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Refugee Integration in Scotland. Statistical findings from stage 1
- Alisha Wade
- 3 years ago
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1 Refugee Integration in Scotland Statistical findings from stage 1 Gareth Mulvey June 2011
3 Contents Page 3 Acknowledgements 04 Introduction 05 Overall Demographics 07 Finances and Employment 09 Housing and Neighbourhoods 14 Education 20 Health 24 Family and Community 28 Citizenship and Rights 34 Conclusion and next steps 38 Appendix 1 39
4 Acknowledgements Page 4 There are a number of agencies and individuals whose help with this study has been invaluable. The support of the advisory group has been of huge importance in all aspects of the research. This group contains Alison Strang (Queen Margaret University), Alison Phipps (Glasgow University), Rachel Johnson (Scottish Government), Mhoraig Green (Convention of Scottish Local Authorities) and Rami Ousta (Black and Ethnic Minority Infrastructure Scotland). Catherine Jamieson from Glasgow City Council also attended the first advisory meeting prior to her leaving the Council. Finally we would also like to give thanks to all of the asylum seekers and refugees who gave their time in answering these questions for us. The full questionnaire is included at the end of this report. We would also like to thank the many agencies who helped in the distribution of the questionnaire. These were; City of Glasgow College; the Bridges Programme; City Of Edinburgh Council; the RiTES Project; North Glasgow Framework for Dialogue Group; Medical Foundation for the Victims of Torture; Crossroads Youth and Community Association; British Red Cross; Govan and Craigton Integration Network; Greater Pollock Integration Network; North Glasgow Integration Network; Cranhill Integration Network; West Integration Network; Careers Scotland; Y People, Anniesland College; Bridging the Gap; and Positive Action in Housing. Without their help the we would not have been able to get so many responses.
5 Introduction Page 5 The integration of refugees into their new countries has long been an issue of concern and interest for Governments, civil society and academics alike. Governments at all levels, be it the European Union, the British Government, the Scottish Government or local authorities have key roles to play in facilitating integration. However, many in the voluntary sector and numerous academics have expressed concerns that policy and practice is not supporting integration, and indeed may be operating against it. It is for these reasons that Scottish Refugee Council is conducting a longitudinal study of refugee integration. The overall aim of the project is to examine what works with regard to refugee integration and what does not, and indeed what the concept of integration means. This study takes the approach that integration concerns both asylum seekers and refugees, and the research therefore looks at both, and does so comparatively. An advisory group has been established that involves statutory and voluntary representation as well as academics and meets twice a year to discuss the progress of the research and make suggestions regarding future directions. The first step of the research was to conduct a literature review to see what is known about integration and what approaches would be most useful for this study. This will be included in the final report but has informed the empirical part of the research project. The main outcome was to broadly follow Ager and Strang s Indicators of Integration, a study conducted by academics and commissioned by the Home Office in The framework is shown in the diagram below. The research combines quantitative and qualitative research methods over a period of two years. A survey was distributed in autumn and winter Follow up interviews are currently being conducted (Stage 2) and will be followed by focus groups and case studies in the summer of 2011 (Stage 3). The survey and interview parts of the study will then be repeated late 2011(Stages 4 and 5 respectively) and early 2012 to examine the process of integration and any changes and continuities occurring during this period. Reports will be published following each stage and a final report will be written in Autumn This report presents the findings of the first stage of data collection. These findings are based on 262 questionnaire responses. Most of this analysis only uses the figures from those who answered the question, meaning than non-responses have generally been excluded. The report broadly follows Ager and Strang s Indicators of Integration framework. It begins with some key demographics before going through each of Ager and Strang s integration domains, employment, housing, education and health. The report then looks at questions that loosely refer to social capital issues of bonds, bridges and connections, before touching on the issues of citizenship and rights. It finishes by highlighting some of the comments made by respondents in open spaces at the end of the questionnaire. Throughout the report, where results from other surveys are relevant, they are shown. This means work from the Scottish Household Survey 2008, the Household Panel Survey 2009, the Scottish Social Attitudes Survey 2008, and the Survey of New Refugees (SNR) (a quantitative longitudinal study of new refugees carried out by the Home Office) are included. In the latter, Stage 1 responses are filtered to give Scottish data only. However, the levels of attrition in this longitudinal study meant that by the time of Stage 4, the Scottish sample was too small to justify continued filtering and so results for Stage 4 are provided on a UK wide basis. Finally, data from the Go-Well study is also included, a study examining wellbeing in 14 areas of Glasgow, specifically their synthesis report released in 2010.
6 Page 6 Markers & Means Employment Housing Education Health Social Connection Social Bridges Social Bonds Social Links Facilitators Language & cultural Knowledge Safety & Stability Foundation Rghts & Citizenship (Ager and Strang 2004)
7 Overall Demographics Page 7 People from thirty seven countries are represented in this report, covering most of the nationalities that are known to have come to Scotland in the past 10 years. The largest national response groups are shown in the graph below gender 40 country of origin china 21 DRC 24 eritrea 31 iran 28 iraq 11 pakistan 14 somalia 7 sri lanka 13 zimbabwe 0 The responses we have by marital status also broadly reflect what we know of the asylum seeker and refugee population in Britain. 120 male marital status female In terms of year of arrival not surprisingly our sample is slanted toward slightly more recent arrivals but there is still a reasonable representation among those who arrived in each year from year you first arrived in the UK married 16 co-habiting single 11 widowed 5 divorced 17 separated Interestingly, in our sample, unlike other studies of refugees and asylum seekers there is a higher representation of women than of men. The Scottish sample in the Survey of New Refugees run by the UKBA, for example, had a 54/46 male/female split As will be discussed in the employment section below, there is some confusion among respondents in relation to how they describe their status in the UK. While some respondents state that they do not know their status, others are either confused as to their status, or do not know whether their status gives them the right to work. Nevertheless, overall status figures are given below.
