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A shift to organic and locally grown produce has helped the industry remain resilient
New York, NY (PRWEB) September 23, 2014
Given the nondiscretionary nature of the industry's products, revenue for the Fruit and Vegetable Markets industry is generally stable; however, rising produce consumption and fruit prices benefited operators over the five years to 2014. Furthermore, sales for the industry follow unique preference and demographic trends, including a focus on healthy eating and the aging US population. While per capita fruit and vegetable consumption declined at an annualized rate over the five-year period, rising population levels offset this trend, causing total fruit and vegetable consumption to rise. As a result, industry revenue is expected to increase at an annualized rate over the five-year period; however, an expected sharp decline in vegetable prices in 2014 will likely cause industry revenue to decrease during the year.
According to IBISWorld Industry Analyst Stephen Hoopes, "The industry faces strong competition from traditional and nontraditional fruit and vegetable retailers like supermarkets and mass merchandisers." An increase in fruit and vegetable sales accounted for by these retail outlets directly takes revenue away from industry operators. The Supermarkets and Grocery Stores industry (IBISWorld report 44511) accounts for a massive portion of the total retail food market, which does not leave much room for comparatively niche fruit and vegetable markets. However, a shifting focus to organic and locally grown produce has helped the industry remain resilient. In fact, the number of industry enterprises has increased over the five-year period. Organic offerings, which come with substantial price markups, have provided an incentive for new market entrants and expanded the industry's average profit margin.
The continued focus on health and organic foods is anticipated to drive the industry over the five years to 2019, with revenue increasing at an annualized rate. "While per capita produce consumption is anticipated to remain constant, population increases are forecast to continue, raising total produce consumption at a rate similar to the previous five-year period," says Hoopes. To increase consumer produce consumption, government and private entities will emphasize the benefits of a healthy diet through campaigns and industry technology grants. Additionally, the rebounding economy will allow consumers to feel more comfortable making higher-priced purchases of organic produce, boosting industry performance.
For more information, visit IBISWorld's Fruit & Vegetable Markets in the US industry report page.
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IBISWorld industry Report Key Topics
Fruit and vegetable venders sell a variety of produce through stands, farmers' markets and retail locations where products are sold directly to the public. The industry's permanent stands and markets are small and individually owned. This unique industry generates revenue from the sale of fruits and vegetables and excludes sales of produce generated from supermarkets, grocery stores and mass merchandisers.
Industry Performance
Executive Summary
Key External Drivers
Current Performance
Industry Outlook
Industry Life Cycle
Products & Markets
Supply Chain
Products & Services
Major Markets
Globalization & Trade
Business Locations
Competitive Landscape
Market Share Concentration
Key Success Factors
Cost Structure Benchmarks
Barriers to Entry
Major Companies
Operating Conditions
Capital Intensity
Key Statistics
Industry Data
Annual Change
Key Ratios
About IBISWorld Inc.
Recognized as the nation's most trusted independent source of industry and market research, IBISWorld offers a comprehensive database of unique information and analysis on every US industry. With an extensive online portfolio, valued for its depth and scope, the company equips clients with the insight necessary to make better business decisions. Headquartered in Los Angeles, IBISWorld serves a range of business, professional service and government organizations through more than 10 locations worldwide. For more information, visit http://www.ibisworld.com or call 1-800-330-3772.


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Browse the library's books about Westerville.
Or use these keywords to start your own search!
Erin Francoeur
Executive Director
Kristin Michel
Assistant Director
Steven O.
Operations Director
Katrina P.
Human Resources Director
Dan G.
Fiscal Officer
Erin K.
Adult Services Manager
Robin G.
Youth Services Manager
Jen T.
Customer Services Manager
Julie K.
Outreach Manager
Beth W.
Local History Manager
Belinda M.
Collection Development Manager
Bill W.
Building Manager
David S.
Computer Services Manager
Tamara M.
Marketing Manager
9 a.m. - 9 p.m.
9 a.m. - 6 p.m.
9 a.m. - 6 p.m.
1 p.m. - 6 p.m.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Dark Side of Yard SalesFollow stormbear
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Human rights (or the lack of them) should concern everyone and I wanted to highlight another issue that is alive and well in America TODAY - human slavery. But instead of going down to the town square to buy a house slave for domestic work or a field slave to toil in the hot summer sun, now you go down to the local brothel and rape a slave.
There is an educational and repulsive article that ran in the San Francisco Chronicle titled Diary of a Sex Slave that is a must read.
Navigating past the junkies and hustlers in San Francisco's Tenderloin district, You Mi Kim found the metal security door she was looking for, and pressed the buzzer.
Inside Sun Spa massage parlor, the manager saw You Mi on the surveillance camera and threw some sea salt over the threshold -- a Korean practice to ward off bad luck.
It was July 2003. It had been five months since You Mi was lured from her home in South Korea by international sex traffickers, who had tricked the debt-ridden college student with promises of a high-paying hostess job in America.
Sadly, slavery hasn't gone away.
Sadly, Bush's border policy has allowed for a boom in human trafficking here in the United States with no let up in sight.
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Financial Planning for Families with Jason Silverberg: The Mom Hour BONUS Interview 11
Longterm financial planning can seem like a lofty goal when you're faced with the immediate needs of a growing family: paying for childcare, putting food on the table, and maybe even springing for a date night once in a while. Thinking about retirement and college tuition is something grownups do, right? Not overwhelmed new parents?
Not so, says Jason Silverberg, CFP®, CLU®, ChFC®, Vice President of Financial Planning for Financial Advantage Associates and our guest in this month's special bonus interview episode. Jason is a father of two and author of several books who specializes in young families, new parents, and single moms. Join Jason and Sarah for a conversation about spending, saving, and thinking long-term, even when you're in the early years of family life.
Links we mentioned in this episode:
- Picking Up The Pieces: A Divorcee's Guide to Financial Freedom (free download!)
- …And Baby Makes Three: A New Parent's Guide to Financial Planning (free download!)
- The Financial Planning Puzzle: Fitting Your Pieces Together to Create Financial Freedom (Jason's new book, via Amazon)
- Mint.com and eMoney Advisor
Got questions for Jason? Leave a comment in the show notes or find him on Facebook or LinkedIn!
Disclosure: Jason is a registered representative and investment advisor representative of Securian Financial Services, Inc. Securities and Investment Advisory Services offered through Securian Financial Services, Inc., Member FINRA/SIPC. Financial Advantage Associates is independently owned and operated. Financial Advisors do not provide specific tax/legal advice and this information should not be considered as such. You should always consult your tax/legal advisor regarding your own specific tax/legal situation. Separate from the financial plan and our role as financial planner, we may recommend the purchase of specific investment or insurance products or accounts. These product recommendations are not part of the financial plan and you are under no obligation to follow them. Life insurance products contain fees, such as mortality and expense charges (which may increase over time), and may contain restrictions, such as surrender periods.
