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New walkthroughs are being loaded weekly, and the existing ones are always under revision! Be sure to let me know if there´s a game you´re interested in.
Have a walkthrough or information of your own you´d like to have listed here?
Submit a Tip, Hint or Cheat | Submit a Walkthrough
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subset: commoncrawl


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The December 8 Record issue will be the last issue published for the fall term. The standard deadline for submitting headlines applies. Please submit all headlines no later than noon Thursday, December 4, for inclusion in the last issue of the term. The weekly publication schedule will resume with the January 19 issue, which is the first issue of the spring term.
Departments, academic units and administration:
Check with Jon Taylor in the office of Public Affairs, extension
6-5115, room 677B, or e-mail
Jon to obtain the Dreamweaver template for your Record page.
Please remember that the main Record headline page is uploaded on Fridays at noon. All individual department/organization Record announcement pages should be uploaded on Friday afternoon as well so that the headlines will match the current announcements. Also, the Record archiving program runs automatically over the weekend. If Record pages are not uploaded to the server until Monday, they will not be be archived.
Please feel free to contact Sue Pierard (ext. 6-5252) with any questions, or e-mail your submissions to email@example.com.
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ROCHESTER — Police were closing off the area around Big Lots on Milton Road after locating an SUV in the parking lot. Officials are not commenting at this time but the vehicle may be related to a reported home invasion with shooting in Lebanon, Maine, earlier this afternoon.
Emergency transmissions indicated a man was shot during an alleged home invasion at 11 Second St. in Lebanon. The victim was airlifted from the nearby Skydive New England.
The incident was reported at about 1:30 p.m.
Middleton police then posted a public safety alert on Facebook Tuesday afternoon to warn the public about the suspect. The message indicated the male suspect was last seen at Market Basket in Rochester, which is adjacent to the Big Lots retail store on Milton Road. The man is described as white with a "Cargill jacket and camo hat." Middleton police says the suspect is wanted for a shooting in Lebanon Maine. "If anyone sees this person please contact police immediately. Do not try to apprehend. Subject is possibly armed and dangerous," the posting said.
Shortly after the incident police put out a "Be On the Lookout" for a black Ford F-150 pickup truck. A black Ford Explorer SUV was spotted in the parking lot behind the Big Lots around 2:30 p.m.
K-9 units from Barrington and Portsmouth were called to the scene.
Rochester Police Lt. Gary Boudreau said he could not release information at this time and would only say the ongoing investigation is related to an incident in Lebanon, Maine.
Lebanon Assistant Rescue Chief Jason Cole said a man, believed to be in his 40s, was being readied for transport at Skydive with injuries. He said the matter is "a law enforcement issue" and he could release anymore information at this time. "Many of you are calling to ask about an incident in Lebanon, and all I can release is that the Lebanon Rescue Department was dispatched to a serious medical emergency around 1:45 p.m. today in South Lebanon. Rescue units staged for law enforcement to secure the scene. An advanced life support unit from Frisbie Memorial Hospital was called into the scene as well as a helicopter from LifeFlight of Maine was requested. The patient was brought to Skydive New England in Lebanon to meet Life Flight, who then transported the patient to the Maine Medical Center Trauma Center," Cole wrote in a statement this afternoon. "I would encourage all questions be directed to the York County Sheriff's Department's Chief Deputy, William King," Cole wrote.
Police were putting up yellow crime scene tape at 3:10 p.m. and shoppers were still milling in and out of stores at the scene, most unaware of the activity going on behind the parking lot.
Home invasion suspect's vehicle found in Rochester
ROCHESTER — Police were closing off the area around Big Lots on Milton Road after locating an SUV in the parking lot. Officials are not commenting at this time but the vehicle may be related to a reported home invasion with shooting in Lebanon, Maine, earlier this afternoon.


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NAR on YouTube and Vimeo
- National Association of REALTORS® — the primary YouTube channel for staying connected to NAR.
- REALTOR® Action Center — the latest news and updates from NAR's political action and government affairs teams at the REALTOR® Action Center.
- REALTOR® Magazine — the home of REALTOR® Magazine on YouTube.
- NAR Information Services — videos from the Library and Archives of the National Association of REALTORS®.
- NAR Meetings — the official channel for major meetings held by the National Association of REALTORS®.
- CRT Labs — videos from the Center for REALTOR® Technology.
- HouseLogic.com on YouTube — HouseLogic.com is a free source of information and tools from the National Association of REALTORS® that can help you make smart and timely decisions about your home.


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- From: Russia
- Age at first shoot: 24
- Height: 164 cm
- Weight: 50 kg
- Alexandra works as an erotic model. She poses with girls and boys but especially she loves solo posing. Alexandra studied arts in the univercity but she doesn't work with this she says that she always gets excited when see a nude painting or a sculpture. Really weird.


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Milwaukee Wisconsin
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Quick Links
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Acronym & Abbreviation Decoder
The Brackett Aero Filter BA-7005 Element will protect your engine from ingesting dust or dirt which causes premature piston ring and cylinder wear. These filters contain a specially treated polyurethane element which assures near total protection from foreign material entering the system. Repels water, fire retardant and has good air flow for proper fuel/air ratio. Low-cost maintenance with increased engine life. FAA approved. Brackett Aero filters help prevent frequent engine overhauls! Aircraft operators often upgrade their existing filters to Brackett Aero filters and there after just replace the element part of the filter with a new one at minimum cost. BA-7005 Element is for BA-7010 Filter Assembly.
Enter the part number without the leading prefix.
Example: LW10207, enter as 10207.
This will provide all equivalent options: LW-10207, AEL10207, SL10207 and ASC10207 plus any over/under sizes.
Curious about acronyms and part numbers? Check out our cheatsheet!


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Mark Sullivan/WireImage
It's another little chick!
Emily Robison welcomed her fourth child, Violet Isabel Strayer, on Tuesday, Sept. 4, her rep confirms to PEOPLE exclusively.
Violet, who is the first child together for the Dixie Chicks and Court Yard Hounds musician and boyfriend Martin Strayer, arrived at 3:01 a.m. weighing in at 8.5 lbs.
"Mom and baby Violet are doing well and Dad couldn't be happier," her rep tells PEOPLE.
Robison, 40, is also mom to twins Juliana Tex and Henry Benjamin, 7, and son Charles Augustus, 9½, with ex-husband Charlie Robison.
— Sarah Michaud with reporting by Kevin O'Donnell


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PINEHURST, N.C. -- Had a pleasant one-on-one interview with Coach Golden today. I hope he does well at UM. He is respectful, direct and answers questions -- or at least actually listens to them. Yes, he's a coach, and coaches often answer questions by not answering them, or by being so confusing you don't know what's going on (evidence: the first time Golden talked to us during spring about possible suspensions). But so far, I'm very impressed. We'll see how it plays out as the season progresses. I guess so much of it comes down to the W's (I won't mention the other letter).
I don't have much time here, because group interviews with coaches are approaching at the ACC Football Kickoff. And again, unfortunately, Al Golden's interview session is late afternoon/evening. Bad for deadline purposes.
Briefly, if any of you follow me on twitter @smillerdegnan you saw this stuff, but here's some of the newsy stuff he told me. I haven't transcribed yet, sorry.
I asked Coach Golden: "Not naming names, is there anyone you know that will be suspended for at least one game this season?" His answer. "Yes."
He hedged when I asked him if there were "multiple players suspended" -- seemed to be counting in his mind (haha -- seriously), and again, I don't have the transcription yet. But he did tell me he will let media know of anyone suspended the week going into that particular game.
OT Seantrel Henderson has been dealing with lower back pain for a long time now, and he is trying to resolve the problem. He will be eased into fall practice gradually, as will DT Marcus Forston, who is coming off knee surgery.
S Vaughn Telemaque, who was wearing a neck brace during the spring game, should be OK for fall practice.
Coach Golden said WR Aldarius Johnson is doing well and everything is good with him and the Canes. Many of us have heard about certain attitude-related situations with Aldarius, but Golden insisted he's A-OK.
Some incoming signee (or not incoming) news:
Golden said OL signee Taylor Gadbois (6-7, 292) of Ga. will attend "prep school for half a year" before coming to UM.
- Golden said LB signee Antonio Kinard (Hargrave Academy) & West Boca DT signee Corey King have Clearinghouse issues. He's hoping they get cleared, but who knows?
Also, Golden said Jeffrey Brown (arrest formerly reported) will not be returning to the team and is no longer at UM.
Golden said OT Joel Figueroa, who was granted a rare sixth year of eligibility by the NCAA, is raring and ready to go. But he would not say what position on the line he will play. If you recall, Joel started as a guard and was moved to tackle. If you guys know anything about Art Kehoe, he practices everyone at every position on the line.
Have to run now.
Later, Susan Miller Degnan
P.S. ACC media just picked FSU to beat Virginia Tech in the ACC title game for the ACC crown. UM was picked second in the Coastal Division behind Va. Tech.