8 Page 8 how would you describe your status in the UK british citizen refugee humanitarianwaiting for a protection decision 10 appealing a refusal 6 had final refusal 13 don't know 19 other For the purposes of other analysis such as comparing responses by status, it simplified the results to be able to group them into two, those still going through the asylum process, including those refused, and those with some form of leave to remain, including the 25 who identified as being citizens. The results are as follows. status merged refugee asylum seeker don t know other Total
9 Finances and Employment Page 9 We began the section on finances and employment by asking about present employment status. This was to discover the levels of employment, but also the number of people doing voluntary work, in education, and those unemployed and looking for work. What becomes immediately clear is that employment levels are very low, with just thirty two people indicating that they were in some form of paid employment. Large numbers are unemployed and/or in education. out of work. Instead the indication is that refugees are in a constant struggle to access the labour market. Many of our respondents indicated that as well as their primary employment status, they also had other subsidiary statuses. Most of these concerned being in education, volunteering or looking after family members, but all suggest both busy lives, and a degree of attention being paid to improving skill sets. how would you describe your job employment status working full time 16 working part time 2 self employed 59 unemployed 64 in education 11 in training Women were slightly less likely than men to be working, although the small sample of people working makes this finding less than conclusive. The Scottish sample of the Survey of New Refugees showed 34% of all respondents were employed 8 months after obtaining leave to remain. A further 4.7 % were selfemployed, 20.7% were looking after family and just 4.7% were unemployed. This means that the likelihood of being in employment was much lower for our sample. When comparing these results to the overall Scottish population through the Scottish Household Survey, we find that just 7% of men and 3% women were unemployed in that survey, again considerably less than in our sample (at 30%), although with a similar gender dimension. Important points of note when making such comparisons are the relatively small numbers of refugees indicating that they were retired compared to the general population, and the number of our sample attending educational courses. Nevertheless employment levels remain worryingly low. Further questioning about previous work in the UK suggests that these low levels of employment are not snap shot findings whereby respondents have been questioned at a period where they were temporarily 19 looking after family members 49 not allowed to work 3 retired 8 doing voluntary work 2 permanently sick 2 temporarily sick 7 other seasonal 7 under contract for a fixed period or fixed task 7 agency/temping For those who were working, we wanted to gain an understanding of both the type and nature of their work. Among those working, respondents were concentrated within low paid and low status jobs. Indeed many were working restricted hours in casual jobs. However, even for those working full time or thereabouts, (10 respondents worked over thirty hours each week), pay levels are low. Only two people earned over 15,000 pa. This means that a number of people working over thirty hours each week earn between 10,000 and 15,000, while the indication is that three are working over thirty hours a week and are paid less than 10,000 pa, below minimum wage levels. We then asked people who were working to give us their job title and the results confirmed that those working were often in fairly menial or low skilled jobs. These included care assistant, cleaner, security officer and waitress. We also asked respondents if they had worked in their country of origin, and some 71% indicated that they had done so. When the work people are currently doing is compared to the range of occupations people indicated that they had done in their country of origin, it was clear that there are high levels of underemployment. For example, a woman working as a cleaner used to be a teaching assistant, 1 homeworking 4 casual work 2 i have no guarantee of work each day 4 none of the above
10 Page 10 a waiter used to be a chess teacher, a few care assistants used to be teachers, a person working in DIY used to be an engineer and a postal worker used to be a silk screen printer. However, there did not appear to be a great deal of unhappiness with this situation. Being in work seems to take precedence over the type of work in most cases. We asked respondents if they felt that the work they were doing was appropriate to their skills. The responses show that a number of quite skilled people working in low skilled jobs do not consider themselves to be underemployed. Valid yes 13 no 18 Total 31 The Survey of New Refugees Stage 4 UK wide sample show some interesting results regarding the issue of underemployment. Some 56.4% of respondents, 21 months after the completion of their initial survey, stated that they were in jobs below their levels of skills and qualifications. Thus underemployment and unemployment are issues of concern for refugees. Despite the low paid and temporary nature of the work that respondents were doing, levels of satisfaction with work were fairly high. This was confirmed across a range of employment satisfaction questions. Among our employed respondents, the turnover in employment appears to be high. A large proportion stated that they were either under contract or in casual work and this is reflected in the fact that one respondent had changed jobs three times in the previous six months. One had changed jobs 10 times in the previous year and six had changed jobs over four times since arriving in the UK. Some of the individual responses are shown in the table below along with their year of arrival. Year of Arrival Number of times changed jobs We went on to look at the broader issues of respondents financial situation by asking how they would describe their present household income. The figures shown in the table below indicate that many people are having some difficulty coping on their present income. how do you feel about your present household incomepresent household income living comfortably on present income coping on present income finding it difficult to cope finding it very difficult to cope Total Overall, almost 68% of people who answered the question indicated that they were finding it difficult or very difficult to cope on their present income. There were slight differences in terms of how people felt they were coping financially by gender. While large proportions of both men and women were finding it very difficult to cope on their present income, 32.9%
11 Page 11 and 30% respectively, a further 40% of women and 32.9% of men stated that they were finding it difficult to cope on their present income, meaning that some 70% of women and 65.7% of men were to some degree struggling to cope financially. Just 3% of women and 7.6% of men felt that they were living comfortably on their present income. While the overall figures when combining the categories of finding it difficult and finding it very difficult to cope are similar between asylum seekers and refugees, this hides a nuance in terms of the extreme difficulty some people are having coping on their present income. The chart below shows an inverse relationship between asylum seekers and refugees stating that they are finding it difficult to cope, and those finding it very difficult to cope, with asylum seekers in more extreme difficulty. 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 6.3% 2.0% living comfortably on present income 23.6% 29.4% coping on present income The Scottish Household Survey gives the following results. This indicates far more financial difficulty among our sample than among the general Scottish population. All 43.3% 25.5% finding it difficult to cope status merged 26.8% refugee asylum seeker 43.1% finding it very difficult to cope how do you feel about your present household income Male Female 15% Most Manages well 49% 53% 44% 31% Although the questions are somewhat different, the Household Survey results would also indicate that refugees struggle financially much more than even the 15% most deprived in Scotland. This finding is confirmed by the European Social Survey data across the UK as a whole which found that 37% of people were living comfortably, 45% were coping, 14% were finding it difficult to cope and just 4% stated that they were finding it very difficult to cope. Among ethnic minority respondents in the ESS the incidence of financial difficulties rises against the overall figure but still remains considerably lower than among our sample. 9% of those in ethnic minorities were finding it very difficult to cope and a further 14% were finding it difficult compared to 30% and 37% respectively among our sample. The longitudinal nature of this project means that we can ask about both past and future developments. We asked respondents how their financial situation had changed and how they thought it might change in the future. The first table indicates that a large proportion of our respondents feel that their financial situation has either stayed the same or deteriorated in the previous year. Results do not appear to be based on length of stay in Scotland as there is no discernible pattern with regard to year of arrival and whether someone s financial situation has improved. Do you think you are financially better off than you were a year ago? Valid better off worse off about the same Total When we compare this fairly gloomy picture to the expectations people have for the future we see quite a different picture, with considerable optimism that things will get better. Get by 39% 37% 41% 46% Don t manage well 12% 10% 15% 23%
12 Page 12 Do you think you will be financially better off is a year? Valid 80.0% status merged refugee asylum seeker better off worse off about the same don t know Total Merging the various statuses into asylum seekers and refugees, we see in the following table that there are differences in responses to changing financial situation by status, but they are perhaps not as great as might be imagined. Refugees feel that things have deteriorated in slightly larger numbers than asylum seekers, more on which below. 60.0% status merged refugee asylum seeker 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% 47.4% 40.0% better off 16.5% 18.3% worse off 38.3% 33.8% about the same don't know do you think you will be financially better off in a year There were only minor differences in how people compare their present financial situation to that of a year ago by gender, with slightly more men indicating that things had improved. However, results show that men are significantly more optimistic than women about their future financial situation, with almost 60% of men thinking they will be better off in a year, and just under 40% of women answering similarly. 2.3% 3.3% 40.0% 60 gender male female 20.0% 38.7% 39.4% 46.0% % 22.2% 31.7% % better off worse off about the same Count % Pa do you think you're financially better off now than you were a year ago % 21.53% Similarly, responses when looking ahead to the next year were also similar by status, and indicate relatively high levels of optimism about the future % 10.53% 10.53% 1.44% 1.44% 0 better off worse off about the same don't know do you think you will be financially better off in a year
13 Page 13 We then went on to ask more about people s expectations for the next two years. These questions were separated by what people would like to happen in the coming years, and what people expect to happen, should they be different. The first question, and the only one reported here due to it having the highest response level, was about starting a job. It was evident that people s desires regarding work are radically different from their expectations, as shown in the table below % status merged refugee asylum seeker 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 70.9% 78.8% 20.0% 29.1% 21.2% 0.0% would like to think I will what you would like to and what you think will happen in next 2 years - start a job Thus, despite overall optimism for the future, that optimism is not reflected in employment expectations.
