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- Elinor Sanders
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1 OVERSIGHT RECOMMENDATIONS ON BUSINESS CONTINUITY BACKGROUND OF THE DOMESTIC SURVEY Unexpected incidents worldwide have focused the attention of the financial sector, including the participants of the domestic payment and settlement systems, on the assurance of business continuity, and have raised this issue to a strategic level. External and internal threats can jeopardise the operation of financial institutions in the fulfilment of their role played in the economy and in meeting their obligations towards their clients by generating smaller or more significant service disruptions. Insufficient level of the activities that are critical for the economy may withhold the effectiveness of the financial sector and, in extreme case, may endanger the stability of the whole system due to the interconnectedness of the system participants. Hence, central banks around the world put an emphasis on the proper management of operational risks within the institutions that provide services of critical importance. Central banks in the developed countries concern themselves with the business continuity practices of the financial sector since several years. Central banks and financial supervisions in these countries (UK, Italy, USA, Netherlands, Japan, Singapore, Switzerland, Australia, Hong Kong) continuously adjust and update their recommendations formulated based on regular survey and testing in the field of business continuity. THE DOMESTIC SURVEY AND THE CONSEQUENT RECOMMENDATIONS Article 4 (5) of the Act on the National Bank of Hungary sets out oversight as a fundamental role of the NBH, with the purpose of promoting the secure and effective functioning of the payment systems. The way this is put in practice is highly influenced by the individual practices of the system participants. This is the first time that a survey on business continuity took place in Hungary. Recent incidents worldwide and in Hungary, as well as an international tendency of oversight policies have justified scheduling the work now. Paragraphs 13, 13/B- /C and /D of the Act CXII of 1996 on Credit Institutions and Financial Undertakings (hereinafter Banking Act) contain provisions on business continuity. These are audited by the State Supervision of Financial Institutions (hereinafter PSZÁF). PSZÁF has issued methodology guidance 1 on the protection of financial institutions information systems. PSZAF approaches business continuity from the perspective of the complete range of financial institutions activity. Hence, an extension of their approach is justified specifically for payment systems. On the other hand PSZÁF s supervision does not fully cover the community of participants of the Hungarian payment systems, not even the circle of critical participants. 1 Methodology guidance 1/2007. on the protection of financial institutions information systems. Provisions on page 8. (risk analysis), pages (ensuring continuity of services) and pages (backups and archives) are essential for business continuity. Cím: Budapest V. ker., Szabadság tér 8 9. Levelezési cím: 1850 Budapest Telefon: Fax:
2 For the above reasons we have identified the critical participants of VIBER and BKR 2 according to their weight in the total payment turnover, and we stimulated common thinking in the topic of business continuity. As a first step we surveyed in the first half of 2010 the top 13 credit institutions and the State Treasury, weighing together 82,67% of the total domestic payment turnover. Our goal was to overview the current business continuity preparedness of this narrower segment of the financial sector. The survey focused on the practices related to the provision of payment services and to the institutions participation in the payment systems. Our survey covered the following topics: Business continuity strategy, management Business impact analysis (BIA), risk analysis Business continuity planning Fundamental resources for business continuity Human resources Primary and alternate sites Infrastructure Dependence on external service providers; Recovery and resumption objectives and plans Background solutions of critical operational processes and functions (alternate site) Testing of business continuity plans The survey allowed us to draw a picture of the practice followed by the selected participants. A fundamental finding of the survey is that participants have without exception recognised the importance of business continuity and have developed fairly comparable measures to tackle the issue. Nevertheless, the preparedness of the domestic financial sector is lagging behind that of the institutions present in the world s leading financial centres. Besides, co-operation, common thinking, mutual preparation and joint testing are also not current practice. We are fully aware that the development of a more uniform practice can be time- and resource consuming therefore we support a step-by-step approach on the participants side. To help this process we publish an oversight recommendation package for the payment system participants. Our recommendations represent a uniform approach that can be used as guidance and along which the institutions can benchmark their strengths and weaknesses in the field of business continuity. When finalising the recommendations we have taken into consideration the remarks formulated by the banking community. We trust that the work that was performed will result on the medium- and long run in further harmonisation and uniformisation of business continuity practices within the sector, hence reducing operational risks of the sector as a whole. Greater harmonisation will permit overall quicker and steadier reaction across the sector in case of eventual incidents or catastrophes. The present oversight recommendations aim at facilitating the transition of the business continuity concept in the area of payments into a sufficiently regulated, well documented, thorough but transparent in its context, practical activity, using optimal resources, that provides security to the financial sector. 2 VIBER: Hungarian RTGS, BKR: Hungarian retail payment system (sometimes also called Giro ) 2/8
