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Commodities are sought after by investors. What's not to like about corn, crude oil, or gold?
Some commodities have been on a tear in recent months, while others have significantly fallen off their highs. In fact, the Reuters/Jefferies CRB Index, a global commodity benchmark tracking 19 commodities mostly traded in the U.S., is down 32 percent from its all-time high back in July 2008.
So far in 2011, the CRB index is off 3.8 percent, compared with an 8.2 percent loss for the S&P 500. Despite that trend, several individual commodities continue to sharply outperform the broader market year-to-date, boosting equities and indexes particularly exposed to fluctuating commodity prices.
CNBC's Analytics Team compiled a list of the 10 best and worst performing commodities in the CRB index, based on the closing prices on Aug. 5, 2011. Click ahead to learn about the hot, and not so hot, commodities of 2011.
By Giovanny Moreano
Posted 8 Aug 2011
Note: Original prices listed are intraday prices as of 10:10 a.m. on Aug. 8. Prices are subject to change throughout the day.


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18 U.S. Code § 2383 - Rebellion or insurrection
§ 2383.
Rebellion or insurrection
Whoever incites, sets on foot, assists, or engages in any rebellion or insurrection against the authority of the United States or the laws thereof, or gives aid or comfort thereto, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both; and shall be incapable of holding any office under the United States.
(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 808; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(L), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147.)
Historical and Revision Notes
Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 4 (Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, § 4, 35 Stat. 1088).
Word "moreover" was deleted as surplusage and minor changes were made in phraseology.
1994—Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $10,000".
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.

subset: commoncrawl


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Brief SummaryRead full entry
DescriptionRather than forming colonies like most other corals, this mushroom coral is solitary and free-living; that is, it is not attached to the substrate (except for juveniles). The coral is flat with a large central mouth. The soft tissue surrounding the mouth is striped. The long dark purple or green tentacles with pale tips are extended day and night, and are similar to those of giant anemones. Very young Heliofungia (called acanthocauli) bear little resemblance to the adult form; they are shaped like flattened discs and are attached to the substrate via a stalk. Their resemblance to mushrooms gives these corals their common name. Heliofungia actiniformis used to be considered part of the Fungia genus, however, whilst the skeletons and habitat are very similar, they differ in their polyp structure (2).


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Joanne Martin has grown used to doubters.
There were questions when she and her late husband, Elmer Martin, a professor of social work, first located Baltimore's National Great Blacks in Wax Museum on a forlorn stretch of North Avenue in East Baltimore.
And questions continue today, as the collection has grown to more than 100 figures and the museum moves forward slowly, but steadily, with plans for a $75 million expansion that would quadruple its footprint, erecting a new state-of-the-art institution in one of the city's more challenged communities.
"When we moved into that area, nobody ever believed that buses would be stacked on North Avenue, but they...


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Breaking Down Romney's Concession Speech
WSJ's Alan Murray, John Bussey and Jerry Seib review Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney's concession speech. Photo: AP.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... statistics ... sneaking treats parties to create put people before politics ... also a big push for his workmate who see their on stage with him Paul Ryan ... he says the site's my life than ... what was the best choice I've ever may ... be up on ... a short considers concession speech and it sounds almost like ... he had been before ... before this evening ... that he had written one speeches he told reporters on ... time and that was that was a victory speech ... the time or two sentences ... about what's with the partisan bickering behind this one which according to some ... people who were ... politics ... it and Queens who were ... trained for the ... for the president ... it's also just intended to use a little bit of an echo of fun Senator Ted Kennedy human pieces of Christmas love on it it ... it sounded like the of the dream lives on speech ... Senate candidate ... let's look let's go to Washington where Jerry Sithe is standing by ... Jerry just listen to the concession speech you've listened to a lot of good station speeches over the years twenty make of it ... you know I did to seventy like in their Romney who was needed ... to use and how to make his ... speech and tonight I in fact that we're timing of the Romney camp all might want them ... you know that ... the deal it repaired one speaks of his victims the ACTU said Regis at because he's a congenital optimists are sad because somebody was doing some faulty analysis inside the campaign ... well look I mean I'll so I think there's probably is yes this was somewhat superstitious enough you ... if you if you're preparing of ... concession speech it means you might think you need a concession speech no candidate wants to admit that to himself or herself on ... Election Day ... differ in this case right to think the Romney people actually thought it's going to ... you know they saw crafted the three days off to have them and know the poll numbers to tell them they're gonna get there for that they were there yet on the eve of election day ... they really thought the independent and undecided voters wrong or break their way ... into Dallas and the decisive battle the Dallas's spin I think they believe ... Jerry got Mitt Romney can now ... go off to one of these houses and and I enjoy long vacations ... of Paul Ryan has to go back to Washington and died in to this very contentious fiscal argument as I can play out ... it's a really good question on the mature I know you know ... his ... his place at the Republican table in has been the has become bigger ... its moves toward ahead of the table ... there is going to be a real question now but who's that the dominant voice for the House Republicans ... when they sit down with the debt was the Democrats in with the president ... and try to figure what they do about the fiscal cliff what is the compromise is possible ... on spending cuts and tax increases and who's got the the the can say is it ... John Bean or ... is it is in the Republican lead to the number two Republican Eric Cantor is in L Paul Ryan ... was the guy just ran a national campaign based on a budget plan ... that he authored and I think that's really gonna be an interesting dynamic ... you know and by the lower the political stakes for Paul Ryan you know he has said all along ... I'm willing to do a deal that was a point he had to make over and over again as a vice-presidential candidate ... well now given a say OK are you ready to do the deal not to stick with your plan ... I think it's a very important position also very dicey one for Paul Ryan doubt ... it but he's a force of the use of force to be reckoned with in a way that is oddly met Romney is not going to ... and Gerri what you make of of Governor Romney's call him ... to put people before politics of the put partisan bickering aside ... I've that it's become a standard part is some speech in the last few weeks that you think that ... I'll call from the stage at this moment will have any effect on how things play out in Washington over the next few months ... you know bluntly not particularly a mean this that's the sort of thing you hear from winners and losers every night ... election eyed every four years to hear the same thing in a few minutes from present Obama ... the the lead ... up to maybe write it may be that ... that that the new view is right it's funny because people's political calculations of change because they hurt something ... tonight ... it's going to be because Republicans and Democrats ... think that they basically there right now the whole passes for voters ... to keep kicking the can down the road to use the phrase ... or to simply make arguments more more important or more valuable ... in the political activist in copper mines ... in the maybe that everybody realizes now that there's no team in for the gridlock for anybody ... leaving aside the financial markets voice which is gonna be very loud when the interesting things we've been writing about on the last few weeks is that the business community ... to step forward now it has moved forward and said essentially ... you know what the witness to the sidelines this time we want to get this deposition under control ... the one certainty ... and we're going to be a force to try to make them happy a ... sectarian someone's the selection is played out as expected the narrowing of loss from Iranian Ohio for instance is what you would have guessed from ... the polls we've seen in the last few weeks but in some ways it's that there's been some surprises ... you look at the time of loss in Virginia ... you look it ... up hard fought race in Florida which I think we still don't know the ... outcome too ... they're certainly not just the Romney campaign that ... of most analysts expecting Governor Romney to do better in those states ... he absolutely another surprising thing tonight you know we've lost some weeks are telling us what surprised me and I mention Florida ... wasn't going that Mitt Romney's wife it's actually at the broader than that this that ... in in case after case in in these close states ... they all basically seen the fall and ... Indio to the Obama sign ... in you would've thought that the organist was among those icy thought going and that many of those who fall to the Romney not enough to get him over the hump because they didn't think you know I'll ... what I thought there was enough momentum and some of those that something would happen on election and put him over the top well ... something didn't happen in any of the state really to put him over the top deal one of those he really held onto its North Carolina which ... most people it conceded to him weeks if not months ago ... yes know I'm a little surprise there was more of a Romney win ... Jared talk of a slow but about the Senate it's a slightly different complex announced new players aren't does the dynamic in the Senate ... change the debate over on the deficit ... I think the dynamic in the Senate to look some on the services of its utterly and change the tone status quo election ... op I think it might change a little bit in this sense the Republicans really have to be back on the heels of a really good are to manifest themselves in difficult questions ... is that they had ... let let's step back in August or twenty three Democratic seats they had to be defended this year and only ten Republican seats ... in the year in this kind of economic environment in which ... the incumbent party was within the Democratic Party ... the Republicans thought they had a wide open field to take control said they didn't do ... that I have to step back and asked why did that happen ... I think one thing it might use it might involve some Republican senators ... to strike out on the right to Goebel slated to be with some Democrats crossed the aisle ... not to listen to the Bishop so much ... in up to the ... euro but it's the party so much to the scene of the tea party ... probably now in two ... successive elections ... has cost Republicans control said it ... would push into the forefront ... their candidates to turn out to be ... slightly tilted general election candidates ... and Republicans have to ask themselves are we to listen to the for the party anymore or our senators not set out ... into their own thing their own way ... but senators this been ... Jerry we've we've all been so focused on the swing states but what is the ... national vote look like when all the books in town what kind of a margin of leniency for present Obama ... it's gonna be closer to see a small margin and that's going to be one of the fact is nothing we don't like that tomorrow so this dust settled ... it will look at that and say with isn't much Obama that it looks good in the electoral college but in the popular vote was much ... and that will go to the question of what a mandate to see the have you know how much control does nothing of the country ... how much to Republicans in the half to step back ... and and basically acknowledged that he's won a convincing second term they would say was that that that that also has a narrow victory yet so I think that ... it's an atmosphere in which is harder to to claim a mandate if you talk about ... it frankly I don't think the president he obtained ... in a way that there was a really clear ... agenda for a second term that he could point to say there's one mandate for the sector was not the kind of relax yet what are you looking to hear from the president's speech is about to give ... well ... you know I think what everybody's gonna want to know is ... what what's the outreach to Republicans how does the frame that ... is that how specific as it ... does he say ... let's have a meeting of the White House Marc almond by people now or try to do whatever it is enough ... people a decade ago one of ... the platitudes on election night always tell you that he wanted they won the weekend it wants the country to come together ... I think the interesting question is the isthe Gumby something specific behind those words this time ... and I suspect it's the president's smart ... this to be the time to say that because ... that's really I think of it ... yep start right now ... are a boy you can see the crowd ... they getting increasingly excited I think the word expecting the president to here ... any minute ... I before e does John any other thoughts he wanted one ever and ever that they iam was the first times he got the opposition into the White House ... they got into an argument ensued and admonished them I want ... in on an upbeat even as ... it has learned that would hit that it's time to ... try remember having this this ... conversation with ... Senator Bob Dole from your sides palms state of Kansas after he lost the ... presidency was hit badly by the way ... but he said BP had been elected what he would of done has called the leadership of both parties and the White House ... for states that ... were coming here every morning yet and I figured this out of the euro summit you know in the afternoons on the private eye ... is this this is the Number one problem the nation faces ... it is a problem of dysfunction of government we have to figure out how to work together ... and until we can do that we can't do anything outside in and in in his own self interest he wants to be seen perceived as a leader ... to do that you can read on and


