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Global Optimization of Non Functional Properties in OSEK Real-Time Systems by Static Cross-Kernel Flow Analyses
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1 Lehrstuhl für Informatik 4 Verteilte Systeme und Betriebssysteme Christian Dietrich Global Optimization of Non Functional Properties in OSEK Real-Time Systems by Static Cross-Kernel Flow Analyses Masterarbeit im Fach Informatik 1. September 2014 Please cite as: Christian Dietrich, Global Optimization of Non Functional Properties in OSEK Real-Time Systems by Static Cross-Kernel Flow Analyses, Master s Thesis, University of Erlangen, Dept. of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg DepartmentInformatik Verteilte Systeme und Betriebssysteme Martensstr Erlangen Germany www4.informatik.uni-erlangen.de
2 Global Optimization of Non Functional Properties in OSEK Real-Time Systems by Static Cross-Kernel Flow Analyses Masterarbeit im Fach Informatik vorgelegt von Christian Dietrich geb. am 5. Dezember 1989 in Rothenburg o.d.t. angefertigt am Lehrstuhl für Informatik 4 Verteilte Systeme und Betriebssysteme Department Informatik Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Betreuer: Betreuender Hochschullehrer: Dipl.-Ing. Martin Hoffmann Dr.-Ing. habil Daniel Lohmann Beginn der Arbeit: 1. April 2014 Abgabe der Arbeit: 13. Oktober 2014
3 Abstract Computer systems are part of almost every aspect in our life. They are not only present in the form of the general-purpose desktop computing systems, but far more often they are hidden in the form of embedded real-time systems. These systems are often small and have very strict resource constraints. Therefore, application and the underlying real-time operating system are shipped as a single unit. Because of this tight coupling, the operating system can be tailored precisely to the needs of the application. In the automotive industry, the OSEK standard has emerged to build embedded systems. This standard requires preconfiguration of the required system resources to allow a static tailoring process. Until now, tailoring an OSEK system utilizes only the knowledge about the operatingsystem objects, like tasks and alarms, but no knowledge about the inner structure of the application and its interaction with the operating system is used. In this work, the approach of the global control-flow graph is introduced for OSEK-like operating systems. The global control-flow graph expresses all possible system transitions between the tasks the application consists of. It can be calculated by a data-flow analysis on the control-flow graph of the application or by enumerating all possible system states. The in-depth application knowledge is used not only to tailor the operating system to the static requirements of the application, but also to generate the kernel code exactly towards the dynamic behavior of the application. Furthermore, the application knowledge allows the generation of application specific software-based measures against transient hardware-faults. The approach is integrated into dosek, a dependable OSEK implementation, and the resulting real-time systems are evaluated in several dimensions: code size, kernel run time, and rate of silent data corruptions. As a result, a dosek instance was constructed that uses percent less flash memory for code and has a percent lower run time. The applied dependability measures reduced the silent data corruption rate by percent compared to the best, until now, available dosek. ii
4 Kurzfassung Computer Systeme berühren beinahe jeden Teil unserer alltäglichen Erfahrung. Sie sind nicht nur in der Form von Allzweckrechensystemen gegenwärtig, sondern viel häufiger in der Form von eingebetteten Echtzeitsystemen anzutreffen. Diese Systeme sind meistens klein und stark limitiert in ihrem Ressourcenverbrauch. Aus diesem Grund werden Anwendung und das darunterliegende Betriebssystem als eine Einheit ausgeliefert. Wegen dieser engen Kopplung ist es möglich das Betriebssystem präziese an die Anforderungen der Anwendung anzupassen. In der Automobilindustrie hat sich der OSEK Betriebssystemstandard etabliert um eingebettete Systeme zu konstruieren. Dieser Standard verlangt vom Anwendungsentwickler eine statische Vorkonfiguration, in der alle benötigten Systemobjekte, wie Ausführungsstränge und Alarme, aufgeführt sind. Diese Vorkonfiguration erlaubt einen statischen Anpassungsprozess des Betriebssystems vor der Laufzeit. Bis jetzt wird in diesem Anpassungsprozess nur diese Objektinformationen verwendet um Datenstrukturen statisch zu erzeugen; Informationen über die innere Struktur der Anwendung und deren Interaktionsmuster mit dem Betriebssystem werden nicht ausgenützt. In dieser Arbeit wird der Ansatz des Globalen Kontrollflussgraphen für OSEK-ähnliche Betriebssysteme einegeführt. Dieser Globale Kontrollflussgraph drückt alle möglichen Systemtransitionen zwischen den verschiedenen Ausführungssträngen aus. Berechnet wird der Globale Kontrollflussgraph entweder durch eine Datenflussanalyse auf den Kontrollflussgraphen der Ausführungsstränge oder durch eine vollständige Aufzählung der möglichen Systemzustände. Das tiefgehende Anwendungswissen kann nicht nur für die Anpassung des Betriebssystems an die statischen Anforderungen verwendet werden, sondern auch um einen Betriebssystemkern zu konstruieren, der auf das dynamische Verhalten der Anwendung hin angepasst ist. Desweiteren erlaubt das Anwendungswissen die Erzeugung von spezialisierten Software-basierten Härtungsmaßnahmen gegen flüchtige Hardwarefehlfunktionen. Der präsentierte Ansatz wurde in dosek, eine verlässliche OSEK Implementierung, eingebaut und die resultierenden Echtzeitsysteme auf verschiedene Aspekte hin untersucht: Programmgröße, Kernlaufzeit und die Rate der stillen Datenbeschädigungen. Als Resultat wurde eine dosek Instanz konstruiert, die Prozent weniger Programmspeicher benötigt und eine Prozent geringere Kernlaufzeit aufweist. Gegenüber dem bisher besten verfügbaren dosek, verbesserten die angewendeten Härtungsmaßnahmen die Rate der stillen Datenbeschädigungen um Prozent. iii
5 Erklärung Ich versichere, dass ich die Arbeit ohne fremde Hilfe und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Quellen angefertigt habe und dass die Arbeit in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegen hat und von dieser als Teil einer Prüfungsleistung angenommen wurde. Alle Ausführungen, die wörtlich oder sinngemäß übernommen wurden, sind als solche gekennzeichnet. Declaration I declare that the work is entirely my own and was produced with no assistance from third parties. I certify that the work has not been submitted in the same or any similar form for assessment to any other examining body and all references, direct and indirect, are indicated as such and have been cited accordingly. (Christian Dietrich) Erlangen, 13. Oktober 2014
6 Contents Abstract Kurzfassung ii iii 1 Introduction 1 2 Fundamentals The OSEK/VDX Operating System Standard Atomic Basic Blocks: Abstracting Real-Time Systems Summary System Analysis The Global Control Flow Graph Abstract Model of a RTOS Construction of the global control flow graph (GCFG) The CFG on the ABB level The ICFG and its Passes Interrupt Block State Resource Occupation Dynamic Priority System-Semantic Simulation Symbolic System Execution System-State Flow Analysis Combination of Results Incorporating More Information Summary System Construction Tailoring System Calls System-Call Specialization Technical Implementation Assertions on the System State Control-Flow Monitoring Summary v
7 Contents vi 5 Evaluation Evaluation Scenarios dosek: A Generator for Dependable Operating Systems Applications dosek Test Suite I4Copter: A Realistic Work-Load Scenario System Analysis Run Time of the System Analysis System-State Precision Comparing the GCFG System Construction Code Size of the Kernel Fragments Run Time of the Kernel Fragments Fault-Injection Campaign System and Fault Model Applying a Single Measure Composing Measures Summary Related Work 79 7 Future Work Usage in Other Whole-System Analyzes A Better Control-Flow Monitoring Converting OSEK into a Finite State Automata Limitations of the Approach Conclusion 84 Lists 85 List of Acronyms List of Figures List of Listings List of Tables References Appendix A Fault-Injection Campaign 96 Appendix B Reproducibility 99
8 Chapter 1 Introduction Embedding computer systems into almost every aspect of our life is one of the main characteristic of the technological advancement at the beginning of the 21st century. General-purpose computer systems are not only the main component of mobile systems, which get a lot of attention in the general public, but they also control most of our industrial production lines and our automotive vehicles. Here, special properties are required from the systems. They not only have to fulfill realtime requirements, but they should also fit onto small and cheap devices, while being resilient to unforeseen environmental influences. Therefore, we use specialized real-time operating systems to orchestrate different processes within a single real-time application. These real-time operating systems are tightly coupled to the applications they control. The software for most real-time systems is shipped as a single software package that includes as well the operating system as the application. This tight coupling opens a possibility for the systems engineer: When the application on top of the operating system never changes, we can tailor the operation as closely to the application as possible. With this tailoring process, various non-functional properties as code size, run time, and memory consumption can be optimized to fit the bare minimum of the application s requirements. But for this tailoring process, detailed knowledge about the application has to be available. In the automotive industry, a standard for operating systems emerged: the OSEK [37] standard. In the first place, OSEK is intended to ease the interaction between various component vendors in the automotive industry. But OSEK is also a standard for static operating systems. In static operating systems, all kernel objects (i.e., tasks, alarms, and interrupts) have to be declared beforehand in a system specification file. Therefore, the number and the static characteristics of these objects is known at compile time. The application knowledge described in the specification file can be used to drive an operating-system generator. It is best practice in the OSEK world to allocate and initialize the system objects statically into arrays and to link a generic OSEK implementation against it. The application knowledge in the specification file is very coarse grained. Only the existence of tasks and some static configuration data, like static priority and preemptability of the task, are denoted there. Therefore, the tailoring process has to remain on that level of abstraction. Lohmann et al. [29] showed with their OSEK implementation CiAO the potential of static tailoring in the OSEK world due to manual configuration. They tailored the operating system as closely to the static requirements of the application as possible. The CiAO operating-system family exposes configuration switches for interrupt synchronization, memory protection, a highly modular IP stack [9], and many more. But all those switches turn on or off whole components or aspects of 1
9 1 Introduction 2 components for the whole application. So the tailoring is close to the application as a whole, but it is not close to distinct points within the application. This thesis wants to extend the amount of in-depth application knowledge that can be used in the system-tailoring process. Not only the superficial application knowledge that is denoted in the specification file of an OSEK system should be used, but also the interaction between the application logic and the operating system is to be taken into account. This interaction is analyzed across kernel activation borders and the control-flow graph of all tasks in the system is combined in a global control-flow graph. The in-depth application knowledge can be used to optimize the whole real-time system towards different non functional properties. One non functional property, which gained more and more attention in the recent years, is the resilience against soft errors. The developments in the fabrication of processors, like shrinking structure sizes and lower operating voltages, did not only enable the design of complex real-time systems with high computation requirements, but made the hardware more susceptible to transient hardware faults [13, 11]. Single bits in memory or the processor registers are more likely to be flipped by a cosmic particle or radiation. These soft errors can be mitigated by expensive hardware measures, like lock-step processors or ECC-checked memory [4, 55], but also software-based measures [10, 18] can be applied. With the in-depth application knowledge at hand, various software-based dependability aspects, which exploit the application s structure, can be introduced into the real-time system. The focus of this thesis is the real-time operating system. Many software-based measures to mitigating the effect of soft-errors demand a reliable computing base [16] in form of an operating system that either detects a soft error or makes it a benign fault, but it should never fail silently. Since prior work showed that the static design of OSEK inherits a lower vulnerability towards softerrors [20], the operating system standard is a good starting point for constructing this reliable computing base. With wise design decisions and arithmetic encoding, the dosek operating system [19, 31] already provides a four orders of magnitude lower silent-data-corruption rate than a off-the-shelve OSEK. But this resilience has a high cost in terms of code size and run-time overhead. But not only can the in-depth application knowledge be used to ease this overhead, but it can also be utilized to apply further software-based measures. The rest of this thesis is structured as following: In Chapter 2 the fundamental methods and the prior work are presented; Chapter 3 explains the methods that are used for gathering the application knowledge in depth; Chapter 4 shows three different methods how the knowledge can be exploited to optimize different non functional properties of the system; The evaluation for different benchmarks scenarios is done in Chapter 5. The thesis closes with a wider overview of the related work (Chapter 6), a brief discussion of possible future work (Chapter 7), and the conclusion (Chapter 8).
10 Chapter 2 Fundamentals In this chapter, I will present the essential concepts and standards for this thesis. They are well-known from the literature, and I will only discuss them as detailed as it is necessary to understand this work. For a more elaborated discussion on those topics please consult the referenced publications. First, the OSEK operating system standard is revisited. OSEK defines the construction rules for the real-time systems, that are analyzed in this work. Afterwards I will reexamine the concepts used by Scheler [44] to abstract and manipulate the real-time system architecture. Especially the notion of control flow graphs (CFGs) and atomic basic blocks (ABBs) are of special interest for this work. 2.1 The OSEK/VDX Operating System Standard The OSEK/VDX 1 operating system specification was developed by the automotive industry, aiming for an open-ended architecture for control units in vehicles [37, p. 2]. This openended architecture allows the easy integration of components built by different vendors into one control unit. The OSEK specification defines not only an API (OSEK-OS) for a single-core real-time operating system (RTOS), but also a inter-process communication interface (OSEK- COM [39]) and network management for a distributed system (OSEK-NM [40]). In addition to the event-triggered OSEK-OS, also an additional specification for a time-triggered real-time operating-system, that runs on top of OSEK-OS is defined (OSEK-TIME [41]). For this work, only the basic operating system specification OSEK-OS is of interest, and I will refer to it from now on only as OSEK. The main concept of OSEK is the notion of a task. A task is one flow of execution that is managed by the operating system. At various points the operating system can preempt the current task execution and start or resume another task flow. Since OSEK is a real-time operating system (RTOS), more stringent rules for tasks are applied to get deterministic and predictable behavior. Each task has a static priority and a defined entry point, which cannot be changed at run time. Tasks are in one of three states: RUNNING, READY or SUSPENDED. The transition model for task states is depicted in Figure 2.1. A task is activated by an external event or by another task with an explicit system call. It is started and preempted by the system scheduler and cannot be terminated by any other entity than itself. The scheduling rules for starting and terminating tasks are very strict. The operating system ensures that the 1 OSEK - Offene Systeme und deren Schnittstellen für die Elektronik im Kraftfahrzeug (open systems and their interfaces for electronic in automobiles) 3
11 2.1 The OSEK/VDX Operating System Standard 4 RUNNING terminate start preempt terminate SUSPENDED READY Figure 2.1 OSEK task state diagram ([37, Fig. 4.3]) highest-priority task, which is READY, is always started or resumed. When another task with a higher priority becomes READY, the current the current (low-priority) task is preempted and will be resumed when the higher priority task terminates. In short, at any given time the task with the highest priority that can run, will run. The external activation of tasks can be done by periodic or by non-periodic events; see Chapter 6 and 7 in Liu [27]. Periodic events are implemented by alarms and counters. Counters are represented by a counter value that is incremented by the hardware and wraps around at a preconfigured value. Each alarm is wired to one of these counters. Alarms are either in one-shot mode or in recurring mode. When the counter reaches the alarm s activation value, the is triggers and activates the preconfigured alarm-action. Besides low-latency alarm-callbacks, the activation of a task is a possible action. OSEK handles non-periodic events [27, p. 40] in terms of interrupt requests (IRQs) that trigger a user provided interrupt service routine (ISR). There are two different kinds of ISRs: ISR1s may not use system calls and are very low-latency, since they do not have to be synchronized with the operating system. ISR2s are synchronized with the kernel and can therefore use a limited set of system calls. For example, an ISR2 can activate another task by using a system call. It is up to the operating system developer, whether ISR2s can be preempted (like tasks) or be re-interrupted by another ISR. As ISR1s do not interact with the operating system, they are of no further interest for the system analysis undertaken here and the term ISR refers always to ISR2s. Critical sections, which can be entered by different tasks, are managed with OSEK resources. An OSEK resource has two states: it is either taken or free. If a task wants to enter the critical section, it takes the resource. After the critical section, the task gives the resource back and the resource is free again. When using critical regions in real-time systems, uncontrolled priority inversions have to be prevented. Image a situation where a low-priority task is in a critical region that is also used by a high-priority task. If the low-priority task is now preempted by a mid-priority task, the resource cannot be released. If the high-priority task preempts the mid-priority task and requests the resource, the operating system cannot fulfill the request since the resource is already occupied by the preempted low-priority task. The described situation may lead to deadline-misses or dead-lock situations, like it happened on the Pathfinder Mars Mission [23, 53].
12 2.1 The OSEK/VDX Operating System Standard 5 In order to prevent priority inversion, OSEK implements a stack-based priority ceiling protocol [45]: Each task has a dynamic priority, which is initialized with the static priority. When a task acquires a resource, the its dynamic priority is increased immediately to the ceiling priority of the resource. The ceiling priority of a resource is the highest static resource of all tasks that are allowed to acquire the resource. The priority ceiling protocol prevents a mid-priority task from preempting the task within the critical region, since the ceiling priority of the resource is the static priority of the high-priority task. When a task releases a resource, the dynamic priority drops to the highest ceiling priority of all resources occupied by the task or, if no resource is acquired, to the task s static priority. With the priority ceiling protocol (PCP), deadlocks and uncontrolled priority inversion are prevented, which is highly desirable for real-time systems. Producer-Consumer synchronization is done with events. For events the additional task state WAITING is introduced. A task can wait for an event and transits into the waiting state. Waiting tasks are not considered during scheduling, even when they have the highest priority. Every other task (or an alarm) can release the event, which brings the waiting task back to the READY state. The rescheduling takes places immediately, after the event was released. 1 TASK TaskA { 2 PRIORITY = 2; 3 AUTOSTART = TRUE; 4 RESOURCE = resource2; 5 } Listing 1 Example for an OIL declaration. TaskA is declared with static priority 2, it is automatically set to READY when the operating system boots and can obtain the resource2 OSEK is designed with resource efficiency in mind. Therefore, it has some limitations unknown from general-purpose operating systems. The system is preconfigured before the actual run-time. In a domain specific language, the OSEK implementation language (OIL) [38], the developer declares the system objects statically. The number of tasks and their static priorities are declared as well as alarms, the alarm-actions, and ISRs. This system description allows static allocation of system objects and their static configuration. It avoids dynamic memory management within the operating system, and therefore increases the predictability of the system. Listing 1 shows an excerpt of a system configuration written in OIL. TaskA is declared with a static priority of 2. The declared task starts automatically, when the system is booted and TaskA is allowed to acquire resource2. From this snippet we know that resource2 has at least a ceiling priority of 2. Table 2.1 is an incomplete overview of the OSEK system calls, which the specification also calls system services. System calls either get system objects, like task and alarm identifiers, or integers, like counter values, as arguments. OSEK is used on a wide range of target systems of various sizes. Hence not all features are used by every application, OSEK defines four conformance classes. The basic conformance class 1 (BCC1) defines the most fundamental class. With BCC1 each priority can only contain one task, every task can be activated only once and no events may be used (no WAITING state). This conformance class, with some extensions regarding to resource usage, is the base for this thesis. I aim for this conformance class, since it already allows the design of complex systems and contains most of the problems to be discussed. At some point, hints are given how extend this work to more advanced conformance classes.
13 2.2 Atomic Basic Blocks: Abstracting Real-Time Systems 6 System Call Arguments Brief Description ActivateTask TaskID The task TaskID is transferred from the SUSPENDED state into the READY state TerminateTask This service causes the termination of the calling task. It is transferred to the SUSPENDED state. ChainTask TaskID Terminates the calling task, while it atomically activates the task TaskID. GetResource ResID Acquires the resource ResID, so that it enters the associated critical region. ReleaseResource ResID Leaves the critical region associated with the resource ResID. The resource is free afterwards. SetRelAlarm AlarmID, inc, cyc Winds up an alarm. After inc ticks have elapsed the alarm action is triggered. If cyc is not zero, reoccurs afterwards every cycle ticks (recurring mode), otherwise the alarm is only in single-mode. CancelAlarm AlarmID Cancels the activated alarm AlarmID. EnableAllInterrupts Disables all interrupts for which the hardware supports disabling. EnableAllInterrupts Restores the regcognition status of all interrupts that were disabled by SuspendAllInterrupts. Table 2.1 OSEK System Call Overview. The system calls (system services) are described in [37, Chapter 13]. 2.2 Atomic Basic Blocks: Abstracting Real-Time Systems In his dissertation, Scheler [44] describes real-time systems at an abstract level. A real-time system is closely connected to its environment. This connection is expressed in terms of measuring the physical world, computing values and using the calculated values to manipulate the physical world. The notion of time and a timely behavior is of distinguished importance for a real-time system. This interleaved connection of the real-time system and the physical world calls Scheler the external-view of a real-time system [44, p. 21]. This external view is expressed in terms of events, tasks and deadlines and has to be implemented by the real-time engineer. Scheler calls this technical implementation, which fits the external view, the internal-view of a real-time system [44, p. 23]. The internal-view is mainly defined by the real-time system-architecture (RTSA). In industry two main RTSAs developed [44, Section 3.4.1][27, p. 60f]: event-triggered real-time systems and time-triggered real-time systems. Event-triggered systems release jobs upon external events, which can fire at any given time. The real-time operating system s job is to execute jobs in such a way, that they meet their deadlines. Whether the jobs meet their deadlines in any given situation, has to be proven by a schedulability analysis. The dynamic nature of event-triggered real-time systems is more intuitive to developers; therefore these systems are considered easier in their construction. But their timely behavior is harder to prove [27, p. 72]. The other RTSA is the time-triggered architecture. In a time-triggered system, every action is controlled by a timetable. The entries in the timetable are executed sequentially with a fixed time delay. A hardware timer is used to trigger the next action the timetable defines. If the last entry is finished, the execution cycle starts again at the first table entry. Therefore these systems are strictly periodic. This strict periodicality make time-triggered systems easier to verify, but the construction of timing tables is a difficult and error-prone task, when done manually. Therefore, Scheler identifies common structures, used in both paradigms, and aims for an automatic translation of the RTSA. This allows the real-time engineer to write an event-triggered system and translate it automatically to a time-triggered system. The main abstraction Scheler uses is the atomic basic block dependency graph. Scheler borrows concepts that are commonly used in compiler technology. Therefore it is useful to take first a look at these concepts and to investigate on their descriptive strengths for
14 2.2 Atomic Basic Blocks: Abstracting Real-Time Systems 7 the RTSA afterwards. Compilers use the representation of a program as control flow graph (CFG) consisting of basic blocks (BBs). Aho, Sethi, and Ullman [1, p. 528] define a basic block like this: Definition 1 (Basic Block). A basic block is a sequence of consecutive statements in which flow of control enters at the beginning and leaves at the end without halt or possibility of branching except at the end. Basic blocks are identified by their leaders. For a function, statements are marked as leaders, if they follow a branch statement or are target of a branch statement. The first statement of a function is always a leader. A BB consists of a leader and all following non-leader statements up to, but not including, the next leader or the end of the function [1, p. 529]. Within a basic block, the flow of control progresses linearly. The basic blocks can be connected in a directed graph. There, edges are drawn from a source block to a target block, iff the execution flow can proceed from the last instruction of the source block to the first instruction of the target block. This directed graph is called the control flow graph (CFG) and it subsumes all possible execution paths. Normally, the CFGs are constructed for single functions, therefore they have an entry basic block and an exit basic block. Whether function call statements, which transfer the control to the CFG of another function, are leader statements or not is implementation specific. For global (whole-program) optimizations an inter-procedural control flow graph (ICFG) is constructed. The CFGs of all functions in a program are mangled into one directed graph. A basic block containing a function call is connected to the entry block of the called function. From the exit block of the called function an edge is drawn to the basic block containing the statement following the original call statement. This may be the same block as the calling basic blocks or one of its direct successors [46]. Scheler identifies the concept of atomic basic blocks (ABBs) as an abstraction for the RTSA. ABBs are similar to basic blocks, but have a whole-system view. In the internal-view, tasks are dependent on each other. Dependencies can be either directed or undirected. Directed dependencies model that some action has the be completed before another one can start, for example one task sets another task ready. Undirected dependencies express that two actions exclude each other on the timeline: critical sections. To gain a fine granularity for these dependencies, the system is divided into ABBs, which are connected in an ABB dependency graph. Scheler uses the following rules to identify ABBs [44, p. 45]: 1. ABBs include one or more basic blocks of a function, that are a connected component of the function s CFG. An ABB is a control flow region. 2. Every ABB has one definite entry basic block; the ABB can only be entered via this block. Analogues, every ABB has one definite exit basic block; the ABB can only be left via this block. An ABB is a single-entry single-exit region. 3. ABBs reach from the end of the last ABB to the next ABB endpoint. Endpoints are sources or targets of system dependencies, for example system calls. 4. If an ABB endpoint is contained within a basic block, then the block is split up at the ABB-endpoint. The main drawback of the dependency graph, discussed by Scheler, is that its construction is flow-insensitive. The fact that the application logic may prohibit a dependency at one point is not taken into account. For a more detailed discussion of ABBs and the ABB dependency graph
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text:
Some 25 directors and regional staffs of the Small Business Development Centers (SBDC) network of southwest Texas border operations will hold their quarterly meeting in Laredo Thursday, Aug. 2 and Friday, Aug. 3.
The meeting provides an opportunity for the various SBDC offices, include the newest, the Texas A&M International University SBDC, to complete training opportunities, network with other SBDC directors and explore operations, best practices and network updates.
Al Salgado, University of Texas at San Antonio South-West Texas Border SBDC Network state director, will welcome the group Thursday at La Posada Hotel at 7:45 a.m. Zaffirini Communications will offer a leadership training opportunity with "Great Tools for Great Leaders."
Additional Thursday highlights will include a lunch at Texas A&M International University to celebrate the formal opening at 2 p.m. of the new TAMIU-SBDC office in the Western Hemispheric Trade Center.
Other activities for the day will include a best practices sharing exercise and an evening networking-teambuilding dinner at TAMIU's Casa Ortiz in downtown Laredo.
The Conference continues Friday morning with financial and operations updates, strategy development, new business initiatives, an SBA update, strategic plan team work and lunch.
The South-West Texas Border Small Business Development Centers promote growth, expansion, innovation, increased productivity and improved management for small businesses in the South-West Texas Border service area.
The Centers offer counseling, technical assistance, training seminars and workshops, advocacy, research studies, resource information and coordination with the U.S. Small Business Administration and other community business support services.
The TAMIU-SBDC is responsible for serving the small business and rural communities of Webb, Zapata and Jim Hogg Counties.
For additional information, contact the TAMIU-SBDC director and event host Richard Pérez, at 326.2840 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
TAMIU-SBDC office hours are from 8 a.m. – 5 p.m. Monday-Friday.
Journalists who need additional information or help with media requests
and interviews should contact the Office of Public Relations, Marketing and Information
Services at firstname.lastname@example.com
Texas A&M International University
5201 University Boulevard
Laredo, TX 78041
© 2018

