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Indian rhinoceros
The Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), also called the greater one-horned rhinoceros and Indian one-horned rhinoceros, belongs to the family Rhinocerotidae. Listed as a vulnerable species, the large mammal is primarily found in north-eastern India's Assam and in protected areas in the Terai of Nepal, where populations are confined to the riverine grasslands in the foothills of the Himalayas.[2]
The Indian rhinoceros once ranged throughout the entire stretch of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, but excessive hunting reduced their range drastically. Today, more than 3,000 rhinos live in the wild.[3] In 2014, 2,544 of which are found in India's Assam alone, an increase by 27 percent since 2006, although in early the 1900s, Assam had about 200 rhinos only.[4]
It is the fifth largest land animal.[citation needed]
The Indian rhinoceros has a thick grey-brown skin with pinkish skin folds and a black horn. Its upper legs and shoulders are covered in wart-like bumps. It has very little body hair, aside from eyelashes, ear fringes and tail brush. Males have huge neck folds. Its skull is heavy with a basal length above 60 cm (24 in) and an occiput above 19 cm (7.5 in). Its nasal horn is slightly back-curved with a base of about 18.5 cm (7.3 in) by 12 cm (4.7 in) that rapidly narrows until a smooth, even stem part begins about 55 mm (2.2 in) above base. In captive animals, the horn is frequently worn down to a thick knob.[5]
The rhino's single horn is present in both males and females, but not on newborn young. The black horn is pure keratin, like human fingernails, and starts to show after about six years. In most adults, the horn reaches a length of about 25 cm (9.8 in), but has been recorded up to 57.2 cm (22.5 in) in length.[6]
Among terrestrial land mammals native to Asia, the Indian rhinoceros is second in size only to the Asian elephant. It is also the second-largest living rhinoceros, behind only the white rhinoceros. Males have an average head and body length of 368–380 cm (12.07–12.47 ft) with a shoulder height of 170–186 cm (5.58–6.10 ft), while females have an average head and body length of 310–340 cm (10.2–11.2 ft) and a shoulder height of 148–173 cm (4.86–5.68 ft). The male, averaging 2,200 kg (4,900 lb) is heavier than the female, at an average of 1,600 kg (3,500 lb).[7]
The rich presence of blood vessels underneath the tissues in folds gives it the pinkish colour. The folds in the skin increase the surface area and help in regulating the body temperature.[8] The thick skin does not protect against bloodsucking Tabanus flies, leeches and ticks.[5]
The largest sized specimens range up to 4,000 kg (8,800 lb).[9]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
One-horned rhinos once ranged across the entire northern part of the Indian Subcontinent, along the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra River basins, from Pakistan to the Indian-Burmese border, including Bangladesh and the southern parts of Nepal and Bhutan. They may have also occurred in Myanmar, southern China and Indochina. They inhabit the alluvial plain grasslands of the Terai and the Brahmaputra basin.[10] As a result of habitat destruction and climatic changes their range has gradually been reduced so that by the 19th century, they only survived in the Terai grasslands of southern Nepal, northern Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar, northern Bengal, and in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam.[11]
On the former abundance of the species, Thomas C. Jerdon wrote in 1867:[12]
This huge rhinoceros is found in the Terai at the foot of the Himalayas, from Bhotan to Nepal. It is more common in the eastern portion of the Terai than the west, and is most abundant in Assam and the Bhotan Dooars. I have heard from sportsmen of its occurrence as far west as Rohilcund, but it is certainly rare there now, and indeed along the greater part of the Nepal Terai; ... Jelpigoree, a small military station near the Teesta River, was a favourite locality whence to hunt the Rhinoceros and it was from that station Captain Fortescue ... got his skulls, which were ... the first that Mr. Blyth had seen of this species, ...
Today, their range has further shrunk to a few pockets in southern Nepal, northern Bengal, and the Brahmaputra Valley. In the 1980s, rhinos were frequently seen in the narrow plain area of Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan. Today, they are restricted to habitats surrounded by human-dominated landscapes, so that they often occur in adjacent cultivated areas, pastures, and secondary forests.[11]
Rhinos are regionally extinct in Pakistan.[13]
In 2007, the total population was estimated to be 2,575 individuals, of which 2,200 lived in Indian protected areas:[14]
- in Kaziranga National Park: 2329 (2012 estimate)— increased from 366 in 1966
- in Jaldapara National Park: 108 — increased from 84 in 2002
- in Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary: 81 — increased from 54 in 1987
- in Orang National Park: 68 — increased from 35 in 1972
- in Gorumara: 27 — increased from 22 in 2002
- in Dudhwa National Park: 21
- in Manas National Park: 19
- in Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary: 2
Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary shelters the highest density of Indian rhinos in the world — with 84 individuals in 2009 in an area of 38.80 km2 (14.98 sq mi).[3]
The population of rhinos in Nepal increased by 99 individuals from 2008 to 2011 and in 2011 totaled 503. Of these, 145 were male, 183 female, and 175 of unidentified gender; 332 were adults, 111 were calves and 60 were of intermediate age.[15]
In Pakistan's Lal Suhanra National Park, two rhinos from Nepal were introduced in 1983 but have not bred so far.[2]
Ecology and behavior[edit]
Rhinos are mostly solitary creatures, with the exception of mothers and calves and breeding pairs, although they sometimes congregate at bathing areas. They have home ranges, those of males being usually 2 to 8 km2 (0.77 to 3.09 sq mi) and overlapping each other. Dominant males tolerate males passing through their territories except when they are in mating season, when dangerous fights break out. They are active at night and early morning. They spend the middle of the day wallowing in lakes, rivers, ponds, and puddles to cool down. They are very good swimmers. Over 10 distinct vocalizations have been recorded.
Indian rhinos bathe regularly. The folds in their skin trap water and hold it even when they come back on land.[8]
Indian rhinos have few natural enemies, except for tigers, which sometimes kill unguarded calves, but adult rhinos are less vulnerable due to their size. Mynahs and egrets both eat invertebrates from the rhino's skin and around its feet. Tabanus flies, a type of horse-fly, are known to bite rhinos. The rhinos are also vulnerable to diseases spread by parasites such as leeches, ticks, and nematodes. Anthrax and the blood-disease septicemia are known to occur.[5]
They can run at speeds of up to 55 km/h (34 mph) for short periods and are excellent swimmers. They have excellent senses of hearing and smell, but relatively poor eyesight.
Indian rhinoceros are grazers. Their diets consist almost entirely of grasses, but they also eat leaves, branches of shrubs and trees, fruits, and submerged and floating aquatic plants. They feed in the mornings and evenings. They use their prehensile lips to grasp grass stems, bend the stem down, bite off the top, and then eat the grass. They tackle very tall grasses or saplings by walking over the plant, with legs on both sides and using the weight of their bodies to push the end of the plant down to the level of the mouth. Mothers also use this technique to make food edible for their calves. They drink for a minute or two at a time, often imbibing water filled with rhinoceros urine.[5]
Social life[edit]
The Indian rhinoceros forms a variety of social groupings. Adult males are generally solitary, except for mating and fighting. Adult females are largely solitary when they are without calves. Mothers will stay close to their calves for up to four years after their birth, sometimes allowing an older calf to continue to accompany her once a newborn calf arrives. Subadult males and females form consistent groupings, as well. Groups of two or three young males will often form on the edge of the home ranges of dominant males, presumably for protection in numbers. Young females are slightly less social than the males. Indian rhinos also form short-term groupings, particularly at forest wallows during the monsoon season and in grasslands during March and April. Groups of up to 10 rhinos may gather in wallows—typically a dominant male with females and calves, but no subadult males.[6]
The Indian rhinoceros makes a wide variety of vocalizations. At least 10 distinct vocalizations have been identified: snorting, honking, bleating, roaring, squeak-panting, moo-grunting, shrieking, groaning, rumbling and humphing. In addition to noises, the rhino uses olfactory communication. Adult males urinate backwards, as far as 3–4 m behind them, often in response to being disturbed by observers. Like all rhinos, the Indian rhinoceros often defecates near other large dung piles. The Indian rhino has pedal scent glands which are used to mark their presence at these rhino latrines. Males have been observed walking with their heads to the ground as if sniffing, presumably following the scent of females.[6]
In aggregations, Indian rhinos are often friendly. They will often greet each other by waving or bobbing their heads, mounting flanks, nuzzling noses, or licking. Rhinos will playfully spar, run around, and play with twigs in their mouths. Adult males are the primary instigators in fights. Fights between dominant males are the most common cause of rhino mortality, and males are also very aggressive toward females during courtship. Males will chase females over long distances and even attack them face-to-face. Unlike African rhinos, the Indian rhino fights with its incisors, rather than its horns.[6]
Captive males breed at five years of age, but wild males attain dominance much later when they are larger. In one five-year field study, only one rhino estimated to be younger than 15 years mated successfully. Captive females breed as young as four years of age, but in the wild, they usually start breeding only when six years old, which likely indicates they need to be large enough to avoid being killed by aggressive males. Their gestation period is around 15.7 months, and birth interval ranges from 34–51 months.[6]
In captivity, four rhinos are known to have lived over 40 years, the oldest living to be 47.[5]
Sport hunting became common in the late 1800s and early 1900s.[2] Indian rhinos were hunted relentlessly and persistently. Reports from the middle of the 19th century claim that some British military officers in Assam individually shot more than 200 rhinos. By 1908, the population in Kaziranga had decreased to around 12 individuals.[5] In the early 1900s, the species had declined to near extinction.[2]
Poaching for rhinoceros horn became the single most important reason for the decline of the Indian rhino after conservation measures were put in place from the beginning of the 20th century, when legal hunting ended. From 1980 to 1993, 692 rhinos were poached in India. In India's Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary, 41 rhinos were killed in 1983, virtually the entire population of the sanctuary.[16] By the mid-1990s, poaching had rendered the species extinct there.[10]
In 1950, Chitwan's forest and grasslands extended over more than 2,600 km2 (1,000 sq mi) and were home to about 800 rhinos. When poor farmers from the mid-hills moved to the Chitwan Valley in search of arable land, the area was subsequently opened for settlement, and poaching of wildlife became rampant. The Chitwan population has repeatedly been jeopardized by poaching; in 2002 alone, poachers have killed 37 animals to saw off and sell their valuable horns.[17]
Six methods of killing rhinos have been recorded:[16]
- Shooting is by far the most common method used; rhino horn traders hire sharpshooters and often supply them with rifles and ammunition.
- Trapping in a pit depends largely on the terrain and availability of grass to cover it; pits are dug out in such a way that a fallen animal has little room to manoeuvre with its head slightly above the pit, so that it is easy to saw off the horn.
- Electrocution is used where high voltage powerlines pass through or near a protected area, to which poachers hook a long, insulated rod connected to a wire, which is suspended above a rhino path.
- Poisoning by smearing zinc phosphide rat poison or pesticides on salt licks frequently used by rhinos is sometimes used.
- Spearing has only been recorded in Chitwan National Park.
- A noose, which cuts through the rhino's skin, kills it by strangulation.
Poaching, mainly for the use of the horn in traditional Chinese medicine, has remained a constant and has led to decreases in several important populations. Apart from this, serious declines in quality of habitat have occurred in some areas, due to:
- severe invasion by alien plants into grasslands affecting some populations;
- demonstrated reductions in the extent of grasslands and wetland habitats due to woodland encroachment and silting up of beels;
- grazing by domestic livestock.[2]
The species is inherently at risk because over 70% of its population occurs at a single site, Kaziranga National Park. Any catastrophic event such as disease, civil disorder, poaching, or habitat loss would have a devastating impact on the Indian rhino's status.However, small population of rhinos may be prone to inbreeding depression.[2]
Rhinoceros unicornis is listed in CITES Appendix I since 1975. The Indian and Nepalese governments have taken major steps towards Indian rhinoceros conservation, especially with the help of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and other nongovernmental organizations.[2] In the early 1980s, a rhino translocation scheme was initiated. The first pair of rhinos was reintroduced from Nepal's Terai to Pakistan's Lal Suhanra National Park in Punjab in 1982.[11]
In India[edit]
In 1910, all rhino hunting in India became prohibited.[5] In 1984, five rhinos were relocated to Dudhwa National Park — four from the fields outside the Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary and one from Goalpara.[11]
In Nepal[edit]
In 1957, the country's first conservation law insured the protection of rhinos and their habitat. In 1959, Edward Pritchard Gee undertook a survey of the Chitwan Valley, and recommended the creation of a protected area north of the Rapti River and of a wildlife sanctuary south of the river for a trial period of 10 years.[18] After his subsequent survey of Chitwan in 1963, he recommended extension of the sanctuary to the south.[19] By the end of the 1960s, only 95 rhinos remained in the Chitwan Valley. The dramatic decline of the rhino population and the extent of poaching prompted the government to institute the Gaida Gasti – a rhino reconnaissance patrol of 130 armed men and a network of guard posts all over Chitwan. To prevent the extinction of rhinos, the Chitwan National Park was gazetted in December 1970, with borders delineated the following year and established in 1973, initially encompassing an area of 544 km2 (210 sq mi). Since 1973, the population has recovered well and increased to 544 animals around the turn of the century. To ensure the survival of rhinos in case of epidemics, animals were translocated annually from Chitwan to the Bardia National Park and the Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve since 1986.[17]
In captivity[edit]
The Indian rhinoceros was initially difficult to breed in captivity. The first recorded captive birth of a rhinoceros was in Kathmandu in 1826, but another successful birth did not occur for nearly 100 years. In 1925, a rhino was born in Kolkata. No rhinoceros was successfully bred in Europe until 1956. On September 14, 1956, Rudra was born in Zoo Basel, Switzerland. In the second half of the 20th century, zoos became adept at breeding Indian rhinoceros. By 1983, nearly 40 babies had been born in captivity.[5] As of 2012, 33 Indian rhinos were born at Zoo Basel,[20] which means that most animals kept in a zoo are somehow related to the population in the zoo of Basel, Switzerland. Due to the success of Zoo Basel's breeding program, the International Studbook for the species has been kept there since 1972. Since 1990, the Indian rhino European Endangered Species Programme is being coordinated there, as well, which ensures that the captive global Indian rhinoceros population stays genetically as healthy as possible.[21] As of 2010, 174 rhinos are kept in zoos worldwide.
In June 2009, an Indian rhino was artificially inseminated using sperm collected four years previously and cryopreserved at the Cincinnati Zoo's CryoBioBank before being thawed and used. She gave birth to a male calf in October 2010.[22] The calf died 12 hours after birth.
In June 2014, the first "successful" live-birth from an artificially inseminated rhino took place at the Buffalo Zoo in New York. As in Cincinnati, cryopreserved sperm was used to produce the female calf, Monica.[23]
The modern scientific designation Rhinoceros unicornis is adopted from the Greek: ρινό- ("rhino-" — nose) and -κερος ("-keros" — horn of an animal) and Latin: "uni-" meaning single and "-cornis" meaning horn.[24]
Rhinoceros unicornis was the type species for the rhinoceros family, first described by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758.[25]
The one-horned rhinoceros is monotypic. Several specimen were described since the end of the 18th century under different scientific names, which are all considered synonyms of Rhinoceros unicornis today:[26]
- R. indicus by Cuvier, 1817
- R. asiaticus by Blumenbach, 1830
- R. stenocephalus by Gray, 1867
- R. jamrachi by Sclatter, 1876
- R. bengalensis by Kourist, 1970[1]
Ancestral rhinoceroses first diverged from other perissodactyls in the Early Eocene. Mitochondrial DNA comparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors of Equidae around 50 million years ago.[27] The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in Eurasia, and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in the Miocene.[28]
Fossils of R. unicornis appear in the Middle Pleistocene. In the Pleistocene, the genus Rhinoceros ranged throughout South and Southeast Asia, with specimens located on Sri Lanka. Into the Holocene, some rhinoceros lived as far west as Gujarat and Pakistan until as recently as 3,200 years ago.[5]
The Indian and Javan rhinoceroses, the only members of the genus Rhinoceros, first appear in the fossil record in Asia around 1.6 million–3.3 million years ago. Molecular estimates, however, suggest the species may have diverged much earlier, around 11.7 million years ago.[27][29] Although belonging to the type genus, the Indian and Javan rhinoceroses are not believed to be closely related to other rhino species. Different studies have hypothesized that they may be closely related to the extinct Gaindetherium or Punjabitherium. A detailed cladistic analysis of the Rhinocerotidae placed Rhinoceros and the extinct Punjabitherium in a clade with Dicerorhinus, the Sumatran rhinoceros. Other studies have suggested the Sumatran rhinoceros is more closely related to the two African species.[30] The Sumatran rhino may have diverged from the other Asian rhinos as long as 15 million years ago.[6][28]
In culture[edit]
|Albrecht Dürer
|24.8 cm × 31.7 cm (9.8 in × 12.5 in)
The Indian rhinoceros was the first rhino widely known outside its range. The first rhinoceros to reach Europe in modern times arrived in Lisbon on May 20, 1515. King Manuel I of Portugal planned to send the rhinoceros to Pope Leo X, but the rhino perished in a shipwreck. Before dying, the rhino had been sketched by an unknown artist. The German artist Albrecht Dürer saw the sketches and descriptions and carved a woodcut of the rhino, known ever after as Dürer's Rhinoceros. Though the drawing had some anatomical inaccuracies (notably the hornlet protruding from the rhino's shoulder), his sketch became the enduring image of a rhinoceros in western culture for centuries.[citation needed]
The British public had their first chance to view a rhinoceros (presumably this species) in 1683; it unknowingly caused a political row when the notorious Judge Jeffreys, in one of his lighter moments, spread a rumour that his chief rival, Lord Guildford, had been seen riding on it.[citation needed]
The Assam state of India uses the one-horned rhino as its official state animal. It is also the organizational logo for Assam Oil Company Ltd.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
- Rhino poaching in Assam
- The Soul of the Rhino (book)
- Karkadann – a mythological creature based upon the Indian rhinoceros
- ^ a b Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 636. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Talukdar, B. K., Emslie, R., Bist, S. S., Choudhury, A., Ellis, S., Bonal, B. S., Malakar, M. C., Talukdar, B. N. Barua, M. (2008). "Rhinoceros unicornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
- ^ a b Sarma, P.K., Talukdar, B.K., Sarma, K., Barua, M. (2009). Assessment of habitat change and threats to the greater one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, using multi-temporal satellite data. Pachyderm No. 46 July–December 2009: 18–24.
- ^ "Hope for the Indian Rhino". June 14, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Laurie, W. A.; Lang, E. M.; Groves, C. P. (1983). "Rhinoceros unicornis". Mammalian Species (American Society of Mammalogists) (211): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3504002. JSTOR 3504002.
- ^ a b c d e f Dinerstein, E. (2003). The Return of the Unicorns: The Natural History and Conservation of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08450-1.
- ^ Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0198508239.
- ^ a b Attenborough, D. (2014). Attenborough's Natural Curiosities 2. Armoured Animals. UKTV.
- ^ Boitani, L. (1984). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Books. ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1
- ^ a b Foose, T. and van Strien, N. (1997). Asian Rhinos – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. ISBN 2-8317-0336-0.
- ^ a b c d Choudhury, A. U. (1985). Distribution of Indian one-horned rhinoceros. Tiger Paper 12(2): 25–30
- ^ Jerdon, T. C. (1867). The Mammals of India: a Natural History of all the animals known to inhabit Continental India Roorkee : Thomason College Press
- ^ Sheikh, K. M., Molur, S. (2004). Status and Red List of Pakistan's Mammals. Based on the Conservation Assessment and Management Plan. 312pp. IUCN Pakistan
- ^ Syangden, B.; Sectionov; Ellis, S.; Williams, A.C.; Strien, N.J. van; Talukdar, B.K. (2008) Report on the regional meeting for India and Nepal IUCN/SSC Asian Rhino Species Group (AsRSG); March 5–7, 2007 Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. Kaziranga, Asian Rhino Specialist Group
- ^ Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (2011) Rhino count in Nepal accomplished. Kathmandu, Nepal
- ^ a b Menon, V. (1996) Under siege: Poaching and protection of Greater One-horned Rhinoceroses in India. TRAFFIC India
- ^ a b Adhikari, T. R. (2002) The curse of success. Habitat Himalaya – A Resources Himalaya Factfile, Volume IX, Number 3
- ^ Gee, E. P. (1959). "Report on a survey of the rhinoceros area of Nepal". Oryx 5: 67–76.
- ^ Gee, E. P. (1963). "Report on a brief survey of the wildlife resources of Nepal, including rhinoceros". Oryx 7 (2–3): 67–76. doi:10.1017/S0030605300002416.
- ^ (German) Es ist ein Junge!. Zoo Basel, retrieved 2013-02-25
- ^ Zoo Basel (2010) Panzernashorngeburt im Zoo Basel. Zoo Basel Aktuell, 27 July 2010
- ^ Patton, F. (2011) The Artificial Way. Swara, (April–June 2011): 58–61.
- ^ Miller, M. (2014) Baby Rhinoceros Makes Her Public Debut at Buffalo Zoo. The Buffalo News, (7 July 2014)
- ^ Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: a Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. New York: Greenwich House. ISBN 0-517-41425-2.
- ^ Linnæus, C. (1758). Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Salvius, Holmiae. Page 56.
- ^ Srinivasulu, C., Srinivasulu, B. (2012). Chapter 3: Checklist of South Asian Mammals in: South Asian Mammals: Their Diversity, Distribution, and Status. Springer, New York, Heidelberg, London.
- ^ a b Xu, Xiufeng; A. Janke; U. Arnason (1996). "The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence of the Greater Indian Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, and the Phylogenetic Relationship Among Carnivora, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla (+ Cetacea)". Molecular Biology and Evolution 13 (9): 1167–1173. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025681. PMID 8896369. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
- ^ a b Lacombat, F. The evolution of the rhinoceros. In Fulconis 2005, pp. 46–49.
- ^ Tougard, C.; T. Delefosse; C. Hoenni; C. Montgelard (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships of the five extant rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12s rRNA genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19 (1): 34–44. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0903. PMID 11286489.
- ^ Cerdeño, E. (1995). "Cladistic Analysis of the Family Rhinocerotidae (Perissodactyla)". Novitates (American Museum of Natural History) (3143): 1–25. ISSN 0003-0082.
Further reading[edit]
Martin, E. B. (2010). From the jungle to Kathmandu : horn and tusk trade. Kathmandu: Wildlife Watch Group. ISBN 978-99946-820-9-6.


