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Islam in New Zealand
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Islam in New Zealand is a minority religious affiliation. Small numbers of Muslim immigrants from South Asia and eastern Europe settled in New Zealand from the early 1900s until the 1960s. Large-scale Muslim immigration began in the 1970s with the arrival of Fiji Indians, followed in the 1990s by refugees from various war-torn countries. The first Islamic centre opened in 1959 and there are now several mosques and two Islamic schools. The majority of the Muslims are Sunni, with a large minority Shia and some Ahmadi Muslims, who run the largest mosque in the country.[1] Islam is estimated to be the fastest growing religion among Māori.[2]
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The first Muslims in New Zealand were an Indian family who settled in Cashmere, Christchurch, in the 1850s.[3] The 1874 government census reported 15 Chinese gold diggers working in the Dunstan gold fields of Otago in the 1870s.[4][5] In the early 1900s three important Gujarati Muslim families came from India. The first Islamic organisation in New Zealand, the New Zealand Muslim Association (NZMA), was established in Auckland in 1950. In 1951 the refugee boat SS Goya brought over 60 Muslim men from eastern Europe, including Mazhar Krasniqi who would later serve twice as president of the New Zealand Muslim Association. These Gujarati and European immigrants worked together in the 1950s to buy a house and convert it into an Islamic centre in 1959. The following year saw the arrival of the first imam, Maulana Said Musa Patel, from Gujarat, India. Students from South Asia and Southeast Asia helped establish the other prayer rooms and Islamic centres elsewhere from the 1960s onwards, although New Zealand had a relatively tiny Muslim population until many years later.
In April 1979, Mazhar Krasniqi brought together the three regional Muslim organisations of Canterbury, Wellington and Auckland, to create the only national Islamic body – the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ). He was honoured for his efforts by the New Zealand government in 2002, receiving a Queens Service Medal.[6] Later Dr Hajji Ashraf Choudhary served as president (1984–85) before pursuing a political career and entering the New Zealand parliament in 1999.
Large-scale Muslim immigration began with the arrival of mainly working class Indo-Fijians in the 1970s. They were followed by professionals after the first Fiji coup of 1987. Early in the 1990s many migrants were admitted under New Zealand's refugee quota, from war zones in Somalia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Kosovo and Iraq. There are also a significant number of Muslims from Iran who live in New Zealand.
In 1981 Sheikh Khalid Hafiz was appointed Imam of Wellington, a post he held until his death in 1999, and was employed as imam by the International Muslim Association of New Zealand. Soon after his arrival he was also appointed senior religious adviser to the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand.
The majority of New Zealand Muslims are Sunnis but there is a large number of Shias who live in New Zealand, concentrated mainly in Auckland (the largest city of New Zealand). In recent years Shiah have become active holding Ashura commemoration programmes in Auckland parks. The first of these was conducted by the Fatima Zahra Charitable Association on 19 January 2008.[8]
Contemporary Islam[edit]
The number of Muslims in New Zealand according to the 2013 census is 46,149, up 28% from 36,072 in the 2006 census.[9] New Zealand now has a number of mosques in the major centres, and two Islamic schools (Al Madinah and Zayed College for Girls).
The community is noted for its harmonious relations with the wider New Zealand community, with various interfaith efforts from all sides contributing to this situation. FIANZ established the Harmony Awards as part of Islam Awareness Week in 2008 to recognise the contributions of New Zealanders to improving understanding and relationships between Muslims and the wider community.[10]
The Muslim Students and Youth Association of NZ was formed in 1997. It is affiliated to Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand. It is primarily run by university students and other youth. They undertake regular activities including lectures, sports tournaments and Muslim youth camps, and work with FIANZ who organise the annual Islam Awareness Week (IAW).
There are significant communities of Muslims from Middle East (Turkey and Lebanon), the South Asia (Pakistan, India and Bangladesh) and Southeast Asia. There is also a large Indo-Fijian Muslim community and an equally substantial Somali minority in New Zealand. Contrary to popular assertions from various community leaders, no one single ethnic group can claim to contribute more than half of the New Zealand Muslim population. The majority of Muslims in New Zealand are concentrated in the major cities of Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington, and Christchurch. In recent years an influx of Malay students from Malaysia and Singapore has increased the proportion of Muslims in some other centres, notably the university city of Dunedin. Dunedin's Al-Huda mosque is reputedly the world's southernmost, and is further from Mecca than any mosque in the Southern Hemisphere.
Māori Muslims[edit]
Islam is estimated to be the fastest growing religion among the Māori,[11][2] with census figures showing the number of Muslims of Māori ethnicity increasing from 99 to 708 in the 10 years to 2001,[12][13] and to 1,083 by 2013 census data.[9] The Aotearoa Māori Muslim Association (AMMA), the most influential Māori Muslim movement, views tino rangatiratanga as a form of jihad, and Islam the perfect vehicle for Māori nationalism.[14] The leader of the AMMA, Sheikh Eshaq Te Amorangi Morgan Kireka-Whaanga was recently identified among the top 500 most influential Muslims.[15] In 2004 Sheikh Eshaq led the Quran Tilawat at the "National Islamic Converts Conference" at the Canterbury mosque in Christchurch. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has translated the Qur'an into the Māori language, Te Reo.[16]
Pacific Islanders[edit]
While the overall Pacific Islander community grew 15% according to census data from 2001 to 2006, Muslim Pacific Islanders grew 87.43%.[2] According to 2013 census data, there were 1,536 Muslims among the Pacific islander community (a little under 3.5% of New Zealand's Muslim population).[9] The most famous Muslim from this community is rugby player and heavyweight boxer, Sonny Bill Williams.[17]
According to 2013 census data, there were 4,353 Muslims (about 9.5% of the total Muslim population) among the European community (Pākehā).[9]
Notable New Zealand Muslims[edit]
- Sonny Bill Williams,rugby player.
- Joel Hayward, scholar, writer and poet.
- Abdul Rahim Rasheed, activist.