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4 OVERSIGHT RECOMMENDATIONS ON BUSINESS CONTINUITY I. Business continuity strategy, management I/1. recommendation: The firm should develop a business continuity strategy covering the business continuity and recovery activity of both the business areas and the information technology system. This should be approved at least by the executive senior management level. I/2. recommendation: An organisational unit, preferably independent of the IT area, should be designated to be responsible for the comprehensive co-ordination of business continuity efforts. I/3. recommendation: It is useful, if business continuity efforts are co-ordinated under the direction of a business continuity committee comprising of the heads of the process owner business areas and senior managers of the firm. II. Business impact analysis (BIA), risk analysis II/1. recommendation: A business impact analysis (BIA) should be prepared, based on the business continuity strategy, and reviewed each year. The BIA identifies critical processes, assigns a process owner to each of these, specifies the critical resources, determines the vulnerability window of the processes, and expresses the value of the process or resource in money and in other terms from the firm s point of view. II/2. recommendation: The BIA should be prepared according to uniform principles with the approval of the top management, at least in respect of the critical processes, the list of resources and the quantified business impact,. Application of the uniform principles should be supervised by the entity entrusted with the business continuity co-ordination. II/3. recommendation: To complete the BIA, a risk analysis should be made, which explores the specific threats of the processes and the probability of their occurrence as well as the dependency of processes on resources. The risk analysis should also be updated annually. II/4. recommendation: In case of new critical products or processes, the BIA and the risk analysis as well as the successful business continuity test of the product or process should constitute a precondition of the introduction (the same is valid if an existing product or process is changed). II/5. recommendation: The business impact of each individual threat is determined in precisely calculated money terms rather than according to limit amounts (bands). Accordingly, the weighting of individual processes becomes more precise. II/6. recommendation: The BIA is prepared by dedicated software support used by each organisational unit. III. Business continuity planning III/1. recommendation: Firms should set up a business continuity plan and a disaster recovery plan for each critical process and resource identified in the BIA. Harmony between these plans must be ensured. Plans should be reviewed at least annually, and adjusted if necessary. In addition, review and adjustment is also required if the process or the resource changes significantly. Training and testing of the plans is performed in a documented manner once a year. 4/8
5 III/2. recommendation: Business continuity planning should address the backup procedures of the processes affected by the crisis and the recovery method of terminating the underlying reasons for the crisis. III/3. recommendation: Lessons learned from incident management and the results of the business continuity tests should be incorporated in the business continuity plans without delay. III/4. recommendation: The BCP documentation should be available in electronic and printed formats both at the primary and alternate sites. III/5. recommendation: Internal audit should regularly cover the validity of the BCPs. III/6. recommendation: New critical products or processes or changes to existing critical products or processes should only be introduced once the backup solutions have been developed and successfully tested. IV. Fundamental resources for business continuity Human resources IV/1. recommendation: Types of incidents and disaster situations that jeopardise the availability of staff (traffic, strike, epidemic etc.) should be listed out and business continuity procedures should be elaborated accordingly. IV/2. recommendation: The minimum staff number and the key personnel should be determined for each organisational unit and critical process. Common knowledgebase and appropriate decisionmaking authority should be ensured to support their duties. IV/3. recommendation: The long- and short-term solutions on staff substitution should be planned and assessed. It may be done by a central unit or at the level of each organisational unit, however in the latter case a central synthetic record should be available and access to the records by the appropriate stakeholders is required in any case. IV/4. recommendation: Key individuals should be identified and a plan should exist for their replacement or substitution., The plan should include the designation of alternates (background personnel), the methodology of their cross-training, the creation of a knowledge base supporting the substitution and the rules of participation in the tests. IV/5. recommendation: The issues of minimum staff necessary for ensuring the critical processes, key personnel and substitutes (order of substitution) must continuously be monitored and updated at the firm s every organisational change and in case of changes in critical processes. An adjustment is also required upon each lesson learned from incident management, as a result of business continuity tests and whenever business continuity processes are revised. IV/6. recommendation: There should be assurance that the background personnel and alternates have access to the relevant systems and databases. IV/7. recommendation: A senior manager or a manager with appropriate decision-making authority, able to exercise control in an emergency, has always to be available. IV/8. recommendation: Signatories should be redundant to ensure that the firm is adequately represented in an emergency. 5/8
