text:
Death rite, any of the ceremonial acts or customs employed at the time of death and burial.
Throughout history and in every human society, the disposal of the dead has been given special significance. The practice was originally motivated not by hygienic considerations but by ideas entertained by primitive peoples concerning human nature and destiny. This conclusion is clearly evident from the fact that the disposal of the dead from the earliest times was of a ritual kind. Paleolithic peoples, such as the Neanderthals and later groups, not only buried their dead but provided them with food, weapons, and other equipment, thereby implying a belief that the dead still needed such things in the grave. This very significant practice can be traced back to great antiquity, possibly to about 50,000 bc.
The ritual burial of the dead, which is thus attested from the very dawn of human culture and which has been practiced in most parts of the world, stems from an instinctive inability or refusal on the part of man to accept death as the definitive end of human life. Despite the horrifying evidence of the physical decomposition caused by death, the belief has persisted that something of the individual person survives the experience of dying. In contrast, the idea of personal extinction through death is a sophisticated concept that was unknown until the 6th century bc, when it appeared in the metaphysical thought of Indian Buddhism; it did not find expression in the ancient Mediterranean world before its exposition by the Greek philosopher Epicurus (341–270 bc).
The belief that human beings survive death in some form has profoundly influenced the thoughts, emotions, and actions of mankind. The belief occurs in all religions, past and present, and decisively conditions their evaluations of man and his place in the universe. Mortuary rituals and funerary customs reflect these evaluations; they represent also the practical measures taken to assist the dead to achieve their destiny and sometimes to save the living from the dreaded molestation of those whom death had transformed into a different state of being.
The origin of Buddhist funeral observances can be traced back to Indian customs. The cremation of the body of the Buddha and the subsequent distribution of his ashes are told in the
Relevant concepts and doctrines
Life and death
The evidence of Paleolithic burials shows that already, in that remote age, various ideas were held about death and the state of the dead. The provision of food, ornaments, and tools in the graves implies a general belief that the dead continued to exist, with the same needs as in this life. Other customs, however, indicate the currency of a variety of notions about postmortem existence, particularly about the potentialities and destiny of the dead. Thus, the presence of red ochre in some burials suggests the practice of contagious magic: the corpse had possibly been stained with the colour of blood in order to revitalize it. The fact that in Paleolithic burials the skeleton has often been found lying on its side in a crouched position has been interpreted by some prehistorians as evidence of belief in rebirth, in that the posture of the corpse imitated the position of the child in the womb. In some crouched burials, however, there is reason for suspecting a more sinister motive; for the limbs are sometimes so tightly flexed that the bodies must have been bound in that position before rigor mortis set in. Such treatment of the corpse was doubtless prompted by fear of the dead, for similar customs have been found among later peoples. Preventive action of this kind has a further significance, for it implies a belief that the dead might be malevolent and had power to harm the living.
That death was sometimes regarded as transforming those who experienced it into a state of being balefully different from that of those living in this world is evident in later mortuary rites and customs. Indeed, the proper performance of funerary rites was deemed essential by many peoples, to enable the dead to depart to the place and condition to which they properly belonged. Failure to expedite their departure could have dangerous consequences. Many ancient Mesopotamian divinatory texts reveal a belief that disease and other misfortunes could be caused by dead persons deprived of proper burial. The fate of the unburied dead finds expression in Greek and Roman literature. The idea that the dead had to cross some barrier that divided the land of the living from that of the dead also occurs in many religions: the Greeks and Romans believed that the dead were ferried across an infernal river, the Acheron or Styx, by a demonic boatman called Charon, for whose payment a coin was placed in the mouth of the deceased; in Zoroastrianism the dead cross the Bridge of the Requiter (Činvato Paratu); bridges figure also in Muslim and Scandinavian eschatologies (speculations concerning the end of the world and the afterlife)—the Ṣirāṭ bridge and the bridge over the Gjöll River (Gjallarbrú)—and Christian folklore knew of a Brig o' Dread, or Brig o' Death.
It is significant that in few religions has death been regarded as a natural event. Instead, it has generally been viewed as resulting from the attack of some demonic power or death god: in Etruscan sepulchral art a fearsome being called Charun strikes the deathblow, and medieval Christian art depicted the skeletal figure of Death with a dart. In many mythologies death is represented as resulting from some primordial mischance. According to Christian theology, death entered the world through the original sin committed by Adam and Eve, the progenitors of mankind.
Human substance and nature
The conception of death in most religions is closely related to the particular view held about the constitution of human nature. Two major traditions of interpretation have provided the basic assumptions of religious eschatologies and have often found expression in mortuary rituals and funerary practice. The more primitive of these interpretations has been based on an integralistic evaluation of human nature. Thus, the individual person has been conceived as a psychophysical organism, of which both the material and the nonmaterial constituents are essential in order to maintain a properly integrated personal existence. From such an evaluation it has followed that death is the fatal shattering of personal existence. Although some constituent element of the living person has been deemed to survive this disintegration, it has not been regarded as conserving the essential self or personality. The consequences of this estimate of human nature can be seen in the eschatologies of many religions. The ancient Mesopotamians, Hebrews, and Greeks, for example, thought that after death only a shadowy wraith descended to the realm of the dead, where it existed miserably in dust and darkness. Such a conception of man, in turn, has meant that, where the possibility of an effective afterlife has been envisaged, as in ancient Egyptian religion, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islām, the idea of a reconstitution or resurrection of the body has also been involved; for it has been deemed essential to restore the psychophysical complex of personality. In Egypt, most notably, provision was made for the eventual reconstitution in an elaborate mortuary ritual which included the mummification of the corpse to preserve it from disintegration.
The alternative view of human nature may be termed dualistic. It conceives of the individual person as comprising an inner essential self or soul, which is nonmaterial, and a physical body. In many religions based on this view of human nature, the soul is regarded as being essentially immortal and as existing before the body was formed. Its incarnation in the body is interpreted as a penalty incurred for some primordial sin or error. At death the soul leaves the body, and its subsequent fate is determined by the manner in which it has fulfilled what the particular religion concerned has prescribed for the achievement of salvation. This view of human nature and destiny finds most notable expression in Hinduism and, in a subtly qualified sense, in Buddhism; it was also taught in such mystical cults and philosophies of the Greco-Roman world as Orphism (an ancient Greek mystical movement with a significant emphasis on death), Gnosticism (an early system of thought that viewed spirit as good and matter as evil), Hermeticism (a Hellenistic esoteric, occultic movement), and Manichaeism (a system of thought founded by Mani in ancient Iran).
Forms of survival
The conception of human nature held in any religion has, accordingly, determined the manner or mode in which postmortem survival has been envisaged. Where the body has been regarded as an essential constituent of personal existence, belief in a significant afterlife has inevitably entailed the idea of the reconstitution of the decomposed corpse and its resurrection to life. In turn, a dualistic conception of human nature, which regards the soul as intrinsically nonmaterial and immortal, envisages postmortem life in terms of the disembodied existence of the soul. This dualistic conception, in many religions, has also involved the idea of rebirth or reincarnation. In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Orphism this idea has inspired a cyclical view of the time process and produced esoteric explanations of how the soul becomes reborn into a physical body, whether human or animal.
The ultimate destiny of the dead
Belief in postmortem survival has been productive also of a variety of images concerning the destiny of the dead. This imagery is closely related to the conception of man that is held in each religion. Thus, the magical resuscitation of the dead in ancient Egypt was designed to enable them to live forever in their well-furnished tombs; according to Christian and Islāmic belief, God will ultimately raise the dead with their physical bodies and assess their merits for eternal bliss in heaven or everlasting torment in hell; the Buddhist concept of Nirvāṇa (Enlightenment) is achieved only when the individual has eradicated all desire for existence in the empirical world.
Patterns of myth and symbol
Geography of the afterlife
Inhumation naturally prompted the idea that the dead lived beneath the ground. The mortuary cults of many peoples indicate that the dead were imagined as actually residing in their tombs and able to receive the offerings of food and drink made to them; e.g., some graves in ancient Crete and Ugarit (Ras Shamra) were equipped with pottery conduits, from the surface, for libations. Often, however, the grave has been thought of as an entrance to a vast, subterranean abode of the dead. In some religions this underworld has been conceived as an immense pit or cavern, dark and grim (e.g., the Mesopotamian kur-nu-gi-a ["land of no return"], the Hebrew Sheol, the Greek Hades, and the Scandinavian Hel). Sometimes it is ruled by an awful monarch, such as the Mesopotamian god Nergal or the Greek god Hades, or Pluto, or the Yama of Hindu and Buddhist eschatology. According to the view of man's nature and destiny held in a particular religion, this underworld may be a gloomy, joyless place where the shades of all the dead merely survive, or it may be pictured as a place of awful torments where the damned suffer for their misdeeds. In those religions in which the underworld has been conceived as a place of postmortem retribution, the idea of a separate abode of the blessed dead became necessary. Such an abode has various locations. In most religions it is imagined as being in the sky or in a divine realm beyond the sky (e.g., in Christianity, Gnosticism, Hinduism, and Buddhism); sometimes it has been conceived as the "Isles of the Blessed" (e.g., in Greek and Celtic mythology) or as a beautiful garden or paradise, such as the al-firdaws of Islām. Christian eschatology, which came to conceive of both an immediate judgment and a final judgment, developed the idea of a purgatory, where the dead expiated their venial sins in readiness for the final judgment. Although the dead suffered there in a disembodied state, because their bodies would not be resurrected until the last day, the purifying flames of purgatory were usually regarded as burning in a physical sense, as Dante's Purgatorio vividly shows. The idea of a postmortem purgatory had been adumbrated in the 1st and 2nd centuries bc in Jewish apocalyptic literature (I Enoch 22:9–13). The ten hells of Chinese Buddhist eschatology may be considered as purgatories, for in them the dead expiated their sins before being incarnated once more in this world.
Means of approach to the afterworld
The idea that the dead had to make a journey to the otherworld, to which they belonged, finds expression in many religions. The oldest evidence occurs in the Egyptian Pyramid Texts (c. 2375–c. 2200 bc). The journey is conceived under various images. The dead pharaoh flies up to heaven to join the sun-god Re, in his solar boat, on his unceasing voyage across the sky, or he joins the circumpolar stars, known as the "Imperishable Ones," or he ascends a ladder to join the gods in heaven. Later Egyptian funerary texts depict the way to the next world as beset by awful perils: fearsome monsters, lakes of fire, gates that cannot be passed except by the use of magical formulas, and a sinister ferryman whose evil intent must be thwarted by magic. The idea of crossing water en route to the otherworld, which first appears in Egyptian eschatology, occurs in the eschatological topography of other religions, as was noted above. Many mythologies describe journeys to the underworld; they invariably reflect the fear felt for the grim experience that was believed to await the dead. Ancient Mesopotamian literature records the visit of the goddess Ishtar to the realm of the dead, the way to which was barred by gates. At each gate the goddess was deprived of some article of her attire, so that she was naked when she finally came before Ereshkigal, the queen of the underworld. It is possible that this successive stripping of the celestial goddess was meant to symbolize the stripping away of the attributes of life that the dead experienced as they descended into the "land of no return." An 8th-century Japanese text, the Koji-ki, tells of the first contact with death experienced by the primordial pair, Izanagi and Izanami. When his wife died, Izanagi descended to Yomi, the underworld of darkness, to bring her back. His request was granted by the gods of Yomi, on condition that he did not look at her in the underworld. Impatiently he struck a light and was horrified to see her as a decomposed corpse. He fled in terror and disgust. Blocking the entrance to Yomi with a great rock, he then sought desperately to purify himself from the contagion of death.
Such myths doubtless reflect an instinctive feeling that death works an awful change in those who experience it. The dead cease to belong to the world of the living and become uncanny and dangerous: hence, their departure to the world of the dead must be expedited. To assist that grim journey, various aids have been provided. Thus, on some Egyptian coffins of the 11th dynasty, a plan of the "Two Ways" to the underworld was painted, and from the New Kingdom period (c. 1567–1085 bc), copies of the Book of the Dead, containing spells for dealing with perils encountered en route, were placed in the tombs. Orphic communities in southern Italy and Crete provided their dead with directions about the next world by inscribing them on gold laminae deposited in the graves. Advice about dying was given to medieval Christians in a book entitled Ars moriendi ("The Art of Dying") and to Tibetan Buddhists in the Bardo Thödol ("Book of the Dead"). Chinese Buddhists were informed in popular prints of what to expect as they passed after death through the ten hells to their next incarnation. More practical equipment for the journey to the next world was provided for the Greek and Roman dead: in addition to the money to pay Charon for their passage across the Styx, they were provided with honey cakes for Cerberus, the fearsome dog that guarded the entrance to Hades.
Forms of final determination
