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2 A Morphological Cellular Automata based on Morphological Independence Josune Gallego, Carmen Hernandez, Manuel Graña January 3, 2011 Computational Intelligence Group, UPV/EHU, Abstract We discuss a definition of Morphological Cellular Neural Networks (MCNN) where the state change operator are Auto-associative Morphological Memories (AMM). The fast convergence properties of AMM and the shape of its fixed point set make the MCNN dynamics trivial. However, segmentation results are poor. We propose a Morphological Cellular Automata (MCA) with assured convergence to a state characterized by morphological dependences and independences between neighbouring cell states. Cell dynamic rules test morphological dependence among neighbouring cell s states. When neighbouring cell states are morphological dependent in the erosive or dilative sense, the morphologically dominant state colonizes the neighbour with morphological dependent state. The resulting configuration of cell states is composed of homogeneous regions whose boundaries are defined by the morphological independence relation. Results are given on image segmentation, where MCA cells correspond to image pixels. 1 Introduction Massively parallel neural networks have been applied to solve NP-complete problems, such as the satisfiability problem [5, 7] in propositional logic. Cellular Neural Networks (CNN) have been applied to image processing and segmentation [1, 2, 3], however they are mostly restricted to one channel images. We look for an extension of this elegant approach to multispectral images. We propose the application of morphological operators and properties arising from the work on Associative Morphological Memories (AMM) [17, 13, 16] which lately have become Lattice Associative Memories [14, 15]. AMM s are constructed as lattice correlation matrices. Dual AMM constructions can be made using the dual min and max operators. Morphological Cellular Neural Network (MCNN) provide a formal morphological extension to the CNN, consisting in using the AMM 1
3 as the synaptic operators between neighbouring cells. Though theoretically appealing, and possessing a really fast convergence, segmentation results are poor in practice, until further theoretical developments allow to identify regions of lattice dependent pixels. The AMM are selectively sensitive to specific types of noise (erosive and dilative noise). The notion of morphological independence and morphological strong independence was introduced in [16] to study the construction of AMM robust to general noise. It was established that AMM are able to robustly store and recall sets of morphologically strongly independent patterns. That leads us to the idea of considering morphological dependence as a kind of equivalence relation. Pixel regions could be identified by being morphologically dependent on a given morphologically dominant, some kind of morphological region representative vector which can be found in the image. For the visual identification of the region, we can substitute all the morphologically dependent pixels by the morphologically dominant one. This in essence the working of the Morphological Cellular Automata (MCA) proposed and tested in this paper. The work in this paper is an hybridization [4, 18] of CNN and morphological neural network approaches. The structure of the paper is as follows. Section 2 reviews the definition and basic results of Cellular Neural Networks. Section 3 reviews the definitions of Associative Morphological Memories and Morphological Independence. Section 4 introduces the MCNN. Section 5 introduces the MCA. Section 6 gives results on image segmentation of MCNN and MCA. Finally, section 7 gives our conclusions. 2 Cellular Neural Networks Cellular Neural Networks (CNN) have been introduced in [1, 2, 3] as a powerful distributed computational model. A standard CNN architecture consists of an M N rectangular array of cells C (i, j) where (i, j) are the cell Cartesian coordinates on a grid, i = 1, 2,..., M, j = 1, 2,..., N. The sphere of influence S r (i, j) of radius r of the cell C (i, j) is the set of cells in grid site { coordinates whose Manhattan distance} is less than the radius: S r (i, j) = C (k, l) max { k i, l j } r, where r is a positive integer. 1 k M,1 l N A M N standard CNN is defined by a rectangular grid of cells C (i, j), each defined mathematically by its state and output equations: ẋ ij = x ij + A (i, j; k, l) y kl + B (i, j; k, l) u kl + z ij (1) S r(i,j) S r(i,j) y ij = f (x ij ) (2) where x ij R, y ij R, u ij R, and z ij R are the state, output, input signal and threshold of cell C (i, j), respectively. The output function is a non-linear function, corresponding to the activation function of conventional 2