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A stroll through the corridors of the New Hope Academy shows an unusual school where children are well-behaved and where the classrooms remind the observer of a peaceful lounge, complete with sofas.
Kindergarten at lunch time is an exception. Little hands try to open lunch boxes and the voices grow louder while teachers and aides help the students.
Then again, even the four-year-olds know the drill and don't start eating until grace is said.
The academy's 160 students belong to about 20 different religions, and their families come from 33 different countries, said Joy Morrow, the principal of the Landover Hills school. The respect of races and religions is the school's first moral teaching, she said.
The code of conduct includes 10 items, and revolves around tolerance of others and respect for their property. "Children do best when there are boundaries," Morrow said. Children also learn to resolve conflicts before they escalate.
The school takes pride in the fact that children with learning disabilities also participate in the same classes with other students, including ones with talented and gifted pupils, Morrow said.
"My child was just a smashing failure [in the public school system]," explained a mother who wished to remain unnamed because her child has a learning disability. "He had very low self-esteem," she added.
Her child started at the academy in October and the change in his behavior is remarkable, his mother said. Now 12, he is in 6th grade. "He is on target academically," she said.
She explained that her son has no short-term memory. "He has to work 10 times harder than the others," his mother said, and repeat things so many times that they become stored in long-term memory. Teachers give him extra time and tutor him after school.
"He loves school now," she noted; "before he hated school." The phone rings at home for him, and for the first time since he has gone to school he made friends, she said. "I liked that [academy teachers] made him feel good and emphasized the things he was good at."
The academy offers in-house testing for students who might have learning disabilities. Educating a child encompasses showing him he can be successful and "helping the child to think 'I'm OK'," Morrow said. About eight to ten talented and gifted children have skipped anywhere from one to two grades with their parents' approval. The academy accepts children through grade 8 [see note 1], and ranked in the top 20 percent of schools in the nation on the Stanford Achievement Test last year, she said. Most students study the Korean language, which is the only foreign language practiced at the academy. [see note 2]
A dozen mothers founded the Landover Hills academy at the site of a former elementary school.
"We wanted a safe place where our children would be morally helped," said Morrow, one of the founders of the school, which is Maryland certified and licensed.
Morrow, 44, is a member of the Unification Church, founded by the Rev. Sun Myung Moon in Korea. The 12 founding mothers are also members of the church. However, the academy is not formally affiliated with the Unification Church, Morrow said.
A portrait of the Rev. Moon and his wife hangs on the wall in the "donor's room." Moon gave a $200,000 donation out of the initial $400,000 start-up cost.
All initial monies were were donations to the not-for-profit corporation that operates the school, the Unification Educational Foundation, Inc.
Other donations came from local businesses and from the families who started the school. Morrow said any parent may be elected to serve on the eight-member UEF board of directors.
Parents are encouraged to get involved in the academy through a co-op program.
Parents receive a $10 tuition discount per hour worked at the 52,000-square-foot school, earning up to $40 per month.
Tuition is $4,200 for one child and decreases for the second, down to $2,040 for the third child enrolled.
Teachers say they enjoy their teaching freedom and the quiet environment. They wouldn't trade their job at the academy, even for twice their income, in the public school system, they say.
"Here you can really teach and you feel valued as a teacher," said Mike Lamson, a 2nd-grade teacher and Unification Church member. Jennifer Horn, a 4th- and 5th-grade teacher, said she enjoys the fact that teachers have an opportunity to talk about God when necessary.
Horn, a Catholic, said the values taught at the Landover Hills school make a big difference in the students' behavior.
"It's not just about academics," Morrow said, "it's about educating the whole child."
Go to other newspaper articles about New Hope Academy.
See a profile of basic facts about the school.
Read the Statement on Faith, Devotions, and Traditions.