Muhammad cartoons controversy[edit]
In 2006, two newspapers in New Zealand decided to republish controversial Danish cartoons depicting Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. The Muslim community registered its displeasure through press statements and a small peaceful march in Auckland. The editors said they did not mean offence but would not back down. Prime Minister Helen Clark and opposition leader Don Brash both made statements that the cartoons were not appreciated if they deeply offended members of the New Zealand community, but that such decisions were for editors to make, not politicians. Muslim leaders and the editors got together with the Race Relations office, and Jewish and Christian representatives in Wellington. As a result of this meeting the editors said they would not apologise but in good faith would refrain from publishing the offending images again. The New Zealand Muslim leadership, through the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ), then proceeded in good faith to consider the matter closed, and drafted letters to 52 Muslim countries reversing their earlier stance and asking that New Zealand products not be boycotted.[18][19]
Radical Islam[edit]
In November 2016, Mohammad Anwar Sahib, the Imam of the Al-Taqwa mosque in Manukau, Auckland and a religious adviser to the FIANZ, drew controversy when he made offensive remarks about Jews, Christians, and women in a series of speeches that were posted by the right-wing blogger Cameron Slater on YouTube. Sahib's comments were condemned by a wide range of figures and groups in New Zealand society including the FIANZ's President Hazim Arafeh, the Islamic Women's Council of New Zealand (IWCNZ), the Race Relations Commissioner Dame Susan Devoy, the Ethnic Communities Minister Sam Lotu-Iiga, the ACT party David Seymour, the New Zealand First leader Winston Peters, the New Zealand Jewish Council, and the Ahmadiyya community.[20][21][22] In response to negative publicity, Sahib was dismissed from his advisory position at the FIANZ. Sahib denied accusations of racism and issued a statement claiming his statements had been taken out of context.[23][21]
In late October 2017, it was reported in the media that the first secretary of the Iranian Embassy Hormoz Ghahremani, the visiting Iranian cleric Hojatoleslam Shafie, and community elder Sayed Taghi Derhami had made remarks denying the Holocaust and attacking Israel at the Shia Islamic Ahlulbayt Foundation in Pakuranga, Auckland during a meeting to commemorate Quds Day in June. A video of the speeches had been posted on the Foundation's YouTube channel. These remarks were criticized by the New Zealand Jewish Council and the pro-Israel think tank the Israel Institute of New Zealand, who advocated Ghahremani's expulsion. Ghahremani later clarified that his actions represented the Iranian government's official position on Israel.[24][25] Race Relations Commissioner Devoy also condemned the trio's anti-Semitic statements.[26] The opposition New Zealand National Party's foreign affairs spokesperson Gerry Brownlee also urged the incumbent Labour-New Zealand First-Green coalition government to expel Ghahremani. In response, Foreign Minister Winston Peters countered that the incident had occurred under the previous National government's watch. Peters indicated that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade had summoned Ghahremani to express its disapproval.[27][28]
See also[edit]
Notes and references[edit]
- ^ "Prayers for Opening". stuff.co.nz. October 31, 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
- ^ a b c Onnudottir, Helena; Possamai, Adam; Turner, Bryan (2012). "Islam and Indigenous Populations in Australia and New Zealand". Muslims in the West and the Challenges of Belonging: 60–86. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
- ^ Abdullah Drury, "Mostly Harmless", Waikato Islamic Studies Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, March 2015, page 30.
- ^ "Abdullah Drury: Crucial element locked in past", NZ Herald
- ^ "New Zealand, Trade and the Muslim World Forum Speech", Pansy Wong
- ^ "Home country doctrine splits once-unified local Muslims", Abdullah Drury
- ^ "Masjid An-Nur in Riccarton, Canterbury". www.salatomatic.com. Salatomatic - your guide to mosques & Islamic schools. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
- ^ "New Zealand Takes Ashura Outside for the First Time", by Fatima Zahra Charitable Association (Auckland, 20 January 2008)
- ^ a b c d "Kiwi converts among New Zealand's Muslim community". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
- ^ http://www.islamawareness.co.nz/harmony.html
- ^ Bhandari, Neena (16 March 2009). "NEW ZEALAND: Asian Muslims Tell Their Own Stories". Retrieved 10 March 2017.
- ^ "Religious affiliation", Table Builder, Statistics New Zealand
- ^ Ruth Berry, Peters claims Muslim group funding radical in The New Zealand Herald (aa August, 2005)
- ^ Hume, Tim (17 October 2004). "Muslim faith draws converts from NZ prisons (radical New Zealand Maori embrace jihad)". Stuff.co.nz.
- ^ "The 500 Most Influential Muslims - 2010" by The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre (Amman, 2010), page.129.
- ^ "Koran's message of unity shared in te reo translation". April 15, 2010.
- ^ "Sonny Bill Williams embraces Islam", Carolyne Meng-Yee, NZ Herald
- ^ Zwartz, Barney (6 February 2006). "Cartoon rage spreads to New Zealand". The Age. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
- ^ "Papers sorry for cartoons' offence". New Zealand Herald. 9 February 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
- ^ Palmer, Scott; Marbeck, Brian (22 November 2016). "'Hate Speech' Imam made a 'mistake' - FIANZ". Newshub. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ a b Bath, Brooke (22 November 2016). "Auckland Imam demands apology after backlash from anti-Semitic speeches". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ "Dismissed Sheikh still in charge of At-Taqwa Mosque: A cause for concern". Shalom.Kiwi. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ Martin, Hannah (23 November 2016). "Auckland Imam permanently stood down after anti-Semitic speeches". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ Wall, Tony (29 October 2017). "Calls to expel Iran diplomat from NZ after fiery anti-Israel speech 'fuels radicalism'". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ "Complaints laid after 'hate speech' calling Israel 'cancer', denying Holocaust". Newshub. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ Devoy, Susan (31 October 2017). "'This is who we do not want to ever become': Dame Susan Devoy on anti-Semitism in New Zealand". The Spinoff. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ Jones, Nicholas (3 November 2017). "Expel 'hateful Iranian diplomat: National". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
- ^ Kirk, Stacey (3 November 2017). "Opposition calls on Foreign Minister Winston Peters to expel 'hateful' Iranian diplomat". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Further reading[edit]
- Drury, Abdullah (2006). Islam in New Zealand. ISBN 978-0-473-12249-2.
- Drury, Abdullah, Islam in New Zealand: The First Mosque (Christchurch, 2007) ISBN 978-0-473-12249-2
- Drury, Abdullah, "A time for Muslims to examine faith" in The Nelson Mail (5 August 2008), p. 9.
- Drury, Abdullah, "A Tribute to the Illyrian Pioneers" in Al Mujaddid (March 2002 - Muharram 1423), Vol.1, No.16, p. 10.
- Drury, Abdullah, "Crucial element locked in past " in The New Zealand Herald (25 September 2007).
- Drury, Abdullah, "Halal certification of growing value" in The Otago Daily Times (27 April 2007), p. 30.
- Drury, Abdullah, "Home country doctrine splits once-unified local Muslims" in The New Zealand Herald (12 July 2006).
- Drury, Abdullah, "Integration effort needed" in The Press (2 August 2005), p. 5.
- Drury, Abdullah, "Once Were Mahometans: Muslims in the South Island of New Zealand, mid-19th to late 20th century, with special reference to Canterbury" (University of Waikato, MPhil, 2016), Hamilton.
- Drury, Abdullah "Mahometans on the Edge of Colonial Empire: Antipodean Experiences" in Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, Volume 29, Issue 1, pp. 71-87.
- Kolig, Erich, New Zealand's Muslims and Multiculturalism (2010) ISBN 978-90-04-17835-9.
- Sheppard, William, "The Muslim Community in New Zealand", Chapter 5 in Indians in New Zealand, ed. K.N. Tiwari (Wellington, N.Z.: Price-Milburn, 1980).
- Sheppard, William, "Muslims in New Zealand", The Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs (Riyadh), 4/1-2 (1982): 60–81.
- Sheppard, William, "The Islamic Contribution: Muslims in New Zealand", in Religion in New Zealand Society, Second Edition, eds Brian Colless & Peter Donovan (Palmerston North, New Zealand: Dunmore Press, 1985), pp. 181–213.
- Sheppard, William, "Muslims in New Zealand", The Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs (Riyadh), 16/2 (1996): 211–232. [Updates 1982 article to 1991.]
- Sheppard, William, "Australia and New Zealand", authored jointly with Michael Humphrey, in Islam Outside the Arab World, eds. David Westerlund and Ingvar Svanberg, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1999, pp. 278–294.