4 Artificial Neural Networks. The simplest one is the standard nonlinearity [1]: f (x ij ) = 1 2 x ij x ij 1. The evolution of the CNN cell states starts from an initial condition x ij (0), i = 1, 2,..., M, j = 1, 2,..., N. The synaptic connections A (i, j; k, l) and B (i, j; k, l) can be non-linear operators, denoted A (i, j; k, l) y kl and B (i, j; k, l) u kl. They can be time variant, though usually they are assumed time invariant. If the synaptic connections are space invariant they are denote A (k, l) and B (k, l). The CNN effectively implements a system of ordinary differential equations. The existence and uniqueness of solutions are guaranteed in the case of linear synaptic operators and continuous input signal, threshold and Lipschitz continuous non-linearity f (x). If the initial state, input signal and threshold are bounded then the solution of the standard CNN is bounded. The time and space invariant CNN with a linear output function implements a linear system that performs linear filtering of the input signal, usually an image. Therefore they can be designed to perform edge detection, smoothing, contrast boosting and other linear filtering operations on the input image [1]. Synaptic connections may have delays, so that they are systems with memory and inner states. The inclusion of delays allows to work on image sequences, performing temporal filtering for motion detection and other time based operations. Morphological image operators, such as erosion and dilation, can be approximated with appropriate nonlinearities. 3 Associative Morphological Memories and morphological independence One of the most outstanding areas of Lattice Computing [6], the work on Associative Morphological Memories (AMM) stems from the consideration of the partially ordered ring (R,,, +) instead of the algebraic ring (R, +, ) as the computational framework for the definition of Neural Networks algorithms [17, 13]. The operators and denote, respectively, the max and min operators. The AMM are the morphological counterpart of the well known Hopfield Associative Memories [11]. Given a set of input/output pairs of pattern (X, Y ) = {( x ξ, y ξ) ; ξ = 1,.., k }, an heteroassociative memory based on the pattern s cross correlation [11] is built up as W = ξ yξ (x ξ). Mimicking this construction procedure [17, 13] propose the following dual constructions of Heteroassociative Morphological Memories (HMM s), the erosive HMM: W XY = k ξ=1 [y ξ ( x ξ) ] and the dilative HMM M XY = k ξ=1 [ y ξ ( x ξ) ] where can be the or operators. Here and denote the max and min matrix product, respectively defined as follows: C = A B = [c ij ] c ij = C = A B = [c ij ] c ij = 3 k=1..n k=1..n {a ik + b kj }, (3) {a ik + b kj }. (4)
5 If X = Y then the HMM memories are Autoassociative Morphological Memories (AMM). Memory recall is the response obtained from the HMM or AMM when presented with a pattern. Pattern presentation consists in the max or min matrix product with the W or M memory, respectively. For HMM memory recall is equivalent to realization of an input/output map. For the AMM it is equivalent to recalling an stored pattern. The interest of associative memories lies in its ability to recover stored patterns when presented with incomplete or distorted patterns. In the continuous case, the AMM s are able to store and recall any set of patterns, that is, W XX x = x = M XX x, x X, which can be stated in compact form as follows W XX X = X = M XX X, for any X. That is, AMMs possess perfect recall for noiseless patterns [17, 13]. It is also interesting to note that if we iterate the memory recall we obtain a fixed point very fast, in fact it is obtained at the second iteration: W XX z = v W XX v = v, (5) M XX z = u M XX u = u. (6) The set of fixed points F (X) of the morphological memories constructed from the set of patterns X is the same for both types of AMM: F (X) = {x W XX x = x} = {x M XX x = x}. They are the set of vectors lattice dependent on X. Let it be x γ a noisy version of x γ. If x γ x γ then x γ is the result of applying erosive noise to x γ. If x γ x γ then x γ is the result of applying dilative noise to x γ. Morphological memories are selectively sensitive to erosive and dilative noise. The conditions of robust perfect recall (i.e. perfect recall from noisy patterns) are the following ones[17, 13]. Given a set of patterns X, the equality W XX x γ = x γ, x γ X (7) holds when the noise affecting the pattern is erosive x γ x γ and the following relation holds: i j i ; x γ j i = x γ j i ) (x γ i xξ i + xξ. (8) ji ξ γ Similarly, the equality M XX x γ = x γ (9) holds when the noise affecting the pattern is dilative x γ x γ and the following relation holds: i j i ; x γ j i = x γ j i ) (x γ i xξ i + xξ. (10) ji ξ γ 4
6 The recall with both dual AMM will fail to recover the stored pattern if it is affected by a mixture of erosive and dilative noise. To obtain general noise robustness [12] some works proposed the kernel method and some enhancements [13, 16]. In the formalization of the kernel construction, [16] introduced the notion of morphological independence. Here we distinguish erosive and dilative versions of this definition. Given vectors x, y R d, y is morphologically dependent in the erosive sense of x if y x, y is morphologically dependent in the dilative sense of x if y x. In both cases, we say that x is dominant. Given a set of vectors X = ( x 1, x 2,..., x k), a vector of the same dimensionality y is said to be morphologically independent of X in the erosive sense if y x γ ; γ = {1,.., k}, and morphologically independent of X in the dilative sense if y x γ ; γ = {1,.., k}. The set of vectors X is said to be morphologically independent in either sense when all the patterns are morphologically independent of the remaining patterns in the set. Given the erosive W XX and dilative M XX memories constructed from X, if a test pattern y / X is morphologically independent of X in the erosive sense, then W XX y / X. Also, if y is morphologically independent of X in the dilative sense, then M XX y / X. Morphological independence has been generalized to lattice independence in recent works [14, 15] establishing its relation with affine independence. This equivalence is very useful for the induction of endmembers from data for linear unmixing processes [10, 9]. 