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Jane Long is known as the "Mother of Texas." Why? Now that's a good question. According to the Online Handbook of Texas, Jane was given this title for giving birth to one of her children on Bolivar Peninsula, even though she wasn't the first English-speaking woman to give birth in Texas or on Bolivar Peninsula. So, how did she get this title? [Hm.] Could it be who she knew? Possibly. Her husband was Dr. James Long of the "Dr. James Long's Rebellion" fame. [This is one of the 3 failed rebellions that proceeded Texas' fight and win for independence.] Also, Jane was to have dined at one time with Jean Lafitte, the infamous pirate [but not the pirate from my family tree] on the Bolivar Peninsula. Also, years after her husband's accidental death in Mexico City in 1822, it's rumored that she was courted by the likes of Ben Milam, Sam Houston, and Mirabeau B. Lamar. [Wow. Not many can say that, if the rumor was true.]
1. Online Handbook of Texas
2. The Fort Bend Museum Association
3. All photos taken by Caroline Pointer.
4. All collages designed by Caroline Pointer.


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Rancho Cucamonga Quakes' games (two in Stockton against the Ports, two in Modesto against the Nuts -- big thanks to both affiliates for the media credentials), and there's a dearth of talent in Rancho right now.
My takeaways: There isn't as much talent on this team as there was earlier this season or as in years past.
Ross Stripling and Duke von Schamann getting promoted to Double-A left the rotation depleted. Garrett Gould was also promoted, but he hasn't pitched well the last two seasons.
Not much movement on the position player front, aside from a resurgent Jon Garcia heading to Chattanooga. There's just not a lot of talent in Rancho.
Here are a few notes from each game. I'll post in-depth scouting reports of guys like Lindsey Caughel, Noel Cuevas, Carlos Frias, Scott Schebler, Darnell Sweeney and more in the coming days here and at Chad Moriyama's site.
Thursday (7/18/13)
Cuevas had a couple soft hits and a couple stolen bases. His speed is probably his best tool.
Jon Michael Redding got the start. It's the third year in a row I've seen him start in Stockton (and that's not good). He wasn't good on this night. His stuff is the same as it's been. He's a non-prospect.
Blake Smith took the hill and had impressive velocity for a guy who hasn't pitched since 2009 in college. He sat at 90-92 MPH with his fastball. Unfortunately, his curveball was a mess. The first he threw went behind the hitter while the other he threw hit a batter. It was a 75 MPH offering. He has a long way to go on the hill, but his mechanics are clean enough to be successful. His command/control needs lots of work.
Friday (7/19/13)
Bobby Coyle popped a home run as the team's designated hitter. O'Koyea Dickson showed some nice opposite-field power by hitting a no-doubter to right-center field.
Casio Grider, who took over for Cuevas who twisted his ankle in the first inning, has crazy range in center field. A natural infielder, Grider tracked a deep fly ball that he had no business being near, dove and missed a spectacular catch by about six inches. It was an impressive display of speed.
Carlos Frias was awfully impressive. He mixed all his pitches and struck out 11 in seven innings. It was one of the best pitching performances by a Quake this season.
Schebler has a legitimate bat. He hit two home runs. The first was a lined shot over the right-center field wall. The second was a moonshot over the batter's eye in center field (video below).
Sweeney doesn't have the chops to stay at shortstop long-term. There's some loop in his throw from short and he's messy with his footwork and mechanics. He makes spectacular plays, but botches the routine ones.
Saturday (7/20/13)
Gustavo Gomez started. His velocity was actually pretty good (90-93 MPH), but he gave up a grand slam in the first inning to put him
Schebler has a lot of swing-and-miss, but he also has loud tools. He can play center, but he fits best in a corner. His arm is average in right, so left field could be his future. Speed/power combination isn't dissimilar to Joc Pederson's. Has some issues with the mental aspect of the game. Too emotional at times, wears it on his sleeve.
Scott Wingo has sneaky speed and is playing all over the infield. He's a natural second baseman. He has great on-base ability, but he doesn't barrel up enough pitches to be considered a legitimate prospect at this point.
Sunday (7/21/13)
Caughel doesn't have the velocity to be successful in the rotation long-term. Has four pitches, but none grade out as even average. Velo dipped after about three innings.
Coyle is about a 40-45 left fielder at best. His arm is weak and his range is limited. He fits best there or at DH. He has power, but not much else to be excited about.
Grider's home run was surprising. He's not a power guy at all, but he ran into one. He had a bunt single in the first inning, too.
Pedro Guerrero has a decent glove, but he can't hit a lick. He doesn't hit the ball hard, leading to poor at-bats.
Pratt Maynard has good instincts behind the plate and a decent eye, but the hit tool must improve for him to be more than a career minor-leaguer (and probably a backup in the minors).
That's about it. Like I said, I'll have some in-depth reports in the coming days and weeks. I'm going to try to get down to Rancho toward the end of the minor-league season to see the boys in their home environment.
Photo credit: Dustin Nosler, Feelin' Kinda Blue


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Hi, I'm new to this and I am located in Ontario, Canada. I am wondering how I can get live sports on my box? I would need detail how to on this as mentioned, I am new to this.
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What happens when the photographic eyes of a right-brained writer and left-brained forensic accountant merge in an art exhibit?
On April 3 visitors got to see the answer in the exhibit Modern Montage, which opened at Hidden Lantern Gallery in Rosemary Beach.
The two differing views the photographers have of the same landscape hang side by side in the gallery, views from sunrise to sunset and more along the beautiful shoreline.
This is where retired magazine editor Janet Thomas finds her inspiration � the gorgeous views outside the second home she and husband Steve bought two years ago in Seacrest.
Janet is a retired travel magazine editor and Steve still works in Dallas when not at the beach. As a couple, they have been into photography for more than two decades. Janet's job took her all over the world, and always with a camera in tow, awarding her and her husband the opportunity to visit and photograph many sites.
"That situation lent itself to spark an interest in photography for both of us," she said.
She had never visited South Walton, but was contacted four years ago and invited to visit Alys Beach.
"I had traveled all over but had never heard of this area. We came and were awestruck. We fell in love with the pristine white sand beaches, the area, and its people," she said.
When Steve retires, they hope to make it their home base for new adventures.
"We are still discovering and lately, this area inspires us to pick up our cameras," she said. "It's our creative outlet."
The couple has shown a few of their photographs in area galleries before, but this show at The Hidden Lantern is their first big exhibit � 55 pieces in all, produced specifically for this show.
After a life spent in the business world, Janet says she is not shy.
"I loaded my car up with some pieces and took them to Lauren (Carvalho) and showed them to her," remembers Janet.
The photographs are riddled with pops of color with a focus on the dunes lakes, the beach, and the blue/green water. The bulk of the shots are in color and offer a different take on natural beauty.
Most are not framed, but produced on canvas and on acrylic, lending a texture and revealing modern look.
In addition to landscapes, Janet is also into shooting photos of pets.
"Everyone is into dogs here and I like to capture shots of people and their pets," she said.
The Modern Montage exhibit will be up through June 1.
"Their pieces have a modern, very colorful appeal," said gallery-owner Carvalho. "They take an average shot and capture something unique."
The Hidden Lantern is located at 84 N. Barrett Square in Rosemary Beach.
Visit the Thomases online at www.thomasintandem.com.