Those religions that have taught the possibility of a happy afterlife have also devised forms of postmortem testing of merit for eternal bliss. Ancient Egypt has the distinction of conceiving of a judgment of the dead of an essentially moral kind. This conception finds graphic expression in the vignettes that illustrate the Book of the Dead. The heart of the deceased is represented as being weighed against the symbol of Maat (Truth) in the presence of Osiris, the god of the dead. A monster named Am-mut (Eater of the Dead) awaits an adverse verdict. The judgment of the dead as conceived in other religions (e.g., Christianity, Islām, Zoroastrianism, Orphism) is basically a test of orthodoxy or ritual status, although moral qualities were included to varying degrees. The Last Judgment, as presented in Jewish apocalyptic literature, was essentially a vindication of Israel against its Gentile oppressors. Religions that held no promise of a significant afterlife (e.g., those of ancient Mesopotamia and classical Greece) had no place for a judgment of the dead.
Death and funerary rites and customs
Before and at death
The process of dying and the moment of death have been regarded as occasions of the gravest crisis in many religions. The dying must be especially prepared for the awful experience. In China, for example, the head of a dying person was shaved, his body was washed and his nails pared, and he was placed in a sitting position to facilitate the exit of the soul. After the death, relatives and friends called the soul to return, possibly to make certain whether its departure from the body was definitive. Muslim custom decrees that the dying be placed facing the holy city of Mecca. In Catholic Christianity, great care is devoted to preparing for a "good death." The dying person makes his last confession to a priest and receives absolution; then he is anointed with consecrated oil: the rite is known as "anointing of the sick" (formerly called extreme unction). According to medieval Christian belief, the last moments of life were the most critical, for demons lurked about the deathbed ready to seize the unprepared soul as it emerged with the last breath.
Modes of preparation of the corpse and attendant rites
After death, it has been the universal custom to prepare the corpse for final disposal. Generally, this preparation has included its washing and dressing in special garments and sometimes its public exposure. In some religions this preparation is accompanied by rites designed to protect the deceased from demonic attack; sometimes the purpose of the rites has been to guard the living from the contagion of death or the malice of the dead; for it has often been believed that the soul continues to remain about the body until burial or cremation. The most elaborate known preparation of the dead took place in ancient Egypt. Because the Egyptians believed that the body was essential for a proper afterlife, a complex process of ritual embalmment was established. This process was intended not only to preserve the corpse from physical disintegration but also to reanimate it. The rites were based upon the belief that, because the dead body of the god Osiris had been preserved from decomposition and raised to life again by the gods, the magical assimilation of a dead person to Osiris and the ritual enacting of what the gods had done would achieve a similar miracle of resurrection. One of the most significant of these ritual transactions was the "opening of the mouth," which was designed to restore to the mummified body its ability to see, breathe, and take nourishment.
Mummification in cruder forms has been practiced elsewhere (notably in Peru), but not with the same complex motives as in Egypt. The preparation of the corpse has also frequently included the placing on or in it of magical amulets; these were variously intended to protect or vitalize the corpse. Evidence found in tombs of the Shang dynasty (c. 1766–c. 1122 bc) suggests that the Chinese placed life-prolonging substances, such as jade, in the orifices of the corpse. Crosses or crucifixes are frequently placed upon the Christian dead, and sometimes in the Middle Ages the consecrated bread of the Eucharist (the Lord's Supper) was buried with the body. It has also been a Christian custom to furnish a dead priest with a chalice and paten, the instruments of his sacerdotal office.
Modes of disposal of the corpse and attendant rites
The form of the disposal of the dead most generally used throughout the world in both the past and present has been burial in the ground. The practice of inhumation (burial) started in the Paleolithic era, doubtless as the most natural and simplest way of disposal. Whether it was then prompted by any esoteric motive, such as the return to the womb of Mother Earth, as has been suggested, cannot be proved. Among some later peoples, who have believed that primordial man was formed out of earth, it may have been deemed appropriate that the dead should be buried—the idea found classical expression in the divine pronouncement to Adam, recorded in Genesis 3:19: "You are dust, and to dust you shall return." There is evidence that in ancient Crete the dead were believed to serve a great goddess, who was the source of fertility and life in the world above and who nourished and protected the dead in the earth beneath.
The mode of burial has varied greatly. Sometimes the body has been laid directly in the earth, with or without clothes and funerary equipment. It may be placed in either an extended or crouched position: the latter posture seems to have been more usual in prehistoric burials. Sometimes evidence of a traditional orientation of the corpse in the grave can be distinguished, which may relate to the direction in which the land of the dead was thought to lie. The use of coffins of various substances dates from the early 3rd millennium bc in Sumer and Egypt. Intended probably at first to protect and add dignity to the corpse, coffins became important adjuncts in the mortuary rituals of many religions. Their ritual use is most notable in ancient Egypt, where the mummies of important persons were often enclosed in several human-shaped coffins and then deposited in large, rectangular wooden coffins or stone sarcophagi. The interiors and exteriors of these coffins were used for the inscription of magical texts and symbols. Sarcophagi, elaborately carved with mythological scenes of mortuary significance, became fashionable among the wealthier classes of Greco-Roman society. Similar sarcophagi, carved with Christian scenes, came into use among Christians in the 4th and 5th centuries and afford rich iconographic evidence of the contemporary Christian attitude to death.
In the ancient Near East, the construction of stone tombs began in the 3rd millennium bc and inaugurated a tradition of funerary architecture that has produced such diverse monuments as the pyramids of Egypt, the Tāj Mahal, and the mausoleum of Lenin in Red Square, Moscow. The tomb was originally intended to house and protect the dead. In Egypt it was furnished to meet the needs of its magically resuscitated inmate, sometimes even to the provision of toilet facilities. Among many peoples, the belief that the dead actually dwelt in their tombs has caused the tombs of certain holy persons to become shrines, which thousands visit to seek for miracles of healing or to earn religious merit; notable examples of such centres of pilgrimage are the tombs of St. Peter in Rome, of Muḥammad at Medinah, and, in ancient times, the tomb of Imhotep at Ṣaqqārah, in Egypt.
The disposal of the corpse has been, universally, a ritual occasion of varying degrees of complexity and religious concern. Basically, the funeral consists of conveying the deceased from his home to the place of burial or cremation. This act of transportation has generally been made into a procession of mourners who lament the deceased, and it has often afforded an opportunity of advertising his wealth, status, or achievements. Many depictions of ancient Egyptian funerary processions graphically portray the basic pattern: the embalmed body of the deceased is borne on an ornate sledge, on which sit two mourning women. A priest precedes the bier, pouring libations and burning incense. In the cortege are groups of male mourners and lamenting women, and servants carry the funerary furniture, which indicates the wealth of the dead man. Ancient Roman funerary processions were notable for the parade of ancestors' death masks. In Islāmic countries, friends carry the corpse on an open bier, generally followed by women relatives, lamenting with disheveled hair, and hired mourners. After a service in the mosque, the body is interred with its right side toward Mecca. In Hinduism the funeral procession is made to the place of cremation. It is preceded by a man carrying a firebrand kindled at the domestic hearth; a goat is sometimes sacrificed en route, and the mourners circumambulate the corpse, which is carried on a bier. Cremation is a ritual act, governed by careful prescriptions. The widow crouches by the pyre, on which in ancient times she sometimes died. After cremation, the remains are gathered and often deposited in sacred rivers.
Christian funerary ritual reached its fullest development in medieval Catholicism and was closely related to doctrinal belief, especially that concerning purgatory. Hence, the funerary ceremonies were invested with a sombre character that found visible expression in the use of black vestments and candles of unbleached wax and the solemn tolling of the church bell. The rites consisted of five distinctive episodes. The corpse was carried (in a coffin if one could be afforded) to the church in a doleful cortege of clergy and mourners, with the intoning of psalms and the purificatory use of incense. The coffin was deposited in the church and covered with a black pall, and the Office of the Dead was recited or sung, with the constant repetition of the petition: "Eternal rest grant unto him, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon him." Next, requiem mass was said or sung, with the sacrifice offered for the repose of the soul of the deceased. After the mass followed the "Absolution" of the dead person, in which the coffin was solemnly perfumed with incense and sprinkled with holy water. The corpse was then carried to consecrated ground and buried, while appropriate prayers were recited by the officiating priest. Changes in these rites, including the use of white vestments and the recitation of prayers emphasizing the notions of hope and joy, were introduced into the Catholic liturgy only following the second Vatican Council (1962–65).
In some societies the burial of the dead has been accompanied by human sacrifice, with the intention either to propitiate the spirit of the deceased or to provide him with companions or servants in the next world. A classic instance of such propitiatory sacrifice occurs in Homer's Iliad (xxiii:175–177): 12 young Trojans were slaughtered and burned on the funeral pyre of the Greek hero Patroclus. The royal graves excavated at the Sumerian city of Ur, dating c. 2700 bc, revealed that retinues of servants and soldiers had been buried with their royal masters. Evidence of a similar Chinese practice has been found in Shang-dynasty graves (12th to 11th centuries bc) at An-yang. In ancient Egypt models of servants, placed in tombs, were designed to be magically animated to serve their masters in the afterlife. A particular type of these models, known as an ushabti ("answerer"), was inscribed with chapter VI of the Book of the Dead, commanding it to answer for the deceased owner if he were required to do service in the next world.
The custom has also existed among some peoples of dismembering the body for burial or subsequently disinterring the bones for storage in some form. There is Paleolithic evidence of a cult of skulls, which suggests that the rest of the body was not ritually buried. The Egyptians removed the viscera, which were preserved separately in four canopic jars. The Romans observed the curious rite of the os resectum: after cremation a severed finger joint was buried, probably as a symbol of an earlier custom of inhumation. In medieval Europe the heart and sometimes the intestines of important persons were buried in separate places: e.g., the body of William the Conqueror was buried in St. Étienne at Caen, but his heart was left to Rouen Cathedral and his entrails for interment in the church of Chalus. To be noted also is the Zoroastrian and Parsi custom of exposing corpses on dakhmas ("towers of silence") to be devoured by birds of prey, thus to avoid polluting earth or air by burial or cremation.
The alternative use of inhumation or cremation for the disposal of the corpse cannot be interpreted as generally denoting a difference of view about the fate of the dead. In India, cremation was indeed connected with the fire god Agni, but cremation does not necessarily indicate that the soul was thus freed to ascend to the sky. Burial has been the more general practice, whether the abode of the dead be located under the earth or in the heavens.
Post-funerary rites and customs
Funerary rites do not usually terminate with the disposal of the corpse either by burial or cremation. Post-funerary ceremonies and customs may continue for varying periods; they have generally had two not necessarily mutually exclusive motives: to mourn the dead and to purify the mourners. The mourning of the dead, especially by near relatives, has taken many forms. The wearing of old or colourless dress, either black or white, the shaving of the hair or letting it grow long and unkempt, and abstention from amusements have all been common practice. The meaning of such action seems evident: grief felt for the loss of a dear relative or friend naturally expresses itself in forms of self-denial. But the purpose may sometimes have been intended to divert the ill humour of the dead from those who still enjoyed life in this world.
The purification of mourners has been the other powerful motive in much post-funerary action. Death being regarded as baleful, all who came in contact with it were contaminated thereby. Consequently, among many peoples, various forms of purification have been prescribed, chiefly bathing and fumigation. Parsis are especially intent also on cleansing the room in which the death occurred and all articles that had contact with the dead body.
In some post-funerary rituals, dancing and athletic contests have had a place. The dancing seems to have been inspired by various but generally obscure motives. There is some evidence that Egyptian mortuary dances were intended to generate a vitalizing potency that would benefit the dead. Dances among other peoples suggest the purpose of warding off the (evil) spirits of the dead. Funeral games would seem to have been, in essence, prophylactic assertions of vitalizing energy in the presence of death. It has been suggested that the funeral games of the Etruscans, which involved the shedding of blood, had also a sacrificial significance.
Another widespread funerary custom has been the funeral banquet, which might be held in the presence of the corpse before burial or in the tomb-chapel (in ancient Rome) or on the return of the mourners to the home of the deceased. The purpose behind these meals is not clear, but they seem originally to have been of a ritual character. Two curious instances of mortuary eating may be mentioned in this connection. There was an old Welsh custom of "sin eating": food and drink were handed across the corpse to a man who undertook thereby to ingest the sins of the deceased. In Bavaria, Leichennudeln, or "corpse cakes," were placed upon the dead body before baking. By consuming these cakes, the kinsmen were supposed to absorb the virtues and abilities of their deceased relatives.
A remarkable post-funerary custom has been observed in Islām; it is known as the Chastisement of the Tomb. It is believed that, on the night following the burial, two angels, Munkar and Nakīr, enter the tomb. They question the deceased about his faith. If his answers are correct, the angels open a door in the side of the tomb for him to pass to repose in paradise. If the deceased fails his grisly interrogation, he is terribly beaten by the angels, and his torment continues until the end of the world and the final judgment. In preparation for this awful examination the roof of the tomb is constructed to enable the deceased to sit up; and, immediately after burial, a man known as a fiqī (or faqih) is employed to instruct the dead in the right answers.