- Sheppard, William, "Muslims in New Zealand" in Muslim Minorities in the West: Visible and Invisible, eds., Yvonne Y. Haddad and Jane I. Smith, Walnut Creek, etc.: Altamira Press, 2002, chapter 13.
- Sheppard, William, "New Zealand's Muslims And Their Organisations" New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 8, 2 (December, 2006): 8–44. (cf. "Introduction: Muslims In New Zealand" in the next section)
- Sheppard, William, "Introduction: Muslims In New Zealand", New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 8, 2 (December, 2006): 1–7. Co-authored with Erich Kolig.
- Sheppard, William, "Australia and New Zealand", in The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Modern Islamic World (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), Vol. 1, pp. 154–5.
- "Sonny Bill Williams embraces Islam" in The Star, 16 February 2011, page.1.


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ChiTAG 2015
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Map | Find Parking
Take the opportunity to explore the booths of more than 100 toy and game exhibitors, transforming Navy Pier's Festival Hall into a playful extravaganza of holiday fun for people of all ages. ChiTAG is the largest toy and game fair in the U.S. open to the public, offering the whole family a weekend jam-packed with fun-filled discovery, interactive events, playful contests and awe-inspiring exhibitions.

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YORKSHIRE'S Jonny Bairstow and Ben Stokes showed more of the "fight" England's coaches were calling for in a much-needed century stand against India on the third morning of the second Test.
Assistant coach Paul Farbrace criticised a lack of resilience after the tourists stumbled to 80 for five the previous evening in reply to 455 at Vizag.
He absolved the sixth-wicket pair, who had batted through much of the final hour to limit the damage - and they were due more praise for a partnership of 110 in a lunchtime 191 for six.
Yet after Bairstow was bowled aiming across a full ball from Umesh Yadav just before the end of the session, England still faced a mighty task to escape defeat here and go to Mohali next week still all square with three to play.
Stokes (55no) and Bairstow (53) had at least revived some hope, maybe even belief, that England had it in them to make India work hard for their success.
Stokes was cashing in on his uncanny piece of luck on Friday evening, 'bowled' for three by Jayant Yadav when the ball brushed the off bail but failed to dislodge it.
On the resumption Virat Kohli deployed a spin-pace combination through the first hour, in which England suffered no alarms.
Bairstow's only moment of concern came before he took strike, when he stumbled as he skipped out to bat and appeared to twist an ankle.
Once in the middle, this year's leading Test runscorer was soon walking and batting soundly.
His and Stokes' stand had already almost doubled the England total by the time India turned again to spin at both ends.
They had turn and a little variable bounce on their side, but nothing horribly untoward as Stokes reached his 108-ball fifty and Bairstow followed from 137 deliveries shortly afterwards.
The century partnership, this pair's third of a prolific year, also came up with the same Bairstow boundary - a thick edge to third-man off Ravindra Jadeja.
Bairstow's departure, however, was a reminder of the perilous position in which England have found themselves - still more than 250 runs adrift with little recognised batting to come.
:: England were expecting to discover the results of scans on Stuart Broad's injured right foot by late afternoon local time.


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Pediatric and Teen CL Care
Continuing Education for Young Patients and Their Parents
Just as there are three things in real estate—location, location, location—there are three things in fitting young children with contact lenses—educate the patient, educate the parent, re-educate the patient and the parent. Most patients understand the importance of wearing and replacement schedules, but fewer understand the importance of lens care solution. In the words of this patient's mom, "I read the bottle and the ingredients were the same."
Kayla is the youngest girl in a family of four children. The older two sisters have successfully worn contact lenses for a few years, but Kayla's refractive error was not simple myopia easily corrected with a spherical two-week replacement lens, nor was her binocular vision in the normal range.
She began wearing a vision correction for hyperopia with astigmatism at the age of 3. However, her cooperation at that age was minimal. Mom and Dad did the best they could with a headstrong yet charming young girl. Although there was an exophoria present, her convergence skills more than compensated for this muscle imbalance.
Surgical Intervention
After two years of a stable visual system she began kindergarten, and the exophoria decompensated into an intermittent and moderate angle OD exotropia. Office therapy was initiated, but sadly, the family dynamics shifted and the parents divorced. Vision therapy had to be discontinued. At the next annual exam, the OD exotropia became a larger angle of strabismus, and a referral for a consultation on a surgical correction became the operative treatment plan.
Fortunately, I have an excellent relationship with an outstanding pediatric ophthalmologist. And the other good news, both parents agreed with the recommended treatment plan for their daughter. The doctor performed the surgery with outstanding results.
Taking on Contact Lenses
When Kayla came in for her annual exam six months ago, the topic of contact lenses came up. Mom wanted her to wear contact lenses like her sisters, and also because Kayla didn't always wear her glasses, especially when participating in sports. I was reluctant to begin the process of a contact lens diagnostic fitting with Kayla's history of noncompliance with glasses wear, continued binocular vision concerns, and family issues. Nonetheless, with the older sisters wearing lenses successfully and compliant with their lens care, we forged ahead.
The diagnostic visit went well, but the multiple instruction sessions were challenging. Kayla was impatient and had the expectation that everything would resolve immediately. To her credit, she did it all and began to wear her lenses successfully.
I schedule a six-month evaluation for all my new contact lens patients prior to ordering more lenses. When I saw Kayla at this visit, her lenses were filmy and coated. During the course of questioning the care regimen, it became evident that Mom, not being a lens wearer herself, had been buying what was on sale.
To my surprise, Kayla knew the exact care solution that we recommended at the time of the instruction, but she had been unable to convince her mom that it was the care solution she should be using. So, Mom and I had a little heart-to-heart about generic care solutions. The patient in this case was not the one who needed the education, it was the parent.
That is why I enjoy fitting contact lenses on young children, they listen! CLS
Dr. French is a graduate of Illinois College of Optometry. After her doctorate, she completed post-doctoral programs in learning disabilities, early childhood development, and business management. She is a lecturer, author, and industry consultant specializing in children's vision. She is also a consultant or advisor to Vistakon. You can reach her at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Experiences from Two Sensor Network Deployments Self-Monitoring and Self-Configuration Keys to Success
- Emmeline Reynolds
- 3 years ago
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1 Experiences from Two Sensor Network Deployments Self-Monitoring and Self-Configuration Keys to Success Niclas Finne, Joakim Eriksson, Adam Dunkels, Thiemo Voigt Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Box 1263, SE Kista, Sweden Abstract. Despite sensor network protocols being self-configuring, sensor network deployments continue to fail. We report our experience from two recently deployed IP-based multi-hop sensor networks: one in-door surveillance network in a factory complex and a combined out-door and in-door surveillance network. Our experiences highlight that adaptive protocols alone are not sufficient, but that an approach to self-monitoring and self-configuration that covers more aspects than protocol adaptation is needed. Based on our experiences, we design and implement an architecture for self-monitoring of sensor nodes. We show that the self-monitoring architecture detects and prevents the problems with false alarms encountered in our deployments. The architecture also detects software bugs by monitoring actual and expected duty-cycle of key components of the sensor node. We show that the energy-monitoring architecture detects bugs that cause the radio chip to be active longer than expected. 1 Introduction Surveillance is one of the most prominent application domains for wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks enable rapidly deployed surveillance applications in urban terrain. While most wireless sensor network mechanisms are self-configuring and designed to operate in changing conditions [12, 16], the characteristics of the deployment environment often cause additional and unexpected problems [8, 9, 11]. In particular, Langendoen et al. [8] point out the difficulties posed by, e.g., hardware not working as expected. To contribute to the understanding of the problems encountered in real-world sensor network deployments, we report on our experience from recent deployments of two surveillance applications: one in-door surveillance application in a factory complex, and one combined out-door and in-door surveillance network. Both applications covered a large area and therefore required multi-hop networking. Our experiences highlight that adaptive protocols alone are not sufficient, but that an approach to self-monitoring and self-configuration that covers more aspects than protocol adaptation is needed. An example where we have experienced the need for self-monitoring of sensor nodes is when the components used in low-cost sensor nodes behave differently on different nodes. In many of our experiments, radio transmissions triggered the motion detector on a subset of our nodes while other nodes did not experience this problem.
