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Selection, streaming and banding......
#1 Guest_andy_walker_*
Posted 04 June 2003 - 01:40 PM
Labeling in such an environment is very real. My own school (non-selective girls) borders the local girls grammar sharing fences, entrances, and in some cases barbed wire and anti vandal paint! . Girls who pass the 11+ wear green uniforms and girls who fail wear brown. Thus a childs basic IQ is communicated publicly to all by clothes she wears . One can only imagine the extent of the negative effect on self-esteem and aspiration such a daily reminder can have and I trust that many will be duly horrified that such practices still exist. Remarkably it is also common practice for secondary modern schools to further set and band their students. The bottom set of the bottom school must be quite a dreadful place to be!
The purpose of this paper however is not to berate Kent for its archaic and discredited approach to education. Rather it is to discuss the issues of selection streaming, banding and setting in our schools and the possible negative or positive effects such practices have on the children we teach. The views of the author are clearly that selection is a wholly negative thing and it is hoped that an interesting and lively debate will ensue on the forum. As this is such a vast area of debate I will merely post a number of introductory discussion points below.
I am treating the broad issue of selection by ability to encompass the continuing tripartite system, and streaming and banding in comprehension schools
Arguments for selection, streaming and banding
1. Certain subjects are hard and would be impossible to teach successfully in a mixed ability environment
2. The needs of the majority are met in setted groups differentiation is easier to achieve and prove.
3. Children are different and require different approaches. Some children are academically gifted and require specialist help; others require a more basic skills approach.
4. Mixed ability grouping holds the best students back
Arguments against selection, streaming and banding
1. Setting is only easier for teachers but has no measurable, provable benefit for students at either end.
2. Teacher labels become self fulfilling prophecies. Top sets are expected to perform better and do, bottom sets are expected to perform badly and often to behave badly and do so.
3. There is a predominance of working class children in bottom sets and non-selective schools who therefore do not can access to higher academic knowledge and skills. Selection, streaming, banding and setting therefore perpetuate the existing class structure and limit the opportunities of working class children
4. Equal opportunities issues (see point 3)
5. Teachers low expectations of bottom sets and secondary modern pupils result in less preparation and effort on the part of the teacher.
6. Mixed ability groups in comprehensive schools are important in the social development of children and the progressive development of society
7. IQ testing is outmoded and discredited and a totally unfair way to determine a childs future and prospects
8. Selection and streaming is deeply damaging to a childs self esteem
Web links for further research
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Link 5
Posted 04 June 2003 - 03:41 PM
1) The intake of pupils in my school is vast; we have over 50 community languages and have over 90 feeder primary schools and boys from both middle and working class backgrounds. As a consequence we have boys arriving at the schol with a vast difference in their baseline education - ranging from students who literally do not have any spoken English, to those who have had no formal education as a result of wars in their home lands, to those who arrived with levels 5 and 6 in their KS2 Sats. Mixed ability would not work in this case.
2) Within each set there is still a vast ability range, therefore I am still efectively having to differentiate as if I was teaching a mixed ability class. For example in my top set year 8 I have students who range from level 4 to level 7.
3) At GCSE I currently teach in mixed ability classes and as a consequence am teaching boys who will struggle to get a G in the same class as those who hopefully will get an A. Now I firmly believe that I am teaching them to the best of my ability and I do get great support from an SEN teacher, but I am not sure if I can benefit the whole class as much as if I separated them into effectively a Higher and a Foundation class.
So although I am, in principle, in favour of mixed ability teaching, I have learned from my experience that it is not always appropriate.
Posted 04 June 2003 - 04:02 PM
I do see many positive things from mixed ability teaching when it is a good teacher involved, especially as it is best practice to be differentiating throughout your lesson anyway. OFSTED came to see me teaching my Year 10s and were very happy, but I still can never forget how I professionally felt something was not right.
I think perhaps the end product of this seminar will be to decide that, as has been suggested, it isn't just a 'selection' is best or worst, rather that each method can suit particular circumstances. I'm sure many schools don't take the academic decision to set and stream pupils or otherwise, it is surely more than often the timetabling requirements handed down from above!
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Posted 04 June 2003 - 10:12 PM
We do not officially set our classes across the board at KS3 but we do have two lower ability classes. These classes are taught differently and are much smaller. Two years ago when I started teaching there, and to some extent today, I can still see the arguments for and against this concept. Some of which support Andy's original arguments.
My opinion based on personal experiences:
For setting:
1. You can target specific academic problems more easily with smaller classes.
2. There is a safe and nurturing environment for less able students to practice basics like reading out loud.
3. Differentiation is easier.
4. You can give lessons that will enhance their understanding rather than their levels.
Against setting:
1. The girls feel the stigma of being in less able classes.
2. The same weight of expectation is placed on them by their parents even when in foundation classes.
3. They play up to their SEN reputation.
4. Some more able students slow down their learning process out of fear of changing groups.
5. Teachers enter the classroom feeling that they are in for a tug of war!
6. SEN and setted classes often feel that it is ok to behave badly!
7. More able classes are left feeling superior - unconsciously or subconsciously!
The most interesting fact in my school is that whilst SEN pupils have smaller classes of their own at KS3 when it comes to KS4 they suddenly find themselves uprooted from the safety and security of their SEN groups where their friends are and teachers are less restrictive on their behaviour and placed in a mixed ability class. This causes problems.
My most recent Yr. 11 group had an A* candidate learning alongside candidates with dyspraxia, dyslexia, ADHD, SLD and at least 4 others with learning and behaviour difficulties. One student asked me questions constantly during revision lessons that had nothing to do with the lesson and would then sulk and cry when I asked her to be quiet.
Personally I do feel that there should be a foundation GCSE class option - but that the current system is unlikely to change!
Posted 04 June 2003 - 11:01 PM
Against setting, as has already been said, are the horrors of the 'sink classes' and the 'labelling' that goes with that. I struggle with the dilemma that this creates both in practical and ideological terms.
No one yet has really discussed banding. I have only worked in one school - and that was a very long time ago - where banding was used. The school was a former Sec Mod which had just become Comprehensive when I joined the staff. I thought the system worked pretty well and certainly had less of the disadvantages of either setting or streaming. The ability range was narrower than in a mixed ability class and the opportunities for labelling were less obvious. There were no clearly identifiable 'sink sets'.
I am rather out of the loop these days, but banding seems less popular than it was. Is that really the case?
Posted 05 June 2003 - 06:49 AM
I was one of those students who was labelled thick by his teachers. I went to a secondary modern school. All the kids on my council estate did. If you passed the 11+ you went to a school outside the area. Although our council estate was large it was not large enough to house a grammar school. If we spent any time thinking about doing well in our 11+, and we didnt, the idea of leaving your mates to go to a school some distance away was hardly likely to motivate you to do your best.
I left my secondary school without any qualifications. In fact I could barely read or write. It was the same for all of us. That is not surprising as teachers in a secondary modern school barely had time to teach. Virtually all their efforts were spent trying to keep us under control. They had my sympathy and a teacher crying in class was fairly common (men and women). If you think teaching a bottom set of a GCSE class in a comprehensive school is difficult try teaching children in a non-examination class in a secondary modern school. They of course had to do it every lesson. The school did not have the staff to teach intelligent children and you had to transfer to another secondary modern school at 13 if you wanted to take examinations.
I was lucky. I met my first good teacher when I was 17. He was a fellow factory worker who had not been trained as a teacher. However, he knew that education was about inspiring students. He knew the first stage, in fact every stage, was about building up the confidence of the student. You dont do that by labelling them as being unintelligent.
Later I decided to make my education official by taking a degree. I joined the Open University in its first year and therefore in 1976 I was one of small batch of working class people to graduate. The editor of Sesame, the OU newspaper, asked me to write an article about my experiences. In his book, A Sociology of Education, Roland Meighan quotes from this article when discussing the issue of comprehensive schools:
I know that I was no more intelligent than the rest of the kids at my school. Only unlike the others, I met a man who helped me obtain a desire for education. My case does not show how intelligence wins through. My case shows how, year after year, we allow the intellectual abilities of thousands upon thousands of children from the working class to go to waste.
The Open University was part of the educational reforms (including comprehensive education) that was introduced by Harold Wilsons Labour government (1964-1970). In fact, the OU and most of the comprehensive schools actually came into being under a Conservative education minister called Margaret Thatcher. In her memoirs she talks about this decision to allow the passing of legislation drawn up by the previous government. As she says in her book, she finally agreed for it to go through because it was the cheapest way to educate the masses. Although she found it acutely embarrassing as prime minister when she attacked comprehensive education. As her critics used to point out to her, more comprehensive schools came into existence during her period as minister of education than any other holder of this post.
For those who are too young to remember, the philosophy behind the introduction of comprehensive education was to give all our young people an equal chance. It was not to create a school within a school. That was the policy of those who vigorously opposed comprehensive education. I remember a reactionary Head of English explaining to me why he taught in a comprehensive school. He was a product of the grammar school system and eventually became a teacher in one. In the early 1970s he was looking for promotion but all the heads of department jobs that were coming up were in comprehensive schools. He went to see his headmaster and asked him what he should do. His advice was to go for the job and then to create a grammar/secondary system in his department. Thats what he did. So did many others knowing that it would completely undermine the ideas behind comprehensive education.
This Head of English told me this story following a heated debate in our staffroom about whether individual departments should be allowed to rigidly stream their students. The History department that I was a member of was fully committed to mixed ability teaching (that was not unusual in the late 1970s). We argued that what the English department was doing was completely undermining what we were trying to do. For comprehensive education to work it had to be comprehensive throughout the school and not in individual departments.