4 The Morphological Cellular Neural Network (MCNN) The aim of Morphological Cellular Neural Network (MCNN) is to perform the segmentation of images with multidimensional range, such as colour, multispectral or hyperspectral images, on the basis of the morphological properties of the pixel values. First we consider the definition of MCNN along the lines of the conventional CNN described in section 2. Let us consider that cells C (i, j) have a multidimensional state x ij R d. Let us denote Y ij (t) the set of the states of the neighbouring cells in S r (i, j) at time t. The MCNN synaptic operators will be based on the erosive and dilative memories: W Y Y and M Y Y, respectively, built from Y ij (t) 1. According to the kind of the AMM, we can define dual MCNN dynamics. The erosive MCNN x ij (t + 1) = W Y Y x ij (t), (11) and the dilative MCNN. The dynamics of the MCNN can be defined formally as follows: x ij (t + 1) = M Y Y x ij (t). (12) The convergence of the MCNN dynamics is related to the properties of AMM fixed points. Although both memories share the same fixed point set they do 1 (We have taken a notation liberty: Y ij (t) Y ) 5
7 not obtain the same result for non-fixed point vectors, therefore dynamics of equations (11) and (12) will produce divergent behaviours starting from the same initial conditions. Will the MCNN converge to a fixed point global state in finite time?. If x ij (t + 1) x ij (t) and the neighbouring cells do not change Y ij (t) = Y ij (t + 1), then x ij (t + 2) = x ij (t + 1) by equation (5) or (6), depending on the MCNN type. If there is a change in the neighbouring cells, i.e. Y ij (t) Y ij (t + 1), there will be a finite number of state changes before the cell s state reaches a fixed point even if all the neighbouring cells change their states. However, there is not guarantee that no indefinite cycling behaviours may appear. The process may only be proved to converge if it is possible to prove that the sequences of fixed points F (Y ij ) and F (Y kl ) are ordered and have a limit value. To our knowledge, this is an open question. In the stationary configuration we have that each cell state is a fixed point of the AMM constructed with its corresponding neighbouring cell states: x ij = W YijY ij x ij, i = 1, 2,..., N; j = 1, 2,..., M. From the review of the section 3, this condition holds when some of the following situations arise: x ij = x kl for at least one (k, l) S r (i, j). If all the neighbouring cells have the same state, then the cell is in the middle of an homogenous region of the MCNN configuration. If some of the neighbouring cells have different states, then it is in the boundary between regions. x ij is lattice dependent of Y ij. That means that stationary regions can be composed of cell states which are different, but mutually lattice dependent. This is a drawback from the image segmentation point of view, unless some kind of equivalence relation can be defined allowing to identify the same region. 5 The Morphological Cellular Automata (MCA) We look for the detection of homogeneous image regions. The MCNN converge to a segmentation of the image into regions of lattice dependent states, which are not visually identified as an homogenous region. Therefore, we return to the concept of morphological independence. Our aim is to obtain as boundaries morphological independent neighbours, while using morphological dependence to assimilate neighbouring pixels. This Morphological Cellular Automata (MCA) is summarized in Algorithm 1. Let us define { f (i, j) R d ; i = 1,.., N; j = 1,.., M } the RGB, multispectral or hyperspectral image, µ and σ the vectors of the mean and standard deviations of each band computed over the image, α the band-wise equivalence interval factor. The addition and subtraction of ασ to each state vector allows 6
8 Algorithm 1 Morphological Cellular Automata dynamics 1. Initialize the MCNN state to the image pixel values: X (0) = {x ij (0) = f c (i, j)}. 2. Repeat until convergence X (t) = X (t + 1), for increasing t: (a) For each pair of neighbouring cells (i, j), (k, l) S 1 (i, j): i. compute the upper and lower bounds of the interval defined assuming independent Gaussian noise sources x ij = x ij (t) ασ and x + ij = x ij (t) + ασ ii. if (x ij < x kl (t) < x + ij and x ij (t) < x kl (t) ) or ( x ij x kl (t) ) or ( x kl (t) x + ) ij then x ij (t + 1) = x kl (t + 1) = x kl (t), else x ij (t + 1) = x ij (t); x kl (t + 1) = x kl (t) to define an interval of equivalence between cell states intended to overcome over-segmentation when morphological independence is due to noise conditions. The image is preprocessed as in the previous algorithm so that each pixel is a zero mean vector {f c (i, j) = f (i, j) µ; i = 1,.., N; j = 1,.., M}. Algorithm 1 is initialized with this centred image. It repeats the computation of the new configuration X (t) until convergence is reached. Convergence consists in the absence of changes. Cells are considered in pairs, and their state is changed according to the following reasoning: If there is morphological dependence (either erosive or dilative) the dominant cell assimilates the dependent cell. Previously, we consider the existence of an equivalence interval defined on the basis of the band-wise variance. If the neighbouring cell falls in this interval, then the one with the greatest norm dominates, regardless of morphological independence/dependence relation. 