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MSI N275GTX Twin Frozer OC Review
When the time comes to buy a video card we all have our "wants" that are tempered with our "needs". This usually comes down to the price we ultimately put as the limit for the purchase. Many times the "needs" will win out with some reasoning and we buy a model just lower than we want. Then we will spend additional money to make improvements to the cooling to try and overclock to reach a higher level of performance for the dollars we spent. What if a manufacturer has added a cooler that was capable of meeting the cooling needs right out of the box with a price tag that was reasonable? Would you allow the "want" to override the "need", since you already have plans for additional cooling? If so MSI has you covered with the MSIN275GTX Twin Frozer OC! This card comes with a massive heatpipe based cooling solution that uses 5 large heatpipes to reduce the operating temperature of the GPU as well as the rest of the heat generating components. On top of that, the card has been given a bit of a performance increase by way of a reasonable overclock to 666MHz on the GPU core, 1476MHz on the shaders and 1161MHz on the 890MB of GDDR3 memory. With the cooling and overclock the Twin Frozer looks to have some serious performance credentials. Let's see if the performance manages to live up to the look!
Closer Look:
The packaging of the MSI N275GTX Twin Frozer features a creature that looks earily familiar to one in a benchmark I used to run and could be an orc or ogre. The name of the card N275GTX Twin Frozer is in silver lettering. The fact that this card is an OC (Overclocked) model is seen at the bottom right of the front panel. Supported technologies are listed as well as the amount of processor cores and that this card is part of MSI's gaming series. The rear panel lists features of the N275GTX, the minimum system requirements and shows how the video signal can be output as HDMI through the Mazerine DVI ports. A handle is part of the deal when you get this card, so that you have less of a chance of dropping it.
The outer package is just a sleeve that the inner box resides in. When you pull the box out you have a plastic cover over the video card and box containing the accessory bundle. The card is wrapped in both an anti-static and buble wrap bag before it is inserted into a closed cell foam enclosure. The card is well protected in this manner.
The bundle sent out with the N275GTX Twin Frozer is fairly substantial with a couple quick user guides, the driver disk, DVI and HDMI adapters, an HDTV adapter, S-Video adapter and an SPDIF cable to connect the HD sound to the card, so this signal can be carried to the display if you so desire.
Let's see what the Twin Frozer OC has to offer and take a quick look at it before it sees some abuse.

