text: Contact us Member Access User ID: Password: Keep me logged in (Don't check this box if you're on a shared computer - learn more) Forgotten Username / Password? For the PublicFellowsTraineesOverseas SpecialistsHealth ProfessionalsStudents & Graduates Toggle Navigation Menu Home Quick links For the PublicFellowsTraineesOverseas SpecialistsHealth ProfessionalsStudents & Graduates About us About the College About the College About the College Key people Our history Annual reports and strategy Reconciliation Action Plan Māori Mental Health Governance Governance Governance Board Committees Annual General Meeting Elections Regulations, policies and procedures Career opportunities at the College Career opportunities at the College Complaints about psychiatrists Complaints about psychiatrists Community engagement Community engagement New Zealand National Office New Zealand National Office Australian Branches Australian Branches Australian Branches ACT New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Contact us Contact us Membership About membership About membership About membership Becoming a member Benefits of membership Manage my membership Membership fees Faculties and sections Faculties and sections Psychiatry Interest Forum Psychiatry Interest Forum Awards and grants Awards and grants Awards and grants Member Welfare Support Line Member Welfare Support Line CPD program CPD program Getting involved with the College Getting involved with the College Discussion forums Discussion forums Pre-Fellowship Psychiatry as a career Psychiatry as a career Welcome to the RANZCP Welcome to the RANZCP About InTrain About InTrain Support for trainees and SIMGs Support for trainees and SIMGs Training contacts Training contacts Selection of trainees Selection of trainees About the training program About the training program About the training program Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Certificates of Advanced Training Regulations, policies & procedures Regulations, policies & procedures Assessments - workplace Assessments - workplace Assessments - workplace WBAs EPAs EPA forms ITAs Assessments - College-administered Assessments - College-administered Assessments - College-administered Results, timetables, fees MCQ Exam Essay-Style Exam OSCE Psychotherapy Written Case Scholarly Project Training program documents Training program documents Training program forms Training program forms Program administration Program administration Training news Training news Admission to Fellowship Admission to Fellowship Overseas specialists Overseas specialists Overseas specialists Specialist pathway to Fellowship Applying for specialist assessment Substantial Comparability Placement Partial Comparability Placement Area of Need positions New Zealand registration Additional training, experience and exams Forms and documents Changes and news Support programs Extensions, breaks and reviews Admission to Fellowship Specialist Specified Training Assessor and supervisor training Overseas Trained Psychiatrists Representative Committee For assessors and supervisors For assessors and supervisors Practice & education Events Events Events Congress Learnit - e-learning platform Learnit - e-learning platform Presentations Presentations Guidelines and resources for practice Guidelines and resources for practice Guidelines and resources for practice RANZCP Journals RANZCP Journals Journal and e-book library Journal and e-book library E-learning E-learning Private practice resources Private practice resources Research in psychiatry Research in psychiatry Education publications and reports Education publications and reports Rural psychiatry Rural psychiatry Indigenous mental health Indigenous mental health Telehealth in psychiatry Telehealth in psychiatry Support for members Support for members Mentoring Mentoring Refresher and remediation programs Refresher and remediation programs For health services For health services Specialist Training Program Specialist Training Program Jobs in psychiatry Jobs in psychiatry Useful online resources Useful online resources News & policy Policy, submissions and reports Policy, submissions and reports News News Media Centre Media Centre Psyche newsletter Psyche newsletter Report navigator Report navigator Mental health advice You are at: HomeNotifications Forgotten user ID Forgotten your user ID? Your RANZCP website User ID is the same as your RANZCP Member/CPD number. This number appears on your Member Advantage Card, as well as on College correspondence such as your annual subscription notice or annual training fee notice. If you cannot locate your Member/CPD number, you can contact the College by email on firstname.lastname@example.com, or by telephone on: 1800 337 448 (toll-free within Australia) 0800 443 827 (toll-free within New Zealand) +61 (0)3 9640 0646 (from all other countries)


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The Jaycees' Swimming Pool
For about fifteen years, it was one of the best places to be when the weather was hot and you needed cooling down. Sixty years ago this summer, the Dublin Junior Chamber of Commerce, known as the Jaycees, opened a pool at the western end of Stubbs Park. Beginning on July 7, 1951 and ending about the year 1966, when social conditions in Dublin and around the South precipitated its closing, the Jaycees' Pool was a place where fond memories were made.
One of the first operators of the pool was Dublin High football coach, Tom Stewart, and his wife Peggy, who ran the concession stands. "In the summer when my daddy ran the pool, he hired life guards, taught swimming lessons, and drained, cleaned, and refilled it once a week," recalled Karen Stewart Haggard. "It took all night to refill it and I loved to go with him to check on it as he would let me get in the half full pool," Haggard remembered. Barbara Smith recalled the times she helped Mrs. Stewart in the concession stand where you could buy a drink and a snack for less than a quarter.
Among the first lifeguards who Coach Stewart hired were Billy Eberhardt and Donnie Hooks in the summers of 1956, 1957 and 1958. Of one of Hooks' most distinct memories was the 60 feet by 120 feet pool itself. (Now covered by a thinning layer of a black asphalted, abandoned tennis court) "It did not have a filtration system," Hooks said in commenting on why the water had to be replaced every week. "We would open the valves on Wednesday night. On Thursday night when it was refilling, we would throw 10 to 20 chlorine tablets in the pool and then had to check the chlorine levels during the week," Hooks mentioned. "It usually took four or five of us to clean and the helpers got to swim for the next week free. I would call the city water department to let them know that we were going to fill the pool. They would have to turn on additional pumps to refill the big water tank that was behind the gym. We would swim sometime when the pool was refilling. The pipe that came into the pool would shoot water almost across the width of the pool," the former lifeguard fondly reminisced.
Dr. Nelson Carswell was one of the lifeguards on the first day of the pool's operation. Glenn Carswell always thought the lifeguards were cute. In fact, she married one, Dr. Carswell's brother "Tunk."
Stephanie Miller remembered the good times at the summer camp held in and around the pool and the Shanty across the creek. "Dublin teens taught us to swim in the old pool and we did crafts and all kinds of fun stuff," Miller recollected. Mary Lewis and Barbara Lewis Barroso looked back to the Frank Lewis method of swimming lessons when their father threw them into the deep end and watched them swim back, reaching out to the protection of the side of the pool. There's even a surviving home movie to prove it.
There were some unpleasant memories too. Barbara Bussell Kawulich, as a younger child, was scared of the big pool. She preferred the "kiddie pool" located a few hundred yards to the east in the heart of Stubbs Park. She was not too happy when she was told that she was too big for the little pool. Barbara also remembered when her infant sister Bonny Bedingfield fell into the deep end. Her mother, Hazel Bussell, couldn't swim. But, when she saw her daughter about to drown, she jumped right in. Coming to the rescue was June Adams and other ladies to help Mrs. Bussell and Bonny out of danger.
Without a doubt, Tricia Fleming had the darkest tan of all the regular pool goers. Lavern Wright remembered lifeguard Gary King, whose father managed the pool, having the darkest tan she ever saw. "He told us he put crisco on his skin," Lavern recalled.
Donna Hall Wilder remembered the large bags of crushed ice for the ice house that her mom, Fonnie Hall, and her dad, Andrew Hall, would pick up before opening the pool during their tenure as managers. "I remember loving the smell of the chlorine they used every night after they closed. At night when the pool was open, bats would be chasing bugs from the lights and diving for water from the pool, A couple of times the bats would get caught in the guys shirts when they were diving," Donna remembered.
Andy Hall went swimming every day. He remembered Tricia Fleming's tan too. So did Lawrence Hall, who spent most of his swimming days in the colder water at Rock Springs near his home. Andy cherished the times that he spent with his fellow teens hanging out at the pool. "There was a concession stand to pay as you entered. You could buy drinks in a cup, candy, cookies and chips. There was a juke box. Some would do the "Peppermint Twist" to the music," Andy said.
Gene Hall Pope, who worked as a life guard during her parents tenure along with Cooter Ballard and Louie Blue, most distinct memories were the cute boys who came to the pool.
As for the best diver, the consensus number one choice was the late George Walker. Andy Hall recalled, "George Walker could do a triple flip off the diving board. The most I could do was a cannon ball, jack knife, or a belly flop." Randy Hester fondly recalled the time that he, George Walker, and a bus load of kids went from the pool to Warner Robins Air Force Base to participate in a swim meet. "I must have been 10 or 11 and didn't even tell my mom I was going. I lived behind Central Elementary School and had walked down to the pool and they asked me to go so I went! She thought I was at the pool all day, but back then you didn't worry about the kids until after dark because everybody looked after everybody."
Roy Hall, no close relation to the Hall family who operated the pool in the 1960s, counts as his most vivid recollection of the pool was going with his grandmother, who frequently took a mess of peas or butterbeans to shell as Roy swam and played in the cool, blue-tinted water. Roy loved the slides and the diving boards, but was terrified of being sucked into any one of the two square drains at the bottom of the deep end. "It was the sound of kids laughing and playing and sight of water splashing all around that made those days we spent in the warm sunshine so wonderful and carefree," Hall recalled.
Then. about 45 years ago, like most good things, it all came to end. Suddenly it was gone, leaving us to find another pool to swim in. Things were never quite the same as they were those fifteen or so summers and they never will be. It was a time of love and hate, a time of war and peace, and a time when we were all true to our pool. It was a time when our music and most people were good. It was a time when both Elvis and the Beatles were still kids, and a time when we walked everywhere or rode our bicycles. Yes, we cruised through the hamburger stands, raced down long, dark roads, and danced until midnight. Even some us went to the library without telling our daddies.
