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1 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY CLINICAL, HEALTH, AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS UNIT A Comparative Study of Psychological Wellbeing between Orphan and Non-orphan Children in Addis Ababa: The Case of Three Selected Schools in Yeka Sub-city Afework Tsegaye June 2013 Addis Ababa 1
2 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY CLINICAL, HEALTH, AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS UNIT A Comparative Study of Psychological Wellbeing between Orphan and Non-orphan Children in Addis Ababa: The Case of Three Selected Schools in Yeka Sub-city. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY By Afework Tsegaye June, 2013 Addis Ababa 2
3 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY CLINICAL, HEALTH, AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS UNIT A Comparative Study of Psychological Wellbeing between Orphan and Non-orphan Children in Addis Ababa: The Case of Three Selected Schools in Yeka Sub-city By Afework Tsegaye APPROVED BY: Chair person, Department of Signature Date Graduate Committee Advisor Signature Date Examiner, Internal Signature Date Examiner, External Signature Date 3
4 Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude of all who generously gave their time, energy and knowledge in helping me while understanding this research. Without the contribution of these people the study could not have come to completion. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Ato Daniel Tefera and Ato Teshwal Ashagrie my thesis advisors, for their efforts in providing me with relevant advice, critical comments and constructive suggestion throughout the course of my thesis work. Further, this study could not have been concluded without the deep love and the real commitment of my best friends Engida Sisay, Eyosiyas Yilma, Henok Senay, Natnael Terefe. Furthermore, I want to express my deepest love, acknowledgment, and appreciation to my beloved family: for their love, support and wisdom; without them I never could have made it this far. It also want to extend my deepest gratified to the study participants for providing me with invaluable information without any kind of inhabitations. i
5 Table of Contents Acknowledgement.....i Table of contents..ii Appendices..iv Acronyms v List of tables....vi Abstract vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Problem Statement Objective General objective Specific objective Significance of the study Limitation of the study Definition of important terms.10 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. Conception of psychological wellbeing Meaning of psychological wellbeing Component of psychological wellbeing Measuring of psychological wellbeing Demographic variable and psychological wellbeing Problem and challenges of orphans Major psychological problems and manifestations of orphans Empirical Quantitative studies on orphans and vulnerable children in different countries of the world Summary of review literature 34 ii
6 CHAPTER THREE: METHODS 3.1 Research design Study Area and Target Population Sampling Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the Children Sample Research variable Independent variable Dependent variable Data collecting instrument Demographic Questionnaire Psychological wellbeing scale Semi-structured interview guide Pilot testing Data collection procedure Ethical Considerations Data analysis 43 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 4.1. Background Information of Study Subjects Descriptive Summary of Psychological Wellbeing among Orphan and Non-orphan Children Status of psychological wellbeing of orphan and non-orphan children Difference in psychological well-being between orphan and non-orphan children Psychological well-being and demographic factors..55 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSIOND CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Summary Conclusion Recommendations...62 References. 64 iii
7 APPENDICES Appendix-A Demographic data questioner and Ryff s psychological wellbeing scale (Amharic version) Appendix-B Demographic data questioner and Ryff s psychological wellbeing scale (English version) Appendix- C Interview guide line (English version) Appendix-D Interview guide line (Amharic version) iv
8 ACRONYMS AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndromes AU: Autonomy CSA: Central Statistics Authority DHS: Demographic and Health Survey EM: Environmental mastery EMOH: Ethiopian ministry of health HIV: Acquired immunodeficiency virus MOLSA: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs NGO: Non-governmental organisation OVC: Orphans and vulnerable children PG: Personal growth PL: Purpose in life PR: Positive relations with others SA: Self-acceptance PWB: Psychological Well-Being UN: United Nations USAID: United Nations Program for HIV and AIDS UNAIDS: United Nations Agency for International Development UNICEF: United Nations Children Education Fund WHO: World Health Organisation v
9 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Demographic characteristics of study subject...46 Table 2: Respondent characteristics on parental status...47 Table 3: Summary statistics of the total and sub-scales of psychological well-being for orphan and non-orphan children...48 Table 4: Summary result of the status of psychological well-being of orphan children...50 Table 5:- Summary result of the status of psychological well-being of nonorphan 51 Table 6: Independent sample t-test for difference in psychological wellbeing between orphan and non-orphan children 53 Table 7: Correlation between psychological well-being and demographic measures.56 vi
10 Abstract The general objective of this study was to compare the psychological well-being of orphan and non-orphan children in Addis Ababa and to explore the conditions or situation that could promote the psychological wellbeing for the orphan. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed to achieve the research objectives. Three groups of respondents, recruited from three randomly selected schools in Yeka Sub-city of Addis Ababa, participated in the study. The participants were: 120 orphan children, 120 non-orphan children, and 3 representatives of charity clubs in the selected schools. The orphan and non-orphan children were selected using systematic random sampling technique while the three representatives were purposively taken as a sample. A demographic questionnaire, a psychological wellbeing scale and interviews instruments was administered. Data from the quantitative survey were analysed using percentages, t-test, and Pearson correlation. The qualitative data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Using mean split technique on the psychological wellbeing scores of orphan and non-orphan children, orphan had low psychological wellbeing whereas the non-orphan had high psychological wellbeing. T-test for group mean difference on psychological wellbeing revealed that orphans were found to have a significantly lower psychological wellbeing as compared to the non-orphan children. Results from Pearson correlation analysis revealed that grade level was significantly and positively correlated with psychological wellbeing whereas parental status was significantly and negatively correlated with psychological wellbeing. Gender and age were not significantly related with psychological wellbeing. From the analysis of the qualitative data, encouraging the orphan s individuality and autonomy and enhancing their self-esteem, and respect and care by adults were identified as the major themes that could promote orphan children s sense of well-being. vii
11 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Orphans frequently lack sufficient food, shelter, schooling and medical care and are at risk of abuse and economic exploitation (Berry and Guthrie, 2003). Most research work on orphan concentrates on basic need. There is little available research, but increasing concern, regarding the psychological well-being of orphans in Africa (Cluver and Gardner, 2006). HIV AIDS have been one of the severest clinical and public health problems ever faced by human being. The epidemic has caused a substantial increase with mortality among adults during reproductive ages (Porter and Zaba, 1986; Blacker, 2004) and as a consequence, rising numbers of children are orphaned by AIDS (Monasch and Boerma, 2004). Despite AIDS being a major reason for stigmatization and discrimination, orphan children are being discriminated based solely on their status as orphans (Subbarao, Mattimore, and Plangemann, 2001). Globally, an orphan is defined by international organizations based on age and parental status. According to (UNAIDS, USAID AND UNICEF, 2002) an orphan is defined as a child less than 15 years of age who has lost its mother. Recently, however, it changed its definition to cover the loss of both parents and to include children below 18 years of age (UNAIDS, 2004). In Ethiopia, most Governmental and non-governmental organization are using this definition the concept. The Amharic words equivalent to the word orphan are Yemut Lij or Wola aj Alba From 2001 to 2003, the global number of AIDS orphans has increased from 11.5 to 15 million. Although Africa is proportionally the region hardest hit by HIV AIDS, the 1