6 IV/9. recommendation: It is useful to assess to what extent of the planned business continuity processes are able to tolerate the shortage of staff. Similarly, an assessment of how long the backup solutions can be maintained for in the daily course of business can be of use. Primary and alternate sites IV/10. recommendation: To ensure business continuity in respect of their critical processes and functions, firms should have alternate sites (IT and workplace).when setting up an alternate site care must be taken to locate the two sites geographically at a distance that ensures a fundamental difference between their risk profiles. IV/11. recommendation: The following backup resources and devices should be available at the alternate site: generator/uninterruptible power supply necessary for the operation of the systems; air-conditioning equipment necessary for cooling the equipment, demister; computers of adequate capacity necessary for performing the critical processes; business computer programmes necessary for pursuing the critical business activity; secure remote data communication devices (which allow confidentiality, integrity and credibility of the data transmission); up-to-date documentation of work procedures and IT operations. IV/12 recommendation: In case the sites (either the primary or the alternate or both) are located abroad, the domestic firm has to design the connectivity to the remote sites in a way to ensure access even in an emergency. IV/13. recommendation: Practice is considered leading if there is enough room at the alternate site to accommodate the personnel. Besides, there is appropriate equipment (e.g. desk, telephone, fax other office equipment) as well as water available for the critical staff to resume the critical business processes. IV/14. recommendation: Practice is considered leading if the domestic firm is given the contractual right of on-site audit with regard to the provision of the service at the foreign entity providing the site abroad. Infrastructure IV/15. recommendation: The dependency of the alternate site on the primary site s critical infrastructure components should to be reduced to a minimum in order to ensure that the recovery time objectives set forth in the scenarios are achievable. IV/16. recommendation: Ensuring redundancy, alternative supply chains and alternative service providers. Dependence on external service providers IV/17. recommendation: For all critical processes the dependences on external service providers/partners should be assessed. IV/18. recommendation: In the case of critical processes, contracts, outlining the required service level, should be put in place with the external service providers. The agreements should be adjusted in case the business continuity strategy, the business processes and the relevant business continuity plans change. 6/8
7 IV/19. recommendation: The SLA should derive from the BIA in a way that the recovery and resumption objectives identified in the business continuity and disaster recovery plans are not jeopardized. The resultant of the SLAs of the services supporting the critical processes should be in accordance with and should support the expected availability determined in the vulnerability window of the critical process. IV/20. recommendation: The firm should have a copy of the external service providers current, latest business continuity plans for the identified dependency relations. IV/21. recommendation: Consistency of the external services providers business continuity plans and the firm s own business continuity plans should be checked and ensured. V. Recovery and resumption objectives and plans V/1. recommendation: Recovery and resumption objectives should be identified for the critical operational processes and activities, and essentially for IT technology supporting them.. Documented testing should be performed to prove that recovery and resumption is achievable within the targeted period of time. Based on test results the business continuity and disaster plans should be adjusted. V/2. recommendation: The defined recovery and resumption times should take into account the time need of the redirection /changeover/relocation to the alternate site. Consistency of these factors should continuously be ensured. V/3. recommendation: There should also exist a planned process for switching /changing back/relocation from the alternate site to the primary site. The time requirement of the process should be assessed. V/4. recommendation: Efforts should be made to recover the critical functions within the same settlement day. V/5. recommendation: Recovery and resumption procedures should ensure that no loss of data and duplication occurs. Procedures should be tested (e.g. interruption test redirection to the alternate site during the day in a way to create data gaps, 3 the processing of which should result in no loss or duplication of data). VI. Background solutions of critical operational processes and functions (alternate site) VI/1. recommendation: The alternate site should be designed in a way to allow the conducting of critical activities and processes. VI/2. recommendation: The capacity of the alternate site may be lower than that of the primary site, but the minimum requirement is that in the case of a changeover the alternate site should be able to process the data mass of an average day. The capacity of the alternate site should be tested and the test documented. VI/3. recommendation: After redirection of critical processes to the alternate site the firm should be able to close a business day at the alternate site and open the next business day at the alternate site. 3 Incomplete series of operations 7/8
