gingival corium and are subjacent to the
epithelium lining of the dental–gingival space. Its composition and flow were demonstrated by
Waerhaug in 1952 [4,5]. Later, in 1974, Alfano presented two mechanisms based on GCF origination
that include the engendering of standing osmotic gradient and the induction of classical
inflammation [6]. GCF is used to detect periodontal diseases such as gingivitis, periodontitis (chronic
and aggressive), and drug presence in periodontal pockets through the systematic pathway and is
currently extensively used for proteomic analysis [7].
Figure 1. The anatomical location of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in a healthy subject.
GCF basically contains local breakdown products such as tissues, inflammatory mediators, host
inflammatory mediators, serum transudate (found in gingival sulcus), subgingival microbial plaque,
extracellular proteins, and cells [8]. In Figure 2, detail of GCF composition is illustrated. This
composition varies between periodontium in healthy and diseased conditions [9]. The amount of
GCF production is quite small and varies according to the size of the gingival sulcus. Few
investigators have measured GCF, and all observations have differed due to the variation in the GCF
samples collected.
Figure 2. Illustration describing the composition of gingival crevicular fluids (GCFs).
One group reported that the mean GCF volume ranged from 0.43 to 1.56 μL in the proximal
spaces from the molar teeth [10]. Another group collected GCF from sulcus of slightly inflamed
gingiva and reported approximately 0.1 mg in 3 min [11], which is the amount of GCF affected by
mechanical factors, habitats (tobacco, smoke, and shisha), circadian periodicity, sex hormones, and
periodontal surgeries (see Table 1). Engelberg et al. experimented on dogs by inducing a carbon
gelatine mixture into the blood stream to understand the organization of vessels at the dento–gingival
junction. Hence, it was histologically postulated that, in healthy tissue, these particles could not enter
the intracellular spaces and remained in the capillaries. It was further shown that, in a state of acute
inflammation, these particles can be found; in a healthy state, the vessels are organized in layers and
close to gingival crevicular epithelium, whereas, in diseased or inflammation states, the layers are
Dent. J. 2017, 5, 12 3 of 9
replaced by a loop form [12]. Furthermore, a series of experiments was performed, and it was
concluded that capillary permeability varied according to the stimulus given and significantly
increased in an inflamed state. This capillary permeability occasionally responded in a healthy state
while chemo-mechanical massaging of the gingivae also showed changes. It was noted that there was
a remarkable rise in pH of gingival sulcus as periodontitis developed, marked around 8.5. The rise in
pH is associated with the destruction of proteins by bacteria in the sulcus. Ammonium that is basic
in nature is produced as a by-product after the degradation of proteins and is thought to be the reason
for the increase in pH of the crevicular sulcus. Other factors that are found to play a role in the
progression from a healthy to a diseased state includes the oxygen level, the temperature, the redox
potential, and the osmotic pressure [9].
Table 1. Description of factors affecting the amount of GCF in the human oral cavity.
Factors Description
Chewing coarse foods, vigorous brushing and gingival
massage are known to increase GCF production
The amount of GCF increases gradually from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m.
Circadian periodicity
and it decreases after that
GCF production increases after periodontal surgeries,
Periodontal surgeries
during the healing period
Smoking increases GCF flow.
This increase in GCF due to smoking is immediate and transient
Nature has provided the periodontium with connective tissue that is enriched with cellular and
molecular components of blood; hence, gingival sulcus is consistently bathed by GCF [13]. This
crevicular fluid provide a channel for the transportation of bacterial by-products into periodontium, as
well as help to drive off host-derived by-products [14]. Many methods are available for the collection
of GCF such as Intrasulcular and extrasulcular (see Figure 3) with the help of paper strips, capillary
tubes, micropipette, gingival wash, and paper cones [5]. Other methods include using platinum
loops, plastic strips, and paper points. In the last decade, researchers have favored using the paper
strip in their research work due to easy insertion into a gingival crevice up to 1 mm of depth without
bleeding from periodontal pockets [15] .
Figure 3. Illustration representing the different approaches of collecting gingival crevicular fluids
(GCFs) from the oral cavity. (a) Intrasulcular approach; (b,c) Extrasulcular approach.
2. GCF as a Diagnostic Tool for Analysis of Oral Diseases
The oral cavity is a reservoir of the microbiome and harbours them, when unfavourable changes
occur within the oral cavity; it results in pathological changes, such as gingivitis, periodontitis, and
dental caries [16,17]. GCF, as a biomonitoring fluid, plays a constructive role in the diagnosis of oral
diseases, especially for periodontitis and gingivitis. Its limited amount compromises the biochemical
and proteomic analysis, and the severity of inflammation in periodontium affects its collection [15].
Dent. J. 2017, 5, 12 4 of 9
The introduction of mass spectrometry, with highly sensitive techniques, helping in the detection of
protein and their components within many biological samples [18]. Its non-invasive collection
technique helps in a sampling of any age group of human subjects and the attraction of allowing
multiple sites for the sampling within the oral cavity. Until now, various inflammatory factors have
been isolated from GCF, including cytokines, phosphatase, proteinase, local tissue degradation
products, and proteins [19]. These factors have been reported to be possible diagnostic markers in
periodontitis. GCF not only can be a future diagnostic tool in the identification of periodontitis but
also can aid in detecting the progression of this disease. Early detection of periodontitis progression
can be clinically useful by providing better control of disease activity and can improve patient
monitoring [20]. Therefore, collecting GCF from multiple sites can aid in identifying high
susceptibility for disease activity on those sites, the targeted risk site can be managed properly, and
further progression of the disease can be controlled [21]. Huynh et al. studied the proteomic
composition of GCF in healthy periodontium and compared them with proteome present in GCF of
patients with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. The GCF proteome analyzed was found different
in each clinical condition and hence suggests that this analysis can assist us in knowing pathogenesis
of the periodontal disease [22]. Tsuchida et al. collected GCFs from a healthy patient and compared
them with patients having mild to moderate periodontal disease and with a patient suffering from
the severe periodontal disease. The gel-free proteomic approach was used, and GCFs were labeled
by a reagent called as Tandem Mass Tags (TMTs). In this method, 619 proteins were analyzed from
the above-mentioned samples. Their reports showed, in severe periodontitis, higher amounts of
lipocalin2 (LCN2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were expressed. Furthermore, Pisano et
al. worked on the peptides of GCF by using HPLC-ESI-MS and detected a high concentration of α-
defensins, and small amounts of cystatin-A, basic PB peptides, and statherin were also detected [20].
External root resorption is a universal phenomenon that is associated with many factors such as
trauma, orthodontic tooth movement periodontal disease, and physiological shedding of deciduous
teeth. Rody Jr et al. worked to identify the biomarkers in GCF by using LC-MS (liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry). He postulated 2789 proteins in a control group, and 2421
proteins in resorption samples were identified. Therefore, these biomarkers can provide us with a
new possible tool for the early detection of external root resorption so that orthodontic tooth
movement should avoided, and other conditions mentioned above will better be managed [23].
Orthodontics is one of the major subspecialties of dentistry that deals with the management of
malposition teeth and the jaws. Certain studies were conducted to assess changes within GCF during
orthodontic tooth movement [24]. Initially, when orthodontic force is applied to allow tooth
movement to occur, certain metabolic changes occur within periodontium along with the process of
bone remodeling that includes some osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity. This biological and
physiological process results in acute inflammatory response that occurs within periodontal space.
Lactate dehydrogenase, an important enzyme that is released out after cell death, was reported as a
potential marker, as its level was found to be elevated within GCF during orthodontic treatment.
Serra et al. demonstrated the LDH level in GCF during the early stage of orthodontic treatment and
formulated that, when orthodontic force is applied, the periodontium either goes under tension or
compression, resulting in cell death. As hypothesized, the LDH level in GCF was elevated in those
sites enduring orthodontic force and was independent of age and sex [25].
Bone cells are deposited at the site of tension and resorbed at the site of compression. A
longitudinal study was performed to assess the level of alkaline phosphatase within GCF in a patient
undergoing orthodontic treatment [26]. It was noted that the enzyme level was elevated at the site of
tension, as compared to the site of compression. Hence, these enzymes represent future novel
markers and are associated with gingival inflammation caused during forces applied by orthodontic
appliances. Orthodontics demands accurate timings for the management of most skeletal
discrepancies; different stages of bone growth and its maturation in the subject must be known. This
is usually achieved most commonly by identifying and comparing chronological age and dental age,
and by CVM staging and hand-wrist radiograph. The former methods are relatively unreliable, and
the latter methods involve radiation exposure [27]. Hence, any method that is noninvasive with
Dent. J. 2017, 5, 12 5 of 9
minimum side effects and that can help the clinician to identify the growth spurt is in highly demand.
Research that showed variable peptides in the GCF of both pre-pubertal and post-pubertal subjects
has been conducted recently [28]. Further studies are encouraged to find more information about
these novel biomarkers.
3. GCF Proteomic Analysis
After collection, GCF samples will go through different steps of proteomics analysis, as
illustrated in Figure 4. A variety of proteolytic enzymes has been identified in GCF, such as
collagenase, elastase, and cathepsin B, D, H, and L [29]. These proteolytic enzymes are reported as
the destructor of periodontal tissues and have the capability of degrading type-I collagen and
glycoproteins [30].
Figure 4. A flow diagram representing the proteomic analysis of healthy and diseased conditions via
gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), adapted from Khurshid et al. [16].
The most commonly reported identified proteins from GCF are actin, keratins, histones, annexins,
proteins S100-A9, apolipoprotein A-1, albumin, salivary gland antimicrobial peptides (histatins, HNP-
1, -2 & -3, LL-37, statherin), and cystatin B [31,32]. Some immune-related proteins present in GCF
include Ig gamma-1 chain C region, Ig gamma-3 chain C region, lactoferroxin-C, leukocyte elastase
inhibitor, alpha 1 antitrypsin, heat shock protein beta-1, and coronin-1A [33]. Table 2 presents a detailed
profiling of GCF proteins, proteomic tools used, and some of the proteins identified.
Dent. J. 2017, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 9
Table 2. Description of reported studies on GCF biomarkers analysis.
Author & Year Sample Collection Sites Collection Method Proteomic Tool Number of Identified Proteins Outcome of Study Ref.
Collected from pre-selected Studied identified
Protein digest with
sites with probing depth >6 Filter strips novel biomarkers
trypsin, HPLC,
mm and <8 mm in (Periopapers®, from GCF of
fragmented analysis 432 human proteins identified (120
Baliban et al., 2012 periodontitis patients and for Interstate Drug periodontal healthy [31]
with tandem mass new)
periodontal health from Exchange, Amityville, and chronic
mesio-buccal sites of first NY, USA) periodontitis
molar patients
Western Blot analysis, SOD1 and DCD
Labial side of maxillary Absorbent paper points
S.Tsuchida et al., HPLC with LTQ-XL, were significantly ↑
incisors without crown and (ZIPPERER®, Munich, 327 proteins identified [14]
2012 HPLC with LTQ- in GCF of
restoration Germany)
Orbitrap XL, LC- periodontal patients
Trypsin digested
followed by nano-
flow liquid Provide protein
chromatography analysis of healthy
electrospray periodontium and
ionization tandem explore GCF
Carneiro et al., Healthy gingival sulcus of the
Periopapers®, USA mass spectrometry 199 proteins identified composition with [18]
2012 second and third molar teeth
(LC-ESI-MS/MS) new groups of
analysis and enzyme- proteins specific to
linked GCF
immunosorbent essay microenvironment
(ELISA) for human
albumin analysis
GCF mass spectra
Matrix-assisted laser
Microcaps (glass could be best for
Five deepest sites and molar desposition/ionizatio
micocapillary tubes); analyzing
Ngo et al., 2013 sites except mesial surface n time-of-flight - [32]
Drummed Scientific, attachment loss and
were excluded (MALDI-TOF) mass
Brookmall, PA,USA diagnosis of
periodontal diseases
Dent. J. 2017, 5, 12 7 of 9
Chronic Periodontitis patients
Concluded marked
sample were taken from
Periopaper strip Reversed-phase LC- differences in GCF
Carina M., et al. different sites (5 deep sites, 5
(ProFlow Inc. ESi-MS/MS and 230 proteins identified proteomics in [33]
2013 shallow sites with gingivitis,
Amityville, NY, USA) ELISA different disease
and 4 without bleeding on
probing sites)
SDS-PAGE, Isotope-
The pre-selected specific sites (ICAT) labeling, Innovative approach
with moderate and severe mTRAQ labeling, concluded the novel
Periopaper strips
Carneiro et al., chronic periodontal disease Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS, changes in host and
(Oraflow, Plainview, 199 proteins Identified [19]
2014 were defined by pocket depth Human Albumin microbial derived
of 5–7 mm (24 patients) and >7 ELISA Kit, and S100- GCF proteome of
mm (16 patients) A9 protein periodontal patients
quantification by
Collected from a deciduous
second molar with
radiographic evidence of root Mass spectrometry
Periopaper strips One dimensional LC- 2789 proteins in control group and
resorption on 1 quadrant is a useful tool for
Rody Jr et al., 2014 (Oraflow, Plainview, MS and Two 2421 proteins in root resorption [23]
(experimental site) and from analyzing external
NY, USA) dimensional LC-MS group
the permanent first molar on root resorption
the contralateral quadrant
(control site) in the same jaw.
Collection from the mesio- This method offers
Methylcellulose strip ELISA and
buccal aspect of each site improved patient
Kinney et al., 2014 (Pro Flow, Inc., Quantibody Human - [21]
(tooth) for up-to 28 teeth per monitoring and
Amityville, NY, USA) Cytokine Array
patient. disease control
Concluded various
Collection were chosen based biomarkers which
on how well they represented One-dimensional Gel differentiate
Huynh et al., 2015 the healthy, gingivitis, and Electrophoresis and 121 proteins identified between healthy [22]
Scientific, Brookmall,
chronic periodontitis inclusion Nano-LC-ESI-MS periodontium,
criteria gingivitis, and
chronic periodontitis
Dent. J. 2017, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 9
4. Conclusions
Gingival crevicular fluid is a serum exudate that originates from the periodontal sulcus or pocket
and is regarded as a promising biological fluid for the detection of periodontal disease. Its
composition resembles normal serum, but its volume fluctuates in certain conditions such as those of
gingivitis, caries, external root resorption, and chronic periodontitis, as well as during orthodontic
tooth movement. GCF is composed of variable substances that include immunoglobulin, enzymes,
local mediators, toxin cells, protein peptides, tissue breakdown products, and microorganisms. The
level of this substance when fluctuating in the above-mentioned conditions, as reported in many
papers, will mark as a future diagnostic tool in their non-invasive analysis. Due to limitations in its
collection, which includes volume size and contamination, collecting methods need further work,
and a way to improve the ease for clinicians must be found; such development would help us to
better demonstrate the pathogenesis of such diseases and to determine better strategies for treatment
and early prevention.
Acknowledgments: We are thankful to Pakistan Human Saliva Research Group (PakSRG) for guiding us in the
compilation of this whole manuscript.
Author Contributions: All authors work equally.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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text:
Caribou Barbie strikes again!
Here's an (almost) exact copy/paste of something I posted last December.
* -- Co-founder.
- SF Chronicle interview with Wikipedia founder* Jimmy Wales on the move of the Wikioffices to San Francisco. Q: Do you worry that people at some point will feel like their work here is done? A: I used to worry. Part of the appeal in the early days of Wikipedia (was that) you could click on Africa and there (would be) nothing there and you (could be) the first person to type, "Africa is a continent." Whereas now to write a brand new article on something that does not already exist is kind of hard in English. You're writing about fairly obscure topics. But we haven't seen participation decline at all. It continues to grow.
* -- Co-founder.
Labels: Africa, Sarah Palin, Wikipedia