Lately, some of my Facebook friends and I have been thinking that all our fun was all through now. But, we still have our fond memories of the days when the skies were all sunshine, the water was so, so cool and clear, and friends were all around us. It was our party and we had fun, fun, fun, until they took our swimming pool away.

subset: commoncrawl


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I actually started receiving practically in all games. Valcurdra summed it up pretty good.
By now I also kick first if possible against Bash. Against Scorer-Teams I would say it depends. You can't see the roster, but you have an idea depending on their players and TV what you're up against.
For example, with my skavens against Wood-Elves... good chance to get nummerical advantage and no good going for a to fast TD, I'd rather keep my guys together to have some safety from their Wardancers. So I go Receive, score lately if possible and be aggresive on the ball-carrier with some risks and hopefully more players on the pitch in the second half. If I mess up badly in second half he scores last turn. If I do good, I can force him to score early. When it's great I manage to obtain the ball.
Against High-Elves, I'd rather go kick. Defending with a full squad against them isn't easy, but you get
a) a decent chance to get the ball
b) your LOS players are in no great danger
c) you can score even late in 1st half (I normally have a 1TTD player)
d) control the second drive
To kick or not to kick
Your rosters, your strategies, advice, etc.
- GreedyGutter
- Posts: 26
- Joined: 10 October 2015, 00:35
Re: To kick or not to kick
Worth mentioning the wizard too, which can be a game changer. If I have a wizard then I will sometime receive when otherwise I would kick, as it keeps the threat alive for longer. See also: Chainsaw
President of the NAF, the global Blood Bowl players' organisation (thenaf.net)
- HC Vanselow
- Posts: 10
- Joined: 19 August 2011, 09:48
Re: To kick or not to kick
I'm from the school of kick and the first lineman on most of my teams gets the skill automatically. My Killadelfia Jinxers (Underworld) in the FOL are juggling between putting kick on a Goblin or Skaven Linerat ??? Putting it on the second Thrower crossed my mind, yet there's so many more important skills for them to choose from.
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text:
Mac OS X Dashboard Widgets Top One Thousand
Apple today announced that Dashboard, a widely acclaimed feature in its Mac OS version 10.4 \"Tiger\" operating system, now has over 1,000 widgets available at www.apple.com/uk/downloads/dashboard/, with dozens more being added every day and many more available from other web sites. Widgets provide Mac users with dazzling new ways to instantly access important information from weather forecasts and stock quotes to traffic conditions and the latest news stories. Tiger is Apple's fastest selling OS release ever and developer support for Tiger has been incredible.
"Dashboard is a runaway hit,\" said Philip Schiller, Apple's senior vice president of Worldwide Product Marketing. \"With over a thousand widgets to choose from, users can customise their Dashboards to do almost anything."


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Print Membership Card
Print Membership Card
To view the member cards you will need Adobe PDF Reader. Click here to download the reader.
This search will return data from the USDF database as of 5 p.m. Eastern Standard Time the previous business day. A membership submitted online can take up to three business days to appear in this database. A membership received via regular US mail can take up to 10 business days to appear in this database.
If you are unsure of the spelling of the name you are searching for, type in the first five letters of the name. Entering fewer than five letters will return only exact matches for that name.
USDF is not responsible for any errors or omissions in the data. If you find errors in your records, please email the membership department with your full name and USDF membership number. Please allow three business days for corrections.


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The master's degree in history will equip students to pursue a doctorate in history; to teach at the public school or college level; or to engage in historic preservation, public history, records management, or other related careers. Students who successfully complete the master's degree in history will have acquired an advanced knowledge of historiography, substantial experience with interpreting primary documents, knowledge of the research and writing process as used by historians, and an ability to communicate historical information and ideas effectively.
Admission to the program requires six hours of undergraduate history in any area. Students who lack six undergraduate history hours will be required to take those hours before beginning graduate study.
The 37-hour degree provides maximum flexibility, with many choices of course topics to total 27 hours and two additional specifically mandated courses: historical methods (online only) and a one-hour comprehensive exam at the culmination of the program. Students may choose to complete a thesis or take two additional courses to total 37 hours for the degree.
Students may choose from a variety of topics courses in American, European, and world history, including regional, environmental, science and technology, warfare and culture, and gender and ethnic minority history. The program also offers participants choices from Baptist, church and biblical history courses through the School of Religion and Philosophy.
The flexibility of the MA in history extends to the format, with students choosing traditional, face-to-face classes on the Plainview campus, OR a completely online delivery format, OR a combination of the two. Both face-to-face and online courses will be offered in four 11-week terms each year, following the Virtual Campus calendar. The face-to-face classes will meet on Friday nights and all day Saturday on four weekends spread across the 11 weeks.
Admission Requirements (in addition to those listed for all graduate students): Students must have six hours of undergraduate history prior to beginning graduate study.
Course Requirements: 37 hours, including a three-hour core course in historical methods, 27 hours of graduate-level history courses, a one-hour comprehensive exam, and either a thesis or six additional hours of coursework.
• Students who plan to pursue a doctorate should be aware that doctoral programs require competency in two foreign languages. Such students should take the thesis route in the Masters to prepare them for writing a doctoral dissertation.
• Students must take the comprehensive exam (HIST 5100) during the last semester of their program and score a minimum of 80 on it in order to earn the degree. This course may be taken along with one other course, as long as that course is not historical methods.
• Students may take any "studies in" course more than once for credit if the topic is different each time.
• Students should take HIST 5301 (historical methods) as early in their program as possible.


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Group Exercise Classes
The Y offers a wide variety of Group Exercise classes which are free with membership. Explore the class options below and check out the schedules at your local Y for days and times.
|Advanced Step
|Cardio Salsa
|Hi-Lo Aerobics
|Beginner Step
|Dance Aerobics
|Cardio Interval
|Drums Alive®
|Cardio Kickboxing
|Hip Hop Aerobics
|Trampoline Fitness
Cardio Strength
|BOSU® Cardio
|Interval Training
|Total Body Conditioning
|Circuit Training
|Punk Rope®
|Interval Step
|BOSU® Balance
|IMX® Pilates Mat
|MVe® Chair Pilates
|Core Training
|Stability Ball
Mind Body
Martial Arts
|Muay Thai
|Seido Karate
|Tae Kwon Do
Active Older Adults (AOA)
|AOA Aerobics
|AOA Interval Training
|Arthritis Foundation PACE
|Zumba Gold®
|AOA Chair Exercise
|AOA Sit and Sculpt
|Arthritis Foundation Tai Chi
|Cardio Circuit
Muscular Strength &
Range of Movement
Water Exercise
|Aqua Exercise
|Aqua Zumba®
Arthritis Foundation
YMCA Aquatic Program
|Water Workout
|Aqua Jog
Class Descriptions
Advanced Step
This high intensity workout is filled with advanced choreography that uses every angle of the step platform. Prior step training experience is advised.
Beginner Step
A class utilizing step platforms, incorporating various up and down stepping patterns in a low impact setting
Cardio Interval
High intensity cardio alternated with recovery periods of lower cardio intensity.
Cardio Kickboxing
This high energy class blends athletic drills with martial arts to create an intense cardiovascular workout.
Cardio Salsa
A cardiovascular workout which combines the rhythm and footwork of Latin dance in a traditional aerobic class format.
Dance Aerobics
A rhythmic choreographed aerobic workout that provides a challenging and fun workout.
Drums Alive®
Using rhythm as the source of inspiration to discover a new group fitness experience Drums Alive® combines the benefits of a traditional physical fitness program with the brain affected benefits of music and rhythm. Drums Alive® is a program that fosters a healthy balance physically, mentally, emotionally and socially! Join a class and experience how it provides an element of fun and creative expression
Hi-Lo Aerobics
An energizing workout that combines both high and low impact movements. Modifications will be shown so participants can choose their own levels of intensity and impact.
Hip Hop Aerobics
A cardiovascular workout using urban upbeat Hip Hop music. This class teaches step by step movements with fun choreography, so you can get your feet moving and your heart pumping.
A great cardio workout of simulated road bike riding to energizing music, appropriate for all fitness levels. You can adjust your workout to match your personal level. The instructors will lead you on a ride designed to improve your fitness on a variety of levels.
A great cardio workout for all fitness levels. Using an aerobic step with or without risers, class members step up and down to the music giving a complete upper and lower body.
Trampoline Fitness
A unique exercise workout to music utilizing individual mini-trampolines which allow for a low impact aerobic workout while being gentle on the knees, hips, and lower back. Beginners welcome.
ZUMBA is a fusion of Latin and International music, utilizing dance themes that create a dynamic, exciting, effective fitness program. The routines feature aerobic training with a combination of fast and slow rhythms that tone and sculpt the body.
Designed exclusively for kids (ages 4-12), Zumbatomic classes are rockin', high-energy fitness-parties packed with specially choreographed, kid-friendly routines and all the music kids love, like hip-hop, reggaeton, cumbia and more.
Cardio Strength
Boot Camp
An efficient circuit training workout that challenges your entire body, utilizing calisthenics such as pushups, jumping jacks, crunches and other body weight exercises.
BOSU® Cardio
Challenge your coordination and functional strength like never before with BOSU ball training. BOSU will provide a complete workout—total body strength, cardio and balance training—like you have never experienced before.
Circuit Training
An efficient and challenging form of conditioning which develops strength, endurance, flexibility, and coordination utilizing a variety of exercises and workout stations
Interval Step
An explosive cross training workout combining step training with intervals of strength and endurance training
Interval Training
Supercharge your fitness with this challenging class of high speed, high intensity work alternated with recovery periods of low intensity.