2 2 Niclas Finne, Joakim Eriksson, Adam Dunkels, Thiemo Voigt Motivated by the observation that self-configuration and adaptation is not sufficient to circumvent unexpected hardware and software problems, we design and implement a self-monitoring architecture for detecting hardware and software problems. Our architecture consists of pairs of probes and activators where the activators start up an activity that is suspected to trigger problems and the probes measure if sensor components react to the activator s activity. Callback functions enable a node to self-configure its handling of a detected problem. We experimentally demonstrate that our approach solves the observed problem of packet transmissions triggering the motion detector. To find software problems, we integrate Contiki s software-based on-line energy estimator [5] into the self-monitoring architecture. This allows us to detect problems such as the CPU not going into the correct low power mode, a problem previously encountered by Langendoen et al. [8]. With two examples we demonstrate the effectiveness of the self-monitoring architecture. Based on our deployment experiences, we believe this tool to be very valuable for both application developers and system developers. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. The setup and measurements for the two deployments are described in Section 2. In Section 3 we present our experiences from the deployments, including unexpected behavior. Section 4 describes our architecture for self-monitoring while the following section evaluates it. Finally, we describe related work in Section 6 and our conclusions in Section 7. 2 Deployments We have deployed two sensor network surveillance applications in two different environments. The first network was deployed indoors in a large factory complex setting with concrete floors and walls, and the second in a combined outdoor and indoor setting in an urban environment. In both experiments, we used ESB sensor nodes [14] consisting of a MSP430 microprocessor with 2kB RAM, 60kB flash, a TR MHz radio and several sensors. During the deployments, we used the ESB s motion detector (PIR) and vibration sensor. We implemented the applications on top of the Contiki operating system [4] that features the uip stack, the smallest RFC-compliant TCP/IP stack [3]. All communication uses UDP broadcast and header compression that reduces the UDP/IP header down to only six bytes: the full source IP address and UDP port, as well as a flag field that indicates whether or not the header is compressed. We used three different types of messages: Measurement messages to send sensor data to the sink, Path messages to report forwarding paths to the sink, and Alarm messages that send alarms about detected activity. We used two different protocols during the deployment. In the first experiment, we used a single-hop protocol where all nodes broadcast messages to the sink. In the second experiment, we used a multi-hop protocol where each node calculates the number of hops to the sink and transmits messages with a limit on hops to the sink. A node only forwards messages for nodes it has accepted to be relay node for. A message can take several paths to the sink and arrive multiple times. During the first deployment only a few nodes were configured to forward messages, but in the second deployment any node could configure itself to act as relay node.
3 Experiences from Two Sensor Network Deployments 3 After a sensor has triggered an alarm, an alarm message is sent towards the sink. Alarm messages are retransmitted up to three times unless the node hears an explicit acknowledgment message or overhears that another node forwards the message further. Only the latest alarm from each node is forwarded. 2.1 First Deployment: Factory Complex The first deployment of the surveillance sensor network was performed in a factory complex. The main building was about 250 meters times 25 meters in size and three floors high. Both floors and most walls were made of concrete but there were sections with office-like rooms that were separated by wooden walls. Between the bottom floor and first floor there was a smaller half-height floor. The largest distance between the sink and the most distant nodes was slightly less than 100 meters. The sensor network we deployed consisted of 25 ESB nodes running a surveillance application. All nodes were either forwarding messages to the sink or monitored their environment using the PIR sensor and the vibration detector. We made several experiments ranging from a single hop network for measuring communication quality to a multi-hop surveillance network. Single-Hop Network Experiment We made the first experiment to understand the limitations of communication range and quality in the building. All nodes communicated directly with the sink and sent measurement packets at regular intervals. Node Distance Sent Sent Reception ratio Signal strength Walls Received (meter) (expected) (actual) (percent) (avg,max) C % W % C % W % W % W % W % W % W % W % W % Table 1. Communication related measurements for the first experiment. Table 1 shows the results of the measurements. The columns from left are node id, distance from the sink in meters, number of concrete and wooden walls between node and the sink, number of messages received at the sink from the node, number of messages sent by the node (calculated on sequence number), actual number of messages sent (read from a log stored in each node), percentage of successfully delivered messages, and signal strength measured at the sink. Table 1 shows that as expected the ratio of received messages decreases with increasing distance from the sink. As full sensor coverage of the factory was not possible using a single-hop network, we performed the other experiments with multi-hop networks.
4 4 Niclas Finne, Joakim Eriksson, Adam Dunkels, Thiemo Voigt Multi-Hop Network Experiments After performing some experiments to understand the performance of a multi-hop sensor network with respect to communication and surveillance coverage, we performed the final experiment in the first deployment during a MOUT (Military Operation on Urban Terrain) exercise with soldiers moving up and down the stairs and running in the office complex at the top level of the building. Fig. 1. Screenshot from the final experiment in the factory deployment illustrating placement of the sensor nodes during the surveillance and the paths used to transfer messages. All levels of the factory are shown with the top level at the top of the screenshot and the basement at the bottom. The office complex is on the right side at the top level in the figure. Node 110 (see Figure 1) was the most heavily loaded forwarding node in the network. It had a direct connection to the sink and forwarded messages from other nodes during the three hour long experiment. During the experiment the sink received 604 alarms generated by node percent of these alarms were received several times due to retransmissions. Node 8 had seven paths to the sink, one direct connection with the sink, and six paths via different forwarding nodes. The sink received 1270 unique alarms from node 8 and 957 duplicates. Most of the other nodes messages multi-hopped over a few alternative paths to the sink, with similar or smaller delays than those from node 110 and 8. This indicates that the network was reliable and that most of the alarms got to the server; in many cases via several paths. With the 25 sensor nodes we achieved coverage of the most important passages of the factory complex, namely doors, stairs, and corridors. 2.2 Second Deployment: Combined in-door and out-door urban terrain The second deployment was made in an artificial town built for MOUT exercises. It consisted of a main street and a crossing with several wooden buildings on both sides
5 Experiences from Two Sensor Network Deployments 5 of the streets. At the end of the main street there were some concrete buildings. The distance between the sink and the nodes at the edge of the network was about 200 meters, making the network more than twice as long as in the first deployment. The surveillance system was improved in two important ways. First, the network was more self-configuring in that there was no need for manually configuring which role each node should have (relay node or sensor node). Each node configured itself for relaying if the connectivity to sink was above a threshold. Second, alarm messages also included path information so that information of the current configuration of the network was constantly updated as messages arrived to the sink. Even with the added path information in the alarm messages, the response times for alarms in the network were similar to the response times in the first deployment despite that the distant nodes were three or four hops away from the sink rather than two or three. Using 25 nodes we achieved fairly good sensor coverage of the most important areas. 3 Deployment Experiences When we deployed the sensor network application we did not know what to expect in terms of deployment speed, communication quality, applicability of sensors, etc. Both deployments were made in locations that were new to us. This section reports on the various experiences we made during the deployments. Network Configuration During the first deployment the configuration needed to make a node act as a relay node was done manually. This made it very important to plan the network carefully and make measurements on connectivity at different locations in order to get an adequate number of forwarding nodes. This was one of the largest problems with the first deployment. During the second deployment the network s selfconfiguration capabilities made deployment a faster and easier task. The importance of self-configuration of the network routing turned out to be higher than we expected since we suddenly needed to move together with the sink to a safer location during the second deployment, where we did not risk being fired at. This happened while the network was deployed and active. Unforeseen Hardware Problems During radio transmissions a few of the sensor nodes triggered sensor readings which cause unwanted false alarms. Since we detected and understood this during the first deployment, we rewrote the application to turn off sensing on the nodes that had this behavior. Our long term solution is described in the next section. Parameter Configuration In the implementation of the communication protocols and surveillance application there are a number of parameters with static values set during early testing with small networks. Many of these parameters need to be optimized for better application performance. Due to differences in the environment, this optimization can only partly be done before deployment. Examples of such parameters are retransmission timers, alarm triggering delays, radio transmission power level, and time before refreshing a communication link.