6 Results on image segmentation The experimental image is the well known lena image. To reduce the computational burden, we have down sampled it to a size. The actual image used in the experiments is shown in figure 1a. The segmentation obtained with the algorithm of the MCA without equivalence interval (α = 0) is shown in figure 1b. This segmentation is obtained when the algorithm reaches an invariant state. The colours shown correspond to the morphologically independent colours that have propagated from their original pixel sites, absorbing morphologically dependent pixel sites. The main features of the image can be distinguished in this segmentation. Observe that some regions of similar colour are not identified because they are separated by connected regions of an morphologically independent colour. For comparison we show in figure 2 the results 7
9 (a) (b) Figure 1: (a) Original Lena image. (b) Segmentation of the lena image obtained without noise parameter (a) (b) Figure 2: colour quantization into 8 colours (a) and 32 colours (b). of the identification of colour regions performed by standard colour Quantization algorithms based on the minimization of the quantization distortion. The activation of the noise related equivalence interval has the effect of allowing the fusion of regions of morphologically independent colours. As can be appreciated in figure 3, increasing α decreases the number of identified regions until all detail is lost. This mechanism may allow to obtain segmentations at diverse resolutions. 7 Conclusions We have first proposed a MCNN based on the application of AMM as synaptic operators. The approach has a very fast convergence but introduces little changes in the image and does not detect homogenous regions for segmentation. Therefore, we have introduced a MCA based on the morphological dependence and independence notions to obtain homogeneous regions from morphological dependent pixels, with the boundary of such regions defined by the morphological independence between neighbouring pixels. We have shown that the 8
10 alpha=1 alpha=2 alpha=3 alpha=4 Figure 3: Evolution of the segmentation obtained increasing the parameter α approach produces consistent connected regions of homogeneous colours. Besides, we introduce a colour equivalence parameter α controlling the size of an equivalence interval defined on the colour component variances which allows to control the resolution of the segmentation. We look forward to the application of these works in practical devices such as intelligent blackboards [8]. References [1] L. O. Chua and T. Roska. Cellular neural networks and visual computing: foundation and applications. Cambridge University Press, June [2] L.O. Chua and L. Yang. Cellular neural networks: applications. Circuits and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 35(10): , [3] L.O. Chua and L. Yang. Cellular neural networks: theory. Circuits and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 35(10): , [4] E. Corchado, A. Abraham, and A.C. Ponce. Hybrid intelligent algorithms and applications. Information Science, 180(14): , [5] A. d Anjou, M. Graña, F. J. Torrealdea, and M. Hernandez. Solving satisfiability via boltzmann machines. IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 15: , [6] M. Graña. A brief review of lattice computing. In Proc. WCCI 2008, pages ,
11 [7] M. Graña, A. d Anjou, F.X. Albizuri, M. Hernandez, F. J. Torrealdea, and A.I. Gonzalez. Experiments of fast learning with high order boltzmann machines. Applied Intelligence, 7(4): , [8] M. Graña, A. d Anjou, and F. J. Torrealdea. User expectations for the intelligent blackboard. Displays, 17 (3-4): , [9] M. Graña, A. Manhaes-Savio, M. García-Sebastián, and E. Fernandez. A lattice computing approach for on-line fmri analysis. Image and Vision Computing, 28(7): , [10] M. Graña, I. Villaverde, J.O. Maldonado, and C. Hernandez. Two lattice computing approaches for the unsupervised segmentation of hyperspectral images. Neurocomputing, 72(10-12): , [11] Hopfield J.J. Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sciences, 79( ), [12] Bogdan Raducanu, Manuel Graña, and F. Xabier Albizuri. Morphological scale spaces and associative morphological memories: Results on robustness and practical applications. J. Math. Imaging Vis., 19(2): , [13] G. X. Ritter, J. L. Diaz de Leon, and P. Sussner. Morphological bidirectional associative memories. Neural Networks, 12(6): , [14] Gerhard Ritter and Paul Gader. Fixed points of lattice transforms and lattice associative memories. volume 144 of Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, pages Elsevier, [15] Gerhard X. Ritter and Gonzalo Urcid. Lattice algebra approach to endmember determination in hyperspectral imagery. volume 160 of Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, pages Elsevier, [16] Gerhard X. Ritter, Gonzalo Urcid, and Laurentiu Iancu. Reconstruction of patterns from noisy inputs using morphological associative memories. Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 19:95 111, /A: [17] G.X. Ritter, P. Sussner, and J.L. Diaz-de Leon. Morphological associative memories. Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on, 9(2): , mar [18] Michal Wozniak and Marcin Zmyslony. Designing fusers on the basis of discriminants - evolutionary and neural methods of training. In E. Corchado, M. Graña, and A. Savio, editors, HAIS 2010, LNAI, pages Springer,