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Rays show spark, but late mistakes prove costly
SEATTLE -- A gaffe on the bases and one in the field perpetuated the Rays' West Coast struggles Friday night when the Mariners took a 6-4 win at Safeco Field.
The Rays are now 2-6 on the current 10-game road trip and 3-8 since beginning a stretch of 13 consecutive games against American League West teams.View Full Game Coverage
SEATTLE -- A gaffe on the bases and one in the field perpetuated the Rays' West Coast struggles Friday night when the Mariners took a 6-4 win at Safeco Field.
The Rays are now 2-6 on the current 10-game road trip and 3-8 since beginning a stretch of 13 consecutive games against American League West teams.View Full Game Coverage
Meanwhile, the first-place Red Sox increased their margin in the AL East over the Rays to 7 1/2 games and the Indians moved to within two games of the Rays for the second AL Wild Card spot.
Tampa Bay trailed, 4-3, in the eighth when a rally came to life when the Rays got runners on first and second with no outs. But Mariners reliever Carter Capps picked off pinch-runner Sean Rodriguez from second base for the first out. Capps then retired pinch-hitter David DeJesus to bring pinch-hitter Luke Scott to the plate.
Scott delivered a double to left-center field to drive home Wil Myers to tie the score at 4, but that was all the Rays got despite having three walks, a single and a double in the inning.
"Just got too far away from the bag," Rodriguez said. "Needed to stay closer to the bag. ... Just messed up. Plain and simple. I mean there's really no explanation, it's just something that should never happen, but it did."
Capps said shortstop Brad Miller called the play.
"He was there and luckily the throw was too," Capps said. "I think the guy was in a big secondary lead, waiting for a bunt with no outs and runners on first and second. I assume he was bunting. I guess the guy just got a little too happy on second. It was a great call by Miller and it paid off."
Miller explained that Capps has a really good move and "likes doing that."
"If it works, it works, if it doesn't, at least we're keeping him close," Miller said. "I really didn't see anything. The guy is bunting, so I'm there anyway. I'm trying to keep him real close. From my angle, I have a good view and I'd have done the same thing [as Rodriguez]. I'm not going anywhere because I'm not running. But if I'm running, I'm taking a secondary too because he holds it and sells it so well. That was pretty big. He always wants to do it, so that was perfect. That was a big out."
Things continued to go south for the Rays in the bottom half of the inning.
Kyle Seager hit a ball to deep left-center field with one out that Rays center fielder Desmond Jennings dropped on the edge of the warning track, allowing Seager to reach second base.
"It wasn't the lights, it wasn't the sun, it just popped out of my glove," Jennings said.
Joel Peralta then walked Kendrys Morales. One out later, Justin Smoak doubled to right past a diving Myers to score Seager and pinch-runner Abraham Almonte to give the Mariners a 6-4 lead.
"I gave it a good effort," Myers said. "Just hit off the heel of my glove. Just over dove a little bit."
After the game, Rays manager Joe Maddon was displeased about just one of the mistakes.
"That game right there," Maddon said. "A lot of negative things can happen. You can strike out with the bases loaded, you can hang a slider, you can do a lot of different things. But you can't get picked off at second base. That's the only thing that really bothered me about all of that. I mean people make errors, they swing at pitches in the dirt, etc. But the one part of the game that upset me was that. I'm just being honest. Because there was no play on. There was nothing on, that was straight up baseball."
Alex Cobb started for the Rays hoping to build on the complete game he tossed in a losing effort against Oakland on Saturday, but the Mariners got out of the chute quickly on Seager's sacrifice fly to center field in the first inning.
Delmon Young answered for the Rays when he led off the second with a solo home run off Hisashi Iwakuma. Young's first home run since returning to the Rays tied the score at 1. Young last homered for the Rays on Sept. 23, 2007 off Boston's Tim Wakefield.
Ben Zobrist scored on an Iwakuma wild pitch with the bases loaded in the third to put the Rays on top, 2-1. But the lead proved to be short-lived as Franklin Gutierrez and Seager had RBI singles in the third to again give the Mariners the lead.
Raul Ibanez added to the lead with his 27th home run of the season, a solo shot off Cobb that landed in the right-field stands.
Young doubled with one out in the sixth and scored on Jose Molina's single to right to cut the lead to 4-3.
Cobb allowed four runs on seven hits and a walk in the no-decision.
"It's a really hard game to lose, man, but you have to come back tomorrow and play," Maddon said.
Bill Chastain is a reporter for MLB.com.