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The P-85SPD is for the owner who wants space and comfort. Up to 14 guests can enjoy six or seven staterooms. A full beam master suite is available in some configurations, as is a shower/sauna/bath module in the master bath, separate toilet area, and double sinks. Two staterooms can be King size berths, two or three of the others double berths, and one or two bunk berths. There are up to eight bathrooms (including a day head), most of which feature double sinks.
The P-85SPD offers an expansive upper and lower salon, which has a separate entertainment area with a relaxation settee or bar. Enjoy gourmet meals prepared in the vast galley with twin marble counter tops and a double SS sink. While the boat is underway, lounge in the breezy cockpit with a bar area as well as a Japanese grill and sink; on the flybridge with twin stairway access, watch the sunset as you sip a cocktail.
Mainsail Area 210 M2 2,260 Ft.2
Genoa Area 167 M2 1,801 Ft.2
Sail Area 377 M2 4,061 Ft.2


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- UK Championship
Stevens sees off Fu fightback, Maguire stunned
Matthew Stevens reached the quarter-finals of the UK Championship in York with a 6-4 victory over Marco Fu on Tuesday, while Stephen Maguire was shocked by Stuart Bingham.
Stevens took a 4-2 lead in his tie but Fu levelled matters with a 60 clearance to make it 4-4. The Welshman did eventually end his resistance with a convincing final frame to advance to the last-eight.
Stevens will now play the winner of John Higgins and Mark Davis who play on Wednesday evening.
Ali Carter also made it through to the last eight during the afternoon session, defeating Mark Joyce in comfortable fashion with a final break of 73 to seal a 6-2 win. Joyce beat defending champion Judd Trump in the first round, coming back from 5-2 down to win 6-5, but a second comeback in three days was beyond him.
Carter will now face Bingham, who beat Maguire 6-4 on Tuesday evening. Maguire, the 2004 winner of the competition, was defeated by the better man on the night as Bingham moved 5-4 ahead with a break of 120 before sealing it with a run of 54.
Also during the evening session, Shaun Murphy was a comfortable winner against Graeme Dott, advancing 6-2 against the Scot. Murphy was regularly among the balls, amassing breaks of 70-plus on more than one occasion with a classy 130 the highlight.


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X-Men The Animated Series: Volume 1 and 2 (US - DVD R1)
Gabe's mutant power is an inane ability to relive sections of his childhood...
The early 1990s marked a huge turning point for television animation. I blame this improvement for my continued love of what should by all rights be considered simplistic children's entertainment. With a few exceptions ( The Flintstones, Johnny Quest, The Real Ghostbusters, Visionaries) pre-90s TV toons are uniformly oversimplified, cheaply made, and (during the 1980s specifically) were often used to sell toys. Bad storytelling and lame animation used to ensure children outgrew cartoons, and moved on to more sophisticated entertainment. But just as the inept adventures of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles were coming to an end Fox picked up a series of after school and Saturday morning cartoons that defied most expectations, including Animaniacs, The Tick, and Batman: The Animated Series.
X-Men: The Animated Series is frozen in time between the best of the era, and the worst of the bygone years. The storytelling is quite a bit more sophisticated than the usual episode of Transformers or Thundercats (which frankly speaking are almost unwatchable through my modern eyes), and the animation is reasonably ambitious. Unfortunately, the dialogue and acting is still quite broad, and the character design is perfectly representational of one of the worst periods in comic book history. In the shows defence these problems were a problem with the source medium at the time. Batman: The Animated Series was an anomaly by its second season. It was better written than the vast majority of new superhero comics at the time, so it's fair to give X-Men a bit of a pass on this level.
Visually the series takes its cues from the hyper popular Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld illustrations that accentuated ridiculous muscle mass, unnecessary details, and gaudy spandex colours. It looked silly on the page, and it looks positively ridiculous on screen. The story treatment is somewhat realistic, painting the mutants as minorities, and the people around them as surprisingly human, which is admirable. The costume designs, which have been largely avoided by recent iterations in print, in theatres and on screen over the last decade, mark all the mutants in a manner which is quite hard for an adult to ignore. The obsession with Lee's over-defined muscles and Lefield's obsession with pouches and decorative metal bits also hurts the animation's movement. Without an unlimited budget it's almost impossible to redraw such details with any accuracy, and as a result the characters move in a lumpy manner, something even children can recognize.
But the storytelling is intriguing, and takes its cues from many of the characters' most celebrated storylines. Chris Claremont's works are the most regularly adapted, which fed the needs of fans at the time, while still changing things up enough to incorporate the modern iterations of the characters. The serialized nature of the series was another plus. By writing the adventures as a few large stories rather than a large collection of small stories the series' creators come as close to reading select issues of a comic as possible for an animated series. The time travel episodes draw a little too heavily upon James Cameron's Terminator films ( T2 had just been released at the time), and the rules of children's entertainment censorship keep the threat from reaching the truly wrenching levels an adult comes to expect from adult entertainment, but there is an addictive soap operatic quality to the series that kept me watching through all four discs.
People owning the old, random episode discs aren't going to be too happy about these transfers. From what I can tell (in my limited memory of those old discs) these are the exact same transfers, with all the same problems. Realistically speaking the animation is crude enough that most of us probably won't care about some blocking and noise in the brighter warm colours, but the interlacing effects are a definite bother. The transfer is so obviously interlaced it was difficult to gather non-interlaced images for the review. Save these issues the transfer is relatively bright, doesn't bloom, and the contrast levels are pretty even without a lot of edge enhancement.
X-Men may not have featured the best animation, but the sound design was indelible. I can't read even the newer, more adult comic iterations without hearing specific effects in my mind, such as Wolverine's snikting claws, Gambit's whirring charge effect, and the Sentinels' strange robotic steps. And how about that music? I suppose that the scores never quite match Shirley Walker and company's Batman the Animated Series full orchestra compositions, but X-Men's music is still intriguing, and the opening title still rocks. This stereo presentation is clean, but is only as impressive as the original tracks allow. I caught no obvious errors or distortions in the mix, and am pleasantly surprised by a few minor stereo effects. The lip-sync is a little off sometimes, but I'm ninety-percent sure this is the fault of the original animation and not the DVD mix, as the sound effects usually line up around the faulty dialogue.
Some Disney trailers. That's it.
X-Men the Animated Series is much better than I thought it would be, but is still pretty dated, and doesn't compare too much of the best modern television animation in writing or animation quality. The storylines are pretty sophisticated, and deal with many adult subtexts such as racism, unrequited love, moral fortitude, even the AIDS virus, but the limits of children's entertainment and silly costume designs often rob the series of genuine power. According to episode lists these new releases only take us one third of the way through season three of five, so there are likely two more two disc collections on the way. Fans should rejoice at having all the episodes in one place, even if the interlaced video leaves a little to be desired.
Review by Gabriel Powers
hogaburger Contributor Join Date: April 2007 Location: United States Posts: 1,153
I'll probably grab this on sale some day, for nostalgic reasons if nothing else. I still have the intro music as a ringtone.
yankeemike81 Member Join Date: August 2006 Location: United States Posts: 190
hogaburger wrote: I'll probably grab this on sale some day, for nostalgic reasons if nothing else. I still have the intro music as a ringtone.
best buy has both for 35 bucks this week wich is 5 bucks less when you get them sepertly
best buy has both for 35 bucks this week wich is 5 bucks less when you get them sepertly
Ultraman Member Join Date: September 2006 Location: United States Posts: 72
Well, I hope this one better be uncut. No edited and change by Disney.
i12bnmovie Member Join Date: September 2006 Location: United States Posts: 258
I just bought them at Best Buy for $35. I cannot wait to re-watch these again. Finally, I can get rid of my VHS tapes of these from Fox Kids!
Matt Stilwell Banned Join Date: October 2004 Location: United States Posts: 517
Hopefully, they'll come out with the other three(?) volumes to complete the series. I mean, Disney doesn't have the best track record with releasing tv series ; we only got the first season of Lizzie McGuire (one of Disney' most popular shows) years ago, no season sets of That's So Raven (another one of Disney's most popular show), only one season set of Hannah Montana so far, and they still haven't put their most popular original movies after High School Musical; the Zenon trilogy, Johnny Tsunami, and countless others. Just look at the c**ppy treatment they've given Power Rangers, one of the most popular children's shows of all time. Just individual releases and no season sets of the first 8 years, the most popular of the seasons !
Fabricio De Zuasnabar Member Join Date: July 2005 Location: United States Posts: 1,350
I like EVOLUTION better...
This product has not been rated
Disc Details
Release Date: 28th April 2009
Discs: 4
Disc Type: Single side, dual layer
RCE: No
Video: NTSC
Aspect: 1.33:1
Anamorphic: No
Colour: Yes
Audio: Dolby Digital 2.0 English
Subtitles: N/A
Extras: Trailers
Easter Egg: No
Feature Details
Director: Various
Cast: Iona Morris, Lenore Zann, Alison Seasly-Smith
Genre: Action, Adventure and Animation
Length: 759 minutes
6Review Guide
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Astrojax Orbital Ball Toy
Explore orbital fun.
- Explore the joys of orbital motion as you play with these weighted balls.
- Astrojax were invented by the American physicist Larry Shaw.
- Astrojax have also been played with in space - on the ISS!
Some toys seem like they would be easy to make. Take the Astrojax Orbital Ball Toy here. Invented by an American physicist, it seemed easy - but the mathematics behind it actually took two years and hundreds of prototypes to get just right. And we're so glad that time was spent, because now we have one awesome toy. Read on, and fall in love with the Astrojax Orbital Ball Toy.
Ok, so we added a few words to the name Astrojax, so it would be a little more descriptive (even though Astrojax Orbital Ball Toy is a bit clunky). But whatever - Astrojax are fantastic. The end balls are fixed and the center ball can move. Each ball is precisely weighted and the whole thing can be used to perform all sorts of tricks and orbital motion experiments. Also (and this is why we really love our Astrojax Orbital Ball Toy), they were played with in space. That's right: in 2002, Astrojax were played with on the ISS to see how they'd spin in space. Watch the video and see for yourself. Get an Astrojax Orbital Ball Toy today, and you too can play with the same balls they played with in space!
Astrojax Orbital Ball Toy
- Astrojax is three weighted balls on a string. Swing them around and unlock a world of orbital motion, tricks, and awesomeness.
- Do all sorts of crazy tricks and experiments.
- Soft, low-density polyurethane foam balls with interior precision weights are the key to Astrojax amazing abilities.
- Created by a physicist after two years and hundreds of prototypes.
- Choice of colors: blue, red, or one of each.
- Dimensions: approx. 1.25" (ball diameter) x 34.5" (string length).