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thursday, March 31, 2005
Manipulating Parrots
Pepperberg described an experiment where the parrots refused to retrieve a nut that was hanging from a string. One of the birds, Alex, who knows over 1,000 words and can form simple sentences, repeatedly asked the trainer to get the nut for him.
He and the other birds became agitated when their requests were ignored. Pepperberg said that this ability to manipulate others using language previously was only thought to be a human trait.
Could be much more in selecting 'correct' food for our birds. They know what they want!
Saturday, March 26, 2005
This bird is showing outstanding colours
Sunday, March 20, 2005
Bridgeen & Bruce
I have two budgies (Bridgeen and Bruce) which I got from friends, they were keeping them outside in the cold , one of them had mites and we took them to a vet and eventually we fixed it.
My problem: I would love to have some kind of bond with them.
Practically they are scared of everything, me, my children, my dogs.
I keep them on the top shelf in the sunroom - 'room with the view' - once a month we let them, (by force), out of the cage for a little "stretching of the wings" time but it takes me ages to catch them under the thin towel so the don't get hurt.
It would be great if they come when I call them.
I am talking to them constantly and try to offer them food on my hand but they would rather hurt themselves then sit on my finger.
I don't know how old they are.
Please if you have some tips to help I would greatly appreciate it.
My Reply.....
Budgies are like people, treat them lovingly and kindly and they will show affection. Mistreat them, leave them in the cold, feed them irregularly, neglect their health and they will become sick, frightened and very nervous.
If mistreated from a very young age they don't know what correct treatment is and they are very wary of anything.
Your children can be affectionate towards them but your budgies are nervous of noise. Likewise with dogs.
Letting them out of the cage is a good idea however I wouldn't forcebly take them out. If you could leave the door of the cage open, they could fly out only if they want to. It could take a long time for them to become comfortable with human contact again.
Feeding them enthusiasticaly will gain respect. When you feed them try saying something like "Hello Bruce & Bridgeen we have some lovely food for you". They will know that you are looking after them and they will fly across to their feed bowl knowing that it is something they like.
Any Other Comments Please
Bruce & Bridgeen
Wednesday, March 16, 2005
Flying Budgies
I love to see budgies enjoying free flight. Maybe that is the most happiest
moment for birds in captivity.
Some of my parrot friends including me are competing to take the most
beautiful and fantastic photo of flying budgies. I usually make only one success
of 7-8 shots since it needs skill. The key to success is to focus on budgies
when they seem to feel like flying, and trip the shutter at the very moment
they are about to take off. However, the most difficult thing is to know
when they feel like flying...
Monday, March 14, 2005
Magpie residence
We have been fortunate to have a Magpie family accept our home as part of theirs.
In early spring we had a corralling from a young member of the family wanting attention, more importantly, wanting food. Mum & Dad looked on.
After persistant corralling he got his way and we fed him some bread. After that he came in the morning to start with, then up to 3 times a day corralling for his food.
I can see him laughing to his parents, this is easy, why go and look for it these people will feed me.
After a short time Dad joined in and really started to enjoy the attention. Mum is very timid and holds back to make sure everthing is 'safe'.
After about 8 or 9 weeks 'junior' was sent on his way, to make a family for himself and develop a home too.
We now have Mum & Dad calling on us still 2 to 3 times a day. Occassionaly they get fed some meat, Magpies are carnivouris, and they really make a strong song. When it doesn't appear on the next menu they get very objectionable.
We like our Maggies they give such a welcome song.
Saturday, March 05, 2005
Choosing a Budgie
When choosing a bird you should look for an active, bubbly bird with clear eyes and nares (nostrils).
Its feathers should be clean and held close to the body. The signs of a sick bird are sitting quietly, alone in a corner or on the bottom of the cage, fluffed feathers, labored breathing, holding the wings out or down away from the body and any liquid leaking from the eyes or nares.
If you see a bird looking ill and it is caged with others, let the pet store or breeder know immediately so all the birds can be looked at by a vet and treated for any illness.
If one bird is sick chances are others will be soon.
Remember to take any bird you buy to an avian (bird) vet as soon as you can to get a check up. Yes, even birds need regular vet care!
Tuesday, March 01, 2005
Science Study Explains The Sexy Glow Of Parrot Plumage
Fluorescent colors in human fashion fall in and out of style. But, the glowing look is always alluring if you're a parrot, according to scientists in the
New findings on parrot plumage are reported in the 4 January 2002 issue of the international journal, Science, published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
An ingenious experiment with budgerigar birds--completed by Kathryn E. Arnold of the
The researchers tested for evidence of fluorescent sexual signaling in the birds by applying sunscreen to the bright yellow crown feathers of males and females, to reduce the UV absorption of the plumage, consequently "dulling" their fluorescence.
The result: Both male and female budgies showed a significant sexual preference for brightly glowing (fluorescent) companions, compared to their sunscreen-slicked rivals. This suggests that natural fluorescence may be an adaptive signal in the birds, rather than a simple byproduct of their feather coloring.
With Kathryn Arnold, co-authors on this Science study were Ian P.F. Owens at the


