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Migration Guide Differences Between GR64 and GR4x Wireless CPU Devices
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1 Differences Between GR64 and GR4x Wireless CPU Devices Reference: WI_DEV_GR64_DVD_001 Version: 002 Date: April 18, 2007
2 Trademarks, WAVECOM, WISMO, Open AT, Wireless CPU, Wireless Microprocessor and certain other trademarks and logos appearing on this document, are filed or registered trademarks of Wavecom S.A. in France or in other countries. All other company and/or product names mentioned may be filed or registered trademarks of their respective owners. Copyright This manual is copyrighted by WAVECOM with all rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form without the prior written permission of WAVECOM. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. No Warranty This document is provided as is without any warranty of any kind. WAVECOM makes no warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including any implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or noninfringement. Page ii of v
3 Revision History Edition Date Change Information /04/2007 First Edition /18/2007 Added warning to Section 4. Page iii of v
4 Table of Contents 1 Target Users MIGRATION AIM MIGRATION STRATEGY MIGRATION VALUE Product Differences GR64 VARIANTS INTEGRATED SIM VARIANT LEGACY VARIANT NOTEWORTHY DIFFERENCES GSM FREQUENCY COVERAGE GPRS OPERATING CLASS UARTS DIGITAL IO PCM AUDIO SIM INTERFACE DAC INTERFACE ADC INTERFACE SPI SLEEP MODE MECHANICAL FORM FACTOR GENERAL OBSERVATIONS Product Comparison GR64 SIGNAL INTERFACE SPECIFIC SIGNAL DIFFERENCES SIGNAL FUNCTIONALITY CHARGING INPUT SIM VOLTAGE D TO A CONVERTER REAL TIME CLOCK VOLTAGE A TO D CONVERTER REGULATED VOLTAGE REFERENCE Page iv of v
5 3.2.8 FORMER UART FORMER PCM AUDIO DIGITAL CODEC INTERFACE ALARM SERVICE SIGNAL GENERAL SIGNAL DIFFERENCES AUDIO INTERFACES MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL FUNCTIONS SOFTWARE COMPATIBILITY SIGNAL BEHAVIOUR AT COMMANDS Mechanical Comparisons Page v of v
6 1 Target Users The GR64 wireless modems are designed to be integrated into machine-to-machine or man-to-machine communications applications. They are intended to be used by manufacturers, system integrators, applications developers and developers of wireless communications equipment. The GR64 is design to be functionally comparable to an earlier series of M2M telemetry products; the GM4x series and the GR4x series. These users are the primary focus of the GR Migration Aim This document identifies a suitable migration to the GR64 for existing users of the following Wavecom M2M devices: GM47 GR47 GM48 GR Migration Strategy The Wavecom Gx64 series devices provide a family of products based on a Quad Band GPRS Core concept. The GR64 shares a large degree of commonality with the GS64, with the exception that its mechanical form-factor, physical interface, and signal characteristics are designed to be closely aligned to the existing products listed above, thereby providing a convenient path for upgrade. Some differences do exist between the existing GM/GR4x products and the new GR64. This highlights the differences and identifies ways to minimize any effects on existing users. 1.3 Migration Value The GR64 was developed for a number of key reasons, all of them designed to benefit existing users of the predecessor family: Newer technology ROHS compliance Better performance Page 1 of 28
7 2 Product Differences This section identifies the major differences between GR64 and the predecessor GR47/48 products. For all practical purposes the comparisons also reflect the similarities and differences to the GM47/48 since these products are merely a subset function of the GR products. 2.1 GR64 Variants The GR64 is available in a number of variants. The major variance is described below, and a table is included as a quick-guide reference Integrated SIM Variant The integrated SIM variant GR64 has, as the name suggests, a physical SIM holder mounted on the top side of the assembly. Like its predecessor it supports a SIM card connected through the system connector (off-board). This version of the GR64 also has a Real Time Clock (RTC) alarm output. Digital PCM connectivity is different to that of legacy products. Level shifting circuitry is incorporated in the Wireless CPU, allowing the host to provide its own I/O reference. Additionally, the integrated SIM variant is available with or without Embedded Applications capability Legacy Variant The legacy variant GR64 relies on an off-board SIM connection, accessible through the system connector. The legacy variant does not support the RTC alarm, but does allow legacy applications to retain digital PCM audio routing without making changes to their application PCB. Level shifting circuitry is incorporated in the Wireless CPU providing instant compatibility with 2.8V/3.0V legacy technology, or allowing the host to use a Wireless CPU -originated I/O reference to level shift its application I/O. Additionally, the integrated SIM variant is available with or without Embedded Applications capability. Page 2 of 28
8 GR64 Variants Quick Guide GR64 Product GR64001 GR64002 Integrated SIM holder NO YES RTC Alarm interface NO YES Direct 2.8V/3.0V I/O compatible YES NO On board level shifting support YES YES Embedded Application support YES YES 2.2 Noteworthy Differences Some essential differences exist between the respective products, which are summarized here and described in further detail in subsequent sections of this document GSM Frequency Coverage The GR64 is a Quad Band product, unlike its predecessors which were dual band. The GR64 provides seamless GSM coverage in all regions of the world, in the following GSM bands: GSM 850 E-GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM GPRS Operating Class The GR64 is a GPRS Class 10 capable device, compared with its predecessors which were Class 8. GPRS Class marking defines the number of uplink and downlink slots that are permissible, as the following tables show: Page 3 of 28
9 GPRS Multislot Class Support Multislot Downlink Uplink Active Product Capability Class Slots Slots Slots GR47 GR48 GR Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Multislot Class Performance all configurations Multislot Downlink Uplink Maximum Data Rate Class Slots Slots Receive Send 32-40Kbps Kbps Kbps 24-36Kbps 32-48Kbps 24-36Kbps 16-24Kbps 8-12Kbps 8-12Kbps 16-24Kbps 8-12Kbps 16-24Kbps 24-36Kbps 32-48Kbps Actual data rates achieved are dependent upon the Coding Scheme (CS) in use; the table above shows the range of rates that are achievable within the CS classes supported by the GR64. The major impact of GPRS Class differences between the GR64 and legacy products is the demand upon power supplies to maintain peak currents during the increased number of transmission bursts within a single GSM timeslot. The major impact is in the lower GSM bands (GSM850/900) where maximum transmitter output power is 2W (33dBm). In order to support more than two bursts within a GSM timeframe it may be necessary for integrators to review their power supply designs in order to make full use of the added uplink slot capability of GR64. To overcome the problem that multiple uplink allocation may present to legacy applications, the following measure has been taken: users have the capability to modify the GPRS operating class reported to the network in the initial release of products, thereby avoiding the potential for being allocated additional uplink slots. Page 4 of 28
10 2.2.3 UARTs The GR64 has only two UART interfaces, unlike its predecessors which had three. For legacy reasons the signal nomenclature has been retained, so that the original UART1 and UART3 still exist. UART2 has been replaced by a reserved, peripheral interface Digital IO The GM/GR4x series operated 2.78V digital IO. The newer technology of the GR64 utilizes 1.8V logic. To overcome interface difficulties with legacy applications, the GR64 has level shifters on each of the IO interfaces. The legacy variant GR64 references an internal 2.8V regulator, performing the necessary bi-directional level translation. Some modification to existing user interface circuitry may be necessary due to the internal impedance of the level shifters themselves; this is detailed in a subsequent section. The integrated SIM variant GR64 employs the same level shifters, and provides a VREF input signal so that users can provide an application-side digital IO reference voltage to the GR64 Wireless CPU. Page 5 of 28