text:
Democrat, American Independent, Green, Peace & Freedom – all of these political parties list endorsements in California's Primary Election Sample Ballot. Missing? Endorsements from the California Republican Party (CRP). But what effect could this have on primary election results?
The Sacramento Bee notes a range of responses to the absence of CRP endorsements, from Party Chairman Jim Brulte's reassurance that no endorsement is better than repeated "wrong" endorsements to one Republican voter's frustration over lack of party guidance. Brulte also cited problematic timing in the deadline for submitting endorsements as the reason for their omission.
But how much difference does a California Republican Party endorsement make? These endorsements reflect support from the state Republican Party, but there are numerous other Republican organizations that endorse in races throughout the state.
Local county Republican Party Central Committees endorse candidates and ballot measures. Their endorsements aren't included in sample ballots; however, local parties are often more likely to support their endorsed candidates with mailers, door hangers, and other forms of communication that persuade an influential number of voters.
Big donors and those who independently promote one candidate over another heavily influence elections as well. In California, one particularly influential individual is Charles Munger, Jr. Charles Jr., son of Warren Buffet investment partner Charles Munger Sr., has been a driving influence in California's political games. Charles Jr. has also set up PACs (political action committees) to support his chosen candidates and ballot measures, one of which is the Spirit of Democracy PAC, which had contributions and expenditures over $3.3 million in 2012 alone. Charles Jr.'s sister Molly is also a major California political donor.
Munger Jr. was a heavy driver in the push for California's Prop 14 in 2010, which changed primary elections into a top-two or 'jungle primary.' This means only the top two vote getters in California primary elections move on to the general election, regardless of party affiliation. In districts that lean heavily Republican or Democrat, often the only two options in the general election are of the same party.
The jungle primary also begs the question, given a district flooded with candidates from one dominating party, say Democrat, and only a couple from the minority parties in that district, could two minority candidates win out, making it to the general election ballot, over the diluted numbers of the majority?
Whether the exclusion of CRP endorsements from the California primary sample ballots will make any significant difference is yet to be seen, but one aspect of the election is sure, county central committees, PACs, and rich political donors will continue to hold great sway and play in California politics. The battle of money and endorsements rages on in California.
A list of California Republican Party endorsements can be found here.


