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Library Journal - Taiga Forum Holds Inaugural Meeting in Chicago
Library Journal - Taiga Forum Holds Inaugural Meeting in Chicago: "Paul Duguid, coauthor of The Social Life of Information, discussed the trade-off between openness of information (�la Wikipedia) and quality of information. Using three examples from the open source world, he demonstrated how variations in user-contributed data affect accuracy and accessibility. For instance, in the music database Gracenote, multiple user entries for composer (e.g., Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) force users to make their own authority control decisions. In digitizing the novel Tristram Shandy, Project Gutenberg contributors deferred making choices about how to show intentional blank and black pages and footnotes. And, finally, in an entertaining look at Wikipedia, Duguid revealed the edit wars over the biographical entry on Daniel Defoe, with writers adding and deleting his role as a spy. These examples highlighted how the library's traditional role as an arbiter of quality is being challenged by Google and open source content projects."

subset: commoncrawl


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TRINITY COUNTY, TX (KTRE) - The Amber Alert issued late Monday night for an 11-year-old Trinity County girl has been canceled. Trinity County authorities located the missing girl and her mother Tuesday afternoon.
East Texas News was following the story in Trinity County all day Tuesday.
It was a tense day in Trinity County as authorities and Child Protective officials were looking for 11-year-old Savannah Hurley. However, the search didn't last long. Using cell phone data and information from area informants, authorities were able to track down Savannah and her mother, Shelly Hurley.
"Fortunately, around 1:30, we received some very good information about a subdivision we thought she might have been held up in, and we were able to check several residences there and use the information," Trinity County Sheriff Ralph Montemayor said.
Sheriff's deputies blocked the only road in and out of the Trinity Cove Subdivision for several hours. They were checking all cars coming and going from the area.
Montemayor said the blockade was a good idea because word got out, and that forced Hurley to hunker down in the neighborhood.
"The mother and the child were found in a travel trailer there on a piece of property hid back in somewhat of the woods there," Montemayor said. "The child is recovered safe, and the mother was placed under arrest for custody interference."
Both the mother and daughter were found in the Trinity Cove Subdivision at 2 p.m.
When CPS workers went to the mother's home Monday to take custody of the child, Hurley said the girl was not there, but with her mother, Patricia Rutledge, in the Woodlands, Montemayor said. According to Trinity County Sheriff's officials, Hurley later had a violent confrontation with the CPS worker; she threatened to run over the worker with her car as she was leaving.
After leaving her residence, Hurley met up with Rutledge and took the child. Rutledge was arrested for interfering with child custody.
Authorities say Hurley is a known drug user and CPS went to take custody of the child because there was a child welfare concern.
"CPS was contacted and did an investigation and asked her to take a random drug test for them and she tested positive for meth," Montemayor said.
Several Texas law enforcement agencies helped with the search and Montemayor says everyone did a great job.
"Less than 24 hours - that's always a great outcome," Montemayor said. "We was able to get her before she even got out of our county, so we're very happy about that."
Copyright 2012 KTRE. All rights reserved.


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Colorful Cameras, Speakers & Headphones: 5 Rainbow Hued Gadgets
Remember these? In the year 2000, life was full of colorful promise. I headed off to my college dormitory with the transparent blue iMac that I had coveted ever since I saw the ad campaigns that allowed me to choose amongst a pinwheel of colored computers.
For a while, Apple continued to produce computer in a variety of colors. The design and marketing decision may have been, in part, what piqued my interest in a career in tech journalism. "Hey, this is fun," I thought, "I wonder what design choices my technology products will afford me in ten years?"
But fast-forward to 2013, and it turns out that tech selection hasn't exploded into a cornucopia of colors and designs as hoped. Long tail be damned, it isn't usually cost-effective for retailers to stock fifteen shades, materials, and patterns of every product.
Splashing on a painted piece of plastic—like laptop-makers were doing for a while with pink and green lids adorning otherwise bulky, ugly designs—does not count (and it isn't a successful business model either: very few laptop makers offer lid-color choices anymore).
Here are five products available in a range of interesting colors—some bright, some subtle—that allow for a modicum of self-expression among gadget lovers.
1. Pentax Q10 Mirrorless Camera: This $600, 12 megapixel interchangeable lens camera is a rare example of nearly limitless color customization: more than 100 different combos for the camera's grip and body are possible via the company's studio site: gold, turquoise, teal, tangerine, brown...it doesn't get better than this.
2. Canon Powershot Elph 110 HS: If you want color choice but can't afford a $600 mini-DSLR, consider a point-and-shoot like Canon's 100 HS—only $135 from many retailers. For this camera, Canon offers six colors: far more than the industry average. Its more than a step above your smartphone's camera, too, with 16.1 megapixels, 5x optical zoom, and image stabilization.
3. Edifier Aurora 2.1 Speaker System: This tube-line 15 watt speaker with two satellite balls comes in 10 colors and can be found for under $90. If you've got a home office or desk outfitted in a variety of shades of red, blue, and yellow, these might be the only PC speakers that keep your theme alive.
4. Nocs NS2 Air Monitors: These fancy wireless speakers make use of Apple's AirPlay media streaming capability, which works with pretty much any iPhone or iPad running iOS 4.3.3 or later, or any Mac or PC running iTunes 10.2.2 or later. They're for music lovers who can't bear the thought of a dock combining their stereo sounds. Theoretically, you could set up several sets of these around the house and manage them all via iTunes. Grey for the office, red for the kitchen, etc.
5. Urbanears Plattan: The Urbanears brand has quickly made a name for itself in color. It presents new headphone colors as limited editions—they come in and out of stock, and new colors are launched frequently. At any given moment you might see colors like tomato, coral, rust, pumpkin and petrol on offer. Because color variety is so important to this company, it shares with customers the CMYK mix for each hue, as well as the closest Pantone match. It also takes suggestions for new colors.
(Images: Apple; as linked above)


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This sandwich was made to satisfy your late night cravings! We cooked up this dessert grilled cheese for the Sandwich Invitational at Feast Portland this year! With chocolate covered pretzels, bananas, peanut butter and honey, this sandwich is sure to hit the spot! Go on, give the recipe a try…we know you want to!
4 slices of Tillamook Sharp Cheddar Cheese
2 slices of sourdough bread
Tillamook Salted Butter
Bananas, thinly sliced
2 tablespoons peanut butter
1 tablespoon honey
Mini pretzels or pretzel sticks covered in chocolate (about 10 per sandwich)
Lightly spread butter on each side of the bread. Griddle fry your sandwich for 5-10 minutes, flipping them every 3-6 minutes. Serve once the cheese has melted and both sides of the sandwich are golden brown.