text:
New spotify not scrobbling
Scrobbling addicts weep together. Seems it's not just me judging by the spotify forums. I may as well kill myself. (Not really.)
is this true?
man they REALLY shat the bed on this update.
- Icarus-Smicarus and TheWza this'd this
You lucky,lucky bastard
I didn't realise until I'd spent 3 hours in prep for the Foals/ Efterklang show next week. Better hope the cache is working. :(
Trying not to state the obvious
but have you tried relinking your account? The same thing happened to me a few updates ago and that fixed it.Infinite_Jest this'd this
If you want to,
you can always scrobble manually or by picking stuff out of the musicbrainz database using
http://universalscrobbler.invitationstation.org/Infinite_Jest this'd this
Spotify Mobile isn't scrobbling
Spotify Desktop is fine
Mobile is scrobbling for me
But only if I'm online at the time, as far as I can tell. It used to save up tracks and scrobble them all at once. (Android). Desktop is fine.
As far as I've read
it's the iOS app that's the worst affected. Spotify have acknowledged it but seems they're too busy making poncey marketing videos to do anything about it.
Just tested this
both seem fine for me (using macbook for desktop and iphone for mobile).
Mine seems ok
not used it today but it scrobbled the albums I listened to on Spotify yesterday. However, the new update is shit, the way it now carries on playing an artist even if you've just selected one album is very annoying.BallpointPenThief and benfyffemusic this'd this
What the hell even is scrobbling.
Sounds ridiculous to me.
You know when a beautiful woman meets a manly man and have sex?
that's not scrobbilng, unless you keep track of how many times you do it.
- TheWza, Infinite_Jest, OvertakenByTractors, gecko, and justanothersheeldz this'd this
Get thee to a Kickstarter
I'm in.
You Are NOT Alone - but you might make a switch
I have NOT been able to scrobble ANYTHING to Last.fm since the new Spotify update(s) and I have tried just about everything (i.e. reinstall, re-input sign-in info, etc) to troubleshoot. So now I have switched to the app Rdio until Spotify gets their shit together. Rdio provides a free trial (without credit cards info) and actually have some unique tracks that you can't find on Spotify (like Pink Floyd). Happy Listening!
I'm listening to stuff on the new spotify now
Thats a scrobblingPinkyBrain this'd this
mine is fine
my mobile (on iOS) hasn't been scrobbling for the past couple of days :(
Imagine yourself 10 years ago reading that thread title.
That's progress.Icarus-Smicarus this'd this
New iOS update today
Seems to have fixed things for me.guntrip this'd this
Just before I go way for a week.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Colin Williams' brand new card routine that everyone's talking about.
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- Luxurious full-size sedan was a stretch for VW
- It's available for $29,950 in Los Angeles
Buyers interested in the high-end Volkswagen Phaeton are likely swayed by the car's subtle styling, upscale appointments and inconspicuous luxury. But this 2005 Phaeton currently listed on AutoTrader.com for $29,950 adds a little excitement to an otherwise understated package thanks to its high-profile first owner: Academy Award-winning actor Adrien Brody.
The Phaeton's current owner, John, says he bought the luxury sedan from a Southern California dealer where Brody traded it in just two years after taking delivery in 2005. When John bought the car, the dealer included the original bill of sale with Brody's signature -- a document John plans on passing along to the Phaeton's next owner. The next owner will also get a rarely driven, low-mileage car -- though with no thanks to Brody.
"Adrien Brody put on most of the miles," said John, who bought the car in 2007 with around 20,000 miles on the odometer. "I barely drove it since I bought it, but I've kept all the services up to date. It looks like a new car."
Indeed, photos in the listing show the Phaeton in good condition with no visible scratches, damage or modifications -- aside from a new set of alloy wheels taken from a later Phaeton. According to John, he added those because he likes the look, though he still retains the original alloys that were on the vehicle when Brody drove it off the showroom floor more than seven years ago.
That was a good time for the actor, then 32, who became the youngest person ever to win an Academy Award for Best Actor just three years earlier. Brody also acted in several other hit movies around the time of his Phaeton purchase, including M. Night Shyamalan's 2004 drama The Village, a 2005 remake of King Kong and Wes Anderson's 2007 comedy-drama The Darjeeling Limited.
For Brody fans, it will come as no surprise that the actor chose to drive a unique Phaeton instead of a more traditional luxury sedan from BMW, Lexus or Mercedes. That's because Brody has admitted his love of cars in several interviews and attended the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance in the past. He's also been spotted driving exotic cars, including a Ferrari California and high-performance Chevrolet Corvette Z06 around Los Angeles and New York. And while this Phaeton is not exotic, it still offers drivers the excitement of a rare model, V8 power and an Academy Award-winning first owner.
What it means to you: This example of Volkswagen's unusual Phaeton is even more interesting thanks to its celebrity ownership history.
Interested in Adrien Brody's VW Phateon? Share your thought below.


