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An Introduction
From the Editor, Carol Berkin
The Gilder Lehrman Institute announces the launch of "History by Era," an innovative and exciting new approach to our national history and one of the richest resources for the study and the teaching of American history we believe you will ever encounter. It has been designed for teachers who want to create their own effective and stimulating history curricula; for students who want to do independent research on a topic; and for lovers of history everywhere who believe that understanding our national past is the obligation and right of all citizens.
We believe that "History by Era" is a unique web resource. The web is filled with useful material for the historian and the history lover, but the sites that offer this material often present it randomly, without a coherent narrative or an interpretive overview. "History by Era," however, has been carefully designed to provide the reader with a framework that organizes the rich resources it offers. It does this by providing coherent coverage of the full sweep of American history, bibliographies, a wealth of primary sources, and, most importantly, highly readable interpretive essays by the most renowned scholars in the country.
"History by Era" is not an online textbook. From the beginning, we set ourselves the task of providing the reader with a far richer texture than a textbook can offer. At its core, "History by Era" is a collection of fifty individual essays written by some of the most distinguished scholars of our day. It thus speaks to the reader not in one voice, but in fifty different, unique voices as each of these renowned scholars interprets the important developments, people, events, and ideas of a particular era.
"History by Era" takes its structure from the most basic building blocks of American history: chronology and periodization. We have chosen ten chronological eras: The Americas to 1620; Colonization and Settlement, 1585–1763; American Revolution, 1763–1783; The New Nation, 1783–1815; National Expansion and Reform, 1815–1860; Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877; Rise of Industrial America, 1877–1900; Progressive Era to New Era, 1900–1929; Great Depression and World War II, 1929–1945; and 1945 to the Present. We recognize that these ten divisions of our national history, like all historical divisions, are convenient constructs rather than rigid historical realities. They were selected because they are familiar signposts for most school history courses. We hope that you will see these eras as large containers, spacious enough to hold topics in political, social, economic, technological, diplomatic, and cultural history, yet compact enough to allow you to explore subjects in depth. Realizing that many key developments in our national history span several eras, we have added a final or eleventh "era" which we have called "Themes." "Themes" allows the reader to follow a subject such as African American History, Women's History, or Immigration and Migration across the decades or centuries.
Each era follows the same pattern or template so that a reader can move easily from one era to another. An era begins with an overview essay by a distinguished historian. Next, there are sub-era essays that elaborate specific topics. For example, in Era I, The Americas to 1620, you will find an overview essay, followed by three sub-eras: American Indians, Imperial Rivalries, and Exploration. Under each of the sub-eras, you will find a historian's introduction to that topic followed by a set of featured documents, or primary sources, including letters, government or legal documents, paintings, photographs, and songs, drawn from the extensive holdings of the Gilder Lehrman Collection. The historical essays set the context for understanding and interpreting these primary sources and together, essays and primary sources demonstrate how scholars, teachers, and students can use the raw materials of history to reconstruct the past. Each sub-era also has a timeline and key terms with basic, essential information; additional essays covering other aspects of the topic; podcasts of historians discussing this topic; teaching resources; interactive pieces; and a bibliography of recommended sources for further reading or viewing.
We hope you will find this treasure trove of history and interpretation as exciting as those of us who have worked on creating it do.


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subset: commoncrawl


text: Whenever we forget how massively inter-connected our food supply is, a huge national recall of prepared foods comes along and reminds us. This time, the reminder comes from Minnesota-based manufacturer Parkers Farm Acquisition, LLC, which packages salsa, cold pack cheeses, peanut butter, and pepper spreads under its own name and also store brands. Some of their products were contaminated with the very nasty foodborne pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes.


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I restate my idea on blocking imports of manufactured goods.
I've posted this before. It's revised and brought up to date. I still believe in it. America is in a weak position with regard to manufacturing and the global markets – in a losing game. Labor is cheaper in many other countries, so it costs them much less to make most products than it costs us. When you buy something from Walmart, where was it made? Most likely China, Korea, Japan, India, or Singapore. Who receives your purchase money? After Walmart takes their cut, most of it goes to those countries. Those countries don't buy much from the United States, hence we have a trade deficit with them. (To give Walmart credit, they're working to offer more American made goods.)
Many believe that's a good thing: American consumers pay less for the items made in cheap-labor countries, than what they would pay for American made goods. In my mind, we'd be better off if we didn't .
Because we depend on foreign countries for cheap goods, entire industries have left the United States, and we have a current unemployment rate of more than 7.5 per cent, and much worse if you count the people who have left the work force. On the other hand, huge industries have grown in China and the other cheap-labor countries. In essence, we employ their workers over our own.
This has been going on for many years. Politicians berate unemployment, decry the loss of industry, but never do anything effective about it. As with so many problems, the government matches Albert Einstein's famous definition of insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. They have hampered our industries even more: our companies are saddled with the highest corporate taxes in the world, as well as nearly the highest labor cost. (It's hard to obtain comparison figures, but the world's highest labor cost in manufacturing probably goes to Norway or Denmark – socialist countries.)
Perhaps an entirely new approach is needed. I suggest one which most people will dismiss out of hand, unless and until they give it real consideration:
We should block imports of all manufactured goods, including those made overseas by American firms.
I'm not blocking raw materials or specialty foodstuffs. We could still bring in wine from France, and cheese from Switzerland. I'm blocking all manufactured goods.
Think about that for a moment. That would almost terminate international trade, wouldn't it? Is that such a bad idea? The rest of the world would be horrified. America is the largest single market in the world, almost matching the combined countries in the European Union. Our home market is so big, we don't really need to sell to the world outside our borders (my opinion.)
The truth is, we are capable of manufacturing everything we need. We don't need to export goods in order to find places to sell them.
If we blocked all imports, what would this do? Manufactured goods prices would rise, of course, but we would begin to see our own plants manufacturing again. We would see an explosion of new manufacturing and consequently, greatly increased employment in this country. This would help us once again enjoy the most powerful economy on the planet.
I'm not totally evil – I'd give the foreign countries a way to sell their goods within our economy:
Allow foreign companies to form stock corporations, with at least 10% American ownership, in the United States, and allow them to manufacture goods here, providing that no less than 85% of the employees of the firm are U. S. citizens.
This has happened in the auto industry. Honda, Toyotas, and other firms have built plants in the United States, and most of their cars are assembled here. That's good.
However, some American car firms manufacture cars in other countries (such as Mexico*), and essentially import their cars. I'd stop that – my laws would apply to them as well.
This is a radical change, and we'd see negative consequences as well:Environmentalists would be outraged. They would worry about emissions and global warming, increased power use, and on and on. We should insist that new plants be built with environmental safeguards, where possible. Other countries might reciprocate, and/or retaliate against trade with us. No trade with them. Big deal. Some of our companies might lose significant external sales. For example, GM sells a lot of cars in China; if China cuts off imports from us (retaliating), GM would hurt, and there would be some loss of jobs. There are those who believe America exists primarily to support Third World countries. They too would be outraged that we did something so selfish. But, our primary objective should be to optimize conditions in this country. The shipping and port-related industries would take a hit. We'd be importing a great deal less – just raw materials. China's economy might collapse, and they might start a third World War with us. There are all kinds of doomsday scenarios we could imagine, but we get a lot of those as a result of just living. I think the odds are against this.
We couldn't implement this all at once. There would be a need for a transitional period, allowing time for our manufacturing capabilities to be built up. I suggest increasing tariffs, in several steps, gradually reducing imports and leading up to the final cutoff. A reasonable time might be two years. We could also do it with decreasing goods quotas rather than tariffs.
I haven't seen anyone advocating this idea, but I believe in it, but another interesting idea intended to achieve a balance of trade was advanced by Warren Buffett and others. A bill to implement it was introduced into the Senate, but it never went anywhere. His idea was the Import Certificate. Warren Buffett's idea
I'd really welcome comments. Or at least, intelligent ones.
* Note – Ford makes autos and parts in an incredible array of domestic and overseas factories. See Ford factories around the world. So does General Motors: List of GM factories.