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Before AT&T tiered data plans started coming into effect, users were happy to be unlimited data subscribers. Once the changes went into place they would be grandfathered, allowing them to keep their unlimited plan. This was before AT&T started throttling its top 5% of data consumers. Grandfathered customers are now suffering from an interesting effect in the system.
AT&T throttles the top 5% of data consumers in their network, but this is not just an estimate. They literally throttle the top 5%, regardless of where that limit happens to fall, that month. This would mean that if AT&T managed to keep convincing subscribers to use less and less data, the limit would go down, along with the users' habits. If the top 5% miraculously managed to use only 200 MB a month (or 20 GB), that is where the limit would hit.
The situation is not as critical yet, but "unlimited" data users are certainly experiencing a lower throttling cap. And it seems like tiered data plan subscribers also come into the equation, even though only unlimited users are being throttled.
After going about his business as regular, AT&T user John Cozen was notified that he was being throttled for falling under the 5% top users window. He had only used 2.1 GB of data in that month. After a series of e-mails, AT&T confirmed that this was not a mistake, and the top 5% was being throttled after using just a bit over 2 GB of data.
AT&T's new smartphone data plans include:
- AT&T Data Plus 300MB: $20 for 300MB
- AT&T Data Pro 3GB: $30 for 3GB
- AT&T Data Pro 5GB: $50 for 5GB, with mobile hotspot / tethering
It might no longer be convenient to be grandfathered into those unlimited data plans (unless you don't mind the slower speeds). Of course, tiered data plans are not affected. If one pays the equally priced $30 plan, you get 3 GB of data, which is about an extra GB compared to unlimited data subscribers (before being throttled).
The tables have turned around, and unlimited data plans might not be as great as we thought. At least with AT&T. It just might be time for power users to start saying goodbye to their grandfathered plans. They could be getting a better deal with the 3 GB tiered data plan.
Have any of our readers experienced a similar problem? Would you rather leave your grandfathered plan to get that tiered 3 GB plan?


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» Government Ethics and Lobbying Reform
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text:
Samsung's response to the newly freed One series of devices is already available in many parts of the globe and while those of us in the U.S. are still just grasping at rumors, our neighbors to the north can now lord their certainty over us as Samsung has confirmed that the Galaxy S III will be available there starting June 20th.
If that date sounds familiar it's probably because that is the same date that is currently being tossed around for a U.S. launch on T-Mobile, but this isn't about the U.S. so I'll stop stealing your limelight, Canada.
It should come as a surprise to no one that the quad-core Exynos has been dropped in favor of the dual-core 1.5 GHz Snapdragon S4 processor. If that stings a bit then perhaps the full 2GB of RAM (whether you need it or not) will pep you back up.
The LTE version (SGH-i747) will be available on Bell Mobility, Rogers Wireless, SaskTel, TELUS and Virgin Mobile. Those of you on Mobilicity, Wind or Videotron will be getting the HSPA+ 42 variant (SGH-iT999).
The rest of the specs match up with what we saw at the launch event in London so you can go back and check them out here or hit the "show press release" button at the end of the post. The only other discrepancy is that there is no sign of a 64GB version, but with a microSD slot available I doubt that should be too much of a concern.
For pricing the only one to have officially weighed in so far is TELUS and they will be offering the 16GB for $159.99 and the 32GB for $209.99 both on 3-year contracts. No word on what it'll cost you if you don't want to do that kind of time, but if I remember correctly it was about $400 more to go with a 2-year on the Galaxy S II when it launched on TELUS so it's safe to assume it'll cost you.
In the face off between the One X and the Galaxy S III you seemed to generally favor the One X. Has anyone changed their mind since then or is HTC's latest still the top dog this time around?Show Press Release
The Samsung GALAXY S III provides Canadians with a more human smartphone experience
Canada NewsWire
MISSISSAUGA, ON, May 30, 2012
Designed for humans and inspired by nature, the Samsung GALAXY S III brings the best combination of power and performance to the Canadian marketplace
MISSISSAUGA, ON, May 30, 2012 /CNW/ – Samsung Electronics Canada, today announces the models details and availability date of the much-anticipated GALAXY S III. Beginning June 20th, the Samsung GALAXY S III will be available through leading Canadian wireless carriers and authorized national retailers.
"We are very excited to bring the highly anticipated GALAXY S III to Canadians so they can experience firsthand, the power, performance and passion that Samsung is known for," said Paul Brannen, Vice President, Enterprise Business Group, Samsung Canada. "This next generation of the GALAXY S series is sleek and stylish, and offers users features that promote sharing, and are intuitive and powerful, allowing Canadians to enjoy a more human experience with their smartphone."
Natural Interaction
Smart enough to detect face, voice and motions, the GALAXY S III adapts to the user, providing users an interface that is convenient and natural.
- With the innovative 'Smart stay' feature, the GALAXY S III recognizes how the user is using their device such as, reading an e-book or browsing the web. By having the front camera identify eye motion the phone maintains a bright display for continued viewing pleasure.
- The GALAXY S III features 'S Voice,' an advanced natural language user interface, to listen and respond to user commands. S Voice presents powerful functions in regards to device control and commands, such as allowing the user to play a favorite song, turn the volume up or down, send text messages and emails, organize schedules, or automatically launch the camera and capture a photo.
- With 'Smart alert' the GALAXY S III will alert the user by catching any missed messages or calls with a vibration to notify missed statuses when picked up after being idle. If the user is messaging someone but decide to call them instead, they can simply lift phone to their ear and 'Direct call' will dial their number.
Easy and Instant Sharing
The Samsung GALAXY S III is more than a personal device that can be enjoyed by one user – it wants to share and experience smartphone benefits with family and friends, regardless of location with the following features:
- With the new 'S Beam,' the GALAXY S III expands upon Androidâ"¢ Beamâ"¢, allowing a 1GB movie file to be shared within three minutes and a 10MB music file within two seconds by simply touching another GALAXY S III phone, even without a Wi-Fi or cellular signal.
- The 'Buddy photo share' function also allows photos to be easily and simultaneously shared with all friends pictured in an image directly from the camera or the photo gallery.
- 'AllShare Play' can be used to instantly share any forms of files between GALAXY S III and tablet, PC, and televisions that are DLNA enabled, regardless of the distance between the devices.
- The 'Group Cast' feature that allows users to share their screen among multiple friends on the same Wi-Fi network; users can comment and draw changes at the same time as co-workers- witnessing real-time sharing on individual devices.
- The preloaded 'Dropbox' application provides an even more convenient sharing experience, supplying 50GB of free storage for two years for not just image and music files, but now also for video content. With the GALAXY S III files can also be instantly uploaded through data networks without requiring WiFi access.
Uncompromised Performance
With a 4.8″ HD Super AMOLED display, the GALAXY S III offers a large and vivid viewing experience. Samsung Mobile's heritage Super AMOLED display even enhances to HD and 16:9 wider viewing angles. To ensure faster content sharing and connectivity, the GALAXY S III offers Wi-Fi Channel Bonding which doubles the Wi-Fi bandwidth.
The GALAXY S III not only presents features with enhanced usability, but also provides an ergonomic and comfortable experience through its human-centric design. Its comfortable grip, gentle curves, and organic form deliver a rich human-centric feel and design. Available in Pebble Blue and Marble White at launch, Samsung will introduce a variety of additional color options.
The GALAXY S III also sports a range of additional features that boost performance and the overall user experience in entirely new ways, with features such as:
- 'Pop up play,' users can play a video anywhere on their screen while simultaneously running other tasks, eliminating the need to close and restart videos when checking new emails or surfing the Web.
- An 8MP camera features a zero-lag shutter speed that lets users capture moving objects easily without delay, with the 'Burst shot' function that instantly captures twenty continuous shots, and the 'Best photo' feature that selects the best of eight photographs, the GALAXY S III ensures users a more enhanced and memorable camera experience.
- HD video can be recorded even with the 1.9MP front-facing camera, which users can use to capture a video of themselves. An improved backside illumination sensor further helps to eliminate blur in photos that result from shaking, even under low light conditions.
- With Samsung Hubs, users can continually refresh phone content through the 'Game Hub,' which provides access to numerous social games, while Video Hub, a new service offering to the Canadian marketplace, brings users high quality TV and movies for rent . Furthermore, Samsung Music Hub will offer a personal music streaming service.
The GALAXY S III will be available for purchase in Canada starting on June 20, 2012. Samsung is pleased to be working with all of the leading wireless providers in Canada, to give our customers a choice of service provider. The SGH-i747 variation of the GALAXY S III will be available from Bell Mobility, Virgin Mobile, SaskTel, TELUS and Rogers Wireless. The SGH-iT999 model will be available from Videotron, Wind and Mobilicity.
Additional Features Include:
- Processor:
- Snapdragon S4 Dual Core 1.5 GHz
- Qualcomm MSM8960 Chipset
- OS (Shipping): ICS 4.0.4
- Data: LTE (SGH-i747 variation) and HSPA+ 42 (SGH-iT999 variation)
- Memory: 2 GB RAM
- Dimensions: 136.6 x 70.6 x 8.6 mm
- Weight: 133g
- Memory: 16/32GB internal memory (SGH-i747)/ 16GB internal memory (SGH-iT999)
- Expandable microSD up to 32GB
- Display: 4.8 HD Super AMOLED 1280×720 (306ppi)
- Connectivity: NFC, Bluetooth 4.0, DLNA, WiFi 802.11 a/b/g/n, MHL Video Out
- Camera: 8MP Rear-facing, 1.9MP Front-facing
- Battery: 2100 mAh
- Other:
- TouchWiz with Motion UX
- S Beam
- AllShare Play enhance functionality
- MP3/ACC+/WAV audio player
- DivX/Xvid/MP4/WMV/H.263/ H.264 Video Player


