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Wednesday, August 18, 2010
Jianshi--Earliest Extra-African Hominin, Further Evidence of Late Occurring Lufengpithecus or Fossil Orangutan?
Liu et al. (2010) have recently published a study of three supposedly hominin teeth from the Longgudong cave site in Jianshi county, Hubei. The teeth augment the sample of 4 hominin-like teeth collected in and around Jianshi in the 1970s that were initially attributed to an australopithecine (Gao 1975). The assessment by Liu et al. (2010) supplements the report in the 2004 monograph on Jianshi (Zheng 2004) published as the first in a series commissioned as part of the State Key Project of the 9th Five Year Plan – Origin of Early Humans and Environmental Background. The 2004 monograph is a comprehensive study of the geology, stratigraphy and paleontology of the fossil bearing site. In it the three hominin-like teeth, collected in 2000, were assigned to the Javanese genus and species Meganthropus paleojavanicus, based primarily on metric criteria.
The Jianshi site is further distinguished by the presence of a relatively large number of Gigantopithecus blacki teeth (28 in toto) and an extensive and diagnostic mammalian fauna. Study of the micro- and macro-mammalian fossils indicates a biochronological age slightly younger than the Longgupo site at Wushan, Chongqing (former Sichuan) or the Gigantopithecus cave site at Liucheng, Guangxi. Paleomagnetic research, however, suggests that the hominin-like material falls below the Reunion Normal Polarity Event or in excess of 2.15 mya. As such the Jianshi specimens would represent the earliest record of an extra-African human presence in all of Eurasia.
I recently reposted an essay written over a decade ago, derived from my 1994 Dissertation, which suggested that the original Jianshi molars could be favorably compared to fossil orangutan teeth previously collected in South China and Java. I have also written extensively on the Longgupo mandibular fragment and shown how it is compatible with an attribution to Lufengpithecus. Russ Ciochon, who along with Huang Wanpo, et al. (1995), originally described the Longgupo specimen as an early hominin, has since backtracked and conceded its non-hominin nature (Ciochon 2009). Given the possibility that the new Jianshi specimens may be mimicking a hominin morphotype I think it is essential to compare the new specimens not only to other hominins known from Africa, Europe and Asia, as has been done by Liu et al. (2010), but with other hominoids, including Lufengpithecus, known from southern China and Southeast Asia. In this regard Schwartz et al. (1994, 1995) published a study of hominoid dental remains from a variety of Pleistocene age sites in Vietnam. These included teeth ascribed to Gigantopithecus, Homo and Pongo. Amongst these teeth are some attributed to a new species, Pongo hooijeri, described as,
"Description and Diagnosis: Larger than most subspecies of fossil and living Pongo pygmaeus (see figs. 9-11), but differs from all known populations of P. pygmaeus in lacking significant crenulation on the occlusal surfaces of the molars and upper premolars, and on the basins of the lower premolars. Incisors are not known. Molar cusp disposition similar to that of P. pygmaeus, but the cusps themselves are puffier and more rounded occlusally as well as on their external slopes. The occlusal surfaces are thus more poorly defined, and the occlusal basins are more constricted. Discussion: The characters of the molars listed above distinguish these teeth very markedly from those of Pongo pygmaeus, and give them a very distinctive "gestalt." While it does appear that this new form belongs in the same general clade as the extant orangutan, it is by no means clear on the basis of current evidence that the two are very closely related. Pending better material, we feel a conservative interpretation is most appropriate, and have thus allocated this dentally distinctive primate to its own species of Pongo. It may well turn out, however, that the relationship between the two species is more distant than this implies, and it is possible that a separate generic designation for hooijeri will ultimately be warranted."Unfortunately only the holotype specimen, a lower M2, is figured. In its overall appearance it looks remarkably similar to M2's from Lufeng and is analogous in features to the M1 from Longgupo. Its description and analysis is also consistent with previously known Lufengpithecus.
The two recently described molars from Jianshi, one upper and one lower, are extremely well worn and lack most diagnostic surface features. They, as well as the original set of four molars described from Jianshi, are relatively large but fall within the upper range of variation of the Lufeng sample of hominoid molars. In this regard the Longgupo specimen falls within the lower range of variation. Therefore in terms of dental metrics there is no reason to dismiss the Jianshi and Longgupo remains as potentially members of a single highly dimorphic species such as seen in Lufengpithecus.
Liu et al. (2010) use a bevy of geometric morphometric techniques to tease apart shape discriminations to sort the Jianshi teeth relative to a variety of hominin samples. In a cursory comparison of the new Jianshi molars with homologous teeth in Schwartz et als study it appears that the sort of comparisons made by Liu et al. (2010) should also be done with non-hominin taxa from contiguous regions of East and Southeast Asia.
Additionally, the Mohui and Chuifeng Cave sites in the Bubing Basin of southern Guangxi have produced an abundant early Pleistocene fauna with, respectively, 16 and 92 teeth assigned to Gigantopithecus blacki. Another set (n=17) of smaller teeth from Mohui have been tentatively assigned to Hominoidea (gen. et sp. indet.)(Wang et al. 2007). These are said to include molars similar to those from the Longgupo mandibular fragment (Huang et al., 1995). Wang et al. go on to say that this Mohui sample does not strongly resemble Pongo remains found in Wuyun Cave and other sites in China. In addition Chuifeng Cave has produced "24 relatively large teeth, with high crowned molars and a simple occlusal pattern, (that) differ from the low crowned and wrinkled molars of Pongo, as well as the very large teeth of G. blacki. These teeth are provisionally assigned to Hominoidea gen. et sp. indet." (Wang 2009) Unfortunately neither the Mohui nor Chuifeng specimens are figured in the pertinent articles. Another similar molar specimen has been reported from Sanhe Cave in Chongzuo, Guangxi (Jin et al. 2009). Given the fact that non-hominin, non-pongine teeth that have been mistaken for specimens of Homo are now found widespread throughout southern China and northern Vietnam, the possibility must be entertained that the Jianshi teeth also represent a non-hominin taxon.
Zhao et al. (2009) describe and discuss a set of orangutan-like teeth from the early Late Pleistocene (~110 kya) site of Mulanshan, Guangxi. They review similar specimens collected from throughout southern China and from Chinese drugstores since the 1930s. They reach similar conclusions as have others, that there are two distinct morphs within the sample. Specimens that are morphologically similar, but larger than, extant and subfossil orangutans from Indonesia (see also Wang et al. 2009) and those that are less crenulated with smoother, less complex occlusal surfaces. These latter specimens are said to be similar to Lufengpithecus but on average somewhat larger. Zhao et al. go on to say that there are also specimens within the Lufeng and Yuanmou hypodigms of Lufengpithecus that are similar to the more crenualted specimens collected from Pleistocene sites in southern China and northern Vietnam. They conclude that "In the absence of the skull and postcranial bones, it is difficult to establish new genus or species based on Pleistocene orangutan-like isolated teeth."
Thus, there are a number of possibilities, none of which are, as of yet, conclusive.
1. All the specimens discussed above including the Jianshi molars are variants of one or more species or subspecies of orangutan.
2. The specimens can be divided between a Pleistocene descendant of Lufengpithecus, fossil forms of Pongo or a previously unidentified "mystery ape".
3. Some of the specimens can be allocated to an early form of hominin, the rest to Pongo or some other combination of the above.
Below are some visual comparisons of relevant specimens:
|Tham Hai Cave Upper RM1 or M2 (reversed)
To the left is an upper right molar of Lufengpithecus hudienensis recovered from the Yuanmou Basin of Yunnan. The Yuanmou sites are dated between 7-8 mya. Note the similarity of the Yuanmou specimen's occlusal outline to the specimen of Homo erectus from Zhoukoudian (ZKD) shown below (specimens are not to scale).
|Occlusal views of UM1s a) Jianshi b) Australopithecus c) ZKD H. erectus d) Sangiran H.erectus e) modern Chinese
|Right Lower M1 or M2 (TK 65/123), Right Lower M1 or M2 (Jianshi PA 1277), Longgupo Right Lower M1 (not to scale).
|Original Jianshi lower molars compared to Pongo lower molar from Tham Khuyen Cave Vietnam (center). Note median placement of longitudinal fissure and alignment of transverse fissures in all specimens (not to scale).
|Original Jianshi lower molars compared to Lufengpithecus hudienensis from Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan and a specimen from Mohui originally described as "hominid" (not to scale).
Given the ambiguous nature of hominoid dentitions from the Mio-Plio-Pleistocene of East Asia the issues discussed above cannot be resolved until more diagnostic material is recovered.
Literature cited:
Ciochon, R. The mystery ape of Pleistocene Asia. 2009, Nature, 459:910-911.
Etler, DA. The Chinese Hominidae: New Finds, New Interpretations. 1994, PhD. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Etler, DA. Mystery ape: other fossils suggest that it's no mystery at all. 2009, Nature 460:684.
Etler, DA., Crummett, TL., Wolpoff, MH. Longgupo: Early Homo colonizer or Late Pliocene Lufengpithecus survivor in South China? 2001, Hum Evol. 16:1-12.
Gao, J. Australopithecine teeth associated with Gigantopithecus. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 1975, 13(2):81-88.
Huang, W., Ciochon, R., Gu, Y., Larick, R., Fang, Q., Schwarcz, H., Yonge, C., de Vos, J. and Rink, W. Early Homo and associated artifacts from Asia. Nature, 1995, 378:275-78.
Jin, C., Qin D., Pan W., Tang Z., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Deng C., Zhang, Y., Dong, W., and Tong, H. A newly discovered Gigantopithecus fauna from Sanhe Cave, Chongzuo, Guangxi, South China, Chinese Science Bulletin, 2009, 54(5):788-797.
Liu W, Clarke R, Xing S. Geometric morphometric analysis of the early Pleistocene hominin teeth from Jianshi, Hubei Province, China. Sci China Earth Sci, 2010, 53: 1141–1152.
Schwartz, J. H., Vu, T. L., Nguyen, L. C., Le, T. K., and Tattersall, I. A diverse hominoid fauna from the late middle Pleistocene breccia cave of Tham Khuyen, Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 1994, Anthropologica Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 73:1-11.
Schwartz, J. H., Vu, T. L., Nguyen, L. C., Le, T. K. A review of the Pleistocene hominoid fauna of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (excluding Hylobatidae). Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, 1995, 76:1-23.
Wang, W. New discoveries of Gigantopithecus blacki teeth from Chuifeng Cave in the Bubing Basin, Guangxi, south China. Journal of Human Evolution, 2009, 57:229–240.
Wang, W., Potts, R., Hou, Y., Chen, Y., Wu, H., Yuan B., and Huang, W. Early Pleistocene hominid teeth recovered in Mohui cave in Bubing Basin, Guangxi, South China, 2005, Chinese Science Bulletin, 50(23):2777—2782.
Wang, CB., Zhao, L., Jin, C., Hu, Y. and Wang, CS. Quantitative study of Pleistocene fossil orangutan teeth from China and their taxonomic significance. 2009, Acta Anthropologica Sinica 28(2):192-200.
Wang, W., Potts, R., Yuan, B., Huang, W., Cheng H., Edwards, R. L., Ditchfield, P. Sequence of mammalian fossils, including hominoid teeth, from the Bubing Basin caves, South China, 2007, Journal of Human Evolution 52:370-379.
Zhao, L., Wang, C., Jin, C., Qin, D. and Pan, W. Fossil Orangutan-like hominoid teeth from late Pleistocene human site of Mulanshan cave in Chongzuo of Guangxi and implications on taxonomy and evolution of orangutan, 2009, Chinese Sci Bull, 54: 3924―3930.
Zheng S H. Jianshi Hominid Site. Beijing: Science Press, 2004, 1–412.
Zhou, G. Supplementary notes on the baby skull of Sivapithecus yunnanensis -- with discussions on "Wushan Man." Memoirs of Beijing Natural History Museum, 1999, 58:111-123.
Wednesday, August 11, 2010
Its time to sink the genus Australopithecus redux
Back in June I posted a comment on the implications of the discovery of "Kadanuumuu (Big Man) and Karabo" the partial skeletons of Australopithecus afarensis at Woranso-Mille in Ethiopia and A. sediba from Malapa in South Africa. The point I was trying to make was that new discoveries at both ends of the Australopithecine lineage were blurring the distinction between the genera Australpithecus and Homo. The Homo-like features of the Woranso-Mille skeleton suggested that the time separating the primitive looking Ardipithecus ramidus from Woranso-Mille's ancestor A. anamensis was too short to accommodate the degree of morphological change that had occurred between them. On the other end of the timescale the recently described A. sediba has been attributed to early Homo by some because of the amount of morphological overlap (particularly dental) between the two.
Now we have a new report in Nature by McPherron et al. that shows that A. afarenis was a potential stone tool user by ~3.4 mya. This further muddies the water regarding what it is that differentiates Australopithecus from Homo. The Woranso-Mille skeleton mitigates the role of body size and proportions in distinguishing the two from one another. A. sediba minimizes the differences in tooth size, form and function between the two. H. floresiensis, if accepted as a valid hominin species, demolishes the brain size Rubicon separating Australopithecus from Homo. And now we have the last bastion of Homo, stone tool use, falling by the wayside. What is left to distinguish the genus Australopithecus from Homo?
As I previously argued the sinking of Australopithecus into Homo, as a subgenus, seems eminently reasonable, if not now mandatory.
The abstract of the Nature article follows:
The oldest direct evidence of stone tool manufacture comes from Gona (Ethiopia) and dates to between 2.6 and 2.5 million years (Myr) ago1. At the nearby Bouri site several cut-marked bones also show stone tool use approximately 2.5 Myr ago2. Here we report stone-tool-inflicted marks on bones found during recent survey work in Dikika, Ethiopia, a research area close to Gona and Bouri. On the basis of low-power microscopic and environmental scanning electron microscope observations, these bones show unambiguous stone-tool cut marks for flesh removal and percussion marks for marrow access. The bones derive from the Sidi Hakoma Member of the Hadar Formation. Established 40Ar–39Ar dates on the tuffs that bracket this member constrain the finds to between 3.42 and 3.24 Myrago, and stratigraphic scaling between these units and other geological evidence indicate that they are older than 3.39 Myr ago. Our discovery extends by approximately 800,000 years the antiquity of stone tools and of stone-tool-assisted consumption of ungulates by hominins; furthermore, this behaviour can now be attributed to Australopithecus afarensis.Either A. afarensis should be revised to H. afarensis or the possibility must be entertained that the Woranso-Mille individual and the maker of the stone tool cut marks at Dikika represent a new previously unknown species of Homo (perhaps H. antiquus Ferguson 1984) that lived contemporaneously with A. afarensis.