8 VI/4. recommendation: A technical description of the alternate site, continuously kept up to date, covering all devices and resources (network, set of appliances, configurations etc.) should exist and be available both at the primary and alternate sites in electronic format as well as in hard copy. Adjustment of and staff training on this documentation and should be part of business continuity efforts. VI/5. recommendation: For cost-efficiency reasons, a bilateral business continuity agreement about using one another s primary sites as alternate site may be concluded with another firm. Shared alternate sites used by several participants may also be applied. In such cases, appropriate contractual conditions should guarantee that the operator of the shared site can in fact make the site available at the time of a business continuity event (incident), even if an incident affects several participants at a time. VI/6. recommendation: Leading practice is if the alternate site is able to process even the turnover of peak days or if the processing capacities of the two sites are identical. VII. Testing of business continuity plans VII/1. recommendation: A complete testing of the business continuity plans should be conducted at least once a year with regard to the critical processes and critical resources. Testing of business and IT aspects should be conducted concurrently, if possible. Critical processes that are interrelated or based on one another should preferably be tested jointly. VII/2. recommendation: Each test result should be forwarded to the heads of the areas concerned as well as to the organisation or committee responsible for the co-ordination of business continuity and, at least in the form of a summary, to the senior management of the firm. VII/3. recommendation: In case a firm outsources any part of its critical processes, it should become familiar with the business continuity procedures of the service provider and their test results, at least where the outsourcing is done within the firm s own company group. The firm should have adequate contractual assurance defined in a service level agreement for the enforcement of its interests. VII/4. recommendation: Actual incidents and crises should be considered as spontaneous tests of the business continuity plans and should be treated accordingly in the business continuity procedures. VII/5. recommendation: The inherent risks of the primary and alternate sites differences in architecture, capacity and other aspects should be made transparent to the executive senior management, which has to approve them officially. Budapest, 15 December MAGYAR NEMZETI BANK 8/8
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text:
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|U.S.A. Size
|Insole Measures (inches)
|Approximate Age
|4 3/4"
|9 - 12 months
|12 - 16 months
|5 1/4"
|16 - 20 months
|5 1/2"
|20 - 24 months
|5 3/4"
|2 - 2 1/2years
|2 1/2 - 3 years
|6 1/4"
|3 - 3 1/2 years
|6 1/2"
|3 1/2 - 4 years
|6 3/4"
|4 - 4 1/2 years
|4 1/2 - 5 years

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dental avulsion
|Dental avulsion
|Classification and external resources
Dental avulsion is the complete displacement of a tooth from its socket in alveolar bone owing to trauma.[1]
The treatment for permanent teeth consists of replantation, immediately if possible. Deciduous teeth should not be replanted due to the risk of damaging the permanent tooth germ. Immediate replantation ensures the best possible prognosis but is not always possible since more serious injuries may be present. Studies have shown that teeth that are protected in a physiologically ideal media can be replanted within 15 minutes to one hour after the accident with good prognosis. The success of delayed replantation depends on the vitality of the cells remaining on the root surface. In normal conditions, a tooth is connected to the socket by means of the periodontal ligament. When a tooth is knocked out, that ligament stretches and splits in half.[2] Maintaining the vitality of the cells that remain attached to the root surface is the key to success following replantation. Years ago, it was thought that the key to maintaining root cell vitality was keeping the knocked-out tooth wet,[3] thus giving rise to storage media recommendations such as water, the mouth and milk. Recent research has shown that one of the key elements for maintaining vitality is storing the tooth in an environment that closely resembles the original socket environment. This environment is one that has the proper osmolality (cell pressure), pH, nutritional metabolites and glucose. There are scientifically designed storage media that provide this environment. These storage media are now available in retail products. Use of devices that incorporate the ideal storage media and protective apparatuses have increased the success rate of replanted knocked-out teeth to over 90% when used within sixty minutes of the accident.