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Lately, with the end of the last season and the current season currently underway, there have been a ton of season-specific toplist topics, and a lot of discussions regarding how an anime has or has not lived up to the hype surrounding it, whether it was a surprise, disappointment, etc... I've found that, since I knew so much about every show that premiered this season, I've hardly been pleasantly surprised this season and I've been disappointed by a few shows I was looking forward to. Whereas I only renewed my interest in anime about 1/3 the way through the Fall 2012 season, and loved almost everything I watched from that season, knowing nothing about them beforehand, so I didn't have so much of a reason to be let down by things like Sword Art Online, etc.
Anyway, the point of all this is, I was wondering what your opinions on expectations, hype and publicity for anime were. Do you try to avoid knowing beforehand what the next season will be like? Or is it more exciting to know juicy details like the staff and studio that will be working on your new animes? I thought it would be interesting to discuss.
after watching over 1000 animes you don't have jack shit for expectations. I'll tell you that much.
This is from experience.
PS: excuse the french
my advice for people watching anime is to keep expectations low so you don't burn yourself out.
I had the luxury of staring my anime career when moe blobs along with boobs & butts were not part of every day anime. Unfortunately not everyone had this option.
Some of the great animes are ones you didn't expect anything from and for the ones you did and it turned out to be bad (aka sao, guilty crown) you're in the world of hurt.
The deemed 3rd rate anime will always be bad simply because they are 3rd rate but often enough the 3rd rates are the greatest animes because lets face it, many expected 1st rate animes are simply bad, but are considered good simply because they are 1st rate animes.
His Holiness Optimus Maximus Decimus Meridius Colossus Nemesis Nexus Genesis
Unless it's subject matter I already have an interest in, I just let the show run its course before I get excited about it. If it turns out to be a good show then I'll put it on my list of stuff to watch later.
I like to know the names of anime going to be premiering, and possibly read the manga/light novels that accompany anything from that season that looks somewhat interesting before I get superhappyfuntime-excited for something.
I don't usually try to research upcoming animes. It's not that I don't look to see what's going to be on the next season, I do. However, I mostly look at the art to see if anything catches my eye, then I read whatever brief synopsis there is and if it sounds good I'll watch it. Of course there are occasions when there is so much hype that it can't be avoided, such as in the case of Shingeki no Kyojin (Attack on Titian). It was everywhere you couldn't avoid it.
I guess what I'm saying is, I don't seek to learn everything about an anime before it's release nor to I try to avoid learning anything about it either. I prefer to learn just enough to see if it'll be something I'd enjoy.
Only DEATH can cure STUPIDITY!!
I am easy to lure. If I see a preview and it catches my eye, I will give it a go. Here at CR, though, if a ton of people put a lot of effort into hating a show, that really gets me to watch it.
As long as there is a Jojo in the world, anime shall never die.
Under no circumstances should you ever take hype into consideration when discussing the quality of a show. You don't have to outright ignore it. Just don't deduct points because it happens to be highly regarded. People constantly rant and rave about how reviewers praise popular shows to gain fans yet they completely ignore the fact that doing the opposite is much more despicable.
That means YOU DraconisMarch
I do my best not to follow the hype train, or be too informed about upcoming anime. it leaves me going in without expectations, and I've enjoyed anime that many people seem to hate, much like Guilty Crown. of course, bad anime are still bad anime, regardless, but at least I'm not disappointed by something that was "hyped" to be something groundbreakingly amazing and just turns out to be decent.
glass, once broken, can never be restored perfectly
Honestly if the plot's description peaks my interest, I'll check it out, and if the story hooks me then I'll stick with it. It's that simple with me
experience: before a season starts, dont get hooked up too much on what is the most expected anime for the season.
thats me and Guilty Crown.
i actually find the gems after blindly tried stuff without listening much to other people's opinions; this applies to MadoMagi, Steins;Gate, Space Brothers, Jormungand, Shinsekai Yori, Zetsuen no Tempest, and most recently Gargantia.
but i also try some titles when the season starts, judging from pro-anti group comments
and of course most of the time sequels also makes you really really hyped
can't go on. (」・ω・)」うー! (/・ωΣ[ 壁 ] にゃ・・・!!
There are anime with tons of hype and when you are starting out watching it with the expectation that it will be good, there is a chance it will not be for you. Example of anime with lots of hype that i hate.
Fairy Tail- TONS of hype around it...i watch the first episode and stare at the screen confused like, "soooo...its one piece but instead of devil fruit, they have keys and magic?"
SAO- Slow and boring...dats it
High School DxD- WTF!??!?! People actually think this s*#% is good!?!?! No plot, overly ecchi at times it doesnt need to be, most are bland uninteresting characters, NO PLOT(yea i said it twice), boring even for an action harem(go watch Sekirei and Rosario+Vampire).
I think im getting off topic but the point is I went in thinking these would be really good but they're not. Go in with LOW expectations and see what you truly like in an anime series.
Did he just walk up...slowly...and ban me? @GoldTStar117
Have no expectation.
Just watch for the fun of it and you will be surprised.
That way, you won't get disappointed.
And just watch what you like. Sometimes, what you like differs from the hyped up latest anime.
this weather is killing me
Like others have said, just have a low expectation when looking for shows to watch and don't get turned off by the aesthetics because you may miss out on some great shows.
You can take this with a grain of salt, but I've seen tons of shows involving genres ranging from hentai to deeply psychological.
[No information available]
Expectations are always your own fault. When someone says "This will be awesome", then I take that with a grain of salt. That's their hope. The marketing hype is just that: marketing. It's meant to advertise and get people talking about a show. Marketing is never truly honest. With all this "generated" excitement, it is far too easy to hope for too much from these shows.
When new seasons are about to premiere, I do spend some time getting to know the shows. I look at the character design, the plot, and see what people are saying about it. Then I ask myself: "Does this sound interesting to me? Do I want to watch this?" And that's about it. I try not to get excited about shows because the majority of times you'll end up disappointed.
Shows rarely live up to your expectations. The best thing to do is not to have any.
My expectations for new anime is low.
My expectations for sequels for anime that I've liked is high. I was expecting Chihayafuru 2 to be great, and it is.
Wasn't expecting much from Attack on Titan, becaus people were hyping it up so much, just like what they did with SAO, and SAO sucks after the SAO arc.


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From Noisebridge
|This article seems to be really old or very much out of date, and may contain wrong info.
Wiki-tip: You can check its history to see when it was last edited.
Schemers is a study group formed to learn about the Scheme programming language and fundamental CS concepts using (among other things) the classic book SICP as a study guide. The full text of this book is freely available online, and we have a physical copy on our bookshelf as well. We have been meeting on Sundays at the Noisebridge hackerspace, but for now we'll be meeting on a weekday (most likely Weds) after work in the Downtown Mountain View area. Please monitor the discuss or schemers mailing lists for updates (read the archives (schemers) (discuss) if you'd rather not subscribe), or contact Johnm if you have any questions.
- Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (SICP)
- MIT OpenCourseWare for SICP
- Video Lectures by Hal Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman
Other Helpful Texts[edit]
- The Little Schemer
- Simply Scheme: Introducing Computer Science
- The Scheme Programming Language
- The Adventures of a Pythonista in Schemeland (a series of online articles)
- schemers.org -- lots of scheme links.
- Berkeley Class Webcasts
- Hygienic Macros
- Tutorials from Wraith Scheme
- Racket The original "DrScheme" has been updated and expanded and renamed. It is still Scheme at the core however.
- PLT Scheme = Racket PLT Scheme was renamed to Racket, included here for de-confusion.
- Chicken Scheme is another implementation of scheme. It has as active, friendly community...and it has eggs.
- Wraith Scheme is a shareware/open-source Scheme that runs on the Macintosh and has lots of documentation. (Disclaimer: I am the developer of Wraith Scheme, but I also attend the weekly meetings)


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Has there ever been a shortnose sturgeon population in Florida's St. Johns River?
Sturgeon are a primitive family of fishes found mainly in cold to temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Habitat loss threatens or endangers many species, including shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum). Anadromous species, which move upriver from the sea to spawn, are particularly imperiled, because the damming of rivers blocks access to historic spawning habitat. Shortnose sturgeon are considered semi-anadromous, because they travel upstream to spawn but return only to the lower estuarine portion of a river. They typically do not use marine habitat, but some transient fish have been known to move between river systems. Historically found in major rivers along the Atlantic seaboard from the St. John River, Canada, south to the St. Johns River, Florida, current populations are generally much larger in northern rivers. Shortnose sturgeon have been listed as endangered since 1967. In the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, sturgeon researchers along the eastern coast began to assimilate a recovery plan that was completed in 1998. However, population estimates for several systems within the listed range, including the St. Johns River, Florida, were inadequate or missing.
In the spring of 2001, researchers working in cooperation with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service began a study to determine current population levels of shortnose sturgeon in the St. Johns River, Florida. Most biologists who were familiar with the system believed the St. Johns River sturgeon population was extremely small or nonexistent. From 1949 through 1999, only eleven specimens had been positively identified from the system. Eight of these captures occurred between 1977 and 1981. In August 2000, a shrimper's cast net captured a shortnose sturgeon near Racy Point just north of Palatka, the area where most previous captures had been made. The fish carried a tag that had been attached in March 1996 by personnel from the Georgia Department of Natural Resources near St. Simon Island, Georgia.
Using a protocol developed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), researchers conducted gill-net sampling in the St. Johns River from January 2002 through June 2003. Sampling areas, which were chosen based on historical catches or potential spawning migrations, included the lower river from Welaka to Jacksonville. From January through May of 2002 and 2003, 100-meter gill nets were set for a total time of 3,672 hours. From May through August of the same two-year period, biologists spent 820.5 hours sampling the estuarine portion of the river. Only one shortnose sturgeon was collected during the entire period. It was captured on 22 January 2002, tagged with a passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag, and released. This fish measured 56 centimeters in fork length and weighed 1.5 kilograms. It was captured on the south side of Federal Point near Palatka, within two miles of the most common area of historical shortnose sturgeon catches.
No data analysis for population size was possible, because researchers captured only one specimen in 2002 and zero in 2003 despite an extensive amount of sampling. In addition, from 1980 through 1993, similar gill-nets were deployed by researchers to target other species in the same areas. In all, these nets were deployed for 21,381 hours, but no incidental sturgeon captures were reported. It is, therefore, unlikely that any sizable population of shortnose sturgeon currently exists in the St. Johns River. Shortnose sturgeon reproduction generally requires rocky or gravel substrate or limestone outcroppings-habitat rarely found in the St. Johns River or its tributaries. No reproduction of sturgeon in the St. Johns River has ever been documented, and no large adults have been positively identified (all known specimens have been less than ten pounds). In other southern rivers, the species uses thermal refuges, such as springs, but no sturgeon have been observed in the numerous springs available in the St. Johns River. Given the marginal habitat, it is possible that shortnose sturgeon have not actively spawned in the system and that infrequent captures are transients from other river systems. However, with so little data available, researchers may never know how many shortnose sturgeon historically resided in the Sunshine State.
FWC Facts:Adult Florida bass usually eat crayfish and other fish, but on rare occasions eat snakes and birds.
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Current events
From coreboot
The 2007 LinuxBIOS Summit will be at two locations in Switzerland. Biel October 17th-19th(afternoon) and Berne 19th(night)-21st.
The registration process is open for everyone willing to attend or talk at:
Older Events
- There was a LinuxBIOS booth at the LinuxTag in Berlin, May 29 - June 6, 2007, as well as a hands-on workshop by Peter Stuge.
- Ron Minnich gave a talk about LinuxBIOS on February 24, 2007 at FOSDEM 2007.
- The LinuxBIOS Symposium 2006 took place on October 1-3, 2006 in Hamburg, Germany
- The LinuxBIOS Summit 2005 took place on October 11-13 in Santa Fe, NM.


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99 i fail
I have OpenGL Version 2.1.2 (I used the program GL Doctor to find this out; it's safe (I used anti-virus programs and "Is this website safe?"-type sites to check) and can be downloaded at http://ononesoft.cachefly.net/support/DoctorGL.exe.zip. The latest version of OpenGL is 4.2 . How do I download version 4.2 (and I mean the actual OpenGL program, not add-ons or extensions.)? My graphics driver is GeForce 6150SE nForce 430 version 197.39 . If I update it to version 301.42, will it give me OpenGL 4.2?