text: Share: Comments Print March 25, 2014 at 2:29 PM Sights and sounds: Taijuan Walker, Brandon Maurer pitch in minor league game Posted by Ryan Divish [do action="brightcove-video" videoid="3391218211001″/] Here's some video of Brandon Maurer and Taijuan Walker pitching in the minor league game. Maurer has been bothered by a sore back much of the spring. Walker was shut down for seven days with bursitis in his shoulder. Comments

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One North Star
Shining bright from the corner of each page, one twinkling star remains constant throughout Phyllis Root's One North Star: A Counting Book, inspired by the natural wonders of... Read More
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All rights reserved.
Shining bright from the corner of each page, one twinkling star remains constant throughout Phyllis Root's One North Star: A Counting Book, inspired by the natural wonders of... Read More
As the sun rises on the island, animals and plants wake up. With simple statements and delicate woodcuts, Wake up, Island creates a vivid sense of an island coming to life on a... Read More
Curiosity may have killed the cat but damn, what a ball it had in the meantime. So let down the tightly braided updo of your beliefs and entertain the idea that plants are... Read More
Lake Superior in winter is a vast sheet of ice, white and implacable; its rocky shores, tall pines, and moody silences are the perfect backdrop for award-winning Norwegian... Read More
This book answers both typical and exotic questions about nature in a plain and non-condescending manner. "The Three-Minute Outdoorsman" is a series of interesting, loosely... Read More
Glib humor gives way to serious discussion of historic and modern treatment of Indians. "Most of the history of Indians in North America has been forgotten," says Canadian... Read More
Grief becomes personal for gravedigger's daughter when her father passes away. Rachael Hanel knew about death. Since her father was a gravedigger, she had spent many childhood... Read More
Many astronomers and physicists have labeled the production of images from the Hubble Space Telescope as "pretty pictures … little better than a diversion," since they... Read More
"Death Sentences", originally published in 1984 as Genshi-gari (Hunting the magic poems), is the first translation of Kawamata Chiaki's novel into English, and it's about... Read More
The growing demand for organic fruits and vegetables represents a robust, foundational transformation in our country's food system. What was once a minor trend is now a... Read More
You have no idea what videogames are, or what they can do. Ian Bogost—a game scholar and award-winning game designer, and author of Persuasive Games—does. In his latest book... Read More
Ten-year-old Sasha, whose Russian immigrant mother cleans offices, routinely comes home from school to an empty, triple-locked apartment. On the day before her project about the... Read More


text:
Accompanying the BlackBerry Device's Android OS update, here comes the update(s) for the BlackBerry devices powered by Android. In the Play Store on BlackBerry Priv, DTEK50 and DTEK60, you should be getting a list of updates for the BlackBerry apps. These includes the BlackBerry Hub, BlackBerry Hub+ services, Launcher, Contacts. In addition, there's a new application now – BlackBerry Privacy Shade which we will cover a little more later.
BlackBerry Hub
- Additional Hub Integrations: Support for Kik and Telegram
- Email Auto CC / BCC Setting: Users can now enable auto cc: or bcc: when sending a message. This setting can be applied to individual accounts.
- Android Wear Notifications (beta): Hub+ notifications and the ability to read and delete Hub items via Android Wear devices (i.e. smartwatches)
- Dual SIM support: Hub will support phones with dual SIMs (Such as BlackBerry Aurora). You can switch between them just like you would with multiple emails.
BlackBerry Contacts
- Contact Linking and Cleanup: Improved support for finding and linking of duplicate contacts.
BlackBerry DTEK
- OS Integrity Check: Users will now receive a notification if an OS Integrity issue has been detected.
Category: News!


