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New Car Review
2014 Cadillac Escalade: New Car Review
If the producers of "Pimp My Ride" were to select one vehicle that speaks to their production values and audience, that vehicle would be the 2014 Cadillac Escalade. The Escalade and its larger stablemate, the Escalade ESV, were originally intended for country clubbers, but their design, production and marketing have achieved huge resonance with the night club crowd. The reasons for its success with younger demographics vary, but they certainly include the Cadillac cachet, a "king of the road" driving position and a vast network of Cadillac dealers located largely in the country's urban areas.
Regardless of its urban, suburban or rural applications, the Escalade's straightforward mechanical menu and last-century construction have been massaged into a beautifully tuned machine. Its 6.2-liter all-alloy V8 delivers ample horsepower and torque through GM's Hydra-matic 6-speed automatic transmission. Although applying 403 horsepower to 3 tons (with passengers) doesn't make for neck-snapping acceleration, the Escalade effortlessly finds its rhythm at legal speeds. For the country club set, the Escalade can tow up to 8,000 pounds of horse and trailer.
Before you buy a new Escalade, you should know that an all-new 2015 model is around the corner. That means you should be able to negotiate deep discounts on the outgoing 2014 Escalade, making a great value even better.
What's New for 2014?
The Cadillac Escalade Hybrid isn't returning for the 2014 model year. Otherwise, the 2014 Escalade is unchanged, as a new model is on the way for 2015.
What We Like
Upscale ambiance; strong truck-based work ethic; extensive technology features
What We Don't
Pricey, considering it's built alongside the Chevrolet Tahoe and GMC Yukon; will be outdated the moment the new model arrives
How Much?
Fuel Economy
With the hybrid model gone, the Escalade and extended-length Escalade ESV are available with just one engine: a 6.2-liter V8 that makes 403 hp and 417 lb-ft of torque. It's mated to a 6-speed automatic transmission. As you may guess, fuel economy is abysmal: Rear-wheel-drive Escalade models get 14 miles per gallon city/18 mpg hwy, while all-wheel drive drops that figure to 13 mpg city/18 mpg hwy.
Standard Features & Options
The 2014 Cadillac Escalade SUV is offered in two body styles: regular-length Escalade, based on the Chevrolet Tahoe, and extended-length Escalade ESV, based on the Chevrolet Suburban. (A pickup-based Escalade EXT is covered in a separate review.) From there, drivers can choose among Luxury, Premium and Platinum trim levels.
The Escalade Luxury ($70,000) has a long list of high-end features, such as leather upholstery, heated and cooled front seats, a rearview camera, Bluetooth, a USB port for music, a navigation system, a remote starter, tri-zone automatic climate control, a power sunroof, a blind spot monitor, 22-inch alloy wheels, a heated steering wheel and a power seat release for the second row.
Step up to the Premium ($74,200) and you add a rear-seat DVD player, a dual rear exhaust and power retractable running boards to ease with entry and exit.
Topping the range is the Platinum ($82,500), which adds heated and cooled cup holders, LED headlights and "ultra bright" chrome wheels.
The Escalade doesn't have many options. Drivers who choose the Luxury can add a few options to bring their Escalade up to Premium or even near-Platinum equipment levels, but the Platinum's option list primarily consists of color choices. Note that all-wheel drive adds about $2,500 to the base price, while opting for an ESV boosts the price by another $3,000.
When confronted with a collision scenario, size does matter. At almost three tons, the Escalade will be bigger than most things it collides with. It offers head-curtain side air bags with rollover protection for all seating rows, dual front-side-impact airbags and pretensioners to minimize passenger movement during a collision.
Helping to avoid collisions are StabiliTrak with rollover mitigation technology, standard 4-wheel disc brakes with ABS and the safety of a responsive, albeit thirsty, V8 powertrain. A blind spot monitor and rearview camera are also standard.
In National Highway Traffic Safety Administration tests, the Escalade received four stars overall. That rating stems from a 5-star score in front- and side-impact tests, and a 3-star score in the agency's rollover test.
Behind the Wheel
From the Escalade's elevated perch, drivers enjoy a commanding view of what's going on around the vehicle. But visuals will have to mostly suffice, as the steering communicates little of what's happening at road level, aside from the road imperfections transmitted through the oversized wheels. The ride and handling balance of the Escalade is likely better than it deserves to be (even without the available Magnetic Ride Control), but it lags behind that of several more contemporary competitors.
As for technology, where to begin? Cadillac's team may have started with the more pedestrian Chevrolet Tahoe as its base, but thousands of engineering hours later, you'd barely recognize the brown roots within this very blonde confection. Under the hood is Cadillac's Active Fuel Management technology, which uses computers to monitor the engine's load. If all eight cylinders aren't necessary for forward movement, four are shut down to save fuel. High-tech Magnetic Ride Control suspension is optional.
Inside, the leather-trimmed front buckets are both heated and cooled, while tri-zone automatic climate control works to keep everyone comfortable. Touchscreen navigation is standard on all models. On the entertainment side, there's MP3/CD/DVD, voice recognition and a USB port. Bluetooth technology is standard on all models.
Finally, GM's OnStar is provided on all trim levels. Whether you're using it for turn-by-turn navigation, concierge service or an on-road emergency, it can prove invaluable. Its only cost is a subscription fee, though you get a year free when you buy a new Escalade.
Other Cars to Consider
Mercedes-Benz GL-Class -- It's certainly more contemporary than the Cadillac, and the available BlueTec diesel makes it significantly more efficient. Plus, 3-row seating means there's room for the whole family.
Land Rover Range Rover -- The Range Rover remains the king of the SUV hill thanks to high-tech features, off-road capability and extremely high brand cachet. But it's far more expensive than the Escalade.
Infiniti QX80 -- Despite its whale-like proportions and similar body-on-frame architecture, the QX sports a King Kong powertrain and delivers a generally more responsive driving experience than the Cadillac.
AutoTrader's Advice
We recommend the slightly more compact standard-length Escalade over the ESV. It's easier to maneuver in tight spots but still provides ample room for people and cargo, provided you don't mind removing the third-row seat when you need to carry something large. We like the Premium package and its rear-seat entertainment, which makes the miles fly by for passengers on long road trips.