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2006 Pack/Process Expo Equipment Roundup
The following are some of the new products introduced at the Pack Expo Intl./Process Expo show Oct. 29-Nov. 2 in Chicago.
Read Food Processing's show review of the Pack Expo Intl./Process Expo.
Laser adds to sorter
The Optyx 6000 Series sorter with Raptor laser technology detects the smallest defects and foreign material to optimize product quality and maximize food safety. With a double-wide platform, it also doubles the throughput. It can sort fresh, frozen and dried fruits and vegetables, including frozen potato products, tree nuts, raisins and other food products at production rates of up to 40,000 lbs. (approximately 18 metric tons) per hour.
Key Technology; Walla Walla, Wash.
509-529-2161; www.key.net
Calculate your lubricant
The former Keystone Lubricants wore its new corporate name, Total Lubricants USA, and handed out a slide chart that enables users to match the correct Nevastane H1 food grade lubricant to the specific application. On the reverse is another slide chart that shows viscosity specification comparisons, including ISO grade, Kinematic viscosity, Saybolt viscosity at various temperatures and SAE grade, along with AGMA lubricant numbers for EP lubricants, synthetic oils and gear lubricant specs.
Total Lubricants USA; Linden, N.J.
800-344-2241; www.keystonelubricants.com
Novel metal belt design
The design of Duralite belts makes them suitable for all spiral cage applications. The heavy-duty, wear-resistant stainless steel belts have the highest strength-to-belt ratio on the market, the vendor claims. Benefits include greater load carrying capacity, smoother and enhanced operating performance and dramatically fewer breaks or mishaps. This reduces plant downtime and service costs, and the strong yet light construction saves on energy costs.
Cambridge Intl.; Cambridge, Md.
800-677-2358; www.cambridge-intl.com/duralite.html
Wrapper uses eco-friendly film
The new Stratus horizontal wrapper with SK-100 shrink tunnel uses bio-degradable Earth First PLA film. It ensures high flexibility in the handling of a wide variety of food products on the packaging line. The machine also provides consistent film feeding during high speed applications without sacrificing performance or quality. Sensitive, eco-friendly film is handled without the need for any modifications while still utilizing a high torque motor.
Bosch Doboy Inc.; New Richmond, Wis.
715-246-6511; www.doboy.com
New food-grade lubricant
Kluberfood NH1 K 32 Spray, a food-grade, anti-corrosion lubricant, is now available in the U.S. and Canada. This NSF H1-registered lubricant is highly penetrative, repels moisture and forms a transparent protective film when applied. It is designed for the lubrication of areas where contact with food products may occur. Neutral towards most plastic materials, it is moisture repellant when applied on metal components due to its homogonous penetrative film.
Kluber Lubrication; Londonderry, N.H.
800-447-2238; www.kluber.com
Wash your scale parts
The HD-12-SPW scale parts washer quickly and efficiently washes, rinses and sanitizes detachable scale parts from multi-head weighers while eliminating or minimizing the need for mezzanine modifications. Parts are loaded on sliding racks at the weigh station and carried to the washer via a transport dolly.
Douglas Machines; Clearwater, Fla.
800-331-6870; www.dougmac.com
Affordable vacuum pouch sealing
The B400 belted chamber system is for meat and cheese processors and others requiring automated vacuum pouch sealing -- at an affordable price. The unit features hygienic design with vacuum ports built into the lid and retractable side skirts for easy cleaning. The height-adjustable seal bars are water cooled and bi-active, making the system ideal for shrink bag applications.
Multivac Inc.; Kansas City, Mo.
816-891-3974; www.multivac.com
Drive for packaging
The Sinamics S120 AC Drive is for high-performance, single-axis applications and features a modular concept that separates power and intelligence. Freely selectable combinations of power sections and controllers increase flexibility and scalability of the drive system. Multiple choices allow users to select the right controller for current needs but protect their drive investments if the application ever changes. This flexibility opens up new possibilities for innovative modular machine designs.
Siemens Energy & Automation; Alpharetta, Ga.
770-751-4959 ; www.sinamics.com
Next generation of PET
ParaStar polyethylene terephthalate resins offer enhanced bottle clarity, product purity and production and supply chain efficiencies to beverage brand owners and converters, as well as significant environmental benefits. The resin results from a patent-protected manufacturing process. Because the solid-stating step has been eliminated, the process uses less energy. Resulting bottles have greater clarity, improved bottle-to-bottle consistency and acetaldehyde levels lowered by 25 percent or more. Less acetaldehyde in the resin makes this new resin particularly attractive for bottled water use. ParaStar is a drop-in replacement for standard PET on bottle manufacturing equipment. It is 100 percent recyclable with traditional PET resins.
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- Medical/Dental Home
- About Kaleida Health
- Career Opportunities
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Kaleida Health
Medical Staff Office
1028 Main Street
Buffalo, NY 14203
- (716) 859-5501
SBAR on HIV Testing Law
The NYS DOH has mandated that hospitals and clinics associated with hospitals must provide education and the opportunity to request HIV testing all inpatients and routine clinic patients at least one time once the system program is in place. Proof of conducting this process must be in the medical record.
The NYS DOH HIV Epidemiology experts have reported that the number of undiagnosed potentially positive residents is growing at a critical rate.
- A Kaleida system-wide single form (KH01395) has been created to perform the education, consent or decline the opportunity for HIV testing. Universal signs are available for ED/Clinic and pre-admission testing areas where visitors and patients can also receive the information.
- The flow for the process completion will be service/department specific. Please check with the manager for details.
- If the patient desires testing, consent form must be signed, LIP (licensed independent practitioner) is to order, staff to enter in Powerchart: HIV 1 and 2 Abs, venipuncture is completed, place label on specimen and send to lab.
- In outpatient areas - Confirm the patient's contact information so we may notify him/her of their test results which will be in letter or telephone form from a designated confidential Kaleida department.
Medical and nursing staff are mandated by the DOH to receive HIV education. A go-live date for your department will be announced by the manager.
If you need assistance during completing this training program, please contact the Kaleida Technical Assistance Center (TAC) at 859-7777.
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After you have finished the course click the "SUBMIT" button. It will direct you to a page where you will enter your information in order to obtain your credit for this course. Please follow the instructions on this page.


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Linguistically yes, unless that Mongolian speaks Tibetan.In a similar sense, I wonder with Tibetan if oral skills are ultimately so important. What if you're from Mongolia, but read Tibetan fluently? Are you any less of a scholar than Lhasa-Tibetan speakers reading the same classical texts?
The necessity of oral Tibetan for Tibetan translation and scholarship, that's a huge subject, and I can direct to some links, but my feeling is that yes, it is ideal as a scholar, and pretty much necessary as a translator. A lot of translators who don't speak Tibetan are going to be offended by that, but it's really the truth. And most Tibetan scholars and lamas would agree. There are several reasons. The main one is that if you don't understand something in a text, then how are you going to ask questions about it? By just guessing? I think that's often what usually happens -- translators taking their best guesses. They aren't able to ask a Tibetan scholar about their questions or doubts. So that's the main reason. A lot of English translations are full of mistakes because the translators don't know how to speak Tibetan well enough -- this is a fact. In fact probably the majority of translators in the West need to take 1-3 years of Tibetan classes before they do anything else, in my opinion. Other reasons are that literary Tibetan is very similar to spoken Tibetan, a lot more similar than most people think. It's like the similarity between Middle English/Shakespeare and Modern English. It's mostly mutually comprehensible to someone who knows both well, and the grammar is very similar. So, if you don't know how to speak the language, then how are you going to know how to put the Tibetan into an English register that makes sense and sound good? Of course you can understand the literary grammar well enough, but without knowing how that relates to spoken Tibetan -- and how literary would be "translated" into spoken Tibetan -- you are missing a huge piece of the puzzle. There are other reasons but I'll leave you with those, which if you think about well should be convincing.
As for Classical Chinese, I don't know if what you say is accurate or not, but I would imagine that knowing modern Chinese would help bundles and that many people would say that it's fairly necessary. I'm talking about translation or serious scholarship, not just reading something for fun or for one's practice -- which is fine even in the case of Tibetan if you don't know the spoken language.


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Published June 19, 2014
Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo stumped for an ambitious package of anti-corruption measures and campaign finance reforms to an attentive Law School audience.
Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo stumped for an ambitious package of anti-corruption measures and campaign finance reforms to an attentive SUNY Buffalo Law School audience.
In his June 12 address before about 200 people in the Charles B. Sears Law Library, the first-term governor acknowledged the recent rash of scandals among state legislators, saying the time is right for the reforms he has proposed in the three-part Public Trust Act.
"Any relationship is only as good as the level of trust in it, whether it's professional or personal," the governor said. "And when citizens lose trust in government, it hurts the functionality of the government. People don't trust you to do the job that you say you can perform."
The proposal would empower district attorneys to prosecute those who show intent to bribe a public official, whether or not the bribe took place; create a new crime called "corrupting the government" that would carry a 25-year prison sentence and a lifetime ban from doing business with the state; make it a crime for any public official to fail to report bribery; and ban corrupt public officials from receiving state contracts, holding elected office, serving as a lobbyist or being a Medicaid provider.
In addition, Cuomo is proposing a set of election law reforms, most notably to provide public funding for political campaigns in an attempt to reduce the influence of big-money donors on New York elections. "In a statewide race, you can give $50,000 as a donation," Cuomo said. "Who's giving $50,000, and what do they expect for the $50,000? That's common sense. That's why campaign finance reform is so important."
His proposals also would require candidates to disclose contributions within 48 hours; establish lower contribution limits in campaigns for state offices; and treat limited liability corporations as corporations—not individuals—lowering the limit on their political contributions.
Cuomo said he hopes the Assembly and state Senate will enact these reforms during their current session, which is scheduled to end June 20. But he acknowledged that that may not happen, and he laid out a Plan B: to invoke the state's Moreland Act and convene a special commission to address what he called "deficiencies in the law."
"If they don't pass the laws, I am unwilling to end the session without having done everything I can to restore the public trust," the governor said. "One way or another, we're going to do it."
His overall goal, Cuomo said, is to make state government more effective. "To my friends in the community and the great legal minds that are budding in this great institution, I say, I believe in government with every cell in my body. I believe in the capacity of government; I believe in the function of government. I want to restore public trust because I want to make government stronger.
"All government is, is the organizing collective for society. It's important that that institution works and that we believe in it and trust it, because if you don't, you limit our capacity to do good things."
A longtime friend of Law School Dean Makau W. Mutua, Cuomo cited Mutua's courage and said he was proud that Mutua was dean of the state's Law School. It was Cuomo's third appearance in O'Brian Hall, and his first as governor.
Also speaking at the event were Mutua; Jeremy Creelan, the governor's special counsel for public integrity and ethics reform; Diana Cihak, founder and program director of WomenElect, a leadership development organization for women in politics; and Erie County District Attorney Frank A. Sedita III, a 1986 graduate of the law school.