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Let's examine some of the major characteristics a performance review app must incorporate in order to serve its true purpose in the business world.
1. As Often as Required
When it comes to feedback, the word 'regular' is considered rather unclear. For some managers, a feedback should be given every week, while for others every month. A better and more efficient option is to align the feedback frequency with the employee's performance output levels. In short, feedback should follow certain standards and progress parameters. The timely updates will help the manager to keep a regular check on his/her resources regarding performance.
2. Useful and Timely Feedback
Employees and most specifically the newcomers in industry, are motivated by the opportunities given for career growth. Rather than discussing their failures with their respective line managers, employees tend to fare better when constructive feedbacks over their performance are given and how best to counter their issues in order to become a better professional.
A performance management app enables the manager to communicate and provide guidance to his team directly from his smartphone. Once an employer fills the fields in the app regarding his/her performance reporting, the manager will be instantly notified of the update. In critical cases, the manager may immediately call the employee to discuss important matters, while normally the manager will use the notification on the app to reply for the employee reviews provided.
3.Feedback Templates
To ease the process of follow-ups on the employee reviews, modern mobile apps contain standard forms which can be customized as per the requirements of the company considered important by the HR department. The forms can be created in open or close ended format and contains a defined number of questions which varies from company to company.
4. Depersonalized Reproval
Even the best of employees are subjected to some extent of criticism. In workplaces, constructive comments and feedbacks are quite often taken from a negative and demotivating aspect which tends to obstruct the employee's view for growth. Therefore, HR managers are highly advised to devise feedback forms in a way that depersonalize negative feedback to the utmost extent.
In such cases, a mobile app can be used to term negative comments as 'suggestions' for the employees. Besides allowing managers time to stabilize their mental state, the online forms can enlist some well-thought questions such as: which employee's negative aspects needs for attention? How to boost the performance of an employee? Such questions sound assertive and will keep any manager within his professional composure and temper.
5.Agile Ranking
Annual ranking is very difficult to argue and justify in most of the workplaces, as employees' performance tend to change over the course of 12 months and new arrivals come and go throughout the year. Whereas, using a mobile app in this regard will help you in maintaining weekly, monthly, bi-annual or annual performance reviews which can be filtered according to the ratings assigned to each employee. This will make it easy to identify and separate our high-performance individuals, hence, easing the process of rewards, compensations, increments, and promotions on the basis of facts and figures.
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text:
Register your product to gain access to bonus material or receive a coupon.
In Effective COM, the authors, Don Box, Keith Brown, Tim Ewald, and Chris Sells, offer 50 concrete guidelines for creating COM based applications that are more efficient, robust, and maintainable. Drawn from the authors' extensive practical experience working with and teaching COM, these rules of thumb, pitfalls to avoid, and experience-based pointers will enable you to become a more productive and successful COM programmer.
These guidelines appear under six major headings: the transition from C++ to COM; interfaces, the fundamental element of COM development; implementation issues; the unique concept of apartments; security; and transactions. Throughout this book, the issues unique to the MTS programming model are addressed in detail. Developers will benefit from such insight and wisdom as:
and much more invaluable advice.
For each guideline, the authors present a succinct summary of the challenge at hand, extensive discussion of their rationale for the advice, and many compilable code examples. Readers will gain a deeper understanding of COM concepts, capabilities, and drawbacks, and the know-how to employ COM effectively for high quality distributed application development. A supporting Web site, including source code, can be found at http://www.develop.com/effectivecom.
Despite what your copy of Effective COM might claim, no source code is available for this book.
Addison-Wesley apologizes for this mistake.
Click below for Web Resources related to this title:
Shifting from C++ to COM.
About the Authors.
The evolution of the Component Object Model (COM) has in many ways paralleled the evolution of C++. Both movements shared a common goal of achieving better reuse and modularity through refinements to an existing programming model. In the case of C++, the preceding model was procedural programming in C, and C++'s added value was its support for class-based object-oriented programming. In the case of COM, the preceding model was class-based programming in C++, and COM's added value is its support for interface-based object-oriented programming.
As C++ evolved, its canon evolved as well. One notable work in this canon was Scott Meyers' Effective C++. This text was perhaps the first text that did not try to teach the reader the basic mechanics and syntax of C++. Rather, Effective C++ was targeted at the working C++ practitioner and offered 50 concrete rules that all C++ developers should follow to craft reasonable C++-based systems. The success of Effective C++ required a critical mass of practitioners in the field working with the technology. Additionally, Effective C++ relied on a critical mass of supporting texts in the canon. At the time of its initial publication, the supporting texts were primarily The C++ Programming Language by Stroustrup and The C++ Primer by Lippman, although a variety of other introductory texts were also available.
The COM programming movement has reached a similar state of critical mass. Given the mass adoption of COM by Microsoft as well as many other development organizations, the number of COM developers is slowly but surely approaching the number of Windows developers. Also, five years after its first public release, there is finally a sufficiently large canon to lay the tutorial groundwork for a more advanced text. To this end, Effective COM represents a homage to Scott Meyers' seminal work and attempts to provide a book that is sufficiently approachable that most working developers can easily find solutions to common design and coding problems.
Virtually all existing COM texts assume that the reader has no COM knowledge and focus most of their attention on teaching the basics. Effective COM attempts to fill a hole in the current COM canon by providing guidelines that transcend basic tutorial explanations of the mechanics or theory of COM. These concrete guidelines are based on the authors' experiences working with and training literally thousands of COM developers over the last four years as well as on the communal body of knowledge that has emerged from various Internet-based forums, the most important of which is the DCOM mailing list hosted at email@example.com.
This book owes a lot to the various reviewers who offered feedback during the book's development. These reviewers included Saji Abraham, David Chappell, Steve DeLassus, Richard Grimes, Martin Gudgin, Ted Neff, Mike Nelson, Peter Partch, Wilf Russell, Ranjiv Sharma, George Shepherd, and James Sievert. Special thanks go to George Reilly, whose extensive copyediting showed the authors just how horrible their grammar really is. Any errors that remain are the responsibility of the authors. You can let us know about these errors by sending mail to firstname.lastname@example.com. Any errata or updates to the book will be posted to the book's Web page, http://www.develop.com/effectivecom.
The fact that some of the guidelines presented in this book fly in the face of popular opinion and/or "official" documentation from Microsoft may at first be confusing to the reader. We encourage you to test our assertions against your current beliefs and let us know what you find. The four authors can be reached en masse by sending electronic mail to firstname.lastname@example.com.
This book is targeted at developers currently using the Component Object Model and Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) to develop software. Effective COM is not a tutorial or primer; rather, it assumes that the reader has already tackled at least one pilot project in COM and has been humbled by the complexity and breadth of distributed object computing. This book also assumes that the reader is at least somewhat familiar with the working vocabulary of COM as it is described in Essential COM. The book is targeted primarily at developers who work in C++; however, many of the topics (e.g., interface design, security, transactions) are approachable by developers who work in Visual Basic, Java, or Object Pascal.
The book is arranged in six chapters. Except for the first chapter, which addresses the cultural differences between "100% pure" C++ and COM, each chapter addresses one of the core atoms of COM.
Developers who work in C++ have the most flexibility when working in COM. However, it is these developers who must make the most adjustments to accommodate COM-based development. This chapter offers five concrete guidelines that make the transition from pure C++ to COM-based development possible. Aspects of COM/C++ discussed include exception handling, singletons, and interface-based programming.
The most fundamental atom of COM development is the interface. A well-designed interface will help increase system efficiency and usability. A poorly designed interface will make a system brittle and difficult to use. This chapter offers 12 concrete guidelines that help COM developers design interfaces that are efficient, correct, and approachable. Aspects of interface design discussed include round-trip optimization, semantic correctness, and common design flaws.
Writing COM code in C++ requires a raised awareness of details, irrespective of the framework or class library used to develop COM components. This chapter offers 11 concrete guidelines that help developers write code that is efficient, correct, and maintainable. Aspects of COM implementation discussed include reference counting, memory optimization, and type-system errors.
Perhaps one of the most perplexing aspects of COM is its concept of an apartment. Apartments are used to model concurrency in COM and do not have analogues in most operating systems or languages. This chapter offers nine concrete guidelines that help developers ensure that their objects operate properly in a multithreaded environment. Aspects of apartments discussed include real-world lock management, common marshaling errors, and life-cycle management.
One of the few areas of COM that is more daunting than apartments is security. Part of this is due to the aversion to security that is inherent in most developers, and part is due to the fairly arcane and incomplete documentation that has plagued the security interfaces of COM. This chapter offers five concrete guidelines that distill the security solution space of COM. Aspects of security discussed include access control, authentication, and authorization.
Many pages of print have been dedicated to Microsoft Transaction Server, but precious few of them address the serious issues related to the new transactional programming model implied by MTS. This chapter offers eight concrete pieces of advice that will help make your MTS-based systems more efficient, scalable, and correct. Topics discussed include the importance of interception, activity-based concurrency management, and the dangers of relying on just-in-time activation as a primary mechanism for enhancing scalability.
First and foremost, Chris would like to thank his wife, Melissa, for supporting him in his various extra-circular activities, including this book.
Thanks to J. Carter Shanklin and the Addison Wesley staff for providing the ideal writing environment. I couldn't imagine writing for another publisher.
Thanks to all of the reviewers for their thoughtful (and thorough) feedback.
Thanks to all my students as well as the contributing members of the DCOM and ATL mailing lists. Whatever insight this book provides comes from discussing our mutual problems with COM.
Last but not least, thanks to my fellow authors for their hard work and diligence in seeing this project through to the end. It is truly a pleasure and an honor to be included as an author with professionals of such caliber.
Don would like to thank the three other Boxes that fill up his non-COM lifestyle.
Thanks to my coauthors for sharing the load and waiting patiently for me to finish my bits and pieces (the hunger strike worked, guys).
A tremendous thanks to Scott Meyers for giving us his blessing to leverage his wildly successful format and apply it to a technology that completely butchers his life's work.
Thanks to all of my cohorts at DevelopMentor for tolerating another six months of darkness while I delayed yet another book project.
Thanks to J. Carter Shanklin at Addison-Wesley for creating a great and supportive environment.
Thanks to the various DCOM listers who have participated in a long but fun conversation. This book in many ways represents an executive summary of the megabytes of security bugs, MTS mysteries, and challenging IDL puzzles that have been posted by hundreds of folks on the COM front lines.
A special thanks goes to the Microsoft folks who work on COM and Visual C++, for all of the support over the years.
Keith would like to thank his family for putting up with all the late nights. The joy they bring to my life is immeasurable.
Thanks to Don, Tim, and Chris, for thinking enough of me to extend an invitation to participate in this important project.
Thanks to Mike Abercrombie and Don Box at DevelopMentor for fostering a home where independent thought is nourished and the business model is based on honesty and genuine concern for the community.
Thanks to everyone who participates in the often lengthy threads on the DCOM list. That mail reflector has been incredibly useful in establishing a culture among COM developers, and from that culture has sprung forth a wealth of ideas, many of which are captured in this book.
Thanks to Saji Abraham and Mike Nelson for their dedication to the COM community.
Thanks, Carter, this book is so much better than it possibly could have been if you had pressed us for a deadline.
And finally, thanks to all the students who have participated in my COM and security classes. Your comments, questions, and challenges never cease to drive me toward a deeper understanding of the truth.
First and foremost, Tim would like to thank his coauthors for undertaking this project and seeing it through to completion. As always, gentlemen, it's been a pleasure.
Also, thanks to friends and colleagues Alan Ewald, Owen Tallman, Fred Tibbitts, Paul Rielly, everyone at DevelopMentor, students, and the participants on the DCOM mailing list for listening to me go on and on about COM--nodding sagely, laughing giddily, or screaming angrily as necessary.
A special thanks to Mike, Don, and Lorrie for suffering through the earliest days of DM to produce an extraordinary environment for thinking.
And, of course, thanks to my family: Sarah for letting me wear a COM ring too, Steve and Kristin for reminding me about the true definition of success, Alan and Chris for allowing me to interrupt endlessly to ask geeky questions, and Nikke and Stephen Downes-Martin for accepting phone calls from any airport I happen to be in.
Finally, thank you J. Carter Shanklin and Addison-Wesley for letting us do our own thing.
Chris Sells
Portland, OR
August 1998
Don Box
Redondo Beach, CA
August 1998
Keith Brown
Rolling Hills Estates, CA
August 1998
Tim Ewald
Nashua, NH
August 1998