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text: Hello, I am new to the web site ChefTalk. I am employed within the restaurant industry. I have the question(s) regarding the etiquette for fine dining for the host/hostess and guests. If this post isn't appropriate for this forum, please direct me to the specific forum or thread that discuss the etiquette at length with specific questions answered. Allow me to explain my inquiry on the etiquette for the positive fine dining experience and certain improper items -- that should be consciously aversive -- which could negate the fine dining experience. As far as I know, booking and attending the fine dining establishment is a privilege with the set of strict rules, to be enforced by not only the executive chef and his sous chefs, but also the wait staff noting the appropriateness of the behavior of the diners, even if nuanced and slightly oblivious to certain rules. The rules are uniformly unwritten, so it would be expected for the fine dining customers to have the knowledge, besides the appropriate dress code. The common dress code is usually smart casual. Rarely do certain restaurants, such as the few exorbitantly priced restaurants in New York City, require highly refined clothes, complete with the jacket wear requirement. I found the following pages that might help explain the following listed etiquette: The Top Ten Rules of Fine Dining (Listverse) The Urban Etiquette Handbook (New York Magazine) Restaurant Tipping Guide (Fine Dining Section; iTipping.com) My understanding is it is assumed that the host or hostess is solely responsible for the party's behavior, in addition to his or her action, as the collective guest at the fine dining establishment. I have learned the meaning of the restaurant industry slang term, "86." I'm sure you know what this means. When the chef says "86 that [person]," he or she is summarily banished from ever visiting the fine dining establishment again, for lifetime likely, for failure or not being able to conform to the unwritten rules. My understanding is the usage of the term is dependent on the temperance of the chef after being notified by the wait staff (waiter or server), perhaps buttressed by the "observant" front house manager and/or hostess (booker/cashier) supervisor, of the guest and/or the host's party's behavior that might appear rude. The definition of "rude" is as follows, in no particular order, and one word or all words may be applicable: 1. Uncultured 2. Uncouth 3. Condescending (patronizing towards the waiter and/or server assistant to denote assumed superiority, perhaps) 4. Ignorant 5. Acrimonious (especially towards the fumbling or interrupting waiter in silent presence, perhaps) 6. Oblivious (towards the specific and perhaps obscure fine dining rules which could be construed as disrespectful) Here is the hypothesis. Imagine, for a moment, when the hearing impaired diners, the party of two (acquaintances, dating or married couple), four, or more, arrive appropriately dressed for the occasion at the fine dining restaurant, with the knowledge of most fine dining etiquette? Imagine the hearing waiter who is assigned to the table of the deaf persons, whose preferred mode of communication, other than verbal conversation, is sign language that is (perhaps "very") expressive? Assuming the hearing impaired diners observed good manners by learned experience or reading the etiquette list referenced above. Read the menu considerably, look up to the waiter with eye contact, and point, with the index finger, to the menu selection for the choice, or speak out loud in intelligible speech at normal decibel. Yet, after serving two courses over the course of an hour or two, the hearing impaired couple or party is denied the dessert after the order, because the hearing waiter -- perhaps unfamiliar with and ignorant of the deaf culture and linguistics -- has complained to the back of the house (the 'master' chef and assistant chefs), claiming the deaf couple or party is rude by conducting the communication in sign language that appear "too" expressive. What happens thereafter is the deaf couple or party will be discomforted and impatient, awaiting the dessert and the waiter's attention (unreasonable wait). They had been ignored by the waiter who see them in view, yet continue serving the other tables. Even after the host or guest raised the index finger, politely with eye contact. The couple or party is not informed by the waiter, front house manager, or hostess supervisor that their behavior, comprising the utilization of sign language that seems expressive but do not emit any noise whatsoever, appears rude, which angers the back of the house when the waiter enters to state the allegation of rude behavior. Consequently, following the waiter's complaint in allegation -- perhaps reaffirmed by the observant front house manager and the supervisor (perhaps also ignorant of the deaf culture and linguistics like the main waiter), the chef states the verbal order to make the couple or party leave by voluntary resignation through the pressure of inordinate wait time followed by the bill payment with a tip proportionate to the service. Or, in the extreme (hypothetical) case, expelled by pressure by physical contact or insistent verbal directive, forced to pay the bill under the watchful eye of the front house manager and the supervisor, and then summarily banned? ("86'd") Let's assume the hearing impaired couple or party indeed comply with the dress code and conducted themselves reasonably according to the etiquette by self-education. Yet they receive the improper, substandard or negligible service simply because they communicate using expressive sign language, which emit inaudible or silent sound, which might be (mis)construed as rude that purportedly violate the unwritten code that "absolute politeness" is an essential component of the fine dining experience with the decent or superior wait service? The last detail is that the back of the house with the crucial staff -- the chefs -- feel insulted to the point of, for the lack of expression, murderous rage by the alleged rude behavior of the hearing impaired couple or party, based on the statements of the otherwise presumptuous and ignorant waiter, manager, and supervisor as the collaborating reporters. Here's the non-hypothesis. The above happened recently, supposedly. To the point, the conformance to the fine dining rules, unwritten or implied to be informed by experience or helpful instruction, is essential to the enjoyment of the experience as one of the highlights of our lives, as the guests. Perhaps it should be made clear that absolute politeness in verbal communication and behavioral rigor, in addition to the etiquette outlined in the web site references, will make the experience happy and vital, without denial of service or deliberately slow service. Maybe the deaf (and disabled) people who rely on sign language as the means of communication should be banished as the matter of policy, in explicitly stated posted notice or silent code, from every fine dining establishment. But there might be the problem with certain laws in certain countries that prohibit discrimination, especially the United Kingdom and U.S., regarding the treatment of certain guests on the business property. I.E., the fine dining restaurant governed by the owner or executive/master chef & sous chef(s).


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September 12, 2011
WILLIAM GRIBBLEv.LOUIS S. FOLINO, ET AL.
The opinion of the court was delivered by: Mary A. McLAUGHLIN, J.
AND NOW, this 9th day of September, 2011, upon consideration of the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Docket No. 1), the Amended Petition for Habeas Corpus (Docket No. 7), the Commonwealth's objections, the responses and replies thereto, petitioner's objections to the Report and Recommendation, and after review of the Report and Recommendation of United States Magistrate Judge Lynne A. Sitarski, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
1. The Report and Recommendation is APPROVED and ADOPTED;
2. The petitioner's objections are OVERRULED;
3. The Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus is DISMISSED and DENIED; and
4. Petitioner has neither shown a denial of a constitutional right, nor established that reasonable jurists would disagree with this Court's disposition of his claims. Consequently, a certificate of appealability is DENIED.
5. The Clerk of Court shall mark this case closed for statistical purposes.
The Court discusses below petitioner's objections and explains why they are overruled. The Court will follow the format of the Report and Recommendation and petitioner's objections thereto.
A. Claim No. 3 Subsection (a)-(h), (j)-(k): Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel The Report and Recommendation concluded that ten of petitioner's eleven claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel ("IAC claims") are procedurally defaulted. Gribble raises two objections.
First, Gribble objects that contrary to the Magistrate Judge's assertion, he did, in fact, raise in state court two of his IAC claims for (1) failure to investigate and use character evidence and (2) failure to present any viable defense. See Obj. at 2. Factually, Gribble is correct: he raised these claims in his petitions under the Post Conviction Relief Act ("PCRA"). However, Gribble abandoned both claims in his PCRA appeal. Gribble thus failed to exhaust available state remedies because he did not invoke one complete round of the state appellate review process. See O'Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 845 (1999). The minor factual error in the Report and Recommendation thus does not alter the conclusion that Gribble procedurally defaulted these claims.
Second, Gribble objects that he established cause to excuse his procedural default because he is entitled to effective assistance of PCRA and PCRA appellate counsel under Pennsylvania law. He argues that his PCRA counsel was ineffective for failing to pursue his IAC claims. However, counsel ineffectiveness constitutes "cause" to excuse only when it is an independent constitutional violation under federal law. See Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 755 (1991). Because the Sixth Amendment does not entitle a defendant to post-conviction counsel, a claim of ineffective assistance of PCRA counsel does not establish "cause" to excuse procedural default. Hull v. Freeman, 991 F.2d 86, 91 (3d Cir. 1993).*fn1 Therefore, for the reasons set out in the Report and Recommendation, ten of Gribble's IAC claims are procedurally defaulted.
B. Claim No. 3 Subsection (I): Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel
The Report and Recommendation concluded that (1) Gribble's IAC claim for withdrawing a motion to suppress should be dismissed as procedurally defaulted, and (2) Gribble's IAC claim for withdrawing a motion to sever should be denied on the merits for failure to show prejudice from a joint bench trial. Gribble objects to both conclusions.
