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The Book of Revelation: The Apocalypse of Jesus Christ
Summary and Keywords
The Revelation of Jesus Christ, or the Apocalypse of John, has been extraordinarily influential in Christian life and theology. For example, because of the many hymns sung by the heavenly host, Revelation has, like Isaiah 6:3, been particularly influential on liturgy and also music, for instance, the setting of Revelation 5:12, "Worthy is the Lamb that was Slain," in Handel's Messiah. It is one of two biblical apocalyptic texts (the other being the book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible). Apart from the opening words, a dominant theme of Revelation is prophecy, and its imagery emphasizing what John "saw" on Patmos suggests that the form of prophecy in the first century ce included a significant visionary element, akin to earlier biblical exemplars such as Ezekiel 1:40–48 and Zechariah 1–8. The interpretation and reception of Revelation are closely linked. Like other biblical prophetic books, it became a reservoir for understandings of the future, but alongside it there developed a role as a way of unmasking the imperfections in church and society. This article uses the evidence of its reception to understand the nature and meaning of the book, its theological antecedents, and its relationship to other early Christian writings. Its role as an eschatological guide as well as its importance for political theology, complementing what we find in Daniel, are considered. It has also inspired artists down the centuries, from the time of the first illuminated Apocalypses, and this rich visual tradition captures something of importance about the book itself and the visionary stimulus it has provided.
Keywords: book of Revelation, Apocalypse of John, history of interpretation, apocalyptic literature, visions
Revelation among the Apocalypses
Revelation shares with several other texts from the beginning of the Common Era a concern with the unveiling of divine mysteries, including those that relate to the future (see, e.g., 4 Ezra and the Ethiopic Apocalypse of Enoch [1 Enoch], Slavonic Enoch [2 Enoch], the Apocalypse of Abraham, and the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch). The discoveries known as the Dead Sea Scrolls have confirmed the vitality of this kind of interest in the coming of a messianic age, which is largely absent from the earliest rabbinic sources, such as the Mishnah, even if it does make its appearance in the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds and other later Jewish texts. While there are distinctive features about the future hope set out in Revelation, not least its juxtaposition of a millennial messianic reign and a new heaven and earth when God would dwell with humanity, most of these texts share a common pattern of expectation in which a time of travail and upheaval will precede the coming of the messianic kingdom. The time of travail (Dan. 12:1; Mark 13:8; Rom. 8:28; 1 Cor. 7:29–31; 1 Enoch 93:4; 4 Ezra 6:17–28; Syriac Baruch 26–27), given the description of "messianic woes," is periodized in Revelation by means of the sequences of seals, trumpets, and bowls, but such periodization has its analogs in other texts. So Revelation adds its testimony to those of other apocalyptic texts and to the convictions about the coming of the messianic age, which pervade the whole of the New Testament, albeit in much more fragmentary form.
Understanding "Apocalypse"
Revelation is closely related to various writings from ancient religion that are revelatory in quality. They correspond to this definition, which has been widely used:
"'Apocalypse' is a genre of revelatory literature with a narrative framework, in which a revelation is mediated by an otherworldly being to a human recipient, disclosing a transcendent reality which is both temporal, insofar as it envisages eschatological salvation, and spatial, insofar as it involves another, supernatural world."1
This definition is fine as far as it goes. One may question the application of the description "transcendent reality" to both the revelation of the supernatural world and eschatological salvation, however. While it is true that the revelation offered of salvation is at the time it is revealed in a vision or audition, a transcendent reality, that "transcendent reality" was believed to be realized on earth, not in heaven or some transcendent world.'
In popular usage, largely conditioned by the book of Revelation, there are two main ways of construing "apocalyptic." By far the more common is a definition by content such as that found in the book of Revelation, the Apocalypse: cosmic and social upheavals, graphic depictions of sudden cataclysm, eschatological hope, and related mythic features. Less common, but arguably more consistent with what we find in the apocalypses, Jewish and Christian, is a definition by the revelatory genre, namely, that the key to understanding the texts is that it is a revelation, an "unveiling" vision, whether it be about heavenly realities or about the nature of human history, past, present or future. In the latter way of looking at the apocalypses, what is crucial is not the future hope but the revelatory nature of the mode of understanding and the authority that it conveys.
The word apocalypse is used only once in Revelation, in the opening words, summarizing a disclosure in visionary form of that which is and that which is to take place hereafter (cf. 1:19). Throughout the rest of the book, it is the words prophet and prophecy that dominate, describing the book (22:18–19) and by implication the recipient of the apocalypse (22:9).
The prominence of the visionary element is important, as it separates Revelation from texts with which it is widely believed to be contemporary, namely, 4 Ezra and the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch. While the latter both contain some visionary material, they are largely verbal exchanges or predictions. Revelation also contrasts with the dominant and arguably most influential apocalyptic text in ancient Judaism, the apocalypse ascribed to Enoch. Many fragments of this have been found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the complexity of its textual history has long been recognized. Compared with the Enochic literature, especially that which is known as 1 Enoch, Revelation has a coherence and focus that is lacking in the Jewish work, which appears to be an amalgam of traditions put together over a considerable period of time.
The interpretation and reception of Revelation are closely linked. Like other biblical prophetic books, it became a reservoir for understandings of the future, but alongside it there developed a role for the book as a way of unmasking the imperfections in church and society. Evidence from the history of its reception helps us understand the nature and meaning of the book, its theological antecedents, and its relationship to other early Christian writings.
Revelation and Its Centrality for Understanding the Origins of Christian Theology
The book of Revelation is crucial to our understanding of the character of early Christianity. Revelation may come from the Roman province of Asia Minor, but its theological themes are those we find in different words and phrases throughout the New Testament. Indeed, it may well be one of the earliest writings in the New Testament and bear witness to earliest Christianity's apocalyptic character. Tradition dates the book during the reign of Domitian, but its internal evidence suggests that it may have originated at a moment of crisis in the Roman Empire on the death of Nero in 68 ce (cf. Rev. 17:10).2
There are two major themes in the book that are key to understanding Christian origins. As its opening word implies, it is an apocalypse, a revelation or unveiling of divine secrets, particularly about the consummation of all things, when the New Jerusalem is established on earth and God is all in all. The key to the outworking of divine purposes is the Lamb who was slain and who shares the throne of God and is the key to the meaning of history (Rev. 4–5).
No one captures the shocking juxtaposition found in the words of these two chapters better than William Blake in The Four and Twenty Elders Casting Their Crowns before the Divine Throne (Tate Gallery London, c. 1803–1805). It is a dramatic picture dominated by the bearded Almighty holding a scroll with seven seals in his right hand and radiating glory. His head is surrounded with a beautiful sea blue, topped by a rainbow; above and around his head are creatures with the heads of an eagle, a lion, an ox, and a man, merging one into another. The whole scene is full of eyes, reminiscent in color and appearance of a peacock in full plume. At the forefront of the picture are figures doing obeisance, laying their crowns before the Almighty, while right at the front of the picture are seven heads with tongues of fire. The whole picture brilliantly captures the "jasper and carnelian," the emerald rainbow and the twenty-four elders clad in white garments, the seven torches of Pentecostal fire burning before the throne—all of which are mentioned in John's first heavenly vision.
In Revelation 4 there is no mention of the scroll in the hand of the Almighty. That is in the next chapter. After seeing the glory of God, John sees the Almighty with a scroll and hears one of the twenty-four elders asking "who will open the scroll." At this point John weeps because no one is found worthy to open the scroll. He is told not to weep, because "the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has conquered, so that he can open the scroll and its seven seals." Then John notices something, which hitherto slipped his attention:
"And between the throne and the four living creatures and among the elders, I saw a Lamb standing, as though it had been slain . . . He went and took the scroll from the right hand of him who was seated on the throne and . . . the twenty-four elders . . . sang a new song, saying, Worthy art thou to take the scroll and to open its seals." (Rev. 5:6–9)
Just like John, who saw first a throne and the glory of the Almighty, a viewer of Blake's picture too would be forgiven for not noticing what appears to be the points of a crown and under it, almost invisible in the glorious surroundings, what at first sight seems to be a comatose animal. In picture the creature is readily ignored as we gaze at the colorful image, which underlines the key element not only of Revelation 5 but of the New Testament Apocalypse as a whole. In Revelation the Lamb who has been slaughtered becomes the key to the interpretation of history. The Lion of the tribe of Judah, the King Messiah, turns out to be a weak, dead creature. The Lamb that was slain is key to the unmasking of the pretensions of political power, in which the military might and economic power of the few are shown up. The values of the world are turned upside down as the meaning of the messianic promise is interpreted by the Lamb that was slain. This is what "apocalypse" is all about: revelation; unveiling. The story of the Lamb bearing the marks of slaughter, Jesus, who suffered a violent death at the hands of a colonial power, is the lens through which history is viewed, as political power in the world is also unmasked (Rev. 13 and 17).
Revelation and the Visionary Tradition
The link between Revelation and the prophetic books of the Bible is seen in the indebtedness to Daniel and Ezekiel, in particular. The striking imagery of John's vision sets it apart, however, from much of the prophetic literature of the Hebrew Bible, where the visionary imagery is exceptional (e.g. Amos 7:7; 8:1; Jer. 1:11, 13). That changed in the postexilic prophecy of Zechariah (e.g., 1:8, 18; 2:1; 3:1; 4:2; 5:1), whose imagery, along with the visions of Ezekiel (Ezek. 1 cf 8:2 and 10; 37; 40–48) and Daniel (especially Dan. 7:1–14 and 8:3–12), provide the antecedents for the visual images of Revelation.
We cannot know what led to John's dramatic meeting with the heavenly Son of Man on the island of Patmos, even if conjectures may be made about the significance of the time (the Lord's Day) and the place (possibly, though not certainly, in exile, as was the prophet Ezekiel). Given the widespread existence of the visionary and mystical in the Christian material of the first century or so, not to mention its profound importance for the growth of the movement, it would be an excessively suspicious person who would deny that authentic visions lie behind some or all of these brief literary records. It is possible that the visions that follow may have been prompted by imaginative exegesis in which the images were visualized by the seer.
Revelation is part of a visionary tradition. Ezekiel and Daniel have influenced the form and content of the book of Revelation. From the Christophany at its opening via the visions of heaven, the dirge over Babylon, the war against Gog and Magog (cf. Ezek. 39), and, finally, the vision of the new Jerusalem, Revelation bears the marks of the written forms and ancient prophecies influencing the more recent prophetic imagination of John of Patmos. Daniel's beasts from the sea, for example, become in John's vision a terrible epitome of all that is most oppressive and eerily akin to the way of perfection symbolized by the Lamb that was slain. This unique example in the early Christian literature of the apocalyptic genre is profoundly indebted to Jewish apocalyptic and mystical ideas. In Revelation, the first chapter of Ezekiel, which describes the chariot (merkabah) on which God is enthroned (Ezek. 1:22–26), has contributed to the visionary vocabulary of John in two crucial parts of his vision (namely 1:13 and 4) and in the references to the throne, divine, and demonic, which run like a leitmotiv throughout the book. This remarkable chapter has been the inspiration for mystics and seers in Judaism and Christianity down the centuries.3 What we have in Revelation is a glimpse of a distinctive use of the prophecy, parallel to but in significant respects an independent variant of other apocalyptic texts.
In addition to Ezekiel, Revelation stands near the start of a long tradition of interpretation of Daniel 7, in which both the apocalyptic beasts and the human figure are taken up in an emerging political apocalypticism. While the Revelation imagery picks up on the tradition of representing nations by beasts found in Daniel 7, only one beast is described as incorporating characteristics of the other beasts. As in Daniel 7, one beast arises from the sea, but two creatures are described in Revelation 13 (13:1 and 11). The second emerges from the land, reflecting the local, indigenous promoter of the imperial cult, while the first is the official representative from Rome. The beast is the incarnation of the powers of the Devil (13:2) and attracts universal admiration for its acts (13:3). The plausibility of the beast is seen, as it is like the Lamb and appears to deserve worship. Imperial power is rooted in its military might (13:4). The beast is given some of the characteristics of the Lamb (1:3 and 14). In addition to Daniel 7, the political vision is informed by the oracles against Tyre and Babylon, in Ezekiel 27 and Jeremiah 51.
Differing Patterns of Interpretation
The shifting fortunes of the Apocalypse can be traced in the history of interpretation. The main contours of apocalyptic interpretation were already set within the earliest period of Christianity. The book of Revelation points the way in three major respects, some of which are paralleled elsewhere in the New Testament. There is, first, that visionary appropriation of scripture in which the words offer the opportunity to "see again" what had appeared to prophets and seers in the past or to become a means of prompting new visions whereby there can be a discernment of higher spiritual realities. Second, Revelation, although it only occasionally prompts that quest for the meaning of the mysteries, (e.g., 17:9; cf. 1:20 and 4:3), has prompted scores of ingenious attempts to unlock its mysteries, most comprehensively in the interpretative tradition of Joseph Mede and Isaac Newton.4 Third, there has been the "actualizing" of Revelation in which particular visions are believed to be identified with or embodied in contemporary events. These range from the more mystical (and indirect) appropriations by visionaries such as Hildegard of Bingen to the militant "acting out" of the Münsterites.5