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Well we are getting closer to that first day of spring.
Well we are getting closer to that first day of spring.
March 20 is the official day on the calendar. Don't forget to move your clocks up an hour on March 10 as Daylight Savings Time begins and we all spring forward. Easter is getting closer so please send all events for Easter in by March 12. You can email them to firstname.lastname@example.com or call 470-3260 and leave a message.
Elementary school has many events set
Reeds Elementary School has some important dates coming up. Please mark these on your calendar.
The PTO Applebee's Flapjack Breakfast will be from 8 – 10 a.m. March 9 and the cost is $7.
PTO skate night will be 6 – 8 p.m. March 21.
Individual spring pictures will be taken on March 26 and there will be an early release day at noon March 27. March 28 – April 5 students will enjoy their spring holiday.
Report cards will be issued on April 12.
The Reeds Elementary Spring Fling will be held on April 20 with more information coming. The rain date will be April 27.
Boosters will host cash raffle event
Please join the West Davidson Athletic Booster Club on March 23 at Sapona Ridge Country Club as they will host a cash giveaway. The tickets are $100 per ticket and you will receive dinner for two and live entertainment by the band Special Occasion. For more information or to purchase tickets you can contact Charles Elmore at 853-8084 or send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Seniors will meet
The West Davidson Senior Moments will hold its March meeting at 11 a.m. March 12 at Reeds United Methodist Church. The guest speaker will be Phil Hartley, who is Lexington's fire chief. Please call Lorie Mast at 239-0736 if you plan on attending.
Prayers are needed
Please keep the family of Tyler Troublefield in your thoughts and prayers.