12 number of orphans is largest in Asia due to much larger populations (UNAIDS, UNICEF and USAID, 2004). The recent report on orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) by the United States of Government (USG) and partners estimated that, in 2008, 163 million children (age 0 17 years) across the globe were orphans (referring to loss of one or both parents to all causes) and that 17.5 million of these children lost one or both parents to AIDS (USG, 2009). The global figure of 17.5 million orphans as a consequence of AIDS represents an increase from the 2007 estimate of 15 million AIDS-related orphans (UNAIDS, 2010). Almost million children orphaned by AIDS live in sub-saharan Africa (UNAIDS, 2010). Ethiopia has OVC burden, with almost 5.4 million orphans, with around 15% of these believed to have been orphaned as a result of HIV/AIDS (EMOH, 2007). The majority of children orphaned as a result of HIV/AIDS are in Amhara (39%), Oromia (22.4%) and SNNPR (14.1%) and the remaining causes of orphan hood and vulnerability are due to food insecurity, poverty, conflict, natural disasters, malaria, and other infectious diseases (PEPFAR, 2012). According to the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, Seventy-two per cent of children under the age of 18 live with both parents; 14 per cent live with their mothers but not their fathers; 3 per cent live with their fathers alone; and 11 per cent live with neither of their natural parents and also 18 per cent of households are cared by an orphan (EDHS, 2012). The impacts of parental death on children are complex and affect the child s psychological and social development. Fredriksan and Kandous (2004) state that, orphaned children might have stunted development of emotional intelligence, and life skills such as communications, decision making, negotiation skills etc.. Moreover, they often show lack of hope for future and have low self-esteem (Kedija, 2006). 2
13 Evidence on the health status of OVC is less clear, however; a cross-sectional study in urban Uganda found no differences between orphans and non-orphans in reported treatment-seeking behavior and in anthropometric measures (Sarker, Neckermann and Mu ller, 2005). Comparing orphans and non-orphans living in the same households in a rural area of South Africa, Parikh, Desilva, Cakwe, Quinlan, et al. (2007) found no significant health disadvantage for orphans on a series of wellbeing indicators. A study in rural western Kenya similarly compared several health and nutritional indicators (including fever, malaria, history of illness, anemia, and stunting) for orphaned and non-orphaned children under age 6 and concluded that orphaned children are at no greater risk of poor health than non-orphaned children (Lindblade, Odhiambo, Rosen, and DeCock, 2003) although orphans were somewhat more likely to be wasted than non-orphans (USAID, 2008). The losses of the parents continue to affect the children s developmental stages. For example, a study conducted in Zambia by Family Health International (2003) on 788 orphans concerning their emotional well-being revealed that orphans often had scary dreams or nightmares while other were sometimes unhappy. In addition, the study find out that some were sometimes, or often, fighting with other children, desired to be alone and often were worried. A study conducted in Ethiopia by Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (2003) revealed that the score for emotional adjustment level of AIDS orphans was lower than that of the non-aids orphans. According to MOLSA, this low level of emotional adjustment among AIDS orphans was reflected in the degree of unhappiness, worry, low level of patience, fatigue, depression and feeling of hopelessness and pessimism among AIDS orphans. Another study which dealt with the psychological distress of non-adis and ADIS orphan adolescent in Addis Ababa concluded that large proportion of orphan adolescents 3
14 are having psychological problems that can affect their present and future life ( Hiwot, Fentie, Lakew and Wondoesn, 2011). Children whose parents are ill because of HIV/AIDS or those who have been orphan by the disease face stigma and discrimination; they may be rejected by their friends and school mates, as well as at health centre. Studies of HIV-infected mothers have shown high levels of depression linked to their diagnosis and AIDS-related illness, which may impact on children s mental health both directly and via reduced parenting capacity (Cluver, Orkin, Boyes and Gardner, 2012) In general, the long term effects of orphan-hood to be negative. These children are at an increased risk for suffering from malnutrition, poor physical and mental health, as well as being at risk for stigmatization and exploitation and also orphans are at a high risk for contracting HIV themselves as a result of maternal transmission, prostitution, and sexual exploitation, many orphans are forced to drop out of school for financial reasons this would hinders their future opportunities for jobs and economic growth (Brown and Sittitrai, 2005; UNICEF, 2006). The effects of malnutrition and poor health are far reaching. In addition to potentially causing early death, they can also lead to low educational achievement and productivity because malnutrition can lead to delayed intellectual development (Brown and Sittitrai, 2005; UNICEF, 2006). In Africa most of researcher focusing orphaned children health and nutritional issues only few studies mention psychological aspects of orphan child for example in Dar-es- Salaam, Tanzania, Makame, Ani and Grantham-McGregor (2002) found adverse psychological consequences of orphan hood, such as anxiety, sense of failure, pessimism, and suicidal tendency, in Uganda Atwine, Cantor-Graae and Bajunirwe (2005) found much higher levels of anxiety, depression and anger among orphans than among nonorphans, in Rwanda Thurman, Brown, Richter, Maharaj and Magnani (2006) found that 4
15 orphans living in youth-headed households were significantly more likely than those in adult-headed households to report emotional distress, depressive symptoms and social isolation and in rural Zimbabwe, Nyamukapa, Gregson, Lopman, Saito, Watts, Monasch, & Jukes (2007) found that orphans had significantly higher psychosocial distress than nonorphans (USAID, 2008) Most of studies revealed that orphans suffer higher level of psychosocial problems than their non-orphan peers. In particular, maternal and double orphans are more likely to experience behavioural and emotional difficulties, suffer abuse and low rate of trusting relationships (Baaroy and Webb, 2008; Mikang, 2008; Qunzhao, 2010). It has also been reported that orphans are more likely to suffer from behavioural or conduct problems and report suicidal thoughts than non-orphans (Cluver, Gardner & Operario, 2007; Cluver & Gardner, 2006). In general, Orphan children seem socially deprived and they tend to encounter higher emotional distress, hopelessness, and frustration than non-orphans (Mbozi, Debit, and Munyati, 2006). Most orphans may be distressed by their new circumstance that may require them to cater for themselves and/or assume care-giving responsibility for their younger ones Sexual abuse (Pridmore and Yates, 2005) and social discrimination (Cluver, Gardner, and Operario, 2008; Nyambedha, Wandibba and Aagaard-Hansen, 2003) against orphan haven reported. To date, research on orphan is focused on the health and nutritional status (e.g. Panpanich, 1999), treatment-seeking behavior and in anthropometric measures (Sarker et al., 2005), socio-economic problems (Case, Paxson and Ableidinger, 2002), psychological wellbeing of institutionalized orphan children (Laurg, 2008), mental health problems (Cluver and Gardner, 2006), the psychological effect of orphan-hood ( Sengendo and Nambi, 1997), psychosocial and developmental status (Nagy and Amira, 2010), 5