text:
Were you watching the Oscars during this tweet-worthy moment? Host Ellen DeGeneres—who said she wanted to break the record for the most retweets—tweeted this celeb-filled photo from the front row during the Academy Awards show.
The aftermath? A new record was set. Twitter crashed. And the Twitter-sphere soon buzzed with a new legal question: who owns the photo?
So we asked two of our intellectual property professors to take a few minutes out of their busy schedule (well, it was spring break) to settle this burning legal question. On one side, Suffolk Law IP Clinic Director Eve Brown says the Twitter-sphere is right: Bradley Cooper owns the photo. (Brown claims her opinion is not influenced because she and Cooper were classmates at Philadelphia's Germantown Academy.) On the other side, Suffolk Law Professor Jessica Silbey says: "Ellen is the author, not him."
What is the law governing photo ownership?
Brown: Copyright ownership in photographs almost always lies with the photographer, which in this case, was Bradley.
Silbey: Simply pressing the camera button is not enough. Copyright ownership of photos goes to the person who exercised control over the framing, angle and composition of the photograph. More than a de minimus exercise of control over composition usually makes you an author. My guess is that Bradley did not exercise any independent control other than to facilitate Ellen's desired selfie, in which case she is the author, not him.
Could Ellen own it under a work-for-hire doctrine, because the photo was her idea and she arranged it?
Brown: Ideas are not protected by copyright, only the expression of the ideas, meaning that just because Ellen conceived of the idea for the photo, she does not own it if Cooper was the one who actually took the picture. Furthermore, the Copyright Act's work for hire doctrine generally requires a written and signed agreement or an employee working within the scope of employment. Without a written agreement or an employment relationship, Ellen would have a difficult time proving she owned it as a work for hire.
What about all the celebrities who lent their famous faces to make this such a popular pic?
Brown: Under the doctrine of joint authorship, all of the people in the photo would own it. To prove joint ownership, the A-list stars would have to show that they all intended their individual contributions to be merged into a unitary whole and that each made an independently copyrightable contribution to the photograph.
Silbey: That seems unlikely here. The joint authorship doctrine is a strict standard requiring intention to be authors by all involved.
Could anyone else claim ownership here?
Silbey: All of this analysis is dependent on the selfie being an improvised and not a scripted event that was actually planned by someone other than Ellen. For example, if it was written into the script of the Oscars and Ellen was hired to perform it. And if she was simply performing the role for which she was hired, the "authorship" of the photograph might rest with the owners of the copyright for The Academy Awards who hired her to perform and act in certain ways, including take a "selfie."
So what does any of this mean, practically, for Ellen, Bradley or any of the other one-name-is-sufficient celebrities in this photo?
Brown: Possibly not much. The owner of a copyright in a photograph is granted the exclusive right to reproduce and publicly exhibit his photographs—with exceptions for news reporting and reviews. It certainly seems as if Cooper's selfie is 'newsworthy,' which may mean that, no matter who owns it, those wishing to re-tweet, upload, and share it on social media are likely free to do so.


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A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out arbitrary sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow generalized sets of operations, called programs, enables them to perform an extremely wide range of tasks.
Such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer assisted design, but also in general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones. The Internet is run on computers and it connects millions of other computers.
Since ancient times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations. Early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The speed, power, and versatility of computers has increased continuously and dramatically since then.


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Help: Can't install Intel PROset, but can't un-install it either!Huzer Mar 5, 2011 1:45 PM
Okay, I've got an Intel DQ35MP mobo, which includes an Intel 82566DM Gigabit Ethernet Device onboard, and I'm running 32-bit XP Pro/SP3 on an Intel E8400 Core 2 Duo CPU. Several driver-scanning tools have been telling me for quite some time now that I need to update my networking drivers, and all those driver tools as well as the Intel site for the mobo tell me that what I need is to update them with the latest Intel PROSet updater (filename is PROWin32.exe V15.3). But...
When I run the updater, it always complains:
(The installed version of Intel PROSet is not supported for upgrades. You must uninstall it before installing this version.)
Okay, fine, right? I'll do as it asks and uninstall it first. But...
Not only is PROSet nowhere to be found in the full "Add/Remove Programs" list, Revo Uninstaller Pro -- a truly great tool -- can't find it either!
I don't recall where I found this info (maybe in the readmes or examining the plaintext installation files), but I located what was supposed to be the path to the actual installation location (one of those system path names with curly braces), but there was nothing there either. Therefore, I figured maybe one or more of the installed PROSet files got damaged or deleted, or maybe it wasn't even installed in the first place.
But what's the standard trick to fix a damaged installation or flawed un-installation? Try to install it again so that there's enough information in the system to allow a clean repair or un-installation. But, Martha, there's a hole in that bucket!
What do I do now? I'm pretty handy with a registry editor, but I've been unable to determine what needs to be changed, and so I'm obviously not going to guess my way through it.
Suggestions, please?
BTW: I've searched these forums and several others to try to find a working solution, but as you can see from what I've already tried, nothing I've seen there actually works. One piece of advice I found was to uninstall and/or update just the NIC drivers, but while that particular driver update worked fine, the driver-scanner tools still tell me to update PROSet, so that didn't solve the problem.
Edited To Add (3:44 pm EST same day): I should have explicitly mentioned that I'd already tried the steps described here titled "Phantom adapters may prevent your adapter from teaming": http://www.intel.com/support/network/sb/CS-016722.htm, which an Intel tech support agent or other poster linked to in response to someone else's complaint about the same problem I'm having. It didn't solve the problem.