14 Housing and Neighbourhoods Page 14 At the beginning of the section on housing and neighbourhoods we wanted to get a sense of the context in which people were giving their answers. This started by looking at longevity of stay in their present accommodation. The results were also important in providing a sense of housing churn and show quite large numbers of people are relatively new to their present accommodation. How long have you lived in your present accommodation Valid less than 6 months between 6 months and a year between 1 and 2 years more than 2 years Total Not surprisingly the length of time people have been in the country has a major impact on their response to this question, with people who have been here longer more settled in their present accommodation. Nevertheless, in each year of arrival since 2005, over 40% of people responding had lived in their present accommodation for a year or less. There were no significant gender differences in this regard. However, there was some divergence among those who have children, with longer term stay more common. Indeed, over 40% of respondents who had children indicated that they had been in their present home for over two years. The low levels of home ownership among our sample means that responses are slanted towards shorter term housing occupancy. The broad responses to ownership indicate that Glasgow Housing Association is the largest housing provider among our sample, followed by Glasgow City Council through the NASS contract. Who owns your home? Valid GHA private landlord YMCA Angel NASS/GCC temporary accommodation Local authority housing family or friend other housing association other don t know Total The Scottish Household Survey finds that housing type is related to longevity of stay and perhaps not surprisingly, indicates significant differences in terms of housing tenure when compared to our sample, as some 66% own the homes they live in, with a further 22% living in social housing, and 10% in private rented accommodation. Under a year 1-2 years 3-4 years 5-10 years 29% 56% 66% 71% 22% 21% 23% 24% 47% 22% 9% 4% Both the Household Panel Survey and the Scottish Social Attitudes Survey give similar results with owner occupation accounting for 66.4% and 66.7% of respondents respectively. The latter also found that 15.4% were living in local authority housing, 7.3% in housing association housing, and 7.4% in privately rented accommodation. This suggests a significant gap between our sample and the general Scottish population regarding home ownership.
15 Page 15 We also wanted to see if overcrowding was an issue for our sample. We asked how many people live in their homes, how many children of various ages live in those homes, and how many bedrooms they have. The data shows us that of the 230 people who answered the question, the mean figure for size of household is The mean figure for numbers of bedrooms stands at 1.94, meaning that that on average there are just over two people for each bedroom in the homes in which they live. The ratio is slightly better for those with families, with a mean of 2.40 bedrooms for 3.90 people in a household. This points to some level of overcrowding, and indeed when the cases are looked at individually, there are a number of key cases of overcrowding. There are numerous cases of 3 people living in a one bedroom house. While this may not be an issue for a couple with a child, many of these cases are a lone parent and two children. One case has six people, five of them under the age of 16, living in a three bedroom house, while another had six residents with three people under 16 living in a similarly sized home. The worst cases of overcrowding indicated from the survey are; a case where seven people are sharing a two bedroom home. This includes two people under the age of 16; a case where seven people, with five under the age of 16 and 2 under the age 5, are living in a two bedroom home; and a case where eight people, including two under the age of 5, share just three bedrooms. Scottish Social Attitudes data shows that the mean number of bedrooms per household across Scotland was 2.64, although it does not provide a mean for the number of people in those homes. Nevertheless, the following provides some indication and suggests that our sample live in smaller homes than the Scottish average. Scottish Social Attitudes Rooms Bedrooms 2 9.3% % % % % % % % Despite this, there are relatively high levels of satisfaction with present accommodation among our sample, with over 50% indicating that they were either satisfied or very satisfied. Satisfaction with accommodation Valid very satisfied satisfied not sure not very satisfied very unsatisfied Total % 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 6.2% 10.8% most days 18.5% 3.6% 16.9% 12.3% once or more a once or twice week a month 11.1% 20.5% less than once a month how often do you - meet relatives gender male female 51.9% 48.2% never It is evident that levels of satisfaction with accommodation is lower among women than men. Furthermore, the level of satisfaction drops by almost 10% among those who have children, indicating that there is a relationship, although not a strong one, between having negative feelings about present accommodation and having children. Somewhat paradoxically, despite the relatively high levels of satisfaction with accommodation, large numbers of our respondents wanted to leave their present homes, almost 55% of the overall sample.