16 psychosocial wellbeing of OVC (Grace, 2012), psychological well-being and socioeconomic hardship among AIDS orphans and other vulnerable children (Delva, Vercoutere, Loua, Lamah et al., 2009), and the psychosocial well-being of teenaged orphans (Gumed, 2009). In Ethiopia emotional adjustment among AIDS orphans and the psychological distress of non-adis and ADIS orphan adolescent had been studied (MOLSA, 2003; Hiwot, Fentie, Lakew and Wondoesn, 2011). The status of the psychological well-being of Ethiopian orphan is not explored. Therefore, the focus of the present study is to fill this gap in research Statement of the problem In Ethiopia, the lives of orphans and working children (Tatek, 2008) and the psychological distress and its predictors in AIDS orphan adolescents (Hiwot, et al., 2011) were studied. Overall, in most studies little attention has been given to the psychological wellbeing of orphan in Ethiopia. Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) continue to maintain a spot at the forefront of the international agenda with millions of children worldwide being orphaned or made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS and with the numbers of projected to increase in the next decade (UNAIDS, 2004). Large and growing numbers of OVC children are a worldwide concern; Whereas sub-saharan Africa has the highest proportion of children who are orphaned, where more than one in seven children are orphaned (UNAIDS, UNICEF, & USAID, 2004). Orphan children may face many hardships during childhood including a decline in health, nutrition, and psychological well-being (Laura, 2008). Orphan-hood is frequently accompanied with multidimensional problems including prejudice, school services, inadequate food, sexual abuse and others that can further expose children s prospects of completing school. Moreover, the death of one or both parents has a profound and lifelong impact on the psychological wellbeing of children. Children and 6
17 adolescents in particular are at increased risk for unresolved or complicated bereavement because of their developmental vulnerability and emotional dependency. Being an AIDS orphan may further place them at heightened risk of prolonged mental problems (Hiwot et al., 2011). Quite recently there has been a growing international interest in research on orphans (Pivnick and Villegas, 2000; Forehand, Steele, Armistead et al., 1998; Gardner and Operario, 2006; Cluver Gardner, and Operario, 2007; Atwine, Cantor-Graae, and Bajunirwe, 2005; Andrews, Skinner and Zuma, 2006; Doku, 2009; Earls, Raviola and Carlson, 2008; Wild, Flisher, Laas, and Robertson, 2006) because of the realization that parental death is a risk factor for psychological distress (Bauman and German, 2005). The number of children experiencing orphan-hood is increasing at an alarming rate. Although specific data on the number of orphans are highly inconsistent, most of this increase is explained by HIV/AIDS-induced adult mortality. The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in creating a burden of care of orphans for the traditional family structure is well documented in a handful of culture-specific studies (e.g. Foster, 2000; Hunter, 1990; Oleke, Blystad, Moland, Rekdal and Heggenhougen, 2006). The consequences of the HIV epidemic in Ethiopia are seen in the eyes of children who have lost one or both of their parents, traumatized by events beyond their control and understanding. These children are often stigmatized by relatives and rejected by communities which tend to think that caring for a child orphaned by AIDS is a lost investment. Millions of children have lost their childhood. They live on the streets and are forced to endure countless humiliations in order to meet their basic needs like clothing and food. Other children are forced to become heads of households; yet without the necessary resources, they abandon school and the opportunities that come with it. 7
18 The Ethiopian literature on psychological wellbeing orphan children is very small. The limited research that has been carried out focused on HIV orphans who suffer from particular social and economic disadvantages and mental health problems. Although orphaned children seem to attract the attention of researchers GOs and NGOs in Ethiopia, much of the attempt are on the economic needs of children not on the psychosocial problems affecting their wholesome development. Few exceptions, of course, could be cited which have recently conducted local surveys in Addis Ababa and elsewhere. Among these, Belay and Belay (cited in Desalegn, 2006) conducted a psychosocial survey of orphaned and vulnerable children, their family and communities in both rural and urban settings. It explicitly found out the psychosocial situations of orphaned children before, during and after parental death and the support and care they get from all levels on the other hand, Tedla (2005) witnessed the prevalence of stigma and discrimination against AIDS orphans. Study on the psychological wellbeing of orphan children in Ethiopia is lacking. Thus, this study explores the psychological well-being of the orphan and compares their psychological well-being with that of non-orphans, and examines if socio demographic backgrounds associate with the psychological well-being of the orphan children Objective of the study General objective This study explores the psychological wellbeing orphan to compares the status of their psychological well-being with non-orphan children in Addis Ababa Yeka sub-city. 8
19 1.3.2 Specific objective The study more specifically addresses the following specific objectives: 1. Explore the status of the psychological well-being of orphan and non-orphan children. 2. Compares the status of psychological wellbeing of orphan and non-orphan children. 3. Examines the association between socio demographic variables (age difference, gender difference, educational level and having or loss of parent) and psychological well-being of orphan children. 4. Explores the psychological and social conditions or situation that could promote the psychological wellbeing of orphan children Significance of the study The results of the study are believed to be helpful in the following ways: The study assesses the status and comparing the psychological well-being of orphan and non-orphan children. As a result, the concerned bodies, policy makers, schools, family, governmental and non-governmental organization will work together on orphans or strengthen the existing programs in order to increase the psychological well-being of orphan children. This research is important for those involved in therapy and in counselling to identify children who are at low level of psychological wellbeing and to develop and improve prevention and intervention methods for orphans. The finding of this study will also provide important direction for conducting further research in the areas of psychological wellbeing and mental health of orphans. 9
20 1.5. Limitations of the study The data collected for this study was based on self-reported scale that was provided by children targeted by the study. Therefore, there is some potential reporting bias which may have occurred because of respondents interpretation of the questions or desire to report their emotions in a certain way or simply because of inaccuracies of responses Definition of important terms Psychological well-being:- individual meaningful engagement in life, selfsatisfaction, optimal psychological functioning and development at one s true highest potential. It has six dimensions that are autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relationship with other, purpose in life and self-acceptance of individuals (Ryff, 1989). Autonomy: the extent to which children s view themselves as being independent and able to resist social pressures Environmental mastery: the extent to which children s feel in control of and able to act in the environment Personal growth: the extent to which children s have a sense of continued development and self-improvement. Positive relations with others: the extent to which children s have satisfying, trusting relationships with other people. Purpose in life: the extent to which children s hold beliefs that give life meaning Self-acceptance: the extent to which children s have a positive attitude about themselves. 10
21 Orphan children:-a child under 18 years of age whose mother, father or both parents have died from any cause (UNICEF, 2006). Orphans from all causes can be more specifically described as follows: Single orphan: - A child who has lost one parents. Double orphan: - A child who has lost both parents Maternal orphan: - A child whose mother has died (including double orphans) Paternal orphan: - A child whose father has died (including double orphans 11