As to the motion to suppress, Gribble's objection merely restates his claim on the merits that trial counsel was ineffective for withdrawing the motion to suppress. Gribble makes no ...
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SMB Music
What is SMB Music?
SMB Music is an application for accessing and playing music files on network file servers and shares that support the SMB protocol. SMB (also called CIFS) is the native network file sharing protocol of Microsoft Windows. Mac OS X 10.1 and later and most Linux distributions support it. SMB is also supported on a variety of other systems, including many network file storage appliances.
SMB Music can play most MP3, MP4 (M4A) and WAV format music files and M3U format playlists. It will not play DRM protected MP4 files.
SMB Music significantly extends the capability of your device by providing access to music libraries that are external to iTunes, especially those that predominantly consist of MP3 music files and M3U playlists. Since SMB Music does not use local device storage, there is essentially no limit to the number of songs that can be accessed and played.
Key features:
- Supports up to four network file share connections
- Network status detection and auto-recovery
- Netbios and DNS name resolution
- Name resolution bypass
- Informative status messages
- Configurable file extension filtering
- Automatic directory indexing
- Selectable directory sorting
- File tag display including embedded artwork
- Configurable folder art display
- Playlist support with automatic path mapping
- Automatic directory tree playing
- Multitasking support and background playing
Important notes:
- SMB Music requires a WiFi connection. Carrier connections (WWAN) are not supported.
- SMB Music does not create local copies of files, so device storage capacity is not affected.
- SMB Music cannot play DRM protected MP4 (M4P) files, such as those purchased through iTunes.
- SMB Music does not write to the file server, so there is no danger of file modification or virus introduction.
- SMB Music supports Microsoft Windows 2000 and newer systems. Windows 98 and earlier systems are not supported. SMB Music also supports Samba (2.0 and newer) on Linux and other Unix systems and Mac OS X 10.1 and newer with built-in SMB support.
SMB Music is available now for the Apple iPhone
and iPod touch on the App Store.
SMB Music on the App Store


text:
Hi Gals,
A long time, I don't post picture about me. (Probably because I can't see me in pictures.). I bought a lot of thing since last shoot of me. Clothes, makeup, Accessories...
Since I lost kilos, I want to improve anew my style. I can not define my style. I want to wear what I want : Rock, Grunge, Onee style, Glavil style, Harajuku style... (So much inspirations)
◥ Batman Ring
|Love it ♥ ♥
√ Prep + Prime BB MAC Compact Light√ Mac Mineralize - Tinted Lip Balm - Stay Warm
√ Mac Mineralize Blush - Amber Glow (Wonderful Blush)
√ Lipstick Mat - Please Me
√ Lycée Contact
√ Benefit - Whatt's up !
√ Sephora - base Lissante
|The Result ☆


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And Soon She Will Be Skilled Guitarist
I recently signed my eldest daughter up for guitar lessons. It was a hard choice; my husband wanted her to take violin or piano lessons. He said there are a lot of guitar players out there, and that an accomplished piano player or violinist can really make a name for themselves. However, my eldest daughter chose the guitar. I hope she is a quick learner. We don't mind her playing for her lessons, but we don't like bad music (hahaha). Yes, we know that to start she may be punishing our ears and that she will need a good acoustic guitar tuner, from a place like acoustic guitar tuner guitar center, but I know my daughter well and if she puts her mind to it, she will learn quickly and soon be a skilled guitarist.


text: Be it a lazy Saturday afternoon or a stressed out evening, nothing works better than a steaming cup of black tea. Better still if it is to be the champagne of teas. The soul of misty Darjeeling hills is now brought to you in convenient tea bags by Chamong. So, pick a pack of Chamong Darjeeling Black Tea Bags and enjoy the wonder that is 6000 ft above the ordinary!


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Director Jean-Pierre Denis scored a Camera d'Or at Cannes in 1980 for his first film set in the Dordogne region (southwest France); the dialogue in that film was in Provençal -- unintelligible to French speakers but accurate for the Dordogne area. In La Palombière, Denis returns to Dordogne for a story, with a dialogue in French this time, about a visiting schoolteacher (more
All La Palombiere cast + crew photos
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
Copyright © 2018 FANDANGO MOVIES.


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Tag Archives: holiday families
The holidays can be an amazing time for relationships… and simultaneously a disastrous time as well! Some of us moms relish in the idea of family time, while others would prefer to get away to Hawaii. Family get-togethers can quickly become intense, hostile, and overwhelming if you and your partner are on different pages about the holidays.
One of the most important issues to address first is the topic of family traditions. Many couples struggle each year with the age-old dilemma of whose family they should see on which day, when, and how. Sometimes just the idea of managing the holidays can feel so overwhelming that we quickly prefer to just hibernate and pretend like they will never come. I have literally seen these types of arguments result in all kinds of hurt feelings and sometimes even long-term wars between family members.
The holidays can be such an amazing time to connect with your family and create memories that will last a lifetime. The secret to holiday bliss is staying connected to your partner, regardless of the inevitable ups and downs that will likely ensue. By just simply putting a couple of small steps into place, you can easily stay connected to your main squeeze throughout the holiday season.
Here are some ways to ensure that you and your partner can enjoy the holidays together and make them as special for your family as possible.
Step #1 Acknowledge & accept each other's values
Many people differ in terms of the importance of family traditions. There are those that want to celebrate the holidays just like they did as a kid. There are also people who want to create their own traditions with their new family unit. Implementing new and old traditions in your family can be the perfect solution. Have you ever sat down and talked with your partner (not argued) so that you could really understand what pieces of the holidays are the most important to them? It's worth a conversation. Arguments, specifically surrounding family traditions, usually happen when we try to meet our partner's needs in the way that we get our own needs met. Basically, this means that we assume that our partner wants just what we want and that's what makes them feel good. However, especially when it comes to family traditions, it is essential to really understand what values are important to you and your partner so that each person can get their holiday needs met.
I hear many couples say "The holidays are all about the kids." Well, yes and no. Both parents being happy in their intimate relationship is the cornerstone of a happy family. If you and your partner are distant or arguing, the entire family feels the tension. In order for you to have a memorable holiday experience, you and your partner have to be on the same page.
The type of conversation that I am suggesting can be very simple. Plan ahead. As soon as you read this article, ask your partner when the two of you can sit down for a quick chat about how you would like the holidays to go.
During this meeting, you can ask these questions:
- "What are the most important parts of the holidays for you?"
- "What would you like the holidays to look like?"(as in spending time with who, when, and where)
- "How can we make sure that we have some time alone with just our family (you, me, and the kids) and how can we make that special?"
- "What time can we set aside just for you and I?" I am suggesting that you prioritize
I am suggesting that you prioritize your immediate family, but I am also aware that of course you are going to want to do your best to keep both partners extended families happy as well. Melding the values of different generations can be complicated. Parents, grandparents, and other family members often seem to want something far different than what feels important to us. Sometimes it feels so hopeless that we quickly end up giving into to certain family traditions even though we dread the event and then end up having a bad attitude the whole time we are there.
Start by appreciating and accepting differences between the generations. This will set the tone for a renegotiation of what is important in the present.
Once you have determined how both of you would like the holidays to go, strategize a plan and work together to do your best to make sure your plan happens. At the same time, it is also important to be realistic and flexible. As long as you are both doing your best to meet one another's needs in the way you agreed upon, it will be much easier to work together as a team through any obstacles that come up throughout the holiday season.
Step #2 Emotionally connect no matter where you are
Acknowledging reality, you may end up in a boring situation together over the holidays. When things may feel a little stressful or boring, you can still maximize your connection with each other. Take a moment here or there to share a laugh about something funny or to flirt a little.
I know that I am always harping on the awesomeness of text messages, but when you are in a non-ideal holiday situation, you can really use text messages to your advantage.