6 6 Niclas Finne, Joakim Eriksson, Adam Dunkels, Thiemo Voigt Ground Truth It is important for understanding the performance of a sensor network deployment to compare the sensed data to ground truth. In our deployments, we did not have an explicit installation of a parallel monitoring system to obtain ground truth, but in both deployments we received a limited amount of parallel feedback. During the first deployment, the sensor networks alerted us of movements in various parts of the factory but since we did not have any information about the soldiers current locations it was difficult to estimate the time between detection by the sensor nodes and the alarm at the sink. Sometimes the soldiers threw grenades powerful enough to trigger the vibration sensors on the nodes. This way, we could estimate the time between the grenade explosions and the arrival of the vibration alarm at the sink. During the second deployment we received a real time feed from a wireless camera and used it to compare the soldiers path with the alarms from the sensor network. Radio Transmission During the first deployment we placed forwarding nodes in places where we expected good radio signal strength (less walls, and floors). We expected the most used path to the sink via forwarding nodes in the stairwells. However, most messages took a path straight through two concrete floors via a node placed at the ground floor below the office rooms where the sensors were deployed. Instant Feedback One important feature of the application during deployment was that when started, a node visualized its connection. When it connected, the node beeped and flashed all its leds before being silent. Without this feature we would have been calling the person at the sink all the time just to see if the node had connected to the network. This way, we could also estimate a node s link quality. The longer time for the node to connect to the network, the worse it was connected. We usually moved nodes that required more than 5-10 seconds to connect to a position with better connectivity. 4 A Self-Monitoring Architecture for Detecting Hardware and Software Problems To ensure automatic detection of the nodes that have hardware problems, we design a self-monitoring architecture that probes potential hardware problems. Our experiences show that the nodes can be categorized into two types: those with a hardware problem and those without. The self-probing mechanism could therefore possibly be run at startup, during deployment, or even prior to deployment. 4.1 Hardware Self-Test Detection of hardware problems is done using a self-test at node start-up. The goal of the self-test is to make it possible to detect if a node has any hardware problems. The self-test architecture consists of pairs of probes and activators. The activators start up an activity that is suspected to trigger problems and the probes measure if sensors or hardware components react to the activator s activity. An example of a probe/activator pair is measuring PIR interrupts when sending radio traffic. The API
7 Experiences from Two Sensor Network Deployments 7 Application Energy profile Selfmonitoring Hardware monitoring Probes Activators Software monitoring (energy profiling) Contiki OS Energy estimator Hardware Sensors Actuators Communication Fig. 2. Architecture for performing self-monitoring of both hardware and software. Self-tests of hardware are performed at startup or while running the sensor network application. Monitoring of the running software is done continuously using the built-in energy estimator in Contiki. for the callbacks from the self tester for probing for problems, executing activators and handling the results are shown in Figure 3. int probe(); void execute_activator(); void report(int activator, int probe, int percentage); Fig. 3. The hardware self-test API. With a few defined probes and activators, it is possible to call a self-test function that will run all probe/activator pairs. If a probe returns anything else than zero, this is an indication that a sensor or hardware component has reacted to the activity caused by the activator. The code in Figure 4 shows the basic algorithm for the self-test. The code assumes that the activator takes the time it needs for triggering potential problems, and the probes just read the data from the activators. This causes the self-test to monopolize the CPU, so the application can only call it when there is time for a self-test. The self-test mechanism can either be built-in into the OS or a part of the application code. For the experiments we implement a self-test component in Contiki on the ESB platform. A component on a node can break during the network s execution (we experienced complete breakdown of a node due to severe physical damage). In such case the initial self-test will not automatically detect the failure. Most sensor network applications have moments of low action, and in these cases it is possible to re-run the tests or parts of the tests to ensure that no new hardware errors have occurred.