22 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. Conception of psychological well-being Throughout human history, normative understandings of well-being have defined particular human characteristics and qualities as desirable and worthy of pursuit or emulation (Taylor, 1989). Such normative understandings are represented by traditional philosophies and religions that often stress the cultivation of certain virtues (Diener, 1984). In contemporary Western society, these norms are largely provided by philosophies of psychological well-being. Psychological well-being is among the most central ideas in counseling. It plays a crucial role in theories of personality and development in both pure and applied forms; it provides a baseline from which we assess psychopathology; it serves as a guide for clinical work by helping the counselor determine the direction clients might move to alleviate distress and find fulfillment, purpose, and meaning; and it informs goals and objectives for counseling-related interventions (Christopher, 1999). Psychologists and health professionals (Campbell, 1981; Deci and Ryan, 2008) have studied well-being extensively. While the distinct dimensions of well-being have been debated, the general quality of well-being refers to optimal psychological functioning and experience. Two broad psychological traditions have historically been employed to explore well-being. The Eudaimanic is deriving from ancient Greek philosophy notably the work of Aristotle and were later championed by mills among other. Eudaimanic measures emphasis human flourishing literally eu (wellbeing or good) and Daimonia (demon or sprit) and virtuous action, which is argued to be not always congruent with happiness or 12
23 satisfaction, but to reflect a broader and multi-factored set of need. Hedonic measures follow the criteria of maximizing pleasure and avoiding pain an approach dating back to ancient Greek philosophy that found later expression in the work of Bentham and his followers (OPHI, 2007). Ryff and Singer (1998) define eudaimonia as the idea of striving towards excellence based on one s own unique potential. The hedonic view equates well-being with happiness and is often operationalized as the balance between positive and negative affect (Ryan and Deci, 2001). The eudaimonic perspective, on the other hand, assesses how well people are living in relation to their true selves (Waterman, Schwartz, and Conti, 2008; Ryff, 1989). There is not a standard or widely accepted measure of either hedonic or eudaimonic well-being, although commonly used instruments include Bradburn s Affect Balance, Neugarten s Life Satisfaction Index, Ryff psychological wellbeing scale, Rosenberg s self-esteem scale, and a variety of depression instruments (Ryan and Deci, 2001). Recent years have witnessed an exhilarating shift in the research literature from an emphasis on disorder and dysfunction to a focus on well-being and positive mental health. This paradigm shift has been especially prominent in current psychological research but it has also captured the attention of epidemiologists, social scientists, economists, and policy makers (Huppert, 2005). This positive perspective is also enshrined in the constitution of the World Health Organization, where health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948). More recently, the WHO has defined positive mental health as a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community (Huppert, 2009). 13
24 Meaning of psychological wellbeing Psychological well-being is perhaps the most widely used construct among psychologists and mental health professionals. However, there is still no consensus regarding the operational definition of this construct (Khan and Juster, 2002). Yet, many theories of well-being have been proposed and an extensive body of empirical research using different indices of this construct has been conducted. However, theorists have found that the concept of psychological wellbeing (PWB) is much more complex and controversial. Practically speaking, psychological wellbeing serves as an umbrella term for many constructs that assess psychological functioning (Girum, 2012). Psychological well-being is about lives going well. It is the combination of feeling good and functioning effectively. Sustainable well-being does not require individuals to feel good all the time; the experience of painful emotions (e.g. disappointment, failure, grief) is a normal part of life, and being able to manage these negative or painful emotions is essential for long-term well-being. Psychological well-being is, however, compromised when negative emotions are extreme or very long lasting and interfere with a person s ability to function in his or her daily life (Huppert, 2009). Ryff s (1989) defined well-being is the optimal psychological functioning and experience. Shek (1992) defines psychological well-being as that state of a mentally healthy person who possesses a number of positive mental health qualities such as active adjustment to the environment and unity of personality Dzuka and Dalbert (2000) defined psychological well-being is the overall satisfaction and happiness or the subjective report of one s mental state of being healthy, satisfied or prosperous and broadly to reflect quality of life and mood states. 14
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text:
Elton John has stated that he and partner David Furnish have found the responsibilities of fatherhood to be "enchanting".
In an interview with Access Hollywood, John declared that the birth of his son Zachary was one of the defining moments of his life.
"We can't really believe our luck," he said. "It's been the most enchanting thing that's ever happened to us."
The 'Your Song' musician also revealed that he often sings to his newborn child, but only rarely includes any of his own popular hits.
"I don't really sing any of my songs to him… maybe 'Blessed', I sing that song. Actually, I [also] sing a song called 'The Greatest Discovery', which is from 1970… I've been singing that recently.
"It's about the birth of a new baby and I was singing it before he arrived and I was getting very emotional as I sang it. And I thought, 'People don't know what's going on and I'm singing this song'," he joked.
'The Greatest Discovery' was first released on the singer's sophomore LP Elton John, while 'Blessed' was included on 1995's Made In England.
John previously claimed that he has come to enjoy the smell of nappies.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
On Saturday 2nd Feb, Outdoors Ireland are organising a guided walk to the spectacular summit Of Carrauntoohil, Ireland's Highest Mountain.
Climb through glaciated corries, past deep mountain lakes and along ice carved ridges to stand on Carrauntoohil's lofty cloud strewn summit, at 1040 meters above sea level.
From the top of Ireland's highest peak savour breathtaking views over the Iveragh, Beara and Dingle Peninsulas, as far as Skellig Michael and the Blasket Islands. Discover legends and local history with an experienced, knowledgeable guide, as you explore the majestic MacGillycuddy Reeks.
On a misty day enjoy the excitement of swirling cloud, piercing rays of sunshine and the occasional treat of views revealed through a friendly parting in the clouds.
Price: €75 Per Person
9am – 5pm
Hiking Boots Provided
Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Get 5% off or get the better offer price when you opt-in for recurring deliveries with Auto-Reorder. Available on UK deliveries only.Learn more
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Colgate Advanced Whitening Toothpaste gives your teeth advanced whitening by gently removing surface stains. The results are visible within 2 weeks.
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Great value for money. I went on to purchase the COLGATE WHITENING MOUTHWASH


text:
Motorists' Christmas getaway plans were put on hold after a serious accident on the M1.
Two people are thought to be fighting for their lives after the three-car collision, Bedfordshire police said.
The northbound and southbound carriageways were closed between junctions 13 (Bedford) and 12 (Flitwick) as a result of the accident, which took place just after 2.30am on Saturday.
A spokeswoman for Bedfordshire police said: "Several people were injured and have been taken to hospital for treatment. Two people are thought to have suffered life-threatening injuries while a number of others are being treated for less serious injuries."
Highways England said the closure was affecting traffic heading to Luton Airport and London.
The northbound carriageway reopened at around 8.20am on Christmas Eve.
Highways England said they were in the process of reopening one lane on the southbound carriageway, as the vehicles were removed from the scene.