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Dina Roth Port had been a mom for only 48 hours when she realized that she'd lost her mind -- at least temporarily. "My first evening home from the hospital, the baby nurse we'd hired asked where the kitchen trash can was and I gave her a totally blank stare: I couldn't remember!" says Roth Port, of Boca Raton, Florida, mom of Samantha, now 1.
Call it what you will -- baby brain drain, maternal absentmindedness -- the phenomenon of forgetfulness is a fact of life for moms, often setting in even before they give birth. This particular brand of memory loss can reduce the kind of person who once never forgot a face (let's call her Mommy A) into a blithering idiot. Now, when Mommy B waves Mommy A down in the frozen-food aisle, she has to introduce herself three different ways before A finally remembers who she is: "Jake's mom? From the playground last week? You know, I had an extra strawberry-watermelon Go-Gurt?" It's the gremlin who hides the car keys and allows cookies to burn to a crisp and permission slips to go unsigned.
What makes a mom become so forgetful? A variety of things. Is there any chance of returning to the way you were -- able to remember names and faces, birthdays, and when it's your turn to bring in snacks? Absolutely. Read on for the biggest memory zappers (and be sure to take notes, lest you forget).
Maura Rhodes is a mom of four (ages 14, 6, 3, and 4 months) and a senior editor at Parenting.
Sleep deprivationAllison McDowell-Enstrom, of Kenmore, Washington, nursed her son, Jackson, around the clock and blames insufficient shut-eye for the many memory lapses she suffered at the time. "Jackson had his two-month checkup, so off we went! When I walked into the office, something didn't feel right. I told the receptionist I was there to see the doctor, and she said, 'You mean dentist, don't you?' That's when I put it all together -- we'd driven to my dentist's office!"
New information is solidified in the brain while you sleep, so not getting enough can affect your ability to remember things. "If you learn something in the evening, sleep on it for eight hours, and then are tested on it, your memory of it is likely to be 20 to 30 percent better than if you'd learned it in the morning and were tested eight hours later," says Matt Walker, Ph.D., an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine compared the response times and memorization skills of people who'd slept for four, six, or eight hours per night over a period of two weeks to those who stayed awake for three days. They found that the eight-hour sleepers did fine, but the four- and six-hour ones performed just as poorly as the folks who hadn't gotten any shut-eye at all.
To get more zzz's:
* Though you may be sick of hearing it, sleep when the baby does: A 60- to 90-minute nap can work wonders on a sluggish brain, says Walker. (A shorter siesta may not revive brain cells; a longer one may interfere with your nighttime sleep.)
* If you can't squeeze in a nap, try to get to bed an hour earlier on most nights so you can get close to eight hours before the kids start to stir. Or take turns doing night duty with your husband.
* In a pinch, have caffeine. Whether it's coffee, tea, or soft drinks, it can temporarily help you be more alert and able to focus after a sleepless night. But too much caffeine can be counterproductive, leaving you so jittery you can't concentrate. For the best perking-up effect, sip such beverages in small amounts throughout the day.
StressCortisol, the same hormone that comes into play during childbirth, kicks in whenever we're stressed. With the challenges of raising kids, moms might as well be mainlining it -- which means an almost constant assault on the brain's memory centers.
That said, your brain won't be permanently affected by that crazy morning when you had a job interview and the baby pooped down her leg and your toddler spilled juice on his jacket just as you were loading them in the car for daycare. And besides, that sort of situation can't be helped. "The key isn't to try to avoid stress, but to figure out how to manage it," says Cynthia Green, Ph.D., author of Total Memory Workout and a mom of three.
To de-stress:
* Anything that enables you to relax, whether it's a yoga class or reading a few pages of a novel, is a good thing. Don't have much time? Find a quiet place and try to "breathe into your heart" for a few minutes: Close your eyes, imagine the face of someone you love, and breathe deeply as you think of that person.
* If you can't get a second to yourself, unwind with your kids. "I'll sit down and color with my two-year-old for fifteen minutes, or we'll all take a walk," says Green. "I find being with my kids grounds me. I forget about my bad day by focusing on whatever we're doing together."
DietCertain nutrients, including zinc (found in meats and fortified cereals), vitamin B-12, and folic acid, may affect memory when in short supply. But the one that has the greatest impact on a mom's memory is iron. As many as 25 percent of all pregnant women are iron-deficient. During pregnancy, not only does the baby's growth sap your stores, but the increase in your blood volume dilutes them as well. The loss of blood during childbirth (and every month from your period, when it comes back) also takes a toll. Afterward, time constraints can keep you from eating well.
To boost your iron intake:
* Eat iron-rich foods. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron is 27 milligrams for pregnant women and 18 milligrams for both nursing and non-nursing moms. The best way to meet those levels is to eat more lean red meat, iron-fortified cereals (one serving of Cream of Wheat supplies half the RDA for this nutrient), legumes (such as peas and beans), and nuts.
* To increase absorption, pair legumes with vitamin-C-rich foods, like peppers. And cook in cast-iron pots, which release some of their iron, especially if you're making something acidic, like tomato sauce. Save dairy foods for between-meal snacks because calcium inhibits absorption.
* Take an over-the-counter multi-vitamin; most contain the recommended daily amount of iron. Stay away from iron supplements (too much of it can be toxic for some people) unless your doctor prescribes them.
MultitaskingIt's the survival method moms rely on most, but a University of Michigan study found it may actually be linked to poor performance overall, including short-term memory loss. That means you'll have trouble remembering what snack you said you'd bring to the playgroup if you made that promise over the phone at the same time you were keeping an eye on the pasta water and opening your mail.
To do less:
* Live in the moment. If you don't focus on what's going on, there's no way you'll remember it. When you're getting some important information -- from your pediatrician, say, or your child's sitter -- turn off the TV, leave the playroom, do whatever it takes to allow you to listen.
* Cut down on the things you need to remember. The key to keeping up for Carole Bolen, of Queensbury, New York, mom of 6-year-old triplets and 9-year-old twins, is to schedule all doctor and dentist appointments on the same day. "The kids even play the same sports at the same time," she says.
The easiest memory boostersSome ways to remember the things you shouldn't forget:
Look, snap, connect
Can't keep the names and faces of the moms in your playgroup straight? Try this tactic from Gary Small, M.D., author of The Memory Prescription: When meeting someone new, focus on her, pick out a distinctive physical feature (red curls, funky glasses, husky voice), then connect that trait with something familiar in your mind. (The red hair is like your sister-in-law's, for example.)
Borrow the Game Boy
Many of the games kids play are great for shoring up big people's ability to focus: Concentration, Simon, just about any video game, says Green, who swears by a version of Ms. Pac-Man that she can play on her TV. Or check out games and puzzles online; the ones on SetGame.com and JigZone.com will give your brain a good workout.
Say "ohmmm"
Meditation can be especially helpful for perpetually distracted moms: It teaches you to be able to home in on the things that matter and block out everything else. To reap the benefits, say practitioners, you need to meditate most days -- but just ten minutes of staying focused on your breathing is all it takes.
Write it all down
The human brain can only hold about seven bits of information in working memory at a time (that's partly why phone numbers are seven digits), though it can obviously store a lot more than that, says Green.
Heather Salzo of Danbury, Connecticut, has had countless memory slips since her son Christopher was born a year ago; now she swears by sticky notes. "I leave myself a note at night in the kitchen, and it's there in the morning to remind me. That's been a lifesaver," she says.
In Nashville, Jess Hill, mom of three, keeps a three-ring binder with pocket folders clipped inside, one for each member of the family. "I slip all school forms, class phone lists, party invitations for that kid or parent in his or her folder," she says.
If the days, weeks, or years since you became a mother feel like one big blank, give yourself a break. So what if you can't remember the name of the last novel you read or where your husband took you on your last birthday? What you'll never forget are the things that really matter: your baby's first smile, your toddler's first halting steps, the endearing lisp your 5-year-old developed when she lost her two front teeth, and the utter joy of being a mom.

subset: commoncrawl


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You guys make us sick.
What are you guys expecting to see? Ultra droppage? It was pouring out there. Nobody wanted to risk having their precious SLRs get wet. We are giving this one a pass anyway on account that we don't have much material and the weather sucked.
Oh, and Joe D, stop it.
Gonna have a look at Cycling Captured now for Union Grove droppage. Stay tuned.


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Jonnie Lise Lott McElvogue
Nov. 5, 1944 - Oct. 15, 2012
Jonnie Lise Lott McElvogue, 67, of Pewaukee, died Monday, Oct. 15, 2012, at Waukesha Memorial Hospital.
Jonnie was born to Alvar and Henny Backstrand in Simrishamn, Sweden, on Nov. 5, 1944.
She graduated from Oconomowoc High School and has lived most of her life in Waukesha County.
She enjoyed many things. She was an avid golfer and tennis player and an avid reader. She was an exceptional chef and many loved her for her excellent food. She loved gardening and had a great green thumb. She loved music and the painting.
Jonnie was well-loved and leaves behind many whose lives were brightened by her smile and laughter.
She was a patient, loving and steadfast mother to her two boys, Christopher Douglas Hamley and Scott Tucker Hamley. She was also a very active, loving and supportive grandmother to Matthew and Katie Hamley, Ethan and Jarod Hamley, Megan and Isaac Hamley and Violet Agnes Hamley.
Jonnie, we all love you and will miss you.
Memorial contributions can be made to the American Cancer Society, N19-W24350 Riverwood Drive, Waukesha, WI 53188.


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AWS Device Farm is an app testing service that lets you test and interact with your Android, iOS, and web apps on many devices at once, or reproduce issues on a device in real time. View video, screenshots, logs, and performance data to pinpoint and fix issues and increase quality before shipping your app.
Test your app in parallel against a large collection of physical devices in the AWS Cloud
Gesture, swipe, and interact with devices in real time, directly from your web browser
Choose to test a native, hybrid, or web app.
AWS Device Farm tests your app against your choice of real phones and tablets.
AWS Device Farm direct device access allows developers to access their private fleet devices via their local host machines the same way they test and debug with real devices connected locally directly to their machines.
Get results in minutes that pinpoint bugs and performance problems.
Select a device by attributes like make, model, and OS version
AWS Device Farm displays the device's screen in your browser
Gesture, swipe, and interact with the device. Reproduce customer issues and test new functionality
Run tests and interact with a large selection of physical devices. Unlike emulators, physical devices give you a more accurate understanding of the way users interact with your app by taking into account factors like memory, CPU usage, location, and modifications made by manufactures and carriers to the firmware and software. We are always adding devices to the fleet. See the device list.
Manually reproduce issues and run automated tests in parallel. We collect videos, logs, and performance data so you can dive deep and solve problems quickly. For automated tests, we'll identify and group issues so you can focus on the most important problems first.
Fine-tune your test environment by configuring location, language, network connection, application data, and installing prerequisite apps to simulate real-world customer conditions.
Run our built-in test suite (no scripting required) or customize your tests by selecting from open-source test frameworks like Appium, Calabash, and Espresso (see supported frameworks). You can also perform manual tests with Remote Access.
Use our service plugins and API to automatically initiate tests and get results from IDEs and continuous integration environments like Android Studio and Jenkins.
Each device is dedicated to you for the duration of your test or Remote Access session and completely isolated from other devices at the software and hardware level. After you are done, the device is wiped to remove your application and data.
Start now with your free trial of 1000 device minutes*
Test on any of our devices in parallel and pay just for what you use
Test as much as you want each month for a flat rate
Test on dedicated devices deployed exclusively for your account
Improve the quality of your iOS, Android, and web applications by testing against real phones and tablets in the AWS Cloud.
Your first 1000 minutes are free*
* For a limited time, get a one-time trial of 1000 free device minutes instead of the standard 250 device minutes.