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Teenager Leonard Cooper emerged victorious in the "Jeopardy! Teen Tournament" finals this week, and his final answer to the "final Jeopardy" question has made him somewhat of an Internet sensation.
After an extremely entertaining performance, including boldly betting all of his winnings on a Daily Double question, Cooper goes into the last question very confident about his chances of winning. He was so confident, in fact, he phoned in his brazen answer to the final "Military Men" category.
The clue: "On June 6, 1944, he said, 'The eyes of the world are upon you.'"
Cooper's answer: "Who is…some guy in Normandy. But I just won $75,000!"
While the tournament offers lump sum awards to contestants, Cooper's plan was not foolproof. Should contestant "Nilai" have wagered all his money and gotten the answer right, Cooper would have probably looked like an idiot.
But it certainly worked out for him. Watch the clip below:
(H/T: Now This News)


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RADEON™ Graphics Chosen for the Power Mac® G5
The RADEON 9600XT will ship standard in Apple's high-end Power Mac G5 model; the RADEON 9800XT, featuring 256MB of super fast DDR memory is available as a build-to-order option across the line. The RADEON 9800XT has a high precision, programmable 3D pipeline architecture and 256 bit memory interface and delivers a quantum leap in performance and visual realism for digital content creation applications and immersive games.
"ATI is an enthusiastic supporter of the PowerMac G5 and the emphasis that Apple continues to put on superior graphics," said Rick Bergman, Senior Vice President, Desktop Products, ATI. "By bringing the RADEON 9600XT and the RADEON 9800XT to the Mac, Apple and ATI continue to break new ground with what is possible on this important platform."
"Apple's new Power Mac G5 line has dual processors in every model to deliver even higher performance for professional customers across a range of creative and scientific markets," said Greg Joswiak, Apple's Vice President of Hardware Product Marketing. "ATI's RADEON 9600XT is an incredible graphics card that is a perfect match for the highest end model to provide our most advanced customers with an unparalleled computing experience."