text:
While bouncing around ideas with colleagues more intelligent than me I was reminded of a case I had with a customer 5 years ago. The exact specifics of the problem aren't important but the reason it became a problem are as follows:
- If a DC receives a Name2Sid query about an account that isn't prefixed with a domain (DOMAINUSER) or contains a proper UPN suffix (firstname.lastname@example.com) it will first search it's local AD copy and then send a query to each domain it has a trust relationship with to try to resolve it. This is also referred to as a query for an isolated username.
- If there is an issue with one or more of the trusts, you will see a delay in the response from the DC to the requesting client (up to 45 seconds per request).
- The issue can be that the trust isn't functioning or the DC on the other side is unreachable (firewalled or just physically absent)
- Multiply this delay by the number of requests times the number of faulty trusts that you have and you have a serious delay during startup or logon or for any application making a Name2Sid request for an isolated name
So, something on the clients was making massive Name-to-Sid requests to the DC's during logon for isolated usernames but this only became a problem when the DC's on the other side of the 15+ trusts didn't respond quickly.
In that case, we resolved the issue by fixing the client-side problem which was sending isolated account name requests (USER rather than DOMAINUSER). The customer also later discovered that several of his trusts were broken as well which was the catalyst for the problem to appear.
My impression was however that it would have been nice to be able to turn off this behaviour on the DC's altogether and just assume that any request that didn't explicitly specify a domain name should be treated as belonging to the local domain database.
At the time there was unfortunately no such method available on the Windows 2000 SP3 DC's the customer was running.
....However, that brings me back full circle to the first point; it is now possible to turn this off via http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;818024.
Note that DC's still default to the old behaviour of chasing isolated names over trusts though.
To change whether lookup of isolated names is performed in external trusted domains by a DC, you can create the following on any W2k DC with SP4 SRP2 installed or any W2k3/W2k8 DC:
Under HKLMSystemCurrentControlSetControlLsa
DWORD: LsaLookupRestrictIsolatedNameLevel
- If this entry does not exist, or if the value is set to 0, lookup for isolated names is performed across external trusted domains (default behaviour)
- If this registry entry is set to 1, lookup for isolated names is not performed across external trusted domains.
In short; Consider turning this on if you have multiple trust relationships, the benefits from turning it on are increased performance while the drawbacks are potentially that a name may not be translated to a Sid. The drawbacks can however be easily addressed by simply reconfiguring the application or service requesting it to use a proper format like DOMAINUser or UPN.
How to restrict the lookup of isolated names in external trusted domains by using the LsaLookupRestrictIsolatedNameLevel registry entry


text:
Zeenews Bureau
Washington: The new Chinese map printed in the nation's revised passport, that stakes claims to whole of South China Sea and many other disputed areas, has not been endorsed by America, the US State Department said on Tuesday.
The maps printed in millions of newly revised Chinese passports have stoked the already existing territorial disputes between China and its southeast Asian neighbours including India.
The new Chinese passport maps show Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) -the regions of Indo-China border dispute as a part of China.
Also, the maps stake claim to several disputed border areas with Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, Brunei and Malaysia.
The Diaoyu or Senkaku islands, which have been the reason of contention between Japan and China were also marked as Chinese territory in the controversial maps.
This latest Chinese move has stirred a diplomatic row infuriating the involved nations which worry that other countries stamping the new Chinese passports would be indirectly endorsing the map.
But rebutting any such fears, the US has minced no words in saying that it does not endorse such "stray maps".
Talking to reporters at a news conference, US State Department spokesperson, Victoria Nuland said, "No, it is not an endorsement. Our position, as you know on the South China Sea continues to be that these issues need to be negotiated among the stakeholders, among ASEAN and China, and you know a picture on a passport doesn`t change that".
Nuland further said that there are certain basic international standards that have to be met in a passport.
"You know stray maps that they include aren`t part of it," she said.
"As a technical legal matter, that map doesn`t have any bearing on whether the passport is valid for US visa issuance or for entry into the United States...," she said.
"I`m not sure whether we`ve had a chance to have that discussion with the Chinese, frankly, the first time this issue came to the attention of some of us was over the weekend when the passports started being rejected in various countries," she said.
"So presumably from the perspective that it is considered provocative by some of those countries, we`ll have a conversation about it, but in terms of the technical issue of whether the passport is...," she said.
"I would expect that we`ll probably have a conversation about the fact that this is considered difficult by some of the countries," Nuland said.
With PTI Inputs


text:
The content of these pages is developed and maintained by, and is the sole responsibility of, the individual senator's office and may not reflect the views of the Nebraska Legislature. Questions and comments about the content should be directed to the senator's office at email@example.com
This past week began with the Legislature being notified of the Governor's veto of $64 million within the budget bills. The Appropriations Committee met early in the week and developed a package of items that they recommended for override. The Legislature agreed with the Appropriations Committee and voted to override the recommended vetoes.
The Governor had vetoed $7.4 million of the $17.5 million in funding for the Game and Parks Commission. In his veto message, the Governor stressed that the partial funding would still allow for the projects at Ponca State Park and Arbor Lodge State Historical Park. However, the written agreement between the Appropriations Committee and the commission stated that should the committee provide $17.5 million, the commission would be able to further address priority deferred maintenance needs statewide and the undertaking of capital projects at Ponca State Park and priority capital projects at Arbor Lodge State Historical Park to put the existing facilities in a condition that would be conducive to transferring operating and management to a local partner. With the successful override motion, it eliminates any question as to whether the projects will be undertaken.
I joined the Governor at a press conference where he signed legislation offering more than $400 million in tax relief to Nebraskans over the next 5 years. Among the bills the Governor signed was LB 96. This bill will eliminate the sales tax on repair or replacement parts for agricultural machinery and equipment. Nebraska was one of only 8 states that charged sales tax on such items, which created a competitive disadvantage for our farm equipment supply industry, particularly for those located close to the state's border. LB 905 will increase the Property Tax Credit Program by $25 million, bringing the annual appropriation to $140 million. LB 986 will expand Nebraska's homestead exemption program so that more Nebraskans qualify, by increasing the limit on household income. LB 850, the bill I introduced to authorize a homestead exemption for individuals with developmental disabilities who meet income and valuation guidelines, was included in LB 986. LB 987 will index Nebraska's individual income tax brackets for inflation, exempt more social security income from taxation, and provide limited tax exemptions for military retirees. Furthermore, LB 725 contains an additional $33 million in state aid to local school districts.
LB 1098, which would reconstruct the Nebraska Natural Resources Commission, was given first-round approval this past week. The legislation is the result of the work of the Water Funding Task Force during the past interim. The restructured commission would be required to revise their rules and regulations to ensure the funding process follows the ranking and criteria recommendations of the task force.