After the debate had finished the Head of English told me that he completely agreed with me that he was undermining comprehensive education. He then told me the story of his former heads advice. He told me the story with a smile on his face. He knew he was winning. In recent years the situation has become much worse. I suspect many teachers are not even aware of the debates that went on in the 1960s about the need for comprehensive education. They probably think that setting and banding is comprehensive education. I dare say that Tony Blair and Charles Clarke do think this. To her credit, Shirley Williams, the education secretary that first introduced comprehensive education, has not forgotten and still speaks a lot of sense on this issue.
Of course every class we teach is mixed ability. I have always found that the higher you go the wider the gap becomes between the abilities of the individuals within the group. Universities is where mixed ability teaching really reaches its zenith. I always find mixed ability teaching difficult when providing INSET. I have considered asking headteachers or the LEA advisers who have organized the sessions to put the teachers into different ability groups but I decided against it. I thought it might affect their motivation to learn. Anyway, I didnt fancy teaching a bottom set of angry teachers.
#7 Guest_andy_walker_*
Posted 05 June 2003 - 08:35 AM
I am struck by the extent to which the teaching profession has lost the comprehensive vision and seemingly become incapable of challenging the establishment view on selection etc.
Perhaps this has much to do with the reform of teacher training through the 80's and 90's. (I would argue that this was clearly the government's aim). It is certainly true that despite the creation of comprehensive schools there was never a sustained attempt to create comprehensive teachers - hence the school within a school approach of so many today - the orthodoxy depressingly, is still the old grammar/sec mod model.
It is vitally important to look at these issues from the point of view of the student. ...... I very much like John's final analogy, infact I will be suggesting the introduction of IQ testing of staff at my College and creating seperate uniforms, groups, staff rooms and salary scales for the "dim" ones. It will be for their own good in the long term, more appropriate for them, and I really don't want them holding back us clever ones
Posted 05 June 2003 - 10:13 AM
I cannot see setting or streaming formally entering the post 16 sector but how to manage the range of academic ability and learning styles on our courses is a constant challenge.
I was struck, particularly, by one sentence from Nichola's comments - the reference to smaller class sizes. While not a panacea and there are economic realities (don't get me and Walker started) but the drive, particularly in post 16, to larger class sizes to maximise funding must work against effective teaching at levels suitable for all students. I am well aware that in post 16 we operate with classes most 11 - 16 teachers only dream about (although my current AS History and Law groups are larger than most of the GCSE groups I taught!)
As a product of one of those Grammar Schools in Kent that Andy Walker so correctly praises to the hilt (MGS- he'll know) I concur with the comments many made. Not just for those who didn't pass 11+ (at least those from Southborough Sec. Modern could gain some satisfaction by beating the **** out of us on the bus home at nights) but for those who didn't make the grade within the streaming system in Grammar.
I was "lucky" it would interesting to hear from anybody who has experience of dealjng with the lower streams at a selective school.
Posted 05 June 2003 - 03:28 PM
1) There are six - eight of them that are way ahead of the rest in terms of skills and ability - they are highly intelligent and hard workers - if I could I'd want them out of the classroom doing big research projects but I can't.
2) The majority of students eighteen say in total that have moderate ability but struggle with higher level thinking for the most part - they try hard (some but not all...) They are my mid band.
3) I have a handful of students who need support but because they don't kick off in my lessons I don't get much support with them.
Consequence. I can differentiate my resources, I can differentiate my tasks, homework etc but not my teaching. This is the crux of the problem - I want to help all of them but can't. Like Andrew said, I have little I can do fo the top end of the class and the less able don't get the support they need.
I can't pretend to know the answers of mixed versus streamed ability teaching, all I know is from my standpoint I would do better as a Teacher to teached in a streamed group - why?
1) Specialised SoW for students - i.e. Foundation - greater emphasis on skill over content
2) Varied Teaching styles - Opportunity for independent research projects etc.
3) More focus on the students need and not the majority.
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Posted 05 June 2003 - 06:29 PM
Timetabling means that GCSE classes must be mixed ability and they most certainly are. My current tens range from u-a*. As the group is more heavily waited with more able, I am aware that I teach 'up', and feel to an extent that I must for the benefit of the majority. I know that some of the least able are lost in the lessons, and though I try my best to support them I frequently leave the lesson feeling I have let them down.
I accept all the arguments on the effects of setting on self-esteem and somewhat feel guilty that as a good 'leftie' I support setting. At the end of the day it would be great if we could all teach in mixed ability classes, but it is simply not practical - we all work our fingers to the bone as it is and could not work any harder for our pupils - those who suggest that teachers who can not perform to their best in mixed ability classrooms are not doing their jobs probably are living in a dream world. There simply is not enough time to plan every lesson for a mixed ability class in which all (or most) pupils' needs are met with consistency.
#11 Guest_andy_walker_*
Posted 05 June 2003 - 07:29 PM
My main argument is that the self fulfilling prophecy and the resultant lack of equal opportunities leads to a perpetuation of the existing unequal power structure in society. As an educator and progressive I find this utterly unacceptable no matter how difficult effective mixed ability teaching may be.
I accept all the arguments on the effects of setting on self-esteem and somewhat feel guilty that as a good 'leftie' I support setting. At the end of the day it would be great if we could all teach in mixed ability classes, but it is simply not practical -
Question for those who see some form of selection/streaming as desirable or a "necessary evil" -
Why is it that working class kids and ethnic minority kids are over represented in bottom sets and in secondary modern schools? Are they by nature less intelligent or are the systems we use, (based as they are on the ideology of the Tripartite system) doing them a grave injustice??
Are we, consciously or otherwise, teaching, recognising and encouraging white middle class values/attitudes over all others?
If you had to describe your "ideal student" what would they be like?
Posted 05 June 2003 - 07:49 PM
Posted 05 June 2003 - 07:55 PM
Due to the inherent racisim with the school system and society in general. I don't think it is fair to lay the blame for this on setting or mixed ability teaching. I see your point about the negative potential for selection to reinforce existing values on others, but is this a reason not to support selection, rather than a positive reason to support mixed ability teaching.
Question for those who see some form of selection/streaming as desirable or a "necessary evil" -
Why is it that working class kids and ethnic minority kids are over represented in bottom sets and in secondary modern schools? Are they by nature less intelligent or are the systems we use, (based as they are on the ideology of the Tripartite system) doing them a grave injustice??
Are we, consciously or otherwise, teaching, recognising and encouraging white middle class values/attitudes over all others?
If you had to describe your "ideal student" what would they be like?
My ideal student is one who is willing to listen and take advice, but also not afraid to offer and backup their opinions even if they are against the majority.
I fundamentally see the benefits of mixed ability teaching, but I am certain that in my teaching I have let down the higher ability students in my class. This is without doubt. I don't see setting as a necessary evil or desirable. I see practical solutions to help students achieve to their highest potential, no matter who they are. If a student is able to succeed to their highest potential in a mixed ability set, that is the best option for them, if they are able to succeed in a banded set, this that is the best option for them.
This isn't a two Ronnies 'I know my place' sketch - this is practical reality in school. I am fundamentally opposed to anything which prevents students from succeeding to their potential. That should be the focus here.
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Posted 05 June 2003 - 08:18 PM
Nevertheless I want the best for all the pupils that I teach within the Comprehensive school that I work in. I believe that their History education at least is best delivered in sets.
Andy, you seem to think very poorly of those of us that support setting. Supporting setting does not mean our ideal pupil is white and middle class and I feel that assumption is insulting. My ideal pupil is motivated, inquisitive and willing to argue - I have never experienced that one has to be white and middle class to have these qualities.
Posted 05 June 2003 - 08:23 PM
i feel that very often the 'personality' of the class dictates whether MA teaching is successful. My current y10 class is MA and the prevelance of high ability pupils and lower ability pupils with high aspirations means i can teach up and push the lower achievers' grades up. howeve rwith other classes where a number of low achievers (of varying natural abilities) are out to disrupt the learning other others MA teaching can hold pupils back in the way that Helen describes. With my y9 clases setting works - my top set get consistently stretched and challenged, while my bottom set are given support and also within their own needs are stretched. i am quite sure many of these y9 pupils would struggle in a MA class.
unfortunately i am unable to comjmit to one side or the other - different schools/year groups/classes may suit different merthods.
i thing i can safely say is that MA teaching requires more from the teacher, and that is why a number of teachers i know do not like it.
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Ryan Giggs retires after 24-year playing career at Man United
Ryan Giggs has confirmed his retirement from the playing ranks on the day he was named as new Manchester United manager Louis van Gaal's assistant.
Giggs penned an open letter to United fans explaining his pride at being able to extend his relationship with the club in the coaching ranks after a glittering playing career.
The Wales winger retires after 963 appearances for the club, and more than 1,000 overall when you include his 64 international caps, and he celebrated winning 34 trophies in a golden age at Old Trafford.
The letter on the club's official website read: "Today is a fantastic day for Manchester United. Louis van Gaal is a great appointment and let me begin by telling you how delighted I am to be working with someone of his calibre.
"His credentials are second to none and I'm positive the club will thrive under his leadership over the coming years.
"I would also like to take this opportunity to announce my retirement from professional football and embark upon a new and exciting chapter in my life, as assistant manager of Manchester United.
"I am immensely proud, honoured and fortunate to have represented the biggest club in the world 963 times and Wales 64 times.