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Ex-Magic teammates ridicule Dwight Howard's leadership
Just when Dwight Howard breaks through with the Lakers, the All-Star center faces a backlash from the teammates he left behind.
Despite a stellar outing against the Hornets in the Lakers' comeback win Wednesday, Howard had a fresh controversy waiting for him at his locker thanks to comments he made to KCAL-TV earlier in the week. While discussing his eight years with the Magic, Howard said, "My team in Orlando was a team full of people who nobody wanted, and I was the leader and I led that team with a smile on my face."
Want to guess who hates being called a person "nobody wanted"? Everybody.
Howard's former teammates learned of the comments in short order and shot back at the three-time Defensive Player of the Year.
"At some point, when are you [Dwight] gonna as a man, when are you going to take ownership and stay out of the media in a professional manner?" Magic point guard Jameer Nelson told theOrlando Sentinel on Wednesday.
MORE: Phil Jackson sends Dwight Howard his support
LAKERS: Jerry West breaks down Los Angeles' problems
Former Magic shooting guard J.J. Redick echoed those sentiments.
"I'm not surprised by it," Redick, now with the Milwaukee Bucks, told ESPNLosAngeles.com on Wednesday. "I would be more surprised when Dwight starts taking responsibility. That would be the most negative thing I can say, but that's the truth.
"You can't take all the credit and not accept any of the blame."
Howard recognized the media maelstrom he created and quickly backpedaled, saying his words were misinterpreted.
"My statement was just to say that our team that I played with in Orlando, we were the underdogs," Howard said, according to ESPNLosAngeles.com. "Nobody really talked about our team. It was underrated. Everybody overlooked us for the whole time I was there in Orlando and I hated that. We all hated that. We thrived off that. My comments were never to say anything disrespectful to those guys."
Howard can claim his words were manipulated, but Nelson and Redick suggested that his comments are not out of character. And former Magic forward Rashard Lewis and former Magic general manager Otis Smith both scolded Howard for his comments, as well.
Regardless of the truth to Howard's statement, lobbing grenades at a group that made the 2009 NBA Finals is unbecoming for a player who had such a nasty divorce from the team that drafted him. And the comments aren't likely to fade away with Howard's first return trip to Orlando looming on March 12.


text: Hello! Diamonds Mania, popular and loved by many gamers, returns! The best in its genre game has transformed and acquired great new features. Pick gemstones along to clear the field, earn points and bonuses. The more stones you pick at once, the more points and bonuses you earn. Your job is to pick gemstones of the same color. The goal, in its turn, depends on the game type you have chosen. In the tactical game, you will have to solve an uneasy problem and clear the game field, all to the last stone. In the second game type, you simply earn the required points and move to the next level. See how many points you are to earn on the Status Bar. In the time trial game, clearing the game field gives you both points and extra time. Dont forget to keep an eye on the Status Bar; here it indicates how much time youve got. Use special objects and additional opportunities to pass the levels quicker. Clearing the entire game field gives you an extra bonus. Dont forget, when earning points and bonuses you take higher places in the game leader board. If you found yourself in a difficult situation, the X button at the bottom of the screen will give you a hand; it grants access to new play features. Spending a few Red Diamonds enables you to use the bomb to explode several stones or Iron Block, return a few steps back using the Undo or place a missing stone onto the game field. ⭑Choose any of the 3 game types with absolutely different level completion goals. ⭑If you already feel yourself an expert in the game, check out another level of game difficulty. ⭑Create incredible combos on the game field and earn bonuses. ⭑Pick Red Diamonds to use games advanced features. ⭑Get even more bonuses for successful completion of a level. ⭑Special objects in the game will help you complete new levels quicker. ⭑Support for all devices running under iOS. ⭑Support for Retina screens, terrific quality of play image. ⭑Excellent music and sound accompaniment. Beware! Highly addictive! Link to Free version: https://itunes.apple.com/app/diamonds-mania-2-next/id635845532


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Quote:LOS ANGELES, California (AP) -- Johnny Ramone, guitarist and co-founder of the seminal punk band The Ramones that influenced a generation of rockers, has died. He was 55.
Ramone, who had been fighting a five-year battle with prostate cancer, died in his sleep Wednesday afternoon at his Los Angeles home surrounded by friends and family, said the band's longtime artistic director Arturo Vega.
\"He was the guy with a strategy. He was the guy who not only looked after the band's interest but he also was their defender,\" Vega said in a telephone interview from New York.
Ramone, whose birth name is John Cummings, had been hospitalized in June at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.
Johnny Ramone was one of the original members of the Ramones, whose songs \"I Wanna be Sedated\" and \"Blitzkrieg Bop,\" among others, earned them an induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002.
Johnny Ramone co-founded the Ramones in 1974 in New York along with singer Joey Ramone, bassist Dee Dee Ramone and drummer Tommy Ramone, who is the only surviving member of the original band. All four band members had different last names, but took the common name Ramone.
Joey Ramone, whose real name is Jeff Hyman, died in 2001 of lymphatic cancer. Dee Dee Ramone, whose real name is Douglas Colvin, died from a drug overdose in 2002.
Clad in leather jackets and long black mops of hair, the group started out in legendary New York clubs like CBGB and Max's Kansas City, where they blasted their rapid-fire songs.
Since its debut album in 1976, the band struggled for commercial success, but they left a formidable imprint on the rock genre. Though they never had a Top 40 song, the Ramones influenced scores of followers, including bands such as Green Day and Nirvana.
Even Bruce Springsteen was moved. After seeing the Ramones in Asbury Park, New Jersey, Springsteen wrote \"Hungry Heart\" for the band. His manager, however, swayed him to keep the song for himself and it became a hit single.
The band had encounters with other big names, including producer Phil Spector, who collaborated with the band in 1980 for the album \"End of the Century.\" During the session, the late bassist Dee Dee Ramone said Spector pulled a gun on the band.
\"The Ramones had it rough,\" said Vega, who's worked with the band for 30 years. \"The band almost had to be protected from people who were taking advantage of them. There was never any money made.\"
Johnny Ramone changed that by demanding more money for performances, but still kept a close watch on the band's budget; Vega recalled how he would insist that the band drive nonstop between Boston and New York for shows instead of spending the night in a hotel.
In addition to his financial conservatism, the guitarist was politically conservative -- the late Ronald Reagan was Ramone's favorite president, Vega said.
Fans have remained loyal to the Ramones, and the Ramones over the years have been loyal to their fans. In 1979, while shooting scenes for the film \"Rock 'n' Roll High School,\" the Ramones -- ignoring the director's order -- played a concert-length session for fans who had paid to be extras, Vega said.
\"The Ramones never ever lost their image, their aura of being the ultimate underdog, the voice of the angry young man,\" Vega said.
A tribute concert and cancer research fund-raiser was held Sunday in Los Angeles to celebrate the band's 30th anniversary. It featured performances from Los Angeles punk band X, the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Henry Rollins and others.
Along with his wife, Linda Cummings, Johnny Ramone was surrounded at his death by friends, including Pearl Jam rocker Eddie Vedder, singer Rob Zombie and others. Other friends who gathered at his Los Angeles home included Lisa Marie Presley, Pete Yorn, Vincent Gallo and Talia Shire.
He is survived by his wife and his mother, Estelle Cummings. He will be cremated during a private ceremony.


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When I took a blogging break back in September, everyone took a liking to my new single status and must've shared this blog with everyone and their mothers but I'm not complaining. Keep on reading, friends!
The most popular question I get now from friends is - "Are you dating yet?"
Me: "Nope, not yet."
Random friend: "Youuuuuuu haven't gone any dates."
Me: "Ahh, no, just not really interested quite yet."
Random friend: "How is that possible? Noooo guys have asked you out yet ?!?"
Me: "Nope, none. I'm pretty sure I have an invisible force field around me that says, 'stay away, stay far away!"
|social dating at its best
Hmmmm. Let me be honest here. I'm not going to pull a J.Lo or a Madonna and start dating someone incredibly younger than me to where you all will think, "What the hell has gotten into her?" Will not be happening.
But with the end of a very serious relationship, I'm taking time for myself and doing whatever the hell I want, when I want. I was consistently in relationships for the last eight years, compromising my wants and desires way more than the boys did, and I promised myself I would take at least six months to relax, unwind, reconnect with new and old friends and refocus on what I want before I even think about hopping on the dating scene. No dating, just me, myself and I. (Sing it, Beyonce!)
And........I'm still on the fence about putting myself out in the dating scene, depending on which day it is of course.
Even thinking about it causes some anxiety because I'm not even remotely interested in a relationship. Commitment. None of it. At this point, I am to dating as what kryptonite is to SuperMan. And, not to mention this all seems so complicatedddddddd and sooooo much work. Don't text me if you get my number, call me.
Pick. Up. The. Phone. And. Dial. My. Number. Really, what is so hard about that?
Anyway, I'm on the defense and my walls are up pretty high around me. While the walls won't stay up forever, I'm hesitant to take any of my friends up on introducing me to guys, going on blind dates or even calling back those numbers I have mostly because I'm just interested in having fun without the commitment. The last thing I want to do is hurt someone because I'm not in an open and truly trusting mindset quite yet.
I'll get there, I know I will, but I'm completely content and satisfied relishing in my newly found freedom and refined version of myself, which is more fashionable than ever before, if I do say so myself.
So, friends, hold onto those guys that will be PERFECT for me because you know never, I just may take you up on that offer sooner than I even think.
And, of course, I will share about alllllllllllllllllllll the good, bad and ugly dates that take place because if nothing else, I can laugh about the stories I'll have to share.
Update: Shout out to reader Marie who called in last night when Alexa and I appeared on This City show on CSF Radio. Glad I can entertain you and your coworkers!


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Everything was fine till updating to Kodi (from 13.2).... Now the video is very slow.....
To fix the video I must disable "allow harder acceleration (amcodec)" but it is very slow. If instead of hardware acceleration I choose software acceleration it is also very slow.
Any ideas? Is it better to downgrade to 13.2.. Any other solution?