In addition, the visions of Revelation have been related to their ancient, first-century context. In this interpretative approach, questions are concerned with the meaning for the original author and readers and with the need to decipher the complex symbolism and its relationship to the particular circumstances in which Christians found themselves in Asia Minor in the late 1st century ce. The images have been regarded as an allegory of the struggles facing the individual soul in its quest for God, and the wider political ramifications of the text are subordinated to an individual religious piety. Finally, and related to that tradition of "actualization," there has been an application of the text to an interpreter's own circumstances, but rather than the text of Revelation being "decoded," so that the apocalyptic imagery is translated into a less exotic narrative of persons and events, the imagery of Revelation is used as an interpretative lens through which to view history. In this way of using the text of the book of Revelation, encouraged by the interpretative method of the fourth-century Christian exegete Tyconius, the interpretative perspective has ceased to be solely about the eschaton and becomes instead a means of interpreting every age of human existence.6 To quote the words of the twentieth-century Christian activist William Stringfellow, "Babylon is an allegory of the condition of death, the focus of apocalyptic judgement whereas Jerusalem is about the emancipation of human life in society from the rule of death, an anticipation of the end of time."7
Plotting Differing Interpretations
The differing interpretations of the Apocalypse may be expressed in diagrammatic form.8 On one hand, there is a chronological component (the vertical axis): Does the interpretation relate to the past, present or future? On the other hand, there is a hermeneutical component: the allegorical method "decodes" the text and renders it in another, more prosaic form compared with the colorful language of the apocalyptic imagery; the analogical method juxtaposes the imagery of the Apocalypse with the situation of the readers, thereby enabling them to look at their situation in a new way. Whereas the allegorical method tells one what the text really means and reduces its applicability to one time and place, the analogical method can be used over again at different times and places. The latter is closest to the method of Tyconius, and the former is similar to the kind of interpretation that we find in Joachim's interpretation of the dragon, whose heads are identified with specific rulers.
A Survey of the Interpretation of the Apocalypse
Early patristic appropriation of the Apocalypse took several forms. In the struggle with what might be loosely termed Gnosticism on the part of those writers who were later to be deemed pioneers of Christian orthodoxy, insistence on the materiality of the doctrine of the Resurrection and this-worldly eschatology played their part in the writings of both Justin (Dialogue with Trypho 80) and Irenaeus (Against Heresies v. 26.1 to v. 36.3). It is the future hope for which Revelation is best known. The millennium, at once puzzling and embarrassing to many generations of Christians, was central to the hope of the first Christians and continued to be part of the pattern of hope for this world, as is evident from traditional material in the writings of Papias of Hierapolis (who lived in the early part of the second century). Included in his now-lost work is a saying, attributed to Jesus, in which the fruitfulness of the earth would be dramatically increased in the new age (preserved in the writings of Irenaeus in Against the Heresies v. 33.3–4). The popularity of such apocalyptic ideas among movements like the Montanists led to a growing suspicion of the book, but suspicions about the Apocalypse emerged only at the beginning of the third century ce. Questions about the apostolic origins of the book, echoed by Martin Luther in his "Preface to the New Testament" centuries later, were part of that growing suspicion of its theology. According to Eusebius (Ecclesiastical History iii:28.3), Dionysius of Alexandria regarded the expectation of a reign of God on earth as evidence of authorship by the heretic Cerinthus, rather than the apostle John.9 In contrast, elsewhere in the relics of early Christianity the "gnostic" texts from Nag Hammadi focus less on the eschatological content of Revelation and more on its apocalyptic genre. The revelatory form is an important part of guaranteeing the worth of the content of what is contained in the text, attributed, as it often is, to an authoritative figure like a Christian apostle such as Peter or Paul.
Although in several key respects Origen had anticipated him, Tyconius's reading of the book of Revelation (c. 400) had a profound influence on the mature Augustine and thence on later Christendom, stressing the contemporary rather than the eschatological import of the visions. Tyconius reads Revelation as having a contemporary application to the life of Christians living in the midst of ambiguity and, just as important, as part of a community that contained both those on their way to salvation and those on their way to perdition. As such, Revelation is a key hortatory resource informing contemporary practice, rather than an eschatological map to the climax of all things. The mature Augustine continued in that tradition. Indeed, Revelation offered him an interpretative key, which helped him to expound the complex struggle between the heavenly and earthly cities in the present age in which Christians had to live.
The Interpretative Tradition Initiated by Joachim of Fiore
The main outlines of the Augustinian interpretation held sway for centuries. The later Middle Ages saw the emergence of the influential reading by Joachim of Fiore, which was to use Revelation as a hermeneutical key to understanding both scripture and the whole of history. Joachim broke decisively from the Augustinian tradition in being willing to find significance in history.10
In Joachim's interpretation of the Apocalypse, the sixth and seventh penultimate ages assume great importance as a time of anticipation and struggle. The period represents a space for conflict with the forces of Antichrist (a term that does not occur in Revelation and is found in the New Testament only in the First and Second Epistles of John, e.g., 1 John 2:18, 22; 2 John 7), which evokes an outburst of spiritual activity in the form of spiritual renewal. In this penultimate period, persecution and renewal, exile and prophetic witness, jostle one with another. The sense of anticipation prompted various patterns of moral renewal, and this should remind us that this was not about learned prognostications but instead was intimately linked with the renewal of the church as the witness to the coming kingdom.
Joachim's figura of the dragon with seven heads indicates that, alongside the historically sequential explanation, there is also the recognition that this threat is both eschatological and historical: what will be the case at the end time is a constant part of human history. The seven heads are identified as different persecutors of the Christian church through history (Herod, Nero, Constantius, Mohammed, Mesemoth, Saladin, and one yet to come). The final Antichrist, indicated by the tail of the dragon, is Gog. Between the long necks of the dragon's heads appear captions detailing the seven persecutions of the church; Saladin, the contemporary tyrant, is represented as a larger head. Joachim interprets history, relating the pressing crisis of his own time as a sign of the eschatological times. It is this decisive move that initiates that extraordinary outburst of self-aware eschatological enthusiasm, in which persons and events became the signs of hope or agents of Antichrist.
Revelation in the Early Modern Period
Even if Revelation did not dominate the interpretative horizons of the principal magisterial reformers, the sense of the propitious moment, of the time being "apocalyptic," pervaded the sixteenth century and the climactic events that it witnessed. Luther initially outlined his reasons for relegating the book to a subordinate place within the canon of the New Testament in words that echo much earlier (and later) assessments in the Christian tradition. He believed that it was not "apostolic or prophetic" because "Christ is not taught or known in it" and "to teach Christ is the thing which an apostle above all else is bound to do."11 He modified his view on Revelation in the later editions of his New Testament, from 1530 onward. From his summary of its meaning, he regards its images as indicative of the heretical threats to the church down the centuries, and, in Revelation 13 and 17, the comprehension of the unmasking of papal power in the beast and Babylon seated on the beast is an important resource in his intellectual battle with the Roman Catholic Church.
Extensive use of Revelation was made in the writings of Melchior Hoffman (d. c. 1534), who was a significant influence on radical Anabaptism at Muenster.12 He saw Revelation as key to the understanding of history, the meaning of the secrets of which had been revealed to him. The Melchiorite interpretation of Revelation, relatively unusual in the practice of a millenarian politics, like the revolutionary actions of Thomas Muentzer a decade earlier, did not remain at the level of utopian idealism but resulted in violent attempts to establish an eschatological theocracy. Despite the sense of an expectation of imminent fulfilment, what one finds in post-Münster Anabaptism is the sense of being in the penultimate period rather than in the eschatological commonwealth on earth.
The place of Revelation in radical religion in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries needs little explanation. Perhaps more surprising is the rich tradition of interpretation in which careful exposition of the book was carried out in a more measured and less heated atmosphere. For example, Joseph Mede (1586–1638) viewed the book as a series of "synchronisms" or recapitulations. Isaac Newton's commentaries on Revelation, written a century and a half later, were explicitly indebted to Mede's work, manifesting a concern to discern evidence of divine providence in history.13 From another academic setting we find Revelation inspiring the utopian politics of Mede's contemporary Johann Valentin Andreae (1586–1654), the German exegete whose Christianopolis (1619) evinces a speculative architecture that is indebted to (Rev. 21–22) and part of a series of actualized utopian projects in the early modern period. There was also the emergence of a rise of historical awareness, which led to a perspective on the book and which focused more on past meaning than present application, an interpretative approach used by Roman Catholic critics as they struggled to reject the links between the Babylon of Revelation 17 and the Roman Church. Similarly, the early modern interpreter Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) argued that the book's meaning was almost entirely related to the circumstances of John's own day.
The book of Revelation had an important role in inspiring, in many different ways, the radical politics of the period of the Civil War in England in the seventeenth century.14 One of the most powerful examples of a social critique, inspired by the Apocalypse and related parts of the Bible, emerge in the writings of Gerrard Winstanley. Between 1649 and 1651 Winstanley wrote tracts while he was actively involved in creating a community in Surrey, England, known as "the Diggers," because they claimed the right to live on and work the common land in the aftermath of the Civil War in Britain, anticipating a time when there would be community of goods. Winstanley had a strong consciousness of his own prophetic vocation. He believed that the prophetic spirit was again active in the momentous days in which he lived, after the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a commonwealth.15 Winstanley used the imagery of Daniel and the Apocalypse to interpret the oppressive behavior of the wielders of political and economic power of his day.16
The Apocalypse as a "Map" of the End of the World
As we have seen, there are contrasting patterns of interpretation of Revelation, each with ancient pedigrees. On the one hand, there is a figurative application, which uses the apocalyptic language as a way of challenging and exhorting those who read, which might apply in any situation. On the other hand, there is a form of interpretation that uses Revelation, along with other biblical prophecies, to piece together a detailed account of the events leading to Christ's Second Coming and the outworking of God's eschatological purposes. The interpretation of the Apocalypse as a repository of prophecies concerning the future has existed from the beginning of the exegesis of this book, reaching a high point in the influential interpretation of Joseph Mede. It was given a particular impetus in the eschatological movements set in train by the exegesis of Joachim of Fiore in the later Middles Ages and was then fanned into flame in the early modern period in the intense eschatological expectation that is to be found in Europe and was given intellectual basis by the researches of Joseph Mede. The role of Revelation in helping to create a map of the end of the world has been a feature of many modern appropriations of biblical prophecy. While Revelation is by no means the only text that has been used in this way—Daniel and 1 Thessalonians are of equal importance—it has its own important role to play in the eschatological scheme. What distinguishes modern eschatological speculation is that it sees the Apocalypse as one piece of a larger biblical jigsaw, the whole of which provides resources for constructing the exact sequence of events in the last days.17 John Nelson Darby (1800–1882), Anglican clergyman and founder of the Plymouth Brethren, interpreted the book as unfulfilled prophecy, a reading followed by the widely influential Scofield Reference Bible, first published in 1909, which reflects the peculiar fears of the late twentieth century. This kind of interpretation offers encouragement for the elect, who will enjoy a miraculous rescue through the "Rapture," Christ's return to take the elect to himself (an idea based on 1 Thess. 4:17 and Luke 17:34).18 The Apocalypse is seen to contain prophesies of contemporary institutions and events. For example, the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear installation in the USSR in 1986 was identified by some with Revelation 8:11.
The Apocalypse and Art
Unsurprisingly, the Apocalypse, as the most suggestively visual text in the Bible, has appealed to many artists. Illustrated Apocalypse manuscripts from the 9th to the 14th centuries indicate connected cycles of illustrations.19 One of the earliest such surviving manuscripts, the Trier Apocalypse, produced near Tours, France, around the year 800, has a cycle of seventy-four full-page illustrations.20 A different kind of artistic representation is found in the Liber Figurarum of Joachim of Fiore, already mentioned, which contains sixteen diagrams apparently drawn under Joachim's direction and collected after his death in 1202.21 These detailed drawings, which incorporate explanatory words of Joachim, do not illustrate specific scenes of the Apocalypse but instead express in symbolic pictures the essence of Joachim's views on history and eschatology.