- • Former Sampdoria keeper Romero joins United
- • Van Gaal wants marquee player like Ronaldo
- • Di Maria not on flight to United States
- • De Gea omission explained by Van Gaal
- • Van Persie leaves United for Fenerbahce
- • United sign Schweinsteiger, Schneiderlin
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- • Depay plays down Ronaldo comparison
"My dream was always to play for Manchester United, and although it saddens me to know I won't be pulling on a United jersey again as a player, I have been lucky enough to have fulfilled that dream playing with some of the best players in the world, working under an incredible manager in Sir Alex Ferguson, and most of all, playing for the greatest fans in world football. I have always felt and appreciated your support.
"I want to also give a huge thanks to the backroom staff and support teams we have and have had at Manchester United over the years.
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|December 18, 2011, 10:13 AM
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follow up question to my earlier post
These are probably stupid questions but please bear with me, I'm a beginner.
I found two 42" octagon bbls from Rice in the .32 cal I was looking for. One is 3/4" and the other 13/16". Can someone explain why to choose one over the other?
Stupid question number two: Since I'd like a left-handed side lock percussion does the barrel have to be specifically ordered left handed?
Thanks very much, Bill
|December 18, 2011, 10:29 AM
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The 3/4 will be thinner and lighter. In a percussion the nipple is in the breech plug.
|December 18, 2011, 05:03 PM
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Hawg Haggen wrote:
> In a percussion the nipple is in the breech plug.
Not necessarily - if one uses a percussion drum the breech plug is similar if not identical to a flint breech plug. The hole is drilled as for a flint, threaded, and the drum installed. As a result only the lock is different in a left-handed rifle.
hope this helps
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|December 18, 2011, 07:48 PM
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That's true indeed but most are going to use a snail breech for more reliable ignition.
|December 18, 2011, 08:04 PM
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The reliability of ignition can also depend on the size of the drum and flash channel in comparison to the size of the flash channel within the patent breech.
IMO the degree of reliability of a patent breech is not absolute.
|December 18, 2011, 09:32 PM
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I've used 3/4" and 13/16" across the flats barrels for constructing custom built rifles over the years. To answer the OP's question - the 3/" barrel will be lighter. If you are making a Southern Rifle - such as a Bean style, etc. - the 3/4" barrel is nice - it makes a nice sleek and light rifle. As far as ignition - it will work fine for either flint or percussion.
In regards to breeching the barrel - yes, you could use a patent breech OR a drum and nipple. I've always used a drum and nipple as most Southern style rifles used them. I've always preferred a "plainer" rifle and I once used a 3/4" barrel (42") with steel furniture - made my own ramrod pipes - no "entry pipe", no nosecap, no buttplate and a hand forged triggerguard that I bought from Myron Carlson years ago at Friendship. I did use set triggers and a very plain lock. No capbox (patchbox) but I did put a "grease hole" in the butt stock with a bone inlay around it.
If you are building your rifle from scratch - keep in mind how your are going to inlet your barrel. I custom ground moulding heads to match the various barrel sizes I used. If you use a 3/4" barrel, you can easily make your initial barrel channel cut with a carbide straight 3/4" router bit. This channel would be cut to the depth of the bottom of the side flats. You can then switch and use a 1/4" carbide straight bit and cut a channel in the middle of the 3/4" channel to the depth of the bottom flat of the barrel (3/4"). It is then a matter of taking what is left and with a chissel, bevel it off to 45 degrees to match the barrel profile. Depending upon the caliber I am making, I use either a 5/16" or 3/8" round nose router bit to cut the ramrod groove. I make a jig that will allow me to cut it so the bottom of the groove is parallel to the bottom of the barrel channel. I route this groove from the end of the stock to the forearm end where the entry pipe would normally be located. I then drill the ramrod hole with either a 5/16" or 3/8" bit that I had welded up. These bits are 4 feet long - made by welding a "center drill" on to the end of a piece of round cold roll. The bit lays in the routed ram rod channel with several wood guide jigs clamped to the stock to keep it straight.
I'm sorry that I can't post some photos but I've sold the rifles over the years. I used to pick up hand forged furniture from Myron Carlson when I went to Friendship but he passed away a number of years ago. He made some terrific buttplates, triggeerguards and end caps for Virginia and Bean style rifles. He sort of specialized in Bean style rifles and he built a number of them that were really pieces of art. He got bored and then began to build miniatures that were fantastic. I regret not stocking up on his furniture as I wish I had some now. I have a 3/4" barrel back in MI (I winter in AZ) that will eventually be put in to a Bean style rifle that will have a Persimmon stock.
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|December 18, 2011, 09:48 PM
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I forgot to address your question in regards to "left hand".
First off, no question is stupid and never be afraid to ask - the only stupid question is the one left "unaasked".
If you are ordering a barrel - say a Green Mountain or another brand - it will usually come with the muzzle "crowned" and the breech end threaded. The threaded end will have to be fitted with either a "patent breech" or a standard breechplug. If you are going to make a left handed rifle (lock on the left), it may and probably will be a problem coming up with a left handed patent breech. If you use a drum and nipple (or if you are making a flintlock and installing a "vent liner" - you just drill and tap the barrel on the left side instead of the right. Basically you are building a reverse of a right handed rifle so you locate the barrel channel, lock, ramrod hole, cheek piece (if you are going to have one), capbox or patchbox (if you are going to have one) on the reverse of where they are on a right handed rifle. Most locks are available in either right or left hand and you use the same trigger (single or set) on either a left or right hand rifle.
If you are going to build your rifle, I'd suggest getting one of the excellent books that are out there on constructing rifles. While you may be building a different "style" than what is illustrated in the book, the construction basics are the same. Not knowing your level of skill, you may want to look at getting a "precarved" stock with the barrel channel, ramrod hole and lock mortise already cut for the barrel size and make of lock you are going to use. Since they are also "contoured", it can save you hours of work compared to using a rough stock blank and starting from scratch.
Parts are available from many suppliers but I would recommend that you get a copy of Track of the Wolf's catalog. Even if you don't order from them, their catalog shows most of the current parts available from the lockmakers, etc. and they are illustrated "full size". This can be a great help when trying to layout a rifle and deciding what makes/parts you want to use as they can be easily measured from the illustrations.
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Bullion is feeling the pain, dropping well below $1,300 after Wednesday's Federal Reserve statement delivered a decisive blow to gold prices. The prospect of a more responsible Fed has led to a buoyant dollar and a sharp selloff in precious metals.
I have fought this move for a long time, but I've now come to a new conclusion. I finally realize that it's not a question of the Fed's level of accommodation—which is clearly high—but of how the Fed's policies compare with those of other central banks. Right now, the Fed is the one central bank that is considering tighter policies, and that seems good enough to keep weight on gold prices, even if those tighter policies are enacted at an undetermined time in the future.
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Primary care providers
Because vascular problems are so common in primary care practices, the UC Davis Vascular Center maintains close ties with primary care providers, both within UC Davis Health System and throughout the Sacramento region. The vascular disease specialty care provided at UC Davis Medical Center complements the care provided by patients' primary care providers. The Vascular Center often provides telephone or telemedicine consultations to assist providers in ensuring their patients get the medical care they need. Vascular care guidelines developed for primary care providers are resources that help to identify when specialty care is needed.
UC Davis vascular physicians also participate in professional education activities with primary care providers. In addition to participating in health system-wide efforts to develop care pathways for patients with vascular disease, the vascular faculty participate in a variety of other educational programs, including presenting grand rounds for the Department of Family and Community Medicine, providing lectures on vascular topics to UC Davis primary-care physicians, and participating in educational conferences throughout the region.
To request that one of our vascular specialists participate in an upcoming educational program, call 916-734-2858
Common vascular problems in primary care
Printer-ready clinical guidelines
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm (PDF)
- Cerebrovascular disease (PDF)
- Claudication (PAD) (PDF)
- PAD care algorithm (PDF)
- Diabetes and foot problems (PDF)
- Diabetes and PAD screening (PDF)
- Ischemic ulceration (PDF)
- Varicose veins (PDF)
- Leg swelling/venous insufficiency (PDF)


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Roughly three weeks ago, Hannah Patterson was elected president of the University of Alabama's Sigma Delta Tau sorority, making her the chapter's first black president. The Nov. 6 election also made the senior majoring in chemical engineering the first black president of a Panhellenic Council sorority, the collection of historically white sororities on campus, according to UA's Media Relations Director Cathy Andreen.
Roughly three weeks ago, Hannah Patterson was elected president of the University of Alabama's Sigma Delta Tau sorority, making her the chapter's first black president.
The Nov. 6 election also made the senior majoring in chemical engineering the first black president of a Panhellenic Council sorority, the collection of historically white sororities on campus, according to UA's Media Relations Director Cathy Andreen.
In September, the sororities, which have added a handful of black members during the past decade, began a mandatory open bidding process to increase diversity following allegations that some black students who participated in the fall rush were denied bids because of their race.
During a year in which the university has celebrated the 50th anniversary of its successful integration and found itself embroiled yet again in a debate over the diversity of its Greek-letter organizations, Patterson's election is an event bound to draw attention.
But the affable 22-year-old shrugs at the notion.
"For me personally, I didn't think it was going to be a great big topic," she said.
Patterson, who joined the sorority in October 2012 during informal recruitment, said her race was never a consideration for her sorority or her candidacy. For Patterson, her presidency is about making a positive contribution to her organization, not making history.
"It never even crossed my mind," she said of considering the historic implications.
Inclusiveness is part of a tradition for Sigma Delta Tau, which has been at UA since 1935, according to Debbie Snyder, executive director of the national office. The sorority was founded by young Jewish women at Cornell University who had been excluded from other Greek organizations because of their religion.