11 2.2.5 PCM Audio The GM/GR4x series implemented a PCM (digital) audio feature which permitted the user to access the interface between the audio Codec and the DSP, which also allowed additional DSP devices to be wired at this junction. The GR64 baseband architecture does not lend itself to the same physical interface as the predecessor hardware, since the digital audio is memory mapped to a parallel data bus. However, the echo cancellation capability of GR64 is a vast improvement on the predecessor series, and simply does not present the same challenges. The legacy variant GR64 will allow legacy application PCBs, wired so that the respective PCM uplink and downlink paths are connected, to remain unchanged. However, any external circuitry connected to these pins will not function. Instead, the advanced echo and noise canceling properties of the GR64 will compensate for the loss of such circuitry. A PCM audio interface is still available in a standard 4-pin implementation for the integrated SIM variant GR64, using a Texas Instruments SSI implementation. Fig A: GR4x implementation showing the PCM UL & DL paths wired together Page 6 of 28
12 Fig B: GR4x implementation showing the PCM interfacing with an external DSP Fig C: GR64 integrated SIM variant showing new signal allocation Page 7 of 28
13 Fig D: GR64 Legacy variant showing removal of incompatible signal connectivity Figures A through D illustrate the differences between signal implementation of the GR64 and predecessor products. Users with application circuits that physically connect the PCM signal between the CODEC and DSP of the GR4x series may use the GR64 legacy variant without risking damage to the host circuitry or the Wireless CPU. In the legacy GR64 variant the links between pins 49 and 50 and their respective onboard circuits are disconnected by means of no-mounted jumpers on the Wireless CPU itself. Page 8 of 28
14 2.2.6 SIM Interface The GR64 has support for 1.8V and 3.0V SIM cards, unlike the predecessor series which supported 3.0V and 5.0V SIMs. The integrated SIM variant GR64 also has the capability to support more than one SIM. For this GR64 variant a secondary interface is available through the systems connector. SIM detection in each holder signals the presence of SIM cards to the GR64 which is able to selectively switch between SIMs. Switching between Internal and External SIM holders is done by using the AT command AT*ESSE. The Wireless CPU will not switch active SIM automatically when a SIM card is removed or inserted, but it will detect the availability automatically DAC Interface A hardware D to A converter was available to users in the GM/GR4x products. The GR64 does not possess a hardware DAC, instead a programmable PWM signal is available which can be used to create a DAC-like function on the host application ADC Interface The A to D converter in the GR64 has a higher resolution (10-bit) compared with its predecessor device (8-bit), and a different input range SPI The GR64 no longer supports SPI as predecessors like the GR47 did Sleep Mode Sleep mode functionality differs between GR64 and its predecessor products. For the GR64, the customer must implement a mechanism to take advantage of the Sleep Mode low current mode, whereas doing so was not necessary for predecessors including the GR47. For complete information regarding the Sleep Mode functionality of the GR64, please refer to the GR64 Application Note entitled UART Sleep Protocols, available for download on the Wavecom Web site. Page 9 of 28
15 Mechanical Form Factor The GR64 modem circuitry is significantly different to the predecessor device, being far more highly integrated. The result is that the wireless modem is fabricated on one side of the board. This single-sided arrangement results in a greatly reduced thickness and the ability to retain one side of the board unpopulated, except for the RF connector. The GR64 mechanical outline remains the same as its predecessor devices. The system connector placement, RF connector positioning, and mounting hole locations are identical. The reduced thickness of the PCB (6-layer compared with the 10-layer predecessor) means that the RF connector centre-line is approximately 0.2mm lower. It is estimated that this will have no impact on existing applications, even those with integrated mechanical housing. Mechanically, therefore, the GR64 is a true drop-in replacement for the GM/GR4x products. Comparative assemblies are shown in a subsequent section of this document. 2.3 General Observations The fundamental difference in hardware and platform architecture between the GM/GR4x and the GR64 means that there are bound to be some incompatibilities. These have been minimized through deliberate and thoughtful replication of the legacy interfaces. Whilst every measure has been taken to create a functionally comparable product in GR64, there will be the inevitable fine tuning adjustment of applications to achieve a drop-in replacement. It has been the aim of Wavecom to limit any changes to minor ones which are easily and quickly achievable, such as component value changes. Page 10 of 28
16 3 Product Comparison This section compares the GR64 with its predecessor GR47/48 products, since these are the product that the GR64 was intended to most closely replicate. For all practical purposes the comparisons also reflect the similarities and differences to the GM47/48 since these products are merely a subset function of the GR products. Comparison is made from an electrical signal, functional behavior, software and mechanical perspective. A signal interface table identifies the proposed pin out and signal assignment. A subsequent chapter reveals specific features of those signals which are different in the GR64 implementation, and also provides generalized information. Mechanical drawings help the integrator to recognize differences in the basic profile of the products, the GR64 s variant configurations, and inspect the mechanical mounting arrangement to confirm drop-in compatibility. 3.1 GR64 Signal Interface Pin Name Direction Function 1 VCC Input DC power 2 GND - Ground 3 VCC Input DC power 4 GND - Ground 5 VCC Input DC power 6 GND - Ground 7 VCC Input DC power 8 GND - Ground 9 VCC Input DC power 10 GND - Ground 11 CHG_IN Input Battery charger power 12 GND - Ground 13 ADIN4 Input ADC Input 4 GPIO5 In/Out General purpose IO 14 ON/OFF Input Device on/off control 15 SIMVCC Output 1.8V or 3.0V SIM card supply 16 SIMDET Input SIM presence detection 17 SIMRST Output SIM card reset signal 18 SIMDAT In/Out SIM card data Page 11 of 28
17 Pin Name Direction Function 19 SIMCLK Output SIM card clock signal 20 DAC Output Pulse width modulated signal 21 GPIO1 In/Out General purpose IO 22 GPIO2 In/Out General purpose IO 23 GPIO3 In/Out General purpose IO 24 GPIO4 In/Out General purpose IO 25 VRTC Input DC supply for real time clock 26 ADIN1 Input ADC Input 1 27 ADIN2 Input ADC Input 2 28 ADIN3 Input ADC Input 3 29 SDA In/Out I 2 C data (2.8V logic) 30 SCL Output I 2 C clock signal (2.8V logic) 31 BUZZER Output Buzzer Output 32 DSR1 Output Data Set Ready (UART1) GPIO7 In/Out General purpose IO 33 LED Output LED control signal GPIO6 In/Out General purpose IO 34 VREF Output Core voltage reference 35 TX_ON Output Transmit indication 36 RI Output Ring Indicator GPIO8 In/Out General purpose IO 37 DTR1 Input Data Terminal Ready (UART1) GPIO10 In/Out General purpose IO 38 DCD1 Output Data Carrier Detect (UART1) GPIO11 In/Out General purpose IO 39 RTS1 Input Ready To Send (UART1) GPIO9 In/Out General purpose IO 40 CTS1 Output Clear To Send (UART1) GPIO12 In/Out General purpose IO 41 DTM1 Input Data To Module from host (UART1) 42 DFM1 Output Data From Module to host (UART1) 43 DTM3 Input Data To Module from host (UART3) 44 DFM3 Output Data From Module to host (UART3) 45 Reserved Reserved SSPDTM Input Serial PCM data to module from host 48 SSPDFM Output Serial PCM data from module to host Page 12 of 28
18 Pin Name Direction Function 49 Reserved ALARM Output RTC alarm 51 SSPFS In/Out Serial PCM frame synchronization 52 SSPCLK In/Out Serial PCM clock 53 MICIP Input Microphone input positive 54 MICIN Input Microphone input negative 55 EARP Output Earpiece output positive 56 EARN Output Earpiece output negative 57 AUXO Output Auxiliary audio from module to host 58 SERVICE Input Flash programming enable signal 59 AUXI Input Auxiliary audio to module from host 60 AREF - Analogue reference Page 13 of 28