text:
We're beginning the season of Lent this week, a season of sorrow and deep joy. It sounds like an unlikely pairing, doesn't it?
Thinking on it though, consider this…we are really only capable of the deep sorrow because we first own that deep joy. Without the joy there is no place for grief. We grieve out of the loss, out of the pain…the joy in there, still, always…waiting.
This time of Lent offers us a chance to experience the real and true gift of sacrifice. We can choose to do so with a fast…we can choose a traditional fast of some food or drink item…or we can "give up" something else, something which we have put in the God's place too often, without even realizing it.
What is it we put into that place, the one we ought to reserve for God? What earthly thing do we pick to FILL us, something tangible, some action or some thought…
Consider today…what you need to sacrifice…where you can MAKE ROOM for God to fill you this Lenten season.
Filed under: Uncategorized | Tagged: doxasoma, lent, mind/body |


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Combined with 8201 it will work with any camera that can shoot manual flash, giving you a cheap, light, off camera flash for under $15.
It doesn't have any power control, so you have to set it up, and then change aperture, ISO or the flash-subject distance. If you can live with that it is the cheapest lighting solution I know.
Use on-camera is not recommended since you don't know the voltage it works on (old flashes used high voltage that could harm your camera).
If you need TTL or even to manually alter the flash output you will need something a little better.
Also, since it only takes 2AA's the recharge is not too fast.
Very good to combine this with other flashes that can change power (then you control this unit's brightness through aperture), or if you put two of these on the white background to blow it out.Bottomline:
awesome setup for an off-camera flash but be ready to use all your lights on full manual.


text:
Sunday, September 4, 2011
Fun with Frames
I really had fun making this--the photo isn't very good, but the finished frame is sparkly and pretty in person! It looks better if you click your mouse once on the picture . . .
6 comments:
- Linda R. said...
What an amazing frame.. I love how you altered it.. So pretty!!!
Hugs, Linda
- September 6, 2011 at 6:49 AM
- Ellen said...
I love this altered frame...so very pretty. I will be out looking for a new frame to alter. Thanks for sharing it.
- September 7, 2011 at 8:09 AM
- Martina2801 said...
A magnificent work of art, dear Jann! Unique and beautiful!
- September 8, 2011 at 8:51 AM
- Sugar Lump Studios said...
this is just stunning! gorgeous colors and composition! Hope you have a wonderful weekend! :)
- September 9, 2011 at 4:08 PM
- Carol Anne's Boutique said...
Oh my goodness Jann...I have missed so many of your gorgeous creations, I'm so sorry I haven't been by to visit lately. Your frame is Absolutely Exquisite, I Love it so much! I adore the bird theme and the papers and embellishments are just stunning! You create the most beautiful frames I have ever seen...the transformation is amazing!
Enjoy your weekend!
Love you~CarolAnne
- September 10, 2011 at 7:11 AM
- Lynn Stevens said...
Gorgeous Jann, Your frames are just stunning! What a great gift these would make!
hugs Lynn
- September 17, 2011 at 8:59 AM