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An excerpt from Laurence Freeman OSB, "The Labyrinth," JESUS THE TEACHER WITHIN(New York: Continuum, 2000), pp. 230-31.
Are we prepared to practice detachment from what we instinctively know is our most precious possession: our separate identity? Relationship with [Jesus] the teacher at this point is of supreme importance. It allows us to risk our own death. By now the discipline of the mantra has led to the fortifying sense of discipleshipwhich empowers us to let ourselves go.
We can leave self behind precisely because we are in union and are never alone. The words of Jesus become true in our own experience: "So also none of you can be a disciple of mine without parting with all your possessions. " (Lk 14:33)
If we are to embrace the eternity of the fullness of being (the "I AM" of God), we must first face the stark reality of impermanence and emptiness. The temptation is always to reduce the intensity, to sink to a lesser degree of consciousness, even to fall asleep. The Buddha warned against clouding the mind at this or indeed any stage of the journey with intoxicants. . .Jesus urged everyone to stay fully conscious:
Be alert, be wakeful. You do not know when the moment comes. . .Keep awake then for you do not know when the master of the house is coming. Evening or midnight, cock-crow or early dawn. If he comes suddenly, he must not find you asleep. And what I say to you, I say to everyone: Keep awake. (Mk 13: 33-37)
In the letter to the Ephesians, Paul says that this state of wakefulness leads to the "spiritual powers of wisdom and vision" and on to gnosisor spiritual knowledge. But even with the strongest faith, the sorrowful sense of separateness is not immediately dissipated even when wisdom begins to shine. The wall of the ego can feel like an insuperable obstacle, a dead end leaving us nowhere to run to. But, as the Resurrection reminds us, what seems and feels like the end is not. By facing our entrenched egoism and recognizing its slow dying, meditation helps us to verify our own resurrection in our own experience.
Meditate for Thirty Minutes. Remember: Sit down. Sit still and upright. Close your eyes lightly. Sit relaxed but alert. Silently, interiorly, begin to say a single word. We recommend the prayer phrase "Maranatha." Recite it as four syllables of equal length. Listen to it as you say it, gently, but continuously. Do not think or imagine anything spiritual or otherwise. Thoughts and images will likely come, but let them pass. Just keep returning your attention – with humility and simplicity to saying your word in faith, from the beginning to the end of your meditation.
After Meditation from Sahajananda, THE BEATITUDES (Shantivanam: Saccidananda Ashram, 1999), pp. 6-7.
The rich young man who had the desire for eternal life observed all the commandments sincerely. But when Jesus told him "There is still one more thing you need to do. Sell all you have, give the money to the poor and . . .then come and follow me," the young man became very sad because he was very rich. He identified himself with his riches. . .without them he had no existence. With these riches he could not enter into the kingdom because the door to the kingdom is narrow. Not narrow in the sense of space, but in the sense that only the essential aspect of our being goes through it; all acquired things have to be left out. . . .The kingdom of God is the essential nature of all human beings. . .This treasure can neither increase or decrease. No thief can get there and no moth can cause its destruction.
If you would like to have these "Weekly Readings" delivered to your email inbox each week, use the "Stay in Touch" box at the top of this page.
Mobile Readings for iPhone, iPod and iPad go to: http://m.wbx.me/wccm


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Game Plan Predictions
The South Carolina Offense vs. Georgia's Defense
This is a "cat and mouse" affair if there ever was one. Coach Steve Spurrier knows that Marcus Lattimore's performance in 2010 embarrassed Defensive Coordinator Todd Grantham and the Georgia defense. Conventional wisdom says that the Ole Ball Coach will give them more of that medicine this year. It is important to note, however, that there are many words to describe the long time Georgia nemesis, and conventional is not one of them.
Expect South Carolina to try and break the Dawgs' jaw early. The run game is more effective when the offense is already ahead, so the Gamecocks' defense will come out trying to hit the big play in the play action passing game. It would not be at all surprising if the Gamecocks played off of their "I" formation run tendency on first down (53% Isolation or Sprint Draw) to attack the UGA defense with play action plays down the field.
Whether that plan works or not, expect South Carolina to settle into their normal game plan and do what they do best--feed Marcus Lattimore. They will look to get him in excess of 30 touches in the game while continuing to take shots with play action and screens to their other playmakers, Alshon Jeffery and Ace Sanders.
The Gamecocks might come out, after seeing the Boise State film, and hit the Dawgs with a short and calculated passing game, but that certainly does not play to their offensive strengths. If this were to be the case, it would play into UGA's favor.
The Georgia Defense vs. South Carolina's Offense
Luckily for Coach Grantham and the UGA defense, playing assignment football will combat any offensive game plan. One reason fans have not heard the UGA defensive staff harp on Lattimore's performance from a year ago is because they understand that South Carolina is no "one trick pony."
USC has talent in multiple areas of the offense and overplaying one particular aspect could be a recipe for disaster. Expect the UGA defense to come out in their base set and have confidence that they are better against the run than they were a year ago. They will expect Nose Tackles Kwame Geathers and Jonathan Jenkins to do their job and contain USC's super sophomore.
Also look for UGA to use Sanders Commings when defending Alshon Jeffery. Jeffery is the type of receiver that doesn't necessarily have to beat the coverage. When he is covered, he can just beat the man. Sanders Commings is Georgia's biggest corner at 6'2" 217 pounds. Even if the UGA staff uses Commings size to neutralize the size of Jeffery, expect them to bracket the South Carolina pass catcher with a safety over the top as well.
The South Carolina Defense vs. Georgia's Offense
This game plan will be simple, familiar, and traditionally effective against UGA. USC Defensive Coordinator Ellis Johnson is always going to do what his defenses do best. Fortunately for the Gamecocks, their strength matches up well with what they saw Boise State do to Georgia in the dome.
Coach Johnson will attack the Georgia offense with a base pass rush most of the time. His philosophy is to allow few yards on first down, attack on second down, then become unpredictable on third down. Expect nothing different from the South Carolina Defense on Saturday.
One possible wrinkle the Dawgs might see is Coach Johnson's "Panther Package" on any down where UGA goes with Shotgun or Spread Personnel. If that happens on early downs, expect him to support his defensive linemen with inside blitzes.
The Georgia Offense vs. South Carolina's Defense
Expect the Dawgs to come out and attack Ellis Johnson's defense with efforts to get the ball in space. UGA has always had success attacking Johnson's defense with toss sweeps and outside zone plays out of the shotgun.
UGA's screen game seemed non existent against Boise State, but they can ill afford to let the South Carolina pass rush attack without giving them some things to think about. Gamecock corners C.C. Whitlock and Staphon Gilmore are talented cover corners but have been known to struggle to bring down ball carriers and it would be fitting for Coach Mike Bobo to attack them with perimeter screens and hitches. No matter how you slice it, expect UGA's screen game to return in week two.
Lastly, expect UGA to pick up where they left off in attacking defenses with play action passes to the tight end. Orson Charles had a huge game against the Broncos and USC's safeties and linebackers struggled to lock down the middle of the field against East Carolina.


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Write a News Story
Meet a Pioneer Pilot
Amelia Earhart Home
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Story List
The Last Flight
By: Charles W.
Virginia, Age 11
Shocking news, on March 1937 a young woman named Amelia Earhart is going to attempt the fly around the world. From Miami,Florida to Howland Island. Her and her co-pilot Fred Noonan started their journey on June 1,1937. The first stop was San Juan. Finally, they got to Lae and rested. But when they were ready to takeoff they left their survival equipment and extra weight. At 8:47 a.m her voice came on loud and clear. A hour later they ran out of fuel and a search party went looking for them. Nobody knows what happen to them but Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan. Some people said they are spies. This is going to be the biggest mystery yet!
Back to
Story List


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Current ConditionsReading of "n/a" = frozen gauge or gauge error.
Station Description
Data courtesy of USGS. Each station record is considered PROVISIONAL until the data are published. Data users are cautioned to consider carefully the provisional nature of the information before using it for decisions that concern personal or public safety or the conduct of business that involves substantial monetary or operational consequences. Source Gauge's Page