Over the centuries the Apocalypse has also inspired countless painted panels. These include altarpieces such as that painted by Jan Van Eyck for a chapel of Saint John in the Cathedral of St. Bavo in Ghent.22 Its central panel, known as the "Mystical Lamb," exemplifies an interpretation that goes back to Tyconius and Augustine, which emphasizes relevance for the church in the present time. Here the division between heaven and earth is transcended in the Eucharistic feast, as the Lamb in the midst of the throne (Rev. 5) is found on an altar on earth. Another 15th-century altarpiece, a triptych made by Hans Memling for St. John's Hospital in Bruges (1475–1487), features numerous scenes from the life of John as well as a depiction of the seer experiencing the vision on Patmos. Scenes that appear frequently in painted panels include John's vision in Revelation 1 (e.g., Hieronymus Bosch, Stadliche Museen, Berlin, ca. 1500).
The link between the Apocalypse, art, and history is nowhere better seen than in Sandro Botticelli's The Mystic Nativity which is inspired by Revelation, despite its depiction of the Nativity. The caption, written in Greek capitals, indicates that the picture links to Revelation 11–12 and also to the political upheavals in Italy and Florence, which came about as the result of the apocalyptic preaching of Savonarola:
I, Alexandros, was painting this picture at the end of the year 1500 in the troubles of Italy in the half time after the time according to the chapter of St. John in the second woe of the Apocalypse in the loosing of the devil for three and a half years. Then he will be chained, and we shall see him trodden down, as in this picture.
In the inscription he links the ascent of the beast from the bottomless pit in 11:7 with the loosing of the devil after the millennium (20:3, 7). Botticelli writes of the second woe of 11:14, after which, in Revelation 11, the loud voices in heaven proclaim that the kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of the Lord and of the Messiah. It parallels the kind of overcoming of the forces of darkness referred to in John Milton's "Ode on the Morning of Christ's Nativity" (1629): "And then at last our bliss / Full and perfect is, / But now begins; for from this happy day / Th' old Dragon under ground, / In straiter limits bound, / Not half so far casts his usurpéd sway, / And, wroth to see his kingdom fail, / Swinges the scaly horror of his folded tail" (cf. Rev. 12:4).23 Botticelli reads Revelation 11–12 as a prophecy of the eschatological realities of his day, in which the period of Antichrist prefigures the return of the Messiah and the overcoming of the powers of darkness, signified by the vision of the woman in Revelation 12 who gives birth to the Messiah. The bruising of the serpent's head of Genesis 3:15 may be depicted in the form of the little beaten devils that crawl away into their holes, reflecting Revelation 6:15. Viewers are led up the path to the central scene of the picture framed by the dawn sky. Angels and humans embrace in the eschatological glory now revealed, as Florence becomes the focus of this apocalyptic deliverance.
Nowhere is John's visionary state better captured than in Diego Velázquez's work St John the Evangelist on the Island of Patmos. Velázquez depicts John "in the Spirit on the Lord's Day" (Rev. 1:9). The ecstatic prophet fills the whole picture.24 John "in the Spirit" responds to the command to write, as the empty page offers him the space for the divine words, which have so much import ("I warn every one who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if any one adds to them, God will add to him the plagues described in this book," Rev. 22:18). There is a glimpse of what John sees in his vision in the top corner of the image, where the vision of the Woman being pursued by the dragon may be glimpsed.25
William Blake explicitly traced a line of continuity between his own idiosyncratic myth and John's vision, for John, too, had seen what Blake had seen.26 Both manifested the "Poetic Genius, the Spirit of Prophecy."27 Blake's imaginative engagement with Revelation reflects the kind of actualizing exegesis of Tyconius. Contemporary events become a part of Blake's creative engagement with Revelation and inform Blake's understanding of his own political situation. For example, in 1798, in the margin of his copy of the Bishop of Llandaff's Apology for the Bible, he wrote: "To defend the Bible in this year 1798 would cost a man his life. The Beast and the Whore rule without controls."28
The "picture-making words" of the Apocalypse have stimulated the imagination and its translation into visual images and representations in paintings.29 Artists down the centuries have offered their understanding of the problems posed by the text as they sought to visualize and express it in their images. While images offer a stimulus to the imagination, through visualization as a path to engagement with and interpretation of scripture, parallel to the ways in which the language of the Apocalypse itself functioned, every image is itself a fossilization of that stimulus and, as such, can restrict imagination as much as stimulate picture making in the imagination of those who engage with it. That said, there is something particularly apt about visual exegesis of the Apocalypse, which is in continuity with what this text seems to provoke by its comparisons and allusiveness. Botticelli describes his Mystic Nativity as a γραφη (graphe), and his picture not only includes words but also is "writing" in pictorial form, offering an exegesis of Revelation exploring the imaginative space that an allusive text like Revelation may offer. The images are more a gateway opening up the text to new interpretative possibilities.
Review of the Literature
Despite its link with expectations about the cataclysmic end to history, Revelation has had an important part to play in Christian intellectual history. Its framework contrasting the earthly and heavenly cities is the inspiration for Augustine's classic statement of Christian theology, and it has proved to be one resource, along with other biblical prophetic texts, for prognostications about the eschatological future. As the present article indicates, there are two major approaches to the interpretation of Revelation: (a) one in which the book is translated from the dramatic apocalyptic images into key persons and events in history, whether past, present, or future, and (b) another in which it is interpreted figuratively as the struggle that goes on in the individual and society between competing sets of values. Scholarship on the book has often reacted against its varied use. Thus, at the time of the Reformation, there emerged an interpretative approach that has held sway in subsequent historical scholarship, which relates Revelation solely to the politics, history, and circumstances of writing in the final decades of the 1st century ce, whether that be during the reign of Nero (as seems likely in the light of Revelation 17:9–11) or of Domitian (which is what Irenaeus suggests in Against the Heresies v. 30.3). Alongside this there have been many attempts to see its events being acted out in history and its images speaking to the shortcomings of society, whether ecclesial or political. The Apocalypse has played a significant role in Christian iconography and has been a feature in modern culture and film.30
Links to Digital Materials
• William Blake, The Four and Twenty Elders Casting Their Crowns before the Divine Throne, c. 1803–1805. Tate Britain, London.
• Joachim of Fiore, Figura of the Red Dragon, MS 255A, fol. 7r. Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
• Sandro Botticelli, Mystic Nativity, c. 1500. National Gallery, London.
• Diego Velázquez, Saint John the Evangelist on the Island of Patmos, c. 1618. National Gallery, London.
Primary Sources
The starting place for this article is the book of Revelation and the textual tradition culminating in the modern translations of it. Examples of analogous texts contemporary with Revelation may be found in the following list.
Charlesworth, James H. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1983.
Collins, John. Apocalypse: Morphology of a Genre (Semeia 14). Missoula, MT: Scholars, 1979.
Backus, I. Reformation Readings of the Apocalypse: Geneva, Zurich and Wittenberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Boxall, Ian. Patmos in the Reception History of the Apocalypse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Burdon, Christopher. The Apocalypse in England: Revelation Unravelling, 1700–1834. London: Macmillan, 1997.
Carruthers, Mary. The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Carruthers, Mary. The Craft of Thought: Meditation, Rhetoric, and the Making of Images, 400–1200. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Collins, John, B. McGinn, and S. Stein. Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. New York: Continuum, 2000.
Daley, Brian. The Hope of the Early Church. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press Cambridge, 1991.
Emmerson, Richard, and B. McGinn, eds. The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.
Erdman, David. The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
Kovacs, Judith, and C. Rowland. Revelation: The Apocalypse of Jesus Christ. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
Lieb, Michael. The Visionary Mode: Biblical Prophecy, Hermeneutics, and Cultural Change. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.
Maier, Harry. Apocalypse Recalled: The Book of Revelation after Christendom. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2002.
O'Hear, Natasha. Contrasting Images of the Book of Revelation in Late Medieval and Early Modern Art: A Case Study in Visual Exegesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Patrides, C.A., and J. Wittreich, eds. The Apocalypse in English Renaissance Thought and Literature: Patterns, Antecedents and Repercussions. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984.
Prigent, Pierre. Commentary on the Apocalypse of St. John. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr, 2001.
Reeves, Marjorie, and B. Hirsch-Reich. The Figurae of Joachim of Fiore. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.
Rowland, Christopher. The Open Heaven: A Study of Apocalyptic in Judaism and Christianity. London: SPCK, 1982.
Schiller, Gertrud. Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst. Part 5, Die Apokalypse des Johannes. 2 vols. Gütersloh, Germany: Mohn, 1990.
van der Meer, Frederik. Apocalypse: Visions from the Book of Revelation in Western Art. London: Thames and Hudson, 1978.
Wainwright, Arthur. Mysterious Apocalypse. Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1993.
Further Reading
Babcock, William S. Tyconius: The Book of Rules. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.Find this resource:
Boyer, Paul. When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1992.Find this resource:
Carey, Frances. The Apocalypse and the Shape of Things to Come. London: British Museum, 1999.Find this resource:
Cohn, Norman. The Pursuit of the Millennium. London: Paladin, 1957.Find this resource:
Collins, John. The Oxford Handbook of Apocalyptic Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.Find this resource:
Corns, Thomas, A. Hughes and D. Loewenstein. The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Find this resource:
Deppermann, Klaus. Melchior Hoffmann. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1987.Find this resource:
Hill, Christopher. The English Bible and the Seventeenth Century Revolution. London: Penguin, 1993.Find this resource:
McGinn, Bernard. Apocalyptic Spirituality. London: SPCK, 1979.Find this resource:
Reeves, Marjorie. The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: A Study of Joachism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Find this resource:
Rowland, Christopher. "English Radicals and the Exegesis of the Apocalypse." In Die prägende Kraft der Texte: Hermeneutik und Wirkungsgeschichte des Neuen Testaments, edited by M. Mayordomo, 160–177. Stuttgarter Bibelstudien 199. Stuttgart: Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk, 2005.Find this resource:
Rowland, Christopher. "Imagining the Apocalypse," New Testament Studies 51, no. 3 (2005): 303–327.Find this resource:
Rowland, Christopher. Blake and the Bible. London: Yale University Press, 2010.Find this resource:
Scholem, Gershom. Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. London: Thames & Hudson, 1955.Find this resource:
Stringfellow, William. An Ethic for Christians and Other Aliens in a Strange Land. Waco, TX: Word, 1973.Find this resource:
Walliss, John, and K. Newport. The End All around Us: Apocalyptic Texts and Popular Culture. London: Equinox, 2009.Find this resource:
Walliss, John, and L. Quinby. Reel Revelation: Apocalypse and Film. Bible in the Modern World 31. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2010.Find this resource:
(1.) John Collins, Apocalypse: Morphology of a Genre (Semeia 14) (Missoula, MT: Scholars, 1979), 9.
(2.) Christopher Rowland, The Open Heaven: A Study of Apocalyptic in Judaism and Christianity (London: SPCK, 1982), 403–413.
(3.) Gershom Scholem, 1955; and Michael Lieb, The Visionary Mode: Biblical Prophecy, Hermeneutics, and Cultural Change (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991).
(4.) Frances Carey, The Apocalypse and the Shape of Things to Come (London: British Museum, 1999), 232.
(5.) Klaus Deppermann, Melchior Hoffmann (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1987).
(6.) William S. Babcock, Tyconius: The Book of Rules (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989).
(7.) William Stringfellow, An Ethic for Christians and Other Aliens in a Strange Land (Waco, TX: Word, 1973), 114.
(8.) Judith Kovacs and Christopher Rowland, Revelation: The Apocalypse of Jesus Christ (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004).
(10.) Richard Emmerson and Bernard McGinn, The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992); and Marjorie Reeves, The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: A Study of Joachism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
(11.) Martin Luther, Preface to the New Testament, 12.
(12.) Deppermann, Melchior Hoffmann; and Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (London: Paladin, 1957).
(13.) Christopher Burdon, The Apocalypse in England: Revelation Unravelling, 1700–1834 (London: Macmillan, 1997).
(14.) Christopher Rowland, "English Radicals and the Exegesis of the Apocalypse", 2005.
(15.) Gerrard Winstanley, The True Levellers Standard Advanced; and Thomas Corns, Ann Hughes, and David Loewenstein, The Complete Works of Gerrard Winstanley, vol. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 13.
(16.) Gerrard Winstanley, Fire in the Bush; and Corns, Hughes, and Loewenstein, vol. 2, 190–194.
(17.) P. Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge, MA: Belknap), 1992.
(18.) Bernard McGinn, Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism, vol. II. (New York: Continuum), 2000.
(20.) Trier, Stadbibliothek, ms. 31; Schiller, 1990, 142–144; F. Van der Meer, Apocalypse: Visions from the Book of Revelation in Western Art (London: Thames and Hudson, 1978), 92–100.
(21.) Marjorie Reeves, and Beatrice Hirsch-Reich, The Figurae of Joachim of Fiore. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972; Bernard McGinn, Apocalyptic Spirituality (London: SPCK, 1979), 103–111; Schiller, 1990, 168–171.
(22.) Schiller, 1990, 307–311; F. Van der Meer, Apocalypse: Visions from the Book of Revelation in Western Art, 236–257.
(23.) John Milton, "Ode on the Morning of Christ's Nativity," xviii.
(24.) Harry Maier, Apocalypse Recalled: The Book of Revelation after Christendom (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2002).
(25.) Ian Boxall, Patmos in the Reception History of the Apocalypse (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 205–207; and Christopher Rowland, 'Imagining the Apocalypse', 2005, 310–312.
(26.) William Blake, Four Zoas, Night, 8, 592–620; and Christopher Rowland, Blake and the Bible (London: Yale University Press, 2010), 146.
(27.) William Blake, All Religions Are One, Principle 5; David Erdman, The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 1.
(28.) Erdman, The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake, 611.
(29.) Mary Carruthers, The Craft of Thought: Meditation, Rhetoric, and the Making of Images, 400–1200 (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 152–153.