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Saturday, November 1, 2008
Winner of give-away
Just wanted to let everyone know that Semtaylor has won the surprise Mary Kay gift. Thanks for all who responded. If anyone is interested in ordering any Mary Kay let me know. I was really hoping to have over 300 comments but that didn't happen this time. Hopefully next time it will. Thanks again
4 comments:
- Kira said...
Thanks for the email and offer on samples and a giant congrats to the winner too!
- November 1, 2008 at 8:34 PM
- Meaghan said...
Thanks for entering our giveaway! We will be doing the drawing Nov 7. We do this giveaway every week so be sure to check back often
- November 2, 2008 at 10:34 AM
- AngiDe- Nana's Box said...
Hey, thanks for coming by and entering my giveaway! Good luck!
"Nana's Box"
- November 2, 2008 at 10:37 AM
- Tom Bower said...
We're so proud of you, Gina. You're such a blessing to our family. You're a wonderful Mama, wife and daughter in law. Oh, and the Mary Kay Products are great.
Love you honey,
Mom B.
- November 10, 2008 at 4:27 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Monday, August 22, 2011
Stalley - Chevys & Space Ships {Official Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 10:04 PM
The song dropped a little while ago so here's the visuals, Stalley is deff one of my fav artists at the moment. Hopefully he brings his sound to MMG and not try and be an MMG artist. Hope for big things from this guy 330 stand up!
Robb Relo - WTFPosted by LouisArtisan at 9:56 PM
Check out the indy artist from Cleveland, his mixtape No Brakes is out now! So go check that out. Also he's on Twitter @RobbRelo
Sunday, August 21, 2011
Louis Artisan - Rap For Twitter 4 {Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 6:25 PM
Not sure if you guys been following my little "Rap For Twitter" series but heres the 4th installment. Check it out, a lil personality and a lil showcase of raps.
Dig It? Like my FB Page! Which is also on the right side under the Blog's like page. Wanna make to 100 in the next week!
Kendrick Lamar gets passed the torch by a couple WestSide Legends {Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 6:12 PM
I cannot even begin to explain how dope this is yo, its as if your dreams become a reality man. Where all the people you listened to, looked up to as a kid are now recognizing YOU for your talent and not just that, they are applauding and praising you for what you have done and are set to do. They are giving you the spotlight, the torch to hold. This is just so dope on too many levels man, because hip-hop has always had a culture of violence and to see rappers show another emcee love like this is tremendous. I can only imagine how emotional this is for Kendrick, but the torch is in his corner now and I think he knows what to do with it. HiiPoWer
Saturday, August 20, 2011
Sir Michael Rocks - Cell DopePosted by LouisArtisan at 6:02 PM
Okay the video dropped the other day and here's the audio of it. Special Edition Grand Master Deluxe is on the way.
Friday, August 19, 2011
Wale - Sugar Hill FreestylePosted by LouisArtisan at 1:56 PM
Wale drops another freestyle over an AZ beat that I think is so illa, check it out and go cop Eleven One Eleven
Schoolboy Q - My HomiePosted by LouisArtisan at 1:50 PM
Nice track right here, Alchemist on the beat. It might be wise to expect something from him and Curren$y in the near future
illest Thing of The Week: Kobe Gets The Money....Again! {Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 1:32 PM
Dammit man I swear this guy is way too real man, and the dreamy music just like puts it on another level. It shows every point he made including the GAME WINNER OVER JAMES HARDEN! Kobe's too fuggin nice yo, I pray the NBA get their shit straight because I'd hate to miss my Lakers this season.
The Weeknd - Thursday [Official Mixtape]Posted by LouisArtisan at 1:18 PM
This is one guy who has quickly become one of my favorite artists and I have been anticipating this tape since I found out about it. I've hade House of Balloons in rotation since I heard it so Im expecting another strong tape from him. The cover is interesting to me, so I cant wait to listen. I DL'ed last night but my earphones crapped out so blast it through the speaker it is.
Download It!
Big K.R.I.T. - Last King 2 (God's Machine) [Official Mixtape]Posted by LouisArtisan at 1:09 PM
Here goes the tape, it has unrealesed material and features from the past year. Check it out.
Download It!
Wale - The Eleven One Eleven Theory [Official Mixtape]Posted by LouisArtisan at 12:53 PM
Here goes the Wale mixtape that most of you have already heard, I still havent D:, but check it out if you havent already. Ambition coming later this year.
Hit the jump for the Tracklist x Download
read more
Curren$y - Verde Terrace [Artwork]Posted by LouisArtisan at 12:47 PM
So here's the artwork for the DJ Drama assisted mixtape Verde Terrace, that drops on August 23rd. It gives me the whole Fear & Loathing in New Orleans vibe.
Mac Miller - Frick Park Market {Official Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 12:45 PM
Here's Mac's 1st single off of Blue Slide Park, opinions?
Sir Michael Rocks - Cell Dope {Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 2:30 AM
Dope song and vid by Mikey, Special Edition Grand Master Deluxe is on the way.
Chip Tha Ripper - CrimePosted by LouisArtisan at 2:21 AM
New shyt from that nigga from Cleveland
Monday, August 15, 2011
Pusha T - Amen [ft Kanye West x Young Jeezy] (Tagged)Posted by LouisArtisan at 9:59 PM
Really feeling this song yo [its tagged the fugg up tho], and Im not even the biggest Pusha fan but his last couple have been impressing. Not digging the Jeezy verse tho
Fear Of God EP. August 23rd.
Curren$y - PininfarinaPosted by LouisArtisan at 9:40 PM
1st offering off $pitta's latest tape Verde Terrace
J. Cole - Work Out {Official Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 9:14 PM
The vid is pretty nice, the song is cool. But did anybody notice Cole's eyes in this? lmao now you will.
Cole World: Sideline Story. September 27th.
Sunday, August 14, 2011
Wale - Chain MusicPosted by LouisArtisan at 2:57 AM
Wale is set to drop 11 new songs next week, be on the lookout
KiD CuDi - No One Believes Me {Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 2:38 AM
Not sure what this or from, but check it out its Cudi
Lil Wayne - She Will [ft Drake]Posted by LouisArtisan at 2:28 AM
So Wayne drops another and I understand Im being a lil late, well Im busy boii. But here it is, check it out what ya think.
Bonus: She Will {Remix} [ft Rick Ross x Drake]
I dont know if I ever said it but I've been highly disappointed in for the past couple years so Hit The Jump to hear my take on it in this comment I left on a c-section
read more
Lil Wayne - Tha Carter IV [Tracklist]Posted by LouisArtisan at 2:07 AM
So it appears to be dropping on August 29th, check the tracks (via 2dopeboyz):
01 Intro
02 Blunt Blowin'
03 MegaMan
04 6 Foot 7 Foot f. Cory Gunz
05 Nightmares Of The Bottom
06 She Will f. Drake
07 How To Hate f. T-Pain
08 Interlude f. Tech N9ne
09 John f. Rick Ross
10 Abortion
11 So Special f. John Legend
12 How To Love
13 President Carter
14 It's Good f. Drake & Jadakiss
15 Outro f. Bun B, Nas, Shyne (wtf!?) & Busta Rhymes
Friday, August 12, 2011
Jay-Z x Kanye West - Otis {Official Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 2:18 AM
I swear the only explanation for this video has to be boredom lol, cause this shit has nothing to do with nothing. And they're happy as shit, its funny. When's the last time Jay's been seen that happy? lol
Young Jeezy - Win {Official Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 2:14 AM
Me and your bitch together......thats a clear WIN, WIN
To Freestyle or Not To Freestyle, that is the question [feat Royce Da 5'9"] {Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 2:09 AM
Okay as an aspiring rapper, I can speak a little on this. 1st off you only get so many chances to showcase your skills so most people rather not chance it freestyling and sounding whack and then no one wants to listen to them. So people usually have writtens ready for so they can come with their best foot forward. And freestyling is not the easiest thing, you have a milliom things going on in your mind. You barely have any time to think about what you're saying so its hard to make em dope and sometimes you mouth moves faster than you thoughts and choke or mess up. And the way people eat you alive for doing something like that is another thing that makes people stay away from it. An in this hip hop landscape it might be more essential to work on your hooks than your freestyles anyway. But I do enjoy freestyling, but I am one of the more conservative guys who keeps written on me because you only have one 1st impression. But for somebody as esteemed as Royce, he could've busted a free and it wouldnt really matter howit sounded. I didnt like the move he made there, that was pretty weak
Wale - Ocean Drive [ft Magazeen, Tre, x Black Cobain]Posted by LouisArtisan at 1:39 AM
Album on the way, Ambition, but #NoDaysOff
Common - Ghetto Dreams [ft Nas] {Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 1:28 AM
I guess Common's been listening to Chuck Inglish "Beard kinda scruffy still I look like money".
Thursday, August 11, 2011
Meek Mill - Dream Chasers [Official Mixtape]Posted by LouisArtisan at 10:33 PM
So here goes Meek's first offering as a member of Maybach Music Group, Dreamchasers. Enjoi
Hit the jump for the Tracklist x Download
read more
Wednesday, August 10, 2011
Meek Mill - House Party [ft Young Chris]Posted by LouisArtisan at 5:21 PM
I can dig this man, Drama yelling is nothing new so check it out
Tuesday, August 9, 2011
Lil B - R.I.P. The Rap Game {Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 3:30 PM
Theres more to the BasedGod then you think you know, (after watching) now ask yourself are you really based? haha
Wale - I'm On One Freestlye {Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 3:26 PM
Wale lets go of the visuals for his rendition of the Jam of the Summer directed by Spliff TV
Meek Mill - Dream Chasers [Artwork]Posted by LouisArtisan at 3:21 PM
Meek Mill if you havent noticed has taken this MMG deal and ran with becoming the camp's main attraction (who would've thought?!) but he is and his debut mixtape drops on August 11th so are you ready to chase your dreams?
J. Cole - Any Given Sunday v.2 [FreEP]Posted by LouisArtisan at 3:15 PM
Here goes the 2nd offering in the series:
For the record, these are not mixtapes, not EP's either. I wake up on Sunday's and I decide what songs I want to let out or rerelease for yall. You've been so patient for 2 YEARS! I think you deserve some insight and unreleased music.Download It!
1. Bring Em' In- Made this in ATL during the "single hunt" phase. Even though it wasn't a single and won't make the album, I love this shit!
2. Roll Call- Just some real shit. Venting
3. Be Freestyle- "Put on for my city like my favorite jacket… "man, you gon' where that every got damn night??".. "know what I paid for this shit?? bitch, you got damn right!!"
9th Wonder - The Wonder Years [Artwork]Posted by LouisArtisan at 3:04 PM
This is one of my fav producers, this drops on Sept. 27
Friday, August 5, 2011
Nardwuar vs Casey Veggies [Interview]Posted by LouisArtisan at 4:32 PM
At Doot Doodle Loot Doot....
It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia Season 7 [Trailer]Posted by LouisArtisan at 4:30 PM
Yes! MY fucking show is coming back again and why the fugg has Mac gained so much weight lmaooo
Favorite Youtube comment:
"Now he DEFINITELY does not have the upper body strength to scale a building"
The Dream - 1977Posted by LouisArtisan at 4:18 PM
The Dream is releasing a Free album under his real name Terius Nash and not the moniker The Dream. It's called 1977 and oh just read this [via 2dopeboyz]:
"LP4 is underway I The-Dream have decided to go forward with Diary Of A Madman LP it almost didn't happen. So I'll be in my Def Jam uniform for atleast one more season!
Also a free 10 song internet album will be released by Aug 31st. LP 4, because of the contract negotiations, does not have a date but it will be released 4th quarter. But I will give a 10 song internet LP while you guys wait! I LOVE YOU.
The internet LP is entitled 1977 and will be released under my real name, Terius Nash, not The-Dream. Shooting videos for 1977 all this week. The Terius Nash Est. 1977 is very personal and to my fans!"
Big K.R.I.T. - Happy Birthday Hip Hop [ft Yelawolf]Posted by LouisArtisan at 4:13 PM
K.R.I.T.'s next tape ^ check out the latest from it
Monday, August 1, 2011
Drake - HeadlinesPosted by LouisArtisan at 12:51 AM
Here goes the 1st official single off of Take Care that Im pretty sure you heard already but here it is anyway, get over it. I like it its a smooth little hype beat by Boi-1da and is pretty fa show. Looking forward to the album which is slated for an Oct. 24th release. Pretty swaggy for October's Very Own huh?
J. Cole - Any Given Sunday v.1 [FreEP]Posted by LouisArtisan at 12:38 AM
Not gonna lie, that artwork is pretty dope. But anyway Cole World: The Sideline Story drops Sept. 27 [hopefully]. Here's the Tracklist and a little commentary on it by Cole:
"1. Like A Star- Was saving this for the 2nd album. Due to some other shit beyond my control, I'ma let this out now.
2. Knock On Wood- One of my fav. freestyles. OG Dreamvillains gotta be reminded, new fans gotta get put on.
3. Pity- Brand new J. Cole, Omen, Voli. Produced by Voli @volitheentity
4. How High- at one point this was guaranteed to go on The Sideline Story.
5. Unabomber- Just heard this today for the first time in a longgg time. Love these raps.
Every Sunday til the album drops I'll be back with something. Maybe just 1 song, maybe a video, depending on how I'm feeling.
September 27! We almost there. Until then…"
Download It!
Curren$y - Televised [ft Fiend]Posted by LouisArtisan at 12:29 AM
The reefurlution will be televised....yeah. Ay and Fiend as by far the worlds' deepest voice yo
Chevy Woods - The Drive [ft Mac Miller] x Crazy [ft Wiz Khalifa]Posted by LouisArtisan at 12:26 AM
Here goes some new Chevy, and an old one that Im not sure how I never posted. Like I was searching for a pic for this post and the site that used this one had the 'Crazy' song so here it is.
Chevy Woods - The Drive [ft Mac Miller]
Chevy Woods - Crazy [ft Wiz Khalifa]
Meek Mill - We Gon Get Dis Money {Video}Posted by LouisArtisan at 12:18 AM
Dreamchasers - Aug. 11th
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text:
This is definitely what my day was like. We missed a chance at a house yesterday and then I heard that my cat was still pretty upset and it had me sobbing in the dark at midnight last night.
Boredom, disappointment, ennui. In an effort to propel myself out of it we drove to a fabric store so I could get some sewing notions, since all mine are stored away.
I got two fat quarters to make a bag for the Byzantine Tarot, but I needed even the most simple things for hand sewing, like pins, needles, thimbles, thread, and a ruler, and then I threw in some sharp scissors for cutting fabric and some ribbon for ties.
There is a box of something on the plate rail above the lady in the image. It looks like glass-headed pins for sewing which is a timely message. I am missing an iron so not sure if I can borrow one from the motel; I'll have to ask.
Tentative steps toward a more positive attitude. If this works out I might hand sew some quilt blocks too. I love hand piecing.