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Negotiations stepped up on airport
The council will put on a full court press to negotiate an agreement with the Rhode Island Airport Corporation (RIAC) this week that could end litigation over airport improvements and open the way to construction of a runway extension.
Now that the committee steering the council's challenge, of the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) approval of the longer runway and other projects, has presented RIAC with a list of demands, which was done last Wednesday, the parties are ready to negotiate. Ward 3 Councilwoman Camille Vella-Wilkinson, who chairs the committee, has scheduled meetings for tomorrow, Thursday and Friday.
"Our hope is that our effort pays off. It won't be for a lack of trying," committee member Steve Merolla (D-Ward 9) said Friday. Asked what he expected the city to get from the talks, Merolla responded, "If I knew that, I'd be down at the Stop & Shop in Newport getting a lottery ticket."
While the parties have agreed to not talk about specifics, RIAC CEO Kevin Dillon doesn't sound like he's ready to gamble.
He said Friday there's "a strong desire for a real earnest effort." Referring to nearly two months of committee meetings – two of which included RIAC – he added, "Now we know what we're talking about."
But Dillon is looking for more than talk and so, too, are the governor, General Treasurer Gina Raimondo, the Greater Providence Chamber of Commerce and the trades unions that are pressuring to settle any legal challenge so projects can be started and jobs are created.
In order for RIAC to meet a March 1 deadline for submission of federal funding, Dillon speculated the full council would need to consider and approve any agreement by early next week. Alternatively, RIAC could file for funding and then amend its application when an agreement is finalized, but Dillon would rather get it right from the start.
"Thankfully, it's leap year," he said of the extra day.
Dillon cautioned he's not prepared to strike an agreement at any cost, either.
"I'm not inclined to take the project cost and double it," he said.
Costs may also be a consideration for the council that is paying California aviation attorney Steve Taber to represent them. Taber is being paid about $200 an hour and Merolla said Taber's initial invoice of $2,500 seemed "fair and incredibly reasonable" given the volume of material in the case. The petition for a review of the FAA decision was filed in the U.S. Appellate Court in Washington, D.C.
According to Peter Frazier, general counsel for RIAC, the court issued a briefing schedule last week calling on the council to submit a brief by April 2. That is to be followed by the FAA brief on May 2 and RIAC brief on May 17.
Dillon said RIAC intervened in the suit "to keep track" of developments and be supportive of FAA.
But clearly, if the council is to stay in the litigation game, Taber will need to put in more time and the clock will be ticking. A total of $124,000 is allocated in the budget for litigation.
A three-judge panel would consider the council's claim that the FAA acted in an arbitrary and capacious manner in approving the projects.
"We're cautiously optimistic that a decision could be rendered by the end of the calendar year," should litigation be pursued by the council, Frazier said.
Merolla countered charges that the council has been dragging its feet, saying, "We just recently got all the documents and this is the first opportunity to respond and have meaningful negotiations."
He said Taber has consumed the bulk of the time just going through all the information. As Merolla sees it, "we're more interested in the mitigation measures than the project itself." He said he doesn't want to see people "stuck in their houses for 14 years" not knowing when they might be bought out. "There are so many issues, including moving the ball fields," he added.
He appears to have consensus with City Council President Bruce Place. At last Wednesday's committee meeting, where Raimondo urged the panel to consider the short- and long-term impacts of its actions, Place responded that he was in full agreement with Raimondo, although he has a responsibility to also represent the interests of Warwick residents.
It would appear that, even if RIAC were to consider a lesser project, such as reducing the proposed extension from 8,700 feet to 8,300 feet, it would mean a fresh environmental impact statement taking several years. Mayor Scott Avedisian pushed for an 8,300-foot runway, arguing it would be far less disruptive to the community and wouldn't dramatically affect Green's capability to offer airlines non-stop coast-to-coast service. The 8,300-foot proposal has come up again in recent public sessions, preceding the litigation committee's closed meetings, although, at this point, that does not seem like a possible compromise.
One really big issue is the fact that the Airport Corporation seems to be stuck at the 30% design level for the project around Main Avenue. How can the city agree to anything when it does not know where the road is going, where the sidewalks will go, the traffic lights, etc. The Airport Corporation has had years to get this together and has failed. And what about the Glycol Plant. There was supposed to have been a hearing by now. More delays there. The permitting process is going at a snail's pace.
Main ave isn't essential. We have West Shore Rd, Airport Rd. But no worries Main Ave will be re-located. I'm so happy to hear the latest developments. It seems everyone is getting on the same page now. A few people will voice their displeasure on here but it's not possible to please everyone.
Kudos to the Governor, Mayor, FAA, RIAC and hopefully soon the City Council.
This will create jobs, and make the airport and surrounding areas more safe. We need to draw people into the state to spend money!
In the mean time it will create much needed jobs !!
With the FAA funding as much as 75 percent of the project it will have less of an impact on the airlines, the city, and the state.
Also if they are going to expand it would be foolish to not go the full length. 400 feet isn't a big deal project wise, but makes a huge difference for what the extended runway is attended for
Michael2012: FAA construction funding is going to be about $95 million after you deduct the short term interest for the bank loan to prefund the project. Entire project according to the Record of Decision is over $500 million. That leaves at least $400 million to be picked up by ticketholders and people parking at the airport. Airport Corporation is planning on skipping about $200 million in terminal and roadway improvements that will be needed to handle the millions of new passengers streaming into the airport to use the longer runway. But this still leaves $200 million in local money - which neither the airport nor state government has hanging around. That money would be borrowed bringing up the Airport's debt service to around $42 million per year on $60 million of revenues and grants.
Given a similar situation in Philadelphia, Southwest has pulled out and USAirways has warned the airport that it will pull out if the improvement projects move ahead, leaving an all but empty airport in Philadelphia. Projected cost per enplanement there is in the $35 dollar range or three times to five times the normal metric. Same thing would happen here
It is a reality that airport planning never ends. Perhaps the biggest lesson to come out of all of this recent activity is the realization that we still have more problems than anyone imagined, and that the federal planning process for this airport appears to have been grossly mismanaged. Hopefully the formal legal challenge will lead to a blueprint for a new team to follow to determine the optimal size for this land-limited airport, once and for all. The decision by those in control of the airport planning process to abruptly abandon the pre-planning stage prematurely has turned out to be an apparent fatal flaw running throughout the rest of the planning process. Avoiding the resolution of the overly restrictive deed easements situation is another apparent time waster, as was failing to follow up with the lung cancer study using 2010 Census data when it became available. The City Council should be thanked for attempting to reach an agreement over as much as is possible with the airport corporation, but the real issues are within the federal airport planning process itself, and they are not addressed by agreeing to relocate a ball-field or two, or to continue monitoring the air without doing anything about the existing pollution effects. We will have to see what comes out of this City Council sub-committee effort, before determining the next steps in the airport planning process.
To "On 2/21/12 at 08:44 PM, Concerned52".
A minor correction to your comment. Regarding "re-locating a ball-field or two".
Currently the entire Winslow Park complex consists of: first, on the softball side a total of six fields, a concession stand, two play grounds and parking for approximately 177 vehicles.
For the soccer fields: one regulation sized field, two smaller fields and parking to be shared with the softball fields.
Southwest has scaled back not "pulled out" of Philadelphia. The business model of minimal delays, quick turnarounds and aircraft utilization was not being met at PHL. Also USAirways is balking at the massive Philadelphia plan as it would make room for a competitor to knock US out on it's own turf. Also if US merges with another carrier as the industry reporters suggest, and the combined entity dosen't need Philadelphia strategically or geographically then US would be on the hook for improving the airport on to other carriers' advantage. A similar situation? Basically what the theory presented above is yet another example of taking any commercial aviation headline and bending and shaping into something anti-Green


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Car Deals
Luxury SUV Deals: July 2013
If you're searching for a luxury SUV, it's easy to find a good deal in July. This month's luxury SUV deals include an array of lease offers and financing incentives for shoppers eager to get a new model.
Cadillac SRX
The midsize Cadillac SRX is a V6-powered crossover that seats five. Through the end of July, it's available with two attractive incentives. The first is for shoppers interested in leasing. Cadillac is offering the SRX with payments from $399 per month for 36 months after $3,979 due at lease signing. Qualified buyers financing an SRX this month can also get a great deal. Cadillac is offering the crossover with 0 percent interest for up to 36 months, which may even convince some cash buyers to finance instead.
Infiniti QX56
The full-size Infiniti QX56 is the brand's largest model, boasting 3-row seating and a brawny V8. In July, it's available with two lease deals. For shoppers who don't need 4-wheel drive, Infiniti is offering the QX56 with monthly payments starting at $729 per month for 39 months. The only catch: Drivers would have to put down nearly $6,000. If you need 4-wheel drive, a QX56 equipped with the all-weather feature is just $40 per month more with the same down payment. As usual, Infiniti isn't offering any low-interest or cash-back deals this month.
Find an Infiniti QX56 for sale
Lexus RX
The midsize Lexus RX is one of the most popular premium SUVs. In July, it's offered with a few deals for shoppers looking to lease or finance their next vehicle. For those who would prefer to lease, the RX is available this month with payments from just $399 per month for 36 months after $3,549 down at lease signing. That offer jumps by $10 per month -- and $1,000 at lease signing -- if you'd rather have all-wheel drive. Better yet, Lexus is offering the RX this month with a rare low-interest finance deal: 1.9 percent interest for up to 60 months.
Lincoln MKX
The midsize Lincoln MKX is based on the Ford Edge and offers a standard V6, five seats and a long list of luxury features. Through the end of the month, it's a good deal for shoppers looking to finance or lease. For lease shoppers, Lincoln is advertising a 36-month term with payments from just $379 per month. The only catch is drivers must put down more than $4,200 up front. For those financing, Lincoln is offering 0 percent interest for up to 60 months, or 1.9 percent for 72 months. The brand is also touting a $1,000 cash-back offer for shoppers trading in a competitor's model.
Range Rover Evoque
The 4-cylinder Range Rover Evoque is the smallest model in the upscale Range Rover lineup. In July, it's available with two enticing deals. The best offer is for shoppers leasing their next luxury SUV. Land Rover is offering the Range Rover Evoque for $419 per month for 36 months after $2,995 down at lease signing. For those who would prefer to finance, there's also a good deal available on the Evoque in July. Through the end of the month, the compact SUV is offered with 0.9 percent interest for up to 36 months.
Find a Range Rover Evoque for sale
What it means to you: If you're searching for a high-end SUV, our list of luxury SUV deals can help you find a great deal on a new model in July.


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It may be a tad late; but, for those of you who've been waiting to see if Verizon would carry the real HTC One (not just the precursor Droid DNA), we have some great news.
Announced on the official Verizon Wireless news Twitter account, the HTC One, complete with 4G LTE, will be coming to Verizon this summer. Details on the Verizon variant of the HTC One, like when it will ship or if there will be any major changes made, are scarce at the moment. Still, this is great news for anyone on Verizon who has been dying to get their hands on HTC's latest flagship device.
The HTC One will finally bring Verizon's device lineup back up to par with the rest of big carriers in the US, giving customers a choice of any of the hottest Android phones available right now, including the Note II and Galaxy S4. Congratulations, Verizon customers. Now who's buying one?