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NEW YORK (AdAge.com) -- In the wake of forcing its CEO Mark Hurd to resign amid allegations of sexual harassment and some falsified expense reports, PC giant Hewlett-Packard isn't the only party catching flak for what some believe to be an unwarranted dismissal. APCO Worldwide, one of the biggest independently owned PR shops in the world and counsel to HP on this issue, is also taking some heat.
According to industry executives who spoke to Ad Age, APCO was brought in by HP to provide public affairs counsel. APCO "was asked its view on how this would play out and that's what it gave [HP]," one industry executive with knowledge of the situation said. "APCO was not asked to give counsel on whether Mr. Hurd should be fired or retained."
But a report in the New York Times earlier this week has put some of the spotlight on APCO and Mr. Hurd's "departure" on the PR company's doorstep, even though the agency and its founder and current CEO, Margery Kraus, are highly respected within the industry.
When reached for comment, B. Jay Cooper, deputy managing director of APCO's Washington office, told Ad Age that "our policy is, we don't disclose our counsel to clients." Kent Jarrell, senior VP and the director of the litigation communication practice at APCO, is the lead on the HP account.
Mr. Jarrell is no stranger to working on high-profile crises. While at APCO, he worked on branding and positioning as well as crisis communications for WorldCom after the company named a new CEO and discovered one of the biggest incidents of financial fraud in history. He has also handled Merck's communication efforts on the Vioxx litigation. The agency has worked for World Wrestling Entertainment, Microsoft, Ikea, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Mercedes-Benz.
APCO was founded in 1984 by Ms. Kraus. In 1991 Grey Global Group purchased majority ownership of the agency, but 13 years later the agency, through a leveraged management buyout, bought itself back.
APCO has more than 550 employees, including former journalists, ambassadors, business and nonprofit executives, government officials, market researchers, and communication and internet experts, in 29 offices located in North and South America, Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. According to its website, APCO specializes in a host of communications services such as branding and positioning, financial communications, executive and board communication, corporate responsibility, crisis management and issues management.
The Times report said that APCO executives laid out a scenario for HP board members that depicted the company suffering through months of humiliating news coverage, similar to that of Tiger Woods, should the sexual harassment accusations made by one of the company's contractors become public. The Times article went on to say that despite an investigation providing no evidence of any sexual misconduct, an APCO representative said HP would be better served by full disclosure.
Eric Dezenhall, CEO and co-founder of Dezenhall Resources, said he is sympathetic to APCO because there is always a danger in being associated with a crisis. Sooner or later everyone is labeled as a failure. "The thing that the PR industry doesn't understand about crisis management is there are no winners," Mr. Dezenhall said. "No one gets a high-five for getting slightly less mutilated. So the PR business, which is a business of positivity, really struggles with the idea that crisis management is about limiting negatives. The fact that APCO is being criticized doesn't mean a thing to me, because by virtue of being in the crisis management business, those are the hits you're going to take."