You can text your partner something romantic, funny, what you wish the two of you could be doing, or simply just a text of appreciation. This can also be a great opportunity to make your partner feel special when you are in a crowded room of people.
The fact that the text message is just between the two of you makes it a secret, which creates an instant emotional connection.
However, if text messages aren't your thing, you can always make up a random excuse to pull your partner aside, give them a quick kiss, embrace, or whisper a sweet nothing. Staying emotionally connected will continue to fuel the love and passion in your relationship.
Step #3 Practice mom-care
In addition to making sure you set aside time together, it is also essential that you practice mom balance. Self- care is critical through the holidays and will keep you the healthiest possible. Take a couple of minutes now to think about what truly makes you feel good and relaxed. Maybe it's getting up before everyone else and having a cup of coffee and a little alone time (I know that is one of my favorites!). Maybe it means setting aside time for a workout. Don't give into the hype of what helps other people relax, genuinely focus on what makes you feel good. If you just add "self-care" exercises that other people suggest to your to-do list you will just end up more stressed out. Setting aside even five minutes a day to rock out to your favorite music, take some deep breaths, or focus on what you are grateful for will help keep you calm and focused.
These three simple steps are a recipe for holiday success!
I wish you and your family a wonderful holiday season!


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Rogan got hold of the camera this morning and wandered around the house taking photographs while I braved the elements and put washing on the line (with great optimism as I'm sure it's about to rain).
Here's some of his handy work. Let me tell you, it's a good thing that we have digital technology . . . it'd have cost a fortune if we were still using celluloid.
A little more practice is required I think and probably some direction. Perhaps we'll head out on a photographic expedition on Friday . . . weather pending.


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It would be "a major mistake" to regulate Internet service providers more like public utilities to make sure they grant equal access to all content providers, Cisco CEO John Chambers told CNBC on Thursday.
The technology executive argued that an "open Internet," in which Internet users would not have to pay more for higher speeds of broadband, would have negative implications on innovation, jobs and the economy.
Read MoreFCC could defy Obama on net neutrality, commissioner says
"I think it was a major mistake to revisit Title II. I've just come out of Europe last month. The European commissioners, country leads, [and] companies view the U.S. model as the one that is right and our broadband buildout over the last four to five years has been very good, probably one of the best in the world," he said on "Squawk on the Street." "To go back to a 1950s, voice mentality with Title II and net neutrality would be a tremendous mistake for our country."
Cisco, which makes network equipment, including for ISPs, would not be the only ones negatively impacted by a policy of "net neutrality," Chambers said. He argued it would hamper innovation and quality of service across the board.
Read MoreNet neutrality will bring more choice: Advocate
"You won't be able to introduce the digitization of companies in business," he said. "This is a very bad decision, and I think the whole country has to rally behind. This will cost the country jobs and economic leadership. A major mistake to head this way."


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David Light – Manager
I always loved cars. Dad taught me to drive a '36 Vauxhall in farmers fields when I was 10. On country roads I'd steer sitting on his knee. I worked school holidays at a Holden dealer from age 15 then left home as soon as I had finished school to work full time in cars. This was for a new BMW / Datsun dealer which stocked a range of used exotics – Porsche, Mercedes, Rover, Jaguar, Mustangs, Camaros – I was in car heaven.
First I cleaned them, then organised reconditioning and then became a cadet salesman. I must have done something right at some stage because the boss put me in a continental orange 1968 Porsche 911T to drive for a week – I remember it vividly – 30,000 miles on the clock and $7990 on the window – I was 18.
Since then I have sold new Ford, Jaguar, Rover, Range Rover, BMW, Mercedes and from 1992 until 2005, new Porsche at Chateau Moteur here in Adelaide. Over time I have been involved in aviation and big boats but I am now running our dream motor car business in our unique new showroom at 265 Richmond Road, Richmond.
Andy Morgan
When Andy retired from twenty eight years with Qantas, he decided his next phase would follow his passion – cars. After spending some years with Porsche, Mercedes and BMW dealerships, Andy has landed at Richmonds – and loves it. He is an all rounder and his efforts ensure cars are ready for sale and delivery. An active member of the Sporting Car Club, Andy is an essential member of the team and a welcoming host with excellent manners.
Bruce Field
We are fortunate to have Bruce preparing and repairing the cars we handle. Bruce is a true car enthusiast having grown up in a family where cars were of serious interest. I have been told by more than one person that he is an excellent pedaller (I haven't mentioned this to him), who has fun in both rallying and tarmac events. We appreciate his mechanical abilities on a wide range of types and models, his self-reliance, self-motivation, his friendly calm and thoughtful manner. To top it off, he only plays classical music in the workshop.


text:
- Research
- Open Access
A Meta-Analysis of hope enhancement strategies in clinical and community settings
- Robert Weis1Email author and
- Elena C Speridakos2
© Weis and Speridakos; licensee Springer. 2011
- Received: 17 June 2011
- Accepted: 8 November 2011
- Published: 8 November 2011
The last two decades have seen the development of theoretical models of hope, which have greatly influenced the field of positive psychology and the study of well-being. Recently, there has been increased interest in using these theories to create interventions and other strategies to enhance hopefulness among clinic-referred individuals and members of the community. We used meta-analysis to determine whether these hope enhancement strategies were associated with (a) increased hopefulness, (b) improved life satisfaction, and (c) decreased psychological distress among participants.
Analysis of 27 studies involving 2, 154 participants showed significant, but small, effect sizes for hopefulness and life satisfaction and no overall relationship between hope enhancement strategies and decreased psychological distress. Moderation tests indicated greater effect sizes for studies involving brief interventions, conducted in laboratory settings, and administered to students or individuals recruited from the community. Results also suggested publication bias.
As the current study provides only modest evidence for the ability of hope enhancement strategies to increase hopefulness or life satisfaction and no consistent evidence that hope enhancement strategies can alleviate psychological distress., traditional psychotherapeutic interventions or other effective positive psychological constructs (e.g., gratitude, optimism, mindfulness) might best be targeted in applied settings.
- Hope theory
- hope enhancement
- hope therapy
- positive psychological interventions
A Meta-Analysis of Hope Enhancement Strategies in Clinical and Community Settings
Hope has long been recognized as an important component of psychological growth and change Freud (1905/1968). believed that many of the benefits of psychoanalysis could be explained by patients' "expectations, colored by hope and faith" in the treatment process (p. 289). Later, Menninger (1959) urged mental health practitioners to study hope, "a basic but elusive ingredient in our daily work" (p. 281). Like Freud, Menninger suggested that many psychotherapeutic gains might be attributable to increased hope during the course of treatment. Subsequent theorists have extended his assertion, giving hope a central role in therapy. For example, Frank (1971) described patients as demoralized individuals who lacked hope. He argued that the "arousal of the patient's hope" was common to all psychological treatments, and necessary to alleviate suffering (p. 357). Similarly, Yalom (1995) described the instillation of hope as crucial to any therapy--an essential component necessary for clients to initiate and sustain their involvement in the therapeutic process over time.
Hope Theories
The last two decades have witnessed the development of a theoretical model of hope which has greatly influenced researchers in the field of positive psychology. Rather than emphasizing the emotional aspects of hopefulness, C.R. Snyder conceptualized hope as a cognitive construct which reflects people's motivation and capacity to strive toward personally-relevant goals (Snyder, 1994; Snyder, Rand, & Sigmon, 2002). Hope depends on two cognitions in particular: agency thinking and pathways thinking. Agency thinking refers to people's perceived ability to pursue goals despite obstacles and is evident in self-statements such as, "I can do this" and "I am not going to be stopped." Pathways thinking refers to people's perceived ability to generate plausible routes toward goals and is evident in self-statements such as "I can find a way to get this done." Considerable research has supported the notion that hope is dependent on both agency and pathways thinking, that these components of hope can be validly measured, and that hopeful individuals enjoy many benefits not experienced by their low-hope counterparts including superior academic achievement, psychological adjustment, and physical health (Arnau et al., 2010; Snyder, Sympson, Michael, & Cheavens, 2001).