subset: commoncrawl


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The first quarter of 2010 showed a 4.5% increase in construction backlog orders to 6.07 months (up from 5.81 months in the fourth quarter of 2009), according to the latest Construction Backlog Indicator (CBI) from Washington, D.C.-based Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC). CBI is a forward-looking indicator that measures the amount of construction work under contract to be completed in the future.
Posting even more dramatic results from February to March of this year, the CBI shot up 17%, now standing at 6.05 months. While the CBI rose in all areas of the country except the West during this time, the Northeastern United States is the only region to see a higher backlog when compared to March 2009. "The fact that the CBI is on the rise illustrates that the improvements recently seen in various other indicators, including construction spending, will continue through much of the balance of 2010," says ABC Chief Economist Anirban Basu. "However, the overall impact of the recession may not be at an end or approaching an end. It remains too soon to tell whether the current momentum will continue through 2011. According to Basu, as an indicator, the nonresidential construction industry tends to lag the overall economy by 12 to 24 months. With the broader economy having been in recovery for the better part of a year — and with stimulus spending still having an impact — Basu expects the backlog to remain stable or better in the months ahead.
"Still, there are many forces at work that suggest that the sector's recovery may not be sustained as stimulus monies are steadily drawn down, and commercial construction remains weak due to high vacancy rates and tight credit," he says.
Looking at the numbers from a regional perspective (click here to see Map ), the Northeast enjoyed the highest construction backlog at 7.31 months in March 2010. The South and Midwest also experienced a rise in backlog, but are still down compared to the same time last year. In the West, backlog stood at 5.76 months in March 2010, roughly the same level as in August 2009, and has yet to demonstrate significant momentum.
"Overall, the nation's nonresidential construction industry is in the early stages of a rebound, and this is apparent in CBI statistics for the Northeast, South, and Middle States," says Basu. "However, it appears momentum has stalled in the West, which may be due in part to the prevalence of serious state and local fiscal issues, as well as weak housing market performance."
Number of points the National Association of Home Builders/Wells Fargo Housing Market Index (HMI) fell in June, putting the total at 17. After a string of two consecutive monthly gains, builder confidence in the market for newly built, single-family homes fell back to February levels, before the beginning of the home buyer tax credit-related surge.
Source: National Association of Home Builders


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Value Line is regarded as the best independent research available. More than just recommendations, Value Line provides the rationale behind its picks for greater understanding.
For years ARM Holdings (ARMH) has been supplying some of the world's largest companies with microprocessors and related technological software. Its client list includes market movers like Intel (INTC), Samsung (SSNLF), Qualcomm (QCOM), and Fujitsu. Indeed, from microcontrollers to graphics technology, the Cambridge, England-based company has been a prominent original equipment manufacturer (OEM) in the technology industry for years.
This success has given ARM a stranglehold on the market. In fact, it would not be an exaggeration to state that most consumers that possess a smartphone, tablet computer, or digital television, are using ARM technology on a regular basis. But if that is the case, and the market is so saturated with these products, investors may question where a company of this sort can find opportunities for growth.
The potential answer to that question is actually a product that is already on the market. Apple Inc. (AAPL), one of ARM's most lucrative contracts, recently took to the streets with its new iPhone product and iPad Air tablet. These products have a laundry list of new features, but it is what's inside that ARM investors are interested in. The items contain a 64-bit chip that is set to take over the smartphone and mobile computing industry.
Until now the industry had, at large, been using 32-bit chips, a satisfactory line that has serviced the needs of consumers for years. Though, with growing demand for greater speed and energy efficiency, Apple has become the first developer to make the decision to graduate to a stronger and faster 64-bit chip. Royalties from ARM's chip designs made up over 50% of its top line during the 2012 term, and the company has already seen a boost as a result of the iPhone 5S' release.
The significance behind the adoption of the 64-bit chip, however, is the fact that ARM actually earns a higher royalty fee from its sale than it had with the 32-bit chip. In the third quarter, royalty fees from its processor division expanded 48% over the prior-year figure, to about $123 million. This far exceeded the estimates of analysts on the street and, consequently boosted the stock price.
Still, Apple's latest offerings only represents the first generation of devices to incorporate the use of the chip. Once its place in the market is solidified, it will drive ARM Holdings' top line, but has the potential to revolutionize mobile processing and data transfer. After all, ARM is also under contract with Samsung, one of Apple's prime opponents in the mobile space, and a company that will more than likely follow in Apple's footsteps to provide its customers with the best processing chips its supplier has to offer.
Certainly an efficient market would leave this product's potential revenues baked into the company's stock price. However, ARM Holdings has been trading at a P/E level in excess of its industry peers for a long time now. What's more, given such a small sample size of revenues, based off the sale of so few products, it is difficult to accurately project a long-term target price for the stock. Therefore, investors may wish to monitor the progress of the 64-bit chip as it continues to penetrate the market before taking a position here. Still, current statistical data is exciting, and the opportunity to back a superior product as it attempts to take over a very lucrative industry is likely to tantalize even the most conservative of investors.
For a more detailed evaluation of ARM Holdings' business prospects, as well as our take on the investment merits of the stock, subscribers are encouraged to check out our full page report in The Value Line Investment Survey.
At the time of this article's writing, the author did not have positions in any of the companies mentioned.


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Jimmy C needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 95 designs submitted by 28 freelance designers.
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Achievement, success, excitement, fun and professionalisim are the impressions we want the logo to convey. The logo should be clean.
We don't have a specific colour pallet that needs to be used as we will match the website to the logo. However, it would be good for the final logo to have both a black and a white background version
The final output will be required in a CMYK .ai file and both .jpg and .psd RGB files.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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A list of frequently asked questions about the Oil Shale and Tar Sands Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS).
Below is a list of frequently asked questions about the Oil Shale and Tar Sands PEIS. Click a question below to see the answer.
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"EIS" is the abbreviation for environmental impact statement, a document prepared to describe the effects of proposed activities on the environment. "Environment," in this case, is defined as the natural and physical environment and the relationship of people with that environment. This means that the "environment" considered in an EIS includes land; water; air; structures; living organisms; environmental values at the site; and social, cultural, and economic factors.
An "impact" is a change or consequence that results from an activity. Impacts can be positive or negative, or both. An EIS describes impacts, as well as ways to "mitigate" impacts. To "mitigate" means to lessen or remove negative impacts.
Therefore, an EIS is a document that describes the impacts on the environment as a result of a proposed action. It also describes impacts of alternatives, as well as plans to mitigate the impacts.
For more information on the Oil Shale and Tar Sands Programmatic EIS, visit About the EIS.
The BLM has taken a fresh look at the land use plan allocation decisions made in the 2008 ROD to look at whether, given the current state of technology, future leasing opportunities should be focused on lower conflict lands within the approximately 2,000,000 acres currently available for potential development of oil shale, and the approximately 431,000 acres currently available for potential development of tar sands. The PEIS was prepared to meet the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969.
For more information on this topic, visit Why the Programmatic EIS Is Needed.
The term oil shale generally refers to any sedimentary rock that contains solid bituminous materials (called kerogen) that are released as petroleum-like liquids when the rock is heated in the chemical process of pyrolysis. Oil shale was formed millions of years ago by the deposition of silt and organic debris on lake beds and sea bottoms. Over long periods of time, heat and pressure transformed the materials into oil shale in a process similar to the process that forms oil; however, the heat and pressure were not as great. The kerogen must be heated to more than 750 degrees to convert it into oil because it was never buried deeply enough for nature to convert the kerogen to oil. Oil shale generally contains enough oil that it will burn without any additional processing, and it is known as "the rock that burns."
Oil shale can be mined and processed to produce oil similar to oil pumped from conventional oil wells; however, extracting oil from oil shale is more complex than conventional oil recovery and currently is more expensive. The kerogen in oil shale is a solid and cannot be pumped directly out of the ground. The oil shale can be mined and then heated to a high temperature (a process called retorting); the resultant liquid can then be separated and collected. An alternative but currently experimental process referred to as in situ retorting involves heating the oil shale while it is still underground and then pumping the resulting liquid to the surface.
Oil shale should not be confused with shale oil. In shale oil, the strata were buried deeply enough that the temperature was sufficiently high to naturally convert the kerogen into oil. In shale oil plays, such as the Bakken in North Dakota and Montana, the objective is to find brittle layers in the shale, drill horizontal holes along those brittle layers, artificially fracture the rock, and produce the resulting oil.
For more information on oil shale, visit About Oil Shale. Photos of oil shale and oil shale processing facilities are also available, as are maps of oil shale resources in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming.
Tar sands (also referred to as oil sands) are a combination of clay, sand, water, and bitumen (a heavy black viscous oil). Tar sands can be mined and processed to extract the bitumen, which is then refined into oil. The bitumen in tar sands cannot be pumped from the ground in its natural state; instead tar sand deposits are mined, usually using strip mining or open pit techniques. In-situ techniques may also be used.
Tar sands are mined and processed to generate oil similar to oil pumped from conventional oil wells, but extracting oil from tar sands is more complex than conventional oil recovery. Oil sands recovery processes include extraction and separation systems to separate the bitumen from the clay, sand, and water that make up the tar sands. Bitumen also requires additional upgrading before it can be refined. Because it is so viscous (thick), it also requires dilution with lighter hydrocarbons to make it transportable by pipelines.
For more information on tar sands, visit About Tar Sands. Photos of tar sand and tar sand processing facilities are also available, as are maps of tar sand resources in Utah.
Most geologically prospective (MGP) areas for oil shale were identified on the basis of the grade and thickness of the deposits in the three States identified in Section 369 of the Energy Policy Act (Utah, Colorado and Wyoming). For purposes of this PEIS, the MGP oil shale resources in Colorado and Utah are those deposits that yield 25 gallons of shale oil per ton of rock (gal/ton) or more and are 25 feet thick or greater. In Wyoming, where the quality of the oil shale is not as great as it is in Coorado and Utah, the MGP resources are those deposits that yield 15 gal/ton or more and are 15 feet thick or greater.
Maps of the most geologically prospective oil shale resources in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming are available.
The oil shale resource in Wyoming is less geologically prospective (i.e., of lower quality) than the resources in Colorado and Utah, and so in order to include Wyoming, as directed by Congress in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, different criteria had to be specified for Wyoming lands.
Most geologically prospective lands for tar sands are defined as the Special Tar Sands Areas (STSAs) designated by Congress in the Combined Hydrocarbon Leasing Act of 1981.
Maps of the most geologically prospective tar sand resources in Utah are available.
The scope of the PEIS includes a qualitative assessment of the potential positive and negative environmental, social, and economic impacts of making lands available for future leasing of oil shale and tar sands resources on BLM-administered federal lands located in northwestern Colorado, eastern Utah, and southwestern Wyoming, and a discussion of relevant mitigation measures to address these potential impacts. The Final PEIS proposes land use plan amendments to designate lands available for oil shale and tar sands leasing and future development activities.
For more information, visit What's In the Oil Shale and Tar Sands Programmatic EIS.
The study area for oil shale resources includes the most geologically prospective areas of the Green River Formation, which is located in the Green River, Piceance, Uinta and Washakie Basins of Colorado, Wyoming and Utah. This encompasses about 2.3 million acres.
For tar sands resources, the study area includes those locations designated as Special Tar Sands Areas (STSAs) by Congress in the Combined Hydrocarbon Leasing Act of 1981. The total acreage of BLM-administered lands in these 11 areas is approximately 654,000 acres.
Maps of the oil shale and tar sand resources included in the study area are available.
A land use plan is a set of decisions that establish management direction for land within a BLM administrative area, as prescribed under the planning provisions of the Federal Land Management Policy Act of 1976 (FLPMA); it is an assimilation of land-use-plan-level decisions developed through the planning process outlined in 43 CFR 1600, regardless of the scale at which the decisions were developed. The term includes both resource management plans (RMPs) and management framework plans (MFPs). Land use plan decisions establish desired outcomes and actions needed to achieve them. Decisions are made using the planning process defined in 43 CFR Part 1600.
The land use planning process is the key tool that the BLM uses to protect resources and designate uses on BLM-administered lands. These plans help ensure that the public lands are managed in accordance with applicable laws and regulations under the principles of multiple use and sustained yield, recognizing the Nation's need for domestic sources of minerals, food, timber, and fiber while protecting the quality of scientific, scenic, historical, ecological, environmental, air and atmospheric, water, and archaeological values.
The PEIS evaluates amendment of ten land use plans to designate certain lands as available for commercial oil shale leasing, and amendment of four plans to designate certain lands available for commercial tar sands leasing. Four of the plans that could be amended contain both oil shale and tar sands resources, so a total of 10 plans are proposed for amendment.
No. The PEIS identifies lands in the study are that are the most geologically prospective for oil shale or tar sands development, and the Alternatives identify which of these lands would be available for potential future commercial leasing of these resources, following additional NEPA analysis. The Final PEIS is a resource allocation document, and the Record of Decision on the Final PEIS will not make any decisions about leasing.
The PEIS identifies and analyzes the direct, indirect, and cumulative environmental, cultural, and socio-economic impacts of the proposed action and its alternatives, and addresses the following issues:
The major issues that are addressed in the PEIS include:
For more information, visit What's in the Oil Shale and Tar Sands PEIS.
The PEIS examines surface mining with surface retort, underground mining with surface retort, and in situ retorting technologies.
The PEIS discusses surface mining with surface retort, surface mining with solvent extraction, in situ steam injection, and in situ combustion technologies.
Paper and CD-ROM copies of the Final are available at the BLM State Offices in Colorado (Denver), Utah (Salt Lake City) and Wyoming (Cheyenne); at BLM District Offices in Moab, Cedar City and Vernal, Utah; Grand Junction, Colorado, and Rock Springs, Wyoming; and BLM Field Offices in Vernal, Price, Richfield and Monticello, Utah; Meeker, Silt and Grand Junction, Colorado; and Kemmerer, Rawlins and Rock Springs, Wyoming.
The complete document is also viewable, printable and downloadable in electronic form (PDF) on this Web site on the 2012 Oil Shale and Tar Sands Final Programmatic EIS page.
The Geographic Information System (GIS) data used in spatial analysis and maps supporting the 2012 Final PEIS are available on the Maps page on this web site. The data layers include maps of lands that would be available for application for leasing for commercial oil shale and tar sands development under the four alternatives analyzed. These files are intended for detailed viewing and analysis by GIS professionals with commercial GIS software.
The public can become involved directly with individual development projects as they undergo site-specific environmental analyses.
Contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com. We'll do our best to answer your question.