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The horns, ossicones and antlers of ruminants are familiar and diverse examples of cranial appendages. We collectively term ruminant cranial appendages 'headgear'; this includes four extant forms: antlers (in cervids), horns (in bovids), pronghorns (in pronghorn antelope) and ossicones (in giraffids). Headgear evolution remains an open and intriguing question because phylogenies (molecular and morphological), adult headgear structure and headgear development (where data are available) all suggest different pictures of ruminant evolution. We discuss what is known about the evolution of headgear, including the evidence motivating previous hypotheses of single versus multiple origins, and the implications of recent phylogenetic revisions for these hypotheses. Inclusion of developmental data is critical for progress on the question of headgear evolution, and we synthesize the scattered literature on this front. The areas most in need of attention are early development in general; pronghorn and ossicone development in particular; and histological study of fossil forms of headgear. An integrative study of headgear development and evolution may have ramifications beyond the fields of systematics and evolution. Researchers in organismal biology, as well as those in biomedical fields investigating skin, bone and regenerative medicine, may all benefit from insights produced by this line of research.
1. Introduction
Cranial appendages are extremely common, conspicuous and diverse among animals. They serve a tremendous diversity of functions, often stemming from mate selection (e.g. [1,2]), but ranging into feeding, sensing [3,4] and even aiding locomotion [5]. Among mammals, cranial appendages are most familiar in artiodactyls, which have been known as the 'even-toed ungulates' (e.g. camels, pigs, hippopotami, giraffes, cattle and deer) and are now known to include whales as well [6–10]. The only extant artiodactyls with headgear (a term for artiodactyl cranial appendages first used by Gadow [11]) belong to Ruminantia—a group of artiodactyls that chew cud to support fermentation in their complex, multi-chambered stomachs [12]. Of the six extant families of ruminants, four families possess headgear (cervids, bovids, giraffids and the antilocaprid; figures 1 and 2) [15], each with a different type (antlers, horns, ossicones or pronghorns, respectively).
Surprisingly, the origin of such iconic structures as the horns of antelope or the antlers of elk is still unknown. This deficiency can be partly attributed to the comparatively little attention that this group has historically attracted among evolutionary biologists, despite the popular appeal and the economic value of many ruminants. More importantly, the evolution of ruminant headgear is difficult to ascertain for two purely biological reasons: the phylogenetic discordance of adult headgear characters versus other morphological characters, and the sparse but perplexing results from studies of headgear development.
The four extant forms of headgear have developmental and positional commonalities that have inspired hypotheses of homology: they are paired and (usually) symmetric, found on the frontal bones, formed from a bony core covered by integument (skin) and related connective tissues, and their presence is tightly linked to the male sex. By contrast, sharp differences in their development and physiology have led to hypotheses of multiple origins (table 1). Antlers (figure 2a), found only in cervids, are composed of exposed, living bone when mature [16] and are unique among mammalian appendages in their ability to completely and periodically regenerate in adults [17–20]. Horns (figure 2b), found only in bovids, are composed of a scabbard-like keratinous sheath covering a bony horncore, neither of which is ever shed [14,21]. Ossicones (figure 2c), found only in giraffids today ([22], but see [23]), are the simplest form of extant headgear, consisting of bony projections of dermal bones covered by skin and hair [22,24–27]. Finally, pronghorns (figure 2d), found only in Antilocapra americana today, are projections of the frontals that are covered by skin, hair and an annually replaced keratinous sheath [22,28–31].
Is it possible that these different types of ruminant headgear share a single developmental and evolutionary origin, despite differences in adult structure? In the last decade, phylogenetic analyses of the artiodactyls have produced novel hypotheses for the sequence of the evolution of ruminants, both among and within families [6–10]. We suggest that these topologies allow for renewed discussion of the origin of headgear. If ruminant headgear has a single developmental and evolutionary origin, how have the adult structures arisen; independently from headgear-less intermediates that possessed the basic genetic and developmental architecture, though unexpressed? Or did adult structures evolve through a series of transitional forms of headgear?
Understanding the developmental origins of the headgear in each group will be the key to unravelling the problem of ruminant headgear homology. Comparison of the location and morphology of adult structures will often suffice for identifying homologies, as known to generations of biologists [32,33]; however, in some cases, position and morphology can be deceptive. For example, a developmental-positional disconnection was uncovered by direct study of the frame-shift mutation that led from a theropod state of digits I, II and III in the manus to the modern bird state of II, III and IV [34–36]. Homology reflects inherited information, including developmental pathways, not similarity of adult structure [37]. Therefore, it is important to carefully consider the developmental origin of structures before deciding whether they are homologous or analogous.
In addition to answering the age-old question of 'how the cow got its horns', the study of ruminant headgear may enable important applications in other fields. In animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, for example, species and breeds with horns must often be dehorned as juveniles to ensure the safety of the animals, their herd-mates and handlers. Current methods are usually time-consuming and painful for the animals [38,39]. Improved techniques for dehorning based on a detailed understanding of horn development would be beneficial. Even more compelling is the potential for biomedical applications derived from insights on the relationship between bone and integument. Horns and antlers are ideal, simplified systems for investigating the way integument can control or modulate bone growth [17]. Antler development, in particular, is seen as a key to understanding a suite of skin–bone interactions, including healing, regeneration and neural control of bone development [40,41]. Beginning with Goss [42], the possibilities for regenerative medicine have become a major line of inquiry [18], raising the possibility that antler regeneration could be co-opted for human medicine, with applications ranging from accelerating skin regeneration for burn victims to delaying the onset of osteoporosis [43,44].
However, it must be emphasized that the idiosyncrasies of antler, horn and other headgear development will only be fully understood in an evolutionary context. It is unsafe to assume that an organ develops in the best way possible; often it was simply the most convenient way to evolve [45], and alternatives in evolutionary and developmental pathways are (or were) possible. Just as development must be considered when studying the evolution of adult organs, evolution must be considered when studying development.
(a) Hypotheses of homology or analogy
Workers have long acknowledged that the problem of headgear evolution is restricted to the Ruminantia and not related to the evolution of cranial appendages in the other groups of artiodactyls [46]. Ruminantia consists of two main groups, the headgear-less paraphyletic stem-group 'Tragulina' and the monophyletic clade Pecora. (Protoceratids, extinct artiodactyls equivocally placed between tylopods and ruminants [47], are thought to have evolved headgear independent of the Pecora.) The extant families of ruminants with four-chambered stomachs are found in Pecora, and four of the five pecoran families have headgear (figures 1 and 2) [12]. Up to the late 1980s, workers explored several ideas about homology in ruminant headgear [13,46,48–51]. While they varied in details, all hypothesized that ruminant headgear had a single history, evolving from ossicone-like tubercles in the common ancestor either of all ruminants or the Pecora, ruminants above tragulids (figure 1a). Most researchers hypothesized that the antler pedicle was homologous to the entire ossicone, horn or pronghorn [26,49,50]. Consequently, the exposed-bone portion of the antler was seen as an evolutionary novelty, growing distally on an ossicone. Most discussions focused on bovid horns and cervid antlers, ignoring ossicones and pronghorns, but hypotheses of homology between the initial ossifications of ossicones and bovid horns go back to Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in the mid-nineteenth century [21,52]. The placement of Antilocapra was up for debate, with workers either uniting it with bovids because of its keratinous sheath, antelope-like behaviour and dentition [13,29], or uniting it with cervids because of its skeletal characters, annual shedding of the keratinous sheath, and horncore development [14,51]. The equivocal placement of Antilocapra clearly required additional, independent evidence [30].
By the late 1980s, enough fossil, anatomical and modern developmental evidence had been gathered to make a strong case for the independent origin of all forms of ruminant headgear [14]. Janis & Scott [14] correctly explained that investigating the origin of a complex structure requires an independently derived cladogram. Consequently, they constructed a phylogeny based on 34 morphological traits of 36 taxa of fossil and living ruminants (figure 1b). Their analysis indicated: (i) headgear-less tragulids were the most basal ruminants, (ii) antilocaprids were nested with cervids, and (iii) the most basal cervid was the antlerless Hydropotes. Because of the distinct developmental modes and the nested positions of headgear-less moschids and Hydropotes, the most parsimonious reconstruction was for an independent origin of headgear in each ruminant family [14,53].
Recent molecular data have changed the topology of Ruminantia yet again (figure 1c,d), placing Antilocapra with giraffids, grouping bovids, cervids and headgear-less moschids, and moving the antlerless Hydropotes well within the cervid radiation (figure 3) [6–10]. The placement of Antilocapra is robust; it is based upon 15 of the 16 genes available to Marcot [9] in his supermatrix analysis, with 100 per cent bootstrap support. The placement of Hydropotes is based on six genes, with 98 per cent bootstrap support [9]. This new topology prompts reconsideration of the hypothesis of a single origin of ruminant headgear. Because the absence of antlers in Hydropotes is now judged to be a derived autapomorphy, only one family of ruminants above tragulids has evidence of a basal headgear-less state: the moschids (sister to the bovids or cervids: figure 1c,d). Fossil moschids have no headgear [14], but the earliest fossil antilocaprids [54–56], giraffids [22,23], bovids [57] and cervids [14,58] all possess headgear. However, this picture is complicated by the fact that these families are diagnosed by their headgear (or lack thereof), which creates circularity problems for investigating their origins [57]. Additionally, the current paucity of early headgear-less forms does not by itself justify rejection of the multiple origins hypothesis.
The fossil record contains many headgear-less artiodactyls that may lie within the Pecora. Resolving their phylogenetic placement in the context of the rich molecular dataset of extant pecorans is critical to testing hypotheses about the origin of headgear. For example, knowing the positions of the headgear-less Amphitragulus [14] or the enigmatic Hoplitomeryx (which had bovid-like horns and a cervid-like skeleton [59]) would bring us closer to understanding the path of horn and antler evolution. Many headgear-less forms (such as Amphitragulus, Dremotherium and the blastomerycids) were originally placed on the pecoran stem among the moschids, which were considered a basal group at that time (figure 1a) [46], but living moschids are now recognized as nesting high within the tree (figure 1b–d) [6–10,14]. If some or all of these headgear-less fossil forms reside outside Moschidae [14], it would be difficult to argue for a single origin of headgear. Neglecting to include such fossil taxa for study could erroneously suggest that the problem is one of a single headgear loss instead of an issue of multiple origins. Similarly, there has been debate about the homology of extant giraffid ossicones and the headgear of more basal giraffids [60,61]. Resolving the origin of ruminant headgear will require close study of both extant and extinct species, exploration of the internal phylogenies of each family, and thorough investigation of the developmental processes of each type of headgear.
2. Histogenesis of ruminant headgear
Although the term 'horn' has been applied to bovid horns, pronghorns and ossicones (e.g. [24,29]) as well as to headgear per se (e.g. [11]), we restrict its use to bovid horns (headgear covered in a keratinous sheath that is not annually replaced). To avoid implying homologies between groups, we use different terms for each type of headgear: antlers (in cervids), horns (in bovids), ossicones (in giraffids) and pronghorns (in Antilocapra). The different types of headgear share important structural, developmental and positional characters, but they also possess distinct developmental and physiological features that suggest convergence in some of these adult characters (table 1). Here, we present brief summaries of the histogenesis of each headgear type; our electronic supplementary material presents a much more detailed review.
Among ruminant headgear, the antler has prompted the most study in part because it is capable of periodically regenerating after complete abscission. The antler is a bony outgrowth from the lateral crest of the frontal bone [20,62]. During growth, the integument and underlying subcutaneous loose connective tissue (SLCT) externally cover the antler [20,41]; interactions between the external and internal tissues are vital to the initiation and modulation of longitudinal growth [63]. Thus, concomitant changes in skin and bone are apparent during antler growth.
As a primary or first year antler elongates, it passes through three stages of ossification: intramembranous, transitional and endochondral [20,62]. During the stage of intramembranous ossification, the lateral crest of the frontal bone forms by periosteal deposition of spongy bone. The periosteum at this site is unusual because it contains embryonic-like cells (perhaps of neural crest cell origin), and transplantation experiments have demonstrated the ability of this periosteum to form ectopic antlers. More evidence of this intrinsic capacity is provided by induction experiments which show that signalling between skin and bone is not required to form the lateral crest [63]. Continued deposition of spongy bone on top of the lateral crest produces a palpable bump called the pedicle. During the stage of transitional ossification, elongation quickens and produces a short but visible pedicle. The apical periosteum undergoes a partial transformation to a perichondrium, resulting in apical deposition of highly vascularized bony and cartilaginous tissues. Although intensification of pedicle growth typically coincides with male puberty and an increase in testosterone [42,64], additional molecular signalling between the periosteum and integument is required to initiate pedicle formation [63]. Pedicle growth is completed and antlerogenesis begins during the stage of endochondral ossification. The apical periosteum completely transforms into perichondrium and begins to deposit highly vascularized cartilaginous tissue, which ossifies endochondrally, similar to long bones [62]. Likewise, the integument of the antler transforms into a highly glandular form called velvet. Termination of antler growth coincides with a large pulse in circulating androgens and the rutting season [20]. Only the integument covering the antler is shed (the pedicle remains covered), exposing bare bone. The bone tissue towards the periphery probably dies; however, deeper bone tissue remains alive and continues to form compact bone [16]. Antlers are cast as androgen levels decline [65], and a new set of antlers re-grows endochondrally on top of the pedicles when androgen levels are at a minimum [66].
What little is known of early horn development in bovids has been obscured by inconsistent identification and naming of primordial horn structures, compounded by the inclusion of animals with scurs: 'loose horns' that have a bony core but no solid connection to the skull. Scurs may arise genetically, as in many breeds, or via pathology, and exhibit a range of severities. In the electronic supplementary material, we establish language to help untangle early horn development.
The three critical structures of the early horn are (in ontogenetic order) the horn anlage (precursor), the os cornu (a detached, palpable bud) and the attached horncore bud. Before birth, the connective tissue components above the future horn site irreversibly differentiate into the anlage [21], which seems to be the primary inducer of horncore development. The next stage may or may not be a distinct os cornu, a palpable nodule in the tissue immediately above the frontal bone. The os cornu is something of a mystery. It is unclear whether it arises from the anlage; it may be made of dermis and/or SLCT [21,67,68] or cartilage [11,69]; and it may ossify independently in the soft tissue (forming a scur) or after attaching to the frontal bone (forming a normal horn) [21]. Cartilage preformation (suggested by Gadow [11] and Atzenkern [69]) would be unexpected in a context of dermal ossification, and has been rejected by most workers [14,67,68]. Several authors reject the existence of the os cornu during normal horn development [21,70–72]. After fusion of the developing anlage/os cornu to the frontal, the bony horncore bud begins to develop. By the time the horncore is observable, it is seamlessly attached to the skull, but its microstructure differs from the frontal [67]. Further growth of the horncore is appositional at both the tip and the surface [14,67,73,74], but with slowing growth, compact bone begins to be deposited in the interior. Unlike antlers, horncores are maintained throughout life and undergo active remodelling [75].
Normal horn sheath growth is dependent on the presence of the anlage/os cornu [21]. The keratinous sheath grows continuously from the skin covering the horncore [14,67]. Temperate species with seasonal fluctuations in sheath growth rates produce a series of distinct nested cones, with the oldest cones at the tip and the youngest against the horncore (figure 2b) [42,76]. The sheath tip is usually much thicker proximodistally than the walls of the sheath [42], suggesting more rapid production of keratin at the tip. The keratinous horn tissue of juveniles is softer and more fibrous [77] and may 'exfoliate' before adulthood [31,67,74,77–79]. Distinctive horn shapes are hypothesized to arise by modulating zones of keratin production at the base [17,80]. Overall, the male phenotype is associated with increased expression of horns (earlier and faster growth, greater size and symmetry, etc.) [81]. Castration experiments show that testosterone is important for development of normal male horns [82]. The relationships among hormones, other signalling factors, and horn growth is complex and changes through ontogeny [76,83–89].
Because of the rarity of giraffids, very little is known about the early development of ossicones (figure 2c). Only a few histological studies have been performed on the ossicones of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) [22,24,26,27], and none has investigated the ossicones of okapis (Okapia johnstoni). The ossicone begins as a separate bony core above the frontoparietal suture in giraffes and above the frontals in okapis [22]. The ossicone was originally thought to condense as fibrocartilage within the skin above the bone [26,27]; however, Ganey et al. [24] showed that it is primarily non-cartilaginous. Although initial ossification occurs dermally, the process is intramembranous, as is typical for skull roof bones [24]. Within a week of birth, the ossicones begin to ossify [27], remaining detached until sexual maturity [22] and primarily growing at the intersection with the skull [24]. In immature individuals, ossicones approximate the condition of scurs in bovids [25]. At sexual maturity, the ossicone fuses to the skull; growth ceases at the skull–ossicone interface [22,27], but giraffes continue to deposit lamellar (i.e. dense, layered) bone at the surface of their ossicones [22,27], similar to the primary growth pattern of bovid horncores. While the ossicones of adult male giraffes often have calloused tips [22], in adult okapis, the skin retracts from the tips, leaving the live bone exposed [27]. There is no evidence that the skin of the ossicones is different from that covering the remainder of the skull.
The extinct palaeomerycids possessed headgear generally interpreted as ossicones [14,23], but it is possible that they are more consistent with the headgear of early 'merycodontine' antilocaprids; no histological work has investigated this problem. Geraads [60] restricts 'ossicones' to crown group giraffids on the basis of development, but Solounias & Moelleken [61] present evidence that suggests this developmental pathway is plesiomorphic in giraffids.
Even less is known of early development of the pronghorn in Antilocapra. Only one study has investigated whether the pronghorn core of Antilocapra begins as a separate ossification or is a direct outgrowth from the frontal [51]. On the basis of an examination of 28 newborn pronghorn cores, Solounias [51] reports no delayed fusion of the pronghorn core, suggesting an even earlier fusion than bovid horncores or a cervid-like apophyseal development. The pronghorn sheath of male Antilocapra grows annually in response to cycles of male hormones [29]. Most females have smaller, irregularly shed, button-like horns, but approximately 30 per cent lack headgear [28]. Unlike bovids, each pronghorn has two centres of keratinization: a distal site for the main spike and an anterior site for the prong. After these two projections are nearly full size, the remainder of the shaft cornifies and elongates, creating a single structure surrounding the pronghorn core [29,31]. The basal, paraphyletic 'merycodontine' antilocaprids [54–56] had unshed antler-like headgear of exposed bone [90,91], suggestive of the unshed antlers of the earliest cervids and the bony tips of Okapia ossicones.
3. Major questions
Although current knowledge does not let us definitively answer the question 'how did ruminant headgear evolve?', we can offer several viable hypotheses and reject some old ideas. First, it is still possible that all types of headgear have independent origins (as with Janis & Scott [14]: figure 1b). In this case, the developmental origins of the types might be independent, or they might share deep genetic and developmental homologies. The latter case would bear many similarities to the other major hypothesis: a single origin of headgear as an adult structure (figure 1c). In either case, we would expect shared pathways underpinning the bovid horncore anlage/os cornu and the early ossicone and pronghorn core structures. The complete antler or just the pedicle might be homologous with the anlage/os cornu, but antler–horn homology would require that the cervid lineage shifted from an integumentary to a periosteal centre of ossification in the transition to modern antler development. We can clearly reject early ideas of headgear homology that grouped the musk deer (Moschidae) with the basal tragulids on the basis of their 'primitive' hornlessness (figure 1a) [46]. Any complete model of headgear evolution has to account for the absence of headgear in moschids, nested high within the Pecora. In addition, we can reject the hypothesis of Solounias [51] that supposed two origins of headgear, one for pronghorns and antlers and another for ossicones and horns; the current molecular topologies will not allow this evolutionary scenario (figure 1c,d). In the end, the historical path of headgear evolution was probably messy, with homology among some lineages and independent origins of morphology and/or developmental pathways in others. For example, we could see a scenario in which the headgear of giraffids, antilocaprids and bovids are homologous structures, but that ancestral type of headgear was lost along the lineage to cervids + moschids and antlers were independently derived (figure 1d). We cannot reach a clear conclusion until a series of new investigations of histogenesis are completed.
As we related in §2, knowledge of early development of headgear is imbalanced among the pecoran families, decreasing in knowledge from antlers, known very well from experimental manipulation [18], to pronghorns, known from only one study of neonate skulls [51]. For proper comparisons of antler, horn, ossicone and pronghorn developments, it will be necessary to know, from equivalent investigations, the sequences of development and the regulatory processes governing the adult forms. Transplantation and other manipulative studies of primordial headgear tissues, as pioneered in bovids (e.g. [21]) and cervids (e.g. [63,66,92–94]), must be extended to other clades of pecorans. Additionally, tissues from foetal animals require immunohistochemical study to determine which genes, molecules and tissues contribute to headgear development at each stage of early development. Both these lines of investigation will require access to breeding populations, which is easier for cervids, bovids and antilocaprids than for giraffids. Until these studies can be completed, no one will know which tissues induce the development of pronghorns or ossicones, nor can anyone completely test hypotheses of homology among headgear tissues and developmental processes.
We have synthesized the state of knowledge of headgear development in our histogenesis review (here and expanded in the electronic supplementary material), but we can complement that review with a list of the most important questions to be addressed by transplantation and histological studies.
— For antilocaprids: how do pronghorn cores originate and develop?
— For giraffids: fundamentally, how do ossicones originate?
— For bovids: how do the anlage and the os cornu of horns differ, and what role, if any, does each have in normal horn development? How is fusion with, or outgrowth of, the frontal bone achieved? How do normal and scurred horns differ in their development?
— For cervids: how and when does the periosteum of the frontal bone become antlerogenic and capable of transforming into different tissues? Does it have a predetermined developmental pathway, perhaps originating from neural crest cells [92]? Addressing the formation of this pathway will require a shift in focus from postnatal to embryological development.
Heterotypic interactions (between different types of tissues) play an important role in tissue differentiation in all types of headgear, but most of our current knowledge comes from studies of antlers. To test a hypothesis of deep developmental homology, it will be necessary to link our knowledge of heterotypic interactions in antlers to interactions in other forms of headgear. First, it will be necessary to understand what signalling mechanisms cause stem cells in growing antlers to differentiate into pre-osteoblasts at one time and pre-chondroblasts at another, and then to test for those signalling mechanisms in the development of other types of headgear. It will be important also to answer: which heterotypic interactions are essential to induce growth, and which simply modulate growth? What signals the transformation of normal skin into rapidly growing velvet or keratinized horn sheath?
Complete understanding of headgear evolution will only emerge when we can reconstruct headgear development in extinct species using osteological correlates of the processes observed in extant animals. One of the goals of ruminant biologists (both neontologists and palaeontologists) must be to document the details of bone microstructure that would allow for identification of the developmental pathways used by early bovids, cervids, giraffids and antilocaprids. With this knowledge, it should be possible to trace the evolution of headgear development within each family, generating hypotheses of ancestral character states. For example, given unambiguous results from modern developmental studies, one could examine fossils of Hoplitomeryx-grade animals to distinguish between the hypotheses that early cervids modified a plesiomorphic ossicone-like developmental path, with a separate centre of ossification, or that they independently derived headgear, with no macro-scale homology. Also, this sort of study would be the only way to determine the developmental process and potential homology of the headgear of the extinct Palaeomerycidae. Reconstructing the plesiomorphic developmental paths should provide further insight into the phylogeny of Ruminantia and the evolution of their most distinctive features, allowing more fossil data to be included on equal footing with molecular and developmental data from extant forms.
We would like to thank W. Clemens for first suggesting that someone ought to think about the broader implications of the new ruminant tree. Three anonymous reviewers made significant contributions, improving an earlier version of this work. We also thank C. Conroy of the MVZ for access to specimens shown in figure 2 as well as K. Padian, S. Hopkins and her students at U.O. for their constructive criticism.
- Received May 4, 2011.
- Accepted June 13, 2011.
- This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society