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These four separate incidents in two states – Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh – were driven by just one motive: sparking communal disharmony through false information.
by Aditya Menon, @adityamenon22
1. Abdul Khan, the fictitious ISIS Bangalore bomber: Until a day ago, the Twitter handle @LatestAbdul that ran tweets claiming responsibility for the Church Street blast in Bangalore, was speculated to belong to one of the radicalised Indian Muslim cadres of the ISIS. Now it turns out that the person behind the terror threats is a 17-year-old and reportedly not a Muslim. The police claims the teenager Satish (name changed) was mentally stressed. Going by the name Abdul Khan, Satish had been had been threatening to bomb a college for a while and had tagged members of the police force and politicians in his tweets.
On his Twitter timeline, Satish/Abdul had hurled abuses at a wide range of people such as Bangalore police commissioner MN Reddi, DCP (crime) Abhishek Goyal, Union home minister Rajnath Singh and Prime Minister Narendra Modi. He had threatened to bomb the Alvas College in Moodbidri in Dakshina Kannada if police did not release alleged ISIS sympathiser Mehdi Masroor Biswas, who ran the pro-ISIS Twitter handle @ShamiWitness.
On December 22, "Abdul" had tweeted to commissioner Reddi, "Let's start the game, Karnataka Police cannot catch us." He threatened that he would kill at least a thousand people. He had also claimed that he and ISIS members were seeking funds, to "blast all of India" if needed.
2. Desh Raj Singh the "professional riot-manufacturer": On December 15, a buffalo carcass was found on the premises of a temple in Parsauli village in Budhana block of the Muzaffarnagar district of Uttar Pradesh. Also inscribed on the temple wall was an inflammatory message in support of the Islamic State. On December 20, parts of a buffalo carcass were found inside another temple in the area and an idol of Nandi was reportedly found missing. Budhana had witnessed communal violence during last year's riots in Muzaffarnagar and the two incidents sparked tensions yet again. Union minister Sanjeev Baliyan, who is accused of instigating the riots, also visited the area.
The Uttar Pradesh police's investigation revealed that this was the handiwork of 35-year old Desh Raj who wanted to instigate riots in the area. Apparently, Raj even confessed that he killed a dog and left its corpse hanging in a mosque to fuel tensions. According to the police, Raj claims that his aim was to ensure that "koi masjid na rahe, sirf mandir rahe (no mosques should remain, only temples should remain)". Many Muslims who were displaced during the riots last year were settled near Parsauli village. Apparently, this demographic change in the area upset him. Desh Raj would have succeeded had the police not caught him and exposed his plan in time. Looking to fish in troubled waters, the UP unit of the Shiv Sena had threatened to hold a Hindu mahapanchayat in the district if the culprit was not caught.
3. A gang-rape that wasn't: In August this year, we heard of the ghastly gang-rape of a Hindu girl at a madrassa in Meerut. With each passing day, more and more sordid details of the case started coming out: that the girl was gangraped and forcibly made to convert to Islam; that a flesh trade racket was being run from the madrassa, where she was an employee; that many women were held captive there and then sold off to rich men in Gulf countries. The allegations sparked an outrage and understandably so. Western Uttar Pradesh, which was already a communal tinderbox, came on the verge of another riot.
Two months later, the victim filed a report denying that she was gangraped or forcibly made to convert. She claimed that she had actually eloped from home with a Muslim boy. She wrote in the statement, "I was staying with my parents, but I ran away from home because I feel a threat to my life from my parents and relatives… I went with the boy belonging to a different community out of my own will". Hindutva groups spared no effort in raking up the "Meerut gangrape" especially as it also came on the eve of crucial by-elections in Uttar Pradesh.
Each and every aspect of the entire tale – from the "forcible conversion" to the "madrassa gangrape", and of course, "girls being sold in the Gulf" – were straight out of a Hindutva hate-monger's playbook. Of course, no story involving a Muslim villain is complete without women being forcibly converted to Islam and sold to an Arab shaikh!
4. Pakistani flag, Hindutva flag bearers: In January 2012, six activists of the right-wing Sri Ram Sene were arrested for trying to instigate communal violence in the north Karnataka town of Sindhagi. Their modus operandi was unique. They hoisted the Pakistani flag on the mini Vidhan Soudha premises, blamed the act on the Muslims and, on the very next day, staged demonstrations in the town protesting against the delay in arresting those responsible! Like the young Satish, the Sene cadres were all aged between 18 to 20. The men, who saw themselves as defenders of Indian nationalism, actually took the trouble to stitch the Pakistani flag at their homes. Of course, this act of mischief hardly came as a surprise as Sene chief Pramod Muthalik was himself caught in a sting operation in 2010, discussing how his outfit could instigate a riot for a price.
These four separate incidents in two states – Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh – were driven by just one motive: portraying Muslims as the biggest threat to India.
Now, it is fortunate that the people responsible were caught in these four occasions and the respective state administrations deserve full credit for their work. But there could be numerous cases in which Muslims have been wrongfully accused. We know of the Malegaon, Mecca Masjid and Samjhauta attacks because of the investigation by the late Hemant Karkare and his team. But what about cases where the administration is not unbiased and where the investigation officers aren't someone like Karkare?
This article first appeared on daily O.


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© 2015 The Muslim Issue
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Some time ago I was browsing my Vogue and I was blown away by this gorgeos Valentino dress! I love its flowery pattern and the fact that is made out of leather, which is so fashionable this season. I also found this limited edition rockstuded Valentino shoes with cute kitten heels. Since red is the color of love, you deffinitely have to fall in love with these beauties!
Maria Sharapova and Fan Bingbing wearing THE dress


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Tom Brady: Donald Trump Is "Good Friend" – Has Done Some "Amazing Things"
A "Make America Great Again" Trump hat was spotted in Tom Brady's locker last week.
Tom Brady says Donald Trump is, "Just above my jockstraps."
Donald Trump praised Patriots quarterback Tom Brady last week during a campaign stop. Trump said Brady was a friend and an "honest guy."
Yesterday Tom Brady reciprocated, saying Donald Trump has done some "amazing things."
Tom Brady confirms @realDonaldTrump's "Make America Great America" hat was in his locker, says he's good friend & has done "amazing" things.
— Michael McCann (@McCannSportsLaw) September 8, 2015
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These programs should not have any spyware or adware or viruses attached to them..thanx
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text: Seen my consultant today so will try my best to explain as my head is mince. He was brilliant today with proper explanations and I had my friend for support so that helped to. Because I had severe endo and altho most was removed I need to do some hormone treatment to put the rest of the endo to sleep to try help with the pain ect. If I don't then the endo will just grow and I will probs then need ovaries ect removed which I do not want to happen. I have been put on amitriptyline at night as more likely nerve damage and adhesions causing the pain. I need to get myself emotionally ready to have hormone treatment again so he has referred me to a psychiatrist who specialises in gynaecology on may the 21st, which sounds scary but I need to mentally get myself better. Sex will be very difficult unless the hormone treatment works as endo was removed from the whole of my cervix right down into my vagina so feeling a bit confused and huge mixed emotions! xx