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Justin Alexander - 9812
Justin Alexander - 9812
Justin Alexander 9812 features an illusion sleeveless V-neckline, Chantilly lace underlay with intricate hand beaded lace appliques and horsehair hem adorn this sleek Signature mermaid gown.
Color: Ivory
Size: 12
Sample Sale gowns are sold as is, off the rack, and are a wonderful option for brides who don't have 4-5 months for a new dress to be made, and/or for brides who love the opportunity to wear a designer gown at a fraction of the original price. Our sample sale collection of gowns are in excellent condition, and feature a variety of designers, styles, and sizes. Keep in mind that wedding gown sizing runs small – if you are normally a size 12, you may need a size 14-16 wedding gown. If you are normally a size 6, a size 10-12 wedding gown may fit perfectly once you've had some fine tuning alterations.
If any cleaning or repairs are needed, they are the responsibility of the customer. Any alterations needed to achieve the perfect fit and length, and bustling the train, are also the responsibility of the customer. We can suggest some excellent wedding gown alteration seamstresses if requested.


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30 Hour Famine - 2018
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The crew on board the Australian navy's Ocean Shield will launch the unmanned underwater vehicle Monday evening, said Angus Houston, the head of a joint agency coordinating the search off Australia's west coast. The Bluefin 21 autonomous sub can create a three-dimensional sonar map of the area to chart any debris on the seafloor.
The move comes after crews picked up a series of underwater sounds over the past two weeks that were consistent with an aircraft's black boxes.
"We haven't had a single detection in six days, so I guess it's time to go under water," Houston said.
|Malaysia Airlines Missing Plane: Submersible To Search Seafloor For Jet Wreckage, Official Says (VIDEO)
But Houston warned that while the signals are a promising lead, the public needs to be realistic about the challenges facing search crews, who are contending with an extremely remote, deep patch of ocean.
"I would caution you against raising hopes that the deployment of the autonomous underwater vehicle will result in the detection of the aircraft wreckage — it may not," Houston said. "However, this is the best lead we have, and it must be pursued vigorously. Again, I emphasize that this will be a slow and painstaking process."
The plane's two black boxes, which contain flight data and cockpit voice recordings, have beacons that emit "pings" so they can be more easily found, but the beacons' batteries last only about a month, and it has been more than a month since the plane vanished.
The Australian navy ship Ocean Shield has been dragging a U.S. Navy device called a towed pinger locator through the water to listen for any sounds from the beacons. Over the past 10 days, the equipment has picked up four separate signals.
The Bluefin sub takes six times longer to cover the same area as the ping locator, and the two devices can't be used at the same time. Crews were hoping to detect additional signals before sending down the sub, so they could triangulate the source and zero in on where exactly the black boxes may be.
But it has been 38 days since the plane disappeared, and search crews haven't picked up any new sounds since Tuesday, suggesting that the devices' batteries may now be dead. That is why officials will now being using the Bluefin, Houston said.
The submarine will take 24 hours to complete each mission: two hours to dive to the bottom, 16 hours to search the seafloor, two hours to return to the surface, and four hours to download the data, Houston said. In its first deployment, it will search a 40-square-kilometer (15-square-mile) section of seafloor.
The black boxes could contain the key to unraveling the mystery of what happened to Flight 370 after it disappeared with 239 people on board. Investigators believe the plane went down in the southern Indian Ocean based on a flight path calculated from its contacts with a satellite and analysis of its speed and fuel capacity. But they still don't know why.
Meanwhile, officials were investigating an oil slick not far from the area where the underwater sounds were detected, Houston said. Crews have collected a sample of the oil and are sending it back to Australia for analysis, a process that will take several days.
The oil does not appear to be from any of the ships in the area, but Houston cautioned against jumping to any conclusions about its source.
A visual search for debris on the ocean surface was continuing on Monday over 47,600 square kilometers (18,400 square miles) of ocean about 2,200 kilometers (1,400 miles) northwest of the west coast city of Perth. A total of 12 planes and 15 ships would join the two searches.
But Houston said that the visual search operation would be ending in the next two to three days. Officials haven't found a single piece of debris linked to the plane, and Houston said the chances that any would be have "greatly diminished."
"We've got no visual objects," he said. "The only thing we have left at this stage is the four transmissions and an oil slick in the same vicinity, so we will investigate those to their conclusion."
Complicating matters further is the depth of the ocean in the search area. The seafloor is about 4,500 meters (15,000 feet) below the surface, which is the deepest the Bluefin can dive. Officials are looking for other vehicles that could help to retrieve any wreckage, should the Bluefin find any.


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America's Largest 4G network just grew a little bigger. Today T-Mobile announced that 8 new metro areas now had 4G HSPA+ speeds including Detroit, Mich.; Grand Junction, Colo.; Harlingen, Texas; Lafayette and South Bend, Ind.; Montgomery, Ala.; Roanoke-Lynchburg, Va. and Youngstown, Ohio.
This now brings the total number of T-Mobile 4G locations to more than 80 metropolitan areas and another 20 are coming by the end of the year when they expect to reach 200 million people.
T-Mobile also reminded its customers that it will continue to update its network and plans to offer faster speeds of 42 Mbps in 2011. Some carriers in other countries like Bell Mobility are just rolling out HSPA+ 42 Mbps and they are advertising real-world download speeds of 7-14 Mbps which tops what Verizon is claiming their 4G LTE does.
Is T-Mobile 4G coming to your area soon? Check the official coverage map to find out.Show Press Release
T-Mobile Network Expansion: T-Mobile today announced the expansion of its 4G mobile broadband network to eight additional metro areas including Detroit, Mich.; Grand Junction, Colo.; Harlingen, Texas; Lafayette and South Bend, Ind.; Montgomery, Ala.; Roanoke-Lynchburg, Va. and Youngstown, Ohio.
With typical download speeds that are on par with or faster than competing 4G technologies, T-Mobile customers with the latest 4G devices in more than 80 metropolitan areas around the country can now enjoy blazing fast Web browsing, uninterrupted video streaming and quicker downloads at no additional cost.
Continuing the aggressive expansion of the company's 4G network, T-Mobile is on pace to expand its HSPA+ footprint to reach 200 million people by the end of this year — with plans to move to faster speeds (42Mbps) in 2011.
For more information on T-Mobile's network, please visit http://t-mobile-coverage.t-mobile.com/coverage.