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Gov. LePage declares state of emergency
Declaration lifts federal transportation rules
Gov. LePage declares state of emergency
Declaration lifts federal transportation rules
AUGUSTA, Maine —
Gov. Paul LePage has declared a limited state of emergency because of the nor'easter.
The declaration waives federal transportation rules to allow crews to restore power quickly and allow crews from Canada to help with repairs.
LePage said Maine Emergency Management Agency officials continue to monitor the storm.
"It takes a tremendous amount of effort to prepare for and clean up these winter storms, but we are well-equipped," said LePage. "I would like to remind Mainers to stay clear of downed power lines and take the proper precautions when operating generators. Stay safe during and after the storm."
The governor said both Central Maine Power and Bangor Hydro have been coordinating their storm response.


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Carl Edwards Breaks Long Losing Streak At Phoenix [VIDEO]
It had been almost two years since the last patented acrobatic flip following a Carl Edwards win in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Seventy races between wins were hard enough without wrecking 5 cars during speedweeks at Daytona. However, Edwards won the race off pit road with 75 laps left and had enough fuel to endure a little overtime to hold off Jimmie Johnson to win the Subway Fresh Fit 500.
Johnson had to earn his second place finish due to a hard charging Denny Hamlin who almost stole the penultimate spot but settled for third. Brad Keselowski ran out of gas at the start/finish line for fourth and Dale Earnhardt, Jr. took fifth.
Mark Martin the pole sitter led the most laps, especially early in the race. Unfortunately the veteran driver was unable to get a good handle on the car for the last half of the race and took 21st. The Danica Patrick watch took a wicked turn with a blown right front tire that led to contact with the outside wall then an unsuspecting David Ragan plowed into the driver's side of her machine to finish her day. Patrick finished in 39th place. She has never been fond of Phoenix International Raceway and was not expected to contend. She was running in the 20's for much of the day prior to the accident. The series will stay out west for a trip to Las Vegas Motor Speedway next Sunday.


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Europe's Week Ahead: Flood of China Data
Chinese data is expected to dominate sentiment next week as markets continue to debate Fed tapering. The Bank of England's Inflation Report and meetings by the Reserve Bank of Australia and the Bank of Japan will also add to the mix.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
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hi wrote:Just did a 80k ride with my Dad and his friend this morning, Seriously wondering how i'm going to do the 210 .
All i had was 1 fruit bar so i think i should eat a bit more on the rides.
I think it took us almost three hours as there were hills involved.
Fair effort indeed mate, Even if it did take you 3 hours that was still an average of 26.66km an hour
My averages are still around 22.2km an hour so your doing very well.
Remember to bring ample water and snacks to keep your energy levels up. Banana's will definitely help with the lactic acid buildup and will aid in recovery.


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7:00 pm
Washington Week NULL
7:30 pm
Need to Know MARIA HINOJOSA ANCHORS. With the ongoing discussion in Washington about revising the federal tax code, Need to Know profiles four New Jersey residents with dramatically different incomes to demonstrate how current tax regulations disproportionately benefit some Americans more than others. D
8:00 pm
Idaho Reports 2013 Host Greg Hahn, with a panel of news professionals, plus political analysts, examines the week's events at the Idaho Legislature.G
9:00 pm
Piaf: Her Story, Her Songs Singer Raquel Bitton embodies French popular singer Edith Piaf (1915-1963) in this film that is part documentary-part stage performance. Britton sings songs made famous by Piaf in French, then steps back and tells Piaf's story in English. Archival photos illustrates Piaf's life of lucky breaks and tragedy, and the singer's friends and Bitton discuss her life over wine and food.G
10:30 pm
Sousa on the Rez: Marching to the Beat of a Different Drum Marching music and brass bands have been a part of Native American culture for more than a century. This profile of two contemporary Indian community bands features the Iroquois Indian Band from upstate New York and the Fort Mojave Tribal Band based in Needles, California. The film traces the origins of these groups and their 20th century history.G
11:00 pm
Charlie Rose NULL


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Celebrity Cars
Shaq's Ford F-350: For Sale on AutoTrader
- Shaq's Ford F-350 is for sale in Sanford, Fla.
- It includes a 10-inch lift and other add-ons
- Shaq was the truck's only owner
Not long ago, we brought you Shaquille O'Neal's Porsche Panamera, which was for sale on AutoTrader.com in Atlanta, Ga. Now, we've got something bigger, quite literally: a 2009 Ford F-350 SuperCrew that also once belonged to the famous basketball star.
According to Adam, a salesperson at Gibson Truck World in Sanford, Fla., O'Neal was the truck's only owner. That's verified on the F-350 vehicle's CARFAX report, which shows the truck was originally purchased at a Ford dealer in Windermere, Fla. Shaq lives in Windermere, an Orlando suburb that's also known for being the site of Tiger Woods' Escalade crash. Shaq lives in a mansion adorned with Superman logos.
But the F-350 vehicle's CARFAX also reveals another interesting detail. While the truck's odometer reads a reasonable 44,000 miles, the CARFAX shows dealer visits in California, Florida, Ohio and Massachusetts. To us, that suggests Shaq enjoyed the pickup so much that he shipped it wherever he played rather than leaving it at his Orlando home. In California, he played for the LA Lakers. He also did brief stints with the Cleveland Cavaliers in Ohio and the Boston Celtics in Massachusetts.
Fans of big trucks will find it hard to fault Shaq for taking the pickup wherever he went. That's because this is no ordinary F-350, but rather a highly-modified upscale F-350 Lariat. In addition to the luxury features included with the Lariat model, Shaq's F-350 boasts a 10-in lift, putting the already bulky truck high in the air. Its Dually configuration means it has four wheels in back, while unique rims and a front push bar give it a more aggressive look. According to Adam, the truck includes more than $40,000 in aftermarket add-ons.
But since Shaq has moved on from the F-350, it can now be yours. Adam said it's listed at $48,995 but noted that the price may be negotiable for the right buyer. If that's you, just think of it as paying for those wild add-ons and getting a truck for almost nothing.
What it means to you: For years, Shaq's Ford F-350 went with him wherever he traveled. Now you, too, can take it anywhere for an entry price of less than $50,000.
Find Shaq's Ford F-350 for sale
What do you think of Shaq's F-350? Let us know in the comments below.


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|This information is provided free of charge by the Department of Industrial Relations from its web site at www.dir.ca.gov. These regulations are for the convenience of the user and no representation or warranty is made that the information is current or accurate. See full disclaimer at http://www.dir.ca.gov/od_pub/disclaimer.html.
Article 1.5. Service of Documents and Duty to Notify Others of Appeal and Hearing
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1. Change without regulatory effect of subsection (c) filed 6-23-86; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 86, No. 26).
2. Repealer filed 10-30-92; operative 11-30-92 (Register 92, No. 44).
Go Back to Article 1.5 Table of Contents


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The Perfect Server - Debian Wheezy (Apache2, BIND, Dovecot, ISPConfig 3)
This tutorial shows how to prepare a Debian Wheezy server (with Apache2, BIND, Dovecot) for the installation of ISPConfig 3, and how to install ISPConfig 3. ISPConfig 3 is a webhosting control panel that allows you to configure the following services through a web browser: Apache or nginx web server, Postfix mail server, Courier or Dovecot IMAP/POP3 server, MySQL, BIND or MyDNS nameserver, PureFTPd, SpamAssassin, ClamAV, and many more. This setup covers Apache (instead of nginx), BIND (instead of MyDNS), and Dovecot (instead of Courier).
Read more at HowtoForge


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In a ferocious defensive battle between two teams with a storied history of playing hard-nosed defense and with lineups Sunday that included some of the best defenders in the NFL, a run-of-the-mill outside linebacker named Erik Walden made the most plays.
The outside backers
In the first meeting this year between the teams, Jay Cutler scrambled for 37 yards. That no doubt was why the Packers often used Walden as a so-called spy on the Bears' quarterback.
Walden would move into the center of the field five, six yards off the ball to make sure that Cutler wasn't going to cut the Packers up on the ground. The plan obviously was to pressure Cutler, but also to keep him in the pocket.
In addition, the Bears seemed to be trying to take Clay Matthews out of the game by formation. They motioned tight ends to his side and forced Matthews to widen out, which meant he had a longer distance to go to get to the quarterback. The Bears kept tight ends in to block him and also did a lot of chip blocking on him. So Walden also was a beneficiary of the Bears' game plan.
But take nothing away from Walden. He ran plays down in the running game. And he's 6-foot-2 and 250 pounds. He has some strength behind him when he makes a tackle. He might be the fourth player the Packers have used at right outside linebacker this year, but he looks to be a better athlete than Frank Zombo and Brady Poppinga, and maybe Brad Jones as well.
Walden might be a little bit of a liability on the edge against runs coming at him, but he has more speed than those guys to run people down on the other side of the field.
After zeroing in on Matthews, it appears as though he's getting away from what made him special. He seems to be jumping around more before the snap instead of just lining up and going. Maybe if he wasn't trying so hard to get into the lineman's head, he'd have a better burst off the ball