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Blatant Intimidation: Glenn Greenwald's Partner Detained At Heathrow Under Terrorism Law, All His Electronics Seized
from the obnoxiousness dept
As Jerome Taylor notes, Schedule 7 makes clear that the "power to stop, question and detain" applies solely for the purpose of "if they fall within section 40(1)(b)," which you can look at here:
40. Terrorist: interpretation.In short, the only reason you're supposed to be able to detain someone is to determine if they're involved in committing, preparing or instigating "acts of terrorism." Clearly, that's ridiculous when it comes to even Glenn Greenwald, let alone his partner. The law is already ridiculous enough in that it allows officials to detain anyone, even without suspicion, solely for the purpose of questioning them to see if they fall under this section (i.e., having something to do with terrorism). Under the law, they have nine hours to do this questioning, and then they need to release or arrest the detainee. In this case, they held Miranda for all nine hours. This is not common. As the Guardian points out, the government's own stats show that 97% of people detained under this law are released in less than an hour. Only one person out of every 2000 are kept for more than six hours. Yet, suddenly, they had to hold Miranda for all nine hours and then take all of his electronics?(1) In this Part "terrorist" means a person who—(a) has committed an offence under any of sections 11, 12, 15 to 18, 54 and 56 to 63, or
(b) is or has been concerned in the commission, preparation or instigation of acts of terrorism.
(2)The reference in subsection (1)(b) to a person who has been concerned in the commission, preparation or instigation of acts of terrorism includes a reference to a person who has been, whether before or after the passing of this Act, concerned in the commission, preparation or instigation of acts of terrorism within the meaning given by section 1.
That's just government thuggery and intimidation.


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When was the last time you dug through the couch cushions for loose change in order to put gas in your car?
When was the last time you dug through the couch cushions for loose change in order to put gas in your car? Had oatmeal for dinner because it was the cheapest meal you could afford? Had to decide between paying a utility bill or buying groceries? Or didn't purchase a medication that your doctor prescribed because you couldn't afford it?
Like many I have skirted the edges of poverty as a young adult.
My first child was born while I and my husband were still in college, and we often subsisted by eating oatmeal and Jiffy corn bread. I was "homeless" for a brief period after flood waters surged into my home, submerging my red VW Bettle. I didn't own much back then, but I mourned the loss of my car. It was difficult having to hitch hike around town with two small children until I had the down payment for another car. For awhile my kids I and lived doubled up with a girlfriend and her kids to share expenses.
Later on during graduate school, I was a "welfare mother" for two years. During the years since then, I repaid the government many times over in taxes as a high wage earner. Now that I'm retired and living on Social Security benefits, it's not improbable that an expensive chronic illness and a long life won't impoverish me or my husband, whoever lives the longest.
Poverty looks a lot different today.
So many unskilled jobs are only part time work at minimum wage. Even families with two working parents struggle to live on $15,000 year (before taxes). Many white-collar older workers who lost their jobs during the recent recession have emptied their retirement accounts to pay bills while at best working for much less, if working at all.
Then there are the college students with massive student loans looming over them whose college degrees haven't resulted in meaningful job prospects. Many are filling jobs often reserved for unskilled workers. At the other end of the spectrum are the elderly, especially the widows. How do the widows manage financially after losing a spouse and the social security benefits that spouse had been receiving?
Today one in five children is in a household living below the poverty level - over 22% of the children in Butler County. Over 77 % of the students at local elementary schools qualify for free & reduced rate meals. I am thankful for the safety net that got me through the rough periods in my life. That's community grace!
But not everyone has access to an adequate safety net, and many fall through the cracks. We might comfort ourselves with the faulty belief that today's safety net is adequate to help today's poor -- especially if we think we're never ever going to need it ourselves. We can't delegate the safety net to governmental offices and churches with ministries that help the poor among us and expect it to be adequate.
Everyone needs to step up to do their part in giving a helping hand where one is needed -- and I'm pleased to say a lot of people are doing that in our community. Because helping the poor is what Jesus would be doing if he were here today - and because our helping the poor in his name is what makes Jesus here today.


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Create improved human, win prizes
Source: The Register
Competition–Here's a challenge for all you Photoshop jockeys: create an improved human for the chance to win Reg t-shirts and goodie bag overflowing, cornucopia style, with the fruits of Vulture Central.
The inspiration for this evolutionary great leap forward comes from our new Odd Body strand, which has proved very popular with you, our beloved readers. Specifically, Dr Stephen Juan recently listed those things which would take us one step closer to biological perfection, viz:
* Shorter stature would provide a lower center of gravity which would perhaps help to prevent falls that often plague the elderly.
* More ribs could help prevent hernias and other problems of holding organs in place more effectively.
* Thicker bones would protect against breakage during falls.
* Knees able to bend backwards would make the bones less likely to grind and deteriorate.
* A forward-tilting upper torso would relieve pressure on the vertebrae, thus lowering the risk of ruptured disks.
* A curved neck with enlarged vertebrae would counterbalance the tilted torso and enable the head to stay up and forward.
* Thicker disks would resist pressure on the back.
* Extra muscles and fat would add weight on the bones, which would help counter the effects of osteoporosis (demineralisation of bones).
* Leg veins with more "check valves" would combat the development of varicose veins.
* Larger hamstrings and tendons would hroelp support the leg and hip, thus reducing the need for knee and hip replacement surgery.
* The optic nerve attached to the back of the retina might stabilise the retina's connection to the back of the eye, thus helping to prevent retinal detachment.
* A raised trachea would better help food and drink bypass the windpipe and reduce choking.
* An enlarged, mobile outer ear would better collect sound with greater efficiency to compensate for internal ear breakdowns.
* More plentiful and durable hair cells in the ear would help preserve hearing late in life.
Your job, then, is to provide an "our artist's impression of how we believe Human 2.0™ might look" – of which the best will appear in a prize-packed Reg special.
The deadline for entries is Friday 26 June 5.00pm GMT. We'll take jpegs, gifs, tiffs or pngs, but please try and keep the individual file sizes below 100k. Email your efforts to us right here. Happy genetic engineering. ®
We don't know how many prizes there will be – that depends on the quality of entries. Regular readers will know we are always generous with our gifts.