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Straight Distance
Driving Distance
Estimated Driving Time
The straight distance between Almena, WI and Yards, VA is , but the driving distance is .
It takes to go from Almena, Wisconsin to Yards, Virginia.
Latitude: 45.4169 // Latitude: -92.033
We're sorry but Almena, WI weather is not available right now.
Latitude: 37.2923 // Latitude: -81.3101
We are sorry, but Yards, VA weather is not available right now.


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text: My name is David Blackwood and I am an Elder in Full Connection in the North Georgia Conference of the UMC. I am a husband and father. This blog is a collection of my thoughts on the revolutionary love of Christ and the Kingdom of God as it intersects with culture, politics, and religion. My goal is to reflect on the things like music, movies, books, articles, blogs, politics, and daily life with the purpose of understanding them in the light of Christ.


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For our first Christmas together, one of his gifts I gave Johnny was an ornament that was representative of our past year together. It's become something we do every year. I look forward to finding one thing that will mark the past year, and he looks forward to seeing just what moment I've chosen to hang on our tree.
This year as we hung each ornament we realized that 2010 seems to have gone missing. What's worse is I can't even remember what ornament I had gotten. I'm holding out hope that it'll show up when we bring all the boxes back out to pack all of our decorations back up. If not I may need to do some post-holiday ornament purchasing. Is it wrong to replace the 2010 ornament? Will it even matter 20 years from now if one in our collection happens to be a replacement year?