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VanEck Vectors ETFs
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The VanEck Vectors® BDC Income ETF (BIZD®) seeks to replicate as closely as possible, before fees and expenses, the price and yield performance of the MVIS® US Business Development Companies Index (MVBIZDTG), which tracks the overall performance of publicly traded business development companies.
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The "Net Asset Value" (NAV) of a VanEck Vectors Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) is determined at the close of each business day, and represents the dollar value of one share of the fund; it is calculated by taking the total assets of the fund, subtracting total liabilities, and dividing by the total number of shares outstanding. The NAV is not necessarily the same as the ETF 's intraday trading value. VanEck Vectors ETF investors should not expect to buy or sell shares at NAV.
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Nushawn J. Williams says he's writing a book.
The man accused of spreading HIV through Chautauqua County -- infecting at least 13 women and girls with the deadly virus -- said he wants to tell about his travels in Western New York and clear a name he believes has been tarnished by media coverage.
Williams, 22, will find it hard to profit from any book he produces, legal experts said, because of a state law designed to keep convicted criminals from making money off of their victims.
"He wants to write a book to show he's not the monster the press made him out to be," said John Dienst, a reporter at WPIX-TV, a New York City television station.
Williams, currently serving a four-to-12-year sentence in the Clinton Correctional Facility for statutory rape, told Dienst that he is busy working on a manuscript.
Dienst said he told Williams about the law that would keep him from profiting from a book deal, but said the news didn't seem to make much of an impression.
"He seemed unfazed about that," Dienst said. "He still plans to go forward."
Legal experts said Williams is free to write whatever he wants.
But, the experts said, that doesn't mean he ever will see a cent of profit from anything that is published.
The state law designed to keep convicted criminals from profiting by their stories grew out of the "Son of Sam" killings in New York City in the 1970s and is in a period of testing in the courts following some amendments made in the early 1990s, said Charles Ewing, a criminal law expert at the University at Buffalo.
If Williams were to find a publisher for his book, the suit that would follow on behalf of the crime victims -- a necessary step in the application of the law -- probably would be a major test for the amended "Son of Sam" law, Ewing said.
"They couldn't preclude him publishing it, but they could preclude him from benefiting from it," he said. "My guess is the law would apply in the Nushawn Williams case."
In Chautauqua County, news of the possible book deal came as a punch in the gut to local officials, who said Williams already has done enough damage to the area's reputation.
"It's sickening and exploitative," said Chautauqua County Executive Mark W. Thomas. "With all the attention on him, the victims are being lost in the shuffle. They are a silent presence out there -- and they are being affected by this.
"This man has wreaked some serious destruction, including some deaths already," Thomas said.
James P. Subjack, county district attorney, said he would do everything in his power to ensure Williams never sees a cent from any future book.


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I always thought there is a good market for development in this area. I am suprised none of the big players never really launched a product.
regarding cutting your old twin tip.... almost guaranteed to ruin your board, if it works it will snap or de-laminate within minutes. Twin tips are generally wood core with carbon fibre composite and thin. I think snowboards are metal base cores ? and therefore easier to cut up and retain strength..... but give it a go you never know


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ZEROtherm Zen CPU Cooler FZ120 Review
Are you building a new computer based on some of the newer processors that have been coming out from Intel lately? All of the Intel processors can produce a lot of heat, especially when it comes to overclocking them to the 1GHz mark or higher. This is when picking a cooler comes into play. When it comes to deciding which cooler is the right fit for you, you need to take a look at the size and price of the cooler in question. You may want to take a look at the ZEROtherm Zen CPU cooler FZ120. The Zen CPU cooler is built with a very simple tower design, which has proven to cool a processor very well in the past.
Closer Look:
When you take a look at the front of the packaging for the ZEROtherm Zen CPU Cooler, you are able to see right in the center of the package, that there is a cutout that shows the large 120mm fan that has been mounted on the cooler to allow for better cooling possibilities. There is also a little banner in the upper left hand corner of the packaging that mentions that the ZEROtherm Zen CPU Cooler has been optimized for Intel Core 2 Quad/Duo processors, which are some of the most popular chips on the market right now. There are also six little pictures on the front of the package that depict the main features of the ZEROtherm Zen CPU Cooler, such as Killer Performance, Optimized Design, Silence Innovations, Automatic Fan Control, Effective Heatpipes, and Maximum Airflow. When you take a look the back of the packaging, you will see a quick installation guide, which pictures the dimensions and compares the cooler to the size of a micro-ATX board. On one of the sides, there is a Compatibility List that shows you all of the different processors that this cooler has been rated to cool effectively, as well as which socket types it is able to be mounted on. The other side of the ZEROtherm Zen CPU Cooler's package is where you will find the specifications of the unit.
When you pull everything out of the package, you'll find the cooler, an installation booklet, a 120mm fan, a bag of goodies containing AMD Socket clips, as well as the clips needed to mount the 120mm fan on the ZEROtherm Zen CPU Cooler. ZEROtherm also packaged a tube of their thermal paste in the bag, just incase whom ever bought the Zen CPU Cooler did not have any paste laying around.
Now on to a closer look at the ZEROtherm Zen CPU Cooler FZ120, and to see how it has been put together so we can see exactly how big it is.


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Birthday Parties
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Congestion Charge Number | 0843 850 2330
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Our good friends at Galerie MooiMan are always bringing the best stuff to us. Thanks to them for giving us the tip on this exhibit of photos of the most beautiful Russian men and boys around.
Seva Galkin is a Russian photographer, producer, director, and editor in chief of TGuy.ru who has had many exhibitions in Russia, Germany, and Sweden. The out photographer has been able to place himself beyond the bullying in Vladimir Putin's Russia. Galkin swims against the current. The male body has been the center of his creative research. Hooligans addresses these issues directly. Galkin is clearly influenced by Soviet art with a suggestion of the pre-revolutionary period as well as the erotic sensibilites of Kuzma Petrov Vodkin.
Russian Hooligans in NYC, July 3
Curated by Alexander Kargaltsev
315 Seigel St, 216, Brooklyn, NY, 11206