16 Page 16 Somewhat paradoxically, despite the relatively high levels of satisfaction with accommodation, large numbers of our respondents wanted to leave their present homes, almost 55% of the overall sample. 60 if you could choose would you prefer to stay or move Stage 4 UK wide findings of the Survey of New Refugees finds that just over half of respondents would like to move home, similar to our overall figure but significantly lower than that found among the comparable sample, that of refugees, which shows that 67.9% of refugees would like to move home. Survey of New Refugees % 34.68% 10.08% stay here prefer to move don't know if you could choose would you prefer to stay or move Would you like to, or do you need to, move out of your current accommodation? Yes, like to Yes, need to Yes, like to and need to No Total There was, however, a difference in the answering of this question by status, although perhaps not the difference that might be expected. Asylum seekers were less likely to want to move from their present accommodation than refugees, despite the fact that refugees have some element of choice regarding their accommodation. 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 29.7% 41.9% 60.8% 41.9% status merged refugee asylum seeker There may be a number of reasons for the apparent anomaly regarding refugees and asylum seeker responses to the desire to move home in our sample. First, while people are going through the asylum process, their attention tends to be focussed on that process, with little additional energy to spend on other matters. In addition, as the Go-Well study in Glasgow suggests, expectations may change according to status ( This means that refugees would perhaps expect and strive for improved accommodation once their status is secure. For those who indicated a desire to leave their accommodation, there were a variety of reasons given for why they feel that way. This was a multiple response question so respondents could give as many reasons as they liked for wishing to move home. 0.0% 14.9% 9.5% 0.0% 1.4% stay here prefer to move don't know if you could choose would you prefer to stay or move
17 Page 17 Reasons for wanting to leave of Response Size of property 62 Condition of property 51 For work 10 Type of property 47 For health reasons 26 For family reasons 19 Because of the area 39 Because of neighbours 12 To buy my own home 17 A different reason 15 We followed questions about housing by asking how satisfied people were with their neighbourhoods, and also how safe they felt in those neighbourhoods. The overall figures are shown in the two tables below. These indicate both relatively high levels of satisfaction with the neighbourhoods in which people live, and also a high degree of feelings of safety in those communities % The above table shows a wide variety of reasons for wishing to leave their present accommodation, with the physical characteristics of the property being the dominant group of issues. There are a number of gendered dimensions to these responses. Women show a much larger propensity to cite the condition of properties as the reason they wish to leave their present home. 21% of men who indicated a desire to move home cited the size of a property as having such an impact, compared to 34% of women. Similarly, health reasons are cited by just 4% of men but some 18% of women. There are also a variety of differences in responses by status. Overall, refugees outnumber asylum seekers in answering almost all questions in the affirmative in greater numbers. Size of properties shows the starkest contrast with 33% of refugees who wished to move home citing this as a reason compared to only 15% of asylum seekers. This might suggest that refugees have settled with their family while asylum seekers are more likely to be on their own. Both the area and the type of property show the opposite relationship. That is, despite the overall slanting of responses towards refugees, asylum seekers outnumber them on those two variables, indicating that these are particular areas of concern for asylum seekers % very safe very satisfied safe 19.52% not sure 13.94% not very safe how safe do you feel living in your community how satisfied are you with the neighbourhood you live in 17.32% 43.70% satisfied 18.50% not sure 15.75% not very satisfied 1.99% not at all safe 4.72% very unsatisfied The Scottish Household Survey asks a slightly different question, asking how respondents rate their neighbourhood as a place to stay. The comparison is worthwhile nevertheless. It finds that 55% rate their neighbourhood as a very good place to live, and 38% as a fairly good place to live. Just 4.3% answer that their neighbourhood is a fairly poor place
18 Page 18 to live and 1.8% a very poor place to live. Although our results show relatively high levels of satisfaction with neighbourhoods, they also indicate that against the Scottish population as a whole, neighbourhoods are less highly rated among asylum seekers and refugees. There were significant gendered differences in relation to feelings about neighbourhoods. While there were relatively large numbers of respondents indicating an overall satisfaction with their neighbourhood, 66% of men and 60% of woman indicating they were very satisfied or satisfied, the levels of dissatisfaction are concomitantly considerably higher among women. 14.3% of men indicated that they were either unsatisfied or very unsatisfied, compared to 26.9% of women. There are no significant differences in responses between women with and woman without children. This finding is also reflected in the feelings of safety in their neighbourhoods. 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 19.8% 16.8% very satisfied 45.1% 43.7% satisfied 20.9% 12.6% not sure 12.1% 18.5% not very satisfied 2.2% very unsatisfied how satisfied are you with the neighbourhood you live in gender male female 8.4% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 19.6% 17.2% very safe 54.3% safe 41.4% 15.2% 21.6% not sure 18.1% not very safe not at all safe how safe do you feel living in your community The Scottish Household Survey asked this question in a slightly different way by asking about safety in relation to walking alone. It found the following with the gender dimension added. The results are relatively similar to our findings. All Men Women Safe 75% 85% 66% Unsafe 22% 12% 30% We asked respondents to provide explanations about the way that they answered questions on neighbourhood satisfaction and safety. Many of the responses indicate relativity in how views are explained. Many respondents stated simply that compared to their country of origin they were satisfied and felt safe. Some went on to suggest that the lack of killings and bombings meant that they found their present neighbourhood safe. Others felt that their neighbourhood was friendly and so they felt both satisfied and safe. On the negative side, many respondents suggested that the prevalence of young people drinking and taking drugs has a negative impact on their feelings of safety. Others still suggested that high levels of racism in their neighbourhoods made them feel unsafe. Some of the comments below are indicative of the overall flavour. 8.7% 2.2% gender male female 1.7%
19 Page 19 Positive In Iraq I got threatened so I cannot work, live and express my life, ideas and opinions freely Compare to my country where there is no security, I know if there is any problem I can contact the police or any other emergency services Because back in Africa there was no peace at all In comparison to Bagdad, great improvement My neighbours are very good, the people I meet are very friendly Good neighbours, my children have many friends, people in my community are so good. Do not feel that I am segregated. Found myself so many friends Negative Because where I live there is much junkies, and I have problem with high flats. And I don t have any friends near me It feels like a gated community Not a few numbers of the surrounding neighbours are undereducated and unemployed (and not working) besides those heavy drinkers/addicts are jumping around. Though I haven t been in trouble with them yet I feel things are fragile Am not welcome because I am not a Scottish Neighbours use the F word to call use (me and my children), they broken my windows twice just because some of the people are racists and they will harass for no reason No friendly environment, we feel unwelcome, people do not talk to us at all so we feel lonely and alone
20 Education Page 20 As a starting point for questions about education we asked people how many years of education they had completed in their country of origin. Responses varied considerably, with a minimum of no education at all and a maximum of 25 years of education spread among 204 respondents. The mean among those cases was years of formal education, compared to 12.6 for the UK population as a whole (this is according OECD figures, org/dataoecd/56/9/ pdf). There were slight differences in responses by both gender and by status. These are shown in the following table. Mean Male Female Refugee Asylum seeker We can see our male respondents indicate over a year more education than our female respondents. The difference by status is less stark, with a mean difference of only 0.39 years. Years of education were then grouped and compared to Stage 1 of the Survey of New Refugees. The results are shown in the following table. years of education SNR none 6 2.9% 16% 6 years or less % 12% 7-9 years % 11.3% years % 18% years % 24% 16 or more years % 18.7% Total % This shows that our sample has considerably fewer respondents who have received no or very little formal education. Our sample also has slightly more people who are very well educated than the SNR, but shows a particular variance among those with educational histories just below the UK average as nearly 32% had between 10 and 12 years of education, compared to 18% in the SNR. We also asked a number of questions that related to respondents experiences of education or training during their time in the UK. This was a multiple response table allowing individuals to tick all appropriate boxes. The following table indicates the number of people who have attended courses, and what those courses were across the whole period that they have been in the UK. Type of Course Numbers who have attended ESOL 174 SVQ 25 HNC 19 HND 10 Higher education 21 Other 35 The figures indicate the most common type of education attended by respondents, by a considerable distance, is ESOL classes, with all other forms of education being accessed by relatively small numbers. Another contextual question we asked concerned respondents self-rated English language proficiency. The chart below provides the overall figures for respondents confidence in speaking English. Confidence is not the same as ability as ability implies a more tested criteria. For many of our respondents such tests would not have been carried out, and so what is being asked is about how they feel about their English rather than some more objective measure. The results show high levels of confidence in speaking English.