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The Republicans' Desperate Apartheid Calculus
It would seem strange to call the Republican Party desperate, given that they will soon hold more power at the federal level than at any time since 1928, plus control of a majority of the states. But despite the good fortune of the GOP in their unexpected slim victories in the Rust Belt, Republicans remain in a precarious position. Their party remains divided between new Trump loyalists predicated on white nationalism and economic protectionism, and the more establishment donor class core that supported Jeb Bush and Marco Rubio.
. . . Nowhere is that desperation more visible than in North Carolina, where Republicans reacted to electoral losses in the governorship and State Supreme Court by making a shocking power grab to strip the incoming Democratic governor of most of his powers–most notably over the boards of elections.
The Republican approach to power dynamics here more resembles asymmetric warfare than traditional political conflict: parties that expect to regain power once they have lost it don't typically behave this way, because they know that bad behavior can become a precedent used against them that will make it difficult for them to govern when they return to power. The Republican strategy here only makes sense if they expect never to regain power once they have lost it.
There's a good reason for this, of course. In states like North Carolina, the demographic tide is working against Republicans. There are fewer rural angry whites, and an increasing number of more liberal, younger, browner, better educated and more urban voters moving in. The Republican Party in states like North Carolina has made it a priority to restrict access to the voting booth in a desperate play to prevent their own electoral collapse. Their attempts to disenfranchise poor and minority voters were so egregious that the Supreme Court had to step in to stop them.
If Exxon CEO Rex Tillerson is confirmed after this latest news, it will mean Republicans have no shame at all:
Rex Tillerson, the businessman nominated by Donald Trump to be the next US secretary of state, is the long-time director of a US-Russian oil firm based in the tax haven of the Bahamas, leaked documents show.Tillerson – the chief executive of ExxonMobil – has been a director of the oil company's Russian subsidiary, Exxon Neftegas, since 1998. His name – RW Tillerson – appears next to other officers who are based at Houston, Texas; Moscow; and Sakhalin, in Russia's far east.The leaked 2001 document comes from the corporate registry in the Bahamas. It was one of 1.3m files given to the Germany newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung by an anonymous source. The registry is public but details of individual directors are typically incomplete or missing entirely.
I would feel a little bit bad about using anonymously leaked documents to discover how our new overlords are abusing us, but … well, you know.
So, let's see. Oil company CEO? Check. Direct ties to Russian oligarchs? Check. Using a Caribbean tax haven to cheat taxes? Check.
We know that a few GOP Senators were opposing Tillerson before this leak: McCain, Rubio, and Graham have all had their concerns because of the Russian connection. All it would take to derail the nomination would be three Republicans, assuming Democrats hold a firm party line – which given all of Tillerson's problems shouldn't be too challenging.
The question is whether more Senators on the right will come forward against Tillerson based on these leaks. In a normal political system with a normal political party we would expect to see that. But Republicans are not a normal political party these days, and neither use of international tax havens nor ties to dictators seem to bother them. Nor, apparently, having an oil company CEO with no previous diplomatic experience acting on behalf of the nation itself.
If the Republican Senate does confirm Tillerson, it will signify a final surrender to Trump, with all that entails. And then all that remains is resistance and accountability in 2018 and 2020.
R&A instead of R&R?
We'll see how they work that one out in the new Republican-dominated Congress.
Meanwhile . . .
In the spirit of Christmas?
That spirit of generosity, forgiveness, contrition and understanding?
Well, in the spirit of the USA! USA! USA!
Out of Prison, Barrett Brown Recommits Himself to Agitating Against Existing Order
After four years behind bars, journalist and activist Barrett Brown was released from federal prison on the morning of November 29, 2016, and ordered to report to a halfway house in Dallas, Texas. "I was picked up by my parents and Alex Winter and his camera crew," Brown told "Shadowproof." "They filmed me on the six-hour drive over to Dallas. We had to get to the halfway house by 4:00 pm, or it would be an escape charge. So, we barely made it." "[The Bureau of Prisons] originally gave me less time than was necessary to get there, and I had to go in there and forcibly get them to give me an hour more," he said. "They also told me falsely that I could go in any car, and it wouldn't be any problem, when in fact I could actually go back to jail for not being in a registered car." SOURCE: "Shadowproof"
Where is this Digital Watergate Propaganda Campaign Going?
by Daniel Espinosa Winder / December 17th, 2016
The Russians are coming! Once again, the structural bias of the American news media in favor of the 'official version' turns them into a propaganda tool. Intelligence sources point out Russian interference in recent elections. However, WikiLeaks-related sources say the Democratic Party's mail leak was the working of a whistleblower within that institution.
"Experts point out…", "Specialists agree…", "There is a consensus among intelligence agencies …" While the plot's been cooking for several months now, it was the DNC leaks and Hillary Clinton's subsequent defeat against Donald Trump what finally put the 'serious' press, mainly the "Washington Post" and the "New York Times," working in its propagandistic role: 'the Russians are trying to destroy American democracy', they say.
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a key tool of the US executive, was created in 1947 and has since been involved in more than a dozen coups, attempted assassinations, and a long list of covert operations around the world. However, this record does not seem to matter to the American corporate press, which continues uncritically channeling its official statements.
Mossadegh in Iran, Arbenz in Guatemala, Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, Goulart in Brazil, Allende in Chile, are just some of the leaders in the long list of CIA successful hits. Where it did not operate directly, as in Iraq in 2003, the CIA fabricated intelligence information indispensable to justify military aggression, with the dire consequences already known to the world.
Now they have brought it home: they don't like Trump and little more than a month away from January the 20th, intelligence reports, full of circumstantial evidence and 'official' opinions, have already caused the "New York Times" to begin comparing the alleged incursion of Russian hackers into the Democratic mailing servers with Watergate, the incident that saw Richard Nixon's departure from the White House in 1972.
However, indications that this is all about the working of a whistleblower, probably within the Democratic Party, and not an army of Russian hackers, seems more convincing:
"I've met the person who leaked them, and they're certainly not Russians, he's an insider. It's a leak, not a hack; they are two different things. If what the CIA says is true, and their statements refer to people they know is related to the Russian state, they would arrest someone if he was inside the United States … (who) has not been shy about arresting whistleblowers or extraditing Hackers. They just do not have any knowledge."1
This insistence on involving the Russians was at first useful to divert attention from the contents of John Podesta's and DNC's mails, but now we see it mutate into something far more dangerous, with monolithic support from mass media, as every time their masters smell blood, the "New York Times" and the "Washington Post" are dedicating front pages to it and the world's corporate media is going along. But where is this going?
As Craig Murray points out, when the media speak of 'credible' sources, and all this Russian charade is based on this blind trust in American officials, what it is saying is that they are establishment sources, for whom presenting solid evidence has been always optional.
In a statement to the "Daily Mail," Murray, a former United Kingdom ambassador to Uzbekistan, said he was the one to receive the documents from a Democratic Party employee in Washington, after the boycott suffered by Bernie Sanders in the primaries, which ended in the resignation of Debbie Wasserman Schultz and caused the condemnation by many operatives and sympathizers of the Democratic Party.
This kind of renewal of the 50's McCarthyism was carried out on several fronts, one of vital importance being referred to the alarm regarding the proliferation of 'false news'. The "Washington Post" published an article on November 24, citing the findings of an organization called Propornot, an anonymous group that drew up a list of 200 media devoted to 'Russian propaganda' and 'false news'.
Propornot's analysis against these media was made using a methodology that would embarrass even the laziest of school boys, since no real association was necessary with the Russian State: they simply incorporated the vast majority of alternative journalism blogs that had something critical say about US foreign policy, which generated the univocal rejection of both mainstream and independent journalism and a later clarifying note by the WP.
When the media that 'set the agenda' — such as when the "Washington Post," the "New York Times" or CNN publish an article — the rest of the world's corporate/state media follow obediently. What we observe, in short, is a transmission of information based on a questionable concept of authority, not facts.
Let us remember Iraq. At the inaugural rally of President George W. Bush's (January 30, 2001) the issue of removing Saddam Hussein was put at the top of the list, as recalled by former US Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill:
"It was about finding a way to do it. The president said, 'Go find me a way to do this.'"That's where the CIA comes in. The American anthropologist David Price has studied the agency for two decades and agrees with former agent Philip Agee that the CIA is: "the secret police of American capitalism." In addition, he believes that Trump is embracing political allies that would point to a strengthening of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to the detriment of the CIA.
An interesting month awaits us and Trump would do well in avoid trips to Dallas.
1"CIA Concludes Russia Interfered to Help Trump Win Election," "Guardian," 12/10/16.
Daniel Espinosa Winder lives in Caraz, a small city in the Andes of Peru. He graduated in Communication Sciences in Lima and started researching monopoly media and more specifically, propaganda. His writings are a critique of the role of mass media in our society. Read other articles by Daniel.
This article was posted on Saturday, December 17th, 2016.
I watched "Wag the Dog" (again) last night. It's amazing how bad our news has become in the 20 years since. At the end of one of the DVD extras was this: "So, will the next generation be able to tell the difference between real news and news that has been faked?" And that's a good question considering how many different source there are out there.
This is one of the extras:
"Wag The Dog" – From Washington to Hollywood and Back
This is an interview with the author of "American Hero," the book that the movie was built from:
(19:35 min, 1998)
Posted by: Curtis | Dec 17, 2016 10:14:13 AM | 20
Saturday, December 17, 2016
Cut It Out
"George Soros Is Funding Facebook's "Third-Party Fact Checking" Organization Targeting "Fake News."" "US Gov't, Oligarchs Behind Planned Fake News Flagging on Facebook". The censors are funded by what could be described as a caricature of a conspiracy theorist's fantasy of the real workings of the world.
" 9 Reasons Why PolitiFact Is Unqualified to Label 'Fake News'". Obviously partisan.
"Will Facebook's Fake News Warning Become a Badge of Honor?". I found it bizarre than any site so honored would strive to get off the 'fake news' list. Don't read anything that doesn't have a warning!
"That Time Tillerson Tried to Take on Hugo Chavez… And Lost". His $9 billion of revenge couldn't be any worse than what Barry is doing.
"Venezuela Brings Toys to Poor Kids, Gets Called 'Grinch' on CNN:"
"CNN's "Grinch" report exemplifies a popular new technique: Twitter has become the lazy journalist's favorite tool. With millions of users expressing millions of different opinions, ostensibly "neutral" news outlets can cite tweets that confirm their biases as putative "evidence" that the public feels a particular way on an issue - a way that almost always just so happens to reflect and serve powerful interests.Random tweets from unknown users can hence be quoted as examples of anonymous "critics" who echo corporate and government propaganda and rehash conventional wisdom. CNN's reporting is a case study in how to further sling mud at an elected socialist government that has for years faced aggression from the United States."
"Justin Liverman – emergency appeal".
Bearing in mind that Snowden may be CIA, this is still interesting: "Snowden: "Russia Successfully Rigged US Elections In Favor Of Trump"."
"NSA Whistleblower Destroys Obama's Russia Narrative – "Hard Evidence Points To An Inside Leak, Not Hacking"". Snowden has noted that the NSA's Panopticon should have gathered evidence showing exactly who was responsible. Exactly as with the MH17 crash, the lack of evidence from the NSA is itself evidence that the Americans are hiding something which doesn't match their preferred narrative. "As Binney further notes, the only way the leaks could have avoided NSA detection is if they were never passed over fiber networks but rather downloaded to a thumb drive by someone with internal access to servers." Proving it is a leak, not a hack.
"Assange: Some leaks may have been Russian" (the headline, while not false, is obviously carefully crafted to mislead you). Assange is playing a bit of game here, as he came as close as possible to naming Seth Rich as the leaker while denying he was doing so, so his ""Craig Murray is not authorized to talk on behalf of WikiLeaks," Assange said sternly.", and the timely tweet, should be read in the context of a bigger game. Binney's thumb drive theory is consistent with Murray's story.
"As a threshold matter, no national security agency is going to monitor an American registered to work as an agent for the Saudis. That's all the more true if the agent has the last name Podesta." Seriously? Also, more clarifying Clintonista swill in the guise of sophisticated analysis: "There's a section on the murdered DNC staffer, which I'm not going to focus on because I find it distasteful."
"Revealed: Who Gave Democratic Emails to Wikileaks."
"Politicized Intelligence Kneecapping Trump."
"The Cold War, Continued: Post-Election Russophobia."
"Iceland's Former Minister Of The Interior Claims The FBI Tried To Frame Julian Assange."
"Syrian girl posting #Aleppo diary is real, investigator concludes". The 'evidence' comes, in what must be some kind of sick meta-joke, from "Bellingcat!" The CIA lifts itself up by its own suspenders.
"Scoundrel Time: Lessons in Patriotism and Journalism From a Master."
"Large Number of Turkish, Saudi (Israeli) Officers Deployed in Syria's Aleppo City". Might just be Syrian government propaganda but it makes perfect sense that the state sponsors of terror would be watching their operation. Added: "BREAKING: At Least 14 US Coalition Military Officers Captured by Syrian Special Forces in East Aleppo Bunker."
"Aleppo Starts Uncovering Washington's Evil Designs". I wonder if the CIA has a clean-up crew working furiously in Aleppo to destroy evidence.
"Leftists and Jihadis." If you read Pulse, and I don't recommend you do, you'll see that the Wahabists are furious that the Left doesn't buy their lies.
"Eva Bartlett on Syria: Responding to Buzzfeed". There are still real journalists, but you can be sure they don't work for something as meaningfully named as Buzzfeed.
"US Backed Terrorists in Aleppo Consumed Food Delivered From Abroad While Civilians Starved". This kind of thing always happens.
"Top Ten Western Lies About Liberation of Aleppo." ""Aleppo Atrocities" – The Western Mainstream Media's Latest Psy-Op". "Celebrating the Liberation of Aleppo, Western Media Paints a Grim Picture without Mentioning that East Aleppo has Been Occupied by Al Qaeda For More than Four Years."
. . . "A 20-year toll: 368 gymnasts allege sexual exploitation." Look over there, Russian athletes are doping!
"The humane and sensitive Western correspondents in Beirut won't be tweeting this". Also, have you read any news about the humane battle in Mosul recently? Or: "Journalist Iona Craig: The U.S. Could Stop Refueling Saudis & End Devastating War in Yemen Tomorrow."
"Assad is thriving on the west's hesitation. The time for standing back is over". I had to laugh while reading this extraordinarily late call for boots on the ground. For all the riyals spent, the Saudis are not getting good value!
. . . "More Detroit Voting "Irregularities": 95 Poll Books "Missing" For Days; 5 Still Nowhere To Be Found". We stopped hearing about the recount when it started to uncover the wrong kind of fraud.
. . . "Why the Nazis studied American race laws for inspiration". There is more than a bit of irony in the current obsession of the mainstream media with neo-Nazis in the alt-right.
. . . from 21st Century Wire (H/T Greg Bacon)
According to two reports coming out of Aleppo today, at least 14 US Coalition military officers were captured this morning in an East Aleppo bunker by Syrian Special Forces.
This story was quietly leaked by Voltaire.net, who announced, "The Security Council is sitting in private on Friday, December 16, 2016, at 17:00 GMT, while NATO officers were arrested this morning by the Syrian Special Forces in a bunker in East Aleppo."
Louisville, Virginia Tech fined $25000 by ACC for accepting Wake Forest game plan
[KR1007] Keiser Report: Comedy in Age of Trump
December 17, 2016 by Stacy Herbert
We discuss how both the Italian bank, Monte dei Paschi, and the American retailer, Sears, survived war, Great Depressions and famine, only to be destroyed by the modern paper derivative. In the second half, Max does some stand up and then interviews comedian Lee Camp about the business of comedy in the age of Trump.