19 3.2 Specific Signal Differences The major differences between GR64 and its predecessors were summarized in section 2. A further examination of the GR64 proposed signal interface in this section draws attention to specific interfaces which differ from its predecessors. This document aims to give legacy users an insight in to the major differences. The detailed information for each interface, and its functional behaviour, is contained in the relevant Integrators Manual and supplementary Application Notes Signal Functionality Signal functionality and accessibility differs between product variants. The legacy variant GR64 is designed to accommodate existing applications, but in doing so sacrifices some its predecessors capability because of the nature of the newer product platform (ASICs and software). The following table identifies the differences, compared with the predecessor GM/GR 47/48 products, of the two major hardware variants of the GR64. The major effected signals are further described in the succeeded sections. For the fullest information on particular signal characteristics or their behaviour, integrators should refer to the Integrators Manual and supplementary Application Notes. Page 14 of 28
20 Pin Name GR64 Legacy Variant GR64 New Variant 1 VCC 2 GND 3 VCC 4 GND 5 VCC No Change No Change 6 GND 7 VCC 8 GND 9 VCC 10 GND 11 CHG_IN Higher Vmax, Lower current Higher Vmax, Lower current 12 GND No Change No Change ON/OFF Similar in behaviour Similar in behaviour 15 SIMVCC 1.8V & 3.0V only 1.8V & 3.0V only 16 SIMDET No change 17 SIMRST No change Internally & Externally 18 SIMDAT No change supported SIMs 19 SIMCLK No change 20 DAC PWM output PWM output 21 GPIO1 Input/Output impedance 22 GPIO2 Logic levels are applicationspecific differs, due to level shifter 23 GPIO3 interfaces 24 GPIO4 25 VRTC Interface voltage is different Interface voltage is different 26 ADIN1 ADC input range and bit ADC input range and bit 27 ADIN2 resolution differs resolution differs 28 ADIN3 29 SDA No change No change 30 SCL No change No change 31 BUZZER Similar implementation Similar implementation DSR1 32 Input/Output impedance GPIO7 Logic levels are applicationspecific differs, due to level shifter LED 33 interfaces GPIO6 ADIN4 ADC input range and bit ADC input range and bit GPIO5 resolution differs resolution differs Page 15 of 28
21 Pin Name GR64 Legacy Variant GR64 New Variant 34 VREF No change Becomes an input 35 TX_ON Not available in R1 Not available in R1 36 RI GPIO8 37 DTR1 GPIO10 DCD1 38 GPIO11 Input/Output impedance RTS1 Logic levels are applicationspecific 39 differs, due to level shifter GPIO9 interfaces 40 CTS1 GPIO12 41 DTM1 42 DFM1 43 DTM3 44 DFM3 45 Reserved Reserved replaces UART2 in Not available in this variant 46 Reserved legacy product 47 SSPDTM New implementation New implementation 48 SSPDFM interfaces to DSP only interfaces to DSP only 49 Reserved Not available Reserved 50 ALARM Not available New to GR64 51 SSPFS New implementation New implementation 52 SSPCLK interfaces to DSP only interfaces to DSP only 53 MICIP 54 MICIN 55 EARP Different audio signal levels Different audio signal levels 56 EARN 57 AUXO 58 SERVICE Different implementation Different implementation 59 AUXI Different audio signal levels Different audio signal levels 60 AREF No change No change Page 16 of 28
22 3.2.2 Charging Input Pin GR64 GR4x Functional Difference 11 CHG_IN CHG_IN Input range, current limit, charge behavior GR4x provisioned for a 5V, 600mA charging input. The GR64 has provisions for a 6.3V max, 500mA max charging source. The respective charging processes employ different mechanisms. For a full description of the CHG_IN, users should refer to a comprehensive description, and circuit implementation proposal in the GR64 Integrators Manual, available upon request from the Wavecom M2M Customer Support. Change Impact: This change should have negligible impact on existing integrators SIM voltage Pin GR64 GR4x Functional Difference 15 SIMVCC SIMVCC Support for SIM technology The GR64 supports only 1.8V and 3.0V SIM cards. It does not provide support for the 5.0V SIM cards, which became obsolete some years ago. Change Impact: This change will not impact existing integrators D to A Converter Pin GR64 GR4x Functional Difference 20 DAC DAC Software vs Hardware implementation The signal from the GR64 to the DAC output is a programmable Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal. Although this is not a hardware DAC like the predecessor interface (which produced a true analogue voltage output) it can be easily adapted with simple analogue filter circuitry to emulate a DAC function. An example can be found in the GR64 Integrators Manual, available upon request from the Wavecom M2M Customer Support. Change Impact: This will require some programming and a simple circuit implementation on the host application. Page 17 of 28
23 3.2.5 Real Time Clock Voltage Pin GR64 GR4x Functional Difference 25 VRTC VRTC Voltage range The GR4x and GR64 Real Time Clock (RTC) can be powered by a backup device when the Wireless CPU s are not powered. When the Wireless CPU is powered the backup component (a battery cell or capacitor) can be re-charged. The mechanics of VRTC is similar for both devices, but the charging voltage and the backup voltage discharge limit is marginally different, with the GR64 being a narrower guaranteed range. Change Impact: In most applications, which require backup periods less than a few weeks, this will not present a problem A to D Converter Pin GR64 GR4x Functional Difference 22 GPIO2 ADC5* Does not exist in GR64 13 ADIN4 ADC4 26 ADIN1 ADC1 27 ADIN2 ADC2 Input resolution & range 28 ADIN3 ADC3 The GR64 has a 10-bit ADC, compared with its predecessor product which only offered 8-bit resolution. The input voltage range is slightly narrow in the GR64. Change Impact: Some additional calibration to adjust the A to D conversion scaling is all that will be required Regulated Voltage Reference Pin GR64 GR4x Functional Difference 34 VREF VIO Integrated level shifters now provided The GR4x series provided VIO as an indication of power-on to the host, and as a current limited supply for external applications, mostly to be used as a reference for level shifters. The Legacy variant GR64 provides similar functionality, except its use as a levelshifter reference voltage is superseded in the most part by the inclusion of integrated level shifters in the modem. The VREF output is 2.8V. This 2.8V output becomes high impedance at power down compared to grounded in GR4x series. Page 18 of 28
24 For the new variant GR64, the VREF pin is configured as an input. In this arrangement he user provides a reference voltage from their own application, which is used by the host-side level shifter interfaces. Change Impact: No impact to existing users for the legacy variant Former UART2 Pin GR64 GR4x Functional Difference 45 Reserved TD2 46 Reserved RD2 UART2 replaced by reserved interface One of the three UARTs in the GR4x series has been replaced by a reserved interface in the GR64. The absence of a third hardware UART encouraged this change. Change Impact: For users of the third UART in GR4x products, some re-configuration of serial interfaces may be necessary. Different alternatives are available; an Embedded Application for configuring GPIO like an SPI bus offers a viable serial interface Former PCM Audio Digital CODEC Interface Pin GR64 GR4x Functional Difference 47 VUSB PCMULD PCM CODEC interface does not exist A PCM interface between the GR4x series audio CODEC and the DSP gave users the option of installing a DSP device to improve audio acoustic performance. The GR64 voice-band architecture is more advanced and far better performing than its predecessor. This factor, together with the GR64 memory-mapped digital audio removes the need for this former interface. Page 19 of 28