Recently, Snyder's (1994) general model for hope has been applied to psychotherapy (Cheavens, Feldman, Woodward, & Snyder, 2006; Lopez, Snyder, Magyar-Moe, Edwards, Pedrotti, Janowski, et al., 2004; Pedrotti, Edwards, & Lopez, 2008; Snyder, 2000; Snyder, Feldman, Taylor, Schroeder, & Adams, 2000; Snyder, Parenteau, Shorey, Kahle, & Berg, 2002). From this perspective, people seek therapy when they repeatedly encounter barriers to their goals which they cannot circumvent or overcome. These barriers engender negative emotions, such as anxiety, depression, or anger, which are often the proximal determinants of their decision to seek help. The therapist's job is to increase hope by helping clients set clear, objective goals for treatment and increase agency and pathways thinking Snyder and colleagues (2000). have argued that hope is a common factor in psychotherapy: "Psychotherapies 'work' precisely because they enable people to identify goals that represent solutions to their problems, they specify particular routes for reaching those goals (pathways thinking), and they motivate clients to use those routes so as to implement change (agency thinking)" (pp. 257-258).
The application of Snyder's hope theory to psychotherapy has led to the development of specific interventions designed to systematically increase hope in clients. These interventions have several components in common. First, the therapist presents the basic tenets of hope theory, including a description of hope as a cognitive construct related to goal pursuit, an illustration of agency and pathways thinking, and a discussion of barriers and the negative emotions they can elicit. Second, the therapist helps the client identify meaningful goals. Goal identification can be accomplished by encouraging the client to reflect on his or her satisfaction in various "life domains" such as school, work, and relationships. After the client identifies a personally-relevant goal, the therapist and client generate multiple pathways toward its accomplishment. Pathways cognitions can be increased by breaking goals into more manageable parts, anticipating obstacles, and planning alternative routes in case of setbacks. Finally, the therapist targets clients' agentic cognitions, typically through the use of narratives or personal story-telling. For example, the therapist might encourage clients to relate and transcribe stories about events in their childhood that illustrate their capacity to face psychosocial challenges. The therapist might teach clients to identify low-hope elements of these narratives and replace them with positive, hopeful thoughts. Alternatively, with younger clients, the therapist might read stories about individuals who exemplify hope. Specific strategies for eliciting hope have been extensively described in The Psychology of Hope (Snyder, 1994), Hope for the Journey (Snyder, McDermott, Cook, & Rapoff, 1997), Making Hope Happen (McDermott & Snyder, 1999), The Great Big Book of Hope (McDermott & Snyder, 2000) and The Handbook of Hope (Snyder, 2000).
Whereas Snyder's hope theory has shaped the field of positive psychology, Herth's 2000;2001) conceptualization of hope has greatly influenced the fields of health psychology, nursing, and medicine. Like Snyder, Herth views hope as "a motivational and cognitive attribute that is theoretically necessary to initiate and sustain action toward goal attainment" (Arnau, Martinez, Guzman, Herth, & Konishi, 2010, p. 808). Unlike Snyder, however, Herth is primarily concerned with people's future goals as they relate to coping with medical illness, interpersonal loss, or other psychophysical stressors. Based on several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of cancer patients, adults with terminal illness, and older adults living in nursing homes, Herth identified three dimensions of hope that correlate with patients' psychosocial functioning.
Herth's "cognitive-temporal" dimension of hope is conceptually similar to Snyder's notion of agency thinking; it refers to individuals' beliefs that they can realistically attain desired objectives or outcomes (Arnau et al., 2010). For example, a woman recently diagnosed with breast cancer might view "an immediate return to 'normal' life" as an implausible goal; but instead, view "coping with my illness as best as I can" as more realistic (Kylma, Duggleby, Cooper, & Molander, 2009). Herth's second, "affective-behavioral" dimension of hope is theoretically similar to Snyder's pathways component; it reflects people's confidence that their plans or actions will lead to goal attainment (Arnau et al., 2010). For example, to cope with her illness, a woman with cancer might reduce her hours at work, seek assistance with household chores, and ask a friend for help with childcare. Herth's third dimension of hope has no corresponding component in Snyder's model. This "affiliative-contextual" dimension refers to people's perceived social support, spiritual support, and sense of belongingness. For example, a woman with cancer might rely more on family and friends, join a support group, or devote time to meditation or prayer. Factor-analytic studies, involving healthy adults, older adults, persons coping with medical illness, and individuals grieving the loss of loved ones support Herth's dimensional model.
Herth's model has also been used to guide interventions in nursing and medicine (Kylma et al., 2009; Schrank, Stanghellini, & Slade, 2008). The Hope Intervention Program (Herth, 2001) draws heavily on Herth's model to improve the coping strategies and quality of life of individuals with cancer and other serious illnesses. The program is administered in small groups, facilitated by trained mental health or nurse practitioners. Components of the program target the theoretical dimensions of hope. For example, participants are taught to set personally-meaningful and plausible goals, to break these goals into manageable steps, and to flexibly modify these steps in the face of setbacks or obstacles. Furthermore, like Snyder's hope enhancement strategies, participants are encouraged to share stories about challenges in their own lives (or in the lives of family members or friends) and to explore how these challenges show courage and optimism. Finally, considerable time is spent fostering a sense of community within the group, encouraging participants to draw upon others for support outside the group, and helping participants find meaning in their illness or loss.
Hope-Enhancement in the Clinic and Community
Several authors advocate the use of hope enhancement strategies in clinical settings and in the community. For example, Snyder, Lopez, and Pedrotti (2011) describe "hope therapy, " a series of interventions designed to elicit hopeful cognitions and reduce distress among adults referred to individual, marital, and group counseling. Similarly, Magyar-Moe (2010) views hope as "a malleable strength that can serve as an important therapeutic change agent" (p. 141). She describes several hope enhancement strategies and suggests that mental health practitioners use these techniques in their practice. Cheavens and colleagues offer specific ways therapists might increase hopeful thoughts in their clients within the context of cognitive therapy (Cheavens, Feldman et al., 2006) and describe how clinicians might use various hope enhancement strategies to treat patients with Major Depressive Disorder (Cheavens & Gum, 2010). Others suggest using hope enhancement techniques with children. For example, Nel (2010) describes how clinicians might use narrative approaches to instill hope in clinic-referred youths Snyder, McDermott, and colleagues (1997). describe how similar hope enhancement strategies can be used to treatment Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in children. Furthermore, Lopez and colleagues (2009) describe how these strategies might be implemented in public schools "for enhancing hope in all children" (p. 42). Hope enhancement strategies have also been suggested in related disciplines, such as counseling (Larsen & Stege, 2010), marriage and family therapy (Ripley & Worthington, 2002), health psychology (Hollis, Massey, & Jevne, 2007), and nursing (Herth, 2001; Turner & Stokes, 2006).
Although these interventions are based on thoughtful and well-researched models of hope, and they have become popular in recent years, their effectiveness has not been adequately examined (Kirschman, Johnson, Bender, & Roberts, 2009). Before these strategies are recommended as a way to reduce psychological distress, cope with illness or loss, or improve the lives of adults and children, it is necessary to demonstrate that hope is, indeed, a malleable construct, that hope enhancement strategies can increase hopeful cognitions, and that these strategies are associated with symptom reduction or improvement in subjective well-being. Without such evidence, it may be premature to recommend these hope enhancement strategies for clinic-referred individuals, persons coping with medical illness or interpersonal loss, or members of the general community.