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Losing weight is about controlling your mind first, not your stomach. You need your subconscious mind to lose weight and avoid fatty foods first, before your conscious mind even starts to do what you want.
Your subconscious mind looks after your day-to-day habits, good or bad, and most of your activities in a way you can barely imagine. You know how you get up in the morning and brush your teeth or go to the bathroom almost without thinking. Then you might drive to work almost without having to consider the road, how to operate the car - it's just become a subsconscious memory. That's what hypnosis for weight loss is about. It's about creating healthy eating choices and habits in your subconscious first - so that if you do feel hungry, the first thing you'll want to do is reach for that apple or oatmeal bar before you think about the bacon and cheese sandwich or telephone number for the local pizza delivery place.
The Beverly Hills Hynopsis: "Relax Your Way To Thin: Weight Loss Motivation" is a clunky long title for a popular hypnosis method of weight loss. You won't need tasteless protein shakes or expensive personal trainers or nutritionists. Relax Your Way to Thin! Hypnosis Weight Loss Motivation is available as an audio CD or book or Mp3 download.
The Audio CD or Mp3 form of "Relax Your Way To Thin" is most effective as it requires virtually no effort on your part except to press play. The idea is to put on the hypnosis CD on, sit back, close your eyes, relax and let yourself go into a trance-like state as the narrator talks to your self conscious and teaches it to make eating and lifestyle choices that suit your real goals - your goals of losing weight, becoming healthier and getting your energy and self-confidence back.
They suggest using it for 21 consecutive days for full effectiveness. The actual user reviews for Relax Your Way to Thin! Hypnosis Weight Loss Motivation have been nothing short of incredible. People have described losing 17 pounds, going to bed, relaxed and much more calm and serene. They have found themselves waking up in the morning feeling committed to eating well, only buying healthy food at the grocery store and making time for exercise. There are reports of a decrease in emotional eating - such as eating if you're bored, feeling stressed out and overwhelmed. The audio CD contains strong imagery - such as imagining yourself at a social situation and making the right food choice, or in the local store and picking out the healthy foods only, and imaging your ideal body shape and the confidence that goes with it.
If you want to lose weight and other methods haven't worked for you, try to make the change at the very basic level - the subsconscious level first - it's worth giving hypnosis for weight loss a try - it may well change your life.


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Download EBOOK Daily 6-Trait Writing: Grade 6+ PDF for free
Category: Society & Social Sciences
The author of the book: Evan-Moor Educational Publishers
Format files: PDF, EPUB, TXT, DOCX
The size of the: 355 KB
Language: English
Edition: Evan-Moor Educational Publishers
Date of issue: 1 November 2008
Description of the book "Daily 6-Trait Writing: Grade 6+":Provide your students with frequent, focused skills practice with this Reproducible Teacher's Edition. The reproducible format and additional teacher resources give you everything you need to help students master and retain basic skills. Give your sixth-graders the fun and focused writing practice they need to become to become strong and successful writers. The 125 engaging, 10- to 15-minute lessons support any writing program. 25 weeks of instruction cover trait-based writing skills
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A company by the name of Electrothirst has gone about developing a spectacularly novel and groundbreaking contraption called the Drill Turbine, that is designed to function as an innovative wind turbine.
What's great about this innovative wind turbine is the fact that it harnesses the natural power of the wind to harness and generate energy. This energy then goes towards keeping the 10,000 mAh lithium battery sufficiently juiced up. An additional bonus with the Drill Turbine is the fact that it is fitted with a pair of orbital headlights capable of generating 90 lumens, making them ideal for night-time use.
With its eco-friendly functioning and illuminating function, this innovative wind turbine is a great option for outdoor use.
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This Innovative Wind Turbine's Battery Captures Energy From the Wind
- By: Rahul KalvapalleJul 14, 2016
References: kickstarter & geeky-gadgets
References: kickstarter & geeky-gadgets


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Author Notes: Looking for something easy to make for lunch or dinner? Panini's are super easy and you can make them with whatever you have in your fridge. If you don't have a Panini maker, don't worry! You can use a grill pan or a skillet on your stovetop. I like to use whatever I have in my fridge. This is a great way to make use of leftovers. You can use any country-style bread you like. Enjoy!
—Chef Laura at Home
Serves: 4
Eggplant, sliced 1/4 inch thick
bunch Arugula
Mozzarella, sliced thin
olive oil
salt & pepper
Ciabatta bread, sliced 1/2 inch thick
In This Recipe
- Drizzle olive oil onto the eggplant and sprinkle with salt and pepper.
- Grill on both sides till cooked through.
- Brush one side of the bread with olive oil and sprinkle with salt and pepper.
- Turn bread oiled side down, top bread with mozzarella, eggplant and arugula. Make sure that your first and last layer is mozzarella. The mozzarella will melt and help keep the Panini together.
- Place one or two sandwiches on the Panini maker and close the lid. Don't forget to pre-heat the Panini maker or grill pan. If you are using a grill pan, use another skillet wrapped in tinfoil to weigh the sandwich down.
- I also have a cup of homemade soup with my Panini, a perfect meal!
More Great Recipes:
Sandwich|Arugula|Cheese|Eggplant|Mozzarella|Grill/Barbecue|5 Ingredients or Fewer|Vegetarian


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g-boaf wrote:I don't care about MHL if it exists or doesn't, but I do care about fixing the driving culture. Driving must be a privilege, rather than being an entitlement as it is currently in Australia.
And of all the drivers I encountered, the German ones were the best of the lot. The Italians were great too
It's interesting that one of the (anti cyclist) comments in the Herald Sun article linked recently in another thread was from a motorist lamenting that "most" (he very magnanimously even emphasized the point, "not all - just most"), "cyclists in Australia are rude idiots, unlike cyclists in Europe". I thought that was interesting, turning it around to blame cyclists.
While I cant say that I know all of the reasons for the differences in attitudes to cyclists in Europe compared to to Australia, I can tell you for 100% certain that the difference in driver behavior you observed there is due to better driver attitudes to cyclists (and more generally better attitudes to cycling in the general community) in Europe compared to Australia.
This is why people point to the distorted cycling demographics here in Australia, where we're mostly cycling enthusiasts and less "average Joe" cyclists. This is NOT blaming cycling enthusiasts for the shockingly bad attitude of many Australian motorists, but it may indeed be related to the relative scarcity of regular Joe cyclists.
This is also why people point to MHL as a possible factor in this problem. Since MHL differently impacts different types of riders (in the sense that almost all fast/sports/competitive cyclists would wear them anyway, whereas someone who wants to occasionally ride a few blocks to the local shops not necessarily), then I think that it's quite plausible that it has altered the demographics.
Anyway, whatever the reason for this difference in community attitudes, it IS the underlying problem. Australian drivers just don't think that cyclists are normal people. Seriously they don't! Whereas people in more cycling friendly countries are much more likely to see cyclists as regular people.
Would any of these attitudes change overnight if MHL was suddenly abolished? No, I very much doubt it. It's taken a long time for the situation in Australia to get as toxic as it now is, and that certainly won't change any time soon. However many people do see MHLs as helping to get us to where we currently are with the terrible attitude to cyclists in Australia.


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UFO Sighting Report - United Kingdom
June 7th 2008 : Edinburgh, Scotland
Orange Glowing UFO Over Edinburgh, Scotland
Date: June 7, 2008
Time: Approx: 2400hrs
HBCC UFO Research Note: The report came into me through submissions, I am not able to reply to the witness for more details as I do not have any contact information.
We were sitting outside in the beer garden about 10 people at our table and another 10 - 15 in the garden and one of our friends said what's that. There was a fast moving orange glow on our horizon, no flashing lights and very high in the sky. I thought it might be a comet or something burning up, but we watched it fly from as far as we could see. It lasted about 10 minutes and every body seen it. I have been looking in the local newspaper for reports, but not found anything. Very strange.
Thank you to the witness for their interesting report.
Brian Vike, Director HBCC UFO Research.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: http://www.hbccufo.org
The Vike Report Blog: http://thevikereport.blogspot.com/
Just added, the Vike Report Radio Show Blog. You can check the blog out for archived radio shows and all the new and upcoming programs I do. http://thevikereport.blogspot.com/
HBCC UFO Research, Box 1091 Houston, British Columbia, Canada - VOJ 1ZO
[UFOINFO thanks Brian Vike for passing this report on.]


text: BankBoston consolidates at Hill Holliday Published on January 13, 1998. BankBoston Corp., Boston, named Hill Holliday Connors Cosmopulos, Boston, as agency of record in an account consolidation. Hill Holliday will handle all domestic advertising and coordinate brand building worldwide. Billings are estimated at $25 million domestic. The account consolidates the assignments of Hill Holliday, BankBoston's AOR since 1992, and Mullen, Wenham, Mass., which handled BayBanks. The two banks merged in 1996. Copyright January 1998, Crain Communications Inc. Most Popular In this article: News


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|Project by Theewoodworking
|posted 02-02-2016 12:43 PM
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Since my brother from making too little shooting and acquaintances, he needed for his next promotional / Info rotation for scary night camera a car on rails. Unfortunately, he has taken by rotating the corn maze no picture. The camera stands with the stand firmly on the MDF board.
My wood project


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OKC Police search for playground vandals
OKLAHOMA CITY — Oklahoma City police are searching for some vandals who destroyed parts of one of our city's playgrounds.
They're asking for the public's help to catch the criminals.
It happened on June 30 at the Lions Club Park at Lake Hefner.
"Some folks came out and decided to damage a lot of the toys on our play structure and tear up some of the safety surface that was here at the Lions Children's playground," Jennifer McClintock said, with Oklahoma City Parks and Recreation.
The vandals cut shapes out of the rubber surface, pulled out toys and shattered glass.
They even ripped out the spout of a lion water fountain.
"I think it's disappointing but I'm not totally surprised," Karen Hoke said while she played with her kids at the park. "And it's unfortunate that that's what someone decided to do."
"It's really the loss of the children. Because when things like this happen, they're the ones that lose out when we have to close the playground for several days," McClintock said.
The Lions playground was originally built back in 1995 to honor the child victims of the Murrah Building bombing.
Two years ago, the Lions Club raised more than $400,000 to totally redo the park.
One of the city's most beloved parks has now become the site of one of their largest cases of vandalism.
"Right now the early estimate for the play surface alone is $29,000," McClintock said.
Parents who frequent the park hope someone who knows something will come forward.
"I think it's kind of crummy. It's a kid's place and people should have a little more respect. So I hope whoever did it gets caught," Molly McCabe said.
The Parks and Rec. Department does not have surveillance cameras at their parks; they say they rely on the public to be their eyes and ears.
Call Oklahoma City police if you have any information.