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Modern sofas give numerous benefits of a interior design for your house. Contemporary sofas appear in numerous basic styles and designs that glow the entire environment of your house. There are huge options in components, designs, designs and colors you could choose from when it comes to modern sofas.
Nonetheless, the choice of a fresh trendy sofa, first and foremost, depends on everything you actually need. Due to the massive selection of sofas you can pick from, you can get effortlessly mislead regarding which to choose. You should think initially what you certainly should be capable of select the excellent modern sofas for your house. Furthermore, consider the area you are going to use it in and the other furniture pieces plus accessories that you already own. It's also important to consider the funds that you can manage. It is important to understand your finances before you even consider buying one.
Amazing modern sofa 2016 Guidelines Current


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I am pleased to announce that my new blog is up and running! I'm now on Wordpress at http://crunchychewymama.com/
All of my blog posts from this blog, Mama's Mouth, and Inexact Science: Raising Healthy Families have been migrated over. They are currently all on the main page. Eventually I will break them out so that all the recipe and food entries go under "Healthy Eating," all the entries about writing and art go under "The Arts," etc. This is all explained on the "About" page (which also has a link to my new writer's site, which is not up yet). Right now the only way to find stuff is just to use the tag categories.
I also don't have up any links, or buttons, or ways to help readers subscribe or anything savvy and smart in terms of social networking. I had help with the design and migration and am just now going to try to log in myself to post something. I anticipate I won't write again here except to announce the move is official and complete. But if I can't figure out what I'm doing right away, I'll keep posting here until I do!
Friday, June 4, 2010
Moving on up...
Posted by Crunchy-Chewy Mama at 8:51 PM
Labels: writing
2 comments:
- Sen. Baskerville said...
Hey. Just saw you on CNN. Congrats!!!
- September 30, 2010 at 12:21 PM
- kristina young said...
I found the blog some what interesting in its content wise and easier to understand what they had said. I love if you publish the blogs often.
Pawn Shops in Alabama
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- August 21, 2017 at 10:58 AM
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I recently attended a dinner at a new Brazilian steakhouse on the Southside of town called Terra Gaucha and if you know anything about Brazilian steakhouses, you know that they are a carnivores delight. To that end, Terra Gaucha did not disappoint!
As in any other Brazilian steakhouse, Terra Gaucha has a salad bar with all the fixings but let's keep it real, if I know I'm going to be dining at a Brazilian steakhouse, I'm not saving room for anything but MEAT! I didn't even touch the plantains and fried polenta given to our table.
Bring on the MEAT!!!
In Brazilian Steakhouse fashion, gauchos bring around meat upon meat upon meat for as long as you can stand it. You tell them what cut you'd like, rare or well done, they slice it, you grab it with your adorable tongs, and enjoy! Here is some of what we had!
Garlic Picanha (Top Sirloin)
This is Terra Gaucha's signature cut which is also the most popular Brazilian cut of beef.
Tender Pork Spare Ribs
Garlic Steak which was my fav!
Lamb Chops
We also had beef tenderloin, bottom sirloin, rib eye, beef ribs, bacon-wrapped chicken and sausage (which was amazing) but I was probably too busy stuffing my face to capture a picture! Take my word for it, everything was good!
My friend Sharon looks wayyyyyy to excited for that piece of meat! LOL!
This plate is a carnivorous treat for sure! If you notice the red and green medallions, they're kind of like green light/red light. If the green side is up, the gauchos will continue to serve you. If the red side is up, they will stop.
Last but not least, dessert and I'm going to be honest with you...I didn't touch it because I was ready to burst at the seams. It was Caramel Custard and from what I was told, it was delicious.
Everything at Terra Gaucha was extremely flavorful and my goodness, you can seriously fall into a meat coma with the amount of meat you're offered! You will definitely get your money's worth but my advice is to go on a completely empty stomach or you'll be sorry! Trust me!
As always, thanks so much for stopping by!


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When the Atlanta Falcons released several players this NFL offseason to create some salary cap space as well as bring in some fresh blood, there was none more disappointing to fans than the release of defensive end John Abraham. As one of the team's leaders, as well as being beloved in the community, it was sad for fans to see The Predator go.
With the signing of former New York Giants DE Osi Umenyiora, it seemed like Abraham had been replaced and that any chance of him returning was now thwarted.
Not so, says Falcons GM Thomas Dimitroff. In an interview with the NFL Network, Dimitroff confirmed that the door may still indeed be open for Abraham to return for an eighth season with Atlanta.
"We never say never," Dimitroff said during his appearance. "There is a lot on the horizon. We have some decisions to make across the organization, but we never say never as far as acquiring or bringing people back."
Most importantly, Abraham–along with most other veteran players who have not been signed yet–will more than likely have to wait until after the upcoming NFL Draft before their phones begin to ring. If Atlanta is able to pick up a pass rush specialist with one of their draft picks, the chances of Abe coming back to the Falcons is slim.
But Atlanta has many draft needs this season, so depending on how the picks fall and who the Falcons have on their big board, the possibility exists that they may not get a defensive end who they feel will give them what they need right way. If that's the case, then the call to Abraham will more than likely be one of the first ones that Dimitroff makes.
In a 13-year career, seven with Atlanta, Abraham has compiled some impressive numbers, including 122 sacks and 43 forced fumbles in 175 NFL games.
Michael Collins is a Rant Sports Senior Writer, and Atlanta sports columnist. Follow him @GaSportsCraze on Twitter and here on Facebook


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They after they we see new ways in which the groom comes to the marriage venue. This groom came to the venue in his sports car and his friends on heavy bikes which is something very new. Click the link below to see how the groom reaches the venue drifting in his car.
(Visited 11 times, 1 visits today)


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Ok, so I'm an idiot. Confession of stupid:
I kiiiiinda did not expect this hernia surgery thing to hurt this much. Or at all. I mean, I thought maybe a little soreness but easily controlled with painkillers. The kids would be at their grandparents and I would sit around with painmeds and sip on soda, watch Dr. Who dvds. I thought this because lots of people told me that when you have it done laparoscopically you recover really fast. Liars! To me, fast means as close to immediately as you can get without actually being right that second.
Cute Overload, again.
Recovery started with me waking up to lots of medical folks running around yelling something about a fire and then someone in my face all ER like, "Sara? Sara?"<—my real name btw, mom didn't want to put Sadie on the birth certificate because the woman I'm named after told her not to. Which is confusing enough because no one except doctors, professors and police call me Sara so I was all, "What? fire? sara?" and the nurse disappeared and came back with my doctor who confirmed my identity. But I was still all up about this fire because I was really really afraid I was going to be wheeled onto the street and put on the news. That's what happens every time a nursing home burns down and I always feel so bad for those people waving from their beds. I would never wave. I would probably just pass out from embarrassment.
Luckily the fire thing was under control so inside I stayed. Down to recovery where they shoved a cracker in my face and said it would raise my blood pressure. A cracker. Um…
Then they sent me and my body full of pain home. Where my pain pills did not relieve body pain but instead made me super nauseous. Yay!
Then I had to sleep sitting up. What the hell was I thinking? I thought. So I had a couple hernias. Who cared? Who even cared if I had a flesh ball sticking out of my tummy? No one. I should have just left it until an intestine got strangled in it or something.
Today (two days post surgery) I feel a bit better. Moving around more and trying to figure out how to strike that Lee Dewyze picture from the blog that keeps getting annoying hits.
I hate the pace of recovery. I miss my kids. My mom has been great of course.
Share your stories of recovery. What days were the worst for you? How long does it usually take you to get over surgery? Do you have an aversion to pain medication? How unfair is that???
Anyway, talk to me because now boredom has set in.