text: The Seminary will honor the academic requirements in force at the time of matriculation for a particular degree or certificate program for the length of time as specified, after which any new requirements must be fulfilled. Degree and certificate candidates are expected to make progress sufficient to complete the degree or certificate according to the time limits as follows: Certificate, three years; M.T.S., and M.A.M. programs, four years; M.Div., six years. A student exceeding the time limit for completing a Certificate or masters degree must make a new application to the Admissions Committee.


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MONTREAL (AP) Andrea Bargnani scored 20 points and the Toronto Raptors beat the New York Knicks 107-88 on Friday night in a preseason game at the sold-out Bell Centre.
Toronto won its third in a row to improve to 4-1 and dealt New York its first loss in three exhibition games.
The Raptors outscored New York 30-20 in the third quarter and went up by 12 after Jose Calderon scored on a layup off a turnover 2:27 into the fourth to make it 84-72.
Kyle Lowry finished with 17 points for Toronto and Amir Johnson contributed 14.
Carmelo Anthony led the Knicks with 24 points followed by Amare Stoudemire's 18.
Landry Fields faced New York for the first time since signing a three-year, $18.7-million offer sheet that the Knicks declined to match.
New York led 26-20 after the first quarter as Toronto got off to yet another slow start. Stoudemire's dunk gave the Knicks a 38-28 lead in the second, but Lowry hit a 3-pointer at the halftime buzzer to draw the Raptors even at 46.
Bargnani was back in the Raptors' starting lineup after he was injured Wednesday night. He bruised his left calf and left in the third quarter of Toronto's 104-101 victory over Washington.
Lowry made his second start after missing the Raptors' first three games because of a strained adductor muscle in his left leg.
Lithuanian rookie Jonas Valanciunas started for Toronto but took a seat on the bench 3:13 in after drawing a pair of early fouls. He finished with four points and 10 rebounds.
Toronto hosts Milwaukee on Monday night. New York faces Boston in Albany, N.Y., on Saturday night.