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Blue Letter Bible offers several daily devotional readings in order to help you refocus on Christ and the Gospel of His peace and righteousness.
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kheh'·sed (Key)
Part of Speech
masculine noun
Root Word (Etymology)
From חָסַד (H2616)
Dictionary Aids
TWOT Reference: 698a,699a
KJV Translation Count — Total: 248x
The KJV translates Strong's H2617 in the following manner: mercy (149x), kindness (40x), lovingkindness (30x), goodness (12x), kindly (5x), merciful (4x), favour (3x), good (1x), goodliness (1x), pity (1x), reproach (1x), wicked thing (1x).
Outline of Biblical Usage [?]
Strong's Definitions [?] (Strong's Definitions Legend)
חֶסֶד cheçed, kheh'-sed; from H2616; kindness; by implication (towards God) piety; rarely (by opposition) reproof, or (subjectively) beauty:—favour, good deed(-liness, -ness), kindly, (loving-) kindness, merciful (kindness), mercy, pity, reproach, wicked thing.
Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon [?]
Strong's Number H2617 matches the Hebrew חֶסֶד
which occurs 248 times in 241 verses in the Hebrew concordance of the KJV
Page 1 / 5 (Gen 19:19–1Ch 17:13)
Behold now, thy servant hath found grace in thy sight, and thou hast magnified thy mercy, H2617 which thou hast shewed unto me in saving my life; and I cannot escape to the mountain, lest some evil take me, and I die:
And it came to pass, when God caused me to wander from my father's house, that I said unto her, This is thy kindness H2617 which thou shalt shew unto me; at every place whither we shall come, say of me, He is my brother.
Now therefore swear unto me here by God that thou wilt not deal falsely with me, nor with my son, nor with my son's son: but according to the kindness H2617 that I have done unto thee, thou shalt do unto me, and to the land wherein thou hast sojourned.
And he said, O LORD God of my master Abraham, I pray thee, send me good speed this day, and shew kindness H2617 unto my master Abraham.
And let it come to pass, that the damsel to whom I shall say, Let down thy pitcher, I pray thee, that I may drink; and she shall say, Drink, and I will give thy camels drink also: let the same be she that thou hast appointed for thy servant Isaac; and thereby shall I know that thou hast shewed kindness H2617 unto my master.
And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of my master Abraham, who hath not left destitute my master of his mercy H2617 and his truth: I being in the way, the LORD led me to the house of my master's brethren.
And now if ye will deal kindly H2617 and truly with my master, tell me: and if not, tell me; that I may turn to the right hand, or to the left.
I am not worthy of the least of all the mercies, H2617 and of all the truth, which thou hast shewed unto thy servant; for with my staff I passed over this Jordan; and now I am become two bands.
But the LORD was with Joseph, and shewed him mercy, H2617 and gave him favour in the sight of the keeper of the prison.
But think on me when it shall be well with thee, and shew kindness, H2617 I pray thee, unto me, and make mention of me unto Pharaoh, and bring me out of this house:
And the time drew nigh that Israel must die: and he called his son Joseph, and said unto him, If now I have found grace in thy sight, put, I pray thee, thy hand under my thigh, and deal kindly H2617 and truly with me; bury me not, I pray thee, in Egypt:
Thou in thy mercy H2617 hast led forth the people which thou hast redeemed: thou hast guided them in thy strength unto thy holy habitation.
And shewing mercy H2617 unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments.
And the LORD passed by before him, and proclaimed, The LORD, The LORD God, merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abundant in goodness H2617 and truth,
Keeping mercy H2617 for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, and that will by no means clear the guilty; visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the children's children, unto the third and to the fourth generation.
And if a man shall take his sister, his father's daughter, or his mother's daughter, and see her nakedness, and she see his nakedness; it is a wicked thing; H2617 and they shall be cut off in the sight of their people: he hath uncovered his sister's nakedness; he shall bear his iniquity.
The LORD is longsuffering, and of great mercy, H2617 forgiving iniquity and transgression, and by no means clearing the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation.
Pardon, I beseech thee, the iniquity of this people according unto the greatness of thy mercy, H2617 and as thou hast forgiven this people, from Egypt even until now.
And shewing mercy H2617 unto thousands of them that love me and keep my commandments.
Know therefore that the LORD thy God, he is God, the faithful God, which keepeth covenant and mercy H2617 with them that love him and keep his commandments to a thousand generations;
Wherefore it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these judgments, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant and the mercy H2617 which he sware unto thy fathers:
And the men answered her, Our life for yours, if ye utter not this our business. And it shall be, when the LORD hath given us the land, that we will deal kindly H2617 and truly with thee.
And the spies saw a man come forth out of the city, and they said unto him, Shew us, we pray thee, the entrance into the city, and we will shew thee mercy. H2617
Neither shewed they kindness H2617 to the house of Jerubbaal, namely, Gideon, according to all the goodness which he had shewed unto Israel.
And Naomi said unto her two daughters in law, Go, return each to her mother's house: the LORD deal kindly H2617 with you, as ye have dealt with the dead, and with me.
And Naomi said unto her daughter in law, Blessed be he of the LORD, who hath not left off his kindness H2617 to the living and to the dead. And Naomi said unto her, The man is near of kin unto us, one of our next kinsmen.
And he said, Blessed be thou of the LORD, my daughter: for thou hast shewed more kindness H2617 in the latter end than at the beginning, inasmuch as thou followedst not young men, whether poor or rich.
And Saul said unto the Kenites, Go, depart, get you down from among the Amalekites, lest I destroy you with them: for ye shewed kindness H2617 to all the children of Israel, when they came up out of Egypt. So the Kenites departed from among the Amalekites.
Therefore thou shalt deal kindly H2617 with thy servant; for thou hast brought thy servant into a covenant of the LORD with thee: notwithstanding, if there be in me iniquity, slay me thyself; for why shouldest thou bring me to thy father?
And thou shalt not only while yet I live shew me the kindness H2617 of the LORD, that I die not:
But also thou shalt not cut off thy kindness H2617 from my house for ever: no, not when the LORD hath cut off the enemies of David every one from the face of the earth.
And David sent messengers unto the men of Jabeshgilead, and said unto them, Blessed be ye of the LORD, that ye have shewed this kindness H2617 unto your lord, even unto Saul, and have buried him.
And now the LORD shew kindness H2617 and truth unto you: and I also will requite you this kindness, because ye have done this thing.
Then was Abner very wroth for the words of Ishbosheth, and said, Am I a dog's head, which against Judah do shew kindness H2617 this day unto the house of Saul thy father, to his brethren, and to his friends, and have not delivered thee into the hand of David, that thou chargest me to day with a fault concerning this woman?
But my mercy H2617 shall not depart away from him, as I took it from Saul, whom I put away before thee.
And David said, Is there yet any that is left of the house of Saul, that I may shew him kindness H2617 for Jonathan's sake?
And the king said, Is there not yet any of the house of Saul, that I may shew the kindness H2617 of God unto him? And Ziba said unto the king, Jonathan hath yet a son, which is lame on his feet.
And David said unto him, Fear not: for I will surely shew thee kindness H2617 for Jonathan thy father's sake, and will restore thee all the land of Saul thy father; and thou shalt eat bread at my table continually.
Whereas thou camest but yesterday, should I this day make thee go up and down with us? seeing I go whither I may, return thou, and take back thy brethren: mercy H2617 and truth be with thee.
And Absalom said to Hushai, Is this thy kindness H2617 to thy friend? why wentest thou not with thy friend?
He is the tower of salvation for his king: and sheweth mercy H2617 to his anointed, unto David, and to his seed for evermore.
But shew kindness H2617 unto the sons of Barzillai the Gileadite, and let them be of those that eat at thy table: for so they came to me when I fled because of Absalom thy brother.
And Solomon said, Thou hast shewed unto thy servant David my father great mercy, H2617 according as he walked before thee in truth, and in righteousness, and in uprightness of heart with thee; and thou hast kept for him this great kindness, H2617 that thou hast given him a son to sit on his throne, as it is this day.
And he said, LORD God of Israel, there is no God like thee, in heaven above, or on earth beneath, who keepest covenant and mercy H2617 with thy servants that walk before thee with all their heart:
And his servants said unto him, Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel are merciful H2617 kings: let us, I pray thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out to the king of Israel: peradventure he will save thy life.
O give thanks unto the LORD; for he is good; for his mercy H2617 endureth for ever.
And with them Heman and Jeduthun, and the rest that were chosen, who were expressed by name, to give thanks to the LORD, because his mercy H2617 endureth for ever;
I will be his father, and he shall be my son: and I will not take my mercy H2617 away from him, as I took it from him that was before thee:
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1. Gen 19:19–1Ch 17:13
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Shandi Lynn Beahan, 25, of Hannibal, MO, died at 10:38 p.m. Sunday, January 5, 2014, at Hannibal Regional Hospital in Hannibal.
Funeral Services will be at 1:30 p.m. Friday, January 10, 2014, at the James O'Donnell Funeral Home in Hannibal. Pastor Tom Day will officiate. Burial will be at Grand View Burial Park in Hannibal.
Visitation will be from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. Thursday at the James O'Donnell Funeral Home.
Shandi was born July 9, 1988, in Hannibal, MO to Alan L. and Lisa J. Hoover Beahan.
Survivors include her tather, Alan L. Beahan (Terry Watkins); 2 children, Joshua and Madelynn "Madi"; Shandi's significant other, Josh Davis; grandparents, Jim and Joan Hoover; brother, Jamie Beahan (Shelly); nephew, James Beahan; and 2 special nieces and 1 special nephew. She is also survived by numerous aunts, uncles, cousins and other family members.
She is preceded in death by her mom; grandparents, Rev. James and Elizabeth Beahan; and 1 aunt, Debbie Hoover.
Ms. Beahan was a homemaker. She enjoyed camping and loved music. Shandi also loved doing crafts with her kids and spending time with her family. She attended Oakwood Christian Church.
Pallbearers will be Jamie Beahan, James Beahan, Joshua Davis, Jordan Welch, Aaron Paxton, Stephen Paxton, Michael Brocaille, Jeremy Beahan and Josh Davis.
Honorary pallbearers will be Chad Haskins, Mark Brocaille, Gary Beahan, Jim Beahan, Papa J. Hoover, Bill Hoover, and Charlie Paxton and Ray Zumwalt.
Online condolences may be made and video tribute viewed at www.jamesodonnellfuneralhome.com


text:
Russia, Siberia, Krasnoyarsk
The giant Krasnoyarskaya hydroelectric power station (KrasGES) on the Enisey River (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Hydroelectric_Dam)
It is the seventh in the list of largest hydroelectric power stations of the world (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations).Today it drops the level of the water to prevent overflow of reservoir
Just in case you mistakenly heard that it was all ice and snow in Russia, take a peek at the Big Bikini Exposition. This is right on the river Moskva in Moscow!Moscow has been the capital of Russia for almost its entire history. The exception is during the period of the Russian Empire, which lasted from 1721 until the Russian Revolution 1917. For these two centuries the capital was St. Petersburg. The Russian Empire was the second largest contiguous Empire in world memory; only the Mongol Empire had been greater.Check out what's happening north of Mongolia these days, in ChitaAlthough you may not have heard of Sochi, on the Black Sea, they're building up quickly and hope to host the 2014 Olympics.Other periods of Russian history include the Tsardom of Russia, from Ivan IV to Peter the Great, and the Grand Duchy (14th-16th centuries).The earliest period of Russian history was ruled by the Novgorod Republic and Kievan Rus, which was the first Russian state dating back to 800AD in Kiev.Modern Russia remains one of the world's superpowers. They launched the earth's second satellite, called Sputnik 1, and were the first country to put a human being into orbit around earth. (The first one is called the Moon.)After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia became a federal republic of 83 states.Text by Steve Smith.