This is a total body workout that blends highly effective techniques for improving muscular endurance, total body coordinated movements and cardiovascular conditioning. Each movement and progression is taught with an emphasis on safety, highlighting essential body alignment. Take your body to the next level with Kettlebell training!
A high energy class which combines muscle conditioning with kickboxing combinations of punches and kicks in a variety of drills and exercises.
Punk Rope®
A high energy, fun fitness class, combining rope jumping with a wide variety of creative conditioning drills. Beginners are welcome and ropes are provided.
Total Body Conditioning
A full body workout designed to strengthen and tone the upper and lower body using an assortment of fitness equipment.
This program will change the way you train. By combining strength and cardio training into specialized, challenging small group-oriented workouts, you will do more work, burn more calories and push your fitness to new levels. It's not just about training harder, it's about training smarter. Each workout is specifically sequenced to safely and effectively challenge you for real results.
BOSU® Balance
A unique exercise class utilizing a multi-dimensional training device that integrates core training, functional sports training and balance training
Core Training
This class focuses on abdominal, back and core muscle training and stabilization to improve the body's overall functional strength.
IMX® Pilates Mat
IM=X Stands for Integrated Movement Xercise. It's an elite fitness formula that combines muscle toning and lengthening benefits of Pilates with elements of strength and cardio training to increase flexibility, endurance and muscle tone, while strengthening the core.
Mat Pilates
Based on original Pilates techniques, this class is designed to restore muscular balance, improve posture, helps prevent injury and build strength and flexibility. All levels welcome.
MVe® Chair Pilates
A new equipment-based group exercise class uniting Pilates and group exercise. This workout combines strength, balance, endurance and core stability while working on the Pilates MVe (Maximum Versatility exercise) chair. These workouts are fun, energetic and produce great results. It's a total body workout set to upbeat music!
Stability Ball
Learn how to use your core more effectively and focus on strength training using stability balls.
Is an essential component of fitness that is often neglected or left out in preference for developing other areas of fitness. This class uses a variety of stretching methods to gradually increase muscle strength and extend the range of movement at the joints. This may help prevent injury and improve performance of health and sports related activities.
Mind Body
Gentle Yoga
Designed to teach basic yoga postures that will enhance flexibility, strength and balance and promote relaxation.
Hatha Yoga
A yoga class that integrates postures, breathing exercises, relaxation, and meditation to stretch, strengthen, and condition. All levels are welcome.
Iyengar Yoga
A form of yoga known for precision, alignment and a focus on individual postures and their therapeutic benefits. Iyengar yoga promote quiet, an inward focus, and a heightened consciousness.
Kundalini Yoga
A system of yoga exercise and meditation that promotes health, happiness, and spiritual awareness, combining breathing, movement, stretching, and sound.
A free-flowing movement class to stimulating music that combines elements of tai-chi, yoga and dance. Individual expression is encouraged to achieve physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual fitness and well being.
Power Yoga
A more athletic-based yoga class with challenging movements.
Prenatal Yoga
Expectant mothers will learn to stretch, strengthen, focus and relax. This class will help prepare you physically and mentally for the experience of childbirth.
Tai Chi
An ancient form of mind body exercise that uses purposeful, slow movements in a form of meditative exercise for relaxation, health and self defense.
Vinyasa Yoga
Flowing sequences of yoga poses linked together by an emphasis on breathing technique.
Will Power & Grace®
This is a dynamic fusion of the fitness industry's most popular and most effective group exercise program. This workout is the ideal cardiovascular solution for mind-body practitioners. It's equipment –free; barefoot and infused with positive, strengthening philosophy. This class is a strong and focused program for students of all levels.
A combination of both Yoga and Pilates movements. Exercises are performed both seated and standing. All levels welcome.
Martial Arts
This exciting Brazilian martial arts class combines music, dance, and traditional movements. The goal is to increase flexibility, balance, agility and overall coordination and strengthen mental and physical concentration.
This class offers a comprehensive program of movement, self-defense and meditation. Regular participation develops strength, agility, flexibility and coordination along with focus and peace of mind.
Muay Thai
Muay Thai is based on Thailand's simple and effective stand-up fighting style. This class will teach the techniques and traditions and of this unique Martial Arts practice.
Seido Karate
A form of karate to develop physical conditioning, mental awareness and self-defense strategies. Students will learn to develop speed, power, focus and balance.
Tae Kwon Do
A Korean martial art similar to karate, Tae Kwon Do emphasizes kicking, striking and blocking as applied to the art of self-defense. This traditional training style teaches self-defense, physical fitness, reduces stress, and helps participants gain increased confidence, mental focus, and heightened self-awareness.
African Dance
Learn traditional African dances, rhythms, and songs from Senegal and Guinea, West Africa. Class warm-up includes working on core strength, flexibility, stamina, and rhythmic sensibility. This is a multi-level class; advanced beginner level dancers and up.
Afro Jazz
A fun and energenic mix of African, Jazz and Modern Dance
A beginner technique class that places emphasis and attention on alignment and placement of the body.
Ballroom Dancing
Learn the basics of ballroom including fox trot, waltz, swing, cha-cha, rumba, tango, and more in beginner level classes. Hard-soled shoes preferred. Intermediate and Advanced level classes are designed for students with solid working knowledge of ballroom dance. Partner preferred but not necessary.
Belly Dancing
A dance movement class that focuses on the core muscles, emphasizing muscular isolations. Dance to Middle Eastern rhythms while learning traditional movements and combinations.
Club Dancing
The rhythm and energy of a night club in a dance class. Different dance styles are combined for beginning and advanced dancers alike. Exciting beats give you freedom of motion and spirit, as well as a great workout.
Modern Dance
A more relaxed, free style of dance utilizing emotions and moods to design individual steps and movements. It has a deliberate use of gravity which strives to be light and airy.
Salsa Fusion
A moderate to high energy class with Latin moves from Merengue, Cumbia, Samba, and Salsa mixed in with aerobic steps.
Learn to tap dance in this class that teaches musical phrasing and the complexity of rhythms with less emphasis on visual impact and more on "making melodies" with the feet. Tap is typically danced to jazz-style music such as Swing, Big Band, Bebop, Funk and Latin.
Active Older Adults (AOA)
AOA Aerobics
A kinder, gentler aerobic workout appropriate for older adults, beginning exercise participants and pre/post-natal women who would like to include a low-intensity, low-impact workout in their fitness plans. Each class includes an aerobic conditioning and stretching segment. Music for this class may include big band, classical, swing, country and oldies but goodies.
AOA Chair Exercise
Get fit while you sit in this chair exercise class that involves a combination of aerobic activity, strength building and stretching. Suitable for all ages and levels.
AOA Interval Training
A more intense workout class combining higher intensity with alternating periods of recovery combining step training, and exercises with hand weights.
AOA Sit and Sculpt
Upper, lower & core conditioning while utilizing chair for support.
Arthritis Foundation PACE
People with Arthritis Can Exercise; the ideal beginning exercise class for individuals with arthritis.
Arthritis Foundation Tai Chi
A form of meditative exercise using purposeful, slow movements for relaxation, health and self defense specifically designed for individuals with arthritis.
Zumba Gold®
Using the Zumba® formula this class modifies the moves and pace to suit the needs of the active older participant, as well as those just starting their journey to a fit and healthy lifestyle. This class incorporates Latin music, such as salsa, merengue, cumbia and reggaeton. Come experience this exhilarating and easy-to-follow class.
Cardio Circuit
Combine fun with fitness to increase your cardiovascular and muscular endurance power with a standing circuit workout. Upper body strength work with hand-held weights, elastic tubing with handles and a ball is alternated with non-impact aerobic choreography. A chair is offered for support, stretching and relaxation exercises.
Muscular Strength & Range of Movement
Have fun and move to the music through a variety of exercises designed to increase muscular strength, range of movement, and activity for daily living skills. Hand-held weights, elastic tubing with handles, and a ball are offered for resistance; and a chair is used for seated and/or standing support.
Activate your aqua exercise urge for variety with SilverSplash®, offering a fun variety of shallow water moves to improve agility, flexibility and cardiovascular endurance. No swimming ability is required, and a special SilverSneakers® kickboard is used to develop strength, balance and coordination.
Will move your whole body through a complete series of seated and standing yoga poses. Chair support is offered to safely perform a variety of postures designed to increase flexibility, balance and range of movement. Restorative breathing exercises and a final relaxation will promote stress reduction and mental clarity.
Water Exercise
Aqua Exercise
An instructional class of aerobic movements performed in the water, to improve body conditioning, cardiovascular fitness, and flexibility.
Aqua Jog
A unique exercise class that takes place in the water, utilizing floatation devices to allow "jogging" in deep water.
Aqua Zumba®
Integrating the Zumba formula and philosophy with traditional aqua fitness disciplines, the Aqua Zumba class blends it all together into a safe, challenging, water-based workout that's cardio-conditioning, body-toning, and most of all, exhilarating beyond belief.
Arthritis Foundation YMCA Aquatic Program
This class is intended to decrease pain and/or stiffness, improve or maintain joint flexibility, increase muscle strength, improve coordination and endurance, and give participants an overall sense of well being. Class is performed in shallow water.
Water Workout
A high energy, non-impact water aerobic class including strength training and stretching.