Several senators are pushing for basin-wide planning to ensure water sustainability and threatened to filibuster LB 1098 if provisions for a state water plan were not included. Others feel that such a proposal favors surface water irrigators at the expense of groundwater irrigators. I feel that statewide water planning is already in place through the work of the Department of Natural Resources and our local NRDs.
The budget bills contain $31 million in funding for water sustainability projects and LB 1098 is the vehicle for the distribution of these funds. Interested parties have pledged to work together on a compromise prior to the second-round of debate. I spoke on the floor of the importance of dealing with water sustainability projects now and not postponing them. The project at Lake McConaughy cost $43.5 million in 1935. Today, that cost would have grown to $695 million.
Although the Legislature has advanced some controversial issues, other legislation hasn't fared as well. LB 943, which would have increased the minimum wage, failed to receive first-round approval. LB 1058, a bill that would have adopted the Interstate Compact on the Agreement Among the States to Elect the President by National Popular Vote, was pulled from the agenda by its introducer. LB 965, which was intended to encourage more renewable energy development but could have resulted in higher electric rates, was bracketed until the end of session.
As we enter the final days of this legislative session, which is scheduled to adjourn on April 17, I still encourage you to contact me with your thoughts and opinions. I can be reached at District #1, P.O. Box 94604, State Capitol, Lincoln, NE 68509. My telephone number is (402) 471-2733 and my email address is firstname.lastname@example.com.


text: www.emaxhealth.com November 18, 2014 Comparison Between Atkins, South Beach, Weight Watchers and Zone DietingAre you on a particular diet plan at this moment? Did you know that many commercial diet plans may not be all that effective toward weight loss and decreasing the risk factors of heart disease? Here is what a new study revealed in a comparison between Atkins, South Beach, Weight Watchers and Zone Dieting. Read the article on Emaxhealth Dr. Sears Comments: What the meta-analysis indicated was that in head-to-head competition, the Zone Diet was more effective than the other diets in reducing insulin levels. That's because the Zone Diet is an anti-inflammatory diet, not a weight-loss diet. Leave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *CommentName * Email * Website < Prev | Next >


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I thank everyone for a wonderful weekend. My family and I are thankful to have had the opportunity to had spend a wonderful, great and exciting weekend filled with so many wonderful activities for our family, it couldn't had been more perfect.
I would like to thank everyone that my family and I had met while being at the Family Retreat, It was a pleasure getting to no each and everyone of you, this wked will never be forgotten thank you all for being involve in this one of a life time fabulous weekend with my family and I. It was amazing!! ty all and God Bless always.
To all the employees, volunteers and all the Dream Team staff my family and I thank you kindly for all your hard work and dedication you guys put into making our "Family Retreat Dream" become a reality. Thank You :)


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Three Just and Moving Tributes
I couldn't help but notice that the August issue of Scene4 contains three eloquent eulogies to artists from varying discliplines who could have not been more different, except for the consistent excellence of their work. I refer to Arthur Meiselman's article on Ingmar Bergman, Karren Alenier's on Beverly Sills, and Kathi Wolfe's on Doug Marlette. I was glad for those articles, because they paid just tribute to three great artists, and because they reminded us just how much great art improves and enriches our lives.
Miles Moore


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Yeah right. I'm sure with the new year, everyone has an idea to lose weight, get organized, ditch email or read more comics. How close we come to any of those is a matter of focus and discipline, but let's all try!
Getting Things Done is the subject of many books and methods, especially for today's multi tasking electronic world. The distraction of 25 Crazy Thongs Miley Cyrus Wore and You Won't Believe What This Adorable Puppy Did to This Shoe! is a constant menace for all, and some experts think we all have some degree of ADD because of it.


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How Do Trees Survive The Cold?
Trees are interesting creatures. We often think of them as part of the scenery, but they are really vital and dynamic organisms in their own right. Looking at the forest through my office window as we've been hit with wave upon wave of snow, ice, and cold temperatures, I started thinking how amazing it is that they can so easily make it through the winter, even in our relatively temperate climate.
How can trees survive when they seem to have so few options for coping with the cold? Animals can make their own heat to keep themselves warm, and they can burrow and hibernate to escape harsh conditions. Annual plants die and leave their seeds to overwinter, usually under the snow or in the soil where conditions are much more mild. Many perennial plants die back completely to the roots, and small woody perennials can also overwinter under the snowpack, protected and insulated. But trees are large, tall, and immovable. They have no choice but to face everything winter can throw at them.
And yet, as you travel north throughout the world one thing is ubiquitous: forests. Primarily (but not exclusively) coniferous. Trees are nearly the last things to give up the ghost as we approach the north pole, and the dense, boreal forests of Canada and Russia (which survive some of the coldest, snowiest conditions on the planet) are an iconic image of winter in our minds.
There are several hardships trees (and all other organisms who weren't smart enough to stay in the tropics) have to deal with in the winter, but the first and most obvious is the cold. Trees in arctic climates sometimes have to withstand temperatures of up (or rather, down) to -60 C. It's this challenge of staying alive and frost-free in cold temperature with no way to generate heat that interests me primarily today.
Trees can be incredibly cold hardy if introduced to low temperatures properly. Some trees (even non-hardy ones) can survive down to the temperatures of liquid nitrogen. That's -196 C/-320 F! Obviously that's under lab conditions, since I'm pretty sure Earth hasn't seen those temperatures since seed bearing plants evolved. Pretty impressive, nonetheless.
How can they manage such a feat? Well, not everything about plant cold-tolerance is fully understood, but we do know that what actually kills cells dead is not so much the temperature itself but the formation of ice – the freezing of the water inside the cell itself. Once ice crystals form within a cell it's game over for man, beast, or tree. Trees, even evergreen trees, go pretty much dormant in the winter. The cells don't really need to do much during this time, but if they get damaged, that's it – they're done for. Enough dead cells and you have a dead tree.
Ice is a problem because, as you may have noticed, ice is pointy. When water freezes normally it "expands" because its molecules reorient themselves into geometric shapes as they freeze. When the water inside a tree (either within the cells or between the cells) freezes, all of a sudden there are hundreds of tiny ice crystals, all taking up more space than they used to and just ready to rip through cell walls and gut them.
So how do trees prevent this? They acclimate! Even the hardiest trees aren't frost-ready all year round. The tree that can survive the coldest arctic winter might still be killed off or damaged by a cold snap in July. Growth and heavy photosynthesis aren't terribly compatible with being ready for a freeze (which is why frosts in the spring are especially deadly).
Most of the same hormones that trigger dormancy are responsible for cold acclimation. Based on a combination of slowly lowering temperatures and shortening photoperiod (shorter days as we head towards winter), a chemical chain reaction occurs that tells the plant that it's time to stop growing, hunker down, and get ready for a big chill.
Of course not every tree can handle the cold, even with acclimation. All plants can "harden off" a bit from summer highs, but some species have found their warm temperature niche and have no interest in venturing north. They don't even care for an occasional dip below 0 C. And it's not just differences between species. Members of the same species that are from different climates have shown a widely ranging ability to get used to cold temperatures, both in speed and, ahem, degree. The white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) from South Jersey won't have the chops to deal with a Minnesota winter, even if white cedar populations outside St. Paul get by just fine.