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The Kolkata Knight Riders came into IPL 2013 wearing the tag of defending champions. Now, 12 games into the tournament, they are languishing at a lowly No.7 on the points table. Even after getting themselves into a situation where they have to win every match to have a chance of getting into the top four, the KKR team couldn't find their fire and lost to the Mumbai Indians by 65 runs at the Wankhede Stadium on Tuesday night.
After the match, a visibly dejected Lakshmipathy Balaji spoke to iplt20.com on coping with the tough phase. He also talked about his bowling figures of 3-1-7-0 even as Sachin Tendulkar led the rampage for MI to a 170-run total.
Three overs for seven runs against the MI batting line-up – does a bowling performance like this at times feel better than the wickets?
Wickets are very important in T20. The extension of picking wickets is bowling dot balls and creating pressure. It is crucial to get the early breakthroughs. Even if you bowl three maidens they will catch up later on in the game. But wickets will peg them back. I was trying to get wickets as well but it didn't happen. It was good to bowl tight though.
Do you go with a separate plan for every batsman or stick to a uniform strategy?
There's a bit of individual planning depending on whether the batsman is good on off-side or leg-side. What his release shot is and where he normally gets out – is it for the in-dipper or the away going ball? You just try to put the batsmen in a situation he is not comfortable in. But at the end of the day, a good length is good length and it's not going to change depending on the format or the batsman.
How has Brett Lee taken to the mentoring role?
I have shared various experiences with Brett Lee since 2011. We've shared the new ball, bowled in tandem. Bowling with a leading international bowler like him is a dream. When he becomes your mentor it's an added advantage. It's not only about what you do during the match but also how you prepare for it and think about your game off the field matters. He's one of the greatest mentors we could get.
What has gone wrong with KKR this season?
We were one of the teams to look forward to, given what we had achieved in the last two seasons. We haven't lived up to that promise despite having so much potential in the dressing room. I believe the main reason is that we haven't combined different aspects of the game well. It's either our bowling that clicks or the batting. We haven't been able to do well in both departments at the same game. We still have four more games to go and we will give our 100 per cent to them.
Is too much desperation to win doing you in?
We don't play our cricket with desperation and always enjoy our cricket. We enjoy each other's success and stand by each other in times of failures. That is a good thing to have in a team. This quality has taken us to the heights that we achieved in the first two seasons.
source: iplt20.com

subset: commoncrawl


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On a clear, starry evening, what could be better than sipping a glass of chilled Champagne with a panoramic view over Paris? Here we bring you 10 of our favourite places to do just that… Read more
There are more homeworkers now than at any time before, but the lack of office banter can leave many feeling isolated. Luckily help is at hand with the new breed of Parisian co-working cafés… Read more
Set in the opulent surroundings of the 17th-century place des Vosges, perched on the corner of Rue du Pas de la Mule beneath the vaulted arcades, Café Hugo reopened its doors to the public this summer... Read more
Words and Images: Jill Pope If it sometimes feels like the bohemian hey day of the 6th and 7th arrondissements is behind it, Restaurant Sauvage has brought back a rather contemporary reinterpretation of that free and easy lifestyle. The small space is smartly kitted out with plywood… Read more
Words: Jill Pope Image: Comestibles et Marchand de Vins The best part of moving to a new neighbourhood is discovering the local haunts. The kind of places that might not necessarily be the first port of call for visitors to the city, but which are… Read more
Words: Jill Pope As soon as the sun starts shining the word on everyone's lips is "terrasse". Parisians are on a constant quest to discover the best place to soak up that prized Vitamin D, and there is an ongoing discussion around the pros and… Read more
Words: Jill Pope Images: Alex Leggett I imagine that journalists the world over are united in their trepidation of interviewing people who have reached "legendary" status. It's hard to know how to probe beyond an image already immortalised in so many words. Jim Haynes… Read more
Words: Jill Diane Pope Image: In the Garden Sometimes it's nice to escape the hectic pace of life in La Capitale and go, like the famous theme song says, somewhere where everybody knows your name. I can't vouch that people will know your name the… Read more


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UK carrier O2 recently took to its customer support forums to address the lack of Denim (and GDR1) updates to its Lumia devices. In so doing, they have confirmed that although the Lumia 930 has already received GDR1, other devices aren't expected to snag the updates until early next year.
It looks like Microsoft has yet to release the update to carriers, with O2 saying:
It's coming, but we're not expecting Microsoft to release these this year we're afraid, though you should start seeing them push out to Lumia devices in early 2015... Very early - January at present is what's looking likely.
On the topic of exactly when O2 customers could be seeing the update pushed to their devices, the carrier says they will work as quickly as possible to test it and roll it out:
We're on standby - as soon as Microsoft are ready to send us these updates for testing & approval, we'll get right on it as quickly as possible. As soon as this process is finished, we'll release the update back to Nokia for the final part - pushing it to you guys, our customers.
What do you guys think of an early 2015 rollout for Denim and GDR1? Are you disappointed?
Source: O2 Community Forums; Thanks to Andrew for the tip!
This post may contain affiliate links. See our disclosure policy for more details.


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Tord Gustavsen, the quiet and neatly gnomic Norwegian pianist and academic, thought he owed his audience a technical observation during the London leg of his quartet's current tour. "This isn't easy for someone like me," he announced in his confiding whisper, following a new piece of uncharacteristically funky soulfulness. "That was a song with a lot of major chords in it." Gustavsen's regulars knew exactly what he meant. Minor-chord pensiveness has often seemed like the former church musician's natural language, and his pieces have frequently moved at the reverentially stealthy pace of a prayer. But on this trip (as on The Well album it launches) Gustavsen and his flawless quartet sounded positively frisky.