25 ALARM Pin GR64 GR4x Functional Difference 48 ALARM PCMDLD PCM CODEC interface does not exist The former PCMDLD pin is utilized as an RTC alarm output. This feature is new to GR64. It provides a feature for users to be able to set an alarm based on a RTC setting. If an RTC backup source is attached to VRTC, this function will allow the Wireless CPU to wake a host application even though the Wireless CPU itself is completely powered down. Change Impact: For users who had DSP devices hooked to this interface, the removal of this circuitry will reduce cost in their product. The audio performance of GR64 overcomes the shortcomings of the predecessor products. Removal of the need for a PCM CODEC interface is considered to be an enhancement. The addition of a RTC Alarm is also viewed as an enhancement SERVICE signal Pin GR64 GR4x Functional Difference 58 SERVICE SERVICE Different voltage, different behavior The traditional role of the Service function in GR4x-generation devices was that of a flashing (programming) accelerator, where voltages as great as 12V were applied to the interface. The memory technology used in GR64 does not require a higher voltage than the standard digital interface level (2.8V) and will suffer damage if excessive voltage is applied. To overcome the risk of damage to the Wireless CPU, over-voltage protection on the service pin has been implemented. The Service interface for GR64 is implemented as a simple logic input and should be exercised in accordance with the signal levels defined in the GR64 Integrators Manual. Change Impact: Changes in the flash memory programming procedure have no detrimental impact on existing product users. The only impact is that users will have to adopt a new procedure, which is designed to make the programming process easier. Page 20 of 28
26 3.3 General Signal Differences Audio Interfaces The behavior of the audio interfaces from an electrical signal perspective is similar in the GR64 to that of the GR4x series devices. It is anticipated that there will be minimal or no change to existing application circuitry for the analogue audio sections. Certainly, it should be possible to achieve reasonable audio quality by maintaining the same interface components. Some inevitable fine tuning of audio profiles may be necessary. The GR64 analogue audio input levels are different to the predecessor products, as are the internal link gains, plus the GR64 has dynamic AGC on the downlink which further improves performance. To optimize analogue audio interface performance users may, at their discretion, adjust input gain scaling and output component values. It is recommended that users test their existing implementation to assess whether this is necessary. The PCM (digital) audio interface in the GR64 is pin compatible with the predecessor products for a standard 4-wire synchronous serial interface: PCM data from Wireless CPU to host PCM data from host to Wireless CPU PCM Frame Sync PCM Clock The GR64 PCM interface will function in the same sampling manner as the GR4x products, which uses a 16-bit frame size, 13-bit word, sampled at 8ksps. The GR64 PCM interface functions in a master only mode. The GR64 PCM word format for regular GSM voice communications is LSB justified, unlike the predecessor products which were offset. Some minor adjustment in existing user application may be necessary to perform bit re-alignment to cater for this difference. Details of the audio electrical interfaces and PCM frame structure can be found in the GR64 Integrators Manual available upon request from the Wavecom M2M Customer Support. Page 21 of 28
27 3.3.2 Multiplexed Signal Functions The GR4x series multiplexes a number of signals to provide additional feature support. Many of these multiplexed functions provide optional GPIO where, for example, RS232 handshaking signals are not required in the customers control interface. The capability to use GPIO in preference to the control signals is also available in GR64. The only difference is that the user needs to select to either use the pins as RS232 handshaking, or as GPIOs. The other primary multiplexed interface in GR4x is the Keyboard function. This too is available in GR64 but the mapping is different because of architectural constraints. An application note details the method of defining digital GPIO as keyboard interfaces, offering various keyboard matrix sizes. Developers that presently use the keyboard feature may need to re-map their existing interface pins to keypad columns and rows. Please note that the keypad support is not provided in the GR64 as it was in previous releases. It is still possible to implement keypad functionality using the available I/O pins. Support services for this are available upon request. Details of the multiplexed pin functions can be found in the GR64 Integrators Manual available upon request from the Wavecom M2M Customer Support. 3.4 Software Compatibility Legacy users will benefit from having a GR64 product which has been developed to maintain the largest extent of functional compatibility possible with existing GR/GM4x products, as well as some advanced features and performance enhancements. It has been a Wavecom M2M primary goal to make the GR64 similar enough to its predecessor products such that minimal software effort will be required in order to achieve the same functions and performance when substituted in the user s existing application. Some change is inevitable because of core architecture difference. These changes, and the way in which they impact legacy customers, have been minimized by frequent reference to the control, response, and behavior of the products that the GR64 is replacing. Page 22 of 28
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text:
Perceval Gibbon
Perceval Gibbon (4 November 1879 – 30 May 1926) was an author and journalist, serving for the Rand Daily Mail in South Africa, as well as for other publications. He is best remembered for his short stories, the best of which often contained an ironic twist at the end.
He was born in Trelech, Carmarthenshire, Wales, and was educated in the Moravian School, in Koenigsfeld of Baden, Germany. Gibbon worked as a merchant mariner, travelling in Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Perceval Gibbon was a friend to the writer Joseph Conrad, and dedicated his book "Flower o' the Peach" to Joseph Conrad and Jessie Conrad.
Gibbon's early works were influenced by his extensive travels throughout Europe, America, and Africa.
During World War I he was a war correspondent with the Italian Army from 1917 to 1918. In 1918–1919, Perceval Gibbon was a Major in the British Royal Marines.
In 2007 the work Margaret Harding was adapted into a screenplay by Meg Rickards who directed the mini-series and the made-for-TV feature film for SABC.
Selected works[edit]
|Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Perceval Gibbon
- African Items, 1903 (verse)
- Souls In Bondage, 1904 (novel)
- Salvator, 1905 (novel)
- Vrouw Grobelaar's Leading Cases, 1905 (stories)[1]
- Flower o' the Peach, 1911 (stories)
- The Adventures Of Miss Gregory, 1911 (stories)
- Margaret Harding, 1912 (novel)
- The Triumph of the Royal Navy: Official Record of the Surrender of the German Fleet, 1918, Hodder & Stoughton, 48pp.
- The Second Class Passenger by Perceval Gibbon at Project Gutenberg
- Those Who Smiled by Perceval Gibbon at Project Gutenberg
- The Dark Places, 1926 (stories)
External links[edit]
- Perceval Gibbon Papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center
- Film based on "Margaret Harding"
- Film based on "Margaret Harding"
- Works by Perceval Gibbon at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Perceval Gibbon at Internet Archive
- Short Stories by Perceval Gibbon at manybooks.net
- 1949 American radio play production of Gibbon's "The Second Class Passenger". Adapted from the 1913 short story.
|This article about a writer or poet from the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This article about a South African writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Imperial College
Etienne Burdet and me have been knowing for almost 10 years! Inspiration from Etienne's research was instrumental form my career and directing my reserach towards human machine interaction and haptics. We have been collaburating on different aspects in robot mediated manipulation, in redundant task and multi sensory integration.
Imperial College
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering
Professor of Human Robotics
4.05Royal School of MinesSouth Kensington Campus
London UK


text:
Islanders-Rangers Preview
The New York Rangers are playing their best hockey of 2013-14, but to extend their current winning streak to a season best, they'll have to beat a team that's nearly equaled their recent success.
The Rangers will go for their fourth straight victory Tuesday night when the New York Islanders make the short trip to Madison Square Garden.
With six wins in their last seven, the Rangers (27-21-3) have climbed into second in the Metropolitan Division while outscoring opponents 20-9 in that span. The Islanders (20-24-7) remain in last, though they've won six of eight thanks to 28 goals.