text:
All Monterey County Bank Branch and Office locations will be CLOSING EARLY
Holiday Lobby Hours: 9:00am-1:00pm
Monterey and Carmel Drive-up Hours: 9:00am-12:30pm
Holiday Lobby Hours: 9:00am-3:00pm
Monterey and Carmel Drive-up Hours: 9:00am-2:30pm
All Monterey County Bank Branch and Office locations will be CLOSED
TUESDAY, DECEMBER 25, 2018 and TUESDAY, JANUARY 1, 2019
|Security Focus
|Upcoming Change to Internet Banking Services
|Website Accessibility
For your protection and to provide you with the most secure access to your internet banking accounts, Monterey County Bank and our service provider are continually upgrading our systems to ensure that we utilize the latest security standards. As such, when new features or enhancements are added, outdated web browsers or operating systems may not support the new standards.
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a protocol that ensures that a connection to a remote endpoint is securely encrypted in order to provide privacy and data integrity. To maintain high standards for our data security, our online banking service provider has disabled to use of TLS 1.0 and 1.1.
TLS 1.2 is the current and most secure version and will be the only security standard supported for access to Monterey County Bank's website effective Monday, March 26, 2018.
To ensure the best web browsing experience, we recommend accessing our website from your desktop computer using a current version of your web browser and operating system. The use of outdated web browsers or operating systems, and some mobile devices may result in loss of or limited accessibility and functionality of our website.
Support Documents:
Internet Browser & Operating System Requirements [PDF]
How to Enable Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.2 [PDF]
|FDIC Insurance Coverage
FDIC insurance covers all types of deposits received at an insured bank, including deposits in a checking account, negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) account, savings account, money market deposit account (MMDA), time deposit such as a certificate of deposit (CD), or an official item issued by a bank, such as a cashier's check or money order.
FDIC does not insure money invested in stocks, bonds, mutual funds, life insurance policies, annuities or municipal securities, even if these investments are purchased at an insured bank.
Accounts will be insured by the FDIC up to the standard maximum deposit insurance amount ($250,000), for each deposit insurance ownership category.
|For more information about FDIC insurance coverage, visit: www.fdic.gov/deposit/covered/
Use the FDIC's Electronic Deposit Insurance Estimator to calculate insurance coverage.