The best method for the prevention of knocked-out teeth is the use of helmets and mouth protectors.[4] Mouth protectors can be very inexpensive, however, the compliance rate for their use is poor.[5][6] Studies have shown that, even when mandated, athletes and other high risk individuals often will not use them.[7] Also, even with their use, mouth guards can be knocked-out, leaving the user unprotected.
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Dental avulsion is a real dental emergency in which prompt management (within 20–40 minutes of injury) affects the prognosis of the tooth.[8] The avulsed permanent tooth should be gently but well rinsed with saline, with care taken not to damage the surface of the root which may have living periodontal fiber and cells. Once the tooth and mouth are clean an attempt can be made to re-plant in its original socket within the alveolar bone and later splinted by a dentist for several weeks.[9] Failure to re-plant the avulsed tooth within the first 40 minutes after the injury may result in a less favorable prognosis for the tooth.[9] If the tooth cannot be immediately replaced in its socket, follow the directions for Treatment of knocked-out (avulsed) teeth and cold milk or saliva and take it to an emergency room or a dentist. If the mouth is sore or injured, cleansing of the wound may be necessary, along with stitches, local anesthesia, and an update of tetanus immunization if the mouth was contaminated with soil. Management of injured primary teeth differs from management of permanent teeth; avulsed primary tooth should not be re-planted (to avoid damage to the permanent dental crypt).[10]
Although some dentists advise that the best treatment for an avulsed tooth is immediate replantation,[11][12] for a variety of reasons this can be difficult for the non-professional person. The teeth are often covered with debris. This debris must be washed off with a physiological solution and not scrubbed. Often multiple teeth are knocked-out and the person will not know which socket an individual tooth belongs to. The injured victim may have other more serious injuries that require more immediate attention or injuries such as a severely lacerated bleeding lip or gum that prevent easy visualization of the socket. Pain may be severe and the person may resist replantation of the teeth. People may, in light of infectious diseases (e.g. HIV), fear handling the teeth or touching the blood associated with them. If immediate replantation is not possible, the teeth should be placed in an appropriate storage solution and brought to a dentist who can then replant them. The dentist will clean the socket, wash the teeth if necessary, and replant them into their sockets. He will splint them to non-knocked-out teeth for a maximum of two weeks for teeth with normal alveolar process and bone support. Properly handled, even replantation of periodontally compromised permanent teeth in older patients under good maintenance have been reported, with splinting extending for over 4 weeks due to the reduced support structure for the root due to periodontal disease.[13] One week to ten days after the replantation, the dental pulps of the replanted teeth should be removed and a root canal treatment completed within two months.