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Mold tragic
(In response to an April 16 online story about a family trying to get out of a moldy home)
This tragedy, affecting an entire family, is repeated throughout the U.S. We invite this family and all readers to visit www.schoolmoldhelp.org for mold and health resources, including news that in 2009, finally, the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control deemed damp and moldy buildings health hazards.
It should be of note that the majority of home mold insurance claims are found in the Southwest. This is due to the need for air conditioning and the difference between the outside and inside temperatures. In cheap housing, condensation can form inside the walls. Also, air conditioning produces mold in the air stream. There may not be cellars in the majority of Southwest homes, but there are other issues. This is verifiable through the insurance industry. Take care in relocating to a place where you can have fresh, dry air year-round — not canned air.
— NoMoreMold
From www.LansingCityPulse.com
Don't glamourize gangs
(In response to a March 31 story on a talk at the NorthStar Center given by former gang members.)
Why write a story that gives publicity to a low-life punk? When I was a kid, it was a badge of honor to get our names — especially our gang names — printed in the paper. That is why the major newspapers in Chicago never used gang nicknames when a gang member was arrested. Sure, he has a horror story, we all did. I have seen people shot to death. I have killed people with my bare hands. Pilsen was a tough 'hood in the 1960s. This story only helps to glorify the life of a gangster. In the 1970s, the Latin Counts were nothing but punks. Like many gangs, they have branched out to illegal business activities. Some gangsters eventually grow up. Some go to prison. Some are invited to speak to the naive in Lansing.
— Pilsen
From www.LansingCityPulse.com


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It has been said for years that things change whenever you cross the river from Alabama into Georgia, and that's certainly true for cotton nitrogen recommendations. Extension specialists in Alabama prefer a base rate of 90 pounds per acre while Georgia recommends differing rates according to yield goals.
But University of Georgia Extension Agronomist Glen Harris contends the differences in the two states' recommendations are very small, and there are very good reasons for the differences that do exist.
"Our recommendations are not that different — their base rate is 90 pounds per acre," says Harris. "Our old base rate was 60 pounds of nitrogen for the 750-pound yield goal. There were a number of reasons for going with a yield goal concept, and we have research data to support our recommendations."
While Georgia doesn't have long-term studies comparable to those in Alabama, a nitrogen study was begun in 1993 by now-retired Georgia Cotton Breeder Shelby Baker, says Harris.
"He was using different nitrogen rates to grow high-yield cotton, and that's when we determined that our base rate of 60 pound of nitrogen probably was too low for higher yields. In this study, he was growing three-bale cotton and it was requiring 80 or 100 pounds of nitrogen. Alabama's base rate is 90 pounds of nitrogen, so it's not as if we're recommending excessive amounts," he says.
Part of the reasoning for yield goal nitrogen recommendations can be found in the precision agriculture concept of treating each field differently, notes Harris. "Fields with a higher yield potential probably need more nitrogen," he says.
Recommendations also are based on how much nitrogen is removed by the cotton, notes Harris. "It's true enough that cotton doesn't remove much nitrogen. But when we harvest cotton, we also remove the seed, and the seed contains significant amounts of nitrogen."
Georgia's current nitrogen recommendations for cotton call for 60 pounds of nitrogen per acre for 750 pounds of lint, 75 pounds of nitrogen for 1,000 pounds of lint, 90 pounds of nitrogen for 1,250 pounds of lint, and 105 pounds of nitrogen for 1,500 pounds of lint.
"We do have more irrigation in Georgia than in Alabama, and that helps to increase our yield potential. The 1,250 and 1,500-pound yield goals assume that you have irrigation. There are a number of factors that make our recommendations different from those in Alabama and other states. There's not one easy answer."
Field conditions also are different in Georgia, says Harris. "Look at the Bainbridge area in southwest Georgia. Those irrigated deep sands consistently make high yields, and those fields require more nitrogen."
Nitrogen recommendations for cotton can be modified, he says, when cotton follows a legume — such as peanuts — or when cotton is strip-tilled following a cover crop. "Basically, we give legumes a 30-pound nitrogen credit. And, if you're using a small grain cover crop and strip-tilling, we'd like to see growers increase their nitrogen rates by about 25 percent, which usually works out to be 20 to 25 pounds.
"Legumes can fix and release nitrogen and small grains can immobilize it. We've completed on-farm studies to verify that. We've done studies with cotton following crimson clover, legumes, and we've had number of nitrogen studies with strip-tilled cotton following a small grain cover crop."
As for the timing of nitrogen applications on cotton, Harris says there are no "hard and fast" recommendations. "We do recommend split applications. The official line is that one-fourth to one-third should be put on at planting and the remainder at side-dressing. That normally translates into about 20 or 30 pounds at planting and 60 or 70 pounds at side-dressing."
The problem, he says, is that many Georgia growers no longer do any preplant applications. "I definitely would like to see them put out at least 20 to 30 pounds at planting. When should they make up that extra amount for small grains? That's a good question. I don't want to overdo early on, although I think that's when you get some of your worst tie-up. I'd almost like to see them spread out that 25 percent increase between the preplant and the side-dress."
Looking back at the 2003 season, Harris says Georgia growers were coming off several drought years and had been cutting back on all fertilization.
"Along comes 2003 — a good year with plenty of rain — and many growers had problems getting into the fields to side-dress, so some were caught short. There was a lot of foliar feeding because of that. They couldn't get in the fields with their tractors so they tried catching up with foliar feeding. The growers who had decent fertilizer rates and who didn't receive excessive rainfall did very well this past year."
Some growers might wonder if they should fertilize for a normal year or a good year, says Harris. "In the big scheme of things, these things usually run in cycles, and you have to make it in a good year to get you through the bad years. I'd want to fertilize for a good year — we're talking about maybe 15 pounds or more of nitrogen, and that probably won't break the bank."
In-season adjustments also can be made, he adds. "If you go ahead and put out your 20 or 30 pounds of nitrogen preplant, you might already have an idea of the kind of year you're having by side-dress time. You also can make adjustments with foliar applications. We probably can make up 10 to 15 pounds of nitrogen with foliar applications alone. Of course, if it turns off dry after side-dressing, you might decide against foliar fertilization."
Research conducted in the mid-1980s showed that the best combination for fertilizing cotton was a preplant application followed by side-dressing and then foliar feeding, says Harris.
"Once Bt and Roundup Ready varieties came along, we weren't doing as much spraying, and we didn't have as many opportunities for doing foliar feeding. We recommend that you foliar feed if a petiole sample shows the need for it. If you detect a deficiency after side-dressing, make a foliar application."
Georgia growers capped off an excellent growing season in 2003 with an average yield of about 800 pounds per acre, he says, and high-yielding varieties like DP-555 have gotten a lot of attention.
"Varieties such as DP-555 have a tendency to grow tall, and some growers are asking if they should cut their nitrogen rates on these varieties.
"I don't think so. We should continue to follow these recommendations that are supported by data. If you cut back, you could be cutting your yield potential. Even 105 pounds per acre isn't too much for three-bale cotton. On this taller cotton, it's more important that we follow a good growth regulator program. With good insect control, a good Pix program and boron, we can handle higher nitrogen rates."
e-mail: [email protected]


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By: Mark McGrouther, Category: Science, Date: 13 Feb 2012
This incredible footage of a live Barreleye was taken by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. It has been viewed on YouTube over 3 million times.
The Barreleye, Macropinna microstoma has a transparent head and tubular eyes (the green upwardly directed globes). It lives at depths down to 800 m. The footage was taken by an ROV (remotely operated vehicle).
The species occurs in northern Pacific waters. About 11 species of barreleyes (family Opisthoproctidae) occur worldwide, with three species currently known from Australian waters;
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Tags fishes, ichthyology, Macropinna microstoma, Opisthoproctidae, Barreleye,


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BOSTON, Mass.--The Brandeis men and women's track and field teams competed for the first time this season at the Jay Casirella Invitational on Saturday, December 4 hosted by Northeastern University. It was a non-scoring meet.
On the women's side, the Judges had two top-five finishes in the meet. Junior Lily Parenteau (Scarborough, Maine/Scarborough) finished in fourth place in the high jump, with a height of 1.57 meters. Senior Lucia Capano (Manchester, N.H./Manchester Central) finished fourth in the triple jump, with a distance of 10.92 meters. Capano also finished in sixth place in the long jump (5.12 meters) and in 13th place in preliminaries of the 55 meter dash (7.61).
Sophomore Kim Farrington (Shirley, Mass./Ayer) finished in 7th place in the triple jump with a distance of 10.45 meters. The women's 4x400 meter relay finished in fourth place.
On the men's side, Brandeis put two rookies in the top 10. Rookie Vincent Asante (Bronx, N.Y./High School for Arts Imagination and Inquiry) came in fourth place in the 55 meter dash with a time of 6.61 seconds. His time of 6.56 seconds in the prelims was just two-hundredths of a second off the school record. Classmate Taylor Dundas (Bath, Maine/Cheverus) finished the 1 mile race in seventh place with a time of 4:27.53. Asante also finished in 15th place for the Judges in the 200 meter dash with a time of 23.35.
Sophomore Brian Foley (Foxboro, Mass./Foxborough) was the top finisher for the team in the 400 meter dash, coming in 21st with a time of 51.90. In field events, Brandeis was led by rookie Kris Stinehart (Watertown, Mass./Watertown) who came in 39th in the shot put, with a distance of 11.11 meters.
The Judges are next in action at the Harvard Invitational on Saturday, December 11.