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Substitute Senate Bill No. 182
Public Act No. 14-106
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Assembly convened:
Section 1. Section 10a-151b of the 2014 supplement to the general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective July 1, 2014):
(a) Notwithstanding the provisions of chapter 58, and sections 4-98, 4a-4, 4a-5, 4a-6, 4d-2, and 4d-5 to the contrary, a chief executive officer may purchase equipment, supplies and contractual services, execute personal service agreements, as defined in section 4-212, or lease personal property compatible, where relevant, with standards for computer architecture established by the Department of Administrative Services, without the approval of the Comptroller, the Secretary of the Office of Policy and Management or the Commissioner of Administrative Services, provided the chief executive officer consults with the commissioner and such purchases are made in accordance with this section and in accordance with policies which are (1) adopted by the board of trustees of the constituent unit after reasonable opportunity for interested persons to present their views, and (2) subject to section 4-175. For purposes of this section, "chief executive officer" means the chief executive officer of a constituent unit of the state system of higher education or the chief executive officer of an institution within the jurisdiction of such a constituent unit. The provisions of sections 4-212 to 4-219, inclusive, and section 9 of public act 93-336 shall not apply to personal service agreements executed pursuant to this section.
(b) Purchases made pursuant to this section shall be based, when possible, on competitive bids or competitive negotiation. Such chief executive officer shall solicit competitive bids or proposals by sending notice to prospective suppliers and by posting notice on a public bulletin board in such officer's office. Such notice shall contain a notice of state contract requirements pursuant to section 4a-60. Each bid or proposal shall be kept sealed until opened publicly at the time stated in the notice soliciting such bid or proposal. Sealed bids or proposals shall include bids or proposals sealed within an envelope or maintained within a safe and secure electronic environment until such time as they are publicly opened. If the amount of the expenditure is estimated to exceed fifty thousand dollars, not later than five calendar days before the final date of submitting competitive bids or proposals, competitive bids or proposals shall be solicited by public notice posted on the Internet. All purchases fifty thousand dollars or less in amount shall be made in the open market, but shall, when possible, be based on at least three competitive quotations. If desired by the constituent unit, competitive quotations may include quotations submitted to the constituent unit within a safe and secure electronic environment. The constituent unit shall not refuse to consider a bid, proposal or quotation because it is not submitted electronically.
(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, [to the contrary,] competitive bidding or competitive negotiation is not required in the case of (1) minor purchases of ten thousand dollars or less in amount, (2) purchases made pursuant to subsection (k) of this section, (3) emergency purchases, or (4) agricultural purchases of dairy products, poultry, farm-raised seafood, beef, pork, lamb, eggs, fruits, vegetables or other farm products in an amount of fifty thousand dollars or less. Whenever an emergency exists by reason of extraordinary conditions or contingencies that could not reasonably be foreseen and guarded against, or because of unusual trade or market conditions, the chief executive officer may, if it is for the best interest of the state, make purchases without competitive bidding. A statement of all emergency purchases made under the provisions of this subsection shall be set forth in the annual report of the chief executive officer. The chief executive officer, when making an agricultural purchase in accordance with subdivision (4) of this subsection, shall give preference to dairy products, poultry, farm-raised seafood, beef, pork, lamb, eggs, fruits, vegetables or other farm products grown or produced in this state when such products, poultry, farm-raised seafood, beef, pork, lamb, eggs, fruits or vegetables are comparable in cost to other dairy products, poultry, eggs, fruits or vegetables being considered for purchase by the chief executive officer that have not been grown or produced in this state.
(d) Nothing in this section shall exempt a constituent unit or chief executive officer from complying with the provisions of sections 4a-60 and 4a-61.
(e) No person, firm or corporation disqualified pursuant to section 4a-52a, or by the Commissioner of Administrative Services pursuant to section 4a-63 from bidding on contracts with the Department of Administrative Services may bid pursuant to this section.
(f) A chief executive officer who enters into a contract under this section [which] that fails to meet the requirements of this section shall be personally liable for the costs of such contract and such contract shall be void and of no effect. Any amount paid under such contract may be recovered from such chief executive officer by the state in a civil action.
(g) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent a chief executive officer from participating in a contract for the purchase of equipment, supplies or services with the Department of Administrative Services pursuant to chapter 58.
(h) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent a constituent unit from entering into a corporate sponsorship agreement which contains provisions for the barter of goods and services, provided such agreement is entered into in accordance with policies and procedures governing such agreements adopted pursuant to subsection (a) of this section.
(i) For the period from July 1, 2002, to June 30, 2006, inclusive, any funds or revenues collected from ticket sales by the contractor hired by Western Connecticut State University to operate and manage its O'Neill Center, shall not be deemed to be state funds for the purposes of sections 4-32 and 4-33 and may be deposited in the contractor's account for a period of time not to exceed forty days, during which time the contractor shall pay all expenses related to the event for which the tickets were sold and make an accounting of the portion of the funds to be remitted to the university, and then remit such funds to the university pursuant to the terms of the contract. Upon receipt of such funds, the university shall deposit such funds in accordance with the provisions of sections 4-32 and 4-33.
(j) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of this section, a chief executive officer may not extend a contract with a value of fifty thousand dollars or more per year to perform janitorial, building maintenance, security or food and beverage services unless: (1) Such contract is in effect on May 1, 2005; (2) such extension is for a period of one year from the date such contract would otherwise expire; and (3) any such extension includes any applicable increase in the standard wage and the payroll burden to administer the standard wage, as established by the Labor Department.
(k) The chief executive officer of a constituent unit may purchase, or make expenditures related to the development of, any technology, product or process for the purpose of testing such technology, product or process in the operation of the constituent unit on a trial basis, if (1) such technology, product or process (A) is part of or related to a research program at the constituent unit, (B) has the potential, as determined by the chief executive officer, to provide economic benefit to the state, (C) will not adversely affect the safety of any individual, and (D) has potential for commercialization, and (2) the chief executive officer has received a recommendation to test such technology, product or process from a constituent unit committee whose membership includes the chief purchasing official, the chief academic officer and the chief economic development officer for the constituent unit, or their designees.
(l) The chief executive officer of a constituent unit that purchases or makes expenditures related to the development of any technology, product or process for the purpose of testing such technology, product or process in the operation of the constituent unit on a trial basis, pursuant to subsection (k) of this section, shall, not later than January first of the year following such purchase or expenditure, submit a report, on the number of times such constituent unit tested such technology, product or process during the last twelve months, or if such tests are not complete, will test such technology, product or process in the next twelve months, to the joint standing committees of the General Assembly having cognizance of matters relating to higher education and commerce, in accordance with section 11-4a.
(m) The chief executive officer of a constituent unit may join with a federal agency, another state government, political subdivision of this state or private or nonprofit organization in a cooperative purchasing plan when the best interests of the state would be served by such plan.
(n) The state, through the chief executive officer of a constituent unit, may purchase equipment, supplies, materials and services from a person who has a contract to sell such property or services to another state government, political subdivision of this state, nonprofit organization or private or public purchasing consortium, in accordance with the terms and conditions of such contract.
Approved June 6, 2014


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Dell's Continued Software Innovation Empowers Customers to Tackle BYOD, Big Data and Security Concerns
- Dell EMM provides unified BYOD security and management
- Dell's Connected Security gets "more connected"
- Toad Business Intelligence and analytics solutions unlock greater insights
- New data protection solutions deliver scale, speed and ease of use
- New SaaS solution for application performance monitoring improves performance of web and mobile applications
Dell Software today announced technology innovations that address a host of pressing IT challenges. New solutions and technology integrations within Dell's mobility/BYOD offerings provide customers the tools to increase workforce productivity, while also ensuring secure control over corporate assets. Continued integration of Dell's network security and identity and access management technologies further enhances security for users, regardless of location or access need, while Dell's modern business intelligence and analytics solutions are helping universities simplify their complex data environments. Two key enhancements to its data protection portfolio round out Dell's newest innovations aimed at keeping corporate assets safe, and the business agile and profitable.
Enterprise Mobility Management
Dell is building on earlier announcements with a unified solution that provides mobile device management (MDM), mobile application management (MAM), mobile content management (MCM), and a Secure Remote Access gateway (SonicWALL/SRA) to establish secure endpoints.
Engineered together, these components comprise Dell's end-to-end Enterprise Mobility Management solution, supporting enterprise customers' biggest challenges in dealing with "Bring your own" or "Choose your own" environments. This offering blends world class security technologies, new digital workspace applications and a flexible deployment model with mobility services to help expedite time to value. Dell EMM provides IT with a comprehensive management experience to configure and define security and compliance policies for iOS and Android smartphones; Windows, Android and iOS tablets; Linux, Mac and Windows laptops and desktops; as well as thin and zero cloud clients.