subset: commoncrawl


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1. What are the elements in the SWOT of Trinezza?
Product - Delivers practical features in a confident and sporty package. Their scooter is a reliable and economical mode of transportation. The technology of the product gives Trinezza an advantage over the scooters that are currently available in Sentonia.
Brand Identification - The Trinezza's company and their product are practically unknown to the Sentonia market.
International Experience - Lack of experience within the company to help make a transition like this.
Price - The Cynta carries a higher price tag than the competition, which will make it harder to sell than the lower priced competition.
Financial Resources - They have not been able to find financial investors in the company, therefore this might require an investment from Trinezza.
Production Capacity - The existing production capacity of 14,000 scooters per annum will be barley enough to meet the demand in the U.S.
market. Trinezza's mode of entry might be severely constrained by the ability to produce the required number of scooters.
Foreign Competition - Lack of foreign competition in the Sentonia market is an important opportunity, and Trinezza could benefit from it.
Size of Middle Class - The growing middle class in Sentonia is a great business opportunity for Trinezza.
Local Business Environment - The restrictive government policies of the Sentonia government prevent Trinezza from having either a wholly owned subsidiary or a majority joint venture.
Local Competitors - Strong local competitors are a major threat to Trineza. There are at least four competitors in Sentonia with market shares between 13 and 30 percent.
2. What are some advantages large companies have over smaller companies when choosing a mode of entry strategy?
Entering into any market involves the commitment of significant resources to that venture. Most small...


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Amusing Living Room Wall Decor Sets Environmental Decorating A Living Room Furniture Sets Decorations - Creating a residence design plan can be a technical issue and requires research study and preparation. The developer of a residence plan will take all elements of the home when preparing the plan including the way of life of individuals that would be living in the home and the available area. Picking a residence design is everything about identifying how much area you require. You can find modern-day home strategies in a range of shapes and sizes. This implies that you can get the area that you require while also obtaining the design that you take pleasure in, regardless of what that could be. The objective of creating your home, after all, is to obtain the dream home that you constantly wanted. The following is an image living room wall decor sets that will provide you the suggestion of home decor yet still provides the impression of luxurious.
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As you already know, The Amazing of Living Room has been a popular home design ideas for this years and it has so many benefits. Hopefully, the can help you create a beautiful interior design for your own home.