In this study, we used meta-analysis to obtain an initial quantitative estimate of the effectiveness of hope enhancement strategies in increasing hope, reducing distress, and improving the quality of life for clinic-referred and community-based individuals. At the very least, hope enhancement strategies should be associated with increased hopefulness in individuals who participate in them. Furthermore, the utility of hope enhancement strategies for these individuals would be supported by significant effect sizes that are comparable in magnitude to traditional interventions designed to alleviate distress in clinic-referred individuals (e.g., cognitive-behavior therapy for depression), or already-existing positive psychological interventions designed to increase well-being (e.g., optimism, self-efficacy, self-esteem, social problem-solving). Such evidence would support the recommendations of previous authors who advocate the use of hope enhancement strategies in the clinic and community.
Study Selection
To be included in the meta-analysis, each study must have met the following criteria: the study (a) examined the effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention designed to increase hope in children, adolescents, or adults, (b) measured hope quantitatively, using a valid self-report rating scale, (c) employed hope-enhancing techniques outlined in one of the treatment manuals listed above or based on hope theory, (d) published in English, and (e) contained sufficient information to compute an effect size.
Manuscripts published between 1994 and 2011 were identified through relevant computerized bibliographic databases (i.e., Academic Search Complete, ERIC, Medline, PsycInfo). In order to reduce availability and source bias in study selection, we also searched the Dissertation Abstracts database for relevant studies (Hunter & Schmidt, 2004). To avoid a high rate of false rejections, we used the following broad search terms: hope, hope theory, hope therapy, hope enhancement, hopefulness, hopelessness, and positive psychological interventions. Finally, we located studies through published review articles and references in previously-identified manuscripts. This strategy identified 179 studies that were screened based on the inclusionary criteria, leaving 27 studies for analysis. Most of the studies that were excluded from our analysis were theoretical in nature and did not involve the empirical investigation of hope. Many of the remaining, empirical studies excluded from our analysis examined correlations between hope and other psychosocial variables (e.g., depression, optimism, self-efficacy) and did not involve the manipulation of participants' hopefulness.
Dependent Measures
The studies included in the analysis used a variety of measures to assess the outcomes of the hope enhancement strategies. We organized these dependent measures into three broad classes: (a) hope, (b) psychological distress, and (c) life satisfaction.
Most studies (k = 19; number of studies) used either the Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991; 1996) or Children's Hope Scale (Snyder, Hoza et al., 1997), to assess their intervention's ability to enhance hope in participants. Other studies (k = 7) relied on the Herth Hope Scale (Herth, 2000)1. Both self-report instruments yield an overall score that reflects state hopefulness. The psychometric properties of these instruments indicate adequate internal consistency, content validity, and convergence with theoretically-similar constructs, such as optimism and self-efficacy.
Psychological Distress
Several studies (k = 9) examined the effects of the hope-enhancement intervention on participants' psychological distress. Distress was measured using a variety of self-report questionnaires including the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1983) and the negative affect dimension of the Positive and Negative Affect Scales (Tellegen, Watson, & Clark, 1999).
1One hope intervention study (Ripley & Worthington, 2002) did not report a hope outcome measure; consequently, k = 26 for our analysis of hope outcomes.
Life Satisfaction
Several studies (k = 10) also assessed the effects of the hope-enhancement strategy on participants' self-reported life satisfaction or subjective well-being. Measures included the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner, Laughlin, Ash, & Gilman, 1998), the Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1989), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985), and the positive affect dimension of the Positive and Negative Affect Scales (Tellegen et al., 1999).
Moderator (Independent) Variables
We coded nine characteristics of each study that we believed might influence the outcomes of the analyses. Two characteristics concerned each study's design. First, we determined whether each study used an experimental (k = 12) or quasi-experimental (k = 15) design. Experimental studies were defined by the practice of randomly assigning participants to a hope-enhancement condition or to a comparison group that did not receive a hope-enhancing intervention. We reasoned that studies relying on experimental designs might have greater methodological rigor. Second, we coded each study based on whether outcomes were assessed using one of the Snyder Hope Scales (k = 20) or the Herth Hope Index (k = 7). We wanted to make sure that results were not dependent on the outcome measured used.
Two additional characteristics concerned each study's participants. First, we categorized studies based on the age of participants: children and adolescents (k = 6) or adults (k = 21). We suspected that intervention outcomes might vary as a function of age, perhaps because of differences in cognitive and socioemotional maturity across development. Second, we classified studies based on the population from which participants were recruited. Most studies (k = 17) included participants recruited from psychiatric clinics, hospitals, or other at-risk settings (e.g., youths in residential treatment, support groups for survivors of incest). Other studies (k = 10) included participants recruited from schools, colleges, or the community (e.g., introductory psychology students, community members recruited through newspaper advertisements).
Four characteristics concerned the nature of the hope enhancement strategy used in each study. First, we classified studies based on whether the hope intervention was administered in individual (k = 10) or group (k = 17) format. Second, we coded studies based on whether the intervention followed a treatment manual or written protocol (k = 23) or whether no such manual or protocol was mentioned in the manuscript (k = 4). Third, we divided studies based on the context of the intervention. Most of the interventions (k = 21) were administered by mental health professionals, medical professionals, or clinical trainees (e.g., postdoctoral students) in a clinic, hospital, or other applied human service setting. Several studies (k = 6) were conducted by researchers or research assistants in the context of a research setting (i.e., university laboratory). Fourth, we coded each study based on whether the intervention involved one session (k = 7) or multiple sessions (k = 20).
Finally, we categorized studies based on whether they were published (k = 21) or were unpublished dissertations (k = 6). We wanted to rule out the possibility of publication bias in our results (Rosenthal, 1979).
Each study was independently coded by the first and second authors. Cohen's kappa exceeded .90 for all categorical variables. Disagreements were resolved through review of each study and discussion.
Effect Size Calculation
Following the recommendations of Lipsey and Wilson (2001), Cohen's d was calculated as the measure of effect size for all analyses. For between-group analyses, Cohen's d reflects the difference between the means of the hope intervention and control groups after treatment, divided by the pooled standard deviation of the sample, and controlling for sample size (i.e., the standard mean difference). For studies without control groups, Cohen's d reflects the difference between pre- and post-treatment means divided by the pooled standard deviation (i.e., the standardized mean gain; Cohen 1988). In most cases, Cohen's d was calculated directly from means and standard deviations reported in the articles; in some cases, Cohen's d was estimated using other statistics (e.g., results of t tests). If descriptive statistics were not provided, and the article reported nonsignificant findings, an effect size of zero was used (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001). In all cases, positive d statistics indicate superior functioning in the intervention group compared to the control group or superior functioning posttreatment compared to pretreatment (e.g., higher hope and life satisfaction, or lower psychological distress associated with the intervention).
Mean effect sizes were calculated according to the procedures outlined by Lipsey and Wilson (2001). Three data files were created, one for each of the three categories of dependent variables: (a) hope, (b) psychological distress, and (c) life satisfaction. Some studies assessed two dependent variables within the same category (e.g., both depression and anxiety were assessed). In this case, the average effect size for the two measures was used to reflect the study's outcome, so that each study provided only one effect size for each of the dependent variable categories (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001). Each effect size was weighted by the inverse square of its variance (Hedges & Olkin, 1985). Effect sizes ≤ .30 are considered small, effect sizes between .31 and .66 are considered moderate, and effect sizes ≥ .67 are considered large (Lipsey and Wilson, 2001).
In addition to calculating overall effect sizes, we examined the homogeneity of study outcomes using the within-class goodness-of-fit statistic (Qw). A significant Qw indicates heterogeneity within a group of studies and suggests that another variable might moderate the relationship between the intervention and the studies' outcomes. Possible moderators were tested using the between-class goodness-of-fit statistic (Qb). A significant Qb indicates a significant difference in the magnitude of the effect sizes between categories of the moderator variable.