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317 Royal Chartres Square E.Cordova, TN 38018
Sale Amount: $29.2 million
Sale Date: Feb. 4, 2016
Buyer: PC Orleans LLC
The 276-unit Orleans at Walnut Grove apartment community has sold for $29.2 million.
PC Orleans LLC, an entity of Provo, Utah-based investment firm Peak Capital Partners, paid an equivalent of $105,731 per unit to buy the property at 317 Royal Chartres Square E. from Orleans Apartment Community LLC, according to a Feb. 4 warranty deed.
656 S. Highland St.Memphis, TN 38111Sale Amount: $1.6 million
Sale Date: Dec. 2, 2013Buyer: Amicorp Enterprises Inc.Seller: DCTN3 328 Highland Memphis TN LLCLoan Amount: $600,000Loan Date: Nov. 25, 2013Maturity Date: N/ALender: The Bank of HemetDetails: The Family Dollar retail store at 656 S. Highland St. near the University of Memphis has sold for $1.6 million.
The owner of the 276-unit Orleans at Walnut Grove Apartments in Cordova has filed a $23 million loan for the property.
Orleans Apartment Community LLC filed the deed of trust, security agreement and fixture filing for the Class A complex Dec. 18 through Transamerica Pacific Insurance Co. Ltd. Charles W. Misenhelter signed the trust deed as member of Orleans Apartment Community.
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Bulletin, December/January 2010
Facts and Frameworks in Paul Otlets and Julius Otto Kaisers Theories of Knowledge Organization
by Thomas M. Dousa
Thomas M. Dousa is a doctoral student at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. His email address is tdousa2<at>illinois.edu.
The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed numerous developments in the domain of classificatory and indexing activities known today as knowledge organization (KO). Among the most striking of these was the emergence of the idea that documents could be decomposed not only into smaller bibliographical units (as, for example, a periodical into articles or a book into chapters), but also into yet smaller information units (such as, for example, the concepts or facts discussed in discrete passages within a text) and that, once identified, these information units could be reconfigured in new arrangements that would facilitate their retrieval [1, p. 223; 2, pp. 221222]. This idea, which I term information analysis, would have a long and influential career in information science (IS) and continues to influence IS theory and practice to this day [see sidebar].
The notion of information analysis may be traced back to two pioneers of KO, Paul Otlet (18681944) and Julius Otto Kaiser (18681927). The Belgian Otlet occupies a prominent place in the history of IS. A lawyer by training and a bibliographer by vocation, he made a number of fundamental contributions, both theoretical and practical, to the development of IS. Originator of the European documentalist movement, initiator or charter member of a number of organizations devoted to international cooperation in bibliography and (co-)creator of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), he developed a comprehensive vision of how information was to be organized and mobilized that prefigured, in many respects, the hypertextual systems that are in vogue today [3].
Kaiser, by contrast, holds a somewhat lower profile in the annals of IS. Born in Germany but spending most of his life in Great Britain and the United States, he served as an indexer and bibliographer for various commercial institutions, industrial enterprises and technical libraries. Today he is best known for his method of systematic indexing, which is considered to be a forerunner of facet analysis [4]. Although Otlet and Kaiser worked independently of one another, at the turn of the 20th century, each developed a well-articulated account of information analysis that deeply informed his theory of KO.
In this article, I sketch Otlets and Kaisers ideas about information analysis and compare the types of knowledge organization systems (KOSs) that they constructed on the basis of these ideas. As we shall see, Otlet and Kaiser held very similar views about the possibility and desirability of disaggregating documents into information units and organizing the latter into indexed information files. Both men also agreed on the technological means to implement their information-analytic approach. Despite these points of convergence Otlet and Kaiser envisioned vastly different kinds of contextual frameworks for organizing the informational units that they sought to disengage from their documentary trappings and, as a consequence, they developed contrasting theories of what the scope and inner articulation of a KOS should be. The striking differences between the types of KOSs that Otlet and Kaiser constructed on the basis of their views of information analysis can be explained, in large measure, by reference to differences in their personal philosophies as well as to the different professional cultures within which they operated.
From Knowledge to Documents to Facts: Otlet and Kaiser on Information Analysis
At the root of Otlets and Kaisers notions of information analysis lay their views of the relationship of documents to knowledge. According to Otlet, knowledge encompasses [e]verything which we know about objects in the external world or from our own thinking, physical objects (natural or artificial), non-physical objects (laws, thoughts, sentiments) and its primary elements are facts and ideas [5, p. 73]. Knowledge, in his view, is recorded in the form of documents, wherein authors embed facts and ideas into conceptual structures that reflect their personal understanding of the phenomena that they are discussing or representing. Otlet held that every document is an exposition of data, facts, and ideas more or less well ordered, clearly formulated, strongly stylized [6, p. 97]. According to Otlet, users of documents seek recourse to documents in order to extract facts and information from them for the acquisition of knowledge, for study or for scientific research [7, p. 105]; thus, if the new field of documentation was to support this documentary method of research, it would have to offer resources for providing access to the individual facts and ideas ensconced within documents.
When we turn to Kaiser, we see that a similar story prevails. In his view, documents or, to use his preferred term, pieces of literature constitute descriptive record[s], set down in language, of what individual human beings observe in and reason out about the world [8, § 5253]. Kaiser held that [t]he subjects of our observing and reasoning are things in general, real or imaginary, and the conditions attaching to them [8, § 52]: the things he called concretes and their conditions, processes. If knowledge can be reduced to knowledge of concretes and processes, and literature represents an encoding of knowledge into written language, it stands to reason that it must be possible to decompose a document into statements about concretes and processes. This reasoning was precisely the view of Kaiser, who put it thus: from the standpoint of knowledge literature is confined to the description of concretes and of the conditions attaching to them[;] for our purposes literature may be analyzed into terms of concretes and terms of processes [8, § 298]. Because, Kaiser argued, men of affairs are interested in the information contained in documents rather than in the documents themselves, we must try to dissociate information from literature and so render it more accessible to its potential users [8, § 83].
In addition to agreeing on the possibility and desirability of information analysis, Otlet and Kaiser held similar views about what it would achieve. For Otlet, the goal of the documentalist who, in his view, should also be a subject specialist is to identify information units within the document and create individual records for each one. Once individual information units have been separated from their original bibliographic contexts, they can be set out in a quite analytical way into encyclopedic repertories index files in which units of information will be organized in such a way as to link together materials and elements scattered in all relevant publications [5, pp. 84, 83]. According to Otlet, such repertories will comprise inventories of facts, catalogues of ideas, and the nomenclature of systems and of theories [#55, p. 83]. Just as bibliographic repertories provide access to (information about) documents, so will encyclopedic repertories provide access to information itself.
Kaisers view on the matter was virtually identical. In his view, the role of the indexer in a special library was to analyze documents, decompose them into individual informational units, record those units and organize them on a uniform plan applicable to all the information incorporated in the index [8, § 295]. In this way, he wrote, [w]e take our literature to pieces and re-arrange the pieces systematically so as to answer best our object in view [8, § 16]. The resultant index, so Kaiser averred, will give an analytic statement of the information, for it has been cut up into pieces, specific facts or opinions, and rearranged in more suitable form for use by the clientele for whom the index has been constructed [8, § 297]. Kaisers systematic index, no less than Otlets encyclopedic repertories, was designed to provide immediate access to information.
The Card Index System: Technological Substructure for Otlets and Kaisers Vision of Information Analysis
As we have seen, Otlet and Kaiser conceptualized documents as recorded expressions of knowledge consisting of constellations of informational units comprising facts, ideas and opinions. That is, both men advocated extracting these informational units from documents and reorganizing them into index files in order to make them more accessible to researchers. Their agreement on the theoretical fundamentals of information analysis for KO was reinforced by a shared commitment to the cutting-edge information technology of their time: the card system.
In todays digitally inflected culture card indexes housed in cabinets are often considered to be an antiquated and obsolete mode of storing information. In the last decade of the 19th century and the opening decades of the 20th century, however, information systems based on [c]ards of a uniform size, on which standardized data were transcribed, housed physically in card drawers and related furniture and organized conceptually by classification of schemes of various kinds epitomized a new modernist technology that was considered to have enormous practical advantages over the previously regnant system of recording information in bound ledgers [9, p. 12; 10]. Finding increasing use not only in libraries (where card files were first employed) but also in business offices and government bureau, card index systems were especially prized for the flexibility in filing that they afforded: not only could cards bearing superannuated information be easily removed and ones bearing new information be added, but files could be easily rearranged if needed. Otlet and Kaiser were well aware of these advantages and enthusiastically advocated for the use of the card index model [6, p. 384; 11, §§ 7172].