"Our founding was based on the principle of being inclusive," Snyder said. "I think that has helped us grow and prosper."
While she did not have immediate numbers available, Snyder said nationally the sorority's membership was diverse in religious and ethnic makeup. The UA chapter currently has two active members who are black, including Patterson, and another who is an alumna. Patterson also notes the chapter has a Chinese sister.
The national office works with the leadership of some chapters, including the one at UA, to help grow membership. In these chapters, the national organization helps in the selection of officers by vetting candidates. Snyder said the office looks for the best candidates with the most leadership potential.
Patterson's first year in the sorority gave her a chance to show her leadership strengths as she helped network and coordinate with other chapters. Patterson said she believes the sorority helps its members develop their strengths.
Her goal for UA's Sigma Delta Tau chapter is to grow its membership but retain its close-knit character.
"We want to share our sisterhood on campus," she said.
The close-knit nature of the 38-member sorority appealed to Patterson after her transfer to Alabama last fall.
The Pittsburgh native who spent her first two years of college at the University of Dayton, a small Catholic institution in Ohio, came to Alabama seeking something new and different.
"I wasn't feeling like I was getting the college experience that lets you grow," she said.
She began to consider moving to Alabama after a recommendation from a high school friend attending the University of Montevallo. The 22-year-old who has a passion for chemistry and science — she named pet guinea pigs Einstein and Newton — was attracted by UA's engineering program and the Southern culture.
"There was just something about Alabama," Patterson said. "I had this feeling that it was the right place to be. Right off the bat I felt welcome."
It was a culture shock — different food, dress and diction — but it was exactly what Patterson wanted.
"I really feel like it helped me grow," she said.
The search for something new and challenging has helped guide her choice of schools, majors and aspirations for the future.
"I just think that is my personality," she said.
Patterson arrived at UA with plans to join a sorority. She said she was inspired by her sister's experience in a Greek organization and believed it would help her establish a group of friends and get involved in a campus community far from home.
Patterson participated in formal recruitment last fall but said she did not find a sorority that was a good fit.
"I made a lot of friends and had a lot of fun, but I didn't find a house that fit me," she said.
She became interested in Sigma Delta Tau during the informal recruitment.
"The feeling of welcome when I stepped through the door made me want to be part of the community," she said.
Patterson's birthday fell during her recruitment, and the sorority sisters surprised Patterson with a small celebration during an informal event at Mellow Mushroom.
"It made me feel that these girls really cared about me as a person," she said.
Race is something Patterson is conscious of but chooses not to focus on.
"I'm lots of things," she said. "I would like to think that is how America is."
Patterson grew up in a family that didn't emphasize racial differences and encouraged her to pursue her interests. Her father was a student when the public schools in West Virginia finally integrated. While her father stood out among his white peers, Patterson said he didn't fixate on how he was different. Patterson said she has tried to pattern her attitude off her father's example.
"I don't see race as an issue," Patterson said. "I don't see it at the forefront of my mind."
Reach Ed Enoch at firstname.lastname@example.com or 205-722-0209.


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Unbuckling the mailbag:
Question: I completely understand that you are the biggest USC honk in the land, but… the whole rest of the country is jumping on the ND bandwagon and you are being dragged behind in the dust. When are you going to give the Irish their props and at least admit they are real?
William Trainor
Answer: You should see my bumper-sticker collection: "I don't brake for Leprechauns." "Honk if you hate the NCAA (but love personal foul penalties)." "Baby and vacated BCS title on board!" "My Trojan made honor roll and Pac-12 player of the week."
"My other car is a yacht."
Despite my obvious leanings toward USC, despite having no remote connection to the school or the program, I do begrudgingly give Notre Dame its "props" for not having yet defeated USC this season.


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Linked by Thom Holwerda on Sat 3rd Nov 2012 01:11 UTC, submitted by Panajev
"Earlier this week Apple fired Scott Forstall, the architect of its iOS platform, and handed his duties over to the company's chief industrial designer, Jonathan Ive. Ive and Forstall had an infamously chilly working relationship, and one of their biggest disagreements was over the role of so-called 'skeuomorphic' design in Apple's products. Forstall, like his mentor Steve Jobs, favored it; Ive disliked it. To many observers, Forstall's forced exit looks like a vindication of Ive's stance. But if he wants to continue Apple's enviable trend of innovation, he'd be a fool to throw the baby of skeuomorphism out with Forstall's bathwater." Hoped for a thorough article on the benefits of skeuomorphism - got the age-old and intrinsically invalid excuse 'because it sells'. Windows isn't he best desktop operating system because it sells so well. Lady Gaga isn't the best artist because she sells a lot of records. This argument is never valid, has zero value, and adds nothing to what should be an interesting discussion.
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RE[2]: "Because it sells" is the only one valid reason.
by moondevil on Sat 3rd Nov 2012 06:50 UTC in reply to "RE: "Because it sells" is the only one valid reason."


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15. Re: sccAPI lib and docstedk Jun 2, 2010 9:29 AM (in response to jheld)
The format of the tileID is described on page 11 of the EAS (June 2 version). However, this discussion is about the tileID in the system address. The implication is that this same format is true for the TileID register, but that's not explicitly stated. The tileID format can be confusing because it is not continuous.
16. Re: sccAPI lib and docshoffman Jun 2, 2010 10:34 AM (in response to jheld)
my mch_0_0.32.obj looks like:
/origin 0
/origin 00000000
/origin fd3f0000
00000000 00000000 0000ffff 00cf9a00
0000ffff 00cf9200 00000017 d231ffff
d28e10b2 c28eda8e ea8ee28e 001000bc
0000a100 a3400000 00000000 deeb090f
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
and after sccBoot -g obj, my sccDump output looks like:
hoffman@marc001:~$ sccDump -d 0 0xfd3f0000 16
INFO: Packet tracing is disabled...
INFO: Opened "/tmp/sccKit_hoffman/trace.log" for writing...
INFO: openBMCConnection(): You are participant #1
INFO: Initializing System Interface (SCEMI setup)....
INFO: The selected linkfile is: "/opt/sccKit/1.1.1/resources/transactor.link"...
INFO: Successfully connected to PCIe driver...
INFO: Welcome to sccDump 1.1.1 (build date May 19 2010 - 16:24:34)...
INFO: Contacting SystemIF to read memory. Please be patient ...
INFO: done System Read.
Reading on sub-id6 of Tile 0x0
startAddress = fd3f0000 hex (4248764416 dec) 16 bytes.
stopAddress = fd3f0010 hex
lastAddress = fd3f000f hex
Length = 32 bytes
INFO: ** 8 bits alignment
00000000fd3f0000 | 80 00 60 00 00 10 00 00 | ..`.....
00000000fd3f0008 | 02 00 10 80 00 00 40 00 | ......@.
00000000fd3f0010 | 40 00 01 00 02 00 10 10 | @.......
00000000fd3f0018 | 80 00 02 00 20 08 12 c0 | .... ...
however, if i change the origin to 0, and rerun sccBoot, then the results returned by sccDump -d 0 0 16
change to match my gdt contents from the image
17. Re: sccAPI lib and docshoffman Jun 2, 2010 12:01 PM (in response to hoffman)
so i've been able to boot a little test thing by:
building a source .obj which is 16MB, with an /origin of 0
putting the initial jump 16 bytes from the top
editting the lut_init.dat to point the 0xff region at 0 on mch_0_0
running sccBoot, and sccReset. the image looks sane and i get a rolling counter. great.
if i try to do it without mucking with things:
my original /origin is at ffff0000 (i want to just load one segment at -64k)
scc merge has a lut entry at ff of 18f4, which looks like 0_0, f4000000
the mch_0_0.32.obj origin for my segment is listed at fd3f0000
after scc boot i dont see my data at f4000000 or fd3f0000
i'm clearly just not understanding the model here.
i'm thinking that the object provided by the .mt file has an address inside the lut translation,
and sccmerge is responsible for translating that into a memory bank offset after deciding
on a lut configuration
if so then why do the lut addresses andthe mch_0_0.32.dat addreses differ in the high bits
and of course, still, what is preventing me from seeing the loaded data if i dont load it at zero
if its clear that i'm operating in a fantasy world, or you could suggest another experiment, that would
be great. thanks much
18. Re: sccAPI lib and docsmichael.riepen Jun 4, 2010 10:21 AM (in response to hoffman)
Hi, the "origin" in the object file holds a word address while sccDump wants a byte address. I guess that's the reason for not seeing the expected data. So you need to shift the address of the origin entry to the left before passing the address to sccDump. Please give it a try and let me know if it works. Thanks...
19. Re: sccAPI lib and docshoffman Jun 4, 2010 10:27 AM (in response to michael.riepen)
i was thinking it might be something like that, but the bits didnt match. what is word size
used in /origin? (the shift offset)
20. Re: sccAPI lib and docsjheld Jun 4, 2010 3:45 PM (in response to hoffman)
Word size on IA is 32b, 4bytes. So you should multiple the origin value by 4
Remember to use 0x prefix for sccDump - it presumes decimal while the origin value is in hex.
21. Re: sccAPI lib and docshoffman Jun 5, 2010 10:40 AM (in response to michael.riepen)
sorry, i neglected to write back. yes, everything works exactly as you might think. the problem was that
having the origin shifted up by two left me with a different lut target entirely.
if i /origin the per-merge object at at 0x3fffc000, my little test boot is mapped and runs
thanks for your (collective) help


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Complexity and Finish: Hallmarks of Quality
In a prior article, we dealt with four fundamental attributes of wine: body, texture, depth and concentration of flavor, and balance. In this issue, we will consider two additional characteristics of wine, COMPLEXITY and FINISH, both of which are essential to excellent wine.