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Volumes 1-10 of ARIST were edited by Carlos A. Cuadra. Subsequent volumes have been edited by Martha E. Williams. The contents of the chapters in volume 32, which is now in production, are discussed below.
In a chapter entitled "Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems: Approaches, Issues and Methods," Stephen P. Harter and Carol A. Hert of Indiana University define an IR system as a system that retrieves documents or references to documents, not numerical data. As historical background for their review, they start by explaining the classic Cranfield studies that have served as a standard for retrieval testing since the 1950s. They discuss the Cranfield model and its relevance-based measures of retrieval effectiveness. They detail some of the problems with the Cranfield instruments and issues of validity and reliability, generalizability, usefulness and basic concepts.
Harter and Hert discuss evaluation of Internet search engines in light of the Cranfield model and note the very real differences between evaluation of what are basically batch systems, such as Cranfield, and interactive systems, such as Internet search engines. For example, the Internet search engine databases are dynamic; they are continually updated with new information as search robots move from site to site extracting data and adding it to their indexes. Because the collection is not fixed, it is impossible to determine recall as a measure of retrieval effectiveness. Cranfield-like experiments have been conducted on Alta Vista, Excite, Hotbot, Infoseek, Lycos and OpenText, but with no attempt to use recall. The authors also discuss various problems of system/user interaction that occur in online systems. They note that over decades of research on IR, individual differences among the humans involved -- whether they be indexers, searchers or users -- have been observed to affect retrieval performance.
The authors say "the history of IR evaluation has been dominated by the Cranfield paradigm but punctuated by many commentaries, critiques and suggestions for [improving] the evaluation of IR systems." In the balance of the chapter they treat emerging themes in IR evaluation and extend their survey to include user behavior, human-computer interaction and contexts for evaluation such as digital libraries.
The following emerging themes are considered by the authors:
Dimensions of design and evaluation activities include extensiveness, effectiveness, efficiency, cost, benefit, cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, cost performance benefit, system quality, information quality, use, user satisfaction, individual impact, organizational impact, technical infrastructure, content, services, support, management, network services, content services, government structures and more. Different researchers have used different sets of dimensions in their studies.
Evaluation from the perspective of system stakeholders covers users of IR systems, user perceptions and attitudes, measures of user-system interactions and IR system stakeholders other than users (system managers, system designers, vendors and content producers).
Among the methods used in IR evaluation studies are recall and precision measures, transaction monitoring, questionnaires, structured interviews, focus group discussions, filtering software, observations and verbal protocols.
The last section of the chapter looks at the future and suggests ways of actualizing the potential the authors envision. They consider two themes: different theoretical perspectives on the IR phenomenon, and the proliferation, diversification and hybridization of systems and how these might shape IR evaluation efforts. In conjunction with these, Harter and Hert propose a research agenda for IR evaluation that includes theory building and related empirical work, alternative strategies for developing evaluation models, extending the scope of IR, comparing experimental systems with operational systems and using multiple evaluation methods.
White and McCain open their chapter by positing that information science is the interface between people and literatures. Literatures are large and people have been helped to understand them through graphic representations of bibliographic data as maps or charts. Among the ways that literatures can be modeled are bibliographic models, editorial models, bibliometric models, user models and synthetic models. Frequently the four kinds of models are expressed in terms of the first, that is, they are reduced to entries, citations, subject headings or keywords. In these reduced forms they can be visualized or displayed. This chapter presents recent models of literatures that offer visual cues to relationships among writings that often are based on term occurrences and co-occurrences. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional displays of relationships transcend the potential of one-dimensional lists used by early bibliometricians. White and McCain agree with the authors of the chapter on visualization that appeared in ARIST volume 30 in defining visualization as "a computer-assisted means of helping humans beings form 'a mental image of a domain space.'" In the current chapter, the authors limit their review of literatures to mainly bibliographic text.
The major sections of the White and McCain chapter deal with online visualization, offline visualizations, a critique of visualization research and a conclusion. In "Online Visualizations" they detail examples of users' models of literatures, discuss the concept of the associative thesaurus, detail examples of bibliometric models, and applaud the growing number of studies that critically examine the new visualization techniques. In "Offline Visualizations" they discuss methodologies used between 1985 and 1996, and the problem of visualizing changing literatures in a static medium (hard-copy print). In the same section they provide analyses of several application areas for visualization: visualizing interactivity, visualizing interdisciplinarity, mapping of organizational membership, supporting science policy, and supporting library services and research collections.
In critiquing the research, White and McCain consider the insufficient attention given to user-friendly visual design to be a major problem. The chapter concludes with the assumption that future literature visualization is likely to be done on a computer screen, in which case attention should be paid to the following questions. Is the display an improvement over a simple list? Does it provide new capabilities? Is it rapidly intelligible? Is it helpful in real time? Is it tied to an important collection? Can it be scaled up to larger collections? Is it readily available at reasonable cost? The authors express the hope that, in the future, the same visualization interface used for bibliographic domain analysis will be used for document retrieval.
Rasmussen opens her chapter, "Indexing Images," by observing that, until recently, large collections of images were relatively inaccessible because of the limitations of duplication and dissemination. Now, through digitization, they are widely accessible. Image collections exist in the application areas of culture, education, commerce and science. In the past few years information scientists and computer scientists have combined computerized retrieval of images or graphics with computerized retrieval of documents.
This chapter is concerned with access to digital image collections by means of manual and automatic indexing. Rasmussen distinguishes between concept-based indexing, in which images and the objects therein are manually identified and described in terms of what they are and what they represent, and content-based indexing, in which features of images (e.g., color) are automatically identified and extracted.
Following her introduction, Rasmussen's chapter is organized into six major sections. The section titled "Studies of Image Systems and their Use" discusses specific image collections (visual resources), their users, the needs of users, uses of image systems (indicated by queries submitted to the collections) and human-computer interaction issues. "Approaches to Indexing Images" covers techniques used by several researchers. "Image Attributes" are the indexable material used to describe an image.
"Concept-based Indexing" covers approaches to describing concepts based on controlled vocabulary or natural language. In "Content-based Indexing," automatic identification of indexable features is more consistent than manual indexing, which is limited by the subjectivity of the indexer, who cannot necessarily anticipate future uses for the image. "Browsing in Image Retrieval" helps users refine queries or select relevant images. Rasmussen concludes her chapter by observing that research in user issues is just beginning; that the field needs to establish well-developed standards and techniques for assessing performance so that researchers can evaluate, benchmark and compare image retrieval systems.
Trybula focuses on numeric databases in his review of the literature on "Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery." Because computer storage space has become much less expensive in recent years, more data are being stored. Unfortunately, a lot of data are being generated and collected without considering the applications that may be needed to access them. These data will need to be restructured so that information can be extracted from them and turned into knowledge.
The majority of the material reviewed by Trybula covers the time period from 1994 through 1996. He explains the various uses of terminology in the field and observes that, while the terms data mining (DM) and knowledge discovery (KD) are relatively new, a search of Lexis/Nexis yielded more than 2,200 articles containing the term data mining in the 12 months prior to February 1997. Data mining is defined as the automated process of evaluating data and finding relationships. Knowledge discovery is defined as the automated process of extracting information, especially unpredicted relationships or previously unknown patterns among the data. In computer science, knowledge discovery of databases (KDD) encompasses both KD and DM; Trybula treats KD and DM separately but as a part of the KDD process. Other terms/processes he explains include data cleaning, data warehouse, discovery-driven data mining, online analytical processing, online transaction processing, undiscovered public knowledge and validation.
Major sections in Trybula's chapter include the knowledge acquisition process, data mining, evaluation methods and knowledge discovery. He concludes by pointing out that better coordinated methods are needed for providing the user with improved means of structuring the search mechanism to explore the data for relationships.
Jacsó has written a chapter titled "Content Evaluation of Databases." He notes that database quality is judged by many criteria, including content, ease of use, accessibility, customer support, documentation and value-to-cost ratio. The principal factor in determining database quality is content. Database content is defined by the scope and coverage of the database and its currency, accuracy, consistency and completeness. The scope of a database is determined by its composition and coverage, including the time period (length), number of journals and other primary sources (width), number of articles included from journals (depth) and geographic and language distribution. The currency of a database is measured by the time lag between publication of the primary source and availability of the corresponding records in the database. Database accuracy is the extent to which the records are free of misspellings. Consistency is the extent to which records within the database follow the same rules with regard to record structure, format and representation. Record completeness is measured by the consistency with which applicable data elements are assigned to all the records in the database.
These criteria can be evaluated qualitatively and/or quantitatively in order to determine the profile of a database, and to ascertain any needed defensive search strategies. Jacsó reviews the major contributions to the literature of the past few years dealing with content evaluation methods, techniques and results and provides a background summary of milestone studies.
In his chapter on "Chemical Structure Handling by Computer," Paris notes that the need for representation of chemical structure diagrams by computer software has created a subdomain of information retrieval (IR) that integrates the requirements of a research chemist for graph-theoretic algorithms with the database designs of computer science. Paris's review identifies and discusses the current research topics in this area, covers selected portions of the literature, which exploded between 1989 and 1996, and addresses the general issues of representation, comparison and matching algorithms, and retrieval strategies. This IR research, and the resultant implementation and application of chemical structure retrieval software, is discussed in the context of the contemporary pharmaceutical and chemical user environment with a bias toward drug discovery research. Paris reviews not only the handling of the 2D chemical structure diagram, but also emphasizes newly developed techniques for the representation and searching of flexible 3D chemical models. Additional special topics include quality control of chemical database content, chemical similarity and clustering, query refinement, visualization, chemical structure "corpus linguistics" and molecular diversity. Paris concludes by identifying current trends in both research and application of chemical IR. He discusses some unexpected gaps in the research literature, including a dearth of visualization tools for analysis of aggregates of chemical structures.
Smith's chapter, "Information Ethics," deals with information ethics, computer ethics and cyberethics. She starts by explaining the relationship between her chapter and those of several prior ARIST authors who dealt with aspects of ethics. The focus of the chapter is on the emergence of the terminology of applied ethics through channels of professional practice and scholarly communication, not on specific issues such as censorship, intellectual freedom, professional ethics and codes of ethics. Smith surveys the beginnings of information ethics from 1988 through 1996, the development of computer ethics and cyberethics, and the contributions of the philosophy of information and information technology to ethical discourse. While these three areas of applied ethics reflect different disciplinary and metaphorical backgrounds, they share a concern for the impact of new technologies and thus new realities on individuals and society. Major themes that pervade the literature of the three fields are privacy, access, ownership, property, accuracy, security and democracy.
A growing literature concerned with philosophical issues such as the nature, meaning and purpose of information and information technology promises to provide the needed foundation for ethical reflection. The term information ethics has been used for nearly 10 years and the literature from that period shows a progression from library and information science to public policy to a more global perspective. In the coming decade, with the emergence of terms such as global information ethics, Smith suggests that information ethics may become the umbrella term used to unify the conceptual boundaries of computer ethics, cyberethics, network ethics and machine ethics, as well as other areas of applied ethics in information science and technology.
Erdelez and O'Hare discuss the use of automated processing of information in the legal setting and the use of information technology for the legal profession. In their chapter, "Legal Informatics: Application of Information Technology in Law," they review scholarly and selected nonscholarly writings from 1988 to 1996, the period since the last ARIST chapter on information systems and the law in volume 23. They begin with a short overview of terminology explaining the concept of legal informatics, its etiology and background, and they explain its distinction from computer law and information law. Unlike the term medical informatics, which has been accepted for more than a decade, the term legal informatics is seldom used in the United States.
The specific topics addressed in this chapter include electronic access to legal information (including computer-assisted legal research and legal information systems), artificial intelligence and the law, information technology use in law offices and related environments (e.g., law schools, courts and law libraries) and law and the Internet. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the impact of information technology on the legal profession.