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How do you make the time to write? Every aspiring writer wants to know this most fundamental of secrets. For many years I wanted to know. It wasn't until I finally decided to be a writer that I discovered the ancient answer.
The secret was the decision itself. But not just deciding that okay, today I will actually put my hands on the keyboard. I'd made that decision a hundred, a thousand times before. I have the file cabinets full of half-written pages to prove it. No, the magic happened when I paired that decision with some decent fuel. Something with a solid kick-in-the-pants boost, and a good slow burn. For me, that fuel was desperation.
Oh, not the garret-dwelling, half-starved, wild eyed, skeletal writer clinging to his Underwood as if to a spiritual liferaft kind of desperation; more like the kind of desperation that comes when you see a life's ambition drifting unreachably away. My desperation was born on the day when I realized, at a deep level, that if I wanted to be a writer in this lifetime then I'd damn well better get to it.
You don't have to be up against some kind of wall, like me, in order to find the time to write. What you need is to make the decision to be a writer at a deep enough level so that it sticks. You know what I mean? We all have the fleeting thought from time to time that we should make a character, get that plot line down, write out that superb scene we just dreamed up. But then the fleeting thoughts of a good movie, or an ice cream, or the day job, push that first thought clean out of our head. A deep decision is one that survives the passing whims. It's one that carries weight. It's one that we make time for, because it is that important.
So I made writing important by paying attention to my desperation. I lit the fuse on my own personal TNT and drove the decision down deep. But I had a day job. I had – and have – rent to pay, food to buy, a family to love and support and chauffeur. How the hell was I supposed to make the time to write amidst an already full life?
Just like every other writer started out by doing, of course. I've listened to many writers talk about their path (Here, among other places), and most of them had exactly this same problem. Some of them solved it by getting up early – not for me, thanks. Some by staying up late – that could work for me. Others did it in their off hours, their weekends. All of them made time. They just did it, because it was just that important to them. Their own deep decision had been made.
As of this blog post I have two novels in the can, one short story written, and I'm soon to start my third novel. I personally found the time by engineering a work schedule with a Spring and Fall break (about a month each side), and by choosing writing over movies, sleeping in, and socializing more often than not. But that's just the mechanics of my own path, and the mechanics will be different for everyone. The thing in common for every writer, I think, is that deep decision. For me, that decision was born out of, and pounded in with, desperation. It went in far enough that my urge to write now supercedes my fleeting thoughts.
And that's pretty much the secret of it all. In case you wanted to ask.