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Asset Based Approaches for Community Engagement
Katrina Wyatt, Robin Durie, and Felicity Thomas
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Please check back later for the full article.
The burden of ill health has shifted, globally, from communicable to non-communicable disease, with poor health clustering in areas of economic deprivation. However, for the most part, public health programs remain focused on changing behaviors associated with poor health (such as smoking or physical inactivity) rather than the contexts that give rise to, and influence, the wide range of behaviors associated with poor health. This way of understanding and responding to population ill health views poor health behavior as a defining "problem" exhibited by a particular group of individuals or a community, which needs to be solved by the intervention of expert practitioners. This sort of approach determines individuals and their communities in terms of deficits, and works on the basis of perceived needs within such communities when seeking to address public health issues.
Growing recognition that many of the fundamental determinants of health cannot be attributed solely to individuals, but result instead from the complex interplay between individuals and their social, economic, and cultural environments, has led to calls for new ways of delivering policies and programs aimed at improving health and reducing health inequalities. Such approaches include the incorporation of subjective perspectives and priorities to inform the creation of "health promoting societal contexts." Alongside this, asset-based approaches to health creation place great emphasis on valuing the skills, knowledge, connections, and potential within a community and seek to identify the protective factors within a neighborhood or organization that support health and wellbeing.
Connecting Communities (C2) is a unique asset-based program aimed at creating the conditions for health and wellness within very low-income communities. At the heart of the program is the belief that health emerges from the patterns of relations within neighborhoods, rather than being a static attribute of individuals. C2 seeks to change the nature of the relations both within communities and with service providers (such as the police, housing, education, and health professionals) to co-create responses to issues that are identified by community members themselves. While many of the issues identified concern local environmental conditions, such as vandalism or safe out-door spaces, many are also contributory determinants of ill health. Listening to people, understanding the social, cultural, and environmental context within which they are located, and supporting new partnerships based on reciprocity and mutual benefit ensures that solutions are grounded in the local context and not externally determined, in turn resulting in sustainable health creating communities.
Atmospheric Brown Clouds
Sumit Sharma, Liliana Nunez, and Veerabhadran Ramanathan
Atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs) are widespread pollution clouds that can at times span an entire continent or an ocean basin. ABCs extend vertically from the ground upward to as high as 3 km, and they consist of both aerosols and gases. ABCs consist of anthropogenic aerosols such as sulfates, nitrates, organics, and black carbon and natural dust aerosols. Gaseous pollutants that contribute to the formation of ABCs are NOx (nitrogen oxides), SOx (sulfur oxides), VOCs (volatile organic compounds), CO (carbon monoxide), CH4 (methane), and O3 (ozone). The brownish color of the cloud (which is visible when looking at the horizon) is due to absorption of solar radiation at short wavelengths (green, blue, and UV) by organic and black carbon aerosols as well as by NOx. While the local nature of ABCs around polluted cities has been known since the early 1900s, the widespread transoceanic and transcontinental nature of ABCs as well as their large-scale effects on climate, hydrological cycle, and agriculture were discovered inadvertently by The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), an international experiment conducted in the 1990s over the Indian Ocean. A major discovery of INDOEX was that ABCs caused drastic dimming at the surface. The magnitude of the dimming was as large as 10–20% (based on a monthly average) over vast areas of land and ocean regions. The dimming was shown to be accompanied by significant atmospheric absorption of solar radiation by black and brown carbon (a form of organic carbon). Black and brown carbon, ozone and methane contribute as much as 40% to anthropogenic radiative forcing. The dimming by sulfates, nitrates, and carbonaceous (black and organic carbon) species has been shown to disrupt and weaken the monsoon circulation over southern Asia. In addition, the ozone in ABCs leads to a significant decrease in agriculture yields (by as much as 20–40%) in the polluted regions. Most significantly, the aerosols (in ABCs) near the ground lead to about 4 million premature mortalities every year. Technological and regulatory measures are available to mitigate most of the pollution resulting from ABCs. The importance of ABCs to global environmental problems led the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to form the
Big Data in Environment and Human Health
Lora Fleming, Niccolò Tempini, Harriet Gordon-Brown, Gordon L. Nichols, Christophe Sarran, Paolo Vineis, Giovanni Leonardi, Brian Golding, Andy Haines, Anthony Kessel, Virginia Murray, Michael Depledge, and Sabina Leonelli
Big data refers to large, complex, potentially linkable data from diverse sources, ranging from the genome and social media, to individual health information and the contributions of citizen science monitoring, to large-scale long-term oceanographic and climate modeling and its processing in innovative and integrated "data mashups." Over the past few decades, thanks to the rapid expansion of computer technology, there has been a growing appreciation for the potential of big data in environment and human health research.
The promise of big data mashups in environment and human health includes the ability to truly explore and understand the "wicked environment and health problems" of the 21st century, from tracking the global spread of the Zika and Ebola virus epidemics to modeling future climate change impacts and adaptation at the city or national level. Other opportunities include the possibility of identifying environment and health hot spots (i.e., locations where people and/or places are at particular risk), where innovative interventions can be designed and evaluated to prevent or adapt to climate and other environmental change over the long term with potential (co-) benefits for health; and of locating and filling gaps in existing knowledge of relevant linkages between environmental change and human health. There is the potential for the increasing control of personal data (both access to and generation of these data), benefits to health and the environment (e.g., from smart homes and cities), and opportunities to contribute via citizen science research and share information locally and globally.
At the same time, there are challenges inherent with big data and data mashups, particularly in the environment and human health arena. Environment and health represent very diverse scientific areas with different research cultures, ethos, languages, and expertise. Equally diverse are the types of data involved (including time and spatial scales, and different types of modeled data), often with no standardization of the data to allow easy linkage beyond time and space variables, as data types are mostly shaped by the needs of the communities where they originated and have been used. Furthermore, these "secondary data" (i.e., data re-used in research) are often not even originated for this purpose, a particularly relevant distinction in the context of routine health data re-use. And the ways in which the research communities in health and environmental sciences approach data analysis and synthesis, as well as statistical and mathematical modeling, are widely different.
There is a lack of trained personnel who can span these interdisciplinary divides or who have the necessary expertise in the techniques that make adequate bridging possible, such as software development, big data management and storage, and data analyses. Moreover, health data have unique challenges due to the need to maintain confidentiality and data privacy for the individuals or groups being studied, to evaluate the implications of shared information for the communities affected by research and big data, and to resolve the long-standing issues of intellectual property and data ownership occurring throughout the environment and health fields. As with other areas of big data, the new "digital data divide" is growing, where some researchers and research groups, or corporations and governments, have the access to data and computing resources while others do not, even as citizen participation in research initiatives is increasing. Finally with the exception of some business-related activities, funding, especially with the aim of encouraging the sustainability and accessibility of big data resources (from personnel to hardware), is currently inadequate; there is widespread disagreement over what business models can support long-term maintenance of data infrastructures, and those that exist now are often unable to deal with the complexity and resource-intensive nature of maintaining and updating these tools.
Nevertheless, researchers, policy makers, funders, governments, the media, and members of the general public are increasingly recognizing the innovation and creativity potential of big data in environment and health and many other areas. This can be seen in how the relatively new and powerful movement of Open Data is being crystalized into science policy and funding guidelines. Some of the challenges and opportunities, as well as some salient examples, of the potential of big data and big data mashup applications to environment and human health research are discussed.
Cities, Green Space, and Mental Well-Being
Jenny Roe
Mental and behavioral disorders account for approximately 7.4% of the global burden of disease, with depression now the world's leading cause of disability. One in four people in the world will suffer from a mental health problem at some point in their life. City planning and design holds much promise for reducing this burden of disease, and for offering solutions that are affordable, accessible and equitable. Increasingly urban green space is recognized as an important social determinant of health, with the potential to protect mental health – for example, by buffering against life stressors - as well as relieving the symptom severity of specific psychiatric disorders. Pathways linking urban green space with mental wellbeing include the ability of natural stimuli – trees, water, light patterns – to promote 'involuntary attention' allowing the brain to disengage and recover from cognitive fatigue. This article brings together evidence of the positive effects of urban green space on common mental health problems (i.e. stress, anxiety, depression) together with evidence of its role in the symptom relief of specific psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and psychosis, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dementia, attention deficit/hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and autism. Urban green space is a potential force for building mental health: city planners, urban designers, policy makers and public health professionals need to maximize the opportunities in applying green space strategies for both health prevention and in supporting treatment of mental ill health.
Ecosystem Services and Human Health
Elisabet Lindgren and Thomas Elmqvist
Ecosystem services refer to benefits for human societies and well-being obtained from ecosystems. Research on health effects of ecosystem services have until recently mostly focused on beneficial effects on physical and mental health from spending time in nature or having access to urban green space. However, nearly all of the different ecosystem services may have impacts on health, either directly or indirectly. Ecosystem services can be divided into provisioning services that provide food and water; regulating services that provide, for example, clean air, moderate extreme events, and regulate the local climate; supporting services that help maintain biodiversity and infectious disease control; and cultural services.
With a rapidly growing global population, the demand for food and water will increase. Knowledge about ecosystems will provide opportunities for sustainable agriculture production in both terrestrial and marine environments. Diarrheal diseases and associated childhood deaths are strongly linked to poor water quality, sanitation, and hygiene. Even though improvements are being made, nearly 750 million people still lack access to reliable water sources. Ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, and lakes capture, filter, and store water used for drinking, irrigation, and other human purposes. Wetlands also store and treat solid waste and wastewater, and such ecosystem services could become of increasing use for sustainable development.
Ecosystems contribute to local climate regulation and are of importance for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Coastal ecosystems, such as mangrove and coral reefs, act as natural barriers against storm surges and flooding. Flooding is associated with increased risk of deaths, epidemic outbreaks, and negative health impacts from destroyed infrastructure. Vegetation reduces the risk of flooding, also in cities, by increasing permeability and reducing surface runoff following precipitation events.