A 4-1 win Sunday over Washington started a three-game homestand on a positive note for the Rangers. Rick Nash scored twice while Derek Stepan added one to give the Rangers a 3-0 first-period lead. Nash has three goals in two games while Stepan has four points in his last two and five points in his last four against the Islanders.
"Starts are important," goaltender Henrik Lundqvist said. "If you can jump out and start the right way and then get the momentum, then I think you set the tone for the rest of the game and you gain confidence right away."
Lundqvist's confidence is likely high right now regardless of his teammates' scoring. He's 5-1-0 since Jan. 8 with a 1.34 goals-against average and .958 save percentage after making 24 stops against the Capitals. He's been nearly as good on a 6-1-0 stretch against the Islanders. He's compiled a 1.54 GAA in those games with the only slip up being a 5-3 home defeat on Dec. 20.
Lundqvist got a game off the night before the win over the Capitals, but the Rangers didn't miss a beat, winning 4-1 at Ottawa with Cam Talbot making 29 saves. The Rangers' No. 2 has been about as hot with a 4-1-0 record, 1.37 GAA and .948 save percentage since Dec. 12.
"It was a tough back-to-back for us," Nash said. "Traveling (Saturday) and coming home to a team that is right on our heels ... it's a huge four points."
The Islanders salvaged two points in a home-and-home against Philadelphia with Monday's 4-3 home shootout win. Kyle Okposo tied it at 3-all with a third-period power-play goal, converted the winner in the shootout and assisted on John Tavares' team-best 23rd goal.
"We created chances and found a way to make it count," Tavares said. "It was meaningful as a group to come back with an effort like this after Saturday's game. Momentum is important for us."
Okposo has six points in his last five games while Thomas Vanek, who added an assist, has six points on a five-game point streak.
With 10 points separating the second-place Rangers from the eighth-place Islanders, there's added focus on division games in the Metropolitan.
"Wins within the division are huge," Okposo told the team's official website. "That second point (today) is huge for us."
The Rangers had gone 8-0-2 against the Islanders since Nov. 15, 2011, before their home loss to the Islanders last month.
Tavares has been held without a point in four straight games against the Rangers.
Islanders defenseman Travis Hamonic has missed four games with a concussion and is not expected to play Tuesday.
Goaltender Kevin Poulin will make his first career appearance against the Rangers after backing up Anders Nilsson on Monday. Poulin is 1-2-0 with a 3.31 GAA in his last three starts.
These teams will meet three times over the next 11 days, including a Jan. 29 matchup at Yankee Stadium.


text: Full_Name: Quanah Gibson-Mount Version: OpenLDAP 2.3.13 OS: Solaris 8 URL: ftp://ftp.openldap.org/incoming/ Submission from: (NULL) (188.8.131.52) Many people seem to abuse the "threads" directive in slapd.conf. I think the man page and/or slapd should include some warning when threads is set to high numbers (say > 32). I've seen some very odd/bizarre thread values coming across through various postings (like 1,000 or 10,000, etc). --Quanah


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London: Women who are over-worked or bored with their career are likelier to turn to comfort food like chocolates or biscuits, according to a Finnish study.
It found that women who reported work burnout were more likely to seek solace in emotional and 'uncontrolled eating'.
"Those experiencing burnout may be more vulnerable to emotional eating and uncontrolled eating and have a hindered ability to make changes in their eating behaviour," the Daily Mail quoted study leader Nina Nevanpera, of the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, as saying.
"We recommend that burnout should be treated first and that burnout and eating behaviour should be evaluated in obesity treatment," she said.
The findings are based on 230 women aged 30 to 55 who were part of a clinical trial looking at healthy lifestyle changes. All were employed, and at the start of the trial they completed surveys on job burnout and eating habits.
Overall, 22 per cent of the women had some degree of work burnout. As a group, they scored higher on measures of emotional eating and uncontrolled eating.
On top of that, women who did not have job burnout at the study's start tended to cut down on uncontrolled eating over one year. But, on average, the burnout group failed to make that change.
However, there was no obvious effect of burnout on the women's weight. At the outset, half of the women reporting work burnout were normal weight - compared with a third of women reporting no burnout.
One reason might be education, Nevanpera said. Women with work burnout generally had a higher education level, and education, in turn, was linked to lower weight.
Still, she added, emotional eating is a potential risk factor for becoming heavy in the future. It is also not particularly healthy, since stressed-out people are more likely to reach for chocolate or fast food than an apple.
The study was reported in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.


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text: EFFFFF, so SOME of you MIGHT have seen my theme concepts a while back.... I only semi-finished one. but then all HELL broke loose on my droid.... Thus ending my stay here... BUT! I shall be getting a droid incredible soon! So I am glad to be back! Expect more/better theming from me


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The Week Ahead
No oral arguments are scheduled at the Court this week.
The Justices will hold a private conference on Friday, orders from which could be released that afternoon. To view our list of petition's to watch at Friday's conference, click here.
The petitioner's merits brief is due Friday in United States v. Denedo (08-267). The respondent's merits brief is due Wednesday in Carlsbad Technology, Inc. v. HIF Bio, Inc. (07-1437) and Nken v. Mukasey (08-681), and Friday in United States v. Navajo Nation (07-1410). (Links above direct to case pages on SCOTUSwiki.)


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Sandoval's homer helps Giants beat Marlins 9-1
MIAMI (AP) Anxious to end a five-week swoon, the San Francisco Giants are hitting again, which is why they're back in first place in the NL West.
Brandon Crawford and Pablo Sandoval homered Friday, and the Giants totaled 13 hits to beat the Miami Marlins 9-1.
All-Star Madison Bumgarner (11-7), relishing the support, allowed one run in six innings.
"Good to see everybody playing like that," Bumgarner said. "I guess everybody had a good All-Star break."
With the victory, San Francisco overtook the Los Angeles Dodgers atop the division and leads by one percentage point.
The Giants began the night averaging less than three runs per game in July, worst in the majors, but they've totaled 17 runs in their past two games. Those wins came after an 11-22 stretch that cost them first place in the NL West.
"This is who we were the first 60-plus games," manager Bruce Bochy said. "Then we turned into a different team."
The Marlins lost their fifth game in a row and have dropped 21 of their past 31 to fall seven games under .500 for the first time.
"It wasn't what we had drawn up coming back from the break," third baseman Casey McGehee said. "We need to pick it up really quick."
San Francisco led 9-0 before Miami's Giancarlo Stanton hit his 22nd home run, most in the NL. His drive passed the home-run sculpture and caromed off the backdrop beyond the center-field wall.
"It was a pretty good pitch, I thought," Bumgarner said. "But everyone knows how far he can hit the ball."
Crawford set the tone for the Giants, hitting the 11th pitch he saw for a two-run homer in the second inning off Nathan Eovaldi (5-5).
"To have a good at-bat early in the game and get us on the board felt really good," he said.
Sandoval hit a three-run homer, his 12th, to end Eovaldi's night in the Giants' five-run fifth. Sandoval improved to 8 for 11 lifetime against Eovaldi with nine RBIs.
Buster Posey and Michael Morse each had three of San Francisco's 13 hits. The Giants scored their first four runs with two outs and went 6 for 11 with runners in scoring position.
Bumgarner lowered his ERA to 3.38, but also struck out three times to drop his batting average to .256.
"I'll trade the not hitting very good for pitching good any day," he said.
Eovaldi gave up a season-high eight runs in his shortest outing of the year, lasting just four-plus innings. He came into the game with a career ERA of 12.27 against the Giants, and it went up – to 13.30 in five starts.