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Adopt a child or sponsor one? Only you can decide.
When you adopt a child, you become a legal guardian. If your adopted child lives overseas, she must leave her native country to come live with you. You are responsible for all your child's needs. Sponsoring a child is different because it allows children to remain with extended family and friends in their home countries. You provide vital financial assistance, and you have the opportunity to write letters and develop a close relationship. You can even visit your sponsored child if you want! Child sponsorship can be an excellent alternative to adopting a child for some people.
Even though Compassion can't help you adopt a child, we can help you change a child's life and provide hope for the future and for all eternity.
Rather than adopt a child, consider sponsoring a child through Compassion. You'll be providing relief from poverty and demonstrating the love of Jesus. Through Compassion, your child sponsorship support may provide:
When you sponsor a child, you are linked with one particular child who will know your name, write to you and treasure the thought that you care.
Your cost? Only $38 a month, which is much less than the cost to adopt a child. Even better, you can sponsor a child through Compassion right now. Simply click one of the children's pictures to the left. You will see additional details about that child, then you will have the option to sponsor him or her.
The whole process is quick and easy. Remember, when you sponsor a child, you're not just doing something good — you're providing love, hope and joy to a child in need. Please click on a photo now to bring happiness to a child's heart.
While it's not always possible to adopt a child due to financial constraints and legal red tape, almost anybody can sponsor a child through Compassion International. Thousands of children around the world are living in poverty, and they are hoping and praying to be sponsored by a generous person like you.
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Your tax-deductible contribution of just $38 a month connects a child living in poverty with a loving, church-based Child Sponsorship Program.
Your support provides:
When you sponsor a child, you'll receive your child's photo, personal story and a child sponsorship packet by mail in approximately 10 days.
When children find out they've been sponsored, the joy they feel is indescribable. Just knowing that someone across the globe cares means more than you can imagine. Sponsoring a child in need will profoundly change the future for your child, and will change your own life as well.
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text: If hotels and resorts are more to your liking, you'll have no problem finding accommodations to fit your taste, and your pocketbook. With hundreds of rental properties to choose from, you'll be able to find a spot that meets your every need-whether you prefer the beach or something more secluded. You'll also find that the Dominican Republic hotels and resorts offer amenities like spas, fitness facilities, and restaurants.


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Wheeling's EZSave allows consumers to return multiple times for deals
Wheeling-based EZSaveCard.com, which offers discounts at large and small suburban businesses, has updated its website featuring about 400 businesses and offers a new lifetime membership for consumers.
The EZSave card looks like a credit card but it's used to get discounts every time a consumer visits the EZSave website and its participating businesses, such as Abt Electronics in Glenview, Biggby Coffee in Arlington Heights, Continental Restaurant in Buffalo Grove, and Medieval Times in Schaumburg, said President Bob Rycraft.
"Unlike Groupon, EZSave is something that builds loyalty," Rycraft said.
So it's not a one-time use card. Annual membership is $10 and lifetime membership is $25. The businesses, which advertise on the site, also pay a fee, which all supports the EZSave network, Rycraft said.
Since the start of EZSave in 2010, about 30,000 cards have been issued, Rycraft said.
The company has 2 other employees and the sales staff is expected to expand later this year, he said.
Rycraft said he started the business because he knew that business owners were looking for an inexpensive and long-term solution to reach and retain customers. Coupons were good to get those customers in the door, but didn't always bring them back.
While the business has updated its website, it plans to make it for members only starting next month, he said.
"Our deals are every day and our members can go every day," he said.
Surfing: Woodridge-based The RoomPlace, a family owned and operated furniture retailer for about 100 years, has relaunched its website at www.theroomplace.com.
• The Citizens Utility Board, the Chicago-based consumer watchdog, launched its first comprehensive Spanish-language website, at www.CitizensUtilityBoard.org/Espanol.
• Omron Automation and Safety debuted three new websites -- www.industrial.omron.us for the United States, www.industrial.omron.ca for Canada, and www.industrial.omron.mx for Latin America -- all accessible through Omron247.com. Kyoto, Japan-based Omron Corp. produces industrial automation products, electronic components, and health care equipment and ticketing systems. Its Pan-American headquarters is in Schaumburg.
• Follow Anna Marie Kukec on LinkedIn and Facebook and as AMKukec on Twitter. Write to her at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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The brutal assault on a young woman in Delhi on December 16 last year, and the protests that followed in its wake spotlighted global attention on the issue of gender-based violence (GBV), a malady that manifests itself in myriad forms across the world – sexual violence, war crimes against women, domestic abuse, domestic violence, just to name a few. The World Bank has recognized the relevance of, and worked on addressing, gender-based violence as an intrinsic element of empowering women as equal partners in development. In the wake of the horrific December 16 incident, the Bank's Country Partnership Strategy for India, highlighted attention to GBV as a key element of its strategy.
Over the past few months, a number of discussions at the Bank have attempted to investigate and understand the key underlying drivers - sociological, economic, and cultural - that spawn gender-based violence, its impact on welfare and development, and possible approaches to finding solutions. Among them was a panel discussion organized by the Bank-Fund India Club in March that brought together experts from different disciplinary backgrounds: eminent sociologist Alaka Basu, Georgetown University Professor Shareen Joshi, ICF International Fellow Kisrsten Johnson, and World Bank Senior Economist and human rights expert Varun Gauri. Another event, co-sponsored by the Social Development Department in May discussed the experience of prominent NGOs in addressing GBV – in settings as diverse as the South Asian community in New Jersey, and the rural and urban communities of Brazil. The panel included Maneesha Kelkar, former Executive Director of New Jersey-based Manavi, Candyce Rocha, Gender Coordinator at the Brazilian House of Representatives, and Matt Morton, a Social Scientist and gender expert at the Bank. Common themes – on the causes, consequences, and solutions – emerged from the two panels.
Gender-based violence is a development issue
First, both panels underscored that gender-based violence is very much a development issue. Estimates suggest that gender-based violence can cost countries up to 2 per cent of GDP lost. It adversely impacts the health of women, impedes their skills development, and severely limits their social and economic contributions. Moreover, GBV tends to be transmitted across generations, perpetuating its deleterious impact over the long term.
On the other hand, the social and economic transitions that are part of the development process might also accelerate violence, signaling the need to be sensitive to these issues in the development process. For instance, even as social transformation empowers women, it might incite more violence if men feel threatened. Social and economic dynamics, such as migration and dislocation might also precipitate violence. One of the panelists pointed out that in the Delhi incident, a sense of entitlement deriving from high caste affiliation, combined with a sense of frustration at economic marginalization among the migrant workers who were the alleged perpetrators, might have contributed to inciting violence.
It does not happen only in "traditional" cultures
But the panelists also underscored that gender-based violence exists across regions, income levels, social systems, and cultural legacies. A January 2013 article in the Mirror, for instance, enumerates the shockingly high statistics on rape in both the US and western Europe. The specific dynamics, the social, cultural, and economic factors that precipitate violence might be manifested in different terms in different societies, but recognizing that gender-based violence is a challenge across societies – in rich countries and poor, in democracies and authoritarian regimes, in modern societies and more traditional ones – is critical to seeking more comprehensive solutions.
Solutions must be culturally-sensitive
At the same time, solutions need to be culturally-specific. Different approaches are feasible in different contexts, conditioned by cultural, social, and economic realities. For instance, in more traditional societies, addressing GBV might be more difficult because it is less often reported, especially in instances of sexual violence, publicly addressing which might be seen as breaking the bonds of family and community. Understanding these differences is an important starting point to explore solutions.
Men need to get involved in finding solutions
The panelists emphasized that GBV is not a women's issue, but one that fundamentally involves both men and women, and understanding the factors that make men perpetrate violence, and women tolerate or under-report it, are both equally important in finding viable solutions. Of course, men have to be engaged in education and awareness-raising, but equally in taking ownership to find solutions. Sustainable, tractable solutions depend very much on who sits at the table, and the participation of both men and women, and especially of young people, who might bring a more progressive approach to the issue, is critical.
Laws are necessary, but not sufficient
Stronger laws are very important, but are only part of the solution. While the anger in the Delhi rape case incited calls for laws with harsher punishments, commentators also suggested that the solution might not necessarily be more stringent punishment, but better enforcement and higher conviction rates. The incident highlighted the role of institutions across the system – it was alleged that police and emergency services were slow to respond, the government hospital provided tardy care, and the incident itself happened because the judicial directive banning tinted glasses on buses was not being implemented. While the specifics might be contested, these institutional weaknesses are all too prevalent, especially across developing countries, and makes addressing the issue intractable.
In India, even as a new, stronger law against sexual violence was adopted, and despite heightened media attention and public awareness - a barrage of cases of sexual assault has been reported subsequently, highlighting how frustrating and difficult the challenge is. The panelists suggested that a multi-faceted approach that focuses on fundamental reform in institutions – better law enforcement, speedier trials, higher capacity in courts and police departments, combined with attention to sensitization and education of both men and women, bridging the gender gap in education (in India, for instance, the male to female literacy ratio nationwide is 82 to 65 percent), might just begin to address the issue.
Photo Credit: World Bank
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In trying to unpack and
Unpacking the concept
In trying to unpack and understand gender based violence, we tend to unwittingly find ourselves trapped by the very frameworks that cause the problems...
GBV connotes violence of men against women, but there is sexual violence of men against men, women against women (some incidents of ragging in my university come to mind) and violence against transgender people.
Culturally-sensitive solutions - masks the fact that it is the culture of patriarchy that often leads to GBV. This article is particularly interesting for the complete absence of the word patriarchy or even gender relations, despite the recognition that one of the drivers could be 'culture'.
De-coding GBV needs a different way of imagining gender relations.
Thanks for your comments. I agree that unpacking and understanding gender-based violence, or violence of any kind is a complicated exercise. This Blog was merely reporting on some discussions that took place recently that explored a few of the aspects of this issue. Other work at the Bank and elsewhere is, of course addressing these issues in much greater depth.
On the issue of patriarchy, I'm not sure using a broad term like that is helpful. First, the meaning of that term itself needs to be unpacked, it might mean different things in different contexts, it does not explain violence across contexts, and as you say yourself, violence takes many forms - including within genders. I would be very interested in understanding what you mean a "culture of patriarchy" and where you think this exists and where not.
Patriarchy is a term that
Patriarchy is a term that describes the power relations between men and women; and while the 'culture of patriarchy' might manifest itself differently in different contexts, it is the patriarchal belief of male, heterosexual dominance that is at the core of gender based violence.
Thanks, Priyanthi.
Thanks, Priyanthi.