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Beat Hornet in overtime
Mexico Bulldogs soccer team defeated Fulton Hornets 3-2 Thursday night in overtime.
Fulton scored the first two goals of the match. The Bulldogs answered with two goals of their own. The first came from Lake Bailey and the second came from Brock Fuemmeler. The game was tied 2-2 at half. Both teams were scoreless in the second half.
Lake Bailey notched his second goal in about the seventh minute of the first overtime period. With the golden goal rule, that was the game winner.
Mexico had 9 shots on goal, while Fulton had 9.
Fulton had beaten Mexico twice last year. They won those games 3-1 and 4-0 (combined goals of 7-1). This was the first time Mexico has beaten Fulton since 2010.
The Bulldogs did have some minor injuries. "We had two players with bloody noses and one player got a cut right above his eye. All of which resulted in a significant amount of blood," stated MHS Coach Grant Johnston.
"Lake Bailey provided a spark off the bench we needed after falling 2-0 early in the game. After he notched his first goal of the game, you could sense the confidence in our team emerging. Later in the first overtime, he sent us home with a hard earned goal and well earned win," said the coach.
Brock Fuemmeler is becoming a headache for defenders. His athleticism makes him incredibly hard to track. "Combine that with is growing awareness of the field, and you are looking at very scary player as the season progresses," said Johnston.
Tyler Warmbrodt (Keeper) battled through a number of cramps and delivered a solid performance.


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TX Series laminated tape features standard adhesive designed for flat surfaces like office paper, file folders and binders. Use in hot and cold environments. Laminated tape withstands water, grease, grime, abrasion, UV, spills, heat and cold. Use lettering tape with Brother PT-30, 35, 8000 and PC machines. Tape cartridge yields 50'.
Office & Business > Office Equipment & Supplies > Supplies > Printing Media
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The Arts Center, was located in St. Petersburg, Florida, believed that sharing and learning about the various forms of human expression through the arts created a stronger, better, more unified community. In keeping with this belief, the Arts Center had educational opportunities for individuals of different ages, cultures, and walks of life. Residents of St. Petersburg were encouraged to explore the opportunities available and to find the one that was right for them. A good first step was to simply visit the Arts Center gallery, take a quick stroll around, and look at all the great work being done. The gallery used to be open to the public from Monday through Saturday, 10:00a.m. to 5:00p.m. and on Sunday from noon to 4:00p.m.
Studio classes for all ages were offered twice in the winter and once in the spring. Students could choose from a variety of different classes including painting, drawing, ceramics, photography, mixed media, jewelry making, pastels, courses specifically geared toward youth or master artists, digital imaging, printmaking, dazzio, sculpture, glass, and even open studio times. There were also special summer sessions and camps for children between the ages of five to fifteen, so there's lots of different ways to get involved and have a blast.
Of course, not everyone can create art directly. If this is the case, individuals were encouraged to volunteer at the Arts Center, to apply for membership to the board, or even to make a one time or continuing financial contribution. No matter how one chose to help the Arts Center – be it through time, money, or effort – that individual was contributing not just to the center but to the arts and the profound impact they had on the community and on individuals as well. It would be time and money well spent.


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MSU Global Access was a website designed as a portal to information about the world. This portal was formed by multiple websites and other valuable resources that had been selected by professionals and experts from Michigan State University. Moreover, MSU Global Access featured newly-created resources that are intended to make finding the right information even when it seemed impossible to be found.
The database contained in this portal has several unique features. Primarily, the database was designed to offer information seekers the opportunity to search the info they need by entering a combination of categories. Also, individuals had the opportunity to search by a single category. These categories may include world regions or countries, thematic areas such as environment, travel, geography or gender. One may also search by a constituency group such as business or labor as well as resource type such as maps, new sources or study abroad programs. To give an example, one may use the search tool on this portal whenever they are looking information on environment and Latin America and the Caribbean or Mexico and Business and labor constituency or Africa and International Development.
The portal also offered the opportunity to use Favorite Links and other Web Directories, on each category. One may search extensively within a certain category. Through the Country pages, individuals may find out basic facts, news headlines, travel information and maps as well as other types of information about a certain country. The website is also providing access to several resources from Michigan, including universities, government and community organizations. These resource were highlighted on the website and MSU Global Access Michigan as a special part of the website entirely dedicated to issues regarding Michigan.
Information about the world has never been more accessible and available to any type of researcher or curious individual.


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Main Site - :: Why Won't God Heal Amputees? ::
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
Religions need books because they don't have gods.
Actually it doesn't. One could conceivably be all-powerful but not exceptionally intelligent.
Those lying fucktards. Have they no shame at all?
Apparently Fred Phelps is a register democrat. That's all they needed.


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As this is the first time visiting Bloch please select which store you would like to visit:
Enter your email address in the box below and we'll send you an email with your promotional code to use today!
A superior range of women's gymnastics unitards. Superior quality materials and fit make Bloch unitards the ultimate in comfortable gymnastic wear.