- Today, companies use separate, often disjointed products for security, network services, software and hardware management across multiple OS platforms
- With Dell EMM, customers can take advantage of an integrated mobility solution for secure endpoint management of devices and workspaces, while ensuring an excellent user experience
- Dell EMM includes strategic IP from Dell SonicWALL, Dell Credant, Dell KACE and Dell Wyse to address security and encryption, policy management, user self-service and compliance reporting requirements. The result is a comprehensive mobile enablement solution that elevates data security and mobile workforce productivity
- Dell EMM has interwoven secure remote access from SonicWALL SRA (Secure Remote Access) and encryption from Dell Data Protection| Encryption to ensure elevated protection and lowest risk exposure
- Dell EMM also includes Dell Data Protection I Virtual Edition, a virtual management server and console app for VMware that allows customers to quickly and easily deploy and manage end point protection
- Dell EMM features container-based workspace apps to ease BYOD management and secure adoption. For employee-owned smartphones and tablets, Dell™ Mobile Workspace gives users secure access to corporate data and productivity tools, including email, calendar, contacts, secure mobile browser and secure local file explorer. For employee-owned PCs and Macs, Dell™ Desktop Workspace provides a secure Microsoft Windows image that can be integrated seamlessly with existing IT infrastructures
- For corporate-owned devices, Dell delivers a secure, managed environment for all endpoints, enabling customers to view all their devices and simplify systems management
- Dell EMM will be sold as an annual software subscription license starting in Q1 2014 in the US and Canada
Dell's comprehensive Connected Security portfolio offers a breadth of security solutions to connect and protect customers from endpoint to datacenter to cloud. Solutions easily scale with customers' business, and provide a depth of features that outperform point-product offerings. At this year's Dell World Conference, Dell announces continued innovation and progress on its Connected Security strategy with the following milestones:
- Dell SonicWALL's network security, secure mobile access, and email security solutions combine to contribute greater information to Dell SonicWALL's Global Response Intelligent Defense (GRID) Network, which gathers input from millions of sensors and informs actionable defenses against the increasingly connected threat approaches that are exploiting vectors across multiple threat categories today
- The integration of Dell™ Enterprise Single Sign-on with the Dell™ Mobile Clinical Computing solution provides enterprise single sign-on capabilities optimized for the unique needs of healthcare environments
- The integration of Dell™ Defender and Dell™ SonicWALL Secure Remote Access simplifies deployment of two-factor authentication with the Secure Sockets Layer virtual private network (SSL VPN)
- The new integration between Defender and Dell Cloud provides two-factor authentication for administrators managing Dell cloud instances
- The connection of the Dell KACE K1000 Systems Management Appliance with technology from Dell™ Authentication Services streamlines operations by enabling Active Directory-based single sign-on for KACE end users and administrators, who now can use a single credential and password to log in to Active Directory just once
- The recently announced Dell™ InTrust 10.7 integration with Dell SecureWorks enriches SIEM with intelligent data feeds that capture crucial aspects of user activity on Windows systems, detecting internal threats in less time and with less overhead
- The connection of Privileged Password Manager and Privileged Access Suite for Unix with the new InTrust enables organizations to correlate a user's privileged activity with their general user activity for a full picture of what they are doing with their access
- All security product integrations/connections and updates are available now
Dell™ Toad™ Business Intelligence Suite is part of Dell's Software's Information Management portfolio, which makes it possible for organizations to simplify complex data environments and unlock the power of information. Toad Business Intelligence Suite empowers both technical and non-technical users to easily access, prepare, analyze and share data from almost any source to improve decision-making, and maximize the value of the organization's existing IT and business intelligence investments. The suite includes Toad Intelligence Central, which allows users to combine data across multiple sources, locations and formats, and then collaborate on logical data views through two desktop tools: Toad™ Data Point for analytic data provisioners, and Toad™ Decision Point for business analysts.
- Higher Education is an example of one industry that is using data to transform itself. Because educational institutions constantly struggle to connect to all of their disparate data sources ─ and simplify business intelligence ─ they need to gain a complete picture of their data to enable the best possible decision-making
- Notable universities deploying Toad Business Intelligence Suite to alleviate this challenge include Kennesaw State University and Concordia University
- At Kennesaw, Toad Business Intelligence Suite regularly saves HR teams up to 20 hours per week on data provisioning and validation, and increases reporting productivity threefold while empowering administrators to make faster, more informed decisions
- At Concordia University, the solution improved productivity for both technical and non-technical users by providing the right tool for the right user
- Toad Business Intelligence Suite is available worldwide, and has been proven across many different verticals
Data Protection
Dell Software continues to invest heavily in its data protection portfolio to address the evolving needs of mid-size and large enterprises. Few tasks plague organizations more than backup, as poor performance, overwhelming complexity, and lack of scalability remain huge challenges. Dell now offers a portfolio of solutions that address those challenges, enabling organizations to speed backups and restores, scale their backup to match their business needs, and spend less time monitoring/managing backups.
- With a focus on delivering greater performance, ease of use and scalability, Dell unveiled NetVault Backup 10 and a new high-performance, scale-up model of its DR series of deduplication storage systems — the Dell DR6000
- NetVault Backup 10 features a new web-based GUI, significantly enhanced scalability, and tight integration with the DR6000 appliance
- The DR6000 is a new model within Dell's series of DR deduplication appliances. It will be sold in addition to the existing DR4100 appliance, offering more than double the raw capacity, significantly enhanced speed and scalability, and new global management capabilities that give administrators the power to manage all of their DR appliances from one console
- NetVault Backup pricing starts at $2,700 USD per terabyte of front-end data, while the DR6000 starts at a list price of $58,000 for 9TB of usable capacity. The DR6000 will be available worldwide in the first quarter of 2014, and NetVault Backup will be available beginning the second quarter of 2014.
Application Performance Monitoring
Dell moves into Software as a Service for application performance monitoring with the release of the next generation of its APM solution, designed to provide answers to improve the performance of web and mobile applications. Dell's first commercial self-serve APM solution, the new offering will deliver insight into ─ and visualizations of ─ web and mobile application performance through built-in analytics and machine learning capabilities.
- Dell's APM SaaS solution will provide time to value in minutes with no setup effort required. It easily identifies the most relevant alarms based on impact to business results, and finds the "needle-in-the-haystack" answers to performance problems
- Utilizing a fine-granularity data analysis approach, the product comprehensively quantifies business impact and instantly guides application support teams to the root cause of application issues. While other APM vendors talk about big data, Dell believes big data is just a piece of the equation ─ big answers are the key to ensure business success
- Dell currently seeks global participants for the beta program of its new APM SaaS solution
- The beta program will start in February 2014
- Dell Software solutions are available through the channel
- Dell Enterprise Mobility Management will be available through the channel in 2014
John Swainson, President, Dell Software
"Innovative solutions and technology integrations like those announced today are a testament to Dell Software's commitment to providing our customers with affordable, simple-to-use, scalable solutions that help accelerate business results. By focusing on today's challenges, including security, mobility and business intelligence, we make it possible for businesses of all sizes to enhance the capabilities of their datacenters, boost employee productivity and maintain compliance. By innovating and continually transforming our end-to-end solutions portfolio, we easily adapt to the ever-changing needs of our customers, and help IT become a valuable partner to the business."
Delivering Complete and Connected Software Solutions
Dell Software empowers companies of all sizes to experience Dell's "Power to Do More" by delivering scalable yet simple-to-use solutions that can increase productivity, responsiveness and efficiency. Dell Software is uniquely positioned to address today's most pressing business and IT challenges with holistic, connected software offerings across five core solution areas, encompassing data center and cloud management, information management, mobile workforce management, security and data protection. This software, when combined with Dell hardware and services, helps customers simplify IT, mitigate risk and accelerate business results.
About Dell
Dell Inc. listens to customers and delivers innovative technology and services that give them the power to do more. For more information, visit www.dell.com and www.quest.com.
Dell World
Join us at Dell World 2013, Dell's premier customer event exploring how technology solutions and services are driving business innovation.
Dell is a trademark of Dell Inc. Dell disclaims any proprietary interest in the marks and names of others.
Media Contacts
- Kelly O'Dwyer-Manuel
- Dell EMC | Public Relations
- United States
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Style # 225817
AVAILABILITY: Unavailable for immediate shipment.
Short Sleeve Shimmer Top is rated out of 5 by 5.
Rated 2 out of 5 by BamBam from Disappointed Not as nice as I expected, the top makes me look fat. I bought it at final sale and could not return.
Date published: 2014-12-11
Rated 5 out of 5 by Hana123 from Perfection I looove the fit, haven't been wearing light colors, but this was very flattering and slimming, got the small and it was a perfect fit. Love the unique ridge design. Very happy with my purchase
Date published: 2014-09-07
Rated 3 out of 5 by Debbsny from tight fit Looks just as seen on web...i got the m/l and it felt like a small. Tight spandex but still will keep. I love the color
Date published: 2014-03-22
Rated 1 out of 5 by Bxgirl from Didn't like... I received this and had to return it because it fit weird..I'm petite and normally wear small, however sometimes I have to buy medium for bebe tops depending on the material.. I purchased a medium/large and was struggling to put it on.
Date published: 2014-03-10
Rated 3 out of 5 by drnancy from Shimmery and form fitting I like the material's look but it is itchy and uncomfortable. I bought it to wear with the olive leggings and it looks good but the material could be softer or lined.
Date published: 2014-03-09


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10 Dreamy Bathroom Inspiration Boards
Sometimes looking at other people's dreams can be just as inspiring as looking at your own. Over the past month our writers have put together their dream bathrooms and, rounded up together, they make for quite a collection. They go from rustic to geeky and cover the spread in between…
• Sarah mooshed together two cultures with her Moroccan-Mexican Inspired Style bathroom.
• Nancy's Rustic Modern is clean-lined with rustic accessories for added warmth.
• Things are decidedly spare and clean in Andie's Dream Bathroom Details.
• Chris' Brightly Elegant Geek-Chic walks the line between luxurious and downright nerdy.
• Jennifer dreams of an al-fresco shower in her Tranquil, Hawaii-Inspired Bathroom.
• Adrienne was looking for a moody retreat in her Dark, Dramatic & Globally Inspired bathroom.
• It's cool, clean and clinical in Regina's Lab-Like Loo.
• You get the best of both worlds in Eleanor's Modern & Natural bathroom.
• You can put together an entirely handcrafted head in this Etsy Sourced Bathroom.
• Catrin's bathroom will never go out of style with A Nod to Old-School Classics.
Images: All style collages are individually credited in their respective posts.