12 Neurocognitive disorder detection based on Feature Vectors extracted from VBM analysis of structural MRI A. Savio 1, M.T. García-Sebastián 1, D. Chyzyk 1, C. Hernandez 1, M. Graña 1, A. Sistiaga 3,5,6, A. López de Munain 4,5,6, J. Villanúa 2 May 11, Grupo de Inteligencia Computacional, 2 Osatek S.A., Hospital Donostia San Sebastián, Spain. 3 Neuroscience Department, Universidad del Pais Vasco UPV-EHU, San Sebastian, Spain 4 Neurology Service, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain 5 Area de Neurociencias, Instituto Biodonostia 6 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Spain Abstract Dementia is a growing concern due to the aging process of the western societies. Non-invasive detection is therefore a high priority research endeavor. In this paper we report results of classification systems applied to the feature vectors obtained by a feature extraction method computed on Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (smri) volumes for the detection of two neurological disorders with cognitive impairment: Myotonic Dystrophy of type 1 (MD1) and Alzheimer Disease (AD). The feature extraction process is based on the voxel clusters detected by Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis of smri upon a set of patient and control subjects. This feature extraction process is specific for each kind of disease and is grounded on the findings obtained by medical experts. The 10-fold cross-validation results of several statistical and neural network based classification algorithms trained and tested on these features show high specificity and moderate sensitivity of the classifiers, suggesting that the approach is better suited for rejecting than for detecting early stages of the diseases. 1 Introduction Nowadays, there is much research effort devoted to the development of ways to provide automatized diagnostic support tools that may help the clinicians 1
13 to perform their work faster with additional assesment data, to meet the ever increasing demands of primary attention of a rising population of patients with neurological disorders. The present paper will be focused on the application of statistical and Computational Intelligence algorithms for the automatic detection of two very specific pathologies, Alzheimer s Disease (AD) and Myotonic Dystrophy of type 1 (MD1), from the analysis of structural (T1 weighted ) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (smri) data. The AD is a primary dementia while MD1 is a muscular dystrophy, but both of them show cognitive impairment. The prevalence of MD1 in our local region of Gipuzkoa (Spain) is high[17, 18]. We describe a feature extraction method based on Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM). These features will be the input for several Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification systems. We have found in the literature several smri feature extraction proposals for classification: some based on morphometric methods [16, 20, 37, 65], some based on ROIs/VOIs (regions-of-interest/volumes-of-interest) [45, 43, 24], and some on gray matter (GM) voxels in automated segmentation images [39]. There are also studies aiming to explore the improvement obtained in the SVM classifier by adding covariates such as demographic or genotype information [64]. Work has also been reported on the selection of the most informative features for classification, such as the SVM-Recursive Feature Elimination [20], the selection based on statistical tests [45, 53] or the wavelet decomposition of the RAVENS maps [43], among others. Our approach uses the VBM detected clusters as a mask to select the potentially most discriminating voxels on the Grey Matter (GM) segmentation volumes. Feature vectors for classification are either the GM segmentation voxel values or some summary statistics of each cluster. We both consider the feature vector computed from all the VBM clusters and the combination of the individual classifiers built from the clusters independently. We test classification systems built using the standard SVM, with linear and non-linear (RBF) kernels, and some ANN architectures: Learned Vector Quantization (LVQ), Multi- Layer Perceptron (MLP), Radial Basis Function (RBF), Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN). We have also tested combinations of SVM classifiers trained on independent VBM clusters and an Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) strategy tailored to the SVM [44]. As a general result, the diverse systems showed a moderate accuracy due to a moderate sensitivity, and high specificity. Best results we obtained with an LVQ approach and an AdaBoost on SVM classifiers. Some of the results have been published separately in conference proceedings [25, 56, 55]. Section 2 gives some background medical information on the studied dementia. Section 3 gives a description of the subjects selected for the study, the image processing and in Section 4 we describe feature extraction details and the classifier systems. Section 5 gives classification performance results obtained in the diverse computational experiments performed on the data. Finally, section 6 gives the conclusions of this work and suggestions for further research. 2