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Evolutionary biologists increasingly recognize that evolution can be constrained by trade-offs, yet our understanding of how and when such constraints are manifested and whether they restrict adaptive divergence in populations remains limited. Here, we show that spatial heterogeneity in moisture maintains a polymorphism for pungency (heat) among natural populations of wild chilies (Capsicum chacoense) because traits influencing water-use efficiency are functionally integrated with traits controlling pungency (the production of capsaicinoids). Pungent and non-pungent chilies occur along a cline in moisture that spans their native range in Bolivia, and the proportion of pungent plants in populations increases with greater moisture availability. In high moisture environments, pungency is beneficial because capsaicinoids protect the fruit from pathogenic fungi, and is not costly because pungent and non-pungent chilies grown in well-watered conditions produce equal numbers of seeds. In low moisture environments, pungency is less beneficial as the risk of fungal infection is lower, and carries a significant cost because, under drought stress, seed production in pungent chilies is reduced by 50 per cent relative to non-pungent plants grown in identical conditions. This large difference in seed production under water-stressed (WS) conditions explains the existence of populations dominated by non-pungent plants, and appears to result from a genetic correlation between pungency and stomatal density: non-pungent plants, segregating from intra-population crosses, exhibit significantly lower stomatal density (p = 0.003), thereby reducing gas exchange under WS conditions. These results demonstrate the importance of trait integration in constraining adaptive divergence among populations.
1. Introduction
Environmental heterogeneity drives spatial variation in selection and has long been assumed to play a key role in the maintenance of phenotypic variation by creating and enhancing adaptive trade-offs under divergent selection [1–5]. The basis for this assumption is that natural selection acts on whole organisms rather than isolated traits and, therefore, adaptation may often be constrained by trade-offs among traits that interact to determine individual phenotypes (i.e. functionally integrated traits [1,5]). Adaptive trade-offs are a cornerstone of evolutionary ecology [6–8], frequently explaining the maintenance of polymorphisms at range margins [9] and along environmental gradients [10,11]. Nonetheless, direct evidence of adaptive trade-offs is surprisingly rare [5] and most often represented by studies of experimental evolution in laboratory conditions [5,12,13]. Evidence of adaptive trade-offs in natural populations is lacking or surprisingly equivocal [6]; patterns attributed to fitness trade-offs resulting from environmental differences can often be attributed to alternative mechanisms [5]. Thus, despite many examples of trait polymorphisms, our understanding of the mechanism(s) underlying the maintenance of phenotypic variation among natural populations remains largely theoretical [14,15].
A central challenge in documenting adaptive trade-offs in natural populations is finding a species in which phenotypic variation is clearly tied to fitness consequences that change along a well-defined environmental gradient [16] and in which benefits and functionally linked costs of the phenotype are readily apparent [7]. Variation in the expression of constitutive chemical defences in plants has been suggested as a tractable area in which to examine these issues, as ecological benefits are easily measured and physiological costs appear unavoidable [17]. In practice, however, the benefits of chemical defence are often well documented, but the costs are often elusive [18,19]. One reason for the paucity of data on costs associated with a given plant defensive trait is that most defensive traits belong to an integrated suite of traits, which function concomitantly or even synergistically [20,21]. Such interactions make it difficult to ascribe fitness differences among phenotypes to a particular trait. Another limitation has been the focus on plant defensive traits related to herbivory. Although the measurement of herbivory itself is straightforward, the relationship between herbivory and fitness is complex and variable [22].
Here, we focus on a plant defensive trait that avoids these pitfalls: pungency in wild chili peppers (Capsicum spp.). Pungency in wild chilies has a simple genetic basis [23] and is expressed only in the fruit, where it acts to protect seeds [24], thereby providing the direct link to changes in fitness that is often missing from studies of chemical defence and herbivory [22]. Pungency is also polymorphic in some wild chili species, and multiple polymorphic populations have been identified along natural environmental gradients [24,25]. These attributes make the wild chili pepper an excellent system in which to investigate adaptive constraints.
Chili peppers get their 'heat', or pungency, from capsaicinoids, and two capsaicinoids, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, account for more than 95 per cent of this pungency [26]. Pungency appears to be a synapomorphy, as basal chilies (Capsicum cilliatum) lack pungency and most derived chilies (e.g. Capsicum annuum) are all pungent [27]. Southeastern Bolivia is the putative centre of diversity for wild chilies; at least three Capsicum species co-occur and are polymorphic in pungency, with plants producing either pungent or non-pungent chilies growing side by side [25]. A pathogenic and pervasive fungus (Fusarium spp.) produces strong selection for pungency in at least one of these species, Capsicum chacoense [4]. In particular, capsaicin appears to protect chili fruits and seeds from Fusarium attack. It also protects chili fruits from consumption by granivorous rodents without reducing consumption by seed-dispersing birds [28,29]. Given these well-documented benefits of capsaicin, we ask: is the observed polymorphism in wild chilies maintained by a cost of pungency? In other words, 'why are not all chilies hot?' To answer this question, we focus on the evolutionary ecology of pungent and non-pungent forms of C. chacoense along a natural moisture gradient in southeastern Bolivia.
2. Material and methods
(a) Pungency and populations
Natural populations of C. chacoense are either polymorphic for pungency (hot or not) or monomorphic (all hot). In addition, these populations vary in the degree of pungency among pungent plants [25]. We have examined variation in pungency and the polymorphism for pungency in 21 populations along a 300 km transect in southeastern Bolivia that co-occurs with a gradient in moisture (figure 1a). In the dry northeast, populations are 15–20% pungent and the percentage of pungent plants increases towards the wetter southwest, where populations are 100 per cent pungent (in 7 census years, we have not located a non-pungent chili in these populations; figure 1a and [25]). We have censused each of the focal populations over 5 years (between 2002 and 2009). To determine new recruits, we tagged plants each year and counted only new seedlings. We analysed changes in the proportion of pungent plants within locations through time by comparing model fit for a series of Generalized Linear Mixed Models with binomial error distribution using R [30]. All models included location as a random effect. We tested the significance of pungency proportion with location, year and location by year as fixed effects. Model fits were estimated using maximum likelihood (ML) with a logit-link function. Pungency was determined by tasting in the field and verified by high-performance liquid chromatography as in Tewksbury et al. [25].
(b) Field sampling and growing conditions
We selected three polymorphic populations that span the range in rainfall, pungency (per cent of population pungent) and plant density found in polymorphic C. chacoense populations ([25] and figure 1b; electronic supplementary material, table S1). We collected fruits from pungent and non-pungent plants in each population, and seeds from these fruits were grown in the University of Washington glasshouse. We selected 11 maternal lineages from each pungency by population class for a total of 66 lineages, forming a population of 330 plants. These maternal plants were grown in the University of Washington glasshouse, and selfed fruits were selected to form a common garden population.
(c) Water stress experiment
All plants were grown under identical well-watered (WW) conditions in the University of Washington glasshouse, until after the first flower in each treatment group was observed, at which point, plants from within each lineage were assigned to one of two treatments and individually watered: a WW treatment (mimicking, as much as possible, the average rainfall during fruiting and flowering seasons in our WW site (electronic supplementary material) or a water-stressed treatment (WS; developed to mimic the average rainfall data from the driest location; electronic supplementary material). Under natural conditions, water is not limiting until fruit set, and fruit set has been described as the period in which chili peppers are most susceptible to drought stress [31]. We imposed the water stress treatment after the first flower in each treatment group was observed to replicate the natural water availability and ameliorate the effects of unnatural water stress on overall growth (electronic supplementary material). Data were analysed using a generalized linear model with lineage, treatment and pungency, and all interactions as fixed effects and a logit link transformation. Stepwise reduction [32] yielded a final model retaining the treatment by pungency interaction effect.
(d) Stomatal density
To isolate the relationship between pungency and stomatal density, we developed an artificial population segregating for pungency by reciprocally crossing two populations of pungent × non-pungent parents and analysing stomatal density from 30 plants in the F2 population. Stomatal density is influenced by plant and leaf age and by environmental conditions. To control for these effects, we standardized the watering regime (using the WW watering treatment, §2c), and age-matched all plants based on two age criteria: (i) date of germination and (ii) uniform height of 60 cm. Epidermal peels were obtained from sets of four leaves collected at 10, 25 and 50 cm. Stomata were visualized using a Zeiss microscope at 400×. Stomatal density was estimated by averaging the count of abaxial stomata in the visual field (using a reticle scale corrected for magnification) of four regions for each peel. There were no differences in the non-independent estimates of stomatal density along the height of the plant (a rough surrogate for leaf age). These averaged data were analysed using a t-test to detect mean differences in stomatal density between pungency classes. The pungency of each plant was verified by tasting and liquid chromatography.
3. Results
Populations of wild chilies in Bolivia vary considerably in the proportion of pungent plants in the population (figure 1; electronic supplementary material, table S1), consistent with previous observations [25]. Measuring the frequency of pungent plants among new recruits over 7 years in these populations revealed no significant shifts in the proportion of pungent plants across the cline (electronic supplementary material, table S1). Variation in total annual rainfall predicts this stable cline in pungency (figure 1b, r2 = 0.83, F1,19 = 100.5, p ≪ 0.001). Under restricted water conditions in the glasshouse, pungent plants produced 50 per cent fewer seeds per plant than non-pungent plants, but under WW conditions, fruit production was nearly identical (figure 2; GLM binomial error distribution, pungency × environment interaction F = 10.3, p = 0.005, n = 352).
In these populations, pungent and non-pungent plants co-occur (within 1 m2) and are completely inter-fertile (within and between populations) [23]. Because water-use efficiency differences can result from differences in leaf morphology [33], we investigated morphological differences between pungent and non-pungent plants. For plants grown in the glasshouse, from field-collected seed, the only detected leaf morphological feature differing between types within population was stomatal density. To establish a mechanistic link between pungency and stomatal density, we constructed populations segregating for pungency and examined stomatal density. In these populations, pungent plants exhibited 40 per cent greater stomatal density than non-pungent plants; t-test, t = −3.7474, d.f. = 7.7, p-value = 0.006, n = 19 (figure 3).
4. Discussion
In Southeast Bolivia, C. chacoense populations are distributed from high-rainfall regions in the southwest to the dry chaco regions north and east, and they are subject to multiple biotic and abiotic selective pressures that vary in importance across this space and among years. Physiological trade-offs appear to mediate the relative advantage of pungent versus non-pungent phenotypes across this cline. Non-pungent plants from our polymorphic C. chacoense populations show clear evidence of adaptation to water-limited conditions; non-pungent plants, which have significantly lower stomatal densities on their leaves than pungent plants, produce twice as many seeds under water stress (figure 2). These plants are disproportionately found in dryer areas (figure 1a), where water stress is more common and the fitness advantage of pungency is lower, owing to a reduction in the frequency of insect and fungal attack on chili fruit [4].
The positive correlation between rainfall and the proportion of pungent plants within a population (figure 1b) suggests a fitness trade-off between protection from fungal attack (chemical defence) and costs of producing capsaicin in drier environments (figure 1b). It is possible that some frequency-dependent effect on pungency might alone maintain the observed gradient, e.g. variation in Fusarium abundance or infection (vector abundance), but this is unlikely, as Tewksbury et al. [24] found that more than 90 per cent of the fruit from all 12 populations were infected with Fusarium. Given the ubiquity of these fungal pathogens, we would expect pungency to sweep through all of the populations as even a moderate infection level significantly impacts seed viability [24]. This suggests that an integrated response to biotic and abiotic selective pressures maintains this polymorphism in pungency.
A potential mechanism underlying this proposed trade-off in resource allocation is that non-pungent plants use limited water resources more efficiently through fixed differences in stomatal density. Evidence from cultivated chilies suggests a negative relationship between stomatal density and water-use efficiency [34]. Additionally, empirical data from diverse taxa support a negative functional relationship between water-use efficiency and stomatal density [35]. In this study, using plants segregating for pungency, non-pungent plants exhibited a 40 per cent lower abaxial stomatal density than pungent plants (figure 3). This suggests that pungent plants have a lower water-use efficiency and consequently suffer a fitness cost under limited water conditions. This finding is consistent with other studies that have reported trade-offs in the production of defensive compounds under limited resource conditions [36]. The putative genetic correlation between stomatal density and pungency shows some degree of overlap in the full range of recombinants. Thus, while we failed to detect a recombinant pungent phenotype that overlapped the mean stomatal density of non-pungent plants, it is not clear from these data whether this genetic correlation is sufficient to constrain pungency in drier environments on its own. A plausible alternative is that pungency is constrained by the combination of the genetic correlation between pungency and stomatal density and relaxed selection on pungency [24].
The genetic correlation with stomatal density could be the result of tight linkage or pleiotropy. Although our data do not allow us to distinguish between these mechanisms, two lines of evidence suggest pleiotropy. First, our focal populations tend to be in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (D. C. Haak 2011, unpublished data) for presumably neutral microsatellite loci. Second, production of capsaicin (pungency) and lignin rely on a shared biochemical pathway, and pungent plants show increased seed coat lignin deposition per seed at the cost of overall seed production under limited water conditions (D. C. Haak 2011, unpublished data), functionally coupling water-use efficiency and pungency. Studies dissecting shared quantitative trait loci (QTL) have found pleiotropic genes, linking, for example, flowering time and water-use efficiency in Arabidopsis [37]. Similarly, an Arabidopsis transcription factor controls epidermal patterning and has pleiotropic effects on seed coat deposition [38]. Nonetheless, general inferences of pleiotropy from shared QTL are not warranted; while many correlated traits share QTL, a recent review has found that few of these are pleiotropic [39]. Future work will elucidate the genetic mechanism underlying the relationship between pungency and stomatal density.
Natural selection is constrained by the relationship between populations and their environments as well as by interactions among traits within organisms [40]. Although we do not know whether the genetic correlation between pungency and stomatal density is a result of linkage disequilibrium or pleiotropy, the result is ecological specialization, in which high performance in one environment carries a significant cost in other environments [7]. In contrasting environments, pungent and non-pungent chilies from the same population display fitness differences clearly attributable to changes at the pungency locus and perhaps its influence on stomatal density (a proxy for water-use efficiency). Thus, we propose that pungent C. chacoense plants are limited from adapting to the driest regions in this cline by a trade-off with water-use efficiency, thus explaining the gradient in proportion of pungent plants (figure 1a). More generally, stomatal density and pungency trade-off to limit the evolution of pungency, supporting a central tenet of evolutionary ecology theory—that divergent natural selection can drive population differentiation [41].
We are grateful to the University of Washington glasshouse staff, D. Ewing, P. Beamon, J. Milne and E. Forbush for care of the plants, and R. Nariya for many hours at the microscope. We also thank H. D. Bradshaw, B. E. Miner, K. Brady and M. Krosby for helpful discussion. Climate data used in this paper were produced with the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC. D.C.H. was supported by a Graduate Research Fellowship from the National Science Foundation, J.J.T. by a National Geographic Grant, D.C.H. by a grant-in-aide from Sigma Xi and D.C.H. by a Giles Botanical Field Research Award from the University of Washington Department of Biology.
- Received October 5, 2011.
- Accepted November 30, 2011.
- This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society