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Today's, Heritage Foundation Morning Bell hits the mark when it comes to the Obama Administration's penchant for playing politics with just about every subject under the sun. The President's reckless comments at the border, defiance of two court orders to reinstate oil drilling permits in the gulf and his shameless bin Laden victory tour have shown that nothing is above politics to this Administration.
Though Congress is implementing the bash- the- oil companies strategy, the effort transparently tears a page out of the Democratic/Obama playbook. Heritage focuses on the critical issue in lowering prices at the pump: removing the barriers to production.
"There's much the president and Congress could do if they truly wanted to give Americans a break at the gas pump. For starters, they could provide access to our country's domestic energy reserves, roll back regulatory burdens on companies and lift the de facto moratorium on offshore drilling permits.
Attacking the oil industry might satisfy the left's bloodlust against corporate America, and it might play well in press conferences. But targeted tax hikes against industries one might not like is not an answer to the high price of gas. It might feel good in the short run, but it's not a long-term solution to America's energy problems."


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For this 'World Ski Test', Klammer and his team have chosen the pistes of Schmittenhöhe. This ski area above Zell will later on also be the venue for the popular Splash Contest' on 6th April. Participants gather speed on a ski jump made of snow before gliding across the water in a huge artificial pool on their skis or boards.
In May the glacier on the 3,200m Kitzsteinhorn glacier offers the traditional 'Firn & Fun Happening' at the beginning of the month. Skiers and snowboarders can enjoy live music and culinary delights. The 'Ski & Golf Championship' in mid-May sees participants go from the downhill slopes straight to the two 18-hole championship golf courses of the region.
The Kitzsteinhorn glacier remains open for snow sports year round.


text: Recently the .906 update came to my phone, and I was using the Rubix ROM at the time. I updated my phone to .906, and all the ROM features were lost(as expected). So, I went around and found Maverick ROM which I really liked, and so I flashed that onto my phone. Inside the Maverick ROM there was a feature where I could install "Loader2" instead of the stock "Blur Loader" or something like that.. I installed Loader2, and when my phone rebooted, it did not boot up, it is stuck at the Droid booting animation, and will not boot up. My CWM Bootstrapper does not work, and recovery does not work either(when I do power + m and press recovery). So, freaking out I tried using the AP Fastboot method with RSD Lite, and every single time I flash I get an error at step 6 saying "Failed flashing process. 6/18 flash cdt.bin "cdt.bin" -> Phone returned FAIL.;phone connected" No RSD-Lite flash method is working, and I am stuck. Any help would be GREATLY appreciated! Thanks in advance, Chris


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5 Things You Didn't Know About Leisure Pro
- Browse Leisure Pro's Scuba Equipment Buying Guides, which helps you pick out your next gear bag, mask, dive light, snorkel, or pair of fins.
- You can create your own Leisure Pro package when purchasing scuba gear, wetsuits, photography equipment, snorkels & kid's gear.
- Leisure Pro has a Best Price Match Guarantee - if you see a better price of an item on another site - they'll match it + 5% off that price.
- If you try on a Leisure Pro purchase & it isn't the right fit, they arrange return/exchange of the item with no added shipping costs.
- Leisure Pro has partnered up with the Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) to spread awareness about threats faced by coral reefs across the world.
How to Redeem a Coupon Code at Leisure Pro
After adding your desired scuba products to the online 'shopping basket,' you will redeem a LeisurePro.com coupon code during the checkout process, which is highlighted below:
- Add your postal or zip code to calculate shipping fees.
- Adjust delivery criteria from the following options: Standard, UPS 3 Business Days, UPS 3 Business Days Air, and UPS Next Business Day Air.
- If desired, include a small tax deductible donation which goes towards the preservation of coral reefs. Select your preferred amount from a drop-down list, and click 'Add Donation.'
- Click 'Proceed to Checkout' to continue.
- Enter your shipping address details.
- Scroll down to select a method of payment, but first, click on 'Do you have a gift card or promo code?' to enter your coupon code. You can enter a Gift Card and Promo code in separate fields. Click 'Apply' when finished.
- Enter the requested information for your selected payment method, when applicable: Credit Card, PayPal, or PayPal Credit.
- Confirm the shipping address.
- Click 'Place Order' to complete the transaction.
Leisure Pro Specials & Closeouts
Leisure Pro highlights sale and discounted items in two different places on their website. From scuba wetsuits to instructional DVDs, the 'Specials' section is filled with reduced-price goods. A 'Closeout' tab on the website also leads to discounted scuba gear, wetsuits, googles, masks and other essentials from leading brands on the market - some of which ship for free. Leisure Pro also features 'Weekly Specials' throughout the site.
Leisure Pro Review
You can't swim deep with sea turtles or capture the vibrant colors of tropical fish without the proper gear, safety apparatuses and gadgets that online retailers such as Scuba.com, Divers Direct, Joe Dive, Divers Supply, and Leisure Pro can provide. Known as one of the first divers supply companies to hit the Internet, Leisure Pro is known as a leader in the industry - selling the type of equipment that makes much more than scuba diving and snorkeling dreams come true. Their well-stocked warehouse of new and used water-related gear, apparel and equipment ships quickly with price-match guarantees and other shopping conveniences.
As you navigate the site to find spearfishing guns for your husband's birthday or an underwater camera to capture your snorkeling adventures in Hawaii, you'll see that the site is primarily divided into broad categories such as Scuba, Bags & Apparel, Wetsuits, Photography, Spearfish & Freedive, Snorkling, and Swim.
For the watersports enthusiastic, Leisure Pro is also stocked with the equipment, supplies and products that enhance the safety, as well as the level of fun associated with some of life's most exhilarating outdoor pursuits. Browse the Watersports category to locate inflatable kayaks and canoes, life jackets, tow ropes, snorkel sets, paddle gear, and even insect protection.
From Tusa Solla Fins to a Wenger Sea Force Chrono Men's Watch, top brands sold at Leisure Pro include Henderson, Freestyle, Go Pro, Sea-Doo, and Bare. Conduct a keyword search to find something specific, or browse by brand to locate the latest gear, accessories, and other must-haves sold by the likes of Blue Reef, Aquaskipper, BullFrog, Kwik-Tek, Intova, Petzl, Seasoft, Sea Eagle, Reef Runner, and Z Gear.
If you'd like to give the gift of diving or snorkeling, gift cards are available for purchase on the site. Their Kids Corner also allows you to shop for younger adventure seekers with youth-sized wetsuits, smaller-sized swim goggles, and water toys.
Divers looking to turn their gear into cash can also sell their unused and used items (such as tank pressure checkers, lift bags, LED lights, and fins) to Leisure Pro, which they in turn sell to shoppers seeking to save money on their future scuba pursuits. This section of the website also sells open box and demo products at a discounted price.
With many ways to save money on your next waterproof gear bag or snorkeling gear package, having a Leisure Pro coupon code on hand can also maximize your savings. Additionally, when you complete a transaction by using a promo code from Giving Assistant, you'll not only rake in cash back, but also contribute to good causes in the meantime.
Helpful tutorials and reviews make up the bulk of the most popular videos on Leisure Pro's YouTube channel with 'How To Choose a Diving Fin' attracting the highest number of views.
Leisure Pro Social Media Links
Leisure Pro on Twitter: Become a follower to learn about the largest jellyfish in the world (and other diving safety tips) and being the first to know about weekly specials.
Leisure Pro on Facebook: This account offers a combination of interesting diving-related facts, diving gear highlights, and snapshots of active pursuits that call for Leisure Pro assistance.
Leisure Pro on Google+: In between diving-related facts and news, you'll find highlights on some of the products and gear sold by the company.
Leisure Pro on Pinterest: While you're in search of unique diving products, gear, essentials and accessories, enjoy Boards titled 'Travel & Leisure,' 'Water Toys,' and 'SCUBA Lifestyle.'
Leisure Pro on YouTube: Just some of the video uploads on this channel includes an overview of new products, diving safety tips, how tos, previews, and reviews.
Leisure Pro Contact Info
Leisure Pro
42 West 18th Street
New York, NY 10011
Telephone Number: (888) 805-3600 or (212) 645-1234