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When people talk about Cornerstone, whether on Facebook or in blog posts or Flickr captions, a recurring theme is that coming here feels like coming home, whether it's your first year or your fourteenth. I haven't even made it to the actual festival grounds yet, but being here still feels like a sort of homecoming.
This year's drive up from Atlanta was long and gloomy, and things just felt kind of off-kilter. Inconvenient "real life" things like hassles at work meant that things got off to a bit of a tired, underprepared, "I really hope I didn't forget anything" sort of start. The traditional lunch destination for my friends and I, a mall outside of Nashville, had apparently fallen prey to a Zombie Apocalypse, so we had to deviate from tradition and find food elsewhere. Strange things were afoot at the Stuckey's– they were SOLD OUT of Goo-Goo Clusters! That's like McDonald's selling out of fries – it's just not supposed to happen.
But eventually the clouds broke and the sun came out, and as we drove on into the Illinois corn fields between Springfield and Macomb, we burned through a great iPod playlist from artists ranging from The Choir to Pristina, from The Kicks to Over the Rhine, from the Juliana Theory to King's X. By the time we reached the "550 Friendly People ['and Bob' – an in-joke that goes back about 12 or 13 years]" sign welcoming us to the great town of Industry, "real life" was far behind us and everything felt right with the world. (Well, mostly – our WIU dorm can best be described with words like "dank" and "moist," which isn't exactly what you might hope for, but what do you expect for $40 a night?)
So now I'm awake at a ridiculously early hour, and can't wait to get to the fest to see all my old friends and meet some new ones, check out some new bands on this "pre-fest" day, and settle in for a fun week. I'm even hearing rumors of an unscheduled bonus show by a legenDAry Jesus Music band on the Gallery tonight at 10:00 that I really hope comes true…
So welcome home, Cornerstone. Whether you're here for the hardcore music or the lemon shake-ups, have a great week. If you've got any good stories to tell about your drive to the fest or anything else, leave a comment on the blog. And if you're in the dorms in WIU, come by room 704 and say hi!


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By: Dr Lynda Kelly, Category: Museullaneous, Date: 20 Sep 2009
Are knowledge workers a way to approach future organisational change?
I'm really interested in the knowledge society and what that means for museums and organisational change. I have been re-visiting my Peter Drucker texts and been re-inspired by that man's foresight and genius! Susan Groundwater-Smith also put me onto this useful piece of work by Gurteen (2006) who suggested the following attributes of a knowledge worker:
The Gurteen Knowledge Website is useful too.
What do you think - are these attributes of the 21st century worker??


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Fully improved city lot. New subdivision on the edge of the city. City amenities with a country feel. Your choice of over 24 lots left for $30,000.
Features Lots and Acreage
|Total Acres: 0.58
|Zoning: Res
|Present Zoning: Single family
|Lot Size: .58 Acres
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|Taxes: $465
|Elementary School: Spring Hill
|Middle School: Spring Hill
|High School: Wisconsin Dells
|School District: Wisconsin Dells
|Body of Water:
Estimate your monthly mortgage payment
How much can I borrow?
Speak with a mortgage consultant: 608-276-5210


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A quick update on the injury front for Sunday's game vs. New York...
MLSsoccer.com's Franco Panizio reports that forward Fabian Espindola, who has been listed as questionable all week with a hamstring strain, will not be traveling to Chicago for Sunday's game.
Espindola also missed Red Bull's 2-1 win over Philadelphia last week.
Panizio also reports that frontline partner Thierry Henry will be part of the 18, though he seems likely to come off the bench for the second-straight week.
Also listed as questionable in recovery from an MCL strain, the Frenchman played 31 minutes and scored the game-winner in his team's victory over the Union.
On the Fire front, the latest Athletico Injury Report released Friday saw Michael Videira and Steven Kinney removed from the list, though both have been out of action for multiple weeks.
The Fire will be thin in midfield if questionable players Dilly Duka and Patrick Nyarko (hamstring tightness) and Alex (calf contusion) are unable to go on Sunday.


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Gentoo Penguin
(Pygoscelis papua)
Facts about this animal
The Gentoo is a medium-sized penguin standing from 51 to 75 cm tall and with a body-weight of 5 to 6.2 kg. The upper parts, chin and throat are dark slate-grey, and there is a triangular white patch above each eye usually extending over the top of the head. There are scattered white spots on head and neck. The under parts are white.y and have a relatively long tail. Juveniles have smaller, less distinct white patches and sometimes a grey throat. The bill is black with sides orange in males and pinkish-orange in females, the feet are orange.
Gentoo penguins breed in colonies, which rarely comprise of more than a few hundred pairs. They build rudimentary nests from stones, sticks, grass, feathers, or any other material they find suitable for the purpose. The female lays two eggs of about 130 g, which are incubated by both parents for about 34 days. The young chicks remain in the nest for about 3 to 4 weeks. During this period both parents brood the chicks alternately, feeding the chicks and changing over on a daily basis. Adults usually set out to forage in the early morning, returning later the same day, and foraging generally occurs within 20km of the breeding site. The time spent foraging increases as chicks get larger, and their demand for food gets greater.
After the brood period, the chicks will form large crèches, allowing both parents to collect food to meet the ever increasing demand. Their plumage has now similar markings to the adult plumage, except that the dark areas are a browny-grey rather than slate, and there is no white head patch yet.
Gentoo penguins generally forage close to shore. They may make as many as 450 dives during a single days foraging. They are opportunistic feeders, and around the Falklands are known to take roughly equal proportions of fish and squid.
Did you know?
that penguins have denser feathers than most other bird species? They have as many as 12 feathers per cm². These feathers are spaced very closely and tufted with down on the shafts to help keep the penguins warm.
|Name (Scientific)
|Pygoscelis papua
|Name (English)
|Gentoo Penguin
|Name (French)
|Manchot papou
|Name (German)
|Name (Spanish)
|Pingüino de pico rojo
|CITES Status
|Not listed
|CMS Status
|Not listed
Photo Copyright by
Vladimír Motyčka
|Antarctica and subantarctic regions: Argentina, Australia, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), French Southern Territories (Crozet Is., Kerguelen), Heard Island and McDonald Islands, South Africa (Marion-Prince Edward Is.), South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Vagrants in New Zealand and Saint Helena
|Subantarctic grasslands, coasts, ocean
|Wild population
|More than 314,000 pairs (1993) (Red List IUCN 2011)
|Zoo population
|604 specimens reported to ISIS (2008).
In the Zoo
How this animal should be transported
For air transport, Container Note 22 of the IATA Live Animals Regulations should be followed.
Find this animal on ZooLex
Photo Copyright by
Vladimír Motyčka
Why do zoos keep this animal
The gentoo penguin is currently not yet threatened with extinction. Zoos keep gentoo penguins therefore primarily for educational purposes to demonstrate how the birds adapted to arctic and maritime conditions and thus became able to expand their range into the seas and the south polar zone. Of course the gentoo penguin is also an excellent ambassador for its ecosystem and may serve as a flagship species for campaigns or educational programmes raising awareness about Global Warming.