And acclimation can be even more finely tuned than that. Aspen (Populus tremuloides) is one of the most cold-tolerant deciduous species and grows high up in the mountains, in places mostly reserved for conifers (why conifers are the main and sometimes sole survivors in the very coldest regions of the arctic is the subject of a whole other post).
Aspen also grows in these huge stands of clonal trees, all of which are identical genetically and share a root system. In fact, one of the oldest and heaviest known organisms in the world is a stand of aspen trees. Despite this, an aspen colony on a mountainside may exhibit different stages of cold acclimation at the same time, depending on elevation. You can even watch the leaves turn at different times, as higher up trees go yellow while the lower down trees are still green.
So what is this amazing process called acclimation? Well, the chemical mechanisms for it are only now beginning to be understood, but as it gets colder and darker various hormones are produced which put the plant into dormancy and start to physically prepare it for the cold. Among other things, these hormones will cause leaves to fall, growth to stop, stomates to close, sap to stop flowing, and cause physical changes to the cells to allow them to withstand freezing, such as causing the plasma membrane to become more flexible and possibly more permeable (we'll get to why that's important in a minute) and even replacing water molecules with sugar molecules in some structures. It's only recently we've begun to understand at all what role each chemical plays in cold-protection, and we still have a lot to learn, so excuse any vagueness on my part.
So, let's look at what happens when it starts to get cold. Like most organisms, trees contain a lot of water. They have water that is inside their living cells, and water that exists between the cells. When it gets cold the first thing to freeze is the water between the cells. This might not happen right at 0 C, as you might think. Due to funky physics involving water tension in tight spaces, this water can often "supercool" (get below freezing without, well, freezing) for a bit before ice forms. But eventually it does form an ice crystal.
Luckily two things happen at this point. Even though the ice crystal gets all pointy and big, it doesn't kill the cells around it because of one of the mjor things that makes trees different from humans. The cell wall. Plants have it, animals don't. The cell wall can take a beating and being punctured by ice doesn't bother it that much. It surrounds the plasma membrane, which is the sac that holds all the cell's organs and fluids. The plasma membrane is flexible and can pull away from the cell wall when ice crystals burst through the cell wall, thusly:
Part of what enables this is that when the ice crystal forms between the cells, the energetics of the frozen water molecules draw more water to themselves as it gets colder, so water starts to travel through the plasma membrane towards the ice crystal and freezes out there, instead of inside the cell itself.
This does two big things. One, it decreases the total volume inside the cell membrane, which allows more room for it to shrink away from ice crystals poking through the wall. Two, it increases the concentration of solutes inside the cell. Remember, it's only pure water that freezes at 0 C, and inside of the cells wasn't pure water to start with. It's an organic soup containing sugars and lipids and proteins too. The water moves out, the other stuff stays in, raising the freezing temperature.
Another thing that happens during the acclimation process seems to be major changes of the contents of the cell itself. The large vacuole that contains mainly water is replaced with many smaller compartments which store starch, proteins, and fats – much more freeze resistant. The composition of the intracellular fluid is altered to contain a lot more sugars, as well. It appears that sugars are particularly important to the process of cold acclimation for a number of reasons, including the the lowered freezing temperature of sugar solutions.
These two strategies (less intracellular water to freeze and more concentrated solution within the cell) are the main ways most plants seem to survive really, really cold temperatures. Despite these measures, though, cell death can still occur because a cell can only lose so much water and survive (eventually the concentration of solutes will get high enough to poison the cell or it will just dehydrate too much to function). And of course, if it gets cold enough, even the highly concentrated solutions, fats, and starches inside the cell will freeze.
But there's one last strategy that trees have to survive super-cold temperatures too. You see, not all frozen water becomes ice as we know it. There are way more states of water and of frozen water than the ones we're taught in elementary school or even college. This goes into physics and chemistry and I'm not even going to try explain how it works, but under certain conditions when water freezes it just…freezes. It doesn't expand, its molecules don't realign and get pointy. It just turns to glass (it's called vitrification).
If this happens inside a cell, the cell is usually fine. It's like suspended animation. The main problem is until recently, the only way these non-crystalline states of frozen water (known as amorphous states) were known to occur was by flash-freezing water at -196 C or lower, before it had a chance to know what hit it. This is how even non-hardy plant tissue is able to survive those temperatures. But it has to be incredibly cold and happen super fast. Unfortunately, those conditions don't occur in nature much (or ever).
However, fairly recently it was discovered that there are other conditions under which vitrification can occur that don't require quite such extreme temperatures, like -26 C. This doesn't happen in many species, but in the ones that can do this, the sugars and carbohydrates that fill up the cytoplasmic solution with the onset of winter play a key roll. Certain forms of sugar (particular tetrasaccharides) can help water vitrify at temperates way above liquid nitrogen. This how the trees at the most extreme latitudes manage to handle the chill.
As you can see, even though trees have relatively few options for dealing with cold temperatures, they've evolved some elegant and pretty awesome answers. And we still don't understand all the intricacies of their survival mechanisms. The more I read about plants in winter and winter ecology in general the more fascinated I am with the way various organisms handle extreme conditions. I hope to write more about how trees (and other plants and animals) handle winter over the next few months, as we're immersed in what looks to be one of the snowiest winters New Jersey has seen in a long time!
Works consulted:
Allona, I., A. Ramos, C. Ibanez, A. Contreras, R. Casado, and C. Aragoncillo. 2008. Molecular control of winter dormancy in trees. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 6: 201-210.
Halfpenny, J. C. and R. D. Ozanne. 1989. Winter: An Ecological Handbook. Johnson Publishing Company. Boulder, CO. 273 pp.
Hirsch, A. G. 1987. Vitrification in plants as a natural form of cryoprotection. Cryobiology 24:3:214-228.
Marchand, P. J. 1996. Life in the Cold: An Introduction to Winter Ecology, 3rd ed. University Press of New England. Hanover, NH. 304 pp.
Welling, A. and E. T. Palva. 2006. Molecular control of cold acclimation in trees. Physiologia Plantarum 127: 167-181.
24 Responses to "How Do Trees Survive The Cold?"
[…] How do trees survive the cold? […]
Thank you for this fascinating post. I love that even though people have been studying trees for centuries, we're still learning new things about how they work.
[…] them. And yet, as you travel north throughout the world one thing is ubiquitous: forests… (read the entire article) A tree begins to prepare for winter far in advance of the icy blasts. In August as the days begin […]
Thank you. Your explanation was much easier to understand than many others I have read today, however I am unable to find that other posting you mentioned regarding how conifers use a different strategy. Where might I find this other post of yours that you mention above regarding conifers?
I'm curious if fungus has the same vulnerabilities. Particularly truffles.
why the trees will still survive after caterpillar attack? what does it depends?