The underlying reason for the flexibility of the card index system was its segmentation into a number of physically discrete, modular records cards. Because, in such a system, [e]ach card is a unit record representing an item of information [10, p. 405], cards are an ideal tool for registering the results of information analysis. This technology was, indeed, precisely what Otlet and Kaiser envisioned for the KO systems that they designed. Both men held that, in an information index file, each individual card or, in some documentary contexts, each sheet of loose-leaf paper (Otlet) should serve as the bearer of a single unit of information extracted from a document. As if to emphasize the one-to-one correspondence between card and information unit, Otlet termed this methodological tenet the monographic principle [3, p. 238].
Once the information to be indexed had been entered upon cards in accordance to the monographic principle, it was necessary to organize the index file as a whole. Both Otlet and Kaiser envisioned that each card would be indexed by subject and that different cards containing information about the same subject would be collocated within the index file. Special divisionary, or guide, cards, distinguished from the others by size, shape or color, would mark the place of any given subject entry within the card file and indicate any subdivisions of main entries, as well as give cross-references to related subjects [3, p. 242; 8, §§ 399416]. Card index files thus had the resources to represent individual pieces of information (by means of subject-indexed unit cards) as well as to indicate the general structure of the card file within which the unit cards were gathered (by means of guide cards) and point out connections between subjects (also by means of guide cards).
In Otlets and Kaisers eyes, then, the card system was an ideal mechanism for gathering together information units gleaned from many different documentary sources, organizing them according to their intellectual content and guiding users to cards containing information on the particular subject of their concern. As such, it was a sine qua non for their vision of KO based on information analysis.
Classified vs. Alphabetical Order: Otlets and Kaisers Divergent Views of KO Frameworks
Whereas Otlet and Kaiser were in substantial agreement on both the desirability of information analysis and its technological implementation in the form of the card system, they parted company on the question of how index files were to be organized. Both men favored organizing information units by subject, but differed as to the type of KO framework that should govern file sequence: Otlet favored filing according to the classificatory order of the UDC, whereas Kaiser favored filing according to the alphabetical order of the terms used to denote subjects. It is instructive to examine why each thought the way he did on this important point.
To understand Kaisers preference for alphabetical order, it is necessary briefly to consider the main points of his indexing methodology, which may be summarized as follows. The indexer was to identify key terms within the documents he was processing, extract them and assign each term to one of fundamental categories concretes (i.e., entities), countries and processes (i.e., the action that a thing does or undergoes) [8, § 73, 299301]. Once terms had been assigned to their respective categories, they could be joined together in one of three basic combinations, which constituted subject statements about the information being indexed [8, § 302]:
[var., CountryConcreteProcess]
Within the file, main entry terms would always denote concretes or countries, whereas terms denoting processes would always serve as subdivisions. The main entry terms were to be arranged in alphabetical order, with the same being done for subdivisions under each main entry [8, §§ 389390]. Although the filing order was alphabetical, Kaiser provided what he called a logical key to the index [8, § 389]. He did so by stipulating that the indexer indicate on the guide card for each main entry term a list of the other main entry terms with which it stood in semantic relation: the latter included synonyms, broader terms, narrower terms and related terms [8, § 415, 423]. The logical key served as the syndetic structure of the index, indicating a web of conceptual relations otherwise unexpressed by the alphabetical structure of the index file.
Given that Kaiser acknowledged the utility of indicating semantic relations between index terms, why did he prefer alphabetical to classified order for filing? The answer lies in his view of language. Kaiser considered words in natural language to be imprecise expressions of the concepts that they are intended to convey. In addition, he held that there is little agreement among users of a language as to the precise definition of individual terms [8, § 6061, 112]. Such semantic indeterminism, in his opinion, makes it difficult to determine precisely what the authors of documents mean by the words they are using, and any attempt by an indexer to substitute preferred terms for the authors own words runs the risk of misinterpreting the meaning of the words in the original document. It was for this reason that he preferred using index terms extracted from the document itself [8, § 114].
Kaisers perception of the semantic lability of language also led him to distrust classified order because it presupposed universal agreement about the precise definition of words something that he held to be impossible. The alphabetical approach circumvents this problem by organizing information files by the formal characteristics, rather than the meaning, of subject terms: it thus reduces the possibility of misinterpretation on the part of the indexer [8, §§ 114, 178]. Furthermore, it makes use of an organizing principle that forms part of the common knowledge of indexer and user alike, whereas a classed organization based on the meaning of its index terms would require special knowledge of the principles underlying that classification [8, § 131132]. For Kaiser, then, alphabetical order represented the interpretatively safest and most user-friendly way of organizing information units by their subject terms.
Otlet, by contrast, was strongly opposed to organizing information units by the alphabetical order of their index terms. In his view, such a mode of organization scatters the [subject] matter under rubrics that have been classed arbitrarily in the order of letters and not at all in the order of ideas and so obscures the conceptual relationships between them [6, p. 380]. By the same token, it removes individual terms from the intellectual contexts that help to determine their meaning, and this isolation makes it difficult for users of an alphabetical index file to handle the complex expressions that one finds in the modern terminology of discipline[s] such as medicine, technology, the social sciences [6, p. 381]. A further difficulty, claimed Otlet, is the tendency of individual alphabetical indexes to have their own particular sets of index terms: this arbitrariness in the choice of words gave them a personal character that hindered standardization and, hence, bibliographical cooperation across different information centers [6, p. 381]. Finally, because the subject terms in an alphabetically arranged system must be expressed in a certain language, such indexes would be of necessity monolingual and so usable only to members of a single language community. This restriction, in Otlets view, would be an impediment to international cooperation in the organization of information [6, pp. 380, 381].
Otlets preferred framework for organizing information units was the classified approach, as embodied in his UDC. One reason lay in the UDCs capacity for providing intellectual context for individual subject entries: unlike alphabetical indexes, it assured that all related subjects are grouped together and so was likely, in Otlets opinion, to be preferred by scientific men [12, p. 99]. A more fundamental reason, in Otlets view, was that the UDC was comprehensive and systematic in its subject coverage and eminently suitable for use in an international setting. Not only did the decimal classifications general outline embrace the universe of knowledge but its use of a numerically-based decimal notation to designate classes and their subdivisions expressed in a transparent way the location of each subject, no matter how specific it may be, in the whole corpus of knowledge [13, pp. 31, 34, 36]. No less important, the numerical notation served to translate ideas into universally understood signs, namely numbers [13, p. 34]. This feature would permit users from different linguistic communities to use the classification despite the language barriers that might otherwise separate them. For Otlet, then, the UDC provided a comprehensive and systematized codification of knowledge whose notation allowed it to be used on an international scale, and such a system would be necessary if the results of information analysis were to be made available to the broadest range of users.
Universalism vs. Localism: Otlets and Kaisers Differing Views on Framework Scope
For Otlet, one of the major advantages of the UDC over alphabetical systems was that every alphabetical filing scheme has, through the arbitrariness of the choice of words, a personal character, whereas the [U]DC has an impersonal and universal character [6, p. 380]. His preference for impersonality and universality in KO must be viewed in light of the larger project of which the UDC was a key element. Otlets initial purpose in creating the UDC was to establish a KO framework for a bibliographic card catalog of universal scope, which he dubbed the Universal Bibliographic Repertory (RBU) and developed under the auspices of one of the institutions that he founded, the International Institute of Bibliography (IIB) [3, p. 238]. As he elaborated his idea of information analysis, he developed the idea of a universal encyclopedia, which was a series of interrelated, discipline-based card (or loose-leaf sheet) indexes synthesizing the totality of information relating to the different branches of knowledge [5, p. 83-84; 6, p. 409]. These comprehensive collections of facts and ideas were likewise to be indexed and organized in accordance with the UDC and their development was to be overseen by the Office of International Bibliography (OIB), the branch of the IIB responsible for administering the dossiers of information that Otlet was creating. Otlets intent, then, was that the UDC would be a classification of universal scope that would serve as an international standard for organizing information.
In stark opposition to Otlets insistence that an ideal KOS be impersonal and universal, Kaiser firmly held to the view that, ideally, KOSs should be constructed to meet the needs of the particular organizations for which they are being created. For example, with regard to the use of card indexes in business enterprises, he asserted that [e]ach business, each office has its individual character and individual requirements, and its individual organization. Its system must do justice to this individual character [11, § 76]. Because different businesses have different information requirements, each office must devise its system in accordance with its own requirements, and it should itself be the best judge of what these requirements are [11, § 76]. The inevitable corollary to this was that it is impossible to devise a system that could be applied universally [11, § 76].