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Mplus Discussion
Multilevel Data/Complex Sample
posted on Thursday, August 16, 2012 - 9:33 pm
I'm currently analyzing data to examine how classroom characteristics relate to students' standardized test scores. Because students are nested within classrooms, I used CLUSTER to adjust the standard errors within each classroom. However, I also want to employ a school fixed effects model to account for the unobserved characteristics of schools that may bias observed relationships. How can I do this in Mplus?
Thank you in advance.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, August 17, 2012 - 1:03 pm
I'm not sure what you mean.
posted on Friday, August 17, 2012 - 1:43 pm
I am wondering if there's a procedure in Mplus that is equivalent to the xtreg-fe command in Stata.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Saturday, August 18, 2012 - 10:27 am
It sounds like this is a multilevel model where students are nested in classrooms and dummy variables are used as covariates to represent schools. Yes, this can be done in Mplus.
Byungbae Kim
posted on Saturday, March 30, 2013 - 11:40 pm
I have the same question above. Would you please be more specific on the ways in which school dummies could be specified in the model.I have students (n=20,000) nested within schools (n=89).
Since I was not interested in estimating group level variations, I had used the "cluster" option to take into account a clustering issue. Now reviewers want me to use fixed effects dummies for schoolto make sure that any variance resulting from the group id could be adequately partialled out, instead of the cluster option.
Thank you.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, March 31, 2013 - 9:03 am
School dummy variables are used as covariates. I would not recommend this in your case with 88 dummy variables. I would instead use TYPE=TWOLEVEL. The results you want would be on the within level. You could have a model of only random intercepts on the between level. See Example 9.1.
Markus Riek
posted on Thursday, January 16, 2014 - 12:48 pm
Fixed effects in a complex (cross-national) sample.
I�m doing a SEM analysis based on a sample of multiple countries. I want to analyze the effects for the whole sample (not between the countries). In order to account for fixed effects I specified the following parameters in the analysis configuration.
VARIABLE: WEIGHT = w;
CLUSTER = country;
Is that the correct specification to include country fixed effects?
Does someone know about an example of a single-level analysis including fixed effects?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, January 16, 2014 - 6:17 pm
"Country fixed effects" sounds to me like a multiple-group analysis where group is country (a single-level analysis). The setup you give would not estimate any such effects - it would just correct the SEs for country clustering. A related paper discussing fixed versus random effects is on our website:
Muth�n and Asparouhov (2013). New methods for the study of measurement invariance with many groups. Mplus scripts are available here.
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Uploaded: Saturday, June 02nd 2018 11:18:54 AM under Form by Cerise De Jong.
Dimension: 1700x2200 pixels.
Resolution: High Resolution.
Category: Form.
Total: 45 image Form Decoration.
When implemented well, progressive revealing gives interactive forms a head start over traditional paper forms. When asked a particular question in a form it may be the case that, depending a users response, they are asked a set of specific sub-questions, or alternatively routed to the next appropriate section of the form. In paper forms the specific sub-questions cannot be hidden from the user when they are not relevant to them - but in interactive forms this is relatively easy to do. Use progressive revealing as much as possible in your form design to shield your users from questions they do not need to see.
Users will become frustrated if when you ask for an email address, for example, if the response box only allows for 20 characters. Its similarly annoying to them when its a long free text box, making the customer question whether they are answering correctly and sufficiently. Providing response boxes that reflect the anticipated answer length and format reassures people that they are filling them in correctly.


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[HIDE NOTICE] We're still getting things ready before re-launch but you are welcome to join our official Telegram Chat Group! https://t.me/furrYchan :: We're on Discord too! https://discord.gg/SvTBetN
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Great for academic institutions that are ready to take advantage of the cloud. Office 365 offers free email, instant messaging, group video and voice chat, and online document viewing and editing.
We've got a great video that shows how Office 365 for education has enabled the University of Massachusetts and the National University of Ireland to work together in a curriculum environment.
You can view the video here.


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Write some Software
Budget £20-250 GBP
We are located in the UK and have a single Windows XP based machine with an Epson TM T88 III Thermal Receipt Printer. It runs UniCenta oPOS 3.81 set to Apache Derby Embedded.
This is intended to be used in a busy retail environment in the run up to Christmas. We need script(s) creating ideally in the next 24 hours to cater for three types of deals we intend to run:
1. X for £X (examples: 2 for £10, 3 for £5) we need to be able to set for a given product the quantity that need to be purchased in order to activate the promotional price we have also set.
2. Buy One Get One Free (example: if the items on the offer are £1 each, if two are scanned, the second is FREE).
3. A 5% Discount - this will be a flat discount on the order total. If orders have been bought as part of deals that is fine, the 5% discount is applied AFTER the deals are applied (example: 2 items at £15 each, on a 2 for £25 offer, would end up with the discount as a total of £23.75).
The scripts needs to run at an appropriate time, i.e. on the order screen, where our shop assistant needs to be able to see the correct amount the customer should pay, once they have scanned all order items. Maybe this could be done with a button that runs all three?
You also need to take into consideration if a customer has items which qualify for an offer in multiple quantities, so for example if they buy 4 items from a 2 for £10 multibuy, their total should be £20. They should also be able to purchase items from multiple different offers.
The ticket/till receipt needs to be amended to clearly show the offer on it. The 'Close Cash' function and additional reporting built into UniCenta oPOS may also need to be amended/tweaked to reflect the affect of these multibuys or deals on overall figures, totals etc.
Once your script is complete we then need some advice as to how to install it and input the data required to set up the deals - this can be a manual process as we do not have a huge SKU count. We need to be able to try your script out and if there are any tweaks or it doesn't work as expected, you should be able to amend it for us until it works satisfactorily.
We can provide the code behind the ticket/till receipt and if necessary remote, supervised access to the machine via TeamViewer.
Please submit your proposal in due course stating your experience in this field, how confident you are that it can be completed and if you have any other questions or queries we will of course be at hand to liaise with you accordingly.
Once the job is 100% complete and we are satisfied, we will be more than happy to write a detailed review of your work.
Awarded to:
Hello Sir, We are a team of developers having expertise with unicenta. Can help you in doing this. Thanks, Saran
12 freelancers are bidding on average £171 for this job
Hi , i am vey good programmer.................................................................................................................
VB5, VB6, VB, VB.NET 2015, ASP.NET, MVC, WPF, XML, MSSQL 2014, HTML & CSS3 programmer. I have experience about 20 years (32,000+ hours) in programming complex database application as well as Windows Desktop and Server/ More
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Hey there, I would like to work with you for this project. I am Shuaib and I have been in this industry for 5 years now and such jobs are my daily practice and I surely would be an excellent choice for your project. Th More


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i have wonky, unattractive teeth, they don't bother me much, but i know they will someday.
I used to have a retainer but i hated it,i had to take it out when i ate, i could'nt speak properly, i had to use a little key to stretch the middle,they were awful.
I stopped wearing them, my mum cancelled my appointments with the orthedontist, i remember how upset i was, my teeth were gonna look terrible forever, i already had enough problems with my apperance.
Now im 2 years older, and i want perminant braces , is there anyway i could just get them? i can't wear the other ones again, i can't - does anyone know if theres a way to skip getting a retainer and go straight to train tracks?
thanks x


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Time To Stock Your Gift Closet With Unique Gifts For Spring Shindigs
At HomeGoods, we love browsing as much as buying because inventories vary by store and you can always expect to find the unexpected. The pricing is also unexpected—stylish finds that elsewhere might break the bank are everyday deals at HomeGoods! Here are some of our favorite finds for Spring occasions:
For a rooftop cocktail party:
If you've ever hosted cocktails al fresco, you know you can never have too many trays! Bring along a unique Oversized Capiz Tray (image 3), and instantly become your host's favorite guest. Beautifully crafted from natural capiz shells, these glimmering trays are a deal at $49.99.
For Mother's Day brunch on the terrace:
It's hard to go wrong with hurricane lamps since they're so versatile. The Ceramic Lanterns ($19.99, image 2) are designed to stand up to the elements and can be used outdoors.
For a graduation barbecue:
These shimmery, summery Mirrored Boxes ($14.99-$19.99, image 4) are a beautiful (and affordable!) gift to give by themselves, or use them as "wrapping" to present more precious items in luxe style. We also love the luminous Frosted Candlesticks ($24.99, image 5) which come in a beautiful robin's egg blue that's perfect for spring.
Images: HomeGoods


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Hours after surgeons gave him a new heart, Colby Salerno woke up and spoke to his parents and sisters, who surrounded his bed.
"When the breathing tube came out, you know what his first words were? 'I want to make my donor proud,'" Kelly Salerno said Wednesday outside Hartford Hospital, where doctors performed her son's heart transplant.
Colby Salerno, 24, of Cheshire, has blogged about his long wait in the hospital — more than five months — for a new heart. He began writing "Tales from the 10th Floor" shortly after he began his stay at the hospital in December. It gained an avid following, including New York Yankees' manager Joe Girardi, who called Salerno about six weeks ago.
Kelly Salerno said that her son was now sitting up, exhausted and in a lot of pain. Dr. Detlef Wencker, director of the hospital's heart transplant program, said that the operation went well. Colby Salerno will be out of the cardiac intensive care unit in three to five days and should be home in two weeks, Wencker said. His drug regimen will at first consist of 32 different medications, mostly to keep his body from rejecting the new heart. Gradually the number of medications will decrease, but Salerno will probably need anti-rejection drugs for the rest of his life.
Now that her son has a new heart, Kelly Salerno said that his recovery is her new focus.
"We have a different road ahead of us. He's in that hospital now, very weak, very tired, in pain, and we need to keep him in good health," she said. "Germs, rejection — all that is weighing on the back of our minds."
Jeff Salerno said he was glad that his son was so relaxed before the operation.
"I walked into the room and looked at him and I knew he was ready," Jeff Salerno said. "He looked so calm, composed. He's been waiting for this since he was 12, basically."
Colby was diagnosed 12 years ago with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a condition that is usually detected during the teenage years. It is a congenital defect in which heart muscle thickens in the heart's left ventricle, which interferes with blood flow. That forces the heart to work harder to pump blood, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Salerno's health began to worsen in college. Because his condition doesn't allow for a mechanical pump, doctors had to rely on a cocktail of drugs to keep his heart functioning, but they cautioned Salerno that the medications wouldn't continue working for long. A transplant was deemed the best option.
Wencker said that it took more than five months to find the new heart because the match has to be perfect. Because Salerno is a young person, he said, doctors wanted the heart to be young, also. Other factors, such as blood type and the patient's size, also come into play. A new heart has to fit well within the patient's chest wall.
Wencker said that about 20 heart transplants are performed at Hartford Hospital each year.
Kelly Salerno said that her family does not know the identity of the heart's donor, other than that the person was 18. The family of Jesus Vega, an 18-year-old from Bristol who died Monday after injuries he suffered a week earlier on a basketball court, said they believed that it was his heart that Salerno received Tuesday.
"I'm so sad for their loss," Kelly Salerno said Wednesday, "yet so grateful that they chose to have their loved one be a donor and have it match and have it be a perfect match to Colby."
Jami Tyska, in-house coordinator at Hartford Hospital for LifeChoice Donor Services, said that neither the recipient nor the family of an organ donor are given the other's identity unless both parties agree that they want to know. That usually takes a few weeks at least. However, in some cases, there's enough publicly available information that recipients or donors' families can make informed guesses.