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How to Grow a Wildflower Meadow
If you are an avid gardener, chances are good that you love the outdoors. I'm sure you don't just love being on your knees with your hands in the dirt. Although that part is great, you probably love the sunshine and feel of the wind on your face; the sights and sounds of all that nature has to offer. The wonderful thing about nature is that it's available to everyone simply by stepping out your front door.
Chances are you have a burden for the earth if you love nature and love being in nature. You, like me, might be concerned about the plight of bees and insects, whose habitats are being destroyed by urban and suburban development and whose lives are threatened by the use of increasingly harsh pesticides in our factory farming practices.
The good news is there's something simple, beautiful, and wonderful you can do to attract birds and insects to your garden, to give them shelter from the elements, and to help preserve native bees and other species being threatened by these forces. Grow some wildflowers!
The Wildflower Meadow
Wildflower meadows are some of the most enchanting sights in life. I can remember driving through the mountains of the American West as a kid and seeing the wildflower meadows which had been there for centuries, probably, untouched by farming or human hands. The diversity of color and shape is beautiful and captivating. You can sew a wildflower meadow or a simple patch very easily. The best part is you won't need to water it or cultivate it in any way once it's been established.
The Planning Stage
You may have already identified the plot of land you wish to turn into a wildflower meadow. Throughout history, wildflower meadows and prairies have sprung up after a disaster – like a fire – has cleared out trees and made an open space. You will simply be helping nature along its natural course by speeding up the process.
In fact, if you want to check out the oldest man-made meadow from seed, go to the University of Wisconsin, Madison Arboretum. In 1935, the Curtis Prairie was started by crews from the Civilian Conservation Corps and has grown into a collection of restored ecosystems that is one of the most extensive in North America. It's a definite must-see if you want to check out wildflowers this summer.
The next thing you want to do is gather all the information you can get about your patch of land. Ask yourself these questions:
- Does it get the recommended 6 hours of sun per day, or is it a little shady?
- What's nearby: farmed land, grass, forest?
- Is it a weedy patch or a previously farmed plot of land?
- How open is it; how many trees?
You can consult a local university or do a search online about which plants are native to your area. There are companies which can supply you with the right seed mixture for sunny or partly shaded areas.
Different Types of Soil
Next, you want to know what kind of soil you're working with. Is it sandy, clay or loam?
Sandy Soils
These are sometimes called light soils. They have large sized particles, loose and easy to work with. They drain easily, which makes for dry soil. It contains a high percentage of air because it's not a densely packed soil. Sandy soils are low nutrient soils and often more acidic and less fertile.
Clay Soils
Sometimes called heavy soils, they are opposite of sandy soils in particle size. Clay soils have very small and densely packed soil particles. They're harder to work with because of how the particles bond together – like clay! Most clay soils dry out completely on top in the summer and become hard, sometimes very hard. They are nutrient-rich and can hold water well. Clay soils can be quite productive.
Loam Soils
These soils are between clay and sand. They are the best possible scenario as they have properties of both, are usually fertile, hold water and provide good drainage. They can be easy to work with and very productive. Wildflowers, like most plants, do best in loam soil.
You can do a squeeze test by digging a small hole, 12 inches deep, and taking dirty from that depth. You can either squeeze a handful of dirt in your hands or rub it between your thumb and finger to sense the properties. Is it slick and forms a ball quite easily? That's probably clay. Is it gritty and runs through your hands? That's sand. If it's between the two, you have loam!
In addition, you also need to be aware of how high the water table is on your site. Does water stand or pool in places on your site during the wet times of year or is it always dry and almost never wet? If it's wet for a good part of the year, you may have heavy clay soil or you may be in a low-lying area that is close to the water table.
Preparing Your Site
The next thing you need to do is free your plot of weeds and grasses. Depending on the type of soil, you may be able to plant in the spring or fall. Clay soils will need to be planted in fall. If you have heavy clay, you'll need a specific type of seed mixture that can thrive in clay soil. If you try to plant clay soil in the spring, your equipment will get stuck in it – it's still too wet. Sandy and loamy soils can be planted in spring.
The preparation of the soil is the most important part of the process. Once you have this down, and seeds are planted and take over, you won't have to mess with it again. You must make sure that the seed bed is free of weeds and debris (invasive species like Thistles, Quackgrass, Smooth Bromegrass, Johnsongrass, Canada Goldenrod, Grey Goldenrod, Grey Dogwood, Sumacs, Buckthorn, Tatarian and Japanese honeysuckles, and multiflora rose to name a few.)
For more information on invasive and weedy plants, you can visit Environment Canada or the United States Department of Agriculture).
If it has grass on it now, it must be rototilled. If you plan to make your wildflower meadow next to an area which will still contain invasive species, you will have to mow a 10-foot strip between them to prevent your wildflower meadow from being overtaken.
How to Prevent the Growth of New Weeds
For one or two growing seasons, the work of establishing the wildflowers will be more intense. You can prevent the growth of new weeds by smothering – laying blankets, garbage bags or anything which will keep the underlying weeds from taking root again – or cultivating, which is basically tilling or plowing every 2-3 weeks. Additionally, be aware that if you wait too long between cultivations, the weeds will take hold again and you will have to start over.
Herbicides and Cultivation
You can also use herbicides or a combination of herbicides and cultivation, although herbicides are generally worse for the environment and if you can avoid using them, you should. One more natural herbicide you can use is vinegar, however, vinegar used too heavily will render the soil infertile, so be careful!
I can't stress enough how important the preparation is for establishing a wildflower meadow. Most of them fail because they are overtaken by invasive weeds. Sometimes it makes more sense to plow or till for two growing seasons in order to reduce the population of weedy species drastically before you spread your seed. I've even heard of planting oats or buckwheat to take care of a patch overtaken by rowdy grasses before beginning to sow your native flowers and grasses. Whatever method, be prepared to do a lot of preparation. It will be well worth it in the long run.
Take Away
There are many great reasons to plan and execute a wildflower meadow or patch on your property. Putting in some thought and extra work for a season will give you years and years of enjoyment and provide shelter for all those beneficial birds and insects we love. For more about wildflower meadows please see How to Cultivate Your Wildflower Meadow!


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Tuesday, January 15, 2008
Still Recovering
It's Tuesday and I'm still recovering from the marathon. It looks like I'm going to lose one toenail. Today's the first day the toe has began to have normal feeling sensations. Otherwise, my legs are still really sore. Yesterday, I spent time in the hot tub, used the foam roller, had a steady diet of Ibuprofin, and got a Ben Gay muscle rub. It's getting better but slowly.
Tomorrow, I plan on doing yoga and swimming. I'm going to slowly ease back into it.
My feet are really swollen too. For all the activities I've done in my life, this is by far the most traumatic on my body. It's getting tiresome walking like a penguin.
Probably the hardest part of the recovery is I can't physically move on, so I keep reliving the marathon trying to figure out how I could have gone faster. I think if I can work it in to my training for the IronMan, I'd like to break the sub 3 hour mark. Tucson's probably the best course for this because it's all down hill. Many people use this event to qualify for Boston. We'll see!
I've been fundraising to build up a tri-bike. I've sold some things on Ebay, and plan on listing some more things tonight. The right bike is crucial for optimal time on the bike leg of the event. Unlike a traditional road bike, a tri bike has a very different geometry allowing you to ride in an aerodynamic position. A regular road bike will work; however, riding in an aero position will buy you 2-3 MPH and more comfort. This translates in to a time savings of 30 minutes and a fresher start of the run. During the Redman Half Ironman, I rode my regular road bike and tried to ride the entire race in the drops (lower part of handlebars); it wasn't very comfortable--especially on my lower back. So, I'm hoping to remedy that with a different bike. I've posted a picture of my dream tribike.
Posted by The Hard Road To Kona at 4:58 PM
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From the publisher's website:
The prize at the end of Germany's 1942 summer offensive was Stalingrad. The city, while being a propaganda key due to its name, was also a key industrial city sitting upon both rail and river networks. The German 6th Army hit arrived at the west bank of the Volga by late August and began their assault on the city. "Stalingrad must not be taken by the enemy" ordered Stalin. Now you can command the defense of the city and try to hold versus a talented, but stretched thin, German Army. Or will you find something the Germans didn't and seize both the city and the day?
As has become common with games in the IGS line, playability matched with historical flavor has been achieved to a remarkable degree. In Storm Over Stalingrad, players alternate impulses where they move or fire, but only rarely both. Cards influence play, but do not drive the game. Can you take most of the city of Stalingrad before the Soviet offensive begins?
Storm Over Stalingrad contains:
Storm Over Stalingrad details:
Storm Over Stalingrad scale:
Storm Over Stalingrad was designed by Tetsuya Nakamura, English development by Adam Starkweather, and artwork by Nicolas Eskubi.
Players: 2
Playtime: 180 Minutes
Ages: 12 +
Published by: Multi-Man Publishing