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GippsTAFE chairman among sackings
The chairman of GippsTAFE, David Gittins, is one of seven TAFE chairmen the Victorian Government has sacked.
Victorian Skills Minister Peter Hall is refusing to detail his reasons for sacking half of Victoria's 14 TAFE board chairmen on Friday.
Legislation passed late last year allows the Minister to hire and fire all TAFE board members.
GippsTAFE was unavailable for comment.
Topics: university-and-further-education, states-and-territories, programs-and-initiatives, sale-3850


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Tuesday, April 09, 2013
Murano Fragile
22 comments:
Every time you show us such beautiful things. I've just been given a red Murano glass bowl with an assortement of glass bon bons in it.ReplyDelete
Love your little paintings.
I have been lucky enough to have visited the isle of Murano, right near Venice….extraodinary ateliers, such beautiful craftmenship. The little island of Murano is also "mouthwatering" with the traditional lace made by the fishermen's wives. You "took" me "back there", thank you.ReplyDelete
Most delicate, indeed!ReplyDelete
Are you going to the Biennale in Venice? I'll be there, at least twice.
I saw the most wondrous Murano glass art the last time around, among other fabulous artwork. It really is worth going, I still feel inspired by all those artists I admired two years ago, there, in Venice.Replies
no idea...I never thought about it..Delete
Must see when it is on
Every time you show us such beautiful things. I've just been given a red Murano glass bowl with an assortement of glass bon bons in it.ReplyDelete
Love your little paintings.Replies
Ohhh I left my little Venetian glass bonbons back in NYC with the pommes...Delete
Gone with the wind...
Blushing apples... magnifique! So jealous of your Parisian adventures... NYC sends its regards!ReplyDelete
I love the way you paint see though things too like flowers in a vase..or a vase alone..ReplyDelete
It must have been fun..
I have been to Venice and fell deeply in love..
It was so romantic to me..at night? Well.. Le top.
You got me thinking about Summertime and Katherine Hepburn..:)ReplyDelete
Great light photos, Carol, but the fish wins as my favorite...it's so clever. I have yet to make it Reves..my list for the next trip keeps growing.ReplyDelete
Welcome to French Cravings! :) x Katie
Stunning exhibit - I love the piece de resistance! The crows really set off the glass glittering!ReplyDelete
Beautiful apples, glass, washy glass vases...ReplyDelete
What happened to the bear you had before the black and white one. I hope l am not dreaming but am sure l can remember a golden one.
Jill there was a mini Bear...dollhouse size. he got left behind I think...must check. Thanks for reminding me.Delete
That must have been an intriguing exhibition, there is so much going on in Paris all the time.ReplyDeleteReplies
There is SO much more to do in this town than NYC sorry but it's true and I'm racing to keep upDelete
Huff n'puff...