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Life history plays a critical role in governing microevolutionary processes such as gene flow and adaptation, as well as macroevolutionary processes such speciation. Here, we use multilocus phylogeographic analyses to examine a speciation event involving spectacular life-history differences between sister species of sea stars. Cryptasterina hystera has evolved a suite of derived life-history traits (including internal self-fertilization and brood protection) that differ from its sister species Cryptasterina pentagona, a gonochoric broadcast spawner. We show that these species have only been reproductively isolated for approximately 6000 years (95% highest posterior density of 905–22 628), and that this life-history change may be responsible for dramatic genetic consequences, including low nucleotide diversity, zero heterozygosity and no gene flow. The rapid divergence of these species rules out some mechanisms of isolation such as adaptation to microhabitats in sympatry, or slow divergence by genetic drift during prolonged isolation. We hypothesize that the large phenotypic differences between species relative to the short divergence time suggests that the life-history differences observed may be direct responses to disruptive selection between populations. We speculate that local environmental or demographic differences at the southern range margin are possible mechanisms of selection driving one of the fastest known marine speciation events.
1. Introduction
Disruptive selection that favours the evolution of phenotypic differences among organisms within different habitats can lead to the evolution of reproductive isolation and speciation [1–7], as in adaptive radiations of plant and animal communities of islands or lakes. Such 'ecological speciation' events are increasingly acknowledged as an important source of biological diversity at the species level [8–13]. However, in the absence of experimental evidence [14,15] for some specific ecological selective agent(s), there can be uncertainty about the contribution of other factors to divergence and speciation [16,17]. In particular, ecological differences between broadly distributed species that diverged long ago could have arisen in many places at any time after their divergence, and could be a consequence (e.g. of character displacement; [18]) rather than a cause of a speciation process driven by other factors. These include demographic processes of colonization and localized extinction of populations, isolation of populations by geological barriers to dispersal, the strength of sexual selection within populations and the extent of ongoing gene flow between them, plus selection against hybridization between members of diverging populations (regardless of the original cause of their divergence) [5,6,10].
Specific examples of adaptive evolution at spatial and temporal extremes can help us to clarify the role of these various processes in speciation. Life-history traits related to reproduction are a crucial element to understanding speciation this way, because disruptive selection acting specifically on such traits can lead directly to reproductive isolation [15]. Examples of spatial extremes include selection for reduced dispersal of pollen, sperm, seeds or larvae on small geographical scales at range limits [19,20]; temporal extremes include rapid and recent changes in mating system traits such as the evolution of asexuality [21,22]. Population genetic analyses of these spatial and temporal extremes can help us to focus attention on the time and place in which species divergence arose [23], and on the potential selective agents operating in those times and places that favoured divergent phenotypes [18].
Here, we use new population genetic and phylogeographic analyses to investigate an extraordinary example of both geographically localized and geologically instantaneous evolution of some previously described and spectacular life-history differences between sister species of Australian sea stars. We show that a large suite of highly derived life-history traits in Cryptasterina hystera evolved at the southern margin of the geographical range of Cryptasterina about 6000 years ago (and perhaps as recently as 1000 years). We argue that the fast, localized evolution of hermaphroditism, self-fertilization and live-bearing in C. hystera is consistent with paleoecological and comparative evidence for disruptive selection for this highly derived mode of reproduction, and we summarize additional evidence needed to test this ecological speciation hypothesis.
Asterinidae or cushion stars include the broadest range of life-history strategies known among closely related marine animals [24]. Some species retain a suite of ancestral traits shared in common with other sea star families and other classes of echinoderms, including large-bodied gonochoric adults, planktonic spawning of sperm and fertilization of eggs, prolonged planktonic larval development (with high dispersal potential) and dramatic metamorphosis during the ecological transition from planktonic larva to benthic juvenile sea star. The most highly derived life histories include miniaturized adults that are simultaneous hermaphrodites, with internal fertilization, and brood protection of offspring that develop inside the gonad of the parent. This live-bearing life history has evolved at least four times in parallel, including three lineages of Parvulastra and Cryptasterina species in which live-bearing is obligate and some live-borne offspring grow via sibling brood cannibalism, plus a fourth species (Asterina phylactica) with facultative live-bearing [24–30].
Among these four cases, the most striking contrast involves the live-bearer C. hystera and its sister species Cryptasterina pentagona [24,27–29], which is a gonochoric broadcast spawner but so similar in other morphological and ecological respects that the two species were recently recognized as distinct taxa only on the basis of their life-history differences. Eggs of the two species are of similar size and buoyancy, and C. hystera broods fully functional larvae like those of C. pentagona that, if surgically excised from the gonad, can swim, settle, attach, and complete metamorphosis to the juvenile stage outside the maternal environment. Individuals of C. hystera are assumed to self-fertilize (and our genetic data are consistent with the expected effects of selfing on genetic diversity). Lacking specialized anatomical structures for sperm transfer or storage, and possessing fully functional larvae, the transition to live-bearing in C. hystera may represent the minimal level of modification for the evolution of live-bearing [24,25,29], i.e. the evolution of internal self-fertilization and the loss of female spawning behaviour.
These two species have adjacent geographical ranges: C. pentagona is found from Central Queensland, Australia, to further north in the Indo-Pacific; C. hystera is found to the south of this range, on a few beaches near Yeppoon in central Queensland and on One Tree Island off the Great Barrier Reef [27]. This latitudinal difference mirrors the geography of live-bearing in other asterinid lineages, in which viviparous species (especially Cryptasterina pacifica, Parvulastra vivipara, Asterina phylactica) have short geographical ranges at high latitudes on the margin of the distributions of their non-viviparous sister taxa in the same genera [24,25,30,31]. Our phylogeographic analyses were designed to investigate the history of this geographical distribution and its potential role in the phenotypic and reproductive divergence of the two species.
2. Material and methods
(a) Molecular analyses
We collected tissue samples from 197 individuals of C. pentagona and 194 individuals of C. hystera from six populations per species (see electronic supplementary material, table S1 and figure 1). DNA extraction, PCR amplification, sequencing and genotyping all followed the protocols in Keever et al. [32,33]. All individuals were genotyped at five microsatellite loci (including three shared between species): a108, b202, b227, b231 and c219 were used in C. pentagona; loci a102, b202, b227, c219 and d8 were used for C. hystera. For about 20 individuals per population, two parts of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) and two nuclear DNA (nDNA) introns were sequenced. The tRNA/COI fragment was 689 bp for C. pentagona and 690 for C. hystera. The putative control region of the mitochondrion was amplified with primers modified from Waters et al. [34] and was 499 and 500 bp in each species, respectively. For most analyses, both mtDNA sequences were concatenated into a single mtDNA locus. The intron in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (GPI) was 324 bp long in each species, and sequenced in both the forward and reverse direction. The allelic state of heterozygotes were inferred by matching multiple peak chromatograms to alleles recovered from homozygous individuals, and this approach has been confirmed using next-gen sequencing [35]. All singleton alleles were confirmed by a second amplification and sequencing. The intron in the TaTa Box Protein was amplified with primers from Jarman et al. [36], and was 474 bp in C. pentagona and 471 bp in C. hystera. Heterozygotes were inferred identically to GPI. All sequence data were edited and aligned in Geneious v. 5.4 [37]. All sequence data are available in GenBank accession numbers JX217037–JX217643, JX221071–JX221431, JX221441–JX221555, JX227734–JX227847.
(b) Molecular diversity indices
Heterozygosity, gene diversity and number of average pairwise differences were calculated in ARLEQUIN 3.5 [38]. Microsatellite rarefied allelic richness was calculated in FSTAT [39].
(c) Phylogenetic analysis
Phylogenetic networks were constructed using the median joining and mp algorithms of NETWORK [40,41] with default parameters. All samples were used.
(d) Population genetic analyses
All global and pairwise measures of population structure were calculated in GENODIVE [42,43]. Isolation by distance was examined via Mantel tests using Spearman's r.
(e) Bayesian clustering
The program TESS [44,45] estimated genetic clusters from microsatellite genotypes and geographical locations of individuals using a 100 000 step burn-in and 1 000 000 sweeps of the CAR model with spatial interaction optimization using mean distance.
(f) Coalescent analyses
Only sequence loci were used for coalescence analyses in IMa2 [46]. The microsatellite data did not conform to a stepwise mutation model, preventing us from accurately coding allele sizes as number of repeats, and the programme requires repeat sizes instead of allele sizes. MCMCMC analyses were run for burn-in until flat trend lines appeared, and afterward 300 000 genealogies per locus were saved. Using multiple pairwise comparisons limits, the number of parameters that are simultaneously estimated, helping to ensure convergence within each analysis, and this method has been shown to recover the same patterns seen in analyses of three or more populations [47]. Therefore, we employed a multiple pairwise population framework to calculate effective population size, migration rates and divergence times between the species pairs [46,47]. Six different coalescent analyses were run, one with each C. pentagona population and the same representative C. hystera population (OTI). Only one C. hystera population was used because of the extremely high levels of similarity of all populations at the sequence level such that all population comparisons give the same result (see table 1 and the electronic supplementary material, S1). We used a conservative mutation rate estimate for the concatenated mtDNA loci of 9.0156 × 10−6 mutations per year. This rate is based on the 4.57 per cent COI divergence seen in 'geminate' echinoderm specie pairs separated by the Isthmus of Panama [48], which, assuming 3 million years of isolation, gives a rate of 7.6 × 10−9 mutations per site per year. Because the concatenated mtDNA sequences in our study include the faster evolving control region of the mitochondrion [49], this rate is especially conservative.