Outstanding wines are produced in the full panoply of body and texture styles. I recently had the pleasure of drinking three great wines ('01 Donhoff Niederhauser Hermanshole Spatlese Riesling, '89 J.L. Chave Hermitage Rouge, and '97 Bryant Family Cabernet Sauvignon), which ranged from light- to full-bodied. Likewise, they varied in texture from crisp and minerally, to silky smooth, to dense and chewy. However, there were also qualities common to all three wines: (1) exquisite balance; (2) depth of flavor; (3) compelling COMPLEXITY; and (4) a long, delightful FINISH. All great wines possess these four qualities at a rarefied level, but they also are pertinent to the evaluation of all wines.
Having discussed balance and depth of flavor previously, let's turn our attention to COMPLEXITY. With wine, it is perhaps best to think of COMPLEXITY as an effect instead of a physical attribute. It is not simply a tangible aspect of the wine, but rather an elusive quality that captivates one's attention. While the source of COMPLEXITY is in the physical composition and elements of the wine, it is not the mere presence of these myriad aromas and textural aspects that define the level of COMPLEXITY, any more than the sheer number of colors and lines in a Jackson Pollack painting produce a complex art work. COMPLEXITY engages the mind; it grips your attention. It is the effect of how the various elements, harmoniously knit together, impart a sensation that is intriguing and provocative. It is the opposite of simple, straightforward and, ultimately, boring.
If we consider the term in the context of music, there exists a great number of simple, pleasant songs that complement, or serve as background for, our daily activities. On a more interesting level, Tina Turner's singing provides a sensuous, upfront, invigorating and pleasing sensation that evokes an emotional response. At a higher level still, let's consider fine chamber music. This is a subject of which I have scant formal knowledge. Nevertheless, I know that if I listen closely to Bach or Mozart, I will become intellectually engaged in the music. Within this harmonious blend of sounds, are layers of themes and nuance, power and finesse, inexplicably drawing from us emotional and cerebral responses that are, themselves, complex and difficult to define. An attentive taster experiences a similar effect from fine wine.
COMPLEXITY is found in many wine varietals. I suggest you try a range of pinot noirs at various price points and from different regions (Burgundy, Russian River, Oregon, Central Coast of California). Solicit help from a knowledgeable retailer in selecting the wines. Pour the wines an hour before tasting them, periodically swirling and sniffing the wine. Then, over a one– to two – hour session, taste the wines, going back and forth among them. Record your impressions at the beginning and throughout the tasting. Which wines continued to hold your interest? The simpler versions may taste delicious, providing flavors and aromas that you particularly like. But they tend to become tiresome and, in the context of a meal, usually receive only passive attention after the first few tastes. Conversely, a multi-dimensional wine, such as a Talley Rosemary's Vineyard Pinot Noir, will unfold with time in the glass, and lure you back to experience its evolving profile. It may have a brooding nature or a scintillating one, but a well–made, complex wine is almost always a delight. I have been fortunate to drink many excellent wines where I loved the last swallow above all the others and, invariably, they were wines of great COMPLEXITY.
The term FINISH refers to the taste of the wine that remains in the mouth after the wine is swallowed. It is the final impression, analogous to a dancer's finishing gesture. If the dancer stops abruptly and leaves the stage, the quality of the performance is adversely affected. However, unlike the dancer's finale, the quality of a wine's FINISH is measured by its length in time, as well as its dimensions of taste and texture. A long FINISH, displaying multiple flavors and a satisfying mouth-feel, contributes significantly to a wine's COMPLEXITY. With every wine you drink, devote some attention to the aftertaste. If there is little or no residual taste, the wine is deemed to be of relatively low quality. This is not to say that a delicious wine with a minimal FINISH is to be avoided. Rather, it should be viewed as an incomplete wine and of inferior quality, all other attributes being equal, to wines having a persistent FINISH.
If you will taste wines with a focus on all of these attributes (body, texture, depth and concentration of flavor, balance, complexity, and finish), you will develop an easy discipline for doing so whenever you drink wine. As your experience increases, so will your facility for gaining an accurate impression of the wine in all its facets. And, as with most of life's greatest pleasures, this depth of understanding will enhance the joy of drinking wine immeasurably.
Recent Posts


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Mavic Cosmic Elite 10s Road Wheelset w/Yksion Comp Tires 700x23c Black
For Cyclists looking for a fast set of wheels, look no further than the Mavic Cosmic Elite wheelset. Included with this wheelset are the Mavic Yksion Comp tires which offer low rolling resistance and lightweight material.
- Bike type: road
- Size: 700c (622x15c)
- Tire: Mavic Yksion 700 x 23c
- Type: clincher
- Rim material: alloy
- Rim depth: 30mm
- Rim joint type: welded
- Brake compatibility: road caliper
- Front wheel specs:
- # spokes: 20
- Hub model: Cosmic Elite
- Axle size: 9mm
- Hub width: 100mm
- Weight: 1100g (with tire)
- Rear wheel specs:
- # spokes: 20
- Hub model: Cosmic Elite
- Axle size: 9mm
- Hub width: 130mm
- Freehub compatibility: Shimano 10-speed
- Weight: 1300g (with tire)
- Color: black
- Total weight: 2400g
New OEM: not in retail packaging
Tech Info
What does 'OEM' mean?
OEM means "Original Equipment Manufacturer," which basically means the product was sent directly from the manufacturer to another company for use in the production of complete bikes or other products. It is now for sale on Bikewagon because it ended up being overstock that wasn't used. We purchase these extra OEM products for cheap and pass the savings on to you. They are brand new and have never been used. You won't get the nice retail packaging that you would if you bought them as a regular retail item, but they are in otherwise perfect condition.
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text:
Condition: Standard
DustJacket: Standard
All Product Details
Two legendary cooks, Julia Child and Jacques Pépin, invite us into their kitchen and show us the basics of good home cooking.
What makes this book unique is the richness of information they offer on every page, as they demonstrate techniques (on which they don't always agree), discuss ingredients, improvise, balance flavors to round out a meal, and conjure up new dishes from leftovers. Center stage in these pages are carefully spelled-out recipes flanked by Julia's comments and Jacques's comments the accumulated wisdom of a lifetime of honing their cooking skills. Nothing is written in stone, they imply. And that is one of the most important lessons for every good cook.
So sharpen your knives and join in the fun as you learn to make:
Throughout this richly illustrated book you'll see Julia's and Jacques's hands at work, and you'll sense the pleasure the two are having cooking together, tasting, exchanging ideas, joshing with each other, and raising a glass to savor the fruits of their labor. Again and again they demonstrate that cooking is endlessly fascinating and challenging and, while ultimately personal, it is a joy to be shared.
Now, in a book that culminates his life in cooking, the master simplifier winnows his favorite recipes from the thousands he has created, streamlining them even further. They range from an onion soup he enjoyed as a young chef bar-crawling in Paris to an apple crumble, his effortless marriage of a French tart and an American pie.
Essential Pépin spans the many styles of Jacques's cooking: homey country French, haute cuisine, fast food Jacques-style, and fresh contemporary American dishes. Many are globally inspired, from Mexico, across Europe, or the Far East.
In the accompanying searchable DVD, Jacques shines as a teacher, as he demonstrates all the techniques a cook needs to know. For Jacques's ever-growing legions of fans, this truly is the essential Pépin.
In his more than sixty years as a chef, Jacques Pand#233;pin has earned a reputation as a champion of simplicity. His recipes are classics. They find the shortest, surest route to flavor, avoiding complicated techniques.
Now, in a book that celebrates his life in food, the worldand#8217;s most famous cooking teacher winnows his favorite recipes from the thousands he has created, streamlining them even further. They include Onion Soup Lyonnaise-Style, which Jacques enjoyed as a young chef while bar-crawling in Paris; Linguine with Clam Sauce and Vegetables, a frequent dinner chez Jacques; Grilled Chicken with Tarragon Butter, which he makes indoors in winter and outdoors in summer; Five-Peppercorn Steak, his spin on a bistro classic; Mand#233;mand#233;and#8217;s Apple Tart, which his mother made every day in her Lyon restaurant; and Warm Chocolate Fondue Souffland#233;, part cake, part pudding, part souffland#233;, and pure bliss.
Essential Pand#233;pin spans the many styles of Jacquesand#8217;s cooking: homey country French, haute cuisine, fast food Jacques-style, and fresh contemporary American dishes. Many of the recipes are globally inspired, from Mexico, across Europe, or the Far East.
In the accompanying searchable DVD, Jacques shines as a teacher, as he demonstrates all the techniques a cook needs to know. This truly is the essential Pand#233;pin. and#160; and#160;
500 to 700 recipes revised and updated from out of print books and new recipes created for this book, plus 300 line illustrations by the author.
Julia and Paul eventually returned to the States, and after a television interview at WGBH-Boston, the station asked Julia to try out a series of TV cooking shows, and The French Chef was born on February 11, 1963. After some 200 programs on classical French cooking, she branched out into contemporary cuisine with the television series Julia Child & Company, Julia Child & More Company, and Dinner at Julia's. In 1984, she completed six The Way to Cook teaching videocassettes.