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Fort Hays State University > About FHSU > Initiatives
SustainabilityFort Hays State University, a member of the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE), supports sustainability, both on- and off-campus, through our academic programs, student life, operations, and research. At FHSU, "Sustainability" isn't a buzzword—it's an actionable philosophy around which we develop initiatives, policies and pedagogy that will help us become an environmentally responsible institution.
Tobacco Policy Task ForceThe Tobacco-Free Task Force has been tasked to strengthen FHSU's current tobacco policy and move the campus forward toward the goal of achieving a tobacco-free campus (President's Cabinet, April 2014).


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Posting ID : A1068503112
Date Posted : 2015-08-19
Category : Labor Gigs
I have a landscaping project coming up. I will need 3 - 4 strong people to dig an area approximately 50 square feet out, wheel barrel it out to the front yard and dump on the drive way. You will need to dig down about 18 - 20 inches through partial clay and gravel. This will probably take a whole day (8hrs) with 4 people. The next day we will wheel barrel topsoil in its place. This will all need to be done manually so not to wreck the existing grass. If interested send an email with your name, expected hourly rate, and work history as it relates to landscaping. I will contact you with more details about what this entails.
Thank you


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Biomass boilers and the pocket
Save our planet invest in biomass boilers
Biomass is the name given to an a range of different to fossil kind of fuels. Biomass fuels are used in biomass stoves and biomass boilers to supply hot water along with heat in the similar manner that a gas boiler would. Fossil fuels are coal and other resources which are found in nature and harvested intended for our own use. Lots of properties and business premises for the duration of the UK use fossil fuels whom don't have get admission to to grid provided gas and the British Government is looking to influence people to move away from this to biomass fuels instead.
Fossil fuels cannot compete with biomass for many reasons
The natural substances found on our planet are rapidly becoming scarcer and they won't last for all time, this in turn directly contributes to the rise of inflation whilst the production process for goods develop into a more expensive industry. This is simple economics, demand continues to be constant although supply drops and therefore price goes up and we all feel the end result of this in our pocket. Burning fossil fuels in a biomass or back boiler also contributes to global warming and so this isn't a perfect answer for providing something as essential as hot water and heat for people. A greater a range of different is which for those who find themselves currently the usage of fossil fuels to modify to a biomass boiler as an alternative. We'll take a look at the differing types of biomass fuel in merely a moment however simply know for that a scheme exists which is called the closed carbon cycle which implies that if we switch to using biomass fuel then for each and every part of carbon that is release into our atmosphere then the same amount of carbon is put put into the earth by way of planting trees. This implies that the same amount of carbon is neutralized and the polluting of the environment effect of burning fuel is minimal if felt at all. This can be clearly better for our planet.
How do biomass boilers work?
There are plenty of saw mills and places that manipulate wood and timber that creates excess material. This may possibly be in the sort of wooden kindling and wooden chips. This waste is biomass. A drawback to using logs and chips are that they hold on to moisture that uses energy from your biomass stove before combustion is able take place. They are also bulky meaning you need someplace to store them. A greater alternative is to make use of wooden pellets. Wooden pellets have the moisture taken out of them and they're also compacted into very small shapes. For these reasons they combust at a greater rate and are also more practical to store. Many boiler manufacturers now produce their boilers along with a device often known as a hopper or feed which might routinely store and feed these pellets into the boiler for you. Overall this is more convenient. Other features are to be had too like self-cleaning boilers and temperature controls. Grant Engineering produce boilers which have a patented system generally known as a baffler which redirects unusedheat back into the combustion chamber as well, this makes for tremendous efficiency.
The British Government and the RHI scheme
In order to entice people to change to using biomass boilers and fuel rather then fossil fuels the British Government announced a scheme to assist industrial premises make the switch easier by providing funding. This is named RHI or Renewable Heat Incentive. Unluckily not many business premises took the offer up and consequently in late 2013 the minister for climate change, Greg Barker, announced that the scheme will now also be opened up to domestic people too. Combine this proposal with other environmentally friendly incentives such as the Green Deal Scheme which helps us to convert our homes to be more energy efficient and it's apparent to work out that the British Government is actively seeking to persuade the British public to become more environmentally conscious.


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Thoroughbred Pie
2 1/2 Flour, all purpose
1 tsp. Sugar
1 cup Butter, cut up
1/4 + cup Ice water
Mix all except water in food processor until crumbly. Slowly add ice water until
mixture just holds together. Wrap in a flat circle in plastic wrap. Chill
overnight. Form into pie pan.
1/2 cup Butter, unsalted, melted
2 Eggs
1 cup Sugar
1/2 cup Flour
1 cup Semi-sweet chocolate bits
1 1/2 cups Pecans, chopped
2 tbsp. Bourbon
Beat eggs with cooled butter. Add flour & sugar. Beat until mixed well. Gently
fold in pecans, chocolate & bourbon. Add mixture to pie shell. Bake at 350ºf.
for appox. 30 minutes.
Serve with fresh whipped cream.
AUTHOR: DSredTX
Back to Pie Recipes
Cooking Home
Razzle Dazzle Recipes
Copyright ©2002 - 2012
That's My Home