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Bolt Stool
Bolt is a stool with a simple construction: 4 cylinders of solid wood are held together by a metal ring. The result is both a modern and statuesque object that will surprise with its unexpected comfort. It can also be used as a side table.
18" Diam x 16"H
Matte black stained beech wood x copper finish ring or natural beech wood x orange lacquered ring.


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If you have ever design brochures for companies, you will know that some of them are budget conscious and are not willing to spend too much per brochure. This is especially so if they are printing many copies and want to print brochures for cheap. In this article, I will showcase some brochure designs that are cost effective but look beautifully. If you want to print brochures yourself, check out these best printers for graphic designer.
Black and white brochure designs are cheaper to print as no color is used. Best of all, they can be used to convey lots of different moods and messages. You can see some really beautiful work below.
A very elegant use of black and white colors
White words on black background is a simple way to create good designs
There are just so many ways to do black and white. This 2 row approach works beautifully
If you think black and white is too boring, you can add 1 or 2 colors without increasing the cost too much. The key to having good design with limited colors is to make them stand out. The following examples will show you how.
The easiest way to make colors stand is to use black and white background
A very clever use of 2 colors. Alternative switching between the 2 as background colors
Another way to keep printing cost down is to make your brochure simple. Keep the standard layout and avoid using colorful images as these will increase printing cost. Using great typography is a cost effective way to make your brochure stand out. They are inexpensive to make but they can create a difference in the feel of your brochure.
A very creative typography that lets readers fill in the blanks
Loud and big fonts can attract attention and communicate your message clearly
A non stand font that fits in very well with its theme of human rights
Although using different materials might impress your potential customers, they are also a source of huge cost. Try t0 avoid making your brochures like the ones shown below because they WILL cost you or your client money.
The multiple fold and the unique shape will cost you a lot of money
The irregular shape might be fanciful but be prepared to pay dearly for it
I hope you find some inspiration here on how to print brochures for cheap.


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I'm playing around with some new code for edutim. Come back soon for more edutim goodness.
Random picture of my family. Just because it's my blog.
I have taken a hiatus from blogging while working for Apple on the Maine Learning Technology Initiative. I'll probably pick this blog back up some day. Stay tuned.