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Palbit WNMG-MR 80° Trigonal Turning Inserts
- Availability: Out of Stock Stock availability is updated daily; however, levels can change before the next update.
For current availability, call 800-521-3420 or email customer service.
- Shipping:
"Standard" shipping items can be shipped via standard ground or air shipping methods.
"Truck Freight" shipping items are shipped via truck freight, a common carrier or flatbed, not UPS. Freight only items are shipped by truck due to weight, contents, or size attributes that exceed standard shipping limitations.
We provide assistance for quoting freight charges. Place your order for the freight only item, and a sales representative will contact you via email/phone for more information for quoting.
Note: "Out of stock" items may ship directly from manufacturer or one of our distribution centers.
Annual Catalog: Page 149
Medium turning of steel and alloy steel. Feed rate (IPR), .006-.024. Depth of cut range, .016-.200 inch.
The following grades are available:
- PH5125 is a tough carbide substrate with medium temperature aluminum oxide CVD coating. It combines both toughness and wear resistance, improving tool life in difficult situations. Recommended for medium to light roughing of steel, stainless and cast iron.
- PH5740 is a binary (tungsten carbide and cobalt) substrate grade with medium size tungsten carbide grains and medium temperature CVD aluminum oxide coating. Suitable for heavy roughing to roughing operations with interrupted cuts. Recommended for steel, stainless and cast iron.
- PH6215 is a TiALN coated carbide grade with a hard substrate to prevent plastic deformations, which makes it the best option for machining nickel or cobalt based, heat resistant alloys.
- PH6225 is a TiALN coated carbide grade recommended for heat resistant super alloys at low speeds or light interrupted cutting. Good resistance to thermal shock and notch wear makes it suitable for both long and interrupted cutting.
|Tool No.:
|Hole Size:
** Manuals and SDS documents may require Adobe Acrobat Reader to view.


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ELON � Lauren Koury scored in the third minute of overtime off an assist from Abby Shoe and visiting Williams High School remained unbeaten in the Mid-State 3-A Conference with a 3-2 victory against Western Alamance in girls� soccer Wednesday night.
Western Alamance scored first with Jessica Brain finding the net off a Jackie MacAneney assist in the 30th minute before Josie Detomo took a Mallory Bartles pass and scored for the Bulldogs at the 32-minute mark as the teams went to halftime deadlocked 1-1.
Detomo and Bartles hooked up again in the 46th minute to give the Bulldogs a 2-1 lead that stood until late into the game.
In the 74th minute, Morgan McHone scored an unassisted goal to force overtime.
Williams (7-1 overall, 4-0 Mid-State 3-A Conference) outshot the Warriors 28-4 in the game.
Western Alamance goalkeeper Alex Gaines finished with 13 saves.
At Greensboro, Johnathan Lloyd rapped three hits, including a home run, to help Southern Alamance to an 11-2 Metro Conference victory against Greensboro Grimsley. Austin Hunnicutt and Chase Massey added two hits apiece for the Patriots (7-1, 5-0).
A.J. Edwards, Nathan Josey and Dairyon Matkins combined to strike out 10 Whirlies batters. Greensboro Grimsley fell to 1-4 in the conference.
-- WESTERN ALAMANCE 11, NORTHEAST GUILFORD 5: At Greensboro, Brock Deatherage went 2-for-3 with a three-run home run and five RBI plus three stolen bases and picked up his first pitching victory of the season as the Warriors continued to roll with a non-conference victory against host Northeast Guilford.
Nigel Carlton added a pair of hits and scored two runs for Western Alamance (7-1).
-- HIGH POINT CENTRAL 5, WILLIAMS 3: At High Point, the Bulldogs were held to three hits in the non-conference loss to High Point Central. Ben Kelley, Brandon Riley and Ben Askew each singled for Williams (6-2). The Bulldogs scored all their runs on wild pitches.
At Greensboro, Kelsey Durham retired the 12 batters she faced, six with strikeouts, and Southern Alamance blitzed Greensboro Grimsley 19-0 in four innings in a Metro Conference game.
Stephanie Barts provided the power with a three-run home run and Emma Patterson went 3-for-4 with a triple and three RBI for the Patriots (6-0, 5-0).
CarleighBrooks(2-for-2), Melenni Balbach (2-for-2), Hayley Rumley (2-for-2, 2 doubles) and Tessa Faucette (2-for-3) contributed to the Patriots� 18-hit attack.


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Linked by Thom Holwerda on Sat 29th Jun 2013 20:18 UTC
"In recent years, an odd consensus has arisen where many believe that games are easier than they used to be. In many cases it's true, and it isn't surprising, as extreme competition between titles has created the need for games to be immediately entertaining as soon as you press the start button. As a consequence, many older - and potentially newer - players consider these games of yesteryear much more difficult. The immense challenge Wii U owners have experienced with virtual console games is evidence of that. Are these newer adventures really easier? Or has the design philosophy for video games improved instead?" Interesting take. I will tell you this, though - take a game like Dragon Age (the only one that matters, so the first one). It's immediately accessible to newcomers at the easy and normal setting, but try stepping it up to nightmare mode, and you're suddenly back in old-fashioned hardcore territory where you'll need to apply every little bit there is to know about the game to be able to finish it (tip for DA fanatics: finish the game without a single character going down in combat, on nightmare. I did it. It's hell). My point is: sometimes, you have to up the difficulty or create your own challenges to find the rewarding difficulty of gaming yore.


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MySQL Enterprise has delivered outstanding performance -- allowing us to scale efficiently as more and more publishers and advertisers have begun to use our service.
SANTA CLARA, Calif. (PRWEB) August 13, 2008
MySQL(TM), the world's most popular open source database, is available for download at http://www.mysql.com.
"Leading online ad platforms such as Google, Gorilla Nation, ValueClick and Yahoo have all employed MySQL to help cost-effectively develop and sustain their data-intensive technology infrastructure," said Zack Urlocker, vice-president of products, Database Group, Sun Microsystems. "These blue-chip ad vendors highlight the innovation and business growth that is possible when powering today's Web economy."
Recognized by Deloitte Technology as one of the fastest 500 growing companies in America, Gorilla Nation exclusively handles media sales for more than 500 high traffic websites. The company opted to build a business intelligence platform on MySQL that manages more than one terabyte of data and provides vital real-time traffic and advertising campaign performance information. This data is then used to help advertisers determine how to reach a specific age and income demographic and best spend their advertising budget. Gorilla Nation also relies on MySQL to capture all transactions and clickstream data required for invoicing and billing.
"Gorilla Nation has experienced huge growth in recent years and subsequently we needed strong database technology that we could operate quickly and efficiently without paying the huge upfront licensing costs required by proprietary software," said Alex Godelman, VP, Technology, Gorilla Nation. "MySQL Enterprise has delivered outstanding performance -- allowing us to scale efficiently as more and more publishers and advertisers have begun to use our service."
Gorilla Nation selected MySQL Enterprise to provide full support for its critical database applications. MySQL Enterprise is a comprehensive subscription, consisting of production-tested software, proactive monitoring tools, and premium support services. More information is available at http://www.mysql.com/enterprise.
About Sun's MySQL Database
MySQL is the most popular open source database software in the world. Many of the world's largest and fastest-growing organizations use MySQL to save time and money powering their high-volume Web sites, critical business systems, and packaged software. At http://www.mysql.com, Sun provides corporate users with commercial subscriptions and services, and actively supports the large MySQL open source developer community.
About Gorilla Nation
Gorilla Nation (http://www.gorillanation.com) is the world's largest online ad sales rep firm. The company exclusively represents the online ad inventory of over 500 leading midtail web publishers, and sells integrated media and promotional programs to Fortune 500 brand advertisers. Working closely with its web publisher partners, GN's expertise within 35 select vertical markets provides advertising clients the ability to build high impact, rich media programs across one or more properties to provide superior audience reach. The company is committed to delivering integrated creative media programs, from concept through execution, and exceptional customer service. Founded in 2001, the company is headquartered in Los Angeles with offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto and London.
About Sun Microsystems
Sun Microsystems develops the technologies that power the global marketplace. Guided by a singular vision -- "The Network is the Computer" -- Sun drives network participation through shared innovation, community development and open source leadership. Sun can be found in more than 100 countries and on the Web at http://sun.com.
Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Java, MySQL, MySQL Enterprise, and The Network Is the Computer are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.


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Active-duty military personnel using BWI Marshall Airport are eligible to participate in Pre-Check, an expedited security screening, the Transportation Security Administration announced Wednesday.
TSA officers staffing the Pre-Check station at Concourse D will scan a service member's Common Access Card to determine if they qualify; service members do not have to be in uniform to be considered. Eligible passengers may be directed to a lane that will allow them to leave their shoes, light outerwear and belt on, keep their laptop in its case and their liquids and gels bag in a carry-on.
BWI is the ninth airport to offer the service to the military. Other participating airports are: Charlotte Douglas International, Denver International, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International, Honolulu International, Lambert-St. Louis International, Ronald Reagan Washington National, Seattle-Tacoma International and Washington Dulles International.