"They've been able to hit his fastball," Miami manager Mike Redmond said. "They take advantage of any mistake that he seems to make. I don't know if they've got something on him, but they've been able to do quite a bit of damage."
Crawford's eighth homer put the Giants ahead 2-0. They added two more runs in the third on two-out RBI singles by Posey and Morse.
Hunter Pence and Morse each doubled and scored in the fifth.
Notes: Giants RHP Matt Cain has been bothered by his elbow at times this season but is expected to make his next start as scheduled Tuesday at Philadelphia, manager Bruce Bochy said. … Giants INF Marco Scutaro (stiff neck) was held out of the starting lineup but was available to pinch-hit. … Before the game, the Marlins placed RHP Kevin Gregg on the 15-day disabled list retroactive to Monday with right elbow inflammation. RHP A.J. Ramos (right shoulder) was reinstated from the disabled list. … RHP Jacob Turner will rejoin the Marlins' rotation and start Tuesday at Atlanta. He's 2-6 with a 6.22 ERA in 17 games. … RHP Tim Hudson (7-6, 2.87), who has lost his past four decisions, is scheduled to start Saturday for the Giants against RHP Henderson Alvarez (6-4, 2.63).


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when a woman looks like she has a flat ass, but upon removal of her clothes you notice that she has a surprisingly shapely ass, she has a surprise-a-donk.
in the movie Black Swan during the masturbation scene, Natalie Portman has a surprise-a-donk.
by want to do January 06, 2011


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Blue Buffalo Life Protection Puppy Large Breed Formula Chicken & Brown Rice 30 lb
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Online Price $69.98Regular Price $76.97
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Formulated for the health and well-being of puppies, BLUE Life Protection Formula is made with the finest natural ingredients and features:
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Because puppyhood is such an important stage in any dog's life, BLUE Life Protection Formula for Puppies features ingredients that support healthy growth and development.
Available in 30-lb. bag.
Ingredients: Deboned Chicken, Chicken Meal, Brown Rice, Barley, Oatmeal, Peas, Menhaden Fish Meal (source of Omega 3 Fatty Acids), Tomato Pomace (source of Lycopene), Dried Egg, Chicken Fat (preserved with Mixed Tocopherols), Flaxseed (source of Omega 3 and 6 Fatty Acids), Natural Flavor, Potatoes, Fish Oil (source of DHA-Docosahexaenoic Acid and ARA-Arachidonic Acid), Alfalfa Meal, Salt, Potassium Chloride, Potato Starch, Dried Chicory Root, Calcium Carbonate, DL-Methionine, Choline Chloride, Caramel, Mixed Tocopherols (a natural preservative), Sweet Potatoes, Carrots, Garlic, L-Carnitine, Vitamin E Supplement, Ferrous Sulfate, Iron Amino Acid Chelate, Zinc Amino Acid Chelate, Zinc Sulfate, Yucca Schidigera Extract, Oil of Rosemary, L-Lysine, Parsley, Kelp, Blueberries, Cranberries, Apples, Spinach, Blackberries, Pomegranate, Pumpkin, Barley Grass, Turmeric, L-Ascorbyl-2-Polyphosphate (source of Vitamin C), Copper Sulfate, Copper Amino Acid Chelate, Nicotinic Acid (Vitamin B3), Calcium Pantothenate (Vitamin B5), Taurine, Biotin (Vitamin B7), Manganese Sulfate, Vitamin A Supplement, Manganese Amino Acid Chelate, Thiamine Mononitrate (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Vitamin D3 Supplement, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6), Beta Carotene, Dried Yeast, Dried Enterococcus faecium fermentation product, Dried Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product, Dried Aspergillus niger fermentation extract, Dried Trichoderma longibrachiatum fermentation extract, Dried Bacillus subtilis fermentation extract, Folic Acid (Vitamin B9), Calcium Iodate, Sodium Selenite.


text:
Happy with result
Gday Neilo,
Yes, I was having a bit muck around with the divs and margins and pretty well have what I want now – now just to write the content! Thanks again.
Your friends over here at WebAssist! These Dreamweaver extensions will assist you in building unlimited, custom websites.
These out-of-the-box solutions provide you proven, tested applications that can be up and running now. Build a store, a gallery, or a web-based email solution.


text:
The Modern Antiquarian
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Rhos y Beddau
Stone Circle
View all content for Rhos y Beddau
I visited the site on 10th November 2005. To find it, follow the north bank of Afon Disgynfa from the top of Pistyll Rhaeadr to the sheepfolds at SJ061300. Then go about 400 yards up the ridge to the northwest. The circle is on fairly flat ground to the left of the most obvious sheeptrack. Note that it is west of a point on Nant y Cerig-duon before the first side stream forks off. I give this much detail because I initially managed to overshoot the circle without spotting it.
W.F.Grimes (1963) The Stone Circles and Related Monuments of Wales in "Culture and Environment, essays in Honour of Sir Cyril Fox" (eds. I.Foster & L.Alcock) pp.120-122 gives the following description:
"The circle, to the west, has a diameter of about 40 ft. 6 in. It is fairly accurately laid out, but only it's eastern half is well preserved. Here there are 10 stones, of which 9 are in situ; their distances apart vary between 5 and about 10 ft., but the spacing is mostly nearer the lower figure. The stones are mainly a good deal less than 2 ft. high, the tallest being about 30 in. The western half of the circle is almost completely destroyed: here there are only two stones (one of them a small stump) with the hollow for a third, which lies a foot or two away to the south-west. There are other fragments about.
The avenue, lying to the east of the circle, has a present length of 162 ft. It does not actually make contact with the circle, its west end being 14-6 ft. away from the nearest stones of the latter; and there is no reason to believe that it was ever any longer on this side. The width between the stone rows varies between about 8 and about 12 ft.: the rows were no doubt intended to be roughly parallel and there is no progressive increase or decrease in either direction. The present spacing of the stones is very uneven, but it is probable that some are now missing. If there was any uniformity in the distances dividing them, which is by no means certain, a figure of about 5 ft. would be likely. Heights vary between about 4 in. and 18 in. and the stones themselves are often irregular in shape. The north row is less well preserved than the south: it is made up of one stone-hole and 15 stones, of which 5 are down; while on the south there are 24 stones (including 2 pairs) of which 3 are down. The rows are equal in length."
I have posted a copy of the site-plan from Grimes.
The Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust on their website record that there are 12 stones visible in the circle, 12 in the northern row and 24 in the southern row.
On my visit I found 16 stones in the circle, 10 in the northern row and 14 in the southern row. I didn't have Grimes's plan with me and I could easily have missed stones in both rows. However it is clear that various stones now visible in the circle are recent additions
Posted by
7th May 2006ce
Edited 7th May 2006ce
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Terms & Conditions
Julian Cope presents Head Heritage
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Piazza dei Quaranta Martiri n.34, Gubbio
Price per room/night from EUR 72.5
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A security deposit of EUR 150 is required upon arrival for incidentals. This deposit is fully refundable upon check-out and subject to a damage inspection of the accommodation.
Continue to the next page for a full description of the available rooms and their prices. Choose and book your room.


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AOC reduce portable 16″ USB monitor to $99
Ryan Martin / 7 years ago
AOC has announced a limited time special promotion on the portable 16-inch USB Monitor (model code: e1649fwu). From March 16 through March 31, 2012, the monitor will be available for $99, which is $40 off the MSRP. The 16-inch USB Monitor features a convenient built-in USB port that receives both power and signal via a single USB cable for plug-and-play connection.