3. Results
(a) Molecular diversity
There is a striking difference in levels of genetic diversity between species (see table 1 and the electronic supplementary material, S1). C. pentagona has relatively modest levels of genetic diversity when compared with other asterinid sea stars with planktonic development [32,50]; however, C. hystera shows a dramatic reduction in nucleotide diversity, allelic diversity and most notably heterozygosity (see electronic supplementary material, table S1). Only one microsatellite locus is polymorphic across the entire known range of this species, and this locus is completely fixed within populations. Every other nuclear locus is completely monomorphic, giving an overall estimate of zero heterozygosity for C. hystera across seven different nuclear loci. Nucleotide diversity and haplotype diversity are also low for the mitochondrial locus, suggesting that C. hystera has experienced a severe population bottleneck. C. hystera may also be self-fertile [29], and while the lack of heterozygosity is consistent with selfing, it also precludes direct detection of selfing by paternity analysis of broodmates. We suspect that some level of selfing does occur; however, selfing alone would not account for the low levels of genetic diversity at the mtDNA locus.
(b) Geographic distribution of genetic diversity
We used median-joining networks to depict the spatial structure of genetic diversity revealed by the sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear loci. C. pentagona and C. hystera show less than 1 per cent divergence at all of these loci, but no haplotypes or alleles are shared between species. At the concatenated mtDNA locus (figure 1), C. pentagona and C. hystera exhibit complete lineage sorting between species; however, this is not the case for either nDNA locus (see figure 2 and the electronic supplementary material, figure S1): C. hystera is fixed for one allele at each nDNA locus, and this C. hystera allele is found in the middle of both of the C. pentagona nDNA networks. Considering that nDNA loci tend to have slower mutation rates and much larger effective populations sizes, this result is consistent with expectations for the effects of genetic drift following a recent reproductive isolation [49].
For C. pentagona, the mtDNA network has a 'star-shaped' pattern with most haplotypic diversity produced by singleton haplotypes that differ by only one mutation from a more common haplotype. In the nDNA networks, most alleles are not singletons and tend to be several mutational steps away from each other, indicating a possible population contraction before the expansion shown in the mtDNA network [49]. In both the mtDNA locus and the TBP locus (figures 1 and 2), C. pentagona genetic diversity seems to be slightly partitioned between northern and southern populations, with common haplotypes or alleles often showing a northern or southern polarity. This pattern is largely absent from the GPI locus (see electronic supplementary material, figure S1); however, this may be due to low levels of genetic diversity in that marker.
(c) Dating the origin of Cryptasterina hystera
Using a multiple pairwise population coalescence analysis, we found a clear geographic pattern to the estimates of divergence times between pairs of C. pentagona and C. hystera populations (figure 3). The two most southern populations of C. pentagona are more recently diverged from C. hystera compared with other populations. For the southernmost C. pentagona population (AB1), divergence from C. hystera is estimated at 6159 years before present (ybp) with more narrow confidence limits (95% HPD of 905–22 628) compared with more northern C. pentagona populations. This coalescent pattern strongly suggests that AB1 (or AB2) is the population of origin for C. hystera and that the two species began to diverge at the C. pentagona southern range margin around 6000 ybp. These recent divergence times are consistent with the low molecular diversity within C. hystera populations and the small numbers of mutational steps separating them from some C. pentagona alleles in the coalescent gene trees.
Other demographic parameters estimated for the same population pairs were consistent with a scenario of recent divergence at the southern end of the C. pentagona range. All migration rates, in either coalescent direction, are estimated at zero, consistent with complete reproductive isolation of these two species. In general, all C. pentagona and C. hystera population sizes were smaller than the estimated ancestral population size, but the effect was stronger in C. hystera with effective population size of the order of tens to hundreds of individuals, one to two orders of magnitude smaller than C. pentagona (see electronic supplementary material, figure S2). Populations AB1 and AB2 also have smaller estimated effective population size compared with other C. pentagona populations (see electronic supplementary material, figure S3), as would be expected for peripheral populations at the range margin [49].
(d) Spatial Bayesian clustering and population genetic structure
Our analyses of differentiation within each of these two species were all consistent with our coalescent isolation-with-migration analyses of divergence between them, and showed (i) spatial clustering of C. pentagona populations with strong genetic differentiation among them, plus (ii) striking loss of genetic diversity and fixation of differences among C. hystera populations (following the speciation event).
Geographical locations of individuals and microsatellite genotypes were used to infer significant clusters of individuals over genetic and physical space in C. pentagona [44,45]. Four significant clusters were found (figure 4) and they largely correlate with geographical distance, suggesting that contemporary gene flow in this species is restricted to only local levels. Global and pairwise F′ST values were calculated for both species using all polymorphic microsatellite loci, and the concatenated mtDNA locus and the TBP locus were also used for C. pentagona [42,43]. Locus GPI had very little within species polymorphism, and was subsequently omitted from within species genetic structure analyses for both species. Both species showed high levels of global genetic structure: For C. hystera, global F′ST = 1.0 (p < 0.001) and for C. pentagona, F′ST values range from 0.22 to 0.40 across loci (table 2).
In C. hystera, this global F′ST is driven by the seemingly haphazard fixation of populations for a single microsatellite allele, with values alternating between 0 and 1 (figure 5). Sites OTI1 and OTI4 are separated by less than 250 m from each other yet are fixed for alternate allelic states. On the other hand, populations OTI2, OTI4 and SY are all fixed for the same allele, despite SY being almost 200 km away from OTI. This lack of correlation between geographical and genetic distance at any scale suggests that gene flow is extremely limited among all populations.
The global genetic structure of C. pentagona, in contrast, appears to be largely driven by an isolation-by-distance pattern. In both the mtDNA and TBP loci, the highest pairwise F′ST values are associated with the two most geographically isolated populations, BB and TV (figures 1 and 6). Mantel tests confirm that there is a significant relationship between genetic isolation and geographical distance (mtDNA: R2 = 0.5025, p < 0.0459; TBP: R2 = 0.5435, p < 0.0495). However, there is no correlation between geographical distance and estimates of genetic structure using the microsatellite loci (R2 = 0.02, p = 0.25). Instead, almost all population pairs have significant pairwise F′ST values with the two populations at the end of the sampling range having the highest levels of genetic isolation from all other populations (see electronic supplementary material, figure S4). The microsatellite pairwise F′ST values are more consistent with a pattern of local/regional genetic isolation in C. pentagona that matches well with the genetic and spatial clustering results. On the other hand, these populations may also not fully be in migration-drift equilibrium, and the larger effective population size of microsatellite loci, compared with the mtDNA marker, and the higher chance of homoplasy compared with the nDNA sequence marker, may reduce the power to detect an emergent isolation-by-distance population structure. Considering all three datasets, the genetic connectivity of C. pentagona most likely follows an isolation-by-distance pattern, but not all loci, especially those with larger effective population sizes, are in migration-drift equilibrium.
4. Discussion
Our coalescent analyses of Australian Cryptasterina sea stars date their speciation at approximately 6000 ybp and suggest that C. hystera originated from the southernmost population(s) of C. pentagona. The origin, spread, and fixation of the derived C. hystera life history was completed in at most about 22 000 years (the upper confidence limit on the divergence time from C. pentagona), and perhaps as little as about 1000 years (the lower confidence limit). Even the oldest of these times is long after other significant biogeographic events in the history of the Australian fauna (such as the colonization of the continent by one primate species), and represents exceedingly rapid life-history evolution on ecological time scales in comparison with similar traits in other organisms (e.g. the single ancient origin and evolutionary conservatism of live-bearing in eutherian mammals).
The timing of these evolutionary changes is critically important for testing and rejecting some alternative hypotheses for speciation in Crypasterina. In particular, our results are not consistent with the slow, gradual loss of shared alleles (and of reproductive compatibility) via genetic drift in allopatry (classic geographical speciation), or with divergent adaptation to broadly sympatric microhabitat differences such as different intertidal heights [13,51]. Instead, the geographically localized evolution of simultaneous hermaphrodites with internal self-fertilization, brood protection and live birth was extraordinarily rapid and implies selection on ancestral C. hystera populations that favoured this life history as an adaptive response to some environmental variable. Other alternative hypotheses, such as the evolution of these life-history traits as adaptations after divergence, or as correlated responses to selection on other traits, are not entirely consistent with our data. For example, there is no evidence that these species were ever sympatric, and all available evidence points to peripatric divergence. Given the low levels of genetic connectivity observed in both species, a range disjunction of 375 km represents a significant barrier to dispersal; therefore, the more parsimonious inference is that this speciation is the result of an extreme dispersal event, followed by geographical and reproductive isolation in conjunction with rapid adaptation to a new environment. However, additional genetic and experimental work would be needed to rule out alternatives and confirm this speciation hypothesis.
Our results suggest that disruptive selection for different life-history phenotypes between sea stars in different habitats may be a short pathway to rapid evolutionary divergence and speciation. The location of larval development (benthic versus planktonic) has been argued to determine the tempo and mode of evolution in marine species: such life-history differences may facilitate or limit opportunities for geographical speciation in allopatry [52,53] by isolating populations with self-recruitment (in species with benthic development of embryos) or by promoting gene flow and limiting genetic drift (in species with planktonic development). However, such arguments do not address the selective causes of the origin of live-bearing and other forms of benthic reproduction without larval dispersal in specific lineages. Viviparity, despite its association with limited dispersal ability, has evolved several times across many different types of marine invertebrate taxa, including multiple lineages of Asterinidae [24,29,30,52,54,55], and it is consistently associated with species in colder water temperatures and higher latitudes [53,56,57]. For example, in cowries, the loss of planktonic development seems to be directly tied to environmental factors specifically associated with temperature and productivity [45], suggesting that environmental selection may be playing a key role in the evolutionary changes in life-history traits and associated speciation.