8 8 Niclas Finne, Joakim Eriksson, Adam Dunkels, Thiemo Voigt /* Do a self-test for each activator */ for(i = 0; i < activator_count; i++) { /* Clear the probes before running the activator */ for(p = 0; p < probe_count; p++) { probe[p]->probe(); probe_data[p] = 0; } for(t = 0; t < TEST_COUNT; t++) { /* run the activator and probe all the probes */ activator[i]->execute_activator(); for(p = 0; p < probe_count; p++) probe_data[p] += probe[p]->probe()? 1 : 0; } /* send a report on the results for this activator-probe pair */ for(p = 0; p < probe_count; p++) report(i, p, (100 * probe_data[p]) / TEST_COUNT); } Fig. 4. Basic self-test algorithm expressed in C-code. 4.2 Software Self-Monitoring Monitoring the hardware for failure is taking care of some of the potential problem in a sensor network node. Some bugs in the software can also cause unexpected problems, such as the inability to put the CPU into low power mode [8]. This can be monitored using Contiki s energy estimator [5] combined with energy profiles described by the application developer. ENERGY_PROFILE(60 * CLOCK_SECOND, /* Check profile every 60 seconds */ energy_profile_warning, /* Call this function if mismatch */ EP(CPU, 0, 20), /* CPU 0%-20% duty cycle */ EP(TRANSMIT, 0, 20), /* Transmit 0%-20% duty cycle */ EP(LISTEN, 0, 10)); /* Listen 0%-10% duty cycle */ Fig. 5. An energy profile for an application with a maximum CPU duty cycle of 20 percent and a listen duty cycle between 0 and 10 percent. The profile is checked every 60 seconds. Each time the system deviates from the profile, a call to the function energy profile warning is made. 4.3 Self-Configuration Based on the information collected from the hardware and software monitoring the application and the operating system can re-configure to adapt to problems. In the case of the surveillance application described above the application can turn off the PIR sensor during radio transmissions if a PIR hardware problem is detected. 5 Evaluation We evaluate the self-monitoring architecture by performing controlled experiments with nodes that have hardware defects and nodes without defects. We also introduce arti-
9 Experiences from Two Sensor Network Deployments 9 ficial bugs into our software that demonstrate the effectiveness of our software selfmonitoring approach. 5.1 Detection of Hardware Problems For the evaluation of the hardware self-testing we use one probe measuring PIR interrupts, and activators for sending data over radio, sending over RS232, blinking leds and beeping the beeper. The probes and activators are used to run the tests on ten ESB nodes of which two are having the hardware problems. A complete but simplified set of probes, activators and report functions is shown in Figure 6. In this case, the results are only printed instead of used for deciding how the specific node should be configured. /* A basic PIR sensor probe */ static int probe_pir(void) { static unsigned int lastpir; unsigned int value = lastpir; lastpir = (unsigned int) pir_sensor.value(0); return lastpir - value; } /* A basic activator for sending data over radio */ static void activator_send(void) { /* send packet */ rimebuf_copyfrom(packet_data, sizeof(packet_data)); abc_send(&abc); } /* Print out the report */ static void report(int activator, int probe, int trigged_percent) { printf("activator %u Probe %u: %u%%\n", activator, probe, trigged_percent); } Fig. 6. A complete set of callback functions for a self test of radio triggered PIR sensor. As experienced in our two deployments, the PIR sensor triggers when transmitting data over the radio during the tests on a problem node. On other nodes the PIR sensors remain untriggered. Designing efficient activators and probes is important for the selfmonitoring system. Figure 7 illustrates the variations in detection ratio when varying the number of transmitted packets and packet sizes during execution of the activator. Based on these results a good activator for the radio seems to be sending three 50 bytes packets. 5.2 Detection of Software and Configuration Problems Some of the problems encountered during development and deployment of sensor network software are related to minor software bugs and misconfigurations that decrease the lifetime of the network [8]. Bugs such as missing to power down a sensor or the radio chip when going into sleep mode, or a missed frequency divisor and therefore higher sample rate in an interrupt driven A/D based sensor can decrease the network s
10 10 Niclas Finne, Joakim Eriksson, Adam Dunkels, Thiemo Voigt 100 Detection of hardware problems 80 one packet two packets three packets Packet size (bytes) Fig. 7. Results of varying the activator for sending radio packets on a problem node. Sending only one packet does not trigger the PIR probe, while sending three packets with a packet size larger than 50 bytes always triggers the problem. On a good node no PIR triggerings occur. expected lifetime. We explicitly create two software problems causing this type of behavior. The first problem consists of failing to turn off the radio in some situations. Figure 8 shows the duty cycle of the radio for an application that periodically sends data. XMAC [1] is used as MAC protocol to save energy. XMAC periodically turns on the radio to listen for transmissions and when sending it sends several packet preambles to wake up listeners. Using the profile from Figure 5 a warning is issued when the radio listen duty cycle drastically increases due to the software problem being triggered. In the second problem the sound sensor is misconfigured causing the A/D converter to run at twice the desired sample rate. The node then consumes almost 50% more CPU time than normal. This misbehavior is also detected by the software self-monitoring component. 6 Related Work During recent years several wireless sensor networks have been deployed the most prominent being probably the one on Great Duck Island [9]. Other efforts include glacier [11] and water quality monitoring [2]. For an overview on wireless sensor network deployments, see Römer and Mattern [13]. Despite efforts to increase adaptiveness and self-configuration in wireless sensor networks [10, 12, 16], sensor network deployments still encounter severe problems: Werner-Allen et al. have deployed a sensor network to monitor a volcano in South America [15]. They encountered several bugs in TinyOS after the deployment. For example, one bug caused a three day outage of the entire network, other bugs made nodes lose time synchronization. We have already mentioned the project by Langendoen that encountered severe problems [8]. Further examples include a surveillance application called A line in the sand [6] where some nodes would detect false events exhausting
11 Duty cycle (percent) Experiences from Two Sensor Network Deployments 11 Profiling of transmit and listen duty cycle (xmac) Profile warning Transmit Listen Listen (internal) Time (seconds) Fig. 8. Duty-cycle for listen and transmit. The left part shows the application s normal behavior with a low duty cycle on both listen and transmit. The right part shows the behavior after triggering a bug that causes the radio chip to remain active. The dashed line shows the listen duty cycle estimated using the same mechanism as the energy profiler but sampled more often. The next time the energy profile is checked the deviation is detected and a warning issued. their batteries early and Lakshman et al. s network that included nodes with a hardware problem that caused highly spatially correlated failures [7]. Our work has revealed additional insights such as a subset of nodes having a specific hardware problem where packet transmissions triggered the motion detector. 7 Conclusions In this paper we have reported results and experiences from two sensor network surveillance deployments. Based on our experiences we have designed, implemented and evaluated an architecture for detecting both hardware and software problems. The evaluation demonstrates that our architecture detects and handles hardware problems we experienced and software problems experienced during deployments of other researchers. Acknowledgments This work was funded by the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration and the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems, VINNOVA. References 1. Michael Buettner, Gary V. Yee, Eric Anderson, and Richard Han. X-mac: a short preamble mac protocol for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. In ACM SenSys, November 2006.
12 12 Niclas Finne, Joakim Eriksson, Adam Dunkels, Thiemo Voigt 2. T.L. Dinh, W. Hu, P. Sikka, P. Corke, L. Overs, and S. Brosnan. Design and Deployment of a Remote Robust Sensor Network: Experiences from an Outdoor Water Quality Monitoring Network. IEEE Congf. on Local Computer Networks, pages , A. Dunkels. Full TCP/IP for 8-bit architectures. In Proceedings of The First International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MOBISYS 03), San Francisco, California, May A. Dunkels, B. Grönvall, and T. Voigt. Contiki - a lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors. In Proceedings of the First IEEE Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (IEEE Emnets 04), Tampa, Florida, USA, November Adam Dunkels, Fredrik Österlind, Nicolas Tsiftes, and Zhitao He. Software-based on-line energy estimation for sensor nodes. In EmNets 07: Proceedings of the 4th workshop on Embedded networked sensors, pages 28 32, Anish Arora et al. A line in the sand: a wireless sensor network for target detection, classification, and tracking. Computer Networks, 46(5): , L. Krishnamurthy, R. Adler, P. Buonadonna, J. Chhabra, M. Flanigan, N. Kushalnagar, L. Nachman, and M. Yarvis. Design and deployment of industrial sensor networks: experiences from a semiconductor plant in the north sea. In ACM SenSys, pages 64 75, K.G. Langendoen, A. Baggio, and O.W. Visser. Murphy loves potatoes: Experiences from a pilot sensor network deployment in precision agriculture. In 14th Int. Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Real-Time Systems (WPDRTS), apr A. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, D. Culler, and J. Anderson. Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring. In First ACM Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA 2002), Atlanta, GA, USA, September PJ Marron, A. Lachenmann, D. Minder, J. Hahner, R. Sauter, and K. Rothermel. TinyCubus: a flexible and adaptive framework sensor networks. EWSN P. Padhy, K. K. Martinez, A. Riddoch, H. Ong, and J. Hart. Glacial environment monitoring using sensor networks. In Proc. of the Workshop on Real-World Wireless Sensor Networks (REALWSN 05), Stockholm, Sweden, June I. Rhee, A. Warrier, M. Aia, and J. Min. Z-MAC: a hybrid MAC for wireless sensor networks. ACM SenSys, pages , K. Römer and F. Mattern. The design space of wireless sensor networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 11(6):54 61, December J. Schiller, H. Ritter, A. Liers, and T. Voigt. Scatterweb - low power nodes and energy aware routing. In Proceedings of Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, USA, January Geoff Werner-Allen, Konrad Lorincz, Jeff Johnson, Jonathan Lees, and Matt Welsh. Fidelity and yield in a volcano monitoring sensor network. In Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), Seattle, USA, A. Woo, T. Tong, and D. Culler. Taming the underlying challenges of reliable multihop routing in sensor networks. ACM SenSys, pages 14 27, 2003.