Thank you, that was very interesting.
Great explanation as to why some plants in my garden are handling the cold better than others.
Book: Quran
Chapter: 57:17
Know Ye (ALL) that Allah giveth life to the earth after its death! Already have we shown the Signs plainly to you, that ye may learn wisdom.
[…] plant that it's time to stop growing, hunker down, and get ready for a big chill."- source here. The tree then enters a period of dormancy. "Dormancy is like hibernation in that everything […]
Fascinating article about trees in winter, would like to know if there are any more articles on the biology of trees??
Studying just got interesting!
[…] https://oleaeuropea.wordpress.com/2011/01/20/how-do-trees-survive-the-cold/ […]
[…] even more! _____ If you find all this interesting, you'll really enjoy reading this post on "How Do Trees Survive The Cold?" at the olive tree. I […]
how did you do all this work
Great article!
Great article – thanks. One note – you said "The water moves out, the other stuff stays in, raising the freezing temperature". I think you mean "… lowering the freezing temperature".
[…] plant that it's time to stop growing, hunker down, and get ready for a big chill."- source here. The tree then enters a period of dormancy. "Dormancy is like hibernation in that everything […]
I am very grateful for these interesting information and details about the tree's resistance against the harsh weather conditions.
Mourched Mourtada,P.Eng.,M.Eng.
[…] winter. ABA, abscisic acid, helps the tree acclimate to the cold winter temperatures and be 'frost ready' (entering a period of dormancy with fallen leaves, closed stomates, and other cellular […]
add parts like more images and make parts of it easy for kids
my daughter needed help with homework so she clicked this website and couldn't understand most of it.


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Heavy presence of American vendors at the 2013 Custom Chrome Show in Mainz, Germany. Although vendors are still setting up at the time of this writing (CCE Dealer Show starts tomorrow Saturday March 23), let me introduce you to the new products that Paughco is going to introduce to the European dealers on Saturday and public on Sunday.
Paughco 'King' Tanks For 1995-2006 Sportsters: Traditional styling and 2.9-gallons of fuel capacity for 1995 thru 2006 carbureted Sportster models. OEM-style mounting brackets permit easy installation directly to the stock locations. They use screw in caps and 22mm petcocks. 866XL Fits 1995–2003 Sportsters $179.95. 866XL1 Fits 2004–2006 rubber-mounted Sportsters $219.95 800S Chrome screw-in vented gas cap (sold each) OEM 61102-83A $22.95
Paughco Dished And Axed Custom Tanks For 2007-Up Sportsters: Paughco took their most popular gas tanks and gave them the 'Old-School' treatment by dishing-in their sides and then adding the appropriate OEM-style mounting brackets to fit all 2007-up Sportster models with fuel-injection. Now you can bolt on a fantastic looking tank and get more fuel at the same time. These single cap tanks re-use your OEM fuel pump assembly. Available in 3 different capacities to fit your particular needs. 816ILCS2 3.5-gallon tank for 2007-up fuel-injected Sportsters_$424.95. 820IL2 4.5-gallon tank for 2007-up fuel-injected Sportsters 424.95. 830IL2 5.0-gallon tank for 2007-up fuel-injected Sportsters $424.95. Paughco.


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A Progressive Hindu Approach to God
"Truth is one," says the Rig Veda, one of the canonical sacred texts of Hinduism, "but the paths to it are many." This idea that many paths can lead to a single truth finds expression in the democratic riot of local gods and goddesses within Hinduism—and the unity of Being that draws them together.
As founding members of an expressly progressive Hindu activist organization, we look deep within Hinduism's philosophical and religious traditions to inform our understanding of God.
In the scriptures of the Vedas and Upanishads, the line between philosophy and religion has always been faint. Four of the six schools of Hindu philosophy are materialistic (if not outright agnostic) systems, in that they do not strictly require the existence of an omniscient godhead standing over and above creation to validate their arguments. Hindu religious texts share their constellation of Vedic and Upanishadic concepts with the philosophers. In deeply spiritual language, these ancient systems of thought examine the contextual nature of human perception, the limitations of language, and the humbling eternity of the universe. We live in an infinite and eternal universe, they say—and we inhabit it with always provisional knowledge and always feeble tools.
Another oft-quoted line from the Rig Veda says: "Whence all creation had its origin … only He knows. Or, perhaps even He does not know. Who can say?" In this way, it leads us toward a spiritual system that acknowledges human limitations and allows for doubt, rather than a system that offers absolute certainty. Becoming able to imagine a spiritual system that allows for doubt in turn enables us to imagine a universe and a God who can allow for diversity and dialogue.
Within the Hindu system, this takes the shape of a nonhierarchical riot of local gods and goddesses who supplement each other's blessings. There is rarely a zero-sum game of spiritual authority in the Hindu universe of thought and practice. Ganesha is the remover of obstacles; Saraswati is the goddess of knowledge; Laxmi is the goddess of wealth; Hanuman is Rama's loyal companion who embodies selflessness; and so on. Each deity has something to teach and a domain to rule. The vibrant and complementary stories of these gods and goddesses, we are taught, can shape us into wholesome, well-rounded people.
Cacophonous Unity
The unity of Being—God, if you will—remains the same, our philosophers say, but each Hindu deity represents its local and diverse manifestations. As the Bhagavad Gita says, "When a man sees all the variety of things as existing in one, and all as emanating from that, then he achieves harmony with Brahman."
How to Read the Rest of This Article
The text above was just an excerpt. The web versions of our print articles are now hosted by Duke University Press, Tikkun's publisher. Click here to read an HTML version of the article. Click here to read a PDF version of the article.
(To return to the Summer 2014 Table of Contents, click here.)
Source Citation
Kasturi, J.A., Sunita Viswanath, Aminta Kilawan, and Rohan Narine. 2014. A Progressive Hindu Approach to God. Tikkun 29(3): 36.
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Bahia de Jiquilisco Hotel Accommodation
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Bahia de Jiquilisco overviewIf you're looking for a new favorite getaway, look no further than Bahia de Jiquilisco. Bahia de Jiquilisco might not have many attractions within the city, but you won't need to venture far to find places to visit like Puerto Barillas Marina.
Where to stay in Bahia de JiquiliscoA welcoming city for all, Bahia de Jiquilisco has a variety of hotels to choose from. We have 3 hotels with room prices starting at 60 USD per night, some with discounts of up to 12%.
When to visit Bahia de JiquiliscoWondering what time of year to travel or what clothes to pack? Here are some seasonal norms to help you plan your vacation:
Seasonal temperature averages
- • January-March: 94°F day, 60°F night
- • April-June: 94°F day, 64°F night
- • July-September: 89°F day, 65°F night
- • October-December: 90°F day, 60°F night
- • January-March: 2.72 inches
- • April-June: 13.39 inches
- • July-September: 18.66 inches
- • October-December: 11.34 inches