Unfortunately, the available evidence does not identify a specific ecological factor that selected for live-bearing at high-latitude range margins in cushion stars. Here, we speculate about the nature of two such factors. The first is environmental changes in water temperature associated with post-Pleistocene climate variation. The geographical range disjunction between the two Cryptasterina species in Australia is about 375 km and approximately coincides with the location where colder eastern Pacific waters mix with warmer tropical waters transported by the East Australian Current (EAC) [58]. Our estimate of 6000 ypb for the speciation event is much more recent than the last glacial maximum (LGM), but it coincides with other significant Holocene oceanographic events. During the LGM, the current cold water boundary between the Coral Sea and the Tasman Sea (the Tasman Front), located around 34° S, was shifted northward to about 23–26° S [59], and this change would have most likely extirpated populations of warm-adapted C. pentagona from the majority of its present-day range in Australia. Around 11 000 ybp, the geographical distribution of warmer and cooler sea surface temperatures returned to patterns similar to present-day temperatures [59], which may have allowed C. pentagona to recolonize the southern portion of its contemporary range at that time. This contraction and expansion of C. pentagona populations is consistent with both the coalescent estimates of effective and ancestral population sizes and patterns seen in the phylogenetic networks. Finally, around 5000 ybp, the EAC became reestablished [59] and may have provided a potential warm water pathway for C. pentagona larvae to colonize habitats further south. This speculative scenario is consistent with the geographical and temporal origins of live-bearing in Australian Cryptasterina, and with the evolution of live-bearing at high-latitude range margins in other asterinids [24,29,30,52,54,55] and other organisms [28–29], and again highlights the potential role of disruptive selection in facilitating rapid evolutionary change and speciation.
A second potential factor is small effective population size. Our population genetic analyses all indicate a significant population bottleneck associated with the speciation event, especially in southern C. pentagona populations and most pronounced in C. hystera. An associated Allee effect—scarcity of mates—may have strongly selected for self-fertilization as a form of reproductive assurance [60,61]. The associated inbreeding depression may be slight if populations are already highly inbred, e.g. owing to a population bottleneck before the evolution of selfing [30]. Under some models, selfing and small population size can facilitate adaptive molecular and phenotypic divergence [61,62].
We hypothesize that a small number of C. pentagona individuals or larvae were able to colonize the present-day range of C. hystera, and that this habitat [58] provided a divergent selective regime that led to the loss of planktonic development and other associated life-history changes, with reproductive isolation and speciation as a consequence. The speed of this speciation event suggests that it occurred via selection upon preexisting genetic variation on an ecological time scale, because it is unlikely that a complex suite of derived life-history characters including hermaphroditism, selfing and live-bearing could so quickly evolve via drift- and mutation-driven processes [9,63,64]. The specific genetic targets of this selection are usually poorly known [65], but the evolution of the same suite of life-history traits in a northern temperate Cryptasterina species (and in other asterinid genera) suggests that the genetic variation needed for this adaptation may be widespread among cushion stars [25,31]. It is not known whether these similarities represent convergences (based on responses to selection at the same selected loci) or parallelisms (at different loci).
Testing this hypothesis will require several types of new evidence, especially reciprocal transplants or common garden experiments that reveal fitness differences between Cryptasterina species associated with specific environmental differences between their habitats [15], and hybridization experiments that reveal whether pre- or post-zygotic reproductive incompatibility is associated with the recent localized evolution of life-history differences. Evidence for differential fitness in common gardens or in the field, and of gamete compatibility and hybrid viability, would bolster our argument for life-history traits as the targets of selection (and ecological speciation) in the origin of Cryptasterina and other asterinid species.
The authors thank Sergio Barbosa, Alan Dartnall, Tom Prowse and the entire staff of the One Tree Island Research Station of the University of Sydney. This work was funded by a US National Science Foundation grant OCE-0623678 to R.J.T. and R.K.G. This is contribution 1505 from the Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology and 8694 from the School of Ocean and Earth Sciences and Technology (SOEST). Lastly, this manuscript benefited the comments of two anonymous reviewers.
- Received June 12, 2012.
- Accepted June 28, 2012.
- This journal is © 2012 The Royal Society


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Kentucky Ag News
Kentucky farmers produced record corn and soybean crops in 2013
National Agricultural Statistics Service
LOUISVILLE, Ky. – Kentucky's 2013 crop production was up from 2012 levels for corn, soybeans and hay, while lower for tobacco according to the Kentucky Field Office of USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service. Weather conditions have benefitted crop development for most crops this growing season, a stark contrast to the drought of 2012. Tobacco is the exception, mainly in part due to record rainfalls received over the Fourth of July holiday weekend.
Corn production in Kentucky was estimated at a record 243 million bushels, up 134 percent from the previous crop. While acreage was down, yields were up significantly from the previous year's drought reduced crop. Yield was estimated at 170 bushels per acre, up 102 bushels from the 2012 level and the highest yield on record surpassing the 2009 crop at 165 bushels. Acres for harvest as grain were estimated at 1.43 million acres, down 100,000 acres from 2012. The U.S. corn production was estimated at a record 13.9 billion bushels, down slightly from the November 1 forecast but 29 percent above 2012. The average yield in the United States is estimated at 158.8 bushels per acre. This is down 1.6 bushels from the November forecast but 35.4 bushels above the 2012 average yield of 123.4. Area harvested for grain is estimated at 87.7 million acres, up slightly from both the November forecast and 2012.
Soybean production for Kentucky was estimated at a record 81.2 million bushels, an increase of 38 percent from 2012. Both acres for harvest and yield were up from the previous year. Yield was estimated at 49.5 bushels per acre, 9.5 bushels above a year ago and the highest yield on record surpassing the 2009 crop at 48.0. Acreage for harvest as beans was estimated at 1.64 million acres, up 170,000 acres from the previous year. U.S. soybean production was estimated at 3.29 billion bushels, up 1 percent from the November 1 forecast and up 8 percent from 2012. United States production is the third largest on record. The average yield per acre is estimated at 43.3 bushels, 0.3 bushel above the November 1 forecast and 3.5 bushels above last year's yield. Harvested area is down slightly from 2012 to 75.9 million acres and is the fourth highest on record.
Kentucky burley tobacco production was estimated at 148 million pounds, down 2 percent from 2012. Yield was estimated at 2,000 pounds per acre, down 50 pounds from the 2012 crop. Harvested acreage was estimated at 74,000 acres, unchanged from last year's crop. For the burley producing states production was estimated at 192 million pounds, down 6 percent from last year. Yields averaged 1,944 pounds per acre, down 77 pounds from last year.
Production of Kentucky dark fire-cured tobacco totaled 27.9 million pounds, down 11 percent from the previous year. Dark air-cured tobacco production totaled 11.3 million pounds, down 10 percent from last year.
Production of hay by Kentucky farmers was estimated to be up from last year due to increased acreage and higher yields. Alfalfa hay production was forecast at 660 thousand tons, 26 percent above the 2012 level. Other hay production was estimated at 5.28 million tons, up 20 percent from last year.


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Her vee-hull with propeller pockets is sea-worthy and dry. Standard Caterpillar C15 fully electronic Acert engines, each capable of delivering 865 horsepower, are linked to Twin Disc Quick Shift transmissions for smooth and powerful operation. The 52 Salon Express will cruise comfortably in the mid-twenty knot range. AC Electrical services aboard are provided by a 17 Kw generator and her DC system is 24 volt. Molded steps from the aft cockpit provide easy access to her functional and well lit mechanical room.
Her interior accommodations are another world of comfort and elegance. Beautiful woodworking throughout the yacht, pleasing proportions and unusual fine points such as Shoji screens in the owners cabin doors make one feel inside a stylish home on the water.


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King Saud University
KSU is a top world class university in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) with prestigious international ranking including 200th in Times QS, 186th Webometrics, 261 Shanghai Ranking, and 19th in Asia. It is considered first throughout the Arabic and Islamic world. The University has 3-main Campuses containing over 22 colleges with over 85,000 Students and over 9,000 Faculty. KSU is considered a cradle for all new universities in the KSA.
The College of Architecture and Planning
CAP is a leading college in Saudi Arabia and the Arabian Peninsula. It can be traced back to 1967, where it was established as an American Replica Department of Architecture and Building Science within the Faculty of Engineering of KSU. Its graduates constitute the leading generation of architects and planners who lead senior decision making roles at different governmental bodies and private institutions. They participated in the establishment of many new Architecture colleges throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region. The college acts as a hub of excellence and a school of thought in architecture and planning education through its programs in the Bachelor, Master and PhD levels. Although the college has embraced teaching tall buildings for over 15 years, through many Tall buildings studios, the membership with the CTBUH has been recently initiated in 2011, coinciding with the commencement of a new Tall Building Studio with collaboration from the University of Nottingham Tall Building Studio.
Dr. Abdel Rahman Elbakheit
Design Research Studio
Bioclimatic Tall Buildings
2011, King Saud University, Dr. Abdel Rahman Elbakheit
This studio emphasizes a multi-disciplinary approach especially when it comes to designing with sustainably in mind. Tall buildings have great potential to achieve sustainability as well as to serve as monuments for communities and cities around the globe.


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Friday, 23 November 2012 10:25 AM
BERLIN — Germany's national health institute says a patient from Qatar has been confirmed with a new type of coronavirus but it has shown no signs of being easily transmitted like the related virus that caused the 2003 global SARS outbreak.
The Robert Koch Institute said Friday the patient fell ill in Qatar in October with severe respiratory problems. He was treated in a specialty clinic in Germany for a month and released this week.
Britain's Health Protection Agency confirmed based on samples that he was sickened by a new coronavirus detected so far only in four other people, from Qatar and Saudi Arabia.
The Koch institute says there is no evidence of human-to-human transmission. Some 8,500 people were affected by SARS in 2003 and about 900 died.
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