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Hip, cage-free TV: 'Portlandia' is renewed
PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — In the last season of "Portlandia," the mayor of this sustainability-obsessed city vanished in shame after he was singled out as Portland's "No. 1 electricity hog," Portland went into a blackout, cats barked, creepy music played, and a bizarre Australian who calls himself "Birdman" told guests at a bed and breakfast "there is no civilization."
Carrie and Fred — about the only characters in "Portlandia" with any grip on reality — tracked down the mayor at a compound in the wilderness where he was leading a band of savages, a la Colonel Kurtz in "Apocalypse Now."
"Do you come as assassins?" asks the muddled mayor, played by Kyle MacLachlan.
It's impossible for Fred and Carrie to get through to him, until they reveal that Seattle — Portland's archrival for hipness and progressivism — is about to take over their fair city.
"Under the cover of darkness, they might erect a Space Needle in Portland," says Carrie, rousing the mayor from his stupor and prompting him to return to his office to get the lights turned back on.
And so ended Season Three of "Portlandia."
There is a line from the first season of "Portlandia" that quickly became the show's trademark: "Portland is a city where young people go to retire."
That's not the case for the creators and two stars of the show — Portlander Carrie Brownstein and Fred Armisen of "Saturday Night Live" fame. They are always looking for new ways to keep the show from getting stale.
Season Three, which ended this past March, was driven less by short sketches and more by narrative and character development.
The cable channel IFC said Wednesday it's picking up the show for two more seasons. They will premiere early next year and in 2015. Brownstein says the show will continue on the longer-narrative path, with more exploration of the dark side.
It's too early to say what's going to happen after 2015. But that might be the end of the road for "Portlandia."
"I'd like to develop and write other shows, comedy of some sort," the 38-year-old Brownstein said in an interview at a Portland coffee shop.
"Five seasons intuitively feels like the right amount of time for 'Portlandia' to be around," she said. "I always think people overstay their welcome. It's better to leave people wanting more. But you never know."
If "Portlandia" is a sendup of overzealous progressives and hipsters, it's become hip to watch the show. It's the most-watched series on IFC, whose targeted audience is the age 18-49 range.
Everyone has a favorite episode of "Portlandia," which debuted in January 2011. It might be when a cyclist (Armisen) asserts his rights by hollering, "I'm on a bike. I'm in a bike lane here" and says "Cars, man, why?" It might be the couple in a restaurant who are about to order chicken. They ask whether the chicken is USDA organic, Oregon organic or Portland organic. The waitress brings the chicken's papers and tells the couple it had a name: Colin. The couple visits the farm where Colin was raised to make sure it had been a good home for him.
"Portlandia" fans are able to recite lines like fans of "The Rocky Horror Picture Show." People use the TV show as a yardstick to measure quirky events in everyday life: "That's just like a scene out of 'Portlandia.'"
Brownstein said Portland is not "the sole inspiration for the show," but that the city serves as a "signifier for an emotional landscape people are traversing." In "Portlandia," that emotional landscape is largely populated by sanctimonious humans whose obsessive pursuit of a sustainable lifestyle can clash with the desires of others. Somehow, "Portlandia" manages to portray such types with warmth.
Last year, "Portlandia" won a Peabody Award for being "a funhouse mirror reflection of Portland, Oregon, a city that takes its progressivism — and its diet — very seriously." This past February the show won the Writers Guild Award in the Comedy/Variety category. The show has pulled in some big names for cameo roles, including Jeff Goldblum, Roseanne Barr, Steve Buscemi, Chloe Sevigny and George Wendt.
Portlanders for the most part seem good-humored about the show, laughing at the caricatures of themselves and welcoming the attention. Tourists come to Portland to see local landmarks on the show. "Portlandia" walking and cycling tours have sprung up.
"Portlandia" put a number of locals in the show, including then-Portland Mayor Sam Adams, who played assistant to MacLachlan's fake Portland mayor.
″'Portlandia' has been worth millions in free advertising for Portland," Adams told the AP. "It is a loving spoof that has also allowed us to laugh at ourselves and allows others to do the same."
You hear grumbling among some locals about Portland being stereotyped, and about the stereotype being beaten to death. Still, locals will admit Portland is ripe for satire. If you go to a Portland potluck party, don't be surprised if nearly everyone brings a kale salad. And try not to get embarrassed if a group of nude cyclists zips past your car in broad daylight. And yes, Portland does have a vegan strip club, and another club where strippers do their thing while customers sing karaoke.
"Portlandia" was born from an earlier creative adventure written by and starring Armisen and Brownstein — an Internet video series under the name ThunderAnt.
"It took those videos to realize we were portraying a certain kind of person," people with a "stunted maturity ... who are flummoxed by the ever-changing rules of progressivism," Brownstein said.
When the Washington state native was a guitarist and vocalist for the riot grrrl-inspired trio Sleater-Kinney, Brownstein already had a measure of celebrity in rock music circles.
And now Brownstein is a household name, if your household watches "Portlandia."
If your household does not watch "Portlandia," you may have seen Brownstein in a new American Express ad. She plays a businessman with oversize glasses licking an ice cream cone, a hipster who's just made a rare find in a record store, a sitar player and a grocery-shopping mom who puts her foot down when one of her kids tries to add two more near-human-sized jars of peanut butter to those already in the shopping cart.
At the end of the ad, Brownstein's voice says: "I'm Carrie Brownstein, and I get to be whoever I want."
As Brownstein continues to evolve along whatever creative paths she decides to follow, she will be cheered by the legions of fans she has acquired by bringing the world's attention to Portland through "Portlandia."


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Browns set for vital draft amid owner's troubles
CLEVELAND (AP) — Browns owner Jimmy Haslam's first draft will be unlike any in team history. There's no guarantee it won't be his only one.
The endless speculation over what Cleveland might do with the No. 6 overall pick, whether they'll select another quarterback — maybe one to replace Brandon Weeden — in the first round or trade defensive linemen Jabaal Sheard or Ahtyba Rubin seems pretty trivial all of a sudden.
This year, "being on the clock" has new meaning for the Browns.
With Haslam embroiled in a deepening FBI investigation for fraud at his Pilot Flying J truck-stop chain empire, the team's revamped front office, new coach Rob Chudzinski along with his staff and newly signed high-priced free agents, enter this year's NFL draft facing more uncertainty.
Haslam, who bought the team last year from Randy Lerner, insists he has done nothing wrong. He has no plans to step aside as CEO of his family's business or as head of the Browns while federal authorities ascertain how much he knew about a widespread scheme by sales executives in his Knoxville, Tenn.-based company to defraud customers.
The NFL said it will respect the legal process and does not intend to request Haslam to step down from the team. However, if Haslam's legal troubles worsen, things could change.
In the meantime, the draft provides both a distraction and normalcy.
Haslam plans to help CEO Joe Banner and general manager Michael Lombardi prepare for their initial draft as they rebuild a team that went 5-11 last season. So it's business as usual for the Browns, who are typically dealing with some kind of clutter or chaos in the background.
Banner, Haslam's hand-picked CEO, offered few clues last week about the team's intentions with their seven picks. There are plenty of options with the sixth selection and Banner said the team has been exploring trading down in the first round to possibly recoup another early-round pick.
The Browns forfeited their second-round pick when they took wide receiver Josh Gordon in last year's supplemental draft.
"It's normal this time to be talking to teams," Banner said as he approached his first draft with the Browns. "Some are teams you exchange some opinions on and some are teams you get a feel for: 'Are you open to moving up or down?' As you get closer to the draft sometimes those conversations become more specific. We haven't had any specific conversations about trades or what would be involved in a trade.
"We have had conversations with teams either initiated by them or us, kind of feeling out: 'Are you interested in going up or back? Are you open to it depending on who is there?' We have had those kinds of feel-each-other-out conversations."
The Browns, who currently have seven picks to use in three days, could fill a pressing need with the No. 6 spot by taking a cornerback to play opposite Joe Haden.
That could be Alabama's Dee Milliner, who along with Haden would give Cleveland one of the top cornerback duos in the AFC, one to offset the quality quarterbacks and speedy wide receivers in its division. Milliner may be gone by the time the Browns pick, but there are other quality defensive players such as Oregon pass rusher Dion Jordan, Brigham Young end Ziggy Ansah or LSU's Barkevious Mingo for Cleveland to plug into new coordinator Ray Horton's attacking 3-4 alignment.
Milliner seemed like the safest pick until reports surfaced this week saying he might not be ready for training camp after undergoing offseason shoulder surgery. Milliner is considered the top defensive back in this year's draft and he visited the Browns, who won't be scared off by his injury unless they get a red-flagged medical report.
Banner was asked if he would draft a player with Milliner's surgery.
"As long as the doctors tell us it's going to be fine it won't be a factor," he said.
What's always a factor for the Browns is quarterback talk.
With an uneven rookie season behind him, Weeden has a leg up over veteran Jason Campbell to start in 2013. But the front office's lukewarm endorsement of Weeden has driven speculation the Browns may take a quarterback, perhaps West Virginia's Geno Smith or Florida State's EJ Manuel, in the first round.
The Browns had private workouts for Smith, Manuel, Syracuse's Ryan Nassib, Southern California's Matt Barkley and Arizona's Matt Scott.
"You have to prepare yourself for any possibility," Banner said. "You don't want to under-evaluate probably what everybody would agree is the most important position on the field."
For a team that has feigned any strong interest in a QB, the Browns certainly have spent a lot of time and money evaluating the 2013 class in recent weeks. They've done their homework. It's worth noting that the new regime is not tied to Weeden, making it possible the Browns would consider a draft-day trade.
"There are quarterbacks in this draft that are intriguing," Banner said. "We will have to make an evaluation between now and Thursday on just how intriguing. Other teams will be doing the same thing, so you will see what is available where. We are not going into it with a focus other than trying to build the team, especially at key positions that we think really, really good teams are strong at, and move forward that way."
Online: http://pro32.ap.org and http://twitter.com/AP_NFL