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Motor Coach Tour Lunch Menu Options
Garden of the Gods Special
Assorted Croissant Sandwiches - Roast Beef, Turkey, Ham and Vegetarian
Soup of the Day
Potato Salad
Lemonade and Iced Tea
$11.50 plus tax
Sleeping Giant Special
Assorted Croissant Sandwiches- Roast Beef, Turkey, Ham and Vegetarian
Potato Chips
Lemonade and Iced Tea
$9.95 plus tax
Off the Grill Menu
Groups members can order individually and pay individually off of our Café menu.
Limited Menu
In order to receive this menu choice you must have a minimum of 10 per 1 item choice.
(Each entrée served with either house chips or potato salad as a side and a small fountain drink)
Buffalo Burger — $10.95 plus tax
Buffalo Cheese Burger with American cheese — $11.95 plus tax
Hamburger — $9.25 plus tax
Cheeseburger with American cheese — $9.95 plus tax
Hot Dog — $7.50 plus tax
South West Chicken Wrap — $11.50 plus tax
Colorado Turkey Wrap — $11.50 plus tax
Pikes Peak Buffalo Wrap — $11.50 plus tax
(For all wraps the dressing will come on the side)
Grilled Chicken Salad — $9.95 plus tax
Grilled Chicken Caesar Salad — $9.95 plus tax
(Salads do not include a side only a small fountain drink)
Tax Rate for 2015-2016 is 9.03%. For more information or to book a group please call Savanah Weis at 719-685-9045 or email firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Let prestashop customer upload file jobs
 0 / 10  1  Cancel this project Allow the WooCommerce QuickView button in Orders List to let barcode verification of items Project details MY BUDGET NOT SURE POSTED: 10 DEC 2018 8:24:26 AM URGENCY: IN A WEEK i would like to let my shipping guys to make sure that they take the right products by scanning barcodes on the product and
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I need you to write some articles.
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i need adjustment of html files and css small budget and very small work... pm me
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Change color of my shirt on photos from black to white.
Just need a business card designed in accordance with our website.
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Hi. 1. are you ready to change and replace android app codes? 2. are you good at android apps? 3. are you familiar to video player-style apps? 4. are you ready to work via teamviewer now? 5. can you finish to fix some codes within a few times if you start to work over teamviewer? ------------- *If you have experienced on TV-style apps before, it'd be preferred. so you will be rewarded by me w...
Hello, I have already developed and fully functioning prayer request application where you can post prayer on prayer prayer wall and other user can view, like and comment & many more features, kindly ping me for link and features. It is developed in ASP.NET and it is web application. Thank you.
i got a math algorithm task plz let me know if u can help . due in 48 hours
HELLO EVERYONE, We are here to let the era of today child know how to start earning and saving money, and there is significant tangible benefit of using a cryptocurrency. And that is why we are creating a learning platform to educate children in term of cryptocurrency. This lesson is interesting to let kids understand the concept of finance and it is
Need to make A3 size art work leaflet for the attached within 24 hours can pay £5. All txt and pics given
Somehow the wordpress website that have a theme that prevents the /blog to work. Not sure why though. When I change the theme then it works....so weird. Anyway, it's probably a configuration issue. Not sure. need long term wordpress help. When bidding please tell me what language wordpress is built on. If you dont then I know you dont understand english and you are a robo bidder.
See above requirement for this project.
i am facing the video play window is not showing in the dooplay theme so i am looking a professional who can fix this
I need some changes to an existing website.
hi i need good wordpress theme and licensed one if u have any one let me know
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Scientists Urge People To Be Prepared For Alien Contact
"A group of red, green and yellow flying saucers has been seen flying over Deception Island for two hours by Argentine, Chilean, and British bases in Antarctica. The flying saucers were also seen flying in formation over the South Orkney Islands in quick circles." (Buenos Aires ANSA Spanish - 1556)
Declassified CIA document from July 6, 1965 ~
In April 2012, Dr. Paul Springer, a civilian faculty member at the U.S. Air Force Air Command and Staff College in Montgomery, Alabama, discussed possible alien war objectives and human military responses to a hypothetical ET attack with the breakfast TV show "Today" of Australian's Nine Network.
As per earlier request that I brief Someotherguy about how intelligence agencies perform 'OPEN RESEARCH' this is not at all required given Someotherguy's proven expertise in doing wide ranging independent OPEN RESEARCH.
i agree, any race of being that advanced to make it all the way out here through hazardous space would see are planet as nothing more than a bush to piss in. If they did engage us aggressively i could only envision it as how we like to make small puppies pull on a rope to see how cute they are.
Sorry to have to explain everything to you, others here are able to think on their own I am sure. What was posted was indeed a classified secret communication between intelligence branches - this means that even if it was procured through open research, it was vetted by a field analyst as being noteworthy and having a potential use as data suitable to contribute to the agency's "intelligence" bringing background, strategic or tactical understanding of the phenomena encountered. That it was in print does not mean that it is true. That it was in print does not mean that it was not pertinent. I fail to understand why some people are unable to do like the Alphabet agencies, and consider all data as potentially useful regardless of its origin, examining methodically and impartially its validity on face value and not strictly basing that judgment upon the alleged reliability of the source. Many falsehoods emanate from official sources and much truth can be gleaned by informal means. FWIW.
You can count from 1 to 5 - bravo. I hope this gets you a job with an agency? After all they do deal with such superior 'INTELLIGENCE'. For our part we shall go about our business undisturbed by interference, exposing the NSA, NASA and NAZIS insofar as they can be differentiated from one another???
We can note that posts intended to discredit an OP or other contributors, and in general making the discussion terribly sterile and boring, belaboring trite details and ignoring the major issues - is however not very intelligent as members will note that attacks on a thread or its contributors usually mean that a sensitive information has been revealed. What this information is, can be anyone's guess? It could range from posting videos which TPTB don't want broadcast to widely, presenting theories which come way too close to factual strategic matters, or making political statements which upset their higher ups - such as proving them to be TREASONOUS - take your pick!
Back on topic... from several sources of testimony available over the internet THERE IS AN ONGOING SECRET SPACE WAR which has apparently been going on for quite a few decades. We can note from the increase of UFO SIGHTINGS and the countless ABDUCTED & DISAPPEARED innocent civilians missing from our cities, that there is not only WAR but also fairly massive HUMAN CULLING going on today. To this we need answers and all earth's citizens are entitled to the TRUTH no matter how grisly and desperate it might be.
Google Video Link
I shall take that as a compliment - thank you. BTW can we get back on topic please? You are free to post your own thread if you are so unhappy here.
For other members without an axe to grind, who are not in denial and who are genuinely interested in solving the enigmas of the SECRET SPACE WAR...
This thread is to research and establish which side today's Political, Military Industrial and Espionnage Elites are targeting with the Strategic Defense Initiative.
Originally posted by stealthyaroura
oh forget about the biodiversity available to exploit for whatever purpose, be it genetic engineering
or our mineral wealth or maybe there is some thirst for knowledge.why brush us off as unimpressive?
And do not forget the power of guerrilla warfare to thwart any would be alien attack.
YOU may see YOURSELF as a puppy pulling on some rope but i see much more than that.
I can understand if you don't like this thread, and as it seems to upset you please help yourself to a different form of computer screen animation. There are many more constructive things to do than moaning about the topic, the OP, insufficiently rapid progress or other assorted beefs when you don't like something. I hope your satisfaction doesn't come from lingering in threads you despise speaking at ATS members you disrespect. You can certainly find other threads at ATS or elsewhere which meet your personal standards, and you will surely find more fulfilling exchanges with others who conform to your demands. Here you have apparently been unable to establish collegial and fruitful contact. I am sorry for your failure to obtain satisfaction. This is most unfortunate and I wish you greater success elsewhere.
Originally posted by nightvisionufo
But if you look up the Grenada Treaty, it states that Eisenhower allowed for exchange of abductions for Alien technology, this woud show a treaty and agreement with the alien, not a war.
Originally posted by nightvisionufo
I highly doubt that we are shooting at these ufos.............however if you look at the STS 75 tether incident...that tether was nicknamed the "terminator" i believe, perhaps used tpo down any intruding ufos in our atmosphere. But if you look up the Grenada Treaty, it states that Eisenhower allowed for exchange of abductions for Alien technology, this woud show a treaty and agreement with the alien, not a war.
The treaty guaranteed a set of rights to the Moors, including religious tolerance and fair treatment in return for their surrender and capitulation.
1491 Treaty of Granada
Later in 1954, the race of aliens, known as Greys, from Zeta Reticuli area in space, who had been orbiting the equator, landed at Holloman Air Force Base. they stated their planet was dying and needed quarters on earth to conduct genetic experiments that might allow their race to survive; this in exchange for certain technology. President Eisenhower met with the aliens and a formal treaty was signed [Grenada treaty].
The treaty stated the aliens would not interfere in our affairs and we would not interfere in theirs. We would keep their presence on earth secret; they would furnish us with advanced technology. They could abduct humans on a limited basis for the purpose of medical examination and monitoring, with the stipulation that the humans would not be harmed, would be returned to their point of abduction, that the humans have no memory of the event. I
t was also agreed the alien bases would be constructed underground, beneath Indian reservations in the 4 corners area of Utah, New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado. Another was to be constructed in Nevada in the area known as S-4, about 7 miles south of area 51, known as 'Dreamland'. A multi-billion dollar secret fund was organized and kept by the Military Office of the White House, supposedly to build secret underground sites for the President and the staff in case of military attacks.
By secret Executive Memorandum, NSC5410, Eisenhower established a permanent committee known as "Majority Twelve" (MJ12) to oversee and conduct all covert activities with the aliens. This included FBI director J. Edgar Hoover and six leaders of the Council on Foreign Relations, known as the 'Wise Men' and later others from the Trilateral Commision. George Bush, Gordon Dean, and Zbigniew Brzezinski were among them.
A major finding of the commission was the aliens were using humans and animals for a source on glandular secretions, enzymes, hormonal secretions, blood and in horrible genetic experiments. The aliens explained these actions as necessary for their survival, that if their genetic structure were not improved, their race would cease to exist.
The ruling powers decided that one means of funding the alien project was to corner the illegal drug market. A young ambitious member of the Council on Foreign Relations was approached. His name is George Bush who at the time was president and CEO of Zapata Oil Co. based in Texas. Zapata Oil was experimenting with offshore oil drilling and it was arranged that the drugs could be shipped from South America to the offshore platforms by fishing boats, then transferred to the U.S. shore by normal transportation, thus avoiding search by customs agents. The plan worked better than anyone expected, and today the CIA controls all the world's illegal drug markets. One should remember, it was George Bush who first started selling drugs to our children. The drug money was used to finance the deep underground alien bases.
Conclusions: the Bilderburgers, the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commision are the SECRET GOVERNMENT and rule this nation through MJ-12 and the study group known as the Jason Society.
SOURCE: Educate Yourself Here


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10. Stay Trim and Manage Your Weight
Being overweight puts a great strain on all the muscles in the body and especially those in the neck. An extended belly forces the upper spine backwards and the neck forward, resulting in neck strain. A simple way to check if you are overweight is to check your body mass index. To do this, simply divide your weight (in kilograms) by you height (in metres). Underweight is defined as <18.5, normal weight is 18.5 – 24.9, overweight is 25 – 29.9 and obese is 30 and above.