The urban heat island effect will increase city-center temperatures during heatwaves. The elderly, people with chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and outdoor workers in cities where temperatures soar during heatwaves are in particular vulnerable to heat. Vegetation and especially trees help in different ways to reduce temperatures by shading and evapotranspiration. Air pollution increases the mortality and morbidity risks during heatwaves. Vegetation has been shown also to contribute to improved air quality by, depending on plant species, filtering out gases and airborne particulates. Greenery also has a noise-reducing effect, thereby decreasing noise-related illnesses and annoyances. Biological control uses the knowledge of ecosystems and biodiversity to help control human and animal diseases.
Natural surroundings and urban parks and gardens have direct beneficial effects on people's physical and mental health and well-being. Increased physical activities have well-known health benefits. Spending time in natural environments has also been linked to aesthetic benefits, life enrichments, social cohesion, and spiritual experience. Even living close to or with a view of nature has been shown to reduce stress and increase a sense of well-being.
The Emergence of Environment as a Security Imperative
Felix Dodds
The emergence of environment as a security imperative is something that could have been avoided. Early indications showed that if governments did not pay attention to critical environmental issues, these would move up the security agenda. As far back as the Club of Rome 1972 report, Limits to Growth, variables highlighted for policy makers included world population, industrialization, pollution, food production, and resource depletion, all of which impact how we live on this planet.
The term environmental security didn't come into general use until the 2000s. It had its first substantive framing in 1977, with the Lester Brown Worldwatch Paper 14, "Redefining Security." Brown argued that the traditional view of national security was based on the "assumption that the principal threat to security comes from other nations." He went on to argue that future security "may now arise less from the relationship of nation to nation and more from the relationship between man to nature."
Of the major documents to come out of the Earth Summit in 1992, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development is probably the first time governments have tried to frame environmental security. Principle 2 says: "States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national."
In 1994, the UN Development Program defined Human Security into distinct categories, including:
• Economic security (assured and adequate basic incomes).
• Food security (physical and affordable access to food).
• Health security.
• Environmental security (access to safe water, clean air and non-degraded land).
By the time of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, in 2002, water had begun to be identified as a security issue, first at the Rio+5 conference, and as a food security issue at the 1996 FAO Summit. In 2003, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan set up a High-Level Panel on "Threats, Challenges, and Change," to help the UN prevent and remove threats to peace. It started to lay down new concepts on collective security, identifying six clusters for member states to consider. These included economic and social threats, such as poverty, infectious disease, and environmental degradation.
By 2007, health was being recognized as a part of the environmental security discourse, with World Health Day celebrating "International Health Security (IHS)." In particular, it looked at emerging diseases, economic stability, international crises, humanitarian emergencies, and chemical, radioactive, and biological terror threats. Environmental and climate changes have a growing impact on health. The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) identified climate security as a key challenge for the 21st century. This was followed up in 2009 by the UCL-Lancet Commission on Managing the Health Effects of Climate Change—linking health and climate change.
In the run-up to Rio+20 and the launch of the Sustainable Development Goals, the issue of the climate-food-water-energy nexus, or rather, inter-linkages, between these issues was highlighted. The dialogue on environmental security has moved from a fringe discussion to being central to our political discourse—this is because of the lack of implementation of previous international agreements.
Environmental Change, Migration, and Population Health
Celia McMichael
Global environmental change amplifies and creates pressures that shape human migration. In the 21st century, there has been increasing focus on the complexities of migration and environmental change, including forecasts of the potential scale and pace of so-called environmental migration, identification of geographic sites of vulnerability, policy implications, and the intersections of environmental change with other drivers of human migration. Migration is increasingly viewed as an adaptive response to climatic and environmental change, particularly in terms of livelihood vulnerability and risk diversification. Yet the adaptive potential of migration will be defined in part by health outcomes for migrating populations. There has been limited examination, however, of the health consequences of migration related to environmental change.
Migration related to environmental change includes diverse types of mobility, including internal migration to urban areas, cross-border migration, forced displacement following environmental disaster, and planned relocation—migration into sites of environmental vulnerability; much-debated links between environmental change, conflict, and migration; immobile or "trapped" populations; and displacement due to climate change mitigation and decarbonization action. Although health benefits of migration may accrue, such as increased access to health services or migration away from sites of physical risk, migration—particularly irregular (undocumented) migration and forced displacement—can amplify vulnerabilities and present risks to health and well-being. For diverse migratory pathways, there is the need to anticipate, respond to, and ameliorate population health burdens among migrants.
The Environment in Health and Well-Being
George Morris and Patrick Saunders
Most people today readily accept that their health and disease are products of personal characteristics such as their age, gender, and genetic inheritance; the choices they make; and, of course, a complex array of factors operating at the level of society. Individuals frequently have little or no control over the cultural, economic, and social influences that shape their lives and their health and well-being. The environment that forms the physical context for their lives is one such influence and comprises the places where people live, learn work, play, and socialize, the air they breathe, and the food and water they consume. Interest in the physical environment as a component of human health goes back many thousands of years and when, around two and a half millennia ago, humans started to write down ideas about health, disease, and their determinants, many of these ideas centered on the physical environment.
The modern public health movement came into existence in the 19th century as a response to the dreadful unsanitary conditions endured by the urban poor of the Industrial Revolution. These conditions nurtured disease, dramatically shortening life. Thus, a public health movement that was ultimately to change the health and prosperity of millions of people across the world was launched on an "environmental conceptualization" of health. Yet, although the physical environment, especially in towns and cities, has changed dramatically in the 200 years since the Industrial Revolution, so too has our understanding of the relationship between the environment and human health and the importance we attach to it.
The decades immediately following World War II were distinguished by declining influence for public health as a discipline. Health and disease were increasingly "individualized"—a trend that served to further diminish interest in the environment, which was no longer seen as an important component in the health concerns of the day. Yet, as the 20th century wore on, a range of factors emerged to r-establish a belief in the environment as a key issue in the health of Western society. These included new toxic and infectious threats acting at the population level but also the renaissance of a "socioecological model" of public health that demanded a much richer and often more subtle understanding of how local surroundings might act to both improve and damage human health and well-being.
Yet, just as society has begun to shape a much more sophisticated response to reunite health with place and, with this, shape new policies to address complex contemporary challenges, such as obesity, diminished mental health, and well-being and inequities, a new challenge has emerged. In its simplest terms, human activity now seriously threatens the planetary processes and systems on which humankind depends for health and well-being and, ultimately, survival. Ecological public health—the need to build health and well-being, henceforth on ecological principles—may be seen as the society's greatest 21st-century imperative. Success will involve nothing less than a fundamental rethink of the interplay between society, the economy, and the environment. Importantly, it will demand an environmental conceptualization of the public health as no less radical than the environmental conceptualization that launched modern public health in the 19th century, only now the challenge presents on a vastly extended temporal and spatial scale.
Epigenetics and the Exposome: Environmental Exposure in Disease Etiology
Paolo Vineis and Federica Russo
While genomics has been founded on accurate tools that lead to a limited amount of classification error, exposure assessment in epidemiology is often affected by large error. The "environment" is in fact a complex construct that encompasses chemical exposures (e.g., to carcinogens); biological agents (viruses, or the "microbiome"); and social relationships. The "exposome" concept was then put forward to stress the relatively poor development of appropriate tools for exposure assessment when applied to the study of disease etiology. Three layers of the exposome have been proposed: "general external" (including social capital, stress and psychology); "specific external" (including chemicals, viruses, radiation, etc.); and "internal" (including for example metabolism and gut microflora). In addition, there are at least three properties of the exposome: (a) it is based on a refinement of tools to measure exposures (including internal measurements in the body); (b) it involves a broad definition of "exposure" or environment, including overarching concepts at a societal level; and (c) it involves a temporal component (i.e., exposure is analyzed in a life-course perspective). The conceptual and practical challenge is how the different layers (i.e., general, specific external, and internal) connect to each other in a causally meaningful sequence. The relevance of this question pertains to the translation of science into policy—for example, if experiences in early life impact on the adult risk of disease, and on the quality of aging, how is distant action to be incorporated in biological causal models and into policy interventions? A useful causal theory to address scientific and policy question about exposure is based on the concept of information transmission. Such a theory can explain how to connect the different layers of the exposome in a life-course temporal frame and helps identify the best level for intervention (molecular, individual, or population level). In this context epigenetics plays a key role, partly because it explains the long-distance persistence of epigenetic changes via the concept of "epigenetic memory."
Framing Complexity in Environmental and Human Health
Hans Keune and Timo Assmuth
Framing and dealing with complexity are crucially important in environment and human health science, policy, and practice. Complexity is a key feature of most environment and human health issues, which by definition include aspects of the environment and human health, both of which constitute complex phenomena. The number and range of factors that may play a role in an environment and human health issue are enormous, and the issues have a multitude of characteristics and consequences. Framing this complexity is crucial because it will involve key decisions about what to take into account when addressing environment and human health issues and how to deal with them. This is not merely a technical process of scientific framing, but also a methodological decision-making process with both scientific and societal implications. In general, the benefits and risks related to such issues cannot be generalized or objectified, and will be distributed unevenly, resulting in health and environmental inequalities. Even more generally, framing is crucial because it reflects cultural factors and historical contingencies, perceptions and mindsets, political processes, and associated values and worldviews. Framing is at the core of how we as humans relate to, and deal with, environment and human health, as scientists, policymakers, and practitioners, with models, policies, or actions.
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Rowdy's Dream Blog #221: A restaurant job.
My friend has given me a job at his restaurant. He takes me to the kitchen on my first day to introduce me to everyone. I meet a pretty waitress in white who is getting ready at a table. Around the corner everyone else has been lined up. My friend begins the introductions. I extend my hand at the right of the line, but am instructed to start at the left. There is a short Indian woman, a short Hispanic guy I had already met, two Hispanic cooks who spoke no English, and several others. I'm not remembering names. Each rushes off as soon as they shake my hand. Several sit at a break table playing a video game, with the screen up on the wall. The game allows you to pick a song and make the figures on the screen do funny dances to it. They are also able to dress the figures in different ethnic costumes from around the world.