Study Characteristics and Effect Sizes
Effect Sizes
Hope intervention/guided imagery for college students
Making Hope Happen program for high school students
Making Hope Happen program for youths in special education
Hope-based intervention for adults with schizophrenia
Hope enhancement group for adults from the community
Hope-based therapy for adult psychiatric outpatients
Hope enhancement intervention for college students
Living with Hope Program for adults with terminal cancer
Hope Intervention Program for adults with recurrent cancer
Hope-based group therapy for adult psychiatric outpatients
Hope-based summer camp for at-risk youth
Goal-focused group therapy for older adults with depression
Hope intervention/guided imagery for stroke patients
Hope-based group therapy for youth in residential treatment
Hope-based group therapy for incarcerated women
Making Hope Happen program for junior high school students
Hope enhancement group for adults from the community
Hope-based couples therapy for adults from the community
Hope enhancement program for at-risk youths
Hope intervention program for adults with cancer
Hope intervention program for women with breast cancer
Goal pursuit task involving college students
Recall of successful goal pursuit involving college students
Hopeful narratives for adult survivors of incest
Hope-based journaling intervention for psychiatric outpatients
Hope-based intervention for depressed nursing home residents
Exposure to positive music for college students
Mean Effect Sizes, Confidence Intervals, and Tests of Homogeneity for Hope Interventions
Outcome Variable/Moderator
Interval (95%)
Q w
Q b
Research Design
Outcome Measure
Snyder Hope Scale
Herth Hope Scale
Age of Participants
Recruitment of Participants
Psychiatric/medical facility
Delivery of Intervention
Intervention Manual
Manual/protocol used
No manual/protocol used
Context of Intervention
Clinical/medical setting
Research setting
Dose of Intervention
One session
Multiple sessions
Publication Status
Published study
Unpublished dissertation
Psychological distress
Life satisfaction
Results of moderator analyses, also shown in Table 2, yielded two significant differences and one borderline-significant difference in outcomes as a function of the type of hope enhancement strategy. First, interventions that were administered by researchers or research assistants in the context of a laboratory-based research setting yielded significantly larger effect sizes (d = .39) than interventions administered by mental health or medical professionals in the context of a clinic or hospital setting (d = .18), Qb(1) = 11.59, p < .001. Second, interventions that lasted only one session yielded significantly larger effect sizes (d = .40) than interventions that were administered over multiple sessions (d = .19), Qb(1) = 7.68, p = .006. Finally, interventions that involved participants recruited from schools, universities, and the general community yielded marginally larger effects sizes (d = .30) than interventions that involved psychiatrically- or medically-referred individuals1 (d = .19), Qb(1) = 2.61, p = .09.
The moderation test for publication status was borderline-significant, with published studies yielding marginally larger effect sizes (d = .23) than unpublished dissertations (d = .09), Qb(1) = 3.20, p = .069. The mean effect size for unpublished studies was not significant, z(5) = 1.16 p = .25. None of the other potential moderators were associated with hope outcomes.
1The effect sizes for studies involving psychiatrically-referred samples (k = 12, d = .21) and medically-referred samples (k = 5, d = .16) did not differ significantly, Qb(1) = .395, p = .529.
Table 2 also shows that the mean weighted effect sizes for the relationship between hope enhancement strategies and participants' self-reported psychological distress and life satisfaction. The mean effect size for psychological distress was not significant: z(8) = .448, p = .65, d = .04. In contrast, the mean effect size for life satisfaction was significant, z(9) = 2.42, p = .016, d = .16, although the 95% confidence interval fell entirely within the "small" range according to Lipsey and Wilson's (2001) criteria. Goodness-of-fit statistics indicated homogeneity within studies for both the distress and satisfaction variables, indicating no need for moderation tests (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001).
The last two decades have seen marked developments in our understanding of hope. C.R. Snyder's (1994) hope theory enjoys considerable theoretical and empirical support as an explanatory model for hope. Similarly, Herth's (2000) conceptualization of hopefulness has greatly influenced the practice of health psychology, nursing, and medicine. However, the current study provides only modest evidence for the ability of hope enhancement strategies based on these models to increase hopefulness or improve life satisfaction among participants and no consistent evidence that hope enhancement strategies can alleviate psychological distress.
The mean effect of hope enhancement strategies in increasing self-reported hopefulness was significant, but small (d = .22). Normative data from more than 300 meta-analyses of psychosocial and psychoeducational interventions indicate that only about 25% of studies yield effect sizes in the "small" range, as seen in our analysis (Lipsey & Wilson, 1993). The fact that hope enhancement strategies are only weakly associated with increased hopefulness calls into question the mechanism by which these strategies are believed to improve participants' functioning or increase their satisfaction with life. It is possible that hope may not be as malleable as some theorists have suggested, that the strategies recommended by hope therapy advocates (e.g., goal-setting, story-telling) are not especially effective at increasing hopefulness, or that the intensity of these interventions has been insufficient in previous studies. Given the fact that hope is associated with a wide range of psychosocial and physical benefits (Snyder et al., 2011), and appears to be an important component of therapeutic change (Snyder & Lopez, 2009) and coping with adversity (Linley & Joseph, 2004), it is disappointing that strategies designed to target and systematically increase hope yield such small overall effects.
Just as disappointing was our finding that these hope enhancement strategies are only weakly associated with improvements in participants' life satisfaction. The mean effect size for increased life satisfaction was small (d = .16). In comparison, a recent-meta-analysis showed that more traditional, behaviorally-based psychosocial interventions are associated with much larger increases in life satisfaction or subjective well-being (mean d = .52; Mazzucchelli, Kane, & Rees, 2010). Furthermore, other positive psychological interventions are associated with moderate to large increases in well-being (mean d = .61; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009). Indeed, several randomized controlled studies have demonstrated the efficacy of strategies to systematically increase other positive psychological constructs such as gratitude, optimism, forgiveness, and mindfulness in order to increase happiness (Sin, Della Porta, & Lyubomirsky, 2011). Furthermore, positive psychologists have begun to incorporate these strategies into their work with clinic-referred individuals (Layous, Chancellor, Lyubomirsky, Wang, & Doraiswamy, in press). Our findings suggest that these positive psychological interventions would likely have a greater impact on individuals in the community and the clinic than hope enhancement strategies per se.
Finally, hope enhancement strategies were not associated with overall reductions in depression, anxiety, or psychological distress (d = .04). In comparison, meta-analyses indicate that traditional psychotherapy is associated with moderate to large reductions in psychological symptoms (mean d = .75; Lambert & Ogles, 2004). Furthermore, other positive psychological interventions yield moderate to large effect sizes with respect to their ability to reduce depression (mean d = .64; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009). Altogether, these findings call into question the merits of hope enhancement for individuals experiencing psychological or medical problems and indicate that hope "therapies" should not be considered first-line interventions for clinically- or medically-referred individuals.
Our moderation analyses revealed two significant differences and one borderline-significant difference in the magnitude of effect sizes across categorical variables. Collectively, these differences call into question the utility of hope enhancement strategies in applied settings with clinic-referred or at-risk populations.
First, interventions that were administered by researchers in the context of a university research study yielded significantly larger effect sizes (d = .39) than interventions administered by mental health or medical professionals in the context of a clinic or hospital (d = .18). This finding is noteworthy, because it suggests that hope is, indeed, a malleable construct under carefully controlled, laboratory conditions. Such malleability has been used to validate both the Snyder Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991; Snyder et al., 1996) and Herth Hope Index Herth 2000; 2001, and to demonstrate the value of hope as a social psychological construct related to optimal functioning. However, our results call into question the effectiveness of hope enhancement strategies in applied settings. Whereas researchers can demonstrate hope enhancement using laboratory-based procedures under optimal conditions (e.g., asking college students to engage in a guided imagery exercise or to listen to pleasant music in a lab), clinicians seem to have difficulty increasing hope in patients experiencing psychological distress or coping with illness. This difference may reflect a larger problem in clinical research, namely, the challenge of demonstrating that interventions are both efficacious when administered under optimal conditions and effective when applied to real-world contexts (Lambert & Ogles, 2004; Vernig, 2007). Hope-enhancement strategies should demonstrate effectiveness in human-service settings before they can be recommended for use in clinics and hospitals.