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Seven-time defending league winner, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater opened 2012 Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference play with a 27-26 win over UW-Platteville Saturday at Pioneer Stadium in Platteville. The win is UW-W's 25th in a row in WIAC play dating back to October 25, 2008. Saturday's game was the 18th time UW-Platteville and UW-Whitewater met to play for the Miner's Pick in the George Chryst Memorial Bowl. The memorial game is played in honor of George Chryst, UW-Platteville's head football coach from 1979-1992. The Warhawks have taken the Miner's Pick home to Perkins Stadium the past eight years.
Prior to Saturday's game the Pioneers had outscored their opponents 56-7 in the first quarter, and it didn't look good for UW-W after fifteen minutes of play. After a three and out on the Warhawks' first possession the Pioneers marched 78 yards in eight plays, scoring on a five yard touchdown pass from John Kelly to Trevor Whitehead. The extra point was good and the Pioneers went up 7-0.
After another three and out by the Warhawks, and a punt that landed in the end zone, Platteville took over at their own twenty yard line. The Pioneers struck quickly. On the second play of the drive Kelly threw a 78-yard pass to Aaron Loferski for a touchdown to put UW-Platteville up 13-0, and with the extra point, 14-0.
The Warhawks have not faced a fourteen point deficit since December 20, 2008 in the Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl when they found themselves down 14-0 to Mount Union halfway through the first quarter. Consequently, the Warhawks lost the game but went on to win 46 in a row over the course of the next three-plus years.
The Warhawks went three and out again on their next two possessions but Platteville was stymied offensively and carried the 14-0 lead into the second quarter.
After a UW-Platteville punt at the end of the first quarter UW-W began a drive at their own 33-yard line to start the second quarter. A pass by Lee Brekke (Sun Prairie/Sun Prairie) to Jake Kumerow (Elgin, IL/South), two rushes by Desmin Ward (Milwaukee/Hamilton), another completion to Aaron Samplawski (Horicon/Horicon), and one more rush by Ward and the Warhawk offense finally seemed to be clicking. But on the next play Ward fumbled and the Pioneers recovered at their own 32.
On the third play of Platteville's ensuing drive Mykaell Bratchett (Milwaukee/Hope) picked off back-up quarterback Bryce Corrigan at the UW-Whitewater 40-yard line. Ten plays later the Warhawks were forced to settle for an Eric Kindler (Germantown/Germantown) field goal to bring the score to 14-3.
The teams traded scoreless drives before Platteville took over at their own twelve after a 41-yard punt by Eric Kindler (Germantown/Germantown). On their second play of the drive Corrigan was picked off again, this time by Andrew Kiester, and the Warhawks found themselves knocking on the doorstep of the end zone at the Platteville six yard line.
Two plays later, with 1:41 remaining in the half, Brekke found Derric Junakin (Cudahy) in the end zone for his first touchdown of the season. Kindler added an extra point and the Warhawks found themselves within four, 14-10, heading into the locker room for halftime.
Platteville started the second half with the ball but was forced to punt after five plays. The Warhawks took over on their own 26 with an opportunity to go ahead for the first time in the game since the opening drive but six plays later Brekke was picked off by Tommy Magna who ran it into the end zone to extend the Platteville lead to 20-10. The Pioneers missed what turned out to be a crucial extra point before giving possession back to the Warhawks.
UW-W started their next drive on their own 24 with 10:34 remaining in the third quarter. The Warhawks marched 76 yards in seven plays to score a touchdown and shrink the Platteville lead to three after another Kindler extra point. Patterson rushed four times in the drive, including a 46-yard scamper and a two yard run for the touchdown.
UW-W stopped the Pioneers on their next drive and then used an Eric Kindler (Germantown/Germantown) 21-yard field goal two minutes into the fourth quarter to tie the game at twenty.
The Pioneers started at their own 17-yard line on their next drive with 12:56 remaining in the game. On third and ten, after two incomplete passes, Warhawk linebacker Cole Klotz (Elm Grove/New Berlin Eisenhower) intercepted a pass by Corrigan at the 20-yard line and returned it to the Pioneer 14. Four plays later Desmin Ward (Milwaukee/Hamilton) scored on a two-yard rush to give the Warhawks their first lead of the game. Kindler tacked on the extra point to make it 27-20 with 10:50 left in the game.
Each team went three out on their next possession and on the next drive the Pioneers covered 42 yards in five plays before coughing up the ball on the Whitewater 16. Ryan Wenkman (Wisconsin Dells/Wisconsin Dells) recovered the fumble with 4:56 remaining in the game. Things seemed to be creeping out of reach for the Pioneers, but the Warhawks were unable to sustain a drive to chew up time on the clock before punting the ball back to the home team.
With 2:35 remaining in the game, down seven, UW-Platteville used nine plays to break the plane of the end zone and bring the score to 27-26, still in favor of UW-W. Had the Pioneers not missed an extra point earlier in the game the score would have been tied. However, the Pioneers lined up to go for the two-point conversion, and the win, immediately after the score, but the Warhawks called a timeout. After the timeout the Pioneers lined up to kick the extra point to tie the game, but UW-W used their second timeout. The third time the Pioneers lined up they decided to go for the win. Corrigan lofted a pass to the back right corner of the end zone but Ryan Wenkman (Wisconsin Dells/Wisconsin Dells) broke up the play to preserve the win for UW-Whitewater.
The Warhawk defense slowed down the Platteville offense, which had been averaging over 500 yards in their first three games, and held them to 354 yards of total offense and just nine yards rushing. The Warhawks totaled 296 yards of offense, 112 in the air and 184 on the ground. Nick Patterson (Sussex/Sussex) was UW-W's leading rusher gaining 106 yards on twenty carries with one touchdown. Ward carried the ball 26 times for 92 yards and a touchdown. Lee Brekke (Sun Prairie/Sun Prairie) was 14-for-23 with one touchdown and one interception.
Defensively Ryan Wenkman (Wisconsin Dells/Wisconsin Dells) led the way with six tackles and one fumble recovery, but more importantly broke up the pass in the end zone on the two-point conversion at the end of the game that would have likely won the game for the Pioneers.
The Warhawks, ranked fourth in the most recent d3football.com poll and fifth in the latest American Football Coaches Association poll, improve to 3-1 overall and 1-0 in the WIAC. The Pioneers, ranked 13th and 12th in the same polls, fall to 3-1 overall and 0-1 in the WIAC.
UW-W will return home for their next game on October 6 against UW-River Falls. The game is slated to begin at 2:00 at Perkins Stadium on the campus of UW-Whitewater and will feature pregame festivities for Family Fest.
Warhawks Retain George Chryst Miner's Pick with Win over Pioneers
|UW-Whitewater (3-1)
|No. 13 UW-Platteville (3-1)
Seven-time defending league winner, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater opened 2012 Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference play with a 27-26 win over UW-Platteville Saturday at Pioneer Stadium in Platteville. The win is UW-W's 25th in a row in WIAC play dating back to October 25, 2008. Saturday's game was the 18th time UW-Platteville and UW-Whitewater met to play for the Miner's Pick in the George Chryst Memorial Bowl. The memorial game is played in honor of George Chryst, UW-Platteville's head football coach from 1979-1992. The Warhawks have taken the Miner's Pick home to Perkins Stadium the past eight years.


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'Divergent' Takes Lion's Share at Box Office
Ticket Sales Not as Strong as 'Hunger Games' or 'Twilight' but Sequel Is Likely
Though not as fast out of the gate as "The Hunger Games" or "Twilight," the action-thriller "Divergent" enjoyed a strong enough opening weekend that it is likely to become the newest member of Lions Gate Entertainment Corp.'s stable of young-adult series.
Indeed, Lions Gate is planning to begin production in May on the sequel, based on the second book in the trilogy. The sequel, "Insurgent," will be released in theaters next March....