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One of the 'grandparents" of Maris Otter was named Plumage Archer. How is that for another weird name?[...]Mort - there is also a low color MO that is used in the summer ales by some brewers. That one is not toasty, but you can taste a good malty flavor in the beers.
If you're lucky to be near a homebrew shop, the next time you're in simply taste the malts. I get more grainy out of regular 2-row. I love the taste of Maris Otter (I could simply dump milk on it and enjoy it for breakfast!). I really enjoy the side-by-side tasting of the grains when I go to the LHBS.


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Tyler Reed necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 53 diseños de 22 diseñadores freelance.
We are a start-up company that has built a mobile advertising platform that allows publishers, developers or anyone who has a mobile site or mobile application (iPhone, etc) to manage their own ad inventory and use all their favorite mobile ad networks in one place with in-depth reporting and analytics.
Our name comes from the word "acuity" - noun - "sharpness or keenness of thought, vision, or hearing : intellectual acuity | visual acuity.".
We want to put control back in the hands of publishers and developers. Our main aim is to become a one-stop-ad shop. We want to make mobile advertising accessible and easy to use.
We use the tag line "Intelligent Advertising" as our main algorithms are built and constantly improved upon to serve the most relevant ad possible to the user viewing it. We feel that if we can achieve that, users will see ads they like and interact with them more, publishers will earn more revenue and advertisers will get the results they are looking for. All in all, we aim to ensure everyone in the ecosystem wins.
Our company culture is very start-up. We encourage creativity and innovation. We want people to push the boundaries and love what they do! We work weird hours of the night and day, but we also have a lot of fun doing what we do!
http://aduity.com <- currently has a splash page.
Our target market consists of a few sectors.
1) Small to Medium Publishers, they are able to sign-up and use our self service platform without any human interaction from Aduity, unless they require assistance or support. These are in most cases developers, the guys that we love to impress with new and innovative technologies and API's. The people we build our community with, they need to see our brand as warm and inviting yet fun and fresh.
2) Large / Premium Publishers, they are publishers that have high traffic mobile sites or applications. These are our VIP clients, the ones who need to see our brand as stable, secure, innovative and capable.
3) Advertisers, these are the people we connect with the publishers who use our platform. They need to see our brand as innovative, trustworthy, intelligent and professional.
4) Ad Networks, we partner with a number of ad networks to deliver their ads to our publishers via our aggregation / mediation layer.
We are in favor of something that is minimal, clean, simple and eye catching. However, we are really open to all types of creativity and possibly any new color schemes.
We do plan to use our logo on our website, within our platform interface, for a favicon, on company letterheads and documentation, on print, on screen, business cards, etc. So it needs to scale well and work on multiple types of color backgrounds, unless there is a solid black or white color version of the logo available as well.
As mentioned above, our strapline is "Intelligent Advertising".
If a non-standard font is used within the logo, we would also require that font as we would use it as a typeface for our brand.
We are really looking forward to seeing submitted logos, please amaze us with lots and lots of awesome kick ass logos!
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Philadelphia police say someone broke into a home belonging to Eagles star wide receiver DeSean Jackson and stole a handgun and more than $250,000 in jewelry and cash.
Investigators said Saturday the burglary happened sometime earlier in the week at Jackson's home in South Philadelphia, not far from the team's practice facility.
Police say the cash and jewelry were taken from a safe. A silver 9mm handgun was also missing.
No arrests have been made. Jackson is offering a $50,000 reward for information leading to a conviction in the burglary, The Associated Press reported. A police spokeswoman says the investigation is ongoing.
Jackson released a statement Sunday through his publicist to the Philadelphia Inquirer's Jeff McLane.
"DeSean is clearly upset that his home was burglarized while he was out of town on vacation," the statement said. "He has always felt very safe in his community, and it concerns him someone would victimize his place of residence."
The statement went on to clarify how much was taken from Jackson's home. He lost personal items, jewelry and a small amount of money, and the "large sum" taken was in items, the statement said.
Jackson was the Eagles' leading receiver this season with 82 catches for 1,332 yards and nine touchdowns. He signed a five-year, $51 million contract before the 2012 season.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