Second, interventions lasting only one session yielded significantly larger effect sizes (d = .40) than interventions conducted over multiple sessions (d = .19). At first blush, this finding seems counterintuitive; we would likely expect longer interventions to yield more marked results. However, closer inspection shows that most (71%) interventions that lasted only one session were conducted in research settings whereas most (95%) interventions conducted over multiple sessions were conducted in applied settings. The significant difference in effect sizes across brief and sustained interventions may be an artifact of this difference in setting. Interventions administered over multiple sessions may have yielded smaller effects because they tended to be directed toward individuals in clinics, hospitals, and other human-service settings.
Third, studies that relied on participants from schools, colleges, or the community yielded marginally larger effect sizes (d = 30) than studies that recruited psychiatric patients, medical patients, or other at-risk individuals (e.g., youths in residential treatment; d = 19). This finding stands in contrast to previous assertions that individuals with the lowest levels of hope benefit the most from hope enhancement strategies (Lopez, et al. 2009). Rather, it appears that individuals experiencing greater risk, and likely less hope, may not be able to take advantage of these hope enhancement strategies compared to their higher-functioning counterparts in college or the community.
Finally, we observed a borderline-significant difference in the magnitude of effect sizes generated by published studies (d = .23) compared to unpublished dissertations (d = .09). Indeed, the mean effect size for unpublished studies was not significant. This finding is important, because it suggests publication bias. It is also noteworthy because unpublished studies are sometimes used to support the effectiveness of hope enhancement strategies (see Lopez et al., 2004; Pedrotti et al., 2008; Rand & Cheavens, 2009; Snyder et al., 2011). The effects of hope enhancement strategies were independent of all other moderator variables including research design (i.e., experimental or quasi-experimental), outcome measure (i.e., Snyder or Herth), age of participants (i.e., youths or adults), delivery of intervention (i.e., individual or group), and inclusion of a manual or research protocol.
Our meta-analysis is limited by the relatively small number of studies that have empirically investigated the efficacy or effectiveness of hope enhancement strategies. Although strategies designed to systematically increase hopefulness have been suggested for the past two decades, most manuscripts have been theoretical in nature or have relied on correlational data, case studies, or anecdotal evidence to support their use. Consequently, our analysis relies on a relatively small number of studies, especially our calculation of effect sizes for psychological distress and life satisfaction outcomes. The small number indicates that we must interpret effect sizes with caution. On the other hand, our confidence intervals for hope, distress, and satisfaction all fell within the "small" to "non-significant" range, providing very limited evidence for the ability of these strategies to produce desired outcomes. We believe that the small number of empirical, intervention studies, combined with their modest to non-significant results, should prompt clinicians to reconsider using these strategies in their practice and motivate researchers to provide additional evidence demonstrating their utility, especially in applied settings.
Our investigation is also limited by the heterogeneity of studies that we included in our analysis. For example, we included studies conducted across a variety of settings (e.g., clinic, hospital, research), using different outcome measures (e.g., Snyder Hope Scales, Herth Hope Index), and administered to different groups of individuals (e.g., psychological, medical, community-based). This heterogeneity might also reduce the confidence we have in overall statements regarding the merits of hope enhancement strategies. However, we believe that our moderation analyses provide some indication of the conditions under which these strategies demonstrate the greatest utility and show areas where more research is needed before hope enhancement strategies can be widely recommended.
The hope theories developed by Snyder (2000) and Herth (2001) have offered us a useful way of conceptualizing hope as a cognitive construct related to a wide range of social, emotional, and physical benefits. Indeed, these theories have influenced research over the past two decades, demonstrating associations between self-reported hopefulness and academic achievement, athletic performance, physical health and wellness, coping with illness and loss, psychological adjustment, social-emotional problem-solving, and the quality of interpersonal relationships (see Rand & Cheavens, 2009 for a review). What seems to be missing is strong evidence of a causal link between increased hopefulness and these positive outcomes.
It might be time to consider an alternative interpretation of the correlational data, namely, that the association between hope and these psychosocial benefits runs in the opposite direction. Whereas theorists (Herth, 2000; Snyder et al., 2000) have speculated that increased hopefulness produces beneficial outcomes, it is also possible that academic and athletic achievement, physical and emotional competence, and social support and satisfaction breed hopeful cognitions and positive emotions. If hope is a byproduct, rather than a determinant, of goal attainment, it might be increased though traditional psychotherapies and newer positive psychological interventions already available to clinicians and researchers at this time. Indeed, research involving both children (Weis & Ash, 2009) and adults (Snyder & Taylor, 2000) demonstrate increased hopefulness as a result of these interventions.
Alternatively, hope theory can be used to select interventions that are most likely to increase agentic or pathways thinking or improve social support. For example, the principles of behavioral activation and motivational interviewing might be effectively used to help clients set clear, objective, and meaningful goals that can serve as the targets for treatment. Similarly, cognitive interventions may be particularly useful in helping clients recognize and challenge negative thoughts that rob them of their motivation to work toward their goals. Behavioral activation techniques can provide clients with greater energy to sustain goal pursuit over time. Furthermore, problem-solving and skills training can help individuals marshal social support to cope with stress and adversity. Other positive psychological interventions can be especially useful in increasing well-being and positive affect. Rather than using hope therapy as a first-line treatment, clinicians may wish to use hope theory as a model from which to select evidence-based treatments and to guide their interventions.
This research was supported by the Laurie Bukovac Hodgson and David Hodgson Endowed Fund.
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Iquique ēkē´kā [key], city (1990 est. pop. 148,500), capital of Iquique prov., N Chile. A port on the Pacific, it exports nitrates and ore from the Atacama Desert. The city, founded in the 16th cent., was taken (1879) from Peru by Chile during the War of the Pacific (see Pacific, War of the ). Since rain rarely falls, water must be brought from 60 mi (97 km) away. The city has fine beaches and excellent deep-sea fishing. Iquique, like much of Chile, is subject to powerful earthquakes the most recent major earthquakes were in 2005 and 2014.
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The School of Ballet Arizona presents Student Showcase March 1 - 2
The School of Ballet Arizona is thrilled to present a Student Showcase at the Dorrance Theatre at Ballet Arizona. This showcase will feature two works choreographed by Carlos Valcárcel especially for the School; Glinka Variations for levels 5 and 6 along with a solo piece with music of the famous Summertime by Gershwin. The Pre Professional Program will close the performance with Paquita divertissement staged by Ballet Arizona Rehearsal Director Maria Simonetti and Carlos Valcárcel. We are also excited to include in this showcase our longtime partner Arizona School for the Arts and their highest level ballet students of the Corps Intensive class as they join us to perform Rigaudon at both of the evening shows.
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Brooke Smith was born May 22, 1967, in New York City. She is the daughter of Gene Smith and publicist Lois Smith, who's worked with Robert Redford, Sean Penn, Michelle Pfeiffer, and others. Brooke Smith graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, and once shared an apartment with singer Jeff Buckley before he recorded Grace.
Brooke Smith has appeared in numerous films, including The Moderns (1988), The Silence of the Lambs (1991, as Catherine Martin), The Night We Never Met (1993), Mr. Wonderful (1993), Vanya on 42nd Street (1994), Last Summer in the Hamptons (1995), Trees Lounge (1996), Kansas City (1996), The Broken Giant (1998), Remembering Sex (1998), Random Hearts (1999), Eventual Wife (2000), Series 7: The Contenders (2001), For Earth Below (2002), Bad Company (2002), Melinda and Melinda (2004), Shooting Vegetarians (2005), In Her Shoes (2005), and The Namesake (2006).
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