She has appeared on national television programs including: Good Morning America, The Johnny Carson Show, The David Letterman Show, Phil Donahue, and The Rosie
O'Donnell Show. She was host for the PBS Cooking with Master Chefs series, with a different well-known chef for each of the programs, and also for the 39-part series, Baking with Julia. Her newest television venture is a 22-part series with Jacques Pepin. It is a technique-based program aimed at teaching the serious home cook and would-be chef.
Julia Child's books include The French Chef Cookbook (1968), Mastering the Art of French Cooking, Volumes I and II, co-authored with Simone Beck (1970), and From Julia Child's Kitchen (1975). Julia Child & Company and Julia Child & More Company, originally published in the late 1970's, were combined into four books issued in the fall of 1998. Her large, fully illustrated book, The Way to Cook, was issued in October 1989, and is now available both in hardcover and paperback editions. Cooking with Master Chefs was issued in the fall of 1993 to accompany the TV series, and was followed by In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs.
Julia Child has been interviewed and written about in many publications, including: Time, Newsweek, The New Yorker, The Christian Science Monitor, The New York Times, and TV Guide. She has received honorary degrees from Boston University, Bates College, Rutgers University, Smith College, and Harvard University. She was awarded two national Emmy's: in 1995 for her Master Chefs series and in 1997 for Baking with Julia.
Mrs. Child is an active member of the International Association of Culinary Professionals, and a co-founder of the American Institute of Wine & Food.
Jacques Pepin, celebrated host of award-winning cooking shows on National Public Television, master chef, food columnist, cooking teacher, and author of 18 cookbooks, was born in Bourg-en-Bresse, near Lyon. His first exposure to cooking was as a child in his parents' restaurant, Le Pelican. At 13 years of age, he began his formal apprenticeship at the distinguished Grand Hotel de L'Europe in his hometown. He subsequently worked in Paris, training under Lucien Diat at the famed Plaza Athenee. From 1956 to 1958, Mr. Pepin was the personal chef to three French heads of state, including Charles de Gaulle.
Moving to the United States in 1959, Mr. Pepin worked first at New York's historic Le Pavilion restaurant, then served for 10 years as director of research and new development for the Howard Johnson Company, a position that enabled him to learn about mass production, marketing, food chemistry, and American food tastes. He studied at Columbia University during this period, ultimately earning an MA degree in 18th-century French literature in 1972. Deciding then to devote much of his time to writing, he authored two groundbreaking step-by-step books on French culinary technique, La Technique (1976) and La Methode (1979). These works, and others that followed, earned him a place in the James Beard Foundation's Cookbook Hall of Fame in 1996, an honor bestowed each year on one author whose contributions to the literature of food have had a substantial and enduring impact on the American kitchen.
A new series hosted by Mr. Pepin, his sixth produced by KQED in San Francisco, is currently airing on PBS-TV stations throughout the United States. Entitled Jacques Pepin's Kitchen: Encore with Claudine, it is a second season of 26 cooking shows with his daughter. The first season of this series, entitled, Jacques Pepin's Kitchen: Cooking with Claudine, was a James Beard Award winner (Best National Cooking Segment, 1997). His other recent television series include the acclaimed Jacques Pepin's Cooking Techniques and three successful seasons of Today's Gourmet with Jacques Pepin, which received a Beard Award (Outstanding Culinary Video) in 1994.
Several of Mr. Pepin's series have companion cookbooks. The most recent, like the series entitled Jacques Pepin's Kitchen: Encore with Claudine (1998), follows Jacques Pepin's Kitchen: Cooking with Claudine (1996), which received a Julia Child Cookbook Award (Best General Cookbook) at the 1997 Conference of the International Association of Culinary Professionals (IACP). He has also published Jacques Pepin's Table (1995, a compilation containing all the recipes prepared on the three seasons of Today's Gourmet with Jacques Pepin), Sweet Simplicity: Jacques Pepin's Fruit Desserts, and a five-tape video guide to the fundamentals of cooking, Jacques Pepin's Cooking Techniques (1996).
A former columnist for the New York Times, Mr. Pepin writes a quarterly column for Food & Wine. He also participates regularly in the magazine's prestigious Food & Wine Classic in Aspen and at other culinary festivals and fund-raising events worldwide. In addition, he is a popular guest on such commercial TV programs as The Late Show with David Letterman, The Today Show, and Good Morning America.
Mr. Pepin teamed with Napa Valley Kitchens and KQED in 1997 to produce a line of specialty food products bearing the "Jacques Pepin's Kitchen" signature. In collaboration with Bourgeat, Inc., he has a line of copper cookware ("Jacques Pepin's Signature Series") created to his specifications, and, with Lamson & Goodnow Manufacturing Company, a line of kitchen textiles featuring his designs.
Mr. Pepin is the recipient of two of the French government's highest honors: he is the Chevalier de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1997) and a Chevalier de L'Ordre du Merite Agricole (1992). The Dean of Special Programs at The French Culinary Institute of Wine and Food, a member of the IACP, and is on the board of trustees of The James Beard Foundation. He and his wife, Gloria, live in Madison, Connecticut.
Soups and#160;1
Salads and#160;35
Eggs and Cheese and#160;63
Pasta, Rice, Grains, and Potatoes and#160;87
Breads, Sandwiches, and Pizzas and#160;125
Shellfish and Fish and#160;149
Poultry and Game and#160;245
Meat and#160;311
Charcuterie and Offal and#160;371
Vegetables and Side Dishes and#160;401
Fruit Desserts and#160;469
Puddings, Sweet Souffland#233;s, and Crepes and#160;513
Cakes, Cookies, and Candies and#160;539
Tarts, Pies, and Pastries and#160;571
Frozen Desserts and#160;601
Basics and#160;609
Producer's Acknowledgmentsand#160;627
Index and#160;631


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Here's a semi-accurate account of the birth and growth of Gypsyhawk, as reported by the spirits of the forest. Which is dramatic flavor for, I'm just making this shit up as I go along.
Here are our players: Eric Harris - Bass, Vocals.
Andrew Packer - Guitars.
Scotty Conant - Guitars.
Carl Wierzbicky - Battery.
Joe Fabio - Energizer, Produsa.
Ian Brown - Copper Top, Nicknames
Ethan Fowler - Faux guitar, Stand up dude.
Erik Kluiber - Guitars, Housing.
August. 2008. Los Angeles, CA - Eric Harris smokes weed in Los Angeles. Decides he prefers the weather to Ohio. Makes contact with what would become Holy Grail. Shredding rules.
September 2008. Pasadena, CA - Andrew Packer's band Suns Beneath effectively breaks up. Holy Grail shredders hear news and
offer him audition for 2nd guitar. He doesn't bother to prepare and just plays Voodoo Child in key of Grail. He's not invited back.
Later that September. Mt Washington, CA - Harris dumps the Grail, wants to start his own band. Calls Packer. Packer puts down
scissors and runs over with his guitar. Harris and Packer decide to start "Black n' Roll" band. They begin search for other members.
October. 2008. Mt. Washington, CA - Carl Wiezerbacker meets Harris and Packer to play drums. He doesn't drink much beer. Packer suspects he's a narc and pats him down. He's not a narc, but it still felt right.
January. 2009. Los Angeles, CA - Scotty Conant joins Gypsyhawk.
March. 2009. Los Angeles, CA - Wiezerbacker leaves Gypsyhawk. The band is not Metalocalypse enough for him. "Thin Lizzy is gay." We don't tolerate prejudice, Carl. Beat it.
March - August. 2009. Los Angeles, CA - Gypsyhawk practices in their rehearsal studio as a three piece and "Carl Jr.", their metronome. Things are not boring. Not at all.
August. 2009. Los Angeles, CA - Joe Fabio comes to rehearsal to see if he wants to produce demo for Gypsyhawk. Rehearsing with them on drums is a friend. He steps out to take a no. 2. Fabio sits down on his drums. Some how after only 2 listens he nails "Gypsyhawk." Harris, Packer, and Conant kick Fabio out of studio and tell him to beat it. 2 days later Gypsyhawk calls up Fabio and offers him full time gig in band. He accepts.
October. 2009. North Hills, CA - Fabio pruh-duce-uhs Gypsyhawk's demo CD they put together on their own recognizance.
Halloween. 2009. Pasadena, CA - Gypsyhawk plays first show. 70 people arrive full of anticipation. 45 leave early never to be seen again.
January. 2010. Berkeley, CA - Ben Murray of Creator-Destructor Records hears Gypsyhawk demo. "Far out." He signs Gypsyhawk with only little hesitation. And there was much rejoicing.
April. 2010. Freemont, CA - Gypsyhawk records first full length record, "Patience and Perseverance" with Zach Oren in 8 days.
July. 2010. Ramona, CA - Gypsyhawk starts "Expedition on the Western Shore" Tour, their first. "Patience and Perseverance" is released.
September. 2010. Phoenix, AZ - Gypsyhawk begins first full national tour. Lasts the entire month. Harris, Packer, Conant, and Fabio's cycles all sync up.
October. 2010. Los Angeles, CA - Fabio leaves Gypsyhawk to pursue his love of music. Ian Brown's hazing period begins.
January. 2011. San Francisco, CA - Gypsyhawk does a tour through the South with GREEN & WOOD. Green & Wood beat it early due to irreconciliable inferences. Upon returning to LA Conant leaves Gypsyhawk
February. 2011. Lincoln Heights, CA - Gypsyhawk throws rager at the Poor Kids Radio Mansion and films it for their first music
video directed by Pat Fogarty and Dave Oharra. Latent "mansioning" invented. Ethan Fowler of G&W sits in on 2nd guitar.