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Tuesday, September 12, is a Spare the Air Day
Tuesday, September 12, is a Spare the Air Day in the San Francisco Bay Area. Ground-level ozone air pollution is forecast to exceed 100 AQI (Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups) tomorrow.
BART and other public transit is NOT free tomorrow - the Bay Area transit promotion ended on Friday, July 21.
Clear skies, hot temperatures, a strong temperature inversion trapping pollutants near the ground, and light winds will combine to produce poor air quality for the Bay Area.
To help prevent smog on September 12, please:
- Ride BART
- Drive less
- Refuel in the evening & don't top off
- Use electric lawn mowers and leaf blowers or use a hand-pushed or electric lawn mower
To monitor current air quality conditions, visit www.sparetheair.org. Thank you for doing your part to Spare the Air!


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It's now commonplace for executives to want their office space to be "collaborative." But Bayer HealthCare has taken that a step further at its new U.S. headquarters in the Whippany section of Hanover, where 2,400 employees are now under one roof after being spread across four locations.
"We're in the business of developing new medicines and bringing them to Americans, and that's a complicated thing to do," said Phil Blake, president of Bayer Corp. "So having that many people together, to make sure that we maximize communication and maximize innovation, is exactly what we're doing here."
The new space was on display today as the German drugmaker officially opened the new 700,000-square-foot facility in the Hanover's Whippany section. It was the formal end to more than two years of searching and developing a new site that would consolidate Bayer's operations in Morristown, Montville, Wayne and Tarrytown, N.Y.
The state-of-the-art building sits on a 94-acre site, about half of the campus vacated by Alcatel-Lucent. The facility was built by Vision Equities, which reconstructed two obsolete buildings and connected them with a five-story atrium.
Blake, who is Bayer's top U.S. executive, said the company signed the deal for the property only 14 months ago. That gave the development and design team just a year to deliver the building, he said, but it was important to stick to a tight schedule.
"Because this is a very visible thing to do, it sets the tone if we're on time and on budget with a great outcome," he said. "It sets the tone for expectations across the rest of the organization."
Bayer considered consolidating outside New Jersey. But the company was convinced to stay in 2011 with a state incentive package that included a $22.2 million under the Business Employment Incentive Program and $14 million under the Business Retention and Relocation Assistance Grant program
In a separate news release, Blake also noted the headquarters opening culminates a year in which Bayer introduced five new drugs in fields including oncology and women's health. Gov. Chris Christie attended today's ceremony, the latest in a run of high-profile groundbreakings and ribbon-cuttings in recent weeks.


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Reserve online or call 01993 824 252
Start your shortlist by clicking on the icon next to any property
Hacienda del Golf town houses and apartments enjoy a fabulous, central location. They overlook mountains on one side and the Par 47 pitch and putt course on the other. Shops, restaurants, golf and tennis are only moments away.
This 4 bedroom/ 4 bathroom modern air conditioned/heated property has views of the community pool, making it ideal for families with children.
Ground Floor:
Living/Dining Area – with sofas, coffee table, television, video, cd player, dining table and chairs, with access to outside patio with table and chairs and sun loungers.
Kitchen - with oven, hob, dishwasher, microwave and fridge/freezer.
Master Bedroom- King size bed (can be split into 2 singles), bedside cabinets and built in wardrobes. Ensuite Bathroom with shower, WC and washbasin.
Upper floor:
Bedroom 2 - with double bed, bedside cabinets, built in wardrobes and access to terrace.
En-suite bathroom: bath with shower, WC and basins.
Bedroom 3 – with twin beds, bedside cabinets, built in wardrobe.
En-suite bathroom: Shower, basin and WC.
Lower Ground Floor:
Bedroom 4 - King size bed (can be split into 2 singles), bedside cabinets, built in wardrobe.
Ensuite bathroom – with bath with shower, WC and basin.
Games Room – good sized room with pool table and table football with air-conditioning/heating.
Patio doors from the living room open onto well maintained gardens, leading to the community pool. Barbeque and terrace area, with outdoor dining facilities.
Please note that this property has sports rights for golf only.
Relevant information: In July & August please Saturday changeovers only (unless agreed otherwise)


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Sign up to our newsletter for £10 off your first order*
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Prop up your feet in true bohemian style with this Rustic Leather Pouffe, in tan, from the fabulous HKliving. Made from distressed leather, with a distinct Moroccan feel, this footstool will give you that much needed rest after a long day on your tootsies - or add an extra place to perch if you've got a houseful. Available in a choice of 4 colours, you are sure to find one to fit your home decor theme.
Features and Benefits:
We offer FREE Mainland UK Delivery on Orders over £70*
*Our FREE Mainland UK Delivery Service applies to orders over £70 but excludes Scottish Highlands and other remote areas. Due to additional courier charges, a surcharge will apply to Scotland, ROI, and areas outside Mainland UK for furniture deliveries and orders over 20kg and with a carton size larger than 61cm x 46cm x 46cm. For more information please refer to our Delivery Costs and Services here.
*Furniture and Made to Order items are excluded from Express, Click & Collect and Saturday delivery options.
Please note:
We also offer an EASY Returns Policy! Click here to read our
returns table.
Brand: HK Living. Designed and Made In: The Netherlands.
HK Living are a Dutch brand who seriously know how to design cool home interiors and accessories - we literally can't stop pawing through their latest catalogue, and are in awe of their obvious sheer talent for Scandi interior design. Founded in the Netherlands in 2009, HKliving have gone from strength to strength and are now a globally recognised brand. Focusing on classical elements combined with modern materials, such as wicker, wire and rattan, their entire range has a contemporary, cutting edge feel. You'll be able to find an array of unique furniture, from an uber-funky wire dining chair to a vintage teak ladder, these guys have a plethora of stylish furniture that will complete your room decor. If you're looking to accessorise your home, they also have a fabulous selection of industrial style pendant lighting in a host of trending colours. With plenty of attention to detail, HKliving take great pride in the way their items are created, often hand-finished by local craftsmen; setting them apart from the sea of mass produced items, which also shows in the purity and originality of the items they design. Now that we've taken the time to introduce this wonderful Dutch company to you, you'll have to excuse us... we're itching to get back to that catalogue...
Browse the products on our site and add things to your basket along the way!
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Jesse With Hannah/Miley
Hannah and Jesse are in Love but when him and Miley are toghter they are saying he is braking Hannah Hart then lily and miley to see what college they are going to but they go to a differcent college then Miley has to Drive 200 miles Then Drives back again to say she is hannahs accsiton then drives because to change into Hannah but she gets in she Drived 600 Miles that Day
Caitlin 1:49pm Sat 30 Jul Report Abuse
Very interesting,.
I find the show really funny, It's enjoyable and easy to catch with a very pulling story line. Miley is very pretty and i can't wait for " Hannah Montana Forever " to start. :)
HannahLUVR. 4:30pm Tue 5 Oct Report Abuse
I loveee itt
I lovee ittttt
Mayy 1:55pm Tue 14 Sep Report Abuse
I don't care.
Ok, you know what? I love Hannah Montana, and it's not as bad as people say it is.
Ducksaremyhomies. 6:36am Fri 2 Jul Report Abuse
Hannah montana
my friend used to watch it called katie but i dont like katie and i love it now
Beeny 7:22pm Sun 6 Jun Report Abuse
I love miley
miley you are great I wish I could see you
yasmine 6:29pm Mon 31 May Report Abuse
love it
jakie 6:27pm Tue 20 Apr Report Abuse
Too much..
Gore. It's just so gory.
Billy Ray Cyrus 8:48pm Tue 13 Apr Report Abuse
haner bafrqeqv
tvscagbhh bgbfrxdju sexx sexx
ngvftrhnj 10:00am Tue 6 Apr Report Abuse
COOL HEATH 2:32pm Fri 2 Apr Report Abuse


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In Orthodox Christian usage the Chalice is a form of a stemmed cup or goblet used to offer Communion during the Divine Liturgy. The chalice is usually made of a precious metal, gold or silver, and maybe plain, engraved, bejeweled, or decorated with a combination of adornment. During the entry to the eucharistic service the wine is brought in the chalice and a plate called the Paten or Diskos is used to carry the prosphora, which is a leavened bread or artos. These combined are the Holy Gifts.
Before the Divine Liturgy begins, a service called the proskomedia is conducted at a table of preparation or prothesis at the side of the altar, during which the Holy Gifts are prepared for Communion. As prayers are recited the chalice is filled with wine and from the prosphora a Lamb is cut and placed on the paten. The prayers include commemorations from the faithful for loved ones, both living and dead. During the Great Entrance these Gifts are brought to the altar table where by joining the Lamb with the wine the celebrant calls for the bread and wine to be the Body and Blood of Christ for Communion.
Communion begins among the higher clergy, bishops, priests, and deacons, before the Lamb is mixed with the wine for communion of the laity. Communion of the laity is usually by spoon directly from the chalice to the communicant. Except for a portion of the communion that may be held in reserve for communion of the sick before the next Divine Liturgy, the remaining portion of the Body and Blood of Christ is consumed by the clergy at the conclusion the service.