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Up to 2% of Americans suffer from psoriasis, a skin condition that leads to an intensely itchy rash with clearly defined borders and scales that resemble silvery mica. The fingernails are also frequently involved, showing pitting or thickening.
Medical treatment for psoriasis includes applications of topical steroids and peeling agents that expose the underlying skin for the steroid to contact. Ultraviolet light can also be used, sometimes combined with coal tar applications or medications called psoralens. Synthetic relatives of vitamin A and vitamin D are also used.
Evidence from two double-blind, placebo-controlled trials and one comparative trial suggest that cream made from the herb Oregon grape ( Mahonia) may help reduce symptoms of psoriasis, although it does not seem to be as effective as standard medications.
In a double-blind study published in 2006, 200 people were given either a cream containing 10% Oregon grape extract or placebo twice a day for 3 months.27 The results indicate that the people using Oregon grape experienced greater benefits than those in the placebo group, and the difference was statistically significant. The treatment was well tolerated; although, it caused rash or burning sensation in a few people.
Benefits were also seen in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 82 people with psoriasis.11 However, the study design had a significant flaw: the treatment salve was darker in color than the placebo, possibly allowing participants to guess which was which.
Another study found that dithranol, a conventional drug used to treat psoriasis symptoms, was more effective than Oregon grape.12 Regrettably, the authors fail to state whether this study was double-blind. Forty-nine participants applied one treatment to their left side and the other to their right for 4 weeks. Skin biopsies were then analyzed and compared with samples taken at the beginning of the study. The physicians evaluating changes in skin tissue were unaware which treatments had been used on the samples. Greater improvements were seen in the dithranol group.
A large open study in which 443 participants with psoriasis used Oregon grape topically for 12 weeks found the herb to be helpful for 73.7% of the group.13 Without a placebo group, it's not possible to know whether Oregon grape was truly responsible for the improvement seen, but the trial does help to establish the herb's safety and tolerability.
Laboratory research suggests Oregon grape has some effects at the cellular level that might be helpful in psoriasis, such as slowing the rate of abnormal cell growth and reducing inflammation.14,15
For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Oregon grape article.
Aloe vera cream may be helpful for psoriasis, according to a double-blind study performed in Pakistan that enrolled 60 men and women with mild to moderate symptoms of psoriasis.19 Participants were treated with either topical Aloe vera extract (0.5%) or a placebo cream, applied 3 times daily for 4 weeks. Aloe treatment produced significantly better results than placebo, and these results were said to endure for almost a year after treatment was stopped. The study authors also reported a high level of complete "cure," but what exactly they meant by this was not reported clearly.
However, a follow-up study of 40 people that attempted to replicate these results failed to find aloe more effective than placebo.29 For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Aloe article.
Capsaicin is the "hot" in cayenne pepper. Creams made from capsaicin are used to treat a number of pain-related conditions. Some evidence indicates that capsaicin cream may be helpful for psoriasis as well. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of almost 200 people found that use of topical capsaicin can improve itching as well as overall severity of psoriasis.21 Benefits were also seen in a smaller double-blind trial.22
For more information on capsaicin cream, see the Cayenne article
The evidence regarding fish oil's effectiveness for psoriasis remains incomplete and contradictory.
An 8-week, double-blind study followed 28 people with chronic psoriasis.1 Half received 10 capsules of fish oil daily, and the other half received a placebo. By the end of the study, researchers saw significant improvement in itching, redness, and scaling, but not in the size of the psoriasis patches. However, another double-blind study followed 145 people with moderate to severe psoriasis for 4 months and found no benefit as compared to placebo.2
For more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full Fish Oil article.
Based on very preliminary evidence, shark cartilage20 and cetylated fatty acids have also been proposed for treatment of psoriasis.30
Beta-carotene, barberry, burdock, chromium, cleavers, Coleus forskohlii, goldenseal, topical licorice cream, milk thistle, red clover, selenium, taurine, vitamin E, yellow dock, and zinc are also sometimes mentioned as possible treatments for psoriasis. However, as yet, there is no meaningful evidence that they work.
A somewhat toxic natural substance called fumaric acid is sometimes recommended for psoriasis as well. Vitamin A or special forms of vitamin D taken at high levels may improve symptoms, but these are dangerous treatments that should be used only under the supervision of a physician.
People using the drug methotrexate for psoriasis frequently develop nausea, mouth sores, and other side effects. Evidence indicates that taking folate supplements may help.23
Seal oil has shown a hint of promise for treatment of psoriatic arthritis (a type of joint pain and inflammation that can occur in association with psoriasis).28.
One study found that hypnosis may improve psoriasis symptoms.26Balneotherapy (spa therapy) might also have value.31-32
Although case reports suggest that acupuncture might be useful for psoriasis,24 a controlled trial failed to find acupuncture more effective than fake acupuncture.25 Another small study suggested that the Chinese herbal decoction Qinzhu Liangxue may be helpful in selected patients with psoriasis, though this finding is highly preliminary.33
Various herbs and supplements may interact adversely with drugs used to treat psoriasis. For more information on this potential risk, see the individual drug article in the Drug Interactions section of this database.
1. Bittiner SB, Tucker WF, Cartwright I, et al. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in psoriasis. Lancet. 1988;1:378-380.
2. Soyland E, Funk J, Rajka G, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients with psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1812-1816.
8. Wiesenauer M, Ldtke R. Mahonia aquifolium in patients with Psoriasis vulgaris—an intraindividual study. Phytomedicine. 1996;3:231-235.
9. Gieler U, von der Weth A, Heger M. Mahonia aquifolium—a new type of topical treatment for psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat. 1995;6:31-34.
10. Augustin M, Andrees U, Grimme H, et al. Effects of Mahonia aquifolium ointment on the expression of adhesion, proliferation, and activation markers in the skin of patients with psoriasis. Forsch Komplementrmed. 1999;6(suppl 2):19-21.
11. Wiesenauer M, Ldtke R. Mahonia aquifolium in patients with Psoriasis vulgaris - an intraindividual study. Phytomedicine. 1996;3:231-235.
12. Augustin M, Andrees U, Grimme H, et al. Effects of Mahonia aquifolium ointment on the expression of adhesion, proliferation, and activation markers in the skin of patients with psoriasis. Forsch Komplementrmed. 1999;6(suppl 2):19-21.
13. Gieler U, von der Weth A, Heger M. Mahonia aquifolium - a new type of topical treatment for psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat. 1995;6:31-34.
14. Galle K, Mller-Jakic B, Proebstle A, et al. Analytical and pharmacological studies on Mahonia aquifolium. Phytomedicine. 1994;1:59-62.
15. Muller K, Ziereis K. The antipsoriatic Mahonia aquifolium and its active constituents; I. Pro- and antioxidant properties and inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase. Planta Med. 1994;60:421-424.
19. Syed TA, Ahmad SA, Holt AH, et al. Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Trop Med Int Health. 1996;1:505-509.
20. Dupont E, Savard PE, Jourdain C, et al. Antiangiogenic properties of a novel shark cartilage extract: potential role in the treatment of psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg. 1998;2:146-152.
21. Ellis CN, Berberian B, Sulica VI, et al. A double-blind evaluation of topical capsaicin in pruritic psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29:438-442.
22. Bernstein JE, Parish LC, Rapaport M, et al. Effects of topically applied capsaicin on moderate and severe psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15:504-507.
23. Duhra P. Treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with methotrexate therapy for psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;28:466-469.
24. Liao, SJ. Acupuncture treatment for psoriasis: a retrospective case report. Acupunct Electrother Res. 1992;17:195-208.
25. Jerner B, Skogh M, Vahlquist A. A controlled trial of acupuncture in psoriasis: no convincing effect. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh). 1997;77:154-156.
26. Zachariae R, Oster H, Bjerring P, et al. Effects of psychologic intervention on psoriasis: a preliminary report. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:1008-1015.
27. Bernstein S, Donsky H, Gulliver W, et al. Treatment of Mild to Moderate Psoriasis with Relieva, a Mahonia aquifolium Extract-A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Am J Ther. 2006;13:121-126.
28. Madland TM, Bjorkkjaer T, Brunborg LA, et al. Subjective Improvement in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis After Short-Term Oral Treatment with Seal Oil. A Pilot Study with Double Blind Comparison to Soy Oil. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:307-310
29. Paulsen E, Korsholm L, Brandrup F, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a commercial Aloe vera gel in the treatment of slight to moderate psoriasis vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19:326-331.
30. A Preliminary Study for the use of Celadrin™ for the Treatment of Psoriasis (September 18, 2002). Available at: http://www.celadrin.com/studies/SafetyHumans.pd. Accessed June 3, 2005.
31. Gambichler T, Tomi NS, Kreuter A. Controlled clinical trials on balneophototherapy in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:802-803.
32. Dawe RS, Yule S, Cameron H, et al. A randomized controlled comparison of the efficacy of Dead Sea salt balneophototherapy vs. narrowband ultraviolet B monotherapy for chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:613-619.
33. Li FL, Li B, Xu R, et al. Qinzhu Liangxue decoction in treatment of blood-heat type psoriasis vulgaris: a randomized controlled trial. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2008;6:586-590.
Last reviewed December 2015 by EBSCO CAM Review Board Last Updated: 12/15/2015


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PETER Odemwingie has risked further angering West Brom by responding to their accusation that he acted "wholly unprofessionally" over his failed bid to move to QPR by claiming he joined the Baggies in similar circumstances three years ago.
Odemwingie was the centre of a bizarre incident on transfer deadline day after driving to Loftus Road last night in a bid to force through a move to QPR.
However, Albion quickly released a statement saying Odemwingie was there without permission and QPR revealed they had refused him entry to their ground.
Albion chairman Jeremy Peace accused the Nigeria international, who still has 18 months on his contract at The Hawthorns, of acting "wholly unprofessionally".
Odemwingie today admitted he was perhaps a "little unprofessional" but defended himself by claming the circumstances were not so different to when he joined West Brom from Lokomotiv Moscow in 2010.
He also put yesterday down to a misunderstanding.
"I came to this club (West Brom) in a wholly unprofessional way. I wasn't given any written permission by Lokomotiv Moscow but I arrived at this club. I did a medical, I don't think everything went so professional when I arrived," he said this morning.
Clarifying his comments, he said: "I'm saying that these things don't matter so much when adults are dealing with each other.
"I think there was a misunderstanding somewhere because I could have held my goodbyes to the (West Brom) players if I was told it is not going to happen."
West Brom striker Peter Odemwingie in farcical deadline day bid to force move to QPR
Odemwingie felt he had been given the go-ahead from West Brom to complete his move to QPR, but conceded he did not have written permission.
He said: "They (West Brom) didn't give me written permission, but you know we are in England and when you're gentlemen you understand each other so easily.
"In my opinion, everything was done right and at the last moment, I don't know what really happened, but I think other people can answer this question as well.
"We were almost there, the club were angry that I went there and it was on TV. They weren't angry that I went there, but when it came up on TV that's when they said that this deal is off and why did I do that.
"So I understand the club to be honest, it was a bit unprofessional but we all know our positions and we were almost there."


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Sonicare Sensitive Standard sonic toothbrush heads
Sonicare Sensitive Standard sonic toothbrush heads
- 2-pack
- Standard size
- Screw-on
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2-pack Compact size Compact sonic toothbrush heads
$ 20.99
2-pack Standard sonic toothbrush heads
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$ 28.49
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Philips Sonicare brush heads are vital to our core technology of high-frequency, high-amplitude brush movements performing over 31,000 brush strokes per minute. Our unparalleled sonic technology fully extends the power from the handle all the way to the tip of the brush head. This sonic motion creates a dynamic fluid action that drives fluid deep between teeth and along the gum line for superior, yet gentle, cleaning every time.
Reminder bristles ensure your most effective clean
At first glance it may not be obvious, but brush heads lose stiffness and gradually wear down over months of normal use. Our blue reminder bristles fade to white and help you recognize when it's time for a replacement. For optimal results, replace your brush head every three months.
Part of a better oral healthcare routine
Like all authentic Philips Sonicare branded brush heads, this brush head is safe on teeth and gums. Each brush head has been quality tested for exceptional performance and durability.
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The Philips Sonicare E-Series brush heads screws-on and off your brush handle for a secure fit and easy maintenance and cleaning.
|Brush heads
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This unique street coverage is carefully edited with a flow of ideas to provide clear direction for your area of womenswear - it's full of inspiration!
This unique street coverage is carefully edited with a flow of ideas to provide clear direction for your area of womenswear - it's full of inspiration!
TrendPX is a valuable resource, expertly curated to provide a time-efficient way to access trends for your business!
The new trendPX gallery provides complete STREET coverage for spring/summer 2018.
The perennial motorcycle-inspired trend seen on the catwalks and the streets is now reflecting a social shift in gender equality in sports and lifestyle.
This report reflects the changing face of streetstyle fashion and targets the styles that will influence future trends. The young talent at London Fashion Week Men's is reflected in the street, but it's only through expert analysis and years of experience that the directional trends emerge.
The tracksuit has cemented itself firmly in Spring Summer 2017 collections. This classic style continues to evolve with interpretations celebrating vintage 70's and 80's sports touching on BMX, racing suits and protective workwear, with leaders such as Freja Dalsjo, V Files and Koche.
A comprehensive analysis of street-led trends, focusing on the influencers at London Fashion Week with a detailed guide to emerging trends in women, men and youth markets.
In the following reports we analyse the unique style of dressers at Pitti Uomo, going beyond the obvious and spotting the new influencers that will push trends forward.
The disruptive street energy of OUTSIDER combines clashing patterns and textures.
The Spring/Summer 2016 season of trade shows is now at an end, having showcased thousands of ready-to-wear collections to industry professionals around the world. The Trendstop trend experts have recently compiled reports on the essential new season products.