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I loved this and the color is vivid. It is hard for me to find luxury coffee table period, let alone a nice red one. It fits perfectly. I am definitely buying another one in black.
10 Tips On Buying Leather Furniture For Your Home
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NEW YORK (Reuters) - New York City began rationing gasoline on Friday for the first time since the energy shortages of the 1970s, seeking to ease a fuel crisis brought on by Superstorm Sandy.
The former hurricane hammered the U.S. East Coast on October 29, killing at least 120 people and causing an estimated $50 billion in damage or economic losses.
It also disrupted the fuel supply chain, creating hours-long waits for gasoline that led officials first in New Jersey and now New York City and Long Island to impose rationing. Cars with odd- and even-numbered license plates will be able to buy gas and diesel fuel on alternate days.
"This is worse than the oil crises of the 1970s," said Ralph Bombardiere, executive director of the New York State Association of Service Stations and Repair Shops. "Back then there was just a perceived shortage of supply in New York, when there was plenty of gasoline around. Now we're having real distribution problems."
The long lines at the pump have added to the frustration of commuters, who must choose between driving and enduring seemingly interminable waits for buses and trains with parts of the transportation network still damaged.
In addition, some 434,000 homes and businesses in the Northeast lacked power as of Friday afternoon, creating more misery for the thousands forced to flee their storm-damaged homes or for those who have hunkered down in the dark with freezing overnight temperatures.
Protesters took to the streets in the Long Island town of Oceanside on Friday, chanting, "Where is LIPA? Where is LIPA?" referring to the Long Island Power Authority, a state-owned utility.
A snowstorm blasted the region on Wednesday, knocking out power to some homes just as they were getting back on the grid after Sandy. Warmer and sunny weather was forecast for the weekend, providing some relief to disaster victims.
New York Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg at first resisted gas rationing, saying fuel supplies should return to normal once New York Harbor reopened after the storm and tankers started sailing again.
But many gasoline terminals - which transfer fuel from tankers at sea to trucks on land - sustained damage from the storm that created a record surge of seawater and flooded low-lying areas.
Because of long lines at terminals, gasoline trucks were only able to make two trips on Friday, when normally they would make six, Bombardiere said. The odd-even rationing "should help cut down on panic buying," he said.
But despite the new measure, long lines at gas pumps in New York City and Long Island continued on Friday. Some 28 percent of gas stations in the New York metropolitan area did not have fuel available for sale on Thursday, down from 38 percent on Wednesday, the U.S. Energy Information Administration said.
Gas lines were considerably shorter in New Jersey, and Governor Chris Christie said he expected power to be restored to 100 percent of the state by Saturday night.
But Christie, who toured the New Jersey shore on Friday, said the rebuilding effort for vacation towns would be "long, expensive and hard," and said it would not be completed in time for next summer. "This is our Katrina," he declared.
In the Rockaways, a hard-hit area of Long Island, New York, a group of military veterans known as Team Rubicon helped residents shovel sand away from their homes, remove rotted drywall from basements and haul large items to the sidewalk.
At the sidewalk, New York sanitation officials used huge tractors to scoop the debris into dump trucks and hauled it away.
Peter Meijer, a Team Rubicon member who just returned from a trip helping refugees in South Sudan, said the work was gratifying. "This is more satisfying than even my time in the military."
A week after Sandy, Doctors Without Borders established temporary emergency clinics in the hard-hit Rockaways - a barrier island in Queens facing the Atlantic Ocean - to tend to residents of high-rises who still lacked power and heat and were left isolated by the storm.
"A lot of us have said it feels a lot like being in the field in a foreign country," said Manhattan doctor Lucy Doyle, who has worked for the medical relief organization in Africa.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency said it was providing mobile homes to people displaced by the storm, a reminder of Hurricane Katrina on the Gulf Coast seven years ago. Some evacuees would be housed nearly 200 miles from home, FEMA said, because there was little available space closer to the city.
Manhattan stores and restaurants have yet to recover. Some are awaiting emergency loans, while others are trying to make it on their own.
"We don't have the product to sell," said Zach Mack, a co-owner of the ABC Beer Co, which flooded last week, knocking out electricity for days. "And we don't have the people to sell it to." [ID:nL1E8M97UE]
Additional reporting by Edith Honan, Peter Rudegeair and Jonathan Allen; Editing by Eric Walsh


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Advances In Packaging Deliver Fast Meals With Good Taste
Advances in microwavable and dual-ovenable packaging deliver meals fast and easy without surrendering taste or texture.
Overwhelming consumer demand for convenience is driving development of package structures that not only are microwavable or dual-ovenable but also provide taste profiles similar to those of conventionally prepared products. The result is a happy marriage of quick, easy preparation and appetite appeal.
The Simple Steps package from Cryovac uses pre-formed rigid trays made of crystallized polyester (CPET) topped with vacuum skin film over the product. It's suitable for fresh or pre-cooked meat as well as fresh or frozen vegetables.
Products benefiting from the packaging innovations fall into an array of frozen, refrigerated and shelf-stable food categories. Examples include fresh meat and vegetables, single-serve and family-size frozen entrées and retorted toddler meals.
An intriguing development is cook-in packaging that makes it possible to cook raw meat and poultry in the microwave with no sacrifice of flavor or mouthfeel. Bell AG, Basel, Switzerland, launched such a package in Europe for the Bell Easy Gourmet line of fresh meat and poultry. Bell's products include Black Pepper Steak and Thai Chicken.
Davide Elia, Bell's leader of marketing/communication, admits at first consumers are somewhat skeptical that fresh meat and poultry can be microwaved and still taste good. "But once they try it, they are quite surprised how good the products are," Elia says.
"The quality is extraordinary. The meat is tender, juicy and tasteful. It is easy to prepare, and you can't do anything wrong. In two to three minutes, you have a perfect steak without soiling the kitchen." However, he adds, "The typical crust is missing compared to a fried or grilled preparation. The look of the prepared product also is different from a fried or grilled product."
Bell uses a version of Ready Meals Simple Steps packaging from Sealed Air's Cryovac Food Solutions, Duncan, S.C. The Easy Gourmet package is a rollstock-formed, semi-rigid tray topped with a vacuum skin film.
"That package lends itself to producing a nice quality piece of meat, even in the microwave," says Sean Brady, director of Ready Meals for North American marketing at Cryovac. "Because the lidstock stays on [during cooking], it holds the steam inside the package, which helps the uniformity of the cooking of the product."
A variation on this package, also from Cryovac, uses preformed rigid trays made of crystallized polyester (CPET). The package, topped with vacuum skin film over the product, is suitable for fresh or pre-cooked meat as well as fresh or frozen vegetables.
In addition to providing consumers with the benefit of fast preparation – only 2 1/2 minutes for the Easy Gourmet Thai Chicken – the Simple Steps package offers benefits for processors interested in marketing value-added proteins. Because the meat doesn't need to be cooked prior to packaging, processing is faster, easier and less expensive than with precooked, heat-and-serve products.
Bell AG is trying to get consumers in Europe comfortable with microwaving chicken or steak with packaging made by Cryovac.
Europe is moving forward with retail applications of the Ready Meals Simple Steps packaging for fresh meat, but Brady says the foodservice market will be the initial emphasis for this package-product combination in the U.S.
A hurdle for processors, as they develop products for this package structure, is the variability of microwave ovens in consumers' homes. Cooking instructions that would work fine for one household could fail miserably in another, souring consumers on the product.
However, U.S. foodservice chains tend to use standard microwave technology across the board, so a processor can develop products and cooking directions specifically for the chain's equipment and achieve consistent quality of cooked product.
In the foodservice and retail markets alike, expect this package format to remain on the small side: Packages holding a 3- to 7-oz. serving of fresh meat perform best in the microwave.
Steam cookery
New package formats for fresh vegetables and fruits also are harnessing the power of steam cooking. In-package microwave steaming protects the produce's delicate flavors and nutrients to deliver a high-quality cooked product, quickly and easily.
Sholl's Freshtables have an invisible valve that opens automatically to allow steaming in the microwave. The film is made by American Packaging.
One of the newer offerings in this category is Freshtables from Minneapolis-based Sholl Group II. Packed in a flexible bag and merchandised in the repfrigerated case of supermarket produce departments, Freshtables are fresh fruits and vegetables augmented with chef-inspired sauces and flavors. The 12 oz. of Freshtables in the bag cook in two minutes in the microwave.
The package material is a proprietary adhesive lamination suited to microwave temperatures, and the bag features a hermetic seal to prevent the product's lowviscosity sauce from leaking. The consumer does not puncture the bag prior to cooking. The package, which builds up internal pressure when microwaved, uses EsterSteam technology from American Packaging Corp., Rochester, N.Y.
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Maverick Radio Network
Øystein Sevåg
Dan Carollo
Al Conti
Bill Lesley
Moussu T et les Jovents
Alex Rossi
Axel Krygier
Sofia Rei Koutsovitis
Alex Cuba
Riad Abdel-Gawad
Zein Al-Jundi
Natasha Atlas
Lis Addison
Michael Joseph
Toubab Krewe
Joan Soriano
Mauricio Callejas
Mauricio is the founder of centroamericanto.com, a directory of Central American singer-songwriters. In addition, he produces a weekly radio program showcasing Central American music.
Weekes & Adowa
Appeal from Taj Weekes for Emergency
St. Lucia's Prime Minister Stephenson King declared a state of emergency yesterday, appealing for international help for St. Lucia's worst national disaster in recent history. Lives have been lost and many more are still missing.
They Often Cry Outreach (TOCO)
They Often Cry Outreach (TOCO) is a 501(c)(3) U.S.-based not-for-profit organization founded by St. Lucian reggae artist Taj Weekes and is dedicated to improving the lives of underprivileged, at-risk and orphaned children in the Caribbean through sports, health and enrichment programs.
Method of Defiance
Mystic Roots Band
Chico Mann
Antônio Carlos Jobim - "Tom Jobim"
Luísa Maita
Alidu & the Bizung Family
Khaira Arby
King Sunny Ade
Mark's Playlists |Pick of the Month | World Beat Links | KMSU | MSU, Mankato
Host/Producer, Board Op. &
Webmaster: Mark R. Thomas
Modified: 11/06/2010