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S: The Winter Storm
BC: Read all about Maya's fun day in the snow!
FC: The Winter Storm by: N. Sabolsky
1: Maya sat in front of the TV with her eyes glued to the weatherman. "Winter storm watch for the entire area," he warned, "Expect to wake up to eight to ten inches of snow."
2: Maya crawled excitedly into bed that night and dreamt about playing in the fresh, fluffy snow all day tomorrow. She hoped all her friends would be outside enjoying the deep snow.
3: The next morning she jumped out of bed and ran to the window. It was a Winter Wonderland! The ground was a deep carpet of white snow. Icicles hung like Christmas ornaments from the trees. Maya couldn't wait to go outside!
4: She quickly put on her warmest winter clothes. Thermal underwear, sweater, jacket, mittens, hat, scarf and boots! "I'm going outside to play, Mom", Maya shouted as she ran to the door. "Okay, stay right in the yard where I can see you", Mom called back.
5: As soon as she got out the door Maya searched the neighborhood for her friends. She called to Bobby and he sloshed over pulling his sled. They zoomed down the hill over and over, the cold wind slapping their faces and snow flying behind them.
6: Next, they plopped down in the snow and stretched their arms and legs out. Swish, swish, swish the snow went as they made snow angels. It was as cold as a cherry popsicle!
7: Finally, they built a snowman. "Mom, I need a carrot and some coal for our snowman," Maya shouted as she ran in the kitchen door. "Okay, I'll get it. Stop dripping water all over the floor," Mom sighed. They added the finishing touches to the snowman, which was taller and fatter than Maya.
8: With chattering teeth and frozen hands they went back into the house to warm up. They got out of their wet clothes and wrapped themselves in a cuddly blanket.
9: At last, they sat in front of the roaring fire with a steaming mug of hot chocolate and told Mom about all the wonderful things they had done during the winter storm.


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Denard working out at QB for Jacksonville
The Jacksonville Jaguars had Denard lining up in the shotgun formation at QB during Wednesday's OTA practice. Looks like his QB days are not over. The last line of the article predicts that if Denard does well, he could be reclassified from RB to QB in the future.


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Shipping and Delivery
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US domestic delivery takes 2 to 3 business days while delivery to Canada takes 5 to 7 business days. However international deliveries take 9 to 11 business days. Depending on the various countries, sometimes delivery may take up to 3 weeks, however, it happens quite rarely.
Does Nutrition Forest ship its product to all states of U.S?
Nutrition Forest ships all its products to all 48 states of the United States of America because our warehouse is located at Georgia in U.S
What are the shipping charges for domestic orders?
There is no shipping charges, Its FREE.
What are the shipping charges for international orders?
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Can I order any product during weekends or holidays?
Yes, you can order any product during holidays either Sundays or public holidays but in this case products are shipped next business day. However order products are shipped on the same day if you order on business day by 1 p.m. PST.
What services do you use to deliver all your products to customers?
Nutrition Forest ships all products via USPS First Class International, USPS Priority Mail (if order exceeds 150USD for domestic orders), UPS Expedited, UPS Worldwide Expedited, FedEx and DHL Express and the best carrier based on the shipping address given by you at checkout. However we use USPS first class international mail for all international order which helps to easily clear the product from custom department.
When can I get shipping tracking code?
You can receive an acknowledgement of shipping tracking code within 24 hours of order placed and you can always track status and location of your purchased products via our website or shipping tracking carrier.
Do you charge handling charges separately?
No, Nutrition Forest doesn't charge handling charges separately because they already include in shipping charges.
Do you ship to APO/ FPO (AA, AE, AP) or military address?
Yes we ship all our products to APO/ FPO (AA, AE, AP) or military address at our standard shipping charges. Our standard shipping charges are less as compared to other companies.
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What are the Payment Options?
Currently we accept payment via Visa, MasterCard, Discover, PayPal and US residents can also pay via bank transfer as per the request.
Is it safe to use PayPal?
PayPal is absolutely safe because it keeps all information related to your credit card number and finance secret. It is not shared with anyone.
Is custom duty applicable on these products?
All products are free from custom duties but there are certain states or countries where custom is applicable as per their respective laws.
Are these products' prices inclusive of taxes?
Prices of all products available on our websites are listed inclusive of taxes thus you don't have to pay additional cost or price.
Return and Refund Policy
What if I am not satisfied with the products and services?
We have a very transparent refund policy with 100% money back guarantee. So if our products and services are not as promised, you have all rights to get your money refunded.
How can I take my money back, if I am not satisfied with it?
If you are not contended by any product due to any reason, you can return it and take your money back provided product should be in saleable condition. You must have order ID or shipping invoice and ship your package via traceable shipping carrier which includes insurance.
How much time can I take to return or exchange any product purchased from you?
If you are dissatisfied by any product you can refund or exchange it within 30 days from the date of delivery and remember refund policy is applicable only on purchase of two or more bottles of the same product.
How can I contact you if I have to return or exchange a product?
You can drop an email at support@nutritionforestDOTcom and ask for the return address.
Is there any situation when 30 days return policy is not applicable?
If you have purchased any product during promotional offers or special offers and not satisfied by that product then you are not eligible for 30 Days Return Policy.
How can I cancel the order?
You can cancel your order online before the product has been shipped and then entire amount will be refunded.
Damaged / missing / incorrect items
What to do if I receive damaged or incorrect item?
Please contact us at customer care number 718-618-9649, Monday to Friday, 10.00 A.M. to 6.00 P.M. PST. We will reship the appropriate item, You can also contact us via email; please don't forget to mention your name, order id, zip code and brief description of the product.
What if one of the items is missing in my received order?
Before reaching to any conclusion please ensure that no item is hidden in your parcel because all items are double checked while loading into the carrier and matched with invoice number.
Who are the target customers of Nutrition Forest?
The target customers of Nutrition Forest are adult or above 18 who want to maintain physical fitness.
Which products does Nutrition Forest deal in?
Nutrition Forest sells all supplements and skin care products.
Are these products made with natural ingredients?
Yes, many of the products are made with natural ingredients so as to give the effective results.
Are these products manufactured in laboratories approved by FDA?
All our supplements and skin care products are manufactured under the strict guidelines of FDA.
Is your website secured?
Our website is absolutely secured. Nutrition Forest Website has been issued a Quick SSL by GeoTrust.
Do I need to register to buy products?
No, you no need to register in order to make purchases on our website. However, you may register if you wish, to make it easier for returning customers; customers may register an account on our website. This enables the delivery & invoice address to be saved for future reference, as repeating long addresses can be tedious.
Is this website free from virus attacks and malware?
Yes, our website is free from all types of virus. Our website is monitored by Sucuri daily and keeps the site free from malware and virus attacks.
In which countries are products delivered?
We have distribution center all across the world through which we accept orders from all countries except Ghana and Nigeria.
Is payment gateway of the site secure?
Yes, we have teamed up with the most reliable partners for transactions and fund transfers. Neither we nor our channel partners record any details of your credit or debit card. Besides we have employed some of the best security features.
My parcel hasn't arrived yet?
Please contact us in the unlikely event of a parcel not being delivered. If you requested online order tracking from us, please contact us for the parcel tracking link if you did not receive it in your email. Please note that we will need to wait 21 days from dispatch before we can investigate the non-arrival of an item.
What about return policy?
Our return policy is absolutely hassle-free. Return products purchased from us along with a valid reason and your amount will be refunded within a few days of receipt of the returned products.
I am vegetarian. Can I take these supplements?
We don't use any artificial or synthetic ingredient in our supplements. Our most of the supplements are suitable for vegetarians, so we suggest you check the ingredients of the supplements before use. If you think the supplement is suitable for you then only you buy.
Can I take supplements under any medical condition?
If you are suffering from any medical condition then we advise you to consult your physician before taking any supplement on your desire. If your physician advises you for any supplement then you can contact us to know about recommended supplement.