The USB Monitor is available now at Best Buy, Walmart, Micro Center, Newegg, HHGregg, Amazon, Circuit City, CompUSA, TigerDirect, ABC Warehouse, Electronics Express, and other major retailers (only for the USA).The monitor offers a 1366 x 786 resolution. Enabled by the DisplayLink DL-125 chip, the AOC 16-inch USB Monitor easily integrates with existing desktop / notebook environments and is supported on all leading operating systems including Windows XP / Vista / Windows 7 & Apple MAC OS X Tiger / Leopard and Lion. Linux support is also available through many of the standard distributions.
The USB Monitor features a handy built-in Smart Stand that pivots out when needed and stores flush against the back of the monitor when not in use. The foldable stand supports both portrait and landscape display. One laptop can even support multiple USB Monitor connections to create a multi-monitor setup. Every AOC monitor is manufactured to meet the most stringent green standards. Along with being mercury free, the packaging for the eco-friendly USB Monitor is made from recycled materials.
- Panel Type: LED
- Widescreen 16:9
- Screen Size: 15.6″ Viewable Image Size, Diagonal
- Max. Resolution: 1366 x 768 @ 60 Hz
- Input Signal: 1 USB
- Special Features: One USB cable supplies power and video
- Compatible with Windows XP / Vista / Windows 7 & Apple MAC OS X Tiger / Leopard and Lion
Source: PR


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Why is Western Dressage Such a Popular New Discipline?
This article really begins with a story.
In 1997, I tried to upgrade my business of training and competing with horses in multiple disciplines into something else by changing my approach to basic training. I tried to use the term "Dressage Principles" as a basis for Palm Partnership Training's teaching and education guidelines.
Using the word "dressage" hurt our educational merit in the beginning. I would have people come up to me at horse expos, and write letters, emails, and Facebook messages noting that they were Western riders and "didn't do" dressage. Others said that dressage is too difficult to ride, and they could never achieve it. People would even make comments saying, "I am a trail rider, and I don't ride dressage!"
Hearing this over and over made Cyril, Marie-Frances and me all agree we shouldn't use the term "Dressage Principles" as a basis for our training and teaching methods at that time. So we didn't.
Ironically, 15 years later people started coming to us and saying things like, "We take dressage lessons and ride western!" and "I want to learn dressage because I know it is going to make me a better rider for my horse." We agree it wasn't the right time back then to introduce such a strong term, but now it is part of the Palm Partnership Training fundamentals. Dressage principles truly allow you to become the best partner for your horse!
I am truly blessed to have dressage as my first influence in riding and training horses. Cyril also learned dressage as his basis for riding. Cyril is from Europe where dressage is taught to all riders before they advance to jumping or 3-day event riding. "Dressage" is a French word that means "training" a horse. It is the TRUE natural horsemanship of riding and training a horse, because it allows us to truly understand what the horse is telling us and how to tell the horse what we want.
These are the main reasons why western riders are so excited about this new discipline. They are realizing all the natural horsemanship techniques that we Americans are coming up with are both good and bad. However, we should also follow the dressage principles of classical dressage because it has already proven successful for centuries.
When I learned to ride in the dressage saddle, I would go home and ride Western the same way. NO difference! It really works! Western riders are looking to train a willing horse and not train through submission. Harmony with the horse is what horse owners want whether they are a recreational rider or show ring competitor. This is the beauty of western dressage and why it is going to grow and become even more popular. The best part of western dressage is that it is helps people learn the correct ethics of horsemanship and how to train a willing horse.
The bottom line is that people want to learn more about correct riding and training. Dressage will give you the tools to achieve this correctness. It is all in following the Training Pyramid and the dressage levels. There are western dressage tests you can access at http://westerndressageassociation.org/. The perfect way to learn is to practice these tests.
Western dressage is for all breeds of horses. It is for the first-time horse owner and for the owner who has had horses all his/her life.
I love to hear horse owners say, "the more I ride and learn the more I realize how much more I don't know!" Dressage will fill that gap and give you inspiration. Lastly, dressage will give you wonderful challenges for riding correctly and with accuracy during riding tests. It is fun and is similar to the sport of figure skating. It is done with athleticism, which brings out beauty and grace. It reveals lightness and the ability to harmonize with the horse. I promise, if you ride a test, you will get hooked. Join us, and I promise you will love it.
For more information about training courses, educational materials and much more, please visit www.lynnpalm.com or call 800-503-2824.
"Horses and riding have been my passion for as long as I can remember. There is nothing quite like the understanding and camaraderie between a horse and rider in harmony," says Lynn Palm Pittion-Rossillon.
A pioneer among women in the equine industry, Palm has long had a passion for teaching. Since 1970 she has been instructing clinics and maintaining her proven performance record as an all-around trainer, showman, exhibitor and entrepreneur.
Palm's primary goal is to educate others on forming correct riding skills and building knowledge to increase the riding longevity of their horses.
Lynn Palm and her husband, Cyril Pittion-Rossillon, created Palm Partnership Training with the mission of improving the rider first and foremost. The pair conducts clinics at Fox Grove Farm in Ocala, Florida, and at Royal Palm Ranch in Bessemer, Michigan, in addition to "Ride Well" clinics at various locations across the country.
Palm offers a unique video and book library, including her most recent release, The Rider's Guide to Real Collection, as well as a partnership of websites. Additionally, Palm and Pittion-Rossillon host a show on HRTV featuring a variety of topics for all horse enthusiasts.
One Response to "Why is Western Dressage Such a Popular New Discipline?"
What a wonderful article. I have always believed that good riding is good riding, irregardless of the equipment used.


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Quick Tip: Mix Non-Alcoholic Drinks Like Loaded Ones
It doesn't matter how old you are — the art of mixology and the physical act of busting out the shaker is fun! For those who don't consume alcohol, however, mixing up a drink just never seems as exciting. But why is that? Why not shake up a nonalcoholic drink just like a spiked sipper?
Instead of feeling left out at a party, get down and dirty with your inner Tom Cruise and make a mean cocktail with all the showmanship you can muster! Even if you're just going to be drinking a smooth iced tea, try mashing in some mint or fruit and giving it the same pizzazz you would something a little stronger.
There's no reason why you can't, and it's fun! Don't settle for lame, straight from the bottle drinks, go get your mix on! Shake, stir, mix, strain, pour, it's a great way to make a drink, especially if you're not into announcing that you're the only non-drinker at the party. If you're a guest somewhere else, sometimes it can be awkward to ask if there's an other option (to which you usually get handed a bottle of water).
Plus you'll find that you get the benefit of better flavor — mint macerated in a shaker with ice will give your drink a lot more flavor, for instance, than if it were simple swirled in with a straw.
Related: 11 Grown Up Cocktails Without the Alcohol
(Image: Flickr member RLHyde licensed for use by Creative Commons)


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|The crew welcomes Kelly Aarons also known as Cadistra from the web comic "World of Warcraft, Eh?" for our most compelling episode yet. We delve deep.. really, really deep into the gaming news, releases, rumors, etc. One of our most interesting emails is read and the list of new releases is just unbeatable! Join us for what is sure to be on your current top 20 list of Polygamerous episodes!
Oh, and don't forget to listen to the WHOLE show.. There is a little something extra in there for our loyal fans!
Don't forget to email us your questions, comments and reviews to email@example.com OR
call in to our voicemail at 407-584-POLY (7659)
This Week In Gaming
- (Terminal Gamer) DS3D.It looks like Nintendos next handheld baby will be in 3d…. but will it be HD?
- (IGN) Can you afford Microsofts USB drives?