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text: I have lost money attempting to load paid programs using GOOGLE CHECTOUT. I have found that I am not alone on this, that many are having their cards debited and software not to download. Am I making this up, hell no, just google, google checkout and read the night mares. I actual had a developer from of one of the programs call me, he sent me links to related to this issue. I will tell you that I refuse to buy one more paid program. If I have to go back to my Blackberry, then that is what I will do, for I am not a self made millionaire. I Never had one ounce of problems with PayPal. I am posting this so others won't lose money as I did. MICP1480


text:
10% discount all day, everyday
Upscale Comfort Food – Made from Scratch- Thoughtfully Sourced.
Built in the early 1870's, Grand Trunk Station serviced the Lewiston-Auburn rail line that connected to the larger Montreal-Portland railroad.
The line transported nearly, 25,000 migrants, particularly French-Canadians, to work in the mills and shoe-making factories along the Androscoggin River.
The extraordinary history of this location inspired our family to create a venue that would capture the classic spirit of travel and new world adventure.
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Ileshea Stowe, Director of Operations/PR
103 Lincoln St, Lewiston, ME 04240
- Address: Directions
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There are no reviews yet.


text:
Back to Recent
Go to U.S.
News Archive
News Archive
International News Archive
January 01 - Janurary 06, 2002
This page contains news for
the period January 01 through January 06, 2002.
<< January 2002
Research shows that British single moms viewed as irresponsible
A story published today by the Guardian reports that according to a research conducted
in Manchester, England, single mothers are still viewed as "women of easy
virtue" and discriminated against by hospitals and clinics.
The city was chosen as the site for this new research because it has one of the highest
percentages of single mothers in Britain, 53%.
Rachel Murphy, from the University of Nottingham, said that these women were often
portrayed as irresponsible and of easy virtue, who became pregnant to obtain benefit and
housing. In fact many thought they were in a stable relationship, and it was only at
pregnancy it fell apart.
Ms. Murphy said there was no longer discrimination as such, but there still was
institutionalized discrimination. "Pregnant women are expected to have partners who
are involved in the pregnancy. All the programs are geared towards this and unmarried
mothers are excluded by the process. It causes alienation, failure to attend appointments,
and lack of care."
Two hospitals, North Manchester and Wythenshawe, had recognized the problem and catered
for single parent needs, though lack of funds made this difficult. At Wythenshawe a unit
to provide classes for teenage mothers had been set up, but there was still nothing for
older single mothers.
Young Australian women are sinking into booze
A story released today by the West Australian reports that a national survey by the
Women's Health Australia project shows that 31 percent of women aged between 23 and 28
binge drink. The number rises to 70 percent for 18 to 23-year-olds.
Professor Charlotte de Crespigny, of Flinders University in Adelaide, is studying the
behavior of young women drinkers. She says there has been an explosion in the number of
young women going to bars and pubs in the past 10 years.
"There has been a matching, if not a surpassing, of their male peers," she
This trend even has a name. Women who drink as hard and fast as their male counterparts
are known as ladettes. Their behavior is one of the ill-effects of feminism, says Martin
Welman, of the drug and alcohol service at Nepean Hospital in Penrith on Sydney's western
edge. He says that at least 15 percent of women he sees with alcohol-related liver disease
are under 35.
Steve Allsop, director of clinical education and research at WA's Drug and Alcohol
Office, said social changes in the past decade had made it more acceptable for women to
drink alcohol. Women also were increasingly financially independent and able to take
advantage of a bigger range of alcoholic drinks served in pubs and bars which were
increasingly more attractive to them.
Australian Hotels Association WA president Bradley Woods said the industry had worked
hard to make hotels more attractive to women drinkers, although only 30 percent of alcohol
was consumed on licensed premises. He said the explosion in the wine industry and the
expansion of the ready-to-drink market was at least attributable partly to women drinkers.
He said the latest National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines for safe
drinking said men should stick to six standard drinks a day and women to four.
Thirtysomethings in Japan are ill
prepared to wed
A story published today by the Daily Yomiuri reports that a survey conducted by the
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in Japan showed that more
than 40 percent of men aged between 30 and 34 are single. In Tokyo alone, 54 percent of
men in that age group are unmarried, the first time they have been a majority in the
survey's history. Makoto Ato, director of the institute said, "This tendency will
probably continue for a while."
According to the institute's 1997 survey, the wives in about 12 percent of couples who
had been married for up to four years were already pregnant on their wedding day. An
increasing number of couples do not decide to get married without a strong motive to do
so, as in the phenomenon of "dekichatta kekkon" (Oops-I-am-pregnant marriage).
Nevertheless, it does not necessarily mean that men deny the value of marriage.
According to a survey conducted by OMMG, an Osaka-based match-making service, 72 percent
of single men aged from 25 to 34 said they would like to get married someday.
Despite their stated hope to tie the knot with somebody someday, increasing numbers of
men remain single even after the age 30.
One frequently cited factor behind this tendency is changes in women's lives, such as
the growth of their economic capabilities.
"Decision-making and communication skills may be deteriorating among those in
their 30s compared with their elders," said Akihiko Nishiyama, a director at Tokyo
Gas Urban Life Research Institute, who analyzes contemporary people in their 30s.
According to Nishiyama, when the thirtysomethings had to make decisions on schools and
jobs, they had standardized tests and employment information services to guide them in
making a final decision. But they are not used to making fully independent decisions
regarding their own futures, he said, which suggests that both men and women are shying
away from the momentous decision of marriage.
An increasing number of people cannot see anything that connects them with others and
seem to have become resigned to being "single after all."
European nations and the United States have implemented social policies that serve
couples who are not officially married. France, for instance, gives unmarried households
tax and social welfare treatment equivalent to those of married couples.
As the "single after all" tendency becomes prevalent in Japan, the government
may as well consider social support for a unit that does not follow the conventional form
of marriage.
Thursday, January 3, 2002
Divorce on the rise in Japan
A story published today by the Asahi Shimbun reports that according to Japans
Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, more people died and fewer babies were born in
2001. More couples tied the knot, but an increasing number untied it as well.
Divorce is getting increasingly common in Japan. According to the 2001 population
demographics compiled by the ministry, a record 289,000 couples split during the year,
translating to one divorce every 1 minute, 49 seconds.
That is an increase of 25,000 divorces from 2000, and represents twice the divorce rate
recorded in 1980.