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Play by the rules - Some interesting scenarios!
The Southern Football League is committed to the ideal of "playing by the rules" both on and off the field. The link on the next page highlights a number of issues and has nine short videos which highlight some of the common issues faced in sport and recreation.more


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Cape House
Cherry Cottage
Butternut Cottage
The Carriage House
Cedar & Pines Cottages
Door County Links
DC Picture Gallery
Cottages FAQ's
Cape House FAQ's
Door County Vacation Rentals
Book Now to get your preferred Door County vacation rental dates and relax
knowing you have the best time and reservation for your vacation.
Park Place/Cape House Brochure
Prime Spring and Summer Dates
for 2018 Still Available...
Call 920-854-9625
See the
2018 Door County Calendar of Events
to help plan your vacation stay with us.
See the Video of Park Place Below
See You Soon in Door County Vacation Land!
to your Door County vacation rental "Mini Home" away from home! We have newly refurbished cottages for rent located in the heart of Door County right next door to Peninsula Park.
Click through the pictures below to learn more about these charming accomodations. We have something just right for everyone.
Contact Us
soon for lodging availablity for your vacation.
Cottage Testimonial
"This was our first trip to Door and we love it! We love the park-like setting and being so close to things. We brought our bikes and enjoyed being able to ride in the park by just going down the drive. Everything was so clean and the extra touches were great. We hope to come back someday!" J and D, West Plains, MO
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Park Place Cottages in Ephraim
Cherry Cottage
Two Bedrooms- 1 king, 2 twins
One Full Bath
Large Living Room
Kitchen with Dining Area
Covered Porch
Click for more information
and pictures
Butternut Cottage
Two Bedrooms- 1 queen, 2 twins
One Full Bath
Large Living Room
Kitchen with Dining Area
Covered Porch
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and pictures
The Carriage House
Second Floor Penthouse Overlooking The Tree Tops
Two Bedrooms-
Queen bed in each
One Full Bath
Large Living Room w/ Sleeper Sofa
Kitchen with Dining Area
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and pictures
Cedar & Pines Cottages
Two Independent One Bedroom Suites
One Bedroom- 1 queen
One Full Bath
Large Great Room-
Living, Dining, and Kitchenette
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Cape House in Fish Creek
Cape House
Three Bedrooms- 3 queens, 3 twins
One and a Half Baths
Large Living Room
Kitchen with Dining Area
Washer & Dryer
Central Air Conditioning
Large Yard and Spacious Deck
Click for more information and pictures
Park Place Cottages & Cape House
Debbie Eckert, Owner
920-854-5626 Home
920-854-9625 Office
P.O. Box 224
Ephraim, WI 54211
Door County, USA
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Tairawhiti District Health
Te Mana Hauora O Te Tairawhiti
Te Mana Hauora O Te Tairawhiti
Home » News and Media » News » More time with people from 'FIT'approach
15 June 2016
Hauora Tairawhiti are implementing the FIT approach programme. This is a combined approach of Releasing Time to Care and Care Capacity and Demand Management (CCDM).
Releasing time to care aims to improve care quality by eliminating waste and activities that do not add value. This enables hospital staff to spend more time with patients, thereby improving patient safety and ward efficiency.
CCDM focuses on improving staffing efficiency by ensuring the right staff - (numbers, skills and schedule) are in the right place – (environment supports the work & the workers) delivering the right care.
Hauora Tairawhiti are now into year four of the FIT approach programme with nine patient areas involved including the Satellite Dialysis Unit (SDU).
The Satellite Dialysis Unit has introduced quarterly audits to reduce the risk and actual medication errors. The IV Heparin Infusion audit will check that each infusion is signed by two nurses. In July to September 2015 the audit result is 87 percent up from 85.9 percent in April to June 2015.
An iron infusion audit checks the six steps in correct drug administration and uses a fun and visual approach to record positive results. For an incident free week, a piece of armour is placed on a picture of a 'man in a suit' and at the end of each quarter Iron man is fully suited, or he has a hole in his armour and is at risk! From June to September 2015 iron man was 92 percent suited-up with an aim of fully suited by the end of the year.
Measurement and transparency of results is important to implementing and sustaining an improvement.


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Read the article below or the full text here: http://qctimes.com/news/state-and-regional/iowa/bill-would-extend-expand-iowa-s-medical-cannabis-program/article_a672c135-9a5a-5e1d-a44f-b09277c00cf1.html
Bill would extend, expand Iowa's medical cannabis program
A three-person panel of state legislators advanced a bill that would extend the current program, which permits the use of a medicinal byproduct of the marijuana plant for treatment of intractable epilepsy but is set to expire in July. It also would expand it to permit the product to be grown and sold in Iowa and create a process by which more ailments would be covered.
"I've worked on this issue for some time," said Rep. Bob Kressig, D-Cedar Falls."The bill is actually a good step in the right direction."
The bill was introduced in the Republican-controlled Iowa House by Rep. Clel Baudler, R-Greenfield, chairman of the public safety committee through which the bill is tracking, and was managed Wednesday by Rep. Jarad Klein, R-Keota.
Advocates for medical cannabis have pressed state lawmakers to expand the current program, which was started in 2014 and permits use but makes it difficult for Iowans to access the product. Advocates have had a persistent presence at the Capitol in the past few years, sharing success stories of people who have seen a dramatic reduction in seizures and pain after using medical cannabis.
"Erin Miller (of Des Moines), whose son Abram benefited from the current bill, is now 600 days seizure-free on (medical cannabis) oil. And she wanted me to express that to you all," Tom Duncan of Jefferson told lawmakers at Wednesday's hearing.
Opponents of the proposal cite its break from federal laws, which do not recognize cannabis oils and extracts as approved medicinal products.
However, 28 states and the District of Columbia have comprehensive public medical marijuana and cannabis programs, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. The previous federal administration said it would not pursue action against states with medical and recreational marijuana laws, and Klein said Wednesday that state lawmakers have reached out to the new administration to seek clarification on the issue.
The bill also provides an avenue for more ailments to be covered by the program. Currently, medical cannabis may be used only to treat intractable epilepsy; the bill would allow for more maladies to be added if recommended by the University of Iowa's medical college and approved by state lawmakers.
Advocates say medical cannabis also can be beneficial in treating post-traumatic stress disorder and some forms of cancer.
"It's very important for us that people have safe and legal access," said Sally Gaer of West Des Moines, co-founder of a medical cannabis advocacy group whose daughter has a rare form of epilepsy.
Lawmakers on the panel noted the legislation does not permit the recreational use of marijuana and allows only for use of a byproduct with such low potency that users cannot get high.
"This is such low THC (the hallucinogenic element in marijuana) that you can't get high on it. This is not recreational, and folks need to understand that," Klein said. "This is about medicine. This is about helping folks."
The legislation was approved by the three-member panel — Kressig, Klein and Rep. Kristi Hager, R-Waukon. The bill is now eligible for consideration by the full committee. Klein said he expects the bill to be approved by the committee, which would keep it eligible for consideration this session ahead of a key legislative deadline at the end of next week.
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Iowans for Safe Access is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. We are comprised of patients and caregivers who became educators and advocates. Together, we hope our voices can help to change minds, hearts, and laws.
The views, opinions and positions expressed by the authors and those providing comments on these blogs are theirs alone. Opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views, opinions or positions of Iowans for Safe Access.
We reserve the right to delete, edit, or alter blog entries or comments that we, in our sole discretion, deem to be obscene, offensive, defamatory, threatening, or otherwise unacceptable.
October 2017


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Project Details:
- Located in the prestigious Kalorama Heights section of Washington, DC, 2144 California will undergo a gut interior rehabilitation together with facade enhancements. When complete, it will feature 113 reconfigured apartments with state-of-the-art kitchens, beautifully appointed bathrooms, and new flooring. It will feature a double-height, full-circuit fitness facility with yoga room, residents lounge, bike and tenant storage, and fully landscaped roof deck with spectacular 360 degree views of the nation's capital.
- The property is situated on one of the most tranquil and scenic streets in historic Kalorama, known for its distinguished homes and architectural landmarks, and as a favored home to diplomats and city luminaries. The area is well served by retail, transit, and two nearby parks where residents can seek refuge with over 1700 acres of natural parkland.
Address: 2144 California Street NW, Washington, DC
Investment Partners: Ashforth/BedRock Real Estate Partners + Federal City Properties
Size: 91,699 sf
Number of Stories: 9
Number of Units: 113
Expected Completion/Completion Date: 2018
Property Map


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Juventus defender Giorgio Chiellini has stressed the importance of his side keeping a clean sheet against Benfica tomorrow.
The Old Lady head into the Europa League semi-final second leg needing to overturn a 2-1 deficit to progress to the final, to be played at their own Juventus Stadium.
"I can't wait to get out on the pitch," Chiellini said at the pre-match Press conference. "It will be a magical evening and one that all Juventini, whether they are at the stadium or watching on television, will want to experience.
"It will be absolutely crucial to not concede a goal, because I am convinced that with the attacking threat we have we will manage to score.
"We must also look to limit the number of errors we make compared to the first leg.
"On that occasion we deserved more than we got but we found ourselves on the end of a negative result.
"We have no fear. We are conscious that everything depends on us and tomorrow we have the chance to continue to live this dream of playing in the final here in Turin.
"So we have no fear, but a lot of desire to play, do well and win. That's it."
See the latest Serie A predictions and betting tips with Eurotips.co.uk [12]