- (g4tv.com) Gamecrush Trailer: Pay Money, Play Games with Girls: http://g4tv.com/thefeed/blog/post/703547/GameCrush-Trailer-Pay-Money-Play-With-Girls.htmlHave you heard of this website Gamecrush? Here's how it works: You pay money, and then you can play video games with a real, live girl while watching her on a webcam. There are some dudes among Gamecrush's hundreds of pay-to-play users, but let's not kid ourselves, the point is you get to play video games with girls.The games run the gamut from hardcore console titles like MW 2 and Halo 3 to totally casual games like Tic Tac Toe.The girls run the gamut from "flirty" to "dirty," so I think a lot more than friendly checkers games will go on with this service.The site was apparently supposed to launch last week, but right now, it isn't up. Instead of the girl of my dreams, I get a message reading: "The GameCrush Public Beta is temporarily unavailable due to the incredible user response (more than 10,000 inquiries in five minutes). We are adding new servers to provide players with the best PlayDate experience possible. Games with GameCrush PlayDates start at $6.60 for ten minutes."
- (Ars Technica) GameStop sued over one-time use codes, deceptive advertising: http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2010/03/gamestop-sued-over-one-time-use-codes-deceptive-advertising.arsA class-action lawsuit against the retailer has been filed in California, claiming that the game boxes claim the content is included, when the code has most likely been used or is missing completely from the second-hand packaging. GameStop's return policy allows returns within seven days, which the suit claims is not enough time to protect consumers."The availability of this additional content is prominently advertised on the packaging of these games," the suit states. "Despite the representations on the packaging that the game comes with a free use code, unbeknownst to consumers who purchase a used copy of one of these games, upon attempting to download the content identified on the game's packaging, consumers are unable to do so unless they pay an additional fee."In short, as a result of GameStop's deceptive and misleading practices, consumers who purchase used games from GameStop unknowingly find that they must pay an additional fee to access the full game they though they purchased."
- (Escapist Magazine) Bioware Countdown ends.. Bioware Blows up.. http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/99497-BioWare-Countdown-Ends-BioWare-Blows-Up
Announcing BioWare BazaarTo show our appreciation of fan support and to celebrate the 15th anniversary of BioWare, we have created the BioWare Bazaar – a week-long series of mock online auctions beginning April 6th that will feature over 400 items ranging from custom painted PC's, Alienware laptops, BioWare apparel and more!
To bid on these items, fans will need to collect tokens through various challenges. The first auction begins at 9 AM PST on Tuesday, April 6th, with new items being made available every 15 minutes, ending 4 PM PST Saturday, April 10th. So tell your friends, start collecting tokens, and get ready to win some amazing prizes! For more information on token collection visit the My Tokens page.
(Shacknews) Penny Arcade Adventures Series Cancelled
After two outings, the interactive adventures of Gabe and Tycho are no more, as Penny Arcade artist Mike "Gabe" Krahulik told Joystiq "there won't be an Episode 3."
A four-episode series inspired by Krahulik and Jerry "Tycho" Holkins' game-centric webcomic, Penny Arcade Adventures: Episode 1 debuted on PC and Xbox Live Arcade in May 2008, followed by a PlayStation 3 release and then Episode 2 in October 2008.
Back at GDC 2010, developer Hothead revealed that sales of Episode 2 were roughly one-third those of Episode 1, but that it still planned to complete the series.
New Releases
Here are just a few of the new releases we discussed this week:
- After finding out that *SPOILER* Rosebud was a sled, I was informed that in Star Wars the Old Republic:
1)There is a system in place that prevents Twinks. The reason being that "if you're so good at playing a low level character you should have no problem being good at a high level character."
2) The Sith are not evil nor is the Republic good. While the Sith will have a darker tone, you will be free to choose your own path. The Sith don't care whether you're light or dark side, they only care that you're strong enough to back your actions. And the Sith were hunted to almost extinction by the Jedi a couple times, easy to see the Jedi as the bad guys if all they care about is your destruction.
3) There is no auto attack. You can't just click on a mob and walk away. This will keep the player involved and the combat is fast paced.
4) And saving the best for last, Jawas squeal when then die.
- The next my little pony game will be rated M for Mature. The title is My Little Pony: Tijuana Strip Club.
- We got news from a source behind the scenes at Bioware that they are working on a movie tie in for movie just out in the theaters and their recent hit RPG.. Working title is : How to train you Dragon's Age: The Whipping
- Along those same lines, they shopped out another spinoff using the same engine but for a completely different demographic.. Old Age: The AARP Massacre
- Last rumor – the next phase in the Guitar Hero franchise.. They've done Guitars and Drums to death.. next up.. Oboe Hero!
6! Deals in 5 Minutes
5 Deals in 5 Minutes
- GameStop offers Activision's Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 for Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3 and Assassin's Creed 2 for Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3 for $79.98. Pad your order over $80 (these older console games cost 99 cents) and coupon code "OFF20″ cuts it to $59.98.you can preorder Halo: Reach for Xbox 360 with the above Call of Duty game for $109.98 before coupon, $89.98 after.
- EA Store takes $20 off orders of $40 or more via coupon code "PAXEAST842″. Combined with free shipping,
- EA Sports Active Bundle for Wii for $23.54
- Dante's Inferno Divine Edition for PS3 (pictured) for $23.99
- Preorder NFL 11
- Below, we've rounded up several video games at lowest-we-could-find prices. Sales tax is added where applicable. The games:
- Resident Evil 4 for Wii for $12.99 + $3 s&h at GameStop
- Fallout 3 for PS3 (pictured) for $16.54 + $2 s&h at Walmart
- Fallout 3 for Xbox 360 for $19.99 + $3 s&h at GameStop
- Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots for PS3 for $19.99 + $3 s&h at GameStop
- Call of Duty: World at War for PS3 or Xbox 360 for $19.99 + $3 s&h at GameStop
- Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 for PS3 or Xbox 360 for $44.99 via code "FG10″ + $0 s&h at GameStop
- At Mattel, all Barbie items receive free shipping with no coupon or minimum required. Plus, take an extra 15% off via coupon code "EASTER15OFF".
- Barbie Doggie Park Puppies for $4.16 (search for "P7575″)
- Barbie I Can Be…Ballerina Teresa for $4.58 (search for "R5231″)
- Barbie Dream Bathtub for $8.66 (search for "N4900″)
- Barbie I Can Be… Computer Engineer Doll for $11.04 (pictured, search for "T7173″)
- browse all Barbie items at Mattel (click the banner on the right)
- Amazon.com offers Bioshock 2 bundled with Bioshock for Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3 for $49.99 with free shipping. (Scroll down to find it under "Best Value.")
- Hubbagames via Amazon.com now offers SEGA's MadWorld for Nintendo Wii for $7.02 with free shipping.
Twitter Question of the Week
We didn't get to it in the show (Yeah, we noticed), but here is the question and the answers from this week!
With the announcement of the Nintendo DS3D, do you think 3D gaming is the wave of the future?
- StoppableForce: God, I hope not. 3D gaming is a gimmick like motion control, and I'll be glad when its time is past.
- Bryterside: I got two words for you. Virtual Boy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Boy .. OK, two more… Head Ache!
- ActiveNick: How about telling 90% of the game studios/publishers to make great games for 2D screens first before failing on 3D displays?
- NDiayne: I think all the 3d stuff is silly, and the glasses make me sick, so I hope just a fad.
- NinthBatter: wave of the future no, gonna happen anyway yes
- Deaf_Marty: if then porn industry backs the 3D movement then yes
- Podcastitute: the porn industry is already dipping into the new 3D craze!
- PartTimeDruid: I think 3D gaming on a portable is a great idea. The problem with 3D gaming on a PS3 is the need for an expensive new TV.