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Marble Pastry Board
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- Summary
Prized by professional pastry chefs, marble is the ideal surface for rolling out dough, as the stone remains cooler than room temperature. It promotes exceptional results with nearly any type of dough.
- Marble remains cooler than room temperature, helping keep doughs firm.
- Slab is hand finished to provide an exceptionally smooth rolling surface.
- Ideal for rolling out pie, pizza and pastry doughs with ease.
- Crafted of white Macael marble, quarried from the Andalucia region of southern Spain.
- Dimensions & More Info
- 24" x 16" x 1" thick.
- 29 lb. 8 oz.
- Made in Spain.
- Use & Care
- Hand-wash in warm water. Dry thoroughly.
- Avoid harsh detergents, as they may etch the marble.
- Shipping
Shipping Information
UPS can deliver most in-stock items within 3-5 business days. UPS is unable to deliver to P.O. boxes.
Shipping Rates
The shipping rate varies depending on your order total and shipping destination. View Shipping Options and Charges.
Next Day Delivery
For an additional charge of $26 per address, we can expedite delivery to most destinations. This service is not available for some oversize items, items shipped directly from the supplier (including perishable and custom-manufactured items), out-of-stock items and items to be shipped outside the contiguous 48 states.
Orders received by 9:00 p.m., Eastern time, Monday through Thursday will arrive the next business day; orders placed Friday through Sunday will arrive on the following Tuesday.
Return Policy
At Williams Sonoma, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. Attention to design, materials, safety and construction are our priority. Upon receipt, please inspect your purchase and notify us of any damage; we will arrange for a prompt replacement.
If within 30 days, you are dissatisfied for any reason, you may return your purchase for a refund of the merchandise value. An original receipt or gift receipt is required for all returns and exchanges. Returns with a gift receipt will be refunded in the form of a Merchandise Credit for the amount indicated on the gift receipt. Returns with original receipt will be refunded in the original form of payment, cash and check refunds over $100 will be issued as a company check (may take 14 business days from time of request).
For all cutlery returns (knife sets, single knives, cutting boards, knife sharpeners, and knife storage) please contact us at 888.922.4108 to initiate the return.
We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, special-order items, custom upholstery, food, items shipped direct from the vendor, or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. Final sale items ending in .97 or .99 cannot be returned.
Made to Order and Final Sale Furniture items are non-returnable, and cannot be cancelled once the order is placed.
For returns of items purchased from your Williams Sonoma Gift Registry, we will gladly provide a refund or exchange for the merchandise within 90 days of your event or within 90 days of purchase, whichever date is later. View Full Returns Policy.
Rated 5 out of 5 by CubanMama from Ageless Workhorse I bought one of these marble pastry boards from WS almost 35 years ago and it still looks brand new. The quality is exceptional and it is the perfect board for making butter rich pastry and croissants. Can't live without mine!Date published: 2016-12-30Rated 2 out of 5 by LittleDove32 from substandard quality The cut and surface of the board are very substandard. The surface had shiny and dull portions and was very uneven in this manner. The side cuts were just not as clean as I anticipated. I am very surprised as such because the other reviews spoke highly of this item.Date published: 2016-03-10Rated 5 out of 5 by PeggieRN from The Best out there The thickest best quality marble board I could find ... Arrived in perfect condition loved it for baking during the holidays .. You get what you pay for this is the highest quality I looked at all prior to purchase ... Buy this one ..Date published: 2016-01-06Rated 4 out of 5 by gprovida from A must have tool for pastry cooking I have the marble pastry board and use it primarily to prepare doughs that can benefit from the cool smooth surface, e.g., pie and tart dough, puff pastry, and biscuits. For this purpose it is super. In fact in fall, winter, and early spring I can put outside to get cold making it work even better. While it is heavy and complicates storage the large size makes rolling pastry a whole lot easier. However the legs keep falling off and I need to reglue them. This works fine with Ghorilla Glue, but don't loose the leg - I have not found replacements.Date published: 2015-12-27Rated 5 out of 5 by kazoo from quality board for pastry a solid marble board; it is heavy, but it is beautiful and works well. Love it! I have used it for a cheese and fruit display, as well as rolling out dough.Date published: 2015-10-07Rated 5 out of 5 by Moving from Kitchen Remodel I'm in the process of remodeling the kitchen at my new home and thought this would look great on my new marble counter tops. The quality is perfect and looks wonderful.Date published: 2015-04-08Rated 5 out of 5 by sewgr8Iam from worth the $$$ This larger size is hard to find and although it's a bit pricey (especially when you add the marble rolling pin), it's worth it! Trust me, that's saying a lot, because I'm cheap, cheap, cheap!! It's easy to clean and seems much more sanitary than wood or plastic (ewww!!). Yes, it's heavy, so plan on finding a permanent place on your counter for this.Date published: 2015-03-29Rated 5 out of 5 by spagirl2010 from Lovely White Marble I love using this marble top for all of my baking needs. Especially near the holidays and special family events. It keeps the pie crusts cold while I working with them. I am getting the marble pin to go with it.Date published: 2014-08-21


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There is no doubt that Kristin Chenoweth works hard at her career. But the 4-foot-11-inch actress and singer makes it all seem effortless. She originated the role of Glinda in the musical "Wicked," won an Emmy for her work on "Pushing Daisies" and earned critical praise for her CDs. Her latest album is "Some Lessons Learned." Born in Broken Arrow, Okla., Chenoweth, 43, splits her time between Los Angeles and New York.
Q: What is your best and/or worst vacation memory?
A. One time I went on vacation with a boyfriend. He left the patio door open all night so we could "hear the ocean." All I got were mosquito bites all over my body. So attractive. We didn't make it.
Q: What is your guilty pleasure when you're on the road?
A. I love eating at Sonic with my family in Oklahoma. And no, I'm not kidding.
Q: What is your favorite destination?
A. Turks and Caicos. I was able to treat a few girlfriends to a five-day excursion. It's a hidden treasure. The sand is white, and the water is green. There is nothing to do but relax.
Q: Where do you go for a quick weekend getaway?
A: I enjoy going to Palm Springs when I'm living in Los Angeles. I am a creature of the sun. I don't ever mind being in the heat. I usually stay with friends and go to eat Mexican food, shop, lay out by the pool and just lounge.
Q: What hotels do you enjoy?
A: When I am singing or working in Chicago, I love to stay at The Peninsula (peninsula.com/chicago/en/default.aspx). The service is perfect, and I love the location. It is easy access to shopping and restaurants. I love having high tea there too. And the gym is exceptional, and so is the spa. In San Francisco, I stay at the Clift (www.clifthotel.com/en-us/#/ho). I actually loved it. It's very modern and a great location to access downtown. After 9/11, I was like many people in New York City and got a little depressed. I began to check myself into The Waldorf Astoria (waldorfastoria.com) for room service, movies and just to chill. I wanted to contribute to the great city of Manhattan. Since then, I have done the same thing many times just to get away. It's a mini-vacation while living in NYC. In Oklahoma City, there is the Waterford Marriott (marriott.com/hotels/travel/okcwa-waterford-marriott), which is a very nice hotel, and I'm proud of it since it's in my home state.
Q: What are some of your favorite cities?
A: New York, of course. It's home to opera, Broadway, museums, the ballet and orchestra — everything that I love. The most real people in the world live there. Chicago — it's a mini-New York. San Francisco is the West Coast New York. I perform there whenever possible. I love London because of the history. The times I've been there have been some of the best memories in my life. Singing there, seeing great theater — and the people like a Southern accent. Last, but not least, is Norman, Okla. That's where my folks live, so it's home to me.
Q: What would be your dream vacation?
A: Definitely Rome. I must go to the opera and see the sights. I want to eat good Italian food and get better at their language. It seems so romantic too.
Q: How do you prep for a trip?
A: I just get there and play it by ear.
For more from the reporter, visit jaehakim.com.


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Occupying a series of rooms, this elegant suite offers space, privacy and uniquely designed accommodation. Set on a raised platform, the circular sitting room is the suite's most striking feature. Encircled by curved windows hung with six-metre floor to ceiling silk curtains and furnished with a beautiful round Oriental rug, individually selected Chinese artworks and delicate artefacts displayed in cabinets, the room is a true talking point. Adjacent to this lies a private dining room with a table for up to six guests and a cherry wood desk. Leading from this is a long corridor, off which a guest powder room and the master bedroom lie. Furnished with a king bed swathed in luxurious linens, a beautifully woven rug and a selection of artwork, the bedroom also offers access to a large walk-in wardrobe. Flooded with light from a vast window, the suite's spacious bathroom is a serene sanctuary with deep soaking tub, walk-in shower and twin vanity unit.
Images may not be to scale. Floorplans are for illustrative purposes only and some details may vary from room to room.