What applied to the business office applied to the library as well. Kaiser deprecated the use of universal classifications in special libraries and information bureau, claiming that prefabricated general schemas for organizing documents or information could not take into account the particular information needs of a given organization [8, §§ 246247]. Furthermore, he rejected the idea that an index should aspire to comprehensive coverage of a universe of knowledge. Rather, he maintained, it should include index terms only for those subjects that actually pertain to the information needs of the organization for which it was designed [8, §§ 309, 311]. In the same vein he recommended that the relationships between main entry terms established in the syndetic structure of an index should reflect the particular point of view of the organization using it [8, § 425]. Kaisers insistence on designing KOSs in accordance with the particular needs of a given organization stands in stark antithesis to Otlets belief that such a system should be universal in scope, standardized and sufficiently impersonal to be useful to a large number of users from a host of different backgrounds; this antithesis continues to be a topic of discussion about KO within IS to this day [14].
Conclusion: Worldview and Professional Culture as Determinants of Frameworks for Facts
We have seen that Otlet and Kaiser believed that documents could be disarticulated into information units (namely, statements of facts and ideas), that these units could be recorded on unit records in the form of cards and that they could be filed in card indexes serving as repositories of information directly accessible to users. However, they held almost diametrically opposed views about the appropriate KO framework for organizing information units: Otlet advocated the grand narrative of a universal classification system applicable across different contexts and encompassing the whole universe of human knowledge, while Kaiser supported the creation of numerous, local micro-narratives in the form of alphabetical indexes customized to the specific needs of individual institutions. It remains to consider why, despite their agreement on the fundamentals of information analysis, their ideas of what constitutes the ideal type of KOS were so divergent.
Two factors explain Otlets and Kaisers different visions of KO: their personal worldviews and the professional cultures that they inhabited. Strongly influenced by the Comtean and Spencerian versions of positivism that he had imbibed in his youth, Otlet was concerned with the progress of the sciences (in the widest sense of the term), believing that a holistic integration of human knowledge into a single, well-articulated system of sciences could form the intellectual basis for the universal amelioration of human life [15, pp. 20, 2629, 354]. This integrative, universalist conception of human knowledge was of a piece with Otlets passionate devotion to the internationalist cause of fostering social unity on a planetary scale and his lifelong commitment to the building of institutions for international cooperation [15]. For him, information analysis provided a mechanism for identifying and isolating those facts and ideas that belonged to the general fund of human knowledge and organizing them in a universally codified fashion that would allow researchers to leverage this information more easily for the benefit of humankind as a whole: in this way, he hoped, the better organization of information produced by documentation would contribute to the progress of humanity.
In contradistinction to Otlets universalist perspective, Kaisers worldview was rooted in an ethos of individualist particularism. Holding to the conviction that [o]ur individuality is our greatest asset and that [one] cannot standardize the human intellect, he took the goal of information analysis to be to create indexes of information units that would provide persons working within a particular organization with access to just those facts and ideas that would be useful to them in their work for that organization [8, §§ 23, 57]. Whatever the intellectual sources of Kaisers fervent individualism may have been, his worldview was perfectly consonant with the world of commercial and technical libraries within which he developed and refined his method of systematic indexing, a world that placed a premium in the customization of classification and indexing to the specific needs of the enterprise for which the librarian was working [16, pp. 184].
Ultimately, the seemingly paradoxical differences between Otlets and Kaisers views of how KOSs based on information analysis should be elaborated must be explained by cultural differences, both personal and professional. Both men lived and worked during an epoch when cultural modernism was at its height [17]. It is unsurprising, then, that the approach to information analysis that they developed is consonant with the modernist impulse towards the systematization, organization and rationalization of cultural processes. Yet if Otlet and Kaiser were both products of a modernist milieu, they also inhabited different worlds within that milieu. Motivated by a universalist vision of benefiting humankind as a whole, Otlet elaborated his KO theory within the world of international organizations and universal bibliography, while Kaiser developed his within the world of commercial and industrial libraries, where pragmatic concerns strictly tied to particular organizational needs were of primary importance. The role of culture in shaping Otlets and Kaisers differing views on KO frameworks for organizing facts derived from information analysis is well worth keeping in mind for proponents of information-analytic approaches to IS today.
Authors Note
I thank the members of the Research Writing Group at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, for their helpful critique of an earlier draft of this article.
Resources Cited in This Article
[1] Metcalfe, J. (1957). Information indexing and subject cataloging. Alphabetical: classified: coordinate: mechanical. New York: Scarecrow Press.
[2] Frarey, C. J. (1953). Developments in subject cataloging. Library Trends, 2(2), 217-235.
[3] Rayward, W.B. (1994). Visions of Xanadu: Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and hypertext. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45(4), 237-250.
[4] Svenonius, E. (1978). Facet definition: A case study. International Classification, 5(3), 131-141.
[5] Otlet, P. (1903). The science of bibliography and documentation. In W. B. Rayward (Ed. & trans.), International organization and dissemination of knowledge: Selected essays of Paul Otlet (pp. 71-86). Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990.
[6] Otlet, P. (1934). Traité de documentation. Le livre sur le livre: Théorie et pratique. Bruxelles: Editiones Mundaneum.
[7] Otlet, P. (1907). The systematic organization of documentation and the development of the International Institute of Bibliography. In W. B. Rayward (Ed. & trans.), International organization and dissemination of knowledge: Selected essays of Paul Otlet (pp. 105-111). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
[8] Kaiser, J. (1911). Systematic indexing. London: Isaac Pitman & Sons.
[9] Rayward, W. B. (2008). European modernism and the information society: Introduction. In W. B. Rayward (Ed.), European modernism and the information society: Informing the present, understanding the past (pp.1-12). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
[10] Flanzreich, C. (1993). The Library Bureau and office technology. Libraries and Culture, 28(4), 403-429.
[11] Kaiser, J. (1908). The card system at the office. London: McCorquodale & Co.
[12] Otlet, P., & Vandeveld, E. (1906). The reform of national bibliographies and their use in universal bibliography. In W. B. Rayward (Ed. & trans.), International organization and dissemination of knowledge: Selected essays of Paul Otlet (pp. 96-104). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
[13] La Fontaine, H., & Otlet, P. (18951896). Creation of a universal bibliography: A preliminary note. In W. B. Rayward (Ed. & trans.), International organization and dissemination of knowledge: Selected essays of Paul Otlet (pp. 25-50). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
[14] Mai, J.-E. (2008, June 10). Small, medium and big IOPs. On his Organizing Stuff [blog]. Retrieved October 11, 2009, from http://organizingstuff.blogspot.com.
[15] Rayward, W. B. (1975). The universe of information: The work of Paul Otlet for documentation and international organization. Moscow: VINITI.
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[17] Buckland, M. (2008). On the cultural and intellectual context of European documentation in the early twentieth century. In W. B. Rayward (Ed.), European modernism and the information society: Informing the present, understanding the past (pp.45-57). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
The Enduring Legacy of Information Analysis in IS
The idea that documents can be decomposed into smaller information units to which direct access might be provided has been historically influential in IS theory and practice, as the following three examples indicate:
- In the first half of the 20th century information analysis served as a theoretical fracture point in the professional cleavage between general librarianship and documentation/special librarianship. Whereas general librarians focused on providing subject access to books by means of subject headings that characterized the contents of the document as a whole, documentalists and special librarians sought to provide intellectual access to specific information within documents through detailed indexing of all pertinent information units that they contained. Information analysis thus became a professional marker of documentation and special librarianship.
- In the 1950s and 1960s, information retrieval (IR) theorists drew a distinction between document retrieval systems and fact retrieval systems. The former, were intended to retrieve, in response to a users query, all documents that might contain information pertinent to answering that query, while the latter were to lead the user directly to specific pieces of information facts embedded within the documents being searched that would answer his or her question. The idea of information analysis clearly provided the theoretical impetus for fact retrieval (aka question-answering) systems.
- From the 1990s through today, the extraction of information units from digital documents has become a focal point of research within IS. XML-based markup languages are being used to identify and isolate chunks of information within digital documents, and systems are being designed to retrieve and collocate these pieces of information. Text-mining techniques are being developed to identify, retrieve and collocate information units from digital documents with unstructured text. The idea of information analysis is the basis of such work.
Articles in this Issue
Narratives, Facts and Events in the foundations of Information Science
From Facts to Judgments: Theorizing History for Information Science
Facts and Frameworks in Paul Otlet's and Julius Otto Kaiser's Theories of Knowledge Organization
Events as a Structuring Device in biographical Mark-up and Metadata
Facilitating and Enhancing Scientific Discovery
ASIS&T Information Professionals task Force: October 2009 Update
President's Page: The ASIS&T Version of "Stimulus Funding"
President's Page: ASIS&T Participation Agenda


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Web SSO or federatedThursday, January 31st, 2013
Gartner is predicting that federation that will displace web single signon in the coming 3-4 years.
Halleluja! Web SSO is purely a hack – either installing shims on web application servers or proxying authentication to web apps and intercepting/storing/injecting passwords from some (hopefully secure) database.
With luck, more apps will support federation and WebSSO will fade away.