But marriages were also up, to 803,000 newlywed couples, a gain of 5,000 from the
preceding year. The figures were based on extrapolation of actual statistics for January
through October, extended to cover the full year.
Separately, the Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and
Telecommunications said the number of 20-year-olds, or those reaching legally defined
adulthood, stood at 1.52 million, representing the eighth straight year of decrease. Of
the total, representing 1.19 percent of the nation's population, 780,000 were men and
740,000 were women.
Those coming of age from the postwar baby boom, from 1968 to 1970, totaled about 2.4
million in each year.
During 1993 to 1995, the second wave of baby boomers turned 20, and the totals again
rose to the 2 million mark. But the numbers of those turning 20 have continued to decline
each year since then.
By 2005, the number of people who turn 20 years of age is expected to drop to about 1.5
million, and will fall to about 1.2 million in 2010 and thereafter, statisticians predict.
Wednesday, January 2, 2002
British lawyers call for
legislation on no fault divorces
A story published today by the Independent reports that a series of acrimonious
celebrity divorces has prompted calls in Britain for an end to the requirement for one
spouse to admit fault if couples want to end their marriage of less than two years.
Yesterday, the head of the Solicitors' Family Law Association, which represents 5,000
family lawyers in England and Wales, said it was time that the Lord Chancellor, Lord
Irvine of Lairg, implemented legislation permitting "no-fault" divorces.
The association's chairman, Jane Craig, said: "It really is ridiculous that where
neither person has committed adultery, the law forces people into making unpleasant
allegations about the behavior of their spouse in order to obtain a divorce right away.
"This process almost invariably raises the temperature because, even where the
couple agree the behavior allegations between them, one person feels that he or she is
having to 'take the blame' for the marriage breakdown in the eyes of the court. The
reality is more likely to be that neither the husband nor the wife has behaved
Last year, 70 percent of the 150,000 divorces were granted on the basis of unreasonable
behavior or adultery.
Although the British Government has restated that it is committed to the aims of
"no-fault" divorce to allow a marriage that has broken down to be
ended with minimum distress and conflict it has not yet made any proposals to
replace the abandoned legislation.
The association said the Government's announcement of extra funding for relationship
support services and the promotion of mediation could only be used in a "fault-based
legal framework".
In July, Lord Irvine was warned by his own advisers that the divorce system caused
couples "distress and anger" as well as harm to children. A committee of
lawyers, judges and marriage experts, which guides Lord Irvine on family law matters,
described the switch in government policy as "deeply disappointing" because
couples would be forced to continue to find acrimonious grounds if they wanted to obtain a
divorce in less than two years.
The chairman of the Advisory Board on Family Law, Sir Thomas Boyd-Carpenter, said that
while the no-fault proposals were not perfect, they were "good enough to put into
effect and subsequently refine".
The board, however, said: "Given the difficulties inherent in introducing new
legislation on a topic of this sensitivity, we firmly believed that this course was
preferable to an indefinite continuance of the status quo."
Of grave concern to the board, which includes the family law judge Mr. Justice Wall, is
the effect the policy has on children whose parents want to divorce quickly.


text:
Hi, my name is Ricardo, I have some experience with Mikshape, I love doing different packages for mods of HL. Any possible help or comment is welcome. Greetings.
some packs for half-life1
Well here I leave some of my videos of packs for HL1.
The credits are in the same description of the video on youtube.
Pack for AS :
Pack for POV :
Pack for AR :
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text:
NEW: A narrative experiment, novellas based on the "vertical writing" style of screenwriting.
(All scripts are copyrighted and have been registered with the Writers Guild of America. Note to screenwriting students.)
***FREE screenwriting tutorial, my original 1997 ground-breaking electronic course, Screenwright, now available online without charge. My gift to future students as I prepare to retire from teaching screenwriting at Portland State University, which I've done for the past 15 years.
Essays on screenwriting.
Real Audio Screenwriting Tips


text:
The Hills Have Eyes
Have you ever wondered why they don't make more sex toys that look like something you'd shoot on the 5th level of DOOM Resurrection? Say hello to the Concubine Masturbator. This serial killer's fever dream comes to us from TSX Toys, a company who I assume bases their operations deep in the badlands of a nuclear testing site.
If this turns you on the FBI will probably want to see the contents of your refrigerator.
Fang Job
Is there really a man in the world that wants to feel more teeth during a blow job? I've never had to ask that question until I discovered the Count Cockula Fleshjack.
Obviously, vampires are trendier than bacon right now thanks to shows like True Blood. I get it. Really, I do. I've seen better acting on Saved By the Bell and yet I watch this show with the same religous fervor that makes lonely cat ladies watch the Young and the Restless. I mean, you'd think this show's target would be Goth chicks who compulsively snack on toilet paper, yet here I am watching the annoying little girl from "The Piano" clomp around the deep south in Keds on the off chance I might see this guy:
Damn you, Sheriff of Area 5.


text:
Hi everyone! Hope you all had a fantastic Thanksgiving! Here at Ideas By Dalba, I'm just trying to recoup from an almost week-long eating fest! Lol – Thanksgiving always brings great food with it.
I want to share with you the must-do things if you find yourself in NYC this Christmas.
At the Top of the List-
Rockefeller Christmas Tree Lighting – The Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree 2016 located at Rockefeller Center on 49th St between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, will be lit for the holiday season starting Wednesday, November 30 at 7pm through January 7. Fair warning – the closer it is to Christmas the busier this tourist spot gets. I recommend going on a weekday as early in the season as possible. The Christmas sights in and around Rockefeller Center are spectacular but the crowds can get overwhelming and the sea of people walking can get borderline chaotic and maybe a bit dangerous. The best way to get there is by public transportation. You can get there by taking the B, D, F, M to 47th-50th Sts-Rockefeller Center. Last year we drove and it was not fun! Take my advice take the train! Cost $0 – there is no cost to view and take pictures.
Winter Village at Bryant Park – Bryant Park Winter Village 2016 is a must see. with its 17,000-square-foot ice-skating rink and over 125 shopping kiosks and food vendors open for business. The holiday market opens its doors starting Saturday, October 29. The Holiday Shops will be selling seasonal gifts through January 2, 2017. The Rink and Public Fair will run through March 5, 2017. Free ice-skating on Bryant Park's 17,000-square-foot outdoor rink (you may bring your own skates or rent for $20). This is located at 41 W 40th St between Sixth and Fifth Avenues.
Christmas Spectacular 2016 Featuring the Rockettes- For all New Yorkers and tourist alike this is a hands down New York Christmas tradition and a must do when in NYC! This show has something for everyone- a flying Santa, a nativity scene and 3-D glasses. And don't forget about the Rockettes in Wooden Soldier costumes and kick lines! The Radio City Christmas Spectacular takes place from November 11, 2016 through January 2, 2017 at Radio City Music Hall. The best way to get there is by public transportation take the B, D, F or M to 47th-50th/Rockefeller Center, or the 1 to 50th St/Broadway. Make sure to purchase your tickets early! Tickets range from $49 for 3rd mezzanine seats to $250 for orchestra seats.
Other notable mentions –
Holiday Train Show at the New York Botanical Gardens
Taste of Home Gingerbread Boulevard
These are just a few of the many many things that New York has to offer at Christmas! Let me know what your favorite Christmas things to do are!4