Valentines Day. 2011. Pasadena, CA - Erik Kluiber auditions for 2nd guitar. Harris and Packer threaten violence if he doesn't join. He does. And there is much rejoicing.
March. 2011. Boyle Heights, CA - Kluiber's first show with Gypsyhawk at the BLVD. with Christian Mistress and Witch Mountain.
May. 2011. San Francisco, CA - Gypsyhawk begins "Defending Good Times Tour". "Housing" is invented. Ron Houser and Pee Pee Rider are born.
July. 2011. Agora Hills, CA - Gypsyhawk signs with Metal Blade Records. No one but band and label believes it.
September. 2011. Ventura, CA - Gypsyhawk begin 40 date "When Mountains Crush To Dust" tour with HUNTRESS. Huntress go home after first week because they run out of juice.
February. 2012. Oakland, CA - Gypsyhawk records... well we're not supposed to say the title yet. But we recorded with Zach
Oren in 6 days. And it rips.
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The Oppo Find 5 was one of the first devices to be sold with a 1080p panel, and it became quite popular around here despite never being sold in the US. A lot of people know the name, and that's quite a feat. It was a very nice phone for a good price, and it looks like Oppo is trying to follow up the 5′s success. But this new device will be a lot more high-end. Here's what it will include:
- 5-inch 1080p display
- Snapdragon 800 processor
- 32GB internal storage
- 13MP main camera, 8MP front camera
- 4000 mAh battery
- Android 4.2 Jelly Bean
With a 1080p panel just like its predecessor and a beastly Snapdragon 800 processor, it should be insanely fast. But what excites us is that giant battery. At 4,000 mAh, it's 900 mAh bigger than the already large battery in the Samsung Galaxy Note II. It's exciting to see how long it'll last; two days of juice would be awesome.
The device has no release date, but will go on sale in China for the high-end price of $699. With those specs, it makes sense. Still, it's a pretty steep price for an unlocked device. Once it comes out (hopefully sometime this Fall), would you be willing to buy one?


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Reading the forum on your cell phone? There's an easier way. We've enabled a Tapatalk app that makes browsing the forum a whole lot easier. Check it out in the iPhone or Android store if you don't own it already.
On Wednesday, the latest Noreaster rolled through, dropping 15 across higher terrain and just shy of 12 at Hermit Lake.
To young, My thoughts go out to his family and friends. Rest in peace James.
Dude!? What the fuck is your problem? Somebody's friend and son is dead and all you can muster is some more grandstanding about technique and knowledge of mountaineering!
Champ, I would bet that you know next to nothing about the climber, his skill level, his experience and competence, or how the avy got triggered. Please get off your high horse and stop your know-all preaching. Some young man is dead, his loved ones are beside themselves with grief. Show some humanity.If you were injured in an avy due to some unstated/unknown reason, how would YOU feel if we right away call you a f#@king idiot and are the "climb fast and hard. Bolt, one point crampon, pick that enter very easily in the ice ..." type, etc.
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The hydrogen-fueled Suntan project having been euthanized, the CIA now requested a conventionally fueled airplane of similar performance: Mach 3-plus cruise for 4,000 miles at extremely high altitude.
Under the internal name Archangel, Lockheed's ADP division—"Advanced Development Projects" was the official name of the Skunk Works—bounced around a seemingly random series of designs powered by jets, rockets, and ramjets or, in one case, all three. None of them was capable of the required speed, height, and range. Engineers might have dropped the project in frustration, except that at the time the Skunk Works had little else to occupy it.
ADP's ideas eventually converged, however, on a delta with two big jet engines and an extremely long fuselage with a peculiar cross-section. Both this design and the Convair division of General Dynamics' Kingfish—a delta with a faceted fuselage ahead of its time—were presented to a CIA/Air Force/Department of Defense panel in August 1959. Both airplanes promised Mach 3.2 cruise at 85,000 feet. Although Convair's design looked good and the company had the experience of developing the supersonic-cruise B-58 Hustler, the contract went to Lockheed. The reasons for the decision aren't known, but the overriding one was undoubtedly the confidence of the CIA's "black operations" honcho, Richard Bissell, in Kelly Johnson, who was then at the zenith of his engineering powers and managerial skill.
The design presented two unprecedented challenges: aerodynamic heating—at the Blackbird's 2,000-mph cruising speed, the friction of air would soften and crumple an aluminum airframe—and making jet engines run at 80,000 feet, where the atmosphere has only one-sixteenth the density it has at sea level. Most aircraft projects, even pioneering ones, involve known materials and techniques, and make some use of the proven features of their precursors. The Blackbird was without antecedents. It required basic research in the fabrication of a new structural material, titanium; new fuel and lubricants; new fittings, wiring, and insulators; new sealants and fasteners; new nacelle designs and airframe aerodynamics; new ways to defeat radar; and new environmental systems to keep the pilot from roasting in his seat. The Blackbird remains, 50 years later, the highest performing jet airplane ever built: Nothing else has ever equaled its combination of speed, altitude, range, and, incidentally, spectacular good looks.
Kelly Johnson's Skunk Works was a revolt against the formalities of conventional industry. It was a throwback to a time when airplanes were created by small teams who all broke for lunch together. Johnson crammed a small number of capable people into close proximity, so that "engineering shall always be within a stone's throw of the airplane." He believed in the freewheeling inventive genius of individuals—particularly himself; he resented the intrusions of committees of government bureaucrats with their meddlesome meetings, and rebelled against their minutely detailed specifications.
He pared away procedural dross: Whatever used up time without advancing the project was banned—even visits from the customer. Finished drawings were not required; shop men were encouraged to work from sketches and when possible to develop parts directly on the airplane. Decisions, once made, would not be second-guessed; good enough was good enough. Meetings were limited to two or three essential participants. Initial flight tests would be conducted by the builders—not, as was usual at the time, by the customer's pilots.
To the extent that an organization could, the experimental shop would behave like a single person. Its soul was Johnson, pushing, demanding, worrying, inventing. "Kelly's ghostly voice nagged at me during the fifteen years I occupied his big corner office," wrote Ben Rich in his memoir Skunk Works. "I always thought of the place as his, because his personality and character were branded on everything we did."
While the Skunk Works is usually viewed as a unique creation of Kelly Johnson's, it was so only in the context of a bloated American aerospace industry. France's Marcel Dassault used small, elite staffs in the same way that Johnson did, developing the Mirage IV supersonic bomber with a design team of fewer than 100. The revolutionary vertical-takeoff Hawker P.1127, which became the Harrier, emerged from a similar-size team of designers. Compared with the British or French, American firms typically employed two or three times as many people on a project.
The omniscient Johnson understood each man's job. He once scribbled in a project log, after visiting his engineers to determine what problems they were having, "Most engineers considered they didn't have any, but after I suggested four or five each, they agreed." Some found him inspiring to work for; some found him tyrannical. Ray Goudey, a test pilot who also often flew Johnson in the company's jet, remembers him as "fun to be with." John Benson, who was head of propulsion at Lockheed during the Johnson era, recalls that the great man could make his staff uneasy: "I was in his office more than I wanted to be. He was a demanding person. I knew Ben [Rich] from way back and saw him as a friend, but not Kelly."
Given to displays of temper, Johnson used firing as a rhetorical device; one engineer claimed to have been fired several times in one day. Yet Johnson was tolerant of errors; what mattered was not that you had made a mistake, but what you did about it. His people were the best, and most were fiercely loyal to him. "I'm not sure how he picked his team members," says Steve Justice, who maintains Lockheed's archive of Kelly Johnson papers. "But he batted about .950. Without Kelly they didn't exist—and without them, he didn't."


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By Bob Bindschadler
McMurdo (Antarctica), 14 December — (Warning: this entry is not for the weak of heart.) Woe is me. A logistics scourge seems to have befallen our project. The past two days have been filled with nothing but bad news. The traverse from Byrd to PIG not only has continued to encounter soft snow, but the transmission on one tractor has failed, and a hydraulic line on another one has a leak that has stopped it literally in its tracks. Much of the cargo being hauled by the tractors is loaded on sheets of very slippery, but strong, plastic. Well, maybe not so strong, after all: This is the second season these sheets have been used and they are starting to crack and break, forcing the traverse party to stop, jigger the load around and then start up again. All this leaves me with the mental image of bits of the traverse littering the trail from Byrd to PIG. Still, the traverse people press onward, with fewer vehicles and less cargo. Their estimate is to arrive at PIG on Friday, but unless they cover more than the 20 miles they've completed each of the past two days, it will take yet longer.
The flying side is not going much better. Bad weather continues to plague both of the possible refueling stops so the put-in flight has been cancelled every morning. The weather is forecast to improve at those sites, both of them in the interior of West Antarctica, but (you guessed it) weather at PIG is deteriorating now. We in the field party marooned in McMurdo test our mental mettle by checking a couple of web sites that allow us to view the weather forecasts for the key stations involved in this effort, as well as David Holland's web cam, which remains our lone virtual presence at PIG. It hurts to see sunny skies there and not be able to fly a plane there.