A single long set opened with a typically fragile, barely-struck solo-piano introduction, but briefly flickering runs and the occasional Jarrett-like bluesy twist soon indicated the Norwegian isn't keeping his cards so close to his chest now. Drummer Jarle Vespestad (a player whose artistry and uncanny swing hides in minute details) and bassist Mats Eilertsen picked up a groove that brought in the purring tone of tenor saxophonist Tore Brunborg. A kind of mournful, early-Jan Garbarek swing was followed by what Gustavsen called his "liturgical" side – slow, spacious music full of multiphonic sax effects that invokes an echoing, cathedral-like atmosphere. Gustavsen's new major-chord groover then emerged from an alluring songlike theme, the pianist stretched out with a rare improvisational expansiveness on The Well's title track, and the glittering precision of Vespestad's cymbal work warmed the core of the meditatively drifting encore, Inside.
The crowd had been put in the mood for this masterpiece of the understated by the opening set from a trio led by Gustavsen's vocalist compatriot, Susanna (formerly of Susanna and the Magical Orchestra), briefly previewing an autumn trip to the UK, and a new venture that evocatively suggests a kind of 21st-century Nordic country-music.
• Tord Gustavsen's quartet plays The Venue, Leeds (0113 222 3434) Wednesday 21 March, then tours until 25 March.


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Notable & Quotable
Douglas Murray on why Richard Dawkins is so quick to indict the God of the Bible but goes quiet when asked about the God of the Koran.
Douglas Murray, of the Henry Jackson Society in London, writing in the Jewish Chronicle Online, Feb. 24:
In a recent Al-Jazeerah interview, Richard Dawkins was asked his views on God. He argued that the god of "the Old Testament" is "hideous" and "a monster," and reiterated his claim from The God Delusion that...


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Friday, 20 April 2012
waddeNews-Kenyataan Rasmi Proton Berkenaan Kemalangan Pertama Proton Preve
We would like to address concerns regarding pictures of a damaged Proton Prevé circulating on the web.
At around 4.45pm yesterday, one of our sales advisors was involved in an accident while driving from Jalan Sentul towards Jalan Pahang in KL, when the Proton Prevé that he was driving hit a divider and landed awkwardly causing the lower arm to break.
While we're happy to report that our sales advisor is unhurt, our test-drive unit, however, was damaged as a result of the accident. So, remember to buckle up and drive safe because accidents can happen – to anyone and to any car. –
Posted by jenice at 22:06
Labels: waddeNews
1 comment:
- KenapaBegituSerius said...
kenapa begitu serius..
- 24 April 2012 at 05:17
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In today's world, no business or organization is immune from violence. Whether it is a church, movie theater, mall, or doctor's office, the need to plan for an active shooter event is of the utmost importance. The incident rate of workplace violence is a problem that is significantly under reported, but affects thousands of workers across the country. From verbal and physical assaults on staff to shootings, acts of violence are occurring at an alarming rate around the globe.
Most businesses and schools are teaching the same method of defense that we have used since World War II: duck and cover. This defense was, quite frankly, a "feel good" exercise taught to children so that they felt safe during an atomic bomb explosion. We now know, after decades of research, that although getting under a desk may possibly keep debris from falling on your head, the real danger is the radiation levels from the explosion. These high levels will not only kill people, but can affect future generations as well.
So why am I bringing this up?
"A total of 60% of the incidents ended before police arrived." - FBI Report: "A Study of Active Shooter Incidents in the United States between 2000 and 2013"
Despite what we may want to believe, hiding under desks and tables hasn't lowered casualty numbers in any active shooter event. A comprehensive study conducted by the FBI, A Study of Active Shooter Incidents in the United States Between 2000 and 2013, found here proves this.
Some quick points from this study:
- More than half of the incidents—90 shootings—ended on the shooter's initiative (i.e., suicide, fleeing), while 21 incidents ended after unarmed citizens successfully restrained the shooter.
- In 21 of the 45 incidents where law enforcement had to engage the shooter to end the threat, nine officers were killed and 28 were wounded.
- The largest percentage of incidents—45.6 percent—took place in a commercial environment (73 incidents), followed by 24.3 percent that took place in an educational environment (39 incidents). The remaining incidents occurred at the other location types specified in the study—open spaces, military and other government properties, residential properties, houses of worship, and health care facilities.
"Incidents in educational facilities account for some of the higher casualty counts." - [Pg. 15], Blair, J. Pete, and Schweit, Katherine W. (2014). A Study of Active Shooter Incidents, 2000 - 2013. Texas State University and Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington D.C. 2014.
This was four year ago. How many more incidents have occurred since this was published?
In its 2007 publication, the U.S. Department of Education's guidance for active shooter response was limited to lockdown. On June 18, 2013, the White House released the "Guide for Developing High-Quality School Emergency Operations Plans" which can be found here.
The 2013 edition expands the guidance to include multiple options that go beyond lockdown including "Run, Hide or Fight." It also recognizes that staff and students may have to use more than one option and that the decision to do so should be made using their own judgment. These revamped procedures for school safety align and build upon years of emergency planning work by the federal government. This guide incorporates lessons learned from recent incidents, and responds to the needs and concerns voiced by stakeholders following the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, CT. This document moves lockdown to a secondary response, after evacuation of the school; making it clear that not every room is suitable for lockdown. Additionally, the guide clearly states that it replaces "Practical Information on Crisis Planning: A Guide for Schools and Communities" (January 2007).
Agencies Issuing Guidance
- U.S. Department of Education (DOE)
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
- U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)
- U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
- U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
- U.S. Department of Education (DOE)
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
- U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)
- U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
- U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
The federal agencies listed above have spent considerable resources researching active shooting events. Their findings have resulted in a change in guidance - a movement away from the cold war era techniques typically used in a lockdown-only approach. This is in direct opposition to what was once considered a "best practice" - locking down every room.
So why are schools and businesses still using a "lockdown-only" plan?
"As the situation develops, it is possible that students and staff will need to use more than one option." - [Page 64], Blair, J. Pete, and Schweit, Katherine W. (2014). A Study of Active Shooter Incidents, 2000 - 2013. Texas State University and Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington D.C. 2014.
The truth is that we have been relying on an outdated and ineffective procedure to keep our employees and children safe. I'm sure you're asking, if it's so ineffective, why has it been adopted and recommended for so long?
Lt. Joseph Henry Jr., CLEE, is a much-traveled and much-in-demand national instructor for the "ALICE Training Institute" in teaching ALICE (Alert, Lockdown, Inform, Counter, and Evacuate). In 2009, in response to the Virginia Tech massacre, he was asked to find out exactly where lockdown began. After several years of research, he wrote a comprehensive report detailing what he found. These are just a few quotes from the report:
"Adults in those classrooms had been trained and conditioned since childhood to respond by being quiet, laying on the ground, and not moving when someone was attempting to kill them. Even more disheartening was the rumor that the Virginia Tech gunman had trained to shoot into the ground. It became obvious that he knew where his targets were going to be when he started pulling the trigger."