14 2 Medical background 2.1 Alzheimer s Disease Alzheimer s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which is one of the most common cause of dementia in old people. Due to the socioeconomic importance of the disease in occidental countries there is a strong international effort focus in AD. The diagnosis of AD can be done after the exclusion of other forms of dementia but a definitive diagnosis can only be made after a post-mortem study of the brain tissue. This is one of the reasons why Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) based early diagnosis is a current research hot topic in the neurosciences. The pharmaceutical companies have already recognized that imaging techniques especially MRI and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) provide "surrogate" information concerning the pattern and rate of neurodegeneration, which can be used to monitor the effects of treatments which slow the progression of neurodegeneration. Therefore, there is high interest in the development of automated detection procedures based on MRI and other medical imaging techniques. Besides MRI, other medical imaging methods are being studied for AD diagnosis. There are studies applying Support Vector Machine (SVM) either with linear [65, 39, 64] or nonlinear [20, 43] kernels, to discriminate AD patients from controls based on Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single-Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) functional volumes [24, 46, 38, 53] or studies that combine structural and functional information such as [19], where smri and PET volumes are used. Many of the classification studies on the detection of AD were done with both men and women. However, it has been demonstrated that brains of women are different from men s to the extent that it is possible to discriminate the gender via MRI analysis [42]. Moreover, it has been shown that VBM is sensitive to the gender differences. For these reasons, we have been very cautious in this study. We have selected a set of 98 MRI women s brain volumes. It must be noted that this is a large number of subjects compared with the other studies referred above. 2.2 Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (MD1) is a slowly progressive myopathy characterized by varying multisystemic involvement, affecting skeletal and smooth muscles, the heart (arrhythmia, electrical conductivity defects), the endocrine system (hyperinsulinemia) and eyes (cataract) [34]. It is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner and it is due to an unstable pathological expansion of (CTG)n repeats [6]. Epidemiologically, MD1 is the most frequent neuromuscular disorder with a reported prevalence between 69 to 90 cases per million [50]. However, the prevalence is significantly higher in Gipuzkoa (North of Spain), reaching 300 cases per million inhabitants [17]. Previous neuroimaging studies using MRI of MD1 patients have found corti- 3
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text:
Alaska Construction Spending Forecast Down Slightly for 2015
ANCHORAGE, Alaska—With a total value of construction spending reaching $8.5 billion for calendar year 2015, Alaska's construction will be down about 3 percent from $9.2 billion in 2014, according to Scott Goldsmith of the University of Alaska's Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER), author of the report.
Mouhcine Guettabi, of ISER, presented the report at an Associated General Contractors of Alaska (AGC)/Construction Industry Progress Fund (CIPF) breakfast Thursday along with John MacKinnon, executive director of AGC.
Wage and salary employment in the construction industry will decline slightly in 2015, while oil and gas sector spending will fall 2percent to $3.8 billion, down 2 percent from 2014.
Private spending, excluding oil and gas, will be about $1.7 billion, down from $2 billion a year ago. Construction spending is expected to remain strong in spite of the drop in oil prices in the past six months.
John MacKinnon said, "Our annual Forecast underscores the importance of the construction industry in Alaska. It's not just about jobs and the economic value of the current projects—the one time expenditures. It's really about how what we build becomes a part of the ongoing economy of Alaska for year and often, generations."
Joe Beedle, president and CEO of Northrim Bank, noted, "The construction industry is a vital component of our economy and we are proud to continue to sponsor the Construction Forecast. Research like this provides valuable insights into Alaska's economy and we believe sharing this information with our customers and communities is critical to their success. This year's forecast gives us another reason for optimism as we navigate an uncertain future in our state."
The report was compiled and written by Goldsmith and Pamela Cravez of the UAA Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER), and is available to download from ISER's website.
The construction trade is Alaska's third largest industry paying the second highest wages. Accounting for 20 percent of the Alaska's total economy, the industry reflects the pulse of the economy.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I'm running a 'Writing for Children' workshop with fellow children's author Ann Evans in Nuneaton today. One of the things we'll be talking about is how important it is to think about the age of the reader you're writing for and the market you're aiming at. Standard advice for new writers but it made me wonder, how many established writers actually do this.
So how do you write? Do you study the market, look for a gap in it and try to fill that gap? Or try to write 'what's hot' at the moment? Do you have the age of your reader in mind when you write or do you simply write the story that's in your head and then hope you can sell it?