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Bike Checks
Let's get 'er done!
Everything is stock except for
Time Z clipless pedals
MCS Aluminum bars
Odi Longneck Lock-on grips
Tioga Comp III front tire
And I moved my bars back from where they are in the pic.
Woohoo. I get to go first.
thats nice race bike you got there
Originally Posted by cwt341
thats nice race bike you got there
Frame: Some old Hyper that I painted.
Headset: Solid.
Bars: Wethepeople Le-Tigre's.
Forks: DK ATF.
Stem: DK trail.
Grips: Macneil Houndstooth.
Lever: Tecktro.
Cable: Odyssey Slic.
Brakes: Tecktro.
Pedals: Odyssey Twisted (sealed) with super long pins
Crank: Specialized.
Sprocket: S&M Guard 33tooth.
Chain: KMC Cool chain.
Seat: Velo I found in a friends garage.
Post: Crap.
Clamp: Mosh.
Front Tyre: 2.2 K-Rad.
Rear Tyre: Animal GLH 1.85
Front Rim: Hoffman Generator.
Front hub: Hoffman Generator.
Rear Rim: Jalco Freestyle.
Rear Hub: Nankai Freecoaster w/12t driver.
I'll do one for the MacNeil in a bit.
Copied from my Myspace.
Frame: 2006 MacNeil Heaton.
Fork: Sunday! Night.
Headset: Kink.
Stem: Fit series two.
Bars: S&M SLAM XLT'S BABY! UNCUT!.
Grips: Fly.
Brake Lever: Odyssey Monolever Trigger.
Brake cable: Odyssey Linear Slic.
Brakes: Odyssey Evolver.
Pedals: Sealed Jim Ceilencki.
Crank: Bulldog, I think..
Bottom Bracket: MacNeil.
Sprocket: Tree 28t.
Chain: Shadow Interlock V2.
Seat: Odyssey Aitken.
Seatpost: 1664.
Seatpost Clamp: Redline.
Front Tire: Animal GLH 2.1
Front Rim: Alex MX22.
Front Hub: Primo Bomb.
Front Spokes: White.
Rear Tire: Animal GLH 2.1
Rear Rim: Demolition.
Rear Hub: Odyssey Hazard.
Rear Spokes: DT Ti.
Freewheel/Cog: 10t Odyssey.
Pegs: MacNeil.
Special Mods: Pegs caps, Peace sign straddle hanger, FBM guard.
That stem looks so high.
And I really couldn't care less, it's comfy for me, if you haven't noticed I'm not trying to have a trendy bike, just a bike that works for me.
Slams-bought to help out sore wrists.
Stem-Up, because thats how I like it.
Brakes-Because I like them.
Seat-Not slammed, set up just right.
Sprocket-28t with 10t driver, because I like my bearings.
Am I missing anything?
Okay, whatever works for you. I just didn't know if you noticed your stem. Your seat isn't that high.
Frame: Sunday Wave 2007 21"
Fork: Sunday Morning 2
Headset: FSA
Stem: Shadow Attack
Bars: Slam XLT Uncut
Grips: Animal Edwin
Brake Lever: NOT
Brake cable: NOT
Brakes: NOT
Pedals: Jim C Sealed Mag
Crank: Fly
Bottom Bracket: Odyssey
Sprocket: Profile Imperial 25t
Chain: KMC Superlight
Seat: Macneil SL
Seatpost: Macneil Stump
Seatpost Clamp: Animal
Front Tire: Shadow Undertone 2.1
Front Rim: Primo Balance 7000
Front Hub: Proper
Front Spokes: DT
Rear Tire: Shadow Undertone 1.95
Rear Rim: Odyssey 7KA
Rear Hub: KHE Geisha Freecoaster
Rear Spokes: DT
Freewheel/Cog: 9t
Callum, your bike is amazing, although it looks very unused. Also, since you do not have brakes, maybe you would wish to cut the flanges of your grips off because those can just be annoying and cutting them off makes the bike look cleaner.
Flangeless grips = the way to go
Frame - T1 Ruben
Fork - Macneil I.D
Bars - S&M Slams XLT UNCUT!!!! (silver)
Barends - Proper (red)
Stem - Odyssey Elementary
Grips - ODI Longneck
Headset - Cane Creek
Seatpost Clamp - S&M XLT (red)
Seatpost - Fit Aluminium
Seat - Odyssey Junior Jimmy Levan
Rear Wheel - Primo Mix Cassete 9t driver, Sun Big City Rim, RED SPOKES
Front Wheel - Fit Hub, Sun Street lite rim (6 spokes added in)
Cranks - One FSA X-Drive arm, one Profile arm, fit spindle
BB - Spanish Profile (red)
Pedals - Odyssey Jim C's Sealed
Sprocket - BSD 25t
Chain - KHE Collapse
Brake - Osiris
Cable - Leg
Lever - Brain
Pegs - WTP Toxic Minis
Tyres - Primo V-Monster rear, ody dirt path front
Mods - Cut off brake lugs and brake guides, taken off some stickers etc..
A few small things have changed since the picture, all the recent stuff is in the parts list
Callum, ****s dialed.
WTP - Ti spokes, lolz.
i just relized that i havent cut the flange thingys off my grips yet
fit my bike only looks unused cause i never ever ride dirt and cause i maintain it regularly. and i like my flanges, mot sure why. but i might cut them off because im trying to learn barspins at the moment. and if they arent there there is more room for catching.
Originally Posted by callumrides
fit my bike only looks unused cause i never ever ride dirt and cause i maintain it regularly. and i like my flanges, mot sure why. but i might cut them off because im trying to learn barspins at the moment. and if they arent there there is more room for catching.
i learned bar spins with uncut slams...
I love flanges! Bike check comming possibly tommorow, if my new bars are in.
Originally Posted by premiumbmx2005
i learned bar spins with uncut slams...
just throw em and theyll come around
Originally Posted by premiumbmx2005
just throw em and theyll come around
Originally Posted by FitRider 921
Not everyone can be like Eddie Cleveland...
Originally Posted by premiumbmx2005
i learned bar spins with uncut slams...
I was too much of a sissy to take them to the resi. Although now i really want to learn them.
Originally Posted by KinetikBiker
I'm pretty sure he cuts his down just by the looks.
how could you call the lotek mixtape 'old school'?
I don't quite know, a lot of people forget about it.
I can do barspins with my slammed seat and uncut slams but thats only in manuals haha
The point is, spinning 26-28" bars is alot harder then spinning some 24"s.
Not too much. Would be for hop b's though
frame: mongoose fuzz
forks: cromo mongoose (soon to be colony or sunday!)
bars: wtp addict
stem: macneil cell
headset: fsa
grips: martinez
lever: snafu
cranks: fsa x-drive
chainwheel: 30t
seat: shadow slim
pedals: primo super tenderizers
chain: kmc
front tyre: snafu dirt box
front hub: mongoose sealed.
front rim: sun rhyno lite
rear tyre: maxxis miracle
rear hub: odyssey hazard 11t
rear rim: odyssey hazard lite
brakes: tektro
That's the best looking Mongoose frame i've seen on here. You have a pretty good bike.
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text:
Following hundreds of tweeps? Need to bring some semblance of order to all the tweeting chaos? There's a twitterific feature to simplify your Twitter page: the Twitter list.
Lists allow you to group Twitter users into any way you deem sensible and possible. Examples of noteworthy lists you can create are family, friends or colleagues. Currently, though this may be upgraded in the future, you can create up to 20 lists and add up to 500 users to each list.
The quickest way to create a list is to click on New List on the sidebar. Enter the desired list name and description and mark it as either public or private. Note that private lists can only be seen, accessed and followed by you. Hit Create and you can start adding users to your lists from either their profile pages or from searches. You can even add users whom you are not necessarily following. The next time you feel reluctant to swim through your tweet stream for updates on a certain group or user, just click on their list and you've got their static posts all filtered out for you. You can edit your lists any time by accessing them from Lists on the sidebar.
Now that we're done with your lists, how do you manage other users' lists? On the sidebar of your homepage, you will find a new link Listed alongside Following and Followers. Clicking on Listed will bring you to a page with two tabs: Lists following you and Lists you follow.
Under Lists Following You, you can control which public lists you belong to. Should you find yourself in a distasteful sounding group, you can remove yourself from it by blocking the creator. This would disable him from following you and your tweets. This can be undone in the future should you wish.
You can follow an unlimited number of lists without having to add every single person on them to your main feed. You can maintain these lists under the Lists you follow tab. This would sorely minimize any motion sickness you could develop from an overly active Twitter home page. You can search for interesting lists that cater to your interests and even needs. Want to get news while it's still breaking? Subscribe to a list that has major news networks on it. Keeping tabs on Hollywood? Search for a list that follows celebrities, television shows, films and even music.
Twitter list dramatically improves tweep management and keeps you abreast on trending topics with fewer mouse clicks. It's the most tweetsome update so far. What're you waiting for? Get Listed now!


text:
Return to the BrandeisNOW homepage
Crown Center traces the ascension of the Shiite community in Lebanon
Despite the weak showing of the Hizballah-led opposition in the June 7, 2009 Lebanese parliamentary elections, the Shiite community remains one of the most powerful political forces in Lebanon. In the latest Middle East Brief published by the Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Postdoctoral Fellow Yusri Hazran examines the transformation of the Shiite community in Lebanon from their marginalization in politics to their current ascendancy.
Click here to download a PDF of "The Shiite Community in Lebanon: From Marginalization to Ascendancy"
The full Middle East Brief series is available on the Crown Center Web site.


text: Is it possible to decode a file that is "multi-layered" as I call it. Basically like, an ionCube within' an ionCube if that makes sense? Is there any way to actually decode such a file and if so, how would I go about it. I was told I could dezend an ionCube file, but it (as the person told me) may be a bit "dodgy" in doing so. Any suggestions or responses would be appreciated


text: The folks have spoken and we've delivered. This year the Down-N-Dirty crew has produced what we feel like is one of the most user friendly yet most realistic sounding grunt calls ever produced. The HawgHead grunt call is a solid, one piece walnut barrel design. The call has no flextube allowing it to produce the volume that's needed for long range prospecting or windy days. The reed assembly is seated close to the mouth piece for easy use and for the low volume grunts for close-in work. The HawgHead grunt call is simple in design, durable, and most important.....deadly!