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Coyotes try to remain hot against lowly Avs
The Phoenix Coyotes will try to boost their playoff chances when they shoot for their first three-game winning streak of the season in Saturday's contest against the visiting Colorado Avalanche.
Phoenix has won two straight and recorded at least a point in each of its last five outings (3-0-2), but the club hasn't won three in a row since it ended the 2011-12 regular season with five consecutive victories.
The Coyotes, who have made the postseason in each of the past three years, are currently tied for 11th in the Western Conference, four points out of a playoff spot.
Phoenix recorded its second straight win in Thursday's home game against the Detroit Red Wings. Chad Johnson posted 34 saves and the Coyotes scored three times in the second period to take a 4-2 win over the Red Wings.
Martin Hanzal and Michael Stone each had a goal and an assist while Chris Conner and Shane Doan also scored for the Coyotes, who led 3-1 after two periods before holding on for the win over the final 20 minutes.
"We got some timely goals from guys and we held on from there," Johnson remarked.
Coyotes No. 1 goaltender Mike Smith could be back in the crease Saturday after sitting out the last six games with a head injury. Smith, who was injured on March 21 against Vancouver, is expected to be a game-time decision.
Phoenix is completing a three-game homestand on Saturday and is 12-7-1 as the host this season. The Coyotes will begin a three-game road trip when they visit Vancouver on Monday.
The Coyotes have dominated Colorado in recent years, winning three straight, four of five and nine of the last 11 games in this series. The Avalanche, who are 2-14-3 as the road team this season, have lost two in a row and seven of eight on the road against Phoenix.
Colorado, which is last in the NHL with 29 points, has lost three straight and seven of its last eight games. The Avalanche were able to gain a point in a loss on Friday, as it dropped a 3-2 decision against visiting Detroit. Pavel Datsyuk scored a pair of goals for the Red Wings, including the game-winner with 15.4 seconds left in overtime.
Mark Olver and PA Parenteau scored for the Avalanche, who are 2-10-1 over their last 13 games. Jean-Sebastien Giguere stopped 28-of-31 shots in the setback.
"It was frustrating," Giguere said. "I thought we played a good game. They were hungry and they got a good goal in the overtime."
Colorado will try to end its league-worst road skid on Saturday. The Avalanche are 0-10-3 during the 13-game slide and haven't won away from Denver since beating Minnesota on Feb. 14.
The Avalanche could get forward David Jones back from a knee injury on Saturday. Jones has missed the last seven games, but he practiced on Friday and joined the club for this trip to the desert. He has three goals and four assists in 27 games this season.


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Rangers rally from 3 runs down in 10th, stun Angels
ARLINGTON, Texas -- Elvis Andrus and the Texas Rangers were not going to let the Angels beat them again -- even if they needed two improbable comebacks to win.
Andrus had a game-ending two-run single in the 10th inning, and the Rangers rallied from six runs down to beat Los Angeles 11-10 on Wednesday night.
"Our mentality was to win no matter what," said Andrus, who went 4-for-6 with three RBIs. "It was a great game for us."
The Rangers came into this four-game series leading the Angels by five games in the American League West. Los Angeles won the first two games of the series by a combined 21-10 and was on its way to three in a row.
Texas was down 7-1 in the fifth before rallying to force extra innings. The Angels scored three in the 10th inning to take a 10-7 lead before the wild finish to a game that lasted 4 hours, 1 minute.
The Rangers extended their lead in the American League West to four games over the Angels and 4 1/2 over third-place Oakland.
"We kept battling, we kept grinding and we got blessed," Texas manager Ron Washington said.
Nelson Cruz homered, and Mitch Moreland singled off Jason Isringhausen (3-1) to bring the Rangers to 10-9. With the bases loaded, Andrus drove a single past third baseman Alberto Callaspo to set off a wild celebration near second base.
"It was a crazy game in Texas," Isringhausen said. "I've seen a lot of them. A six-run lead is not safe."
The comebacks seemed unlikely because the Texas offense struggled mightily during a 9-14 July. The Rangers scored 81 runs in the month, last in the American League.
It was only the second time in Texas history the club has rallied to win after trailing by at least three in extra innings. The Rangers also did it May 18, 1975, against Detroit.
"It was great to break out like this," said Texas second baseman Ian Kinsler, who homered in the bottom of the ninth to tie the game at 7. "Hopefully, we can take that into (Thursday)."
Albert Pujols connected twice for his second straight multihomer game. His second home run, a two-run shot in the 10th, was one of four long balls hit between the two teams in the final two innings.
Chris Iannetta also homered in the 10th for the Angels.
Joe Nathan (2-3) gave up Iannetta's homer on a full-count pitch and Pujols' two-run drive but still earned the win.
It was Pujols' 44th multihomer run of his career, third-most among active players. He had never had consecutive multihomer games in the regular season.
Kinsler's solo shot off Ernesto Frieri with one out in the ninth forced extra innings. It was Frieri's first blown save in 13 chances.
"It was a great, great game on both sides," Angels right fielder Torii Hunter said. "We got their closer, and they got our closer. It was a lot of fun. But at the same time, it broke my heart."
Cruz kept the Rangers within a run in the top of the ninth when he threw out Kendrys Morales trying to score on a single to right.
New acquisition Ryan Dempster will take the mound for the Rangers on Thursday night as they look to split the series against their rivals. He will face left-hander C.J. Wilson, who left Texas as a free agent in the offseason.
"It was a great team effort from top to bottom," Texas' Michael Young said. "It was definitely a great win for us."
Pujols had four RBIs to give him 1,400 for his career. Hunter and Callaspo each added two RBIs for Los Angeles.
Yu Darvish started for the Rangers and equaled his season high by allowing seven runs and walking six over five innings.
Garrett Richards, who was starting in place of an ailing Dan Haren, gave up five runs and nine hits before he was chased with two outs in the sixth.
The Angels led 7-1 before the Rangers rallied with four in the fifth and one in the eighth.
David Murphy, who was 3-for-3 and reached base five times, had an RBI single in the eighth that closed the gap to 7-6.
This was Texas' largest comeback since a six-run rally Aug. 13, 2010, against the Red Sox.
The Angels scored six runs on only two hits in their third-inning outburst. They benefited from four walks, an error and Darvish's poor throw on a fielder's choice as 10 men came to the plate.
Pujols lined a 1-1 pitch from Darvish into the Angels bullpen -- the first hit for Los Angeles in the game -- to make it 4-0.
After two more walks in the third, Callaspo doubled in a pair to make it 6-0.
Game notes
Rangers right-hander Neftali Feliz underwent Tommy John surgery on his right elbow Wednesday. Team physician Dr. Keith Meister performed the operation. ... With temperatures above 100 degrees, the Angels limited their pregame work outside. Manager Mike Scioscia said his players spent only about 25 minutes outside taking fielding and batting practice, which is about 20 minutes less than average. ... After three games batting fifth, Rangers CF Josh Hamilton was moved in the third slot Wednesday and went 0-for-5 with two strikeouts.
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The Drama Dial was turned up to "11" tonight on "Dancing with the Stars" as we had both Cristian's injury and an elimination to contend with. Cue ominous music.
In the recap of last night, during Shannon and Derek's first confessional they apologized for the 80th time for overreacting last week. I think the excess apologizing is more irritating than the initial jerkiness. During Cristian's injury portion, Cheryl mentions that she "heard a crack." Um. Not good. Tony hopes it was just a muscle pull and Marissa, like me, doesn't think that's all it is. Also, Jason further proves himself to be awesome by dedicating his Paso Doble to him in the confessional. His dancing may be uneven but he's always a classy guy.
After the break, Len introduces Jason & Edyta's Quickstep as the encore dance. Instead of throwing papers in the air at the end of the dance, Jason blows a kiss to Carrie Ann and runs over to do a half-handstand.
In an interesting twist, Len announces that since there have been so many borderline lifts (and I'm sure taking into consideration how many accidental lifts have occurred), each couple will have the option of including one lift per dance provided it's "within the character of the dance." Fascinating. It's then revealed that the first couple safe is Kristi & Mark.
Back from more commercials, we're treated to the return of "DanceCenter." Kenny Maynes and Jerry Rice are joined by Len as they examine the final six competitors. Kenny's wearing all kinds of eye make-up, including some rhinestone action. Good times. They take a look at Mario, Shannon and Cristian first. Shannon is 5'9 ... she seems taller but maybe that's because of her occasional gawkiness.
Next up, Def Leppard performs "Pour Some Sugar On Me" with three pairs of professionals dancing the Paso Doble. And they're totally lip-syncing.
After a word from our sponsors and a throw-away Samantha Harris interview, "DanceCenter" returns and looks at Kristi, Marissa and Jason. This half was far more ridiculous than the first. Tom Bergeron was laughing somewhat uncontrollably at the segment. Composing himself, he reveals the Mario & Karina are the next couple that is safe.
Def Leppard returns with their new single "Nine Lives" as World Rhythm champs Jose Decamps and Joanna Zacharewicz dance. Her costume has this cool feather-bustle thing on it. I like it. Mental note for Halloween. As the camera pans back to Tom and Samantha, I realize just how big her hair is. I mean, wow.
To kill time as the hosts make it back to the floor, we get a segment that takes us through the steps that lead up to the show from rehearsal to camera blocking to show day. Afterwards, the remaining four couples stand across the stage and their status is reviewed dramatically as ... we go to another commercial break. Bleh.
With three minutes to go, they bring down Cristian & Cheryl to ask about his arm. He ruptured a tendon in his bicep and, after an MRI, he's discovered he needs an operation. If he makes it through the next round, the doctor will push the surgery back because he wants to take the risk and continue dancing. Which he will ... they're safe.
The first couple in the Bottom Two is Marissa & Tony. Jason & Edyta are safe which puts Shannon & Derek in the bottom as well.
And, after much ballyhoo, it's time for Shannon to leave us. She holds it together through the interview well but she starts crying when the final dance starts. The song? "I Just Don't Know What To Do With Myself" by Dusty Springfield.