"Traditional lockdown was never intended for active shooter events. Lockdown was developed in response to drive-by shootings and street level crime occurring outside of school buildings in southern California in the 1970s. The district had perimeter fencing, the building would be "locked down" and Law Enforcement Officers employed by the school district, who were already within the perimeter, would deal with the incident along with other arriving outside agency officers."
"Curtains pulled helped prevent outside threats from seeing into the classroom and also prevented glass from flying around the room if shattered by gun fire. Lights off prevented shadows from being cast on the curtains, preventing target acquisition by outside threats. Getting down on the floor away from the windows and door allowed the students and staff to be below the level of rounds coming in a window and used the wall below the windows to provide some cover from incoming bullets. Evacuation was not an option because the threat was already outside."
"Throughout my search, I have spoken to hundreds of Senior Law Enforcement Officials and School Administrators, The Department of Homeland Security, The Department of Education and have been granted access to the FEMA Lessons Learned Documents…I have had insurance companies query their underwriters for information on lockdown, survivability studies concerning it, or its history. The answer was always the same. There are no official documents recommending the tactics, no survivability studies, no records concerning its history, and are no records of development by any government agency or private entity."
His entire report can be found here.
So, what I'm basically saying is that we've been using an unproven procedure across the entire country for several decades. Time and time again, this procedure provided the same results, yet we just recently decided to make changes. Despite the highest levels of government clearly stating this procedure does not work, most schools, businesses, and places of worship are still using it. Does that make any sense to you?
ALICE (Alert, Lockdown, Inform, Counter, Evacuate) is utilized by law enforcement across the country and is in line with recommendations from the DHS, FEMA, FBI, DOJ, DHHS, DOE, along with many state agencies across the U.S.
ALICE training helps prepare individuals to handle the threat of an Active Shooter. ALICE teaches individuals to participate in their own survival, while leading others to safety. Though no one can guarantee success in this type of situation, this new set of skills will greatly increase the odds of survival should anyone face this form of disaster.
Being an ALICE certified organization demonstrates to your stakeholders that you areserious about safety: including the safety of your employees; visitors; and in the cases of schools – our children. The ALICE Certified mark, which is backed by research and years of experience, indicates to your stakeholders that you have gone the extra mile to practice safety training that has been deemed to be critical for increasing chances of survival in today's violent intruder events.


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I got the ipod when I was 16 for make a wish and it has been working fine for a long time and it suits my needs for it. So I am a fan of apple. I like some of their products. Don't like macs though. Im a windows guy at heart.
Yes, I am a fan of apple products. I have owned many of their products in the past and they have all lasted me a long time and met up to my expectations. I would for sure keep buying their products although I wish they would put the prices down a little bit.
Hehehehehehhehehehehe hehe hehe heh eheheheh ehehe heheh eheh eheh ehehe ehhehe hehe heh heh ehhe hehe hehe hehe hehe heheh eheh eheh eheh eheh eheh hehe hehehheheh hehehe hehe ehehheheh ehhehe heheh hehe heheh heheh heheh hehehh heheh ehhe heheh hehhehh ehhe hehe hehe hehe eheh eheh ehhe heheh heh
Me and my cousin have always fought about which computer is better and in my opinion Microsoft runs a better computer. Although I do understand that Apple is also a great computer for working and doing business kind of stuff, it's not great for everyday consumers. My cousin has a mac and can almost never download the same games as I have on my PC.
It doesn't seem fair to split people into Apple people who loves their products, and non-Apple people who hate their offerings. They clearly have excellent products that inspire devotion, but there are a lot of other options out there to provide services that don't need Apple. Apple's seeming insistence on software and apps only working on their products has always turned me off.
I am not a fan of Apple products. I have never owned anything made by Apple. I don't understand why someone would need so many different devices that do the same thing. My last few cell phones have been from Samsung. I love them and it would take a miracle for me to switch to an Apple product.


text:
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text:
After the release of the BNP's General Election manifesto for 2010, the Chairman of the BNP was interviewed by Jermyn Pacman on the BBC's flagship current affairs programme 'Newsnite'. A full transcript of the conversation follows.
NN: "Good evening. How are you ?"
BNP: "I'm feeling particularly indigenous today, thank you."
NN: "Do you want an apple juice ?"
BNP: "Oh, I'd love an apple juice."
NN: "Here you go."
BNP: "Thank you, it's fabulous."
NN: "Yeeess. How are you going to reduce Britain's non-white population from 10% to 1% ?"
BNP: *splutter* "I'm sorry ?!"
NN: "You confirmed directly on Question Time last October that one of the BNP's main goals is still to reduce Britain's non-white population from 10% to 1%. Exactly how will you achieve that ?"
BNP: "We'd offer them a firm incentive to accept voluntary repatriation."
NN: "By getting everyone else in Britain to aim their Citizen's Assault Rifles at them ?"
BNP: "Yes. Er, no. We'd offer them some money to leave."
NN: "How much ?"
BNP: "Our new General Election manifesto stipulates a budget of £18 billion which -"
NN: "There are 6 million non-white British citizens, so that works out at just £3000 per person. Do you seriously think that would be enough ?"
BNP: "Er.....well, some people have previously proposed the figure of £50,000 -"
NN: "If you offered them £50,000 per person, you'd need £300,000,000,000 to cover the 6 million people who are non-white British citizens. Where are you going to get that money from ?"
BNP: "Well, we'd use the foreign aid budget and -"
NN: "You think Britain's foreign aid budget contains £300,000,000,000 ?"
BNP: "Um, it could be a combination of taxation with -"
NN: "You think you could raise that much money by taxing the British public ?"
BNP: "Look, once we're in power and we've convinced them of the benefits, I'm sure they'd be happy to cough up a few hundred billion pounds after we've performed a formal survey to verify how many non-white British citizens there actually are, and -"
NN: "You don't trust the current figures ?"
BNP: "Why should we trust some Government-funded left-wing Marxist quango which -"
NN: "If you don't trust the current figures then how do you know that 10% of Britain's citizens are non-white ?"
BNP: "That's just it. We don't."
NN: "Then how can you make the claim that you want to reduce Britain's non-white population from 10% to 1% ?"
BNP: "I'd like to plead the Fifth Amendment."
NN: "That only applies in the United States. You're giving an interview in London, not another one of your speeches at those white supremacist American Renaissance conferences."
BNP: "I can't tell you because European law prevents me."
NN: "None of which applies here in Britain."
BNP: "But unfortunately, the French courts and the German courts would not recognise that freedom."
NN: "Why won't you just answer the question ?"
BNP: "Ve ask ze questions."
NN: "I beg your pardon ?"
BNP: "I said that our time is limited, so let's move on."