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Hi Guys, I have been working so much lately I haven't had much time to get on here. So I hope you are all doing well and your garden is blooming.
I just wanted to update you on a couple of things that I have learned of over this season of gardening - my first in Texas. We have battled 105 deg heat on some days and a little rain here and there and apparently it is the year of the locust. Small ones and really really big ones, like with bodies 3 inches long! And may I tell you now about the phobia, nay terror, I have of these creatures?. I can't stand them. Terrified of them. So you can imagine the odd screams that ring out from my yard from time to time, especially when I ask my partner to 'get that f@%#ing thing away from me and get it out of my garden' and he then squashes in between his thongs (flipflops - sorry I am an Aussie :) ) and he then chases me around the yard with it. Oh, yes... he paid dearly for that!
Earlier on I had battled with caterpillers, thousands of them. So an online search for organic pest control, I came across a very cheap, easy to make and effective 'Garlic Bug Spray'. Simply place about 3 whole bulbs of garlic, a tblspn of chili (powder, dried, fresh whatever you have on hand, I actually use more for extra bite) a tblspn of veg or olive oil, a squirt of dish detergent into a food processor, add enough water to cover the ingredients and whizz away until as mulched down as possible. Then strain the mix through a panty hose ( I find this the easiest method for doing this kind of thing, you may have your own) to extract the juice. Add 7 cups of water to the extract and pour into a spray bottle.
Spray it all over the plants and garden beds, your garden will smell like garlic - which is something I don't mind... the combined ingredients all help to deter all kinds of bugs, insects and prehistoric locustdactyls and of course is completely safe to spray all over. This worked so well on my garden, my neighbor literally cursed me because after I sprayed it all around the first time as his garden got annihilated.
My other golden nugget is my worms. I started out with 1 pound of worms which I purchased for about $30 in November last year. I place them in a rubbermaid tub, the 'average size' with peat moss and egg cartons as bedding. After my first harvest of about 20 pounds of castings, I split the worms into two tubs and now for my second harvest I have about 50 pounds of castings!. And just in time as I was able to add the castings to my garden just before the heat hit to help them. In the beginning I fussed way too much about what to feed them, learnt by mistakes, found what they like the best etc etc, and it is now part of my regular routine to set their scraps aside, when I am preparing food I have 2 containers on the counter and worm scraps go in one and compost scraps in the other. I mulch up all the worm food in the food processor as I find this breaks down easier for the worms to eat and gets eaten faster rather than having big clumps of food still hanging around in the bin. The worms are the best investment I have made into the maintenance of my garden and they are also the easiest pets I have ever had to take care of. 2 weeks after applying worm castings to my garden, I pulled out a 2 pound zucchini squash. Though I am not a fan of growing the largest of vegetables, prefering small and tasty over size, it certainly showed the magic that the worm poo has on growth. My next venture will be to make worm tea. There are a few different methods to make the tea so I will try out a few of them but the tea is supposed to be a better way of fertilizing as not only does it get into the soil but also on the foliage. I will fill you in on this as I go.
I have mulched, poo'ed and pampered my horrible caleche soil for just over a year now and am finally seeing results. I have only been able to top it with scraps of soil.. that is, all that my partner and I can physically shovel into the back of the truck, done like this because we get it for free this way, so I have only been able to cover it with about 2 inches of soil altogether. I also have spread mulched leaves, cow and horse poo. I have only used fish emulsion and epsom salts as fertilizer. Even though we are suffering very high temperatures right now, my grass (bermuda) is very healthy and the soil isn't drying out like it used to which also alleviates how much I have to water as well. After a lot of work, cursing and worrying, I finally have a nice area to sit in and look at my lovely garden. Now I seem to have a mole problem. The little bugger has left sand piles all over my lawn. I am not into killing animals, insects yes, but animals no, so I am looking for an humane way to remove him from my grass. Yesterday I say him poke his head up whilst creating another sand pile so I thumped my shoe over the hole a la whack-a-mole style!.
Luckily enough, we work in pecan orchards and my next golden nugget is the scrap pile. During the harvest season, as the pecans get sorted through a machine, all the scraps get carted off to piles set off the side of the orchard. These piles consist of leaves and twigs, small branches etc, basically anything that was on the ground that wasn't a pecan. These piles have sat here for years and are an excellent source of mulch and wood chip. I run it through a sifter, remove all the larger wood chips which get put on top of the garden, and the muclhy soil I am left with underneath is soft, silky and rich smelling soil. The other soil that we dig up from the orchard is from the burn piles. The same burn piles are used year after year. I was able to 'steal' the front-end loader one day and overturn one area of a burn pile. The soil I get from here is rich in potassium. Though I can't guarantee what chemicals etc have been used previously in the fields, I do know what we use now and am comfortable with the limited chemicals we spray and once it is in my garden it is treated organically.
Just on my little thong reference back there, I want to share my story: We went to the river on Sunday with new-made friends. So as we are splashing around in the tubes, my thong (flipflop) came off and started to head down the river in the current. So of course I yelled out "Oh no! my thong came off, quick grab it, it's floating away". Well needless to say that heads turned, people sat up and guys started swimming like it was the olympics!
Yes, I got my thong back and besides explaining the differences in language, thongs are an Aussie icon and having called them that all my life, it is a little hard to change how I say it. It was a good belly laugh for the afternoon at least.
Aphids. My next battle. I had a cherry tomato that I let grow wild in the middle of my garden. I swear if it stood up erect, it would have been at least 12 feet tall!. I had placed stakes in the ground and let it trail all over these so it was a very large bush - I couldn't place my arms around it, but I noticed that leaves were going brown very quickly and upon inspection... aphids. Unfortunately I had to pull the plant out as it was too infested however no great loss as I have plenty of tomato plants. I did spray my garlic bug spray around on my other plants and it seems to give the aphids something to think about as well.
Of course any hints, tips or tricks are greatly appreciated.My 2 pound zucchini
The most terrifying creature on earth: Eateverythinginsiteandbescarygrasshopperdactyl I think is the scientific name.
My local nursery gave away these caladiums for free. This was all I could carry: 45 pots lol. I just threw them all around the gardens for color.
Views: 243
Good to know the scientific name of the terrifying grasshopper. Hehe :)
Hi Sandi, a great post. Sounds like you have many challenges. I like your pecan orchard compost pile. Real Gold.
Sandi, this is a wonderful update! Thank you!
I wonder if you need chickens. I bet they would make short work of the bugs and insects, and give you great tasting eggs in the process. Here in the Northwest, we haven't had a locust plague yet, hope we never do. But my hens love the humongous slugs we get here.
In the little town in Illinois were I grew up, so isolated in the corn fields I used to refer to the "Corn Curtain" which kept all subversive urban television and radio stations out of the pristine small town atmosphere, we also referred to those little plastic sandals as "thongs". Who would have guessed that Australians use the same word?
You are proving the main golden rule of gardening: first take care of the soil, and the soil will take care of you. Every great gardener learns this rule!
I would love to have chickens but at the moment have no place to house them. We may be moving house in the next few months as we are working out a deal with a farmer to caretake his property. If we do move there is already a chicken coop built at the farm and also a shed that I can increase my worm family in.
I do buy organic fresh eggs from a farmer down the road, he also sells fresh organic milk, so at least I am getting good food from him and I was buying a front-end bucket load of chicken poop from a farm for $25 a load but have since found out that it is a Tyson chicken farm and once seeing the condition that the chickens live in, I could no longer hand my money over to them. It wasn't by any means a cruel situation, but I don't like the mass production type farms.
Luv your thong story. lol
I love your garden!
Thanks for sharing!
Oh I just love zucchini!
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Pocket Socket Portable Hand Generator
Like having magic hands
- Generates 10 watts of power at 120V DC
- Features one two-prong standard U.S. outlet
- Powered by you!
We all know that sometimes you meet someone whose touch sends shivers up your spine. This hand-cranked portable generator is sort of like that, except this time you are creating the electricity. Of course, when the zombie apocalypse happens and all infrastructure is kaput, you'll want to create your own electricity. We can't bottle that up as a renewable resource (yet!).
There is nothing worse than being stuck five miles from the Safe Zone with a dead phone, air mattress pump, radio or flashlight. This Pocket Socket Portable Hand Generator ensures you are never in that situation again. It features one two-prong U.S. standard electric outlet that with the help of your hand will power up your electronics in all of those emergency situations.
Product Specifications
- Portable and lightweight power generator
- Generates 10 watts of power at 120V DC via standard two-prong U.S. outlet
- Perfect gift for travelers, campers, or people who forget to charge things
- Dimensions: 6.75" x 2.25"
- Weight: 14.1 ounces
- Made in the USA


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Spectrum is tweeting from the Spring Meetings (April 17 & 18) at the Adventist headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland. Mission initiatives and finances top the agenda.
Jan Paulsen gave the devotional today for the assembled world church executive leaders.
Jan Paulsen, past GC President, in Spring Meeting devotional this morning addressed church unity, mission and ordination of women.
Jan Paulsen re ordination: "Pray that the Spirit will lead ... you to get it right where you are."
Paulsen: "We can only do mission where we are, and that can never be done quite the same way in every culture and every part of the world."
Paulsen: "Holy Spirit is presently at work to ... do mission most effectively everywhere and to keep the family of faith globally united."
Paulsen: Let us not impose our own private limitations or prejudices on the work of the Holy Spirit. "He will guide you into all truth."
Also, voted—pending financial arrangements—to hold 2013 Annual Council in Hong Kong, Sept 12-18.
Click here to read more @spectrummag.
This is a companion discussion topic for the original entry at http://spectrummagazine.org/node/3919


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Guilin Sun (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Updated: (MAPREDUCE-1648) Use rolling to limit tasklogs
|Thu, 06 May 2010 09:54:48 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/MAPREDUCE-1648?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Guilin Sun updated MAPREDUCE-1648: ---------------------------------- Status: Patch Available (was: Open) update for bugfix. > Use rolling to limit tasklogs > ----------------------------- > > Key: MAPREDUCE-1648 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/MAPREDUCE-1648 > Project: Hadoop Map/Reduce > Issue Type: Improvement > Components: tasktracker > Reporter: Guilin Sun > Attachments: mapreduce-1648-design.pdf, MAPREDUCE-1648-v2.patch, syslog-baidu-v2.patch > > Original Estimate: 0h > Remaining Estimate: 0h > > There are at least two types of task-logs: syslog and stdlog > Task-Jvm outputs syslog by log4j with TaskLogAppender, TaskLogAppender looks just like "tail -c", it stores last N byte/line logs in memory(via queue), and do real output only if all logs is commit and Appender is going to close. > The common problem of TaskLogAppender and 'tail -c' is keep everything in memory and user can't see any log output while task is in progress. > So I'm going to try RollingFileAppender instead of TaskLogAppender, use MaxFileSize&MaxBackupIndex to limit log file size. > RollingFileAppender is also suitable for stdout/stderr, just redirect stdout/stderr to log4j via LoggingOutputStream, no client code have to be changed, and RollingFileAppender seems better than 'tail -c' too. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online.
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Dean Schubert's Yapese Tattoo Adventure
Dapoy: last known Yapese to wear the full body tattoo.
I want to start the week off by sharing this great post by Dean Schubert on his experience tattooing on Yap Island, Micronesia. Dean -- whose Visual Tattoo is the longest standing shop in Humboldt County, CA -- took some time off from the studio to travel to Yap with his wife Britanny and explore the island. There, he had the honor of tattooing a traditional Yapese backpiece on Leo Pugram, owner of Yap's only professional tattoo studio.
Here's a bit of that experience:
With nearly twenty four hours of air travel and lay-overs, we made our way from Arcata, California to Colonia Yap. The majority of our stay was at O'Keefe's Waterfront Inn. Which made for a most pleasant stay. The owner of O'Keefe's, Don Evans, is a long time friend of Leo Pugram, and it was Don who informed Leo of Yap's traditional tattoo history. The last person to wear the tattoo on Yap passed away in the 1970s. With the practice suspended through discouragement by early western visitors and the eventual ban during the Japanese occupation from the 1920's-1940's, the art was mostly forgotten and unknown to some of the youth today.Head to Dean's site for more of his story and photos.
Yap tattoo on Leo Pugram by Dean Schubert.
Tattoo TAGS:
Dean Schubert
Leo Pugram
tribal tattoo
Visual Tattoo