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Test Strip
Your IP Question Answered
Q: How do automation systems get along with IP audio network systems?
A: The beauty of IP is that you can integrate audio routing, control and automation into one seamless operating environment. No soundcards or external logic connections needed. Most IP audio network systems provide connectivity into existing automation systems. Some let you do even more. For example, because our WheatNet-IP I/O BLADEs also include stereo mixers, you can mix down multiple automation channels to a single output that can then be programmed as the automatic failover in an emergency or to bypass the studio. With the push of a button or a command from the automation system, this output could feed the transmitter and free up the on-air studio for production or voice tracking.
NAB 2017 Interviews
We grabbed our colleagues from all walks of broadcast life and put them in front of the camera to talk about whatever they pleased. Here are the videos...
When IP Isn't Enough
If you've worked with IP networking to any extent, you've no doubt discovered one of life's great ironies.
IP, it turns out, knows very little about the successful delivery of media.
IP can bring unbelievable adaptability and extendibility. But you'll still need a way to bring audio into the network, prioritize it to reduce packet dropouts and other quality issues, plus process and do all those things you normally do with audio.
In short, you'll need something that talks both IP and audio, and knows AES67. That's where WheatNet-IP audio I/O BLADEs come in.
IP Onboard for Immersive, Personalized Audio
We've seen IP audio consoles get smaller, more adaptable, more capable, and, in truth, stranger looking. One console-like appliance that is recognizable to anyone familiar with WheatNet-IP audio networks is the SideBoard, a surface that contains all the faders and controls typical of any control surface but in a 4 RU rackmount chassis. Another interesting appliance is the TS-4 or TS-22 talent station, which is essentially a console all rolled into a small turret for putting mic controls, source selection, headphone volume and all the other necessary functions in front of talent.
We've just begun to scratch the surface of what IP audio networking can do.
We can now source, route, mix, and send to air from just about any surface imaginable, in some cases without touching a single physical fader.
Having all these terms in one place, and in alphabetical order, definitely comes in handy. But just as helpful to us are the comments at the end of the article by those who, for various reasons, added onto or had their own definitions.
By Dee McVicker
If you've ever driven the 372 miles from Los Angeles to Phoenix, you know that there's nothing between Blythe and Quartzsite except a few jackrabbits and your radio. Sometimes, there are no jackrabbits.
Applying touchscreen GUI technology to today's audio console has some interesting rewards in workflow, as we demonstrated with our IP-64 and the Dimension Three TV audio consoles in previous years, and now with our new LXE IP audio console this NAB show. READ MORE
It's drive time all the time for 107.7 Sanef located near Senils, France. That is, the station broadcasts to traveling motorists through a network of 200 watt transmitters synchronized on the same frequency and located along 1,800 kilometers of motorway. READ MORE
Audio mixing consoles are now part of a much larger universe, the fabric of which is networking. How a console is networked is more critical than ever before, as are the applications that drive its usefulness.
Today, broadcast operations have extended beyond and expanded within their walls, thanks largely to IP and networking. But meanwhile, back at the factory, we're keeping it all under one roof. Why? READ MORE
By Scott Johnson
When you think of Wheatstone processing, you naturally think of broadcasting. But if an audio engineer tucked an Aura8-IP under his arm and left the station, would he find other uses for it? The answer, I found out recently, is a resounding yes! READ MORE
To make sure our system can outperform every other AOIP network on the face of the earth, and do it easily and robustly, we routinely get our engineers together to put them through stuff no real installation would ever attempt. How does WheatNet-IP perform? READ THE STORY
Network EDGE is designed specifically as a translator between high-quality, low-latency studio networks such as WheatNet-IP and low-bandwidth STL connectivity options such as IP wireless radios.
IP wireless radios in the unlicensed 5 or 24 GHz range are priced from a few hundred to several thousand dollars.
Typically located at the studio, the Network EDGE interfaces directly to an IP wireless radio or commercial leased line for point-to-point connectivity between locations. Network EDGE can be used with any of the major IP radio brands currently on the market. When used within the WheatNet-IP system, with a Network EDGE at one end and a BLADE at the other, this opens up a world of possibilities based on BLADE I/O functionality such as silence detection, clip player, logic for automation, et al.
The Network EDGE includes local I/O (two AES and two stereo analog) and 12 programmable logic ports.
Wheatstone is all about radio. Cool consoles and mixers. Intelligent audio IP studio networking or TDM routing. VoxPro recording and editing. AM and FM on-air processors that rock both loud AND clean.
When you think of TV audio, you think of Wheatstone. Our consoles are the control centers for the finest facilities in the world. WheatNet-IP audio networking is becoming THE standard for interconnect.
For live, on-air recording and real-time editing, there's no better solution than VoxPro.CLICK HERE FOR VOXPRO
Only Wheatstone offers processors with the surgical precision of 31-band processing! Sound shaping for FM, AM, HD, television, webcasting, podcasting, mastering or live audio.


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Professors of pediatrics and authors of Don't Swallow Your Gum, Aaron Carroll and Rachel Vreeman have been featured on The Dr. Oz Show, CNN, in the New York Times and many other media outlets. Now, they follow the success of that myth-busting book with Don't Cross Your Eyes…They'll Get Stuck That Way!: And 75 Other Health Myths Debunked.
Read more lifestyle and parenting advice with 5 Minutes for Books.
Here, Carroll and Vreeman use various studies to uncover a variety of health-related myths. I found myself reading aloud to my husband almost every one, amazed to learn what I thought was true really wasn't, or in some cases that I was justified in beliefs that were correct.
A good portion of the myths are related to the common cold. The authors discuss what won't give you a cold—airplane travel, cold weather, wet hair—and reiterate that the best way to prevent a cold is hand-washing with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizer. They review studies of cold remedies that don't work. Echinacea, vitamin C, zinc and other herbal remedies will not prevent you from getting sick and will not help you recover any faster. Honey, on the other hand, can help coughing, and garlic may be the one thing that can prevent a cold. I was gratified to read that while kids in day care do catch more colds, they catch fewer colds when they enter school because their immune systems are built up.
Other topics include causes of cancer—the authors contend that artificial sweeteners don't cause cancer; cell phones don't cause brain tumors; and deodorants and antiperspirants do not cause breast cancer. Food-related myths are also busted: Cheese doesn't make you constipated; chocolate and fried foods don't cause acne, and dairy products don't make you phlegmy. Eggs may cause salmonella, but they don't raise cholesterol.
If food myths are more your thing, then Lobsters Scream When You Boil Them and 100 Other Myths About Food and Cooking… Plus 25 Recipes to Get It Right Every Time by Bruce Weinstein and Mark Scarbrough will fit the bill. As the bestselling authors of more than 15 cookbooks, they use science and common sense to debunk legends and falsehoods handed down through generations on food.
Lobsters Scream When You Boil Them is broken into 10 chapters, including those about alcohol, fruit and vegetable-related myths, and historical and kitchen-gadget myths. Many myths relate to nutrients in food. Peeling a potato doesn't compromise the vitamins, but it does compromise the fiber content. Spinach has no more iron than any other leafy green. And not all vegetables lose nutrients when cooked, though most do.
In addition to the myth-busting, Lobsters Scream When You Boil Them has recipes that demonstrate the reasoning behind the falseness of the myth. The recipes are easy to follow, and include handy tips and tricks that even an inexperienced cook can handle.
If you consider yourself a foodie, love to eat, or are a fan of Alton Brown's food-meets-science approach, you'll enjoy Lobsters Scream When You Boil Them.Nancy Talan is a software tester and book reviewer at 5 Minutes for Books, two careers that couldn't be more different but are both rewarding. She enjoys popular fiction and picture books. She moved her family to northern Colorado in 2009 where she enjoys great skiing and great beer.


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Not wanting to upset her mum, Demi agreed to see a dietitian, but would drink litres of water to make it look like she was putting on weight.
She added: "The dietician made me a meal plan and told me to try to gain at least 1kg a week, or I might have to go into hospital.
"I attempted to eat a little bit more, but I would do anything to fake putting on weight, to avoid hospital.
"An hour before the appointment, I would drink litres and litres of water, so it seemed like I had put on weight.
"I know now how crazy that is, but at the time, it was what I thought I had to do.".


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Derived from the part of classical ballet technique that concerns pointe work.
Maria Verdeja
School of the Arts
30 years
as The Top Dance School
Classes For Every Skill Level
MVSA Studios
The Maria Verdeja School of the Arts was founded in 1987. Ms. Verdeja has trained over 10,000 dancers with a full commitment to the excellence in dance education. The Maria Verdeja School of the Arts offers top quality teachers in Ballet, Jazz, Contemporary, Contemporary, Tap, Acro, Hip Hop, Bboys Breakdance and Pointe at several locations in South Florida ; Coral Gables, Kendall, Pinecrest and Key Biscayne. Developing the dancer to their highest potential, while enriching the student with a sense of confidence and high self esteem is our goal.
Classes for all ages
Pre-K3 through Pre-professional level
Competitive Teams
National champions, Platinum, 1st Place Winners
End of Year Show
Professional Stage Lighting, State of the Art Backdrops, Innovative & Creative Costumes
Professional Staff
All teachers trained in their respective dance forms
Our Classes
Latin Ballroom
Experience the excitement, glamour and challenge of Ballroom and Latin dancing, including the Waltz, Foxtrot, Tango, Swing, Samba, Flamenco, Cha-Cha-Cha, Rumba, Merengue and Salsa.
Considered the foundation to all dance forms, Classical Ballet is the contrast between strong leg movements and the graceful upper body.
A form of dance that uses quick and precise footwork to create rhythmic sounds and syncopation with the tap shoe.
Jazz Funk
An exciting and derivative style that incorporates both elements and techniques of jazz and hip-hop.
Contemporary dance utilizes both the strong and controlled legwork of ballet and modern dance's stress on the torso and employs contact-release, floor work, fall and recovery and improvisation characteristic of modern dance.
Hip Hop
Hip Hop dance refers to street dance styles of locking, and popping movements. (Hip Hop music at our studio is censored).
This tumbling course develops balance, coordination, strength and elasticity by perfecting skills in dance stunts and flips.