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We ship any retail order under $69.00 for $7.99 and any retail order over $69.00 Free. (In The USA)
All our Sledy kites come with flying line and winder.
R2F No assembly required. (This Kite Is Made For Aerial Photography)
Our Pocket Sleds are completel reliable fliers. Constructed without a rigid frame these kites require no further assembly. These compact kites are perfect for travellers or an adventure filled trip to the neighbourhood park.
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Sledy kite with skull & cross bone,
Novelty pack-and-go sledy kite with skull & cross bone
Draw on & color me, then fly! (Kite is solid white !!) Tyvek paper, Ready To fly


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J. Augur Design – A Chance to Own A Piece of History
Sometimes what we are supposed to do in life finds us more than we find it. Judy Augur of J. Augur Designs is a good example of that. What started out as a venture into the curating and reselling of vintage clothing has turned into an unexpected business constructing new, hand made, one of kind bags from some of the many vintage textiles she has been able to collect over the years. A woman after our own hearts, Judy Augur now spends her days giving new life to fabrics that many people may mistake as being past their days.
Constructed by hand, using vintage finds like canvas dating back to World War I and World II and old Navajo weavings, J. Augur bags offer consumers a chance to own a piece of history.
Back road travel friendly they are large enough for you to carry all the things you really need but small enough to keep you from bringing along all those things that you don't.
Maybe it is because Judy Augur uses fabrics that have already seen a lot of life, but something about them just beckons you to grab one and take it along for a ride.


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Are you dreading those post wedding blues? Have no fear, brides—your first holiday season is right around the corner. And nothing says "I'm a Mrs." more than hosting your very first Thanksgiving. Make sure you gear up for the big day with the right tools: platters, roasters, and champagne flutes, check!
With these registry must-haves, you will be armed and ready for your big day...so you can sit back and toast with your new hubby and your first Thanksgiving together. Cheers!


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PD 622 (Loestrin 24 Fe ferrous fumarate 75 mg)
Generic Name: ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone
Pill with imprint PD 622 is Brown, Round and has been identified as Loestrin 24 Fe ferrous fumarate 75 mg. It is supplied by Allergan, Inc..
Loestrin 24 Fe is used in the treatment of birth control and belongs to the drug classes contraceptives, sex hormone combinations. Not for use in pregnancy. Loestrin 24 Fe ferrous fumarate 75 mg is not a controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA).
Images for PD 622
Loestrin 24 Fe
- Generic Name:
- ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone
- Imprint:
- Strength:
- ferrous fumarate 75 mg
- Color:
- Brown
- Shape:
- Round
- Availability:
- Prescription only
- Drug Class:
- Contraceptives
Sex hormone combinations
- Pregnancy Category:
- X - Not for use in pregnancy
- CSA Schedule:
- Not a controlled drug
- Labeler / Supplier:
- Allergan, Inc.
- Inactive Ingredients:
- acacia
ferrous fumarate
microcrystalline cellulose
magnesium stearate
corn starch
magnesium silicate
sodium starch glycolate type A potato
Note: Inactive ingredients may vary.
More about Loestrin 24 Fe (ethinyl estradiol / norethindrone)
- Loestrin 24 Fe Side Effects
- During Pregnancy
- Dosage Information
- Drug Images
- Drug Interactions
- Support Group
- 409 Reviews
- Generic Availability
- Drug class: contraceptives
Consumer resources
Other brands: Lo Loestrin Fe, Junel Fe 1/20, Microgestin Fe 1/20, Taytulla, ... +42 more
Professional resources
Related treatment guides
Further information
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.


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5K Campsites Planned Near Bristol Speedway
February 26, 2010 by RVBusiness · Comments Off on 5K Campsites Planned Near Bristol Speedway
The owner of Cedars Golf Course announced a project Thursday (Feb. 25) to gradually turn the Volunteer Parkway facility into a massive camping, parking, hotel and retail complex that would work in tandem with the nearby Bristol Motor Speedway in Bristol, Tenn.
Bob Slagle, owner of Cedars Golf Course, said the project – called Bristol's Thunder Mountain – would be built on 469 acres over a five-year period. He said it would create some 10,000 new parking spots and 5,000 camping spaces near the speedway – greatly easing traffic pressure during the two annual NASCAR race weekends – and also produce more hotel rooms for spectators and tourists, according to tricities.com.
"It would be a huge benefit for the city and the speedway," Slagle said. "I will have partners involved in this project, and it would be done in a gradual, organized way. But I'm excited about what this could mean for this area. And I believe we can get the city and speedway to work with us."
Slagle said his company, Thunder Mountain LLC, was still developing an engineering and design plan for the entire project. But he said he was already prepared to invest $2 million to $3 million in the project's first phase – creating the camping and parking spaces – once Bristol and BMS had agreed to support it.
"I haven't ruled out starting work sometime this year, if we can get everyone on board," Slagle said.
While Slagle suggested he was hoping to attract a specific hotel chain, he wouldn't name it. He also did not offer specifics on possible partners in the project.
Reaction from BMS and Bristol officials Thursday ranged from intrigued to puzzled.
BMS spokesman Kevin Triplett said Thursday that while the speedway hadn't seen Slagle's specific plans, it has an open mind about the Thunder Mountain project.
"It's certainly an interesting concept," Triplett said. "We're aware of how our facility can allow lots of other economic opportunities to develop around us."
Triplett said new camping and parking areas near BMS could greatly help the speedway, if they were well-designed and offered easy access for race fans. And, Triplett said, the possibility of more nearby hotel rooms might also appeal to BMS, which competes for spectators and dollars with NASCAR tracks in bigger cities, such as Las Vegas, Chicago, Atlanta and Phoenix.
"Anytime our business can benefit a surrounding business, which in turn can help us, it's potentially something to look into," Triplett said.
Bristol Deputy City Manager Michael Sparks said the city hasn't held any discussions with Slagle about his project. "This is pretty much news to us," Sparks said. "We haven't seen his plan at all or heard anything about it."
Sparks said another developer had briefly approached the city about a possible Cedars Golf project, but those talks took place more than a year ago.
"I can't even tell you if that project was anything similar to what Mr. Slagle wants to do," Sparks said. "Because we didn't have any [advance] word on what he's looking to do."
Slagle said that under his plan, the Cedars Golf course would keep operating for the near future – but would gradually be closed down and phased out as the Thunder Mountain project expanded.
"We could start working now and our golfers wouldn't even know it," Slagle said, noting that the course is on 130 acres, less than one-third of his full property.
"Believe me, golfers will be able to golf here for a bit," Slagle said.


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Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. Paris: L'Imprimerie Royale, 1770. Anthony R. Michaelis Collection, gift of J. Philip Gibbs, Jr.
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) was a French naturalist and the director of the Jardin du Roi in Paris. He is best known for his Histoire Naturelle, a thirty-six volume work, published between 1749 and 1789, that contained a systematic compilation of everything then known about the natural world and individual species. The book shown here is one of the nine-volume set on birds, published between 1770 and 1783.
Buffon's prolific studies and elegant writing style made him as influential as Linnaeus in the late eighteenth century, and more widely read among non-scientists. Like the other major naturalists of the period, Buffon believed that species were fixed, but unlike others, he was aware of the problems with the idea. He argued that for each species there exists a prototype, a moule intérieur, upon which the organisms are modeled. While individual organisms within a species will differ from one another, the interior model ensures that they maintain a basic resemblance. He recognized, though, that species may change over time, perhaps in response to the environment, and he argued that some species, especially those in the Americas, may have degenerated from the original model based in Eurasia. He was also one of the first scientists to argue that the earth must be much older than was consistent with Genesis, a position which brought him condemnation by the Catholic Church. Although Buffon never considered evolution directly, he did write of many ideas which are related to it, such as the age of the earth, the adaptation of species and the similarity in appearance between humans and primates.
Darwin began the Origin of Species with a brief nod to Buffon, noting that he was:
Bryn Mawr College Special Collections


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It's a road song, a fiddle tune (thanks eFiddler!), and with the cowbell "solo," cowbell players might consider it a cowbell song too, but it's not. ("Cowbellists," as they're known, are always trying to exaggerate the importance of the cowbell. Hence their oft-ridiculed push for a National Cowbell Day.)
Browse my entire Country Music Collection by clicking (here).


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Fear Factor is getting a new face. MTV has ordered 12-episodes to be hosted and executive produced by Ludacris, according to the Hollywood Reporter.
Instead of bees and snakes, Generation Z contestants will face their youthful fears, like couch surfing at 300 feet and waterlogging their personal electronic devices.
Each episode will feature eight contestants pairing up in four teams of two — think siblings, college rivalries, roommates, best friends, co-workers and exes — and facing off for a $50,000 cash prize.
"MTV is about celebrating youth culture, and with the reinvented Fear Factor, we are putting the power in our audience's hands to face and overcome their biggest fears," MTV, VH1 and Logo president Chris McCarthy said. "We are thrilled to partner with Ludacris, one of the biggest global stars who has a rich history with MTV, to energize this franchise for a whole new generation."
Ludacris, who recently released the first single from his forthcoming studio album, shared,"I am excited to kick off my partnership with MTV, starting with the relaunch of Fear Factor, which will be even more insane and ludicrous than what you remember. This will be the first of many great projects together."
The multi-faceted artist has also been busy doing press ahead of the April 14 debut of The Fate of the Furious, in which he reprises his role as Tej. He will have a voice in the animated feature Show Dogs. Fear Factor will be his largest TV commitment to date.