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February 22, 2013
channeling my inner norah waugh
Can any of you guess what this is?
I'm sure it won't take many guesses. It's part of a project I'm working on at the Kent State University Museum. I'll give you more details soon!
9 comments:
- AnonymousFebruary 23, 2013 at 12:39 PM
A corded bodice? As in, pre-corset-steels hemp cording?ReplyDelete
Looks like fully boned stays (18th century or earlier) to me.... ??ReplyDeleteReplies
Good eye Evie!Delete
Please don't feel obligated, but I've nominated you for an inspiring blogger award!ReplyDelete
You are so kind! I feel undeserving since I've been posting so sporadically lately. Tell you what, once I get back into the swing of things then I will gratefully accept.Delete
- AnonymousJune 6, 2013 at 7:09 AM
YOur entries are ddeply missedReplyDelete
- AnonymousJune 6, 2013 at 11:54 AM
Missing you and your very interesting projects. Hope you will get back soon!ReplyDeleteReplies
I miss it too! I've just wrapped up my course work and thesis project, which means I can start to focus on this project again!Delete
Great, hurry back, it's been rather dull without your frilly photos of corsets and the like (still thinking of the bow on the front of that black 1880s corset from Poland) :)ReplyDelete


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Remix Snow Patrol and win €1500 of Shure gear
Free Shure t-shirt with all SRH headphones - or read on for remix competition info...
Snow Patrol and Shure have a long history together: the band's live mics and studio mics have always included a whole range of Shure gear, while their gigs make use of equipment like Shure's wireless systems.
Particular favourites of the band while recording are the Beta 58a for lead vocals, the Beta 52a for kick drum, the classic SM57 for snare and toms.
Download, Remix, Upload, Win!
Snow Patrol and Shure are giving you the chance to remix the title track from their sixth album, 'Fallen Empires', which the BBC said is full of "indisputably great pop songs, full of sparkle and warmth".
Listen to the orginal track:
Simply sign up at at Shure's site, download stems of the track and then use whatever gear and recording/editing techniques you like to create a remix.
You can then upload the track here. Shure will create a shortlist of 20 tracks to pass on to the band, who'll choose a winner. Snow Patrol say:
"We are looking for you to create something new and original. We won't be favouring any particular style or genre – everyone will be judged on the same level, whether your entry transforms Fallen Empires into anything from an acoustic track to a techno track. We wish you the best of luck!"
The 3 best remixes will receive vouchers for Shure gear to the following values:
1st prize: €1500 voucher
2nd prize: €1000 voucher
3rd prize: €500 voucher
Listen to some of the entries so far
All entries must be uploaded by 2:00pm Central European Time on 14th December 2012. Terms of entry apply.


text: Jeffersontown Historical Museum SIP METS submitted to KDL. University of Kentucky SIP METS and associated file(s) submitted in University of Kentucky Preservation Repository. jef1973122701_sn86069182 Jeffersonian (Jeffersontown, Ky.), December 27, 1973 Jeffersonian (Jeffersontown, Ky.) University of Kentucky 1973-12-27 newspapers text sn86069182 english County, Kentucky Jeffersonian (Jeffersontown, Ky.) This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed. Permission must be received for subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Physical rights are retained by the owning repository. Copyright is retained in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. Please go to http://kdl.kyvl.org for more information. 2012


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Trying to find a safe and reliable used car made me stressed out for weeks. Here's everything I learned, so hopefully your car buying process will be easier.
Getting a great deal on a used car is easy if you know how. Here are 9 tips from a frugal family on how to get the most out of your car-buying dollars.
Here are a few tips to help make sure the second-hand car you are buying doesn't end up being a second-hand nightmare.
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Get the CD, Book or Download the Glossary
A Glossary of Archaic Medical Terms, Diseases and Causes of Death
The Genealogist's Resource for Interpreting Causes of Death.
This website is being moved to www.archaicmedicalterms.com All future updates will be made to the new site only.
Antiquus Morbus is a collection of archaic medical terms and their old and modern definitions. The primary focus of this web site is to help decipher the Causes of Death found on Mortality Lists, Certificates of Death and Church Death Records from the 19th century and earlier. This web site will be updated often and as new information is received. My intention is to collect and record old medical terms in all European languages. The English and German lists are the most extensive to date.
Each term is only listed once. Check under the other headings if the term is not in the alphabetical lists. Also, try the Google search tool below.
If you find this site useful and entertaining please consider donating $3 to help support this website. It will be used to help pay for the hosting fees and to increase the reference library. You will get access to the download page where I have linked the Glossary in Excel and PDF formats.
These lists contain the results of years of research, deciphering thousands of Church Death Records, Mortality Lists and other sources. Then finding definitions for each Cause of Death in my collection of antique medical books and online reference web sites. I welcome all inquiries and more than welcome any additional terms or definitions that are not presently included.
I am especially interested in definitions from various time periods that may contrast the changing meaning of the term over time.
|Recent Additions and Updates: Meningocele Black Dog Bealing Axes Noli me Tangere Bouton Chancreux Invalidism Turgescence Joint Evil Estival Overlaid Morbus Coxæ Coup de Soleil Siberian Plague Military Fever Morve Mort de Chien Milk Reek Tic Doloureux Catarrhus Whitlow Fungus Hæmatodes Visitation of God Delirium e Potu Watery Gripes Tympany Scald Head Surfeit King's Evil Purples Rising of Lights Malignant Fever Tissick Yellow Jaundice Rodent Ulcer Pemphigus Vulgaris Toxic Goitre Pyorrhea Alveolaris Psychosis Asthenia Gallon Distemper Squill Chorea Insaniens Infantile Paralysis Anencephalic Myelomeningocele Dermatitis Exfoliativa Spanish Flu Autumn Fever Lymphadenoma Imperforate Rectum Arthritis Deformans Slow Fever Mucous Enteritis Occlusion Aura Espundia Gastroenterostomy Insolation Illuminating Gas


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Decision Analysis for Lawyers
University of Cincinnati College of Law, Center for Practice Presents:
Decision Analysis for Lawyers I: Introducing the Basics
December 5, 2013 Continental Breakfast at 8:30a.m.; Program: 9:00a.m. - 5:00p.m. (See agenda)
Registration fee before November 22, 2013: $220.00 Regular registration fee: $275 (Register here)
(6.5 CLE hrs. applied for, approval anticipated)
Decision Analysis for Lawyers II: Advancing Beyond Basics
December 6, 2013 Continental Breakfast at 8:30a.m.; Program: 9:00a.m. - 5:00p.m. (See agenda)
Registration fee before November 22, 2013: $220.00 Regular registration fee: $275 (Register here)
(6.5 CLE hrs., incl. 1 ethics hour, applied for, approval anticipated)
Registration for BOTH Decision Analysis for Lawyers I & II Introducing the Basics & Advancing Beyond the Basics
Registration fee before November 22, 2013: $395.00 Regular registration fee: $450.00 (Register here)
Both sessions will be held at the College of Law in room 204
Faculty: Marjorie Corman Aaron, Professor of Practice
What is fair settlement value? How can I help my client understand the risks involved in this case? How can I persuade the other side or an insurer that our settlement offer is reasonable, even if their argument has some merit?
Decision Analysis offers a way to map a lawyer's, client's, or neutral's judgments about what might happen, what the chances are, what results will flow from twists of fate along litigation or transactional paths, and thus, what might be reasonable negotiation proposals.
•The first workshop day will teach the basic "how tos" for legal practice, working with case problems and applying the method in client contexts.
•The second workshop day will teach participants to use the method for more complex legal problems, covering advanced applications such as sensitivity analysis, risk tolerance, measuring intangibles, and nuances in structuring that impact case preparation, strategy, and client response. We will also discuss the ethics of decision analysis and how to avoid potential for manipulation and distortion in the method.
Workshop Faculty
Professor of Practice Law Marjorie Corman Aaron teaches introductory and advanced decision analysis at the University of Cincinnati College of Law and directs the College of Law's Center for Practice. Professor Aaron has conducted decision analysis workshops for the CPR Institute for Dispute Resolution, the ABA Section on Dispute Resolution as well as law firms and corporations, and has taught decision analysis courses at Hamline University School of Law and at North Carolina Central University School of Law. She has authored many articles and book chapters on decision analysis for lawyers and mediators. Professor Aaron is also an experienced mediator and arbitrator, originally with Endispute, Inc. (now JAMS) in Boston, and, since 1998, in private mediation practice in Cincinnati. A graduate of Princeton University and Harvard Law School, Professor Aaron practiced civil and criminal litigation in Boston before entering the field of dispute resolution. She served as Executive Director of The Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School before joining the faculty at the College of Law.
If you have any questions about the workshop content, please email Professor Aaron at email@example.com or call (513) 556-0114.
For information about workshop logistics, please contact Mindy Lawson at email@example.com or (513) 556-0090.