I put questions like this to the wonderful SAS members when I was writing my latest book Get Writing: Children's Fiction which will be published on 18 July. They gave me some brilliant answers so thank you very much, SAS, for sharing your expert tips and advice with me and would-be writers everywhere. You're stars!
Karen King writes all sorts of books, check out her website at http://www.karenking.net/


text:
I love ewe
I'm not the best at talking about art the way collectors do. I do know what I like and John Matthew Moore's work makes me happy and excited.
Emboldened by an article in DC Spaces about collecting art, which encouraged newbies not to be intimidated by it, I emailed John Matthew Moore. His reply confirmed what I knew: the painting was gone. However, a carrot was dangled. Prints could be made!
This past weekend, I decided to go into Moore's gallery in person. I had been in the area for work and tacked on a day to do this. Kind of silly in light of the fact that he sells plenty of work by email, but I felt it was important. The windows had some of the work many people recognize from magazines - his flowers and shells. As I walked into the gallery, I was struck once again by a sheep.
The man in the gallery greeted me and I started by explaining that I was interested in a print of the painting from the show house. I was surprised to find out that the man was John Matthew Moore. A little star struck, I tried to take mental notes as we talked.
I was particularly charmed by Moore's understanding of and willingness to work with people who might not have the budget of an art collector. He shared the thought that frames were like furniture, which I hadn't heard before. He also told me that it was possible to frame things nicely without spending a fortune (this is when my boyfriend make a comment about Michael's and horrified me, but Moore was pretty funny about it).
We were so happy to learn that he has dogs. He completely understands that dogs are like children for many of us and he has even done a few commissioned dog portraits. I'm always at ease when I realize someone loves animals as much as I do. He grew up on a farm, which makes sense when looking at his work. Maybe this will sound silly, but enthusiasm for his subjects really comes through. He's also moving his store from Chevy Chase to a great location in McClean.
Oh, and there was a moment when my boyfriend and I both grinned at each other as if to say "this is definitely happening". Moore said that his subjects were ewes, female sheep. Marc and I write "ewe" instead of "you" in notes to each other. I'm not sure how we started doing this, but it might have something to do with a song we like that has a line about buying a loved one a ewe.
The ewe from the show house is named Olivia, by the way. I'm emailing Matthew to see what the next step in this purchase is. With some luck, she might be home by the holidays!
Some more pictures of Moore's work:
Photo from Washington Spaces blog
And here's a blog post about an event Moore hosted at his gallery. Peek behind the people and look at all the beautiful art on those walls! Another DC design blog, My Notting Hill, featured a room from the CharityWorks Greenhouse show house that included a piece by Moore. The designer of that room is Victoria Neale. Looking through her portfolio, you'll see quite a few John Matthew Moore pieces!
I have to say that I'm so, so happy that I went into the gallery in person instead of leaving everything to email. In person, these pieces are quite striking! The person who took the photos of the design house and the shot from Eddie Ross' portfolio captured something that I think is lost in the picture of Neale's room (possibly because the paintings are off center and a little far away from the camera?). Anyway, it was a wonderful experience and while I was still a little intimidated, Moore put me at ease.
I hate to say it, but looking at Moore's tulips has me thinking that my bedroom art really isn't quite right. :)


text:
Based on 2018 EPA mileage ratings. Use for comparison purposes only. Your mileage will vary depending on driving conditions, how you drive and maintain your vehicle, battery-pack age/condition (if applicable), and other factors.