If this was a football game, the cargo managers would receive a penalty for "piling on". Yesterday we had a meeting where we heard that our cargo was not the 9,000 pounds that we had planned, but rather 15,000 pounds, necessitating an additional flight to PIG (#9, if you are keeping count). We were only slightly surprised, because I saw this coming. In fact, I was the one who asked for the meeting so we could address any problem early. As I explained in my previous post, we've had to add a number of items to our cargo line due to less being taken by the traverse. Also, our colleague Sridhar Anandakrishnan was sent to his early season work site without the skidoos he was supposed to use there, so we have to bring them to PIG via another route. I felt it was time to push back on the size and design of the PIG Main Camp. I said we would lower the priority of some limited parts of our project, so they could arrive on this later flight, but I couldn't shed all of the 6,000-pound extra cargo. I insisted on some sacrifices from the Main Camp. The head of construction there offered to consider downsizing some of the plumbing (!) and electrical components of the camp. Most others didn't offer much. If the Herc pilots like the runway when they get to PIG, they might increase the allowed cargo limit (ACL) of subsequent flights, so this problem might go away, but this strikes me as wishful thinking. Nevertheless, I'll be meeting with the head of the LC-130 squadron to discuss the benefits of even a 500-pound increase of the ACL. Exploring every possible way of getting us to PIG sooner is what my job here has become.
In that vein, I've come up with yet another strategy to recover some lost time. It involves having a Twin Otter airplane attempt a landing at our intended drill camp location on the ice shelf. This is a bit of déjà vu because three years ago I landed on the ice shelf in a Twin Otter only to be told the surface was too hard and rough for repeated landings. Some super high-resolution satellite imagery suggests to us the result might be different at this new site, so I want to try it again.
I've had to write to my program manager back in DC to ask that he supports this request. I made the case that, if successful, we could get the drill camp up and running before helos arrive and are operational at PIG Main Camp. We still have work to do that only the helicopters can support, but we are feeling the increased time pressure of time and splitting the support load would definitely help. It could also eliminate the need for any helicopters next season if we can complete the helo-only work this year and the drilling can be supported by Twin Otters. I delivered my sales pitch to the Twin Otter pilots after lunch today, and I'll hear from NSF back in DC tomorrow.
On the bright side, I have plenty to restore a balanced perspective. Today is the 100th anniversary of Roald Amundsen's arrival at the South Pole. As everyone surely knows, Robert Falcon Scott and his field party reached the same spot a month later, but perished on the return journey. I am not about to set out to ski/man haul our cargo to PIG, nor I expect to suffer the extraordinary hardships of either Scott or Amundsen. Antarctic science nowadays is usually hard, often frustrating, but it is rarely life threatening. I'll take that as some much needed good news.
Tags: ANSA, Antarctica, AStar, Byrd, helicopter, LC-130, McMurdo, Pine Island Glacier, Twin Otter, WAIS


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Bridget Marquardt Patent Leather Purse
Bridget carried a classic lady-like evening bag with a gold metal handle and click top closure. This evening look complemented her strappy gold heels and was the perfect size to fit a few going out essentials.
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consists of a spring, bronze or paper filter, relief spring, and
a gasket. The open end of the bronze filter faces the fuel
inlet nut as shown in Figure 1. The "Vee" shaped
inpression increases the filtering area. The bronze and paper filter elements are spring-loaded to provide a pressure relief
so that in the event the filter should clog, the restriction
will cause fuel pump pressure to overcome the filter relief
spring pressure and allow fuel to by-pass the filter, to keep
the engine running and enable the driver to get to a service
outlet for filter replacement.
(Fig. 2)
There are several methods of float bowl venting used in
the Model "G" 2-bore carburetor. The method and type of
venting used for a particular engine will be varied in design
to meet the flow characteristics desired for the engine on
which it is used.
Some applications use a "fixed" external vent located on
top of the carburetor air horn just above the float bowl
chamber. This vents to the outside any fuel vapors which
may form in the fuel bowl due to engine heat during
periods of hot engine operation. This keeps the vapors from
being forced into the carburetor bores thereby causing poor
idle and hard hot starting due to excessive richness.
To meet California emission requirements for evap
orative losses, the float bowl on some California 2GV
models is internally vented by a vacuum operated vent
The vent system assures that any pressure "build-up" in
the float chamber during hot engine operation, caused by
fuel vapors, will be relieved through a vent hole leading to a
vapor collection canister.
An internal vent located inside the air horn bore just
beneath the air cleaner, is used to help balance the pressure
from beneath the air cleaner to the fuel in the float bowl.
The amount of fuel metered by the carburetor is dependent
upon the pressure in the float bowl causing fuel to flow. By
locating vents internally below the air cleaner, the car
buretor automatically compensates for built-in air cleaner restriction; hence, a balance can be maintained between the
air flowing through the carburetor venturi and the air acting
upon the fuel in the float bowl. If the carburetor is also
equipped with a fixed external vent, it will not be
)letely balanced but the pressure difference will be less, so consequently, the internal vent tube will very much
efff.;t carburetor calibration. Fuel vapors will also be drawn
from the area above the fuel in the float bowl by the
internal vent during engine operation and is compensated
for in the calibration of the carburetor unit.
During normal operation when the engine is running,
manifold vacuum that leads from the channel in the air
horn to the top side of a small diaphragm mounted inside
the air horn, pulls the diaphragm upward against spring
tension, closing off a valve on the channel which leads to
the vapor canister. This gives complete internal venting while the engine is running. When the engine is shut down
and no vacuum is applied to the vent valve diaphragm, the spring pressure pushes downward on the diaphragm, closing off the internal vent and opening the vent hole leading to
the vapor canister.
A tang on the pump arm mechanically closes the vent hole to the vapor canister at higher speeds should the
manifold vacuum drop to the point where the vent hole to
the canister might be open and destroy the internal
carburetor balance.
The float system, on some models, has an atmospheric
idle vent valve which is normally open only during the
engine idling period and when it is shut down. The idle vent valve is used in place of the fixed external bowl vent and is
operated by a tang on the pump lever. When the throttle
lever is in the idle speed position, the idle vent valve is open
to allow any fuel vapors in the float bowl during periods of
hot engine idle and hot soak to be vented to the outside.
The vent valve closes when the throttle valves are opened to the off-idle position at which point the carburetor returns
to an internal balance by the internal vent tube which
transmits air pressure from beneath the air cleaner to the
fuel in the float bowl.
(Fig. 3)
It is necessary that the idle vent valve be closed during
all periods of operation except at idle; otherwise excessive richness can be caused by the higher atmospheric pressure acting upon the fuel in the float bowl.


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Meet Mark Asper: Duck football player - and father of two
EUGENE, Ore. - From play calls to Play-Doh, bubble screens to simply blowing bubbles, Mark Asper is a busy man on and off the field.
The Duck tackle has the most career games played on the offense, and at 25 going on 26 this November is the most veteran presence on the Oregon team.
He's also a father of two.
"I get in trouble all during fall camp because I come home and I want to play with the kids and they're in their jammies and ready to go to bed," he said.
Mark and his wife michelle have been married for nearly four years. First came Makayla Rayleen, now 2. Just 8 months ago, the Aspers welcomed Maci Lova to the family.
"I just want them to be as girly and frilly and dainty as can be," the proud father said.
All this joy came into the Idaho Falls native's life after a two-year mission trip to Spain.
"If she had met me or known me before I went on my mission," he said of his wife, "we probably wouldn't have ended up together because I was kind of pretty arrogant and kind of a snot."
Up until this season, the Aspers felt like they spent every waking hour away from campus fixing toilets and replacing light bulbs. Byt after three years of being an on-site assistant manager at a 207-unit apartment complex in Eugene, Mark and Michelle had enough.
"They'd call like Sunday morning, 'Hey, sorry my oven exploded on Friday night but I knew mark was gone," he said.
Now without a job, the minimal living stipend Asper gets from his scholarship each month is harder to stretch between four plates on the dinner table.
"We pinch the pennies," he said.
But between his summer savings from his job as a compliance officer for Lane County Parks and Rec, his giving siblings and parents, and some help from local and government programs, the Aspers are making it work.
"There's a lot of programs that help people out that are low to no income like us," he said.
And depending on how this football thing pans out, Mark could fall back on his master's degree in educational methodology that is he currently trying to obtain.
Asper used to be roommates with Brandon Bair, who is now with the Kansas City Chiefs.
Mark calls himself a trendsetter because now Brandon, who also juggled being a father and a football player, is having his second child with his wife.


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Angiotensinogen acts as a negative modulator in angiogenesis
Angiotensinogen : ein negativer Modulator in Angiogenese
Search Medline for
|November 11, 2004
The aim of the present study was to show that Angiotensinogen (AGT), which possesses anti-angiogenic property in vitro also exerts inhibitory activities in vivo on the arterial wall. To that end, we measured the thickness of the walls of small and medium size arteries in the kidney of mouse exhibiting different circulating concentrations of AGT. As it was shown in the original study, the wall of arteries of AGT -/- mice (n = 4, 30 vessels/animal) was much thicker than that of AGT +/+ animals (n = 4, 30 vessels/animal). We measured a difference of 39,9 %. More unexpectedly we measured an 19,7 % difference between nude mice that received an adenoviral construction producing high levels of circulating AGT (n = 10, 30 vessels/animal), in comparison to animals which received an empty adenoviral vector (nude mice, n = 10, 30 vessels/animal). A similar difference was measured between the artery wall thickness of AGT -/- mice (n = 4, 30 vessels/animal) compared to the same genotype carrying an angiotensinogen transgene expressed in the adipose tissue (Tg-KO, n = 4, 30 vessels/animal). All differences in wall thickness between controls and AGT exposed arteries were statistically significant (p < 0,01). In these three instances the mere presence of AGT in the blood was sufficient to reduce the arterial wall thickness by 20 to 30 %. It is remarkable that short and long term exposure to AGT lead to a similar reduction in vessel wall thickness. These observations constitute the first quantitative evidence of a growth inhibitory role of AGT on the artery wall in vivo.