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Despite Win, U.S. No Soccer Power
AP Sports Writer
Right around the time of the World Cup, Americans emerge from a four-year slumber and want to know why their team is still not a soccer power.
United States 3, Portugal 2 will make the question a little tougher to answer.
The players, coaches and officials involved in U.S. Soccer were flattered by the attention from a nation awakening back home Wednesday morning to one of the most stunning upsets in World Cup history. But they are tired of covering the same ground.
They wish their countrymen were paying attention in the meantime, when it's easier to chart the incremental progress, instead of looking in only during final exams. They wish they had a tradition to refer to, a shared past to celebrate, instead of always having to build a new one.
"You never want to make too much of one win and we still have two more games to play in this round," Robert Contiguglia, the U.S. Soccer Federation president, said during a late-night phone call Wednesday from a hotel in Seoul, South Korea.
"But we knew we had a good team, good enough to play with anybody. And so the wonderful thing about this," he added, "is that we've proved it now to everybody else."
Even though it's tempting, the fate of soccer in America should not be linked to the fate of the U.S. soccer team in this World Cup. Success or failure in a handful of matches won't change the fundamental attitudes about soccer in America. At least not anytime soon.
The U.S. team got waxed four years ago _ finishing last among the 32 teams that reached the finals _ and barely anybody noticed. The team could pull off a "Miracle on Grass" this time, advance further through the draw than even its biggest boosters dare dream, and draw only a slightly larger audience.
Kids in some cities and most suburbs will continue playing the game in ever-increasing numbers. Their parents still won't watch it on TV. Yet another plan to close the gap on the rest of the world will be proposed, but the debate won't be loud or last very long after the last ball has been kicked at this World Cup.
That's both a blessing and a curse. It's bought the U.S. effort time _ to benefit from the development of a league of our own, to benefit from the opportunities abroad afforded a few Americans playing in the top European leagues, time to scout, nurture and forge emerging talent into a cohesive unit.
But that lack of urgency is why U.S. coach Bruce Arena sounds conflicted much of the time. He is astute enough to know the impressive strides the U.S. program has made in the past dozen years. But he also knows better than anybody else how much further there is to go.
That's why one minute, Arena will complain about a lack of support, "The magnitude of this event is not understood by the American public." Then, quickly, he will catch himself and add, "If I say anything, it sounds like sour grapes."
Arena understands what few of his countrymen do. This team is better _ better prepared, better coached, tougher, faster, more skillful, experienced and committed _ than any team the United States has fielded. But it will still need luck to enlarge the small dent it just registered in America's sporting consciousness.
Being a heavy underdog against Portugal was one thing. Catching a South Korean team on the rebound from an emotional first win over Poland and stoked by a chanting, flag-waving hometown crowd is going to be another.
The Americans arrived at the finals without a win in their last five World Cup games and know from their own experience in 1994 that no host team has failed to reach the second round. And now Poland, already embarrassed once by the South Koreans, will be in no mood to have it happen again.
None of this is wasted on Arena. He knows the folks back home won't be interested in the subtleties of how this team can adapt in ways that the 1994 team could not, how it has been hampered by injuries that the 1998 team escaped.
He lost Chris Armas, the defensive midfielder who was his one world-class player, to knee surgery just before the start of the tournament. Clint Mathis, his best scorer, and Claudio Reyna, his best passer, will probably be fighting nagging injuries for as long as the United States hangs around.
Neither made an appearance against Portugal. Arena covered their absence by trotting out Landon Donovan and DaMarcus Beasley, a pair of 20-year-old stars from Major League Soccer, and burning his more experienced and more skilled rival with speed. But that trick will only work once.
"Would we like to have Chris Armas here?" Arena said. "Yes. Not going to happen."
He then listed all the stars missing from the all the other world-class contenders.
"It's not just the U.S. team," Arena concluded.
No, but it's the fans of the U.S. team who will look in on the tournament now and not know who was missing. They will only want to know whether their team will be around at the end.
It may not be fair, but for now, that's the way it's going to be.
Jim Litke is the national sports writer for The Associated Press. Write to him at jlitke(at)ap.org


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Babel is the second studio album by British indie folk band Mumford & Sons. As with Sigh No More, the album was produced by Markus Dravs. It was released on 21 September 2012 in Ireland, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Australia and New Zealand. It was released on 24 September 2012 in the United Kingdom, Scandinavia, Spain, Italy, Eastern Europe, South America, and on 25 September 2012 in the United States and Canada. Upon its release, Babel debuted at number one on both the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200. It became the fastest selling album of 2012 in the UK, selling over 159,000 copies in its first week, and was the biggest selling debut of any album in 2012 in the US at the time, selling 600,000 in its first week. The album received generally positive reviews from music critics and was nominated in the category of "Album of the Year" for both a Brit Award and Grammy Award, winning the latter.
Read more on Wikipedia


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PC Games
Resident Evil 7 Release Date & Gameplay: What You Need To Know
The Bakers, new weapons and more scares. These are just some of the elements to expect in Resident Evil 7, the newest installment of Capcom's most successful franchise.
A Look At Resident Evil 7 And Other Games In The Franchise
There is a total 27 Resident Evil titles that have been released thus far. Moreover, each game took its players to many twists and turns. From light guns, to zombies, and biohazards, the franchise continues to surprise.
Furthermore, the main titles didn't usually follow the same story. In addition, the developers consciously fuse the story based on the trends.
What's In The Game
The game follows Ethan Winters, the new protagonist who is looking for his missing wife named Mia. He encounters an evil and demented family named The Bakers, whose main purpose in the game is still unknown.
Meanwhile, there will be various difficulty modes to cater to the players' abilities. There will be Casual, Normal, and Hard. Furthermore, the Hard mode can be unlocked by going through the Normal level first.
Read also: Resident Evil PC Demo: How It Differs From Other Versions
New downloadable content (DLC) will be released as well. Capcom teased that there will be a playable card game, riddles and a wave-based horde mode. In addition, the DLCs will be released with a chapter on its own.
Compared to the previous Resident Evil games, the seventh installment will be set in first person point of view. Capcom wants Resident Evil to scare its gamers to their wits end, packed with immersive environments. Furthermore, the studio wants the experience to be life-like.
Weapons, Zombies And More
The studio did not confirm that there will be zombies. However, there will be some kind of entity that the protagonist needs to defeat. The game will make references to previous installments. The full title Resident Evil 7: Biohazard is a clue to things that will happen in the game.
Players will be given regular firearms in the game. In addition, the weapons will include pistols, shotguns, chainsaws, and shovels among others. Since the protagonist is just a normal person, the choices are fairly different compared to the other games. Meanwhile, the ammo will be quite a challenge for the players because the supply will be steep.
Resident Evil 7: Biohazard will be released on January 24 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC. Stay tuned to Video Games Republic to catch the latest on tech, games and more.
Read also: Resident Evil 7 Release Date & Gameplay Reveals All Spoilers – Details Here


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Listen and Download Educational Tools From RRR Music
RRR Music is actually a music school that is making some big positive efforts by making rap songs that teach students every subject that is to be taught on the campus. The RRR actually stands for Rhythm Rhyme and Results. They are headquartered in Massachusetts and have operated ever since 2006 making and distributing their recordings. What they have aimed to do is actually create something of a better version of educational songs than the show Schoolhouse Rock. That ideal alone has them set for a very big task since that show has been around for decades and is still doing really great things. With them having been around for so long they have actually made a lot of great videos that they are using to help so many students not only within the state of Massachusetts but around the world where their videos are now shared.
It's really remarkable that they have such humble beginnings and a serious cause to help students who wouldn't have otherwise been able to learn the information in regular classroom settings. This is something that you just can't get out of your mind when you are looking at the videos and listening to the songs that they come up with for the students. What we have done here is set aside some audio for you to listen to from a few of their class types and have placed them here for you to enjoy.
Continue with the course areas as we have listed them below and enjoy all the fun and educational songs.
Standard System Rap
Learn the 50 US State Capitals and 50 State Abbreviations
Photosynthesis Rap
Layers of the Earth
There are actually very many more where these have come from. In fact, they have plenty of downloads for every area of learning right on their website ready for free downloads. If you have loved Schoolhouse rock like many of us have, you should at least give RRR Music a try with their version of educational music. They have a unique take on what could be educational music that many could very easily benefit from. Everyone probably at least knows one person they could share RRR Music with that would really be affected by it in the greatest way possible. When there are programs like this one there should be a huge uprising of people reaching out to invest and make sure that they can continue this kind of thing for many generations to come. Have you been able to enjoy the tracks we have placed here for you? We hope that not only were you able to enjoy them, but are going to also share them with someone else who needs them.
At this point in our article we want to stop and thank you for taking your time out to review RRR Music with us and see what they have to offer the world. We want to make sure that you also know that there are also some other articles here for you to enjoy that are on the right side of this article here. Bookmarking this page will help you to be able to gain access to this page in the future much more quickly as well.


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Los Angeles, Apr 15 (PTI) Actor Jeff Goldblum and wife Emilie Livingston have welcomed a baby boy and named him River Joe.
The 34-year-old rhythmic gymnast gave birth to her and the "Independence Day: Resurgence" stars second child last week and took to Instagram on Friday to announce the happy news.
She wrote alongside a picture of Jeff, herself and their 21-month-old son Charlie Ocean with the new arrival, "I cant believe its been a week already! River Joe Goldblum was born 4/7/17 at 8:53am. Charlie Ocean is such a sweet and caring older brother. We couldnt be happier!!! Jeff is our rock and continues to be an exceptionally loving and passionate father! Love my boys!!! (sic)"
The pair confirmed they were expecting a boy back in February, just a month after they revealed they were set to add to their family. PTI JCH JCH