|Type: New
|Year: 2018
|Make: Hyundai
|Model: Elantra
|Trim: Value Edition
|Doors: 4
|Exterior: Silver
|Interior: Gray
|Stock Num: 18H0359
|Vin: 5NPD84LF9JH346313
|Mileage: 8
|Fuel Economy: 28/37
|Engine: 2.0 4 Cylinder
|Transmission: Automatic
|Fuel: Gasoline
|Drive: FWD
|Model Code: 47422F45
|12V Power Outlet
|2-stage Unlocking
|ABS Brakes (4-Wheel)
|AM/FM Stereo Radio
|Air Conditioning
|Airbags - Driver - Knee
|Airbags - Front - Dual
|Airbags - Front - Side
|Airbags - Front - Side Curtain
|Airbags - Rear - Side Curtain
|Alloy Wheels
|Anti-Lock Braking System
|Assist Handle Front
|Assist Handle Rear
|Audio - Antenna: Diversity
|Audio - Antenna: Element
|Audio - Radio: AM/FM
|Audio - Radio: HD Radio
|Audio - Radio: Touch Screen Display
|Audio - SiriusXM Satellite Radio
|Audio Auxiliary Input: Jack
|Audio Auxiliary Input: USB
|Audio Streaming: Bluetooth
|Audio System 6 Speakers
|Back Up Camera
|Blind Spot Sensor
|Body Side Moldings
|Braking Assist
|Braking assist hill start assist
|Cargo Area Light
|Center Arm Rest
|Child Safety Locks
|Child Seat Anchors LATCH System
|Cloth Upholstery
|Courtesy Lights
|Cross Traffic Alert Rear
|Cruise Control
|Cruise Control
|Crumple Zones Front
|Crumple Zones Rear
|Daytime Running Lights LED
|Digital Odometer
|Driver Air Bag
|Driver Information System
|Driver Seat Heated
|Driver Seat Manual Adjustments: 6
|Driver Side Remote Mirror
|Drivetrain Drive Mode Selector
|Dual Sport Mirrors
|Electronic Brakeforce Distribution
|Emergency Interior Trunk Release
|Energy Absorbing Steering Column
|Engine Alternator: 150 Amps
|Engine Push-Button Start
|Exhaust Dual Exhaust Tips
|Exhaust Tip Color Chrome
|Exterior Mirrors Heated
|Exterior Mirrors Manual Folding
|Exterior Mirrors Power
|External Temperature Display
|Fixed Rear Headrests
|Floor Material Carpet
|Fold Down Rear Seat
|Front 12V Power Outlet (2)
|Front Brakes Ventilated Disc
|Front Bucket Seats
|Front Headrests Adjustable
|Front Seatbelts: 3-Point
|Fuel Economy Display MPG
|Fuel Economy Display Range
|Gauge Cluster
|Halogen Headlights
|Headlights Auto On/Off
|Headlights Halogen
|Heated Seat
|Impact Absorbing Bumpers
|Inside Hood Release
|Inside Rearview Mirror Auto-Dimming
|Interior Metallic-Tone Accents
|Interval Wipers
|Keyless Entry
|MP3 Player
|Maintenance Free Battery
|Map Lights
|Mirror Color Body-Color
|Moonroof Anti-Trapping Feature
|Moonroof One-Touch Open/Close
|Moonroof Power Glass
|Moonroof Sliding Sunshade
|Moonroof Tilt/Slide
|Multi-Function Display
|Multi-function Remote Trunk Release
|Number Of Front Headrests 2
|Number Of Rear Headrests 3
|One-Touch Windows: 1
|Overhead Console
|Passenger Seat Heated
|Passengers Front Airbag
|Phone Voice Activated
|Phone Wireless Data Link Bluetooth
|Power Brakes
|Power Brakes
|Power Door Locks
|Power Steering
|Power Steering
|Power Windows
|Power Windows: With Safety Reverse
|Premium Sound System
|Radial Tires
|Reading Lights Front
|Rear Brakes Disc
|Rear Bumper Color Body-Color
|Rear Defroster
|Rear Seats 60-40 Split Bench
|Rear Seats Rear Heat: Vents
|Rear Seats Split Folding
|Rear View Camera
|Rear View Monitor In Dash
|Reclining Seats
|Safety Brake Pedal System
|Seatbelts Second Row 3-Point
|Seats Front Seat Type: Bucket
|Seats Premium Cloth Upholstery
|Security Engine Immobilizer
|Security System
|Spare Tire Temporary Size
|Stability Control
|Steering Wheel Audio Controls
|Steering Wheel Tilt And Telescopic
|Storage Accessory Hook
|Storage Door Pockets
|Storage Front Seatback
|Storage Sunglasses Holder
|Suspension Rear Coil Springs
|Tilt Steering Wheel
|Traction Control
|Trip Computer
|Trip Odometer
|Trip Odometer
|Vanity Mirror
|Stock Number:
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text:
Hello! My name is Lorri Kasten. Welcome to the Counselor's Corner.
Services offered through the counseling office at White City and Hope Schools are preventative in nature and aim to help students meet academic, personal/social, and career goals.
Here is my information if you ever need to contact me:
Hope Schools
200 N Poplar
Hope, KS 67451


text:
PIA releases print production problem-solving book
Thursday, March 18, 2010
Press release from the issuing company
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - Printing Industries of America is pleased to bring you Gary G. Field's newest book, Printing Production Management, 2nd Edition. This book is an asset for anyone aspiring to claim their territory in the printing industry and also works great for those who seek to make their business turn a larger profit.
If you have a question about managing a printing plant, this book has the answer. Gary draws upon his unique combination of printing production experience--and university studies in quantitative analysis--to deliver a goldmine of information that ensures a printing press prospers in the most perilous of times.
Gary covers vital topics such as:
Printing Production Management, 2nd edition (Item No. 1758) can be purchased by Printing Industries of America members for $75 and $99 for non-members.
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