NN: "Very well. Who do you think you speak for in Britain ?"
BNP: "We represent the views of the silent majority of the great British public."
NN: "How do you know they're the majority if they're silent ?"
BNP: "What ?"
NN: "In fact, how do you know what they think at all if they're silent ?"
BNP: "You just look.....You just know....."
NN: "I see."
BNP: "Look, if Anjem Choudary of Al-Muhajiroun can claim to speak for the silent majority of Muslims in Britain, I can claim to speak for the silent majority of the 'indigenous British'."
NN: "Are you admitting you're the equivalent of Anjem Choudary ?"
BNP: "Yes. No. What ?"
NN: "And do you know who was the primary original source of the term 'silent majority' ?"
BNP: "Well, no, but I'm sure it was a wise and great aboriginal white person."
NN: "It was the disgraced American ex-President Richard Nixon."
BNP: "Ah. Well, he was probably framed by Zionists."
NN: "Right....."
BNP: "Like I was when I was on Question Time."
NN: "You don't think that was your own fault ?"
BNP: "No."
NN: "Let's examine a selection of examples. You repeatedly made the false claim that the last Ice Age ended '17,000 years ago'."
BNP: "Er -"
NN: "You started smirking when discussing the Holocaust."
BNP: "Um -"
NN: "You initially claimed that you hadn't shared a public platform with ex-KKK leader David Duke even though the video footage is actually available online."
NN: "You then claimed that your numerous incriminating remarks had been misquoted."
BNP: "They -"
NN: "And after David Dimbleby read out your speech verbatim, including your statements about aiming to take over the British broadcasting media so that you could use it as a vehicle for racist propaganda and your explanation of the BNP's need to publicly use Trojan Horse terms like "identity" instead of "racial purity" until then, you actually attempted to act as an apologist for the KKK."
BNP: "But apart from that, it went really well."
NN: "And do you seriously believe that the last Ice Age ended 17,000 years ago ?"
BNP: "Look, I was poorly briefed, it was an easy mistake to make -"
NN: "It's such a universally-known fact that your level of ignorance is the equivalent of being unaware that the planet Saturn has rings."
NN: "Hmm.....I'm going to say 'No'."
BNP: "Oh thank God."
NN: "Let's move on. You've admitted that you found the propaganda section of Hitler's book Mein Kampf to contain 'some really useful ideas'."
BNP: "Of course. Hitler's been tremendously misunderstood. Most great men are."
NN: "I see."
BNP: "Hitler was personally almost completely non-violent, by the way."
NN: "Right.....Well, our time is up. It's certainly been enlightening."
BNP: "Gosh, thanks awfully."
NN: "So how do you think this interview went ?"
BNP: "Oh, it was clearly a roaring success. Like when Apollo 1 landed on the moon - a great triumph for indigenous Europeans all over the world, incidentally."
NN: "That was Apollo 11. Apollo 1 was destroyed by fire on the launchpad and all the astronauts inside it were killed."
BNP: "Oh.....Well, nothing like that, then."
NN: "Yeeess."


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Deposed ex-Egyptian president Mohammad Morsi and 14 fellow Muslim Brotherhood members are to face trial for inciting violence and murder. Experts have criticized the move.
Mohammed Morsi has been charged with inciting violence and murder, along with 14 other members of the Muslim Brotherhood. Egyptian prosecutors referred Morsi to a Cairo court on Monday.
The charges relate to an incident in December 2012, when Morsi and his fellow Muslim Brothers allegedly forced demonstrators in front of the presidential palace to disperse. According to the Egyptian authorities, several people died.
Observers say the transition government is using the indictment to strengthen its campaign against the Muslim Brotherhood. "It shows that the current government and its leaders are using every legal instrument at their disposal to force the Muslim Brotherhood underground," Joachim Paul, Head of the North Africa section of the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Tunis, told DW.
Muslim Brotherhood hunted down
In July, the Egyptian military overthrew then-President Morsi and took power in the country. His supporters maintain that his ouster was a coup and demand his reinstatement.
The situation escalated in mid-August when security forces cleared two pro-Morsi protest camps in Cairo, killing at least 900 people. After that, police arrested around 2,000 Morsi supporters.
Ronald Meinardus from the Friedrich Naumann Foundation's office in Cairo calls the government's actions a "campaign of criminalization" - scores of leading figures within the Brotherhood were arrested, "sometimes in spectacular cloak-and-dagger operations," Meinardus says.
The military puts the Brotherhood on a par with terrorists, says Karim Bitar of the Paris Institute for International and Strategic Relations (IRIS).
Justice for an enemy of the state?
How the judiciary deals with detainees became apparent last weekend when Muslim Brotherhood member Mohammed al-Beltagi was beaten and mocked in prison, according to the party.
Al-Beltagi had been one of the main speakers during the protest in front of the Rabea al-Adawiya mosque.
Meinardus believes that, because of the tensions between the Muslim Brotherhood and the transition government, it is highly unlikely that the judiciary will be fair to the detained Muslim Brothers. Joachim Paul agrees: "The Egyptian judicial system tends to polarize. I can't imagine that the judiciary will suddenly conduct completely neutral and independent trials under the rule of law."
Uncertain future
It remains to be seen whether the political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood - the Freedom and Justice Party - can stage a comeback. There are several reasons why not. One is that the Muslim Brothers will not and do not want to be involved in a new constitution for Egypt.
With the exception of the Salafist al-Nur party, all Islamist parties refused to participate in the constitutional committee after Morsi was ousted.
Secondly, as so many of their top figures have been arrested - their spiritual leader Mohammed Badie among them - the Muslim Brothers have what Karim Bitar calls an "acute organizational problem," adding that their normally very efficient avenues of communication are no longer getting to the people.
Meinardus also says the organization is "badly damaged" and "disintegrating politically." Some of the protests are now being organized abroad and via social networking sites.
At a crossroads
What does the future hold for a party that managed to get a slim majority of the vote in Egypt's first free elections last June? Paul und Meinardus think that the Muslim Brotherhood will split in two - one faction will take part in the political process and the other, smaller, faction will be driven underground and radicalized.
But both experts also see a silver lining. It looks like the transition government "is willing to approach" the moderate arm of the Muslim Brotherhood. "I'm pretty sure that despite the extreme mutual demonization in public, there are attempts to mediate between the two parties," Paul says, although he is not sure how successful these attempts may be.
Despite the current instability and insecurity in Egypt, two experts in Germany believe there is good reason to hope for a brighter future. However, the country still has many political and societal issues to confront. (01.09.2013)
Edouard Lambelet's well-known German bookshop is located close to Tahrir Square in Cairo. The bookseller has lived through many conflicts in Egypt, but for the first time, he's now considering throwing in the towel. (29.08.2013)