In addition, as recommended in all dental traumas good oral hygiene with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, a soft and cold diet, and avoidance of smoking for several days may provide a favorable condition for periodontal ligaments regeneration.[8]
Biologic basis for success of replantation following avulsion[edit]
Every tooth is connected to its surrounding bone by the periodontal ligament. The tooth receives its nourishment through this ligament. When a tooth is knocked-out, this ligament is stretched and splits in half; half stays on the tooth root and half stays on the socket wall. If these two halves can be kept alive, the tooth can be replanted and the halves of the ligament will reattach and the tooth will remain vital. The half that stays on the socket wall, since it remains connected to the bone blood supply, is naturally kept alive. However, the ligament cells that remain on the tooth root lose their blood and nutrition supply and must be artificially maintained. They must be protected from two potentially destructive processes: cell crushing and loss of normal cell metabolism.[2] All treatment between the time of the accident and the ultimate replantation must be focused on preventing these two possibilities.
Prevention of cell crushing[edit]
When teeth are knocked-out, they end up on an artificial surface: the floor, the ground or material such as carpeting. If the surface is hard, the tooth root cells will be traumatized. Since the cells remaining on the tooth root are very delicate, additional trauma to the tooth root cells must be avoided so as to avoid more tooth root cell crushing. This damage can occur while picking the tooth up and/or during transportation to the dentist.
When a tooth is picked up, it should always be grasped by the enamel on the crown.[11][12][14] Finger pressure on the tooth root cells will cause cell crushing. Any attempt to clean off any debris should be avoided. Debris should always be washed off gently with, at the very least, a physiologic saline. Even with the use of a physiologic saline, the "scrubbing" of the tooth root to remove debris must be avoided.[2] When placed in a physiologic solution, the tooth should be gently agitated to permit the cleansing of the tooth root. At the same time that this agitation occurs, the bumping of the tooth root against a hard surface such as glass, plastic or even cardboard must also be avoided.[2] For the same reasons, the method in which the knocked-out teeth are transported must be carefully selected.[2] Placing the knocked-out teeth in transporting vehicles such as tissues and handkerchiefs can be damaging and transporting them in glass or cardboard containers can also be potentially damaging to the cells. In addition to the potential damage that the hard surface can cause, glass containers have the added possibility of breakage or leakage of the physiologic storage fluid. If the glass container does not have a tightly fitting top, then during the transportation, the physiologic storage solution can spill out and the teeth can fall, once again, on the floor and, at the same time, be out of a physiologic environment.
Maintenance of normal cell metabolism[edit]
Normally metabolizing tooth root cells have an internal cell pressure (osmolality) of 280-300 mOs and a pH of 7.2.[15] When there is an uninterrupted blood supply, all of the metabolites (calcium, phosphate, potassium) and glucose that the cells require are provided. When the tooth is knocked-out, this normal blood supply is cut off and within 15 minutes[14] most of the stored metabolites have been depleted and the cells will begin to die. Within one to two hours, enough cells will die that rejection of the tooth by the body at a later time is the usual outcome.[16][17][18][19] The method by which the body rejects the replanted tooth is a process called "replacement root resorption".[4] During this process, the tooth root cells become necrotic (dead) and will activate the immunologic mechanism of the body to attempt to remove this necrotic layer and literally eats away the tooth root. This is called "root resorption" It is a slow, but non-painful, process that is sometimes not observed by x-rays for years. Once this process starts, it is irreversible and the tooth will eventually fall out. In growing children, this can cause bone development problems because the replacement resorption (also termed ankylosis) attaches the tooth firmly to the jaw bone and stops normal tooth eruption and impedes normal jaw growth.[citation needed]
Research has shown that the critical factor for reduction of the death of the tooth root cells and the subsequent root replacement resorption following reimplantation of knocked-out teeth is maintenance of normal cell physiology and metabolism of the cells left on the tooth root while the tooth is out of the socket.[2] In order to maintain this normalcy, the environment in which the teeth are stored must supply the optimum internal cell pressure, cell nutrients and pH.[15]
Storage media[edit]
There are many storage media available for knocked-out tooth storage. The most often recommended are: saliva, physiologic saline, milk[20][21][22][23][24] and pH balanced cell preserving fluids. Water and ice have been shown to damage the tooth root cells, and as such, avulsed teeth should never be stored in them.[15] The osmolality and pH of water and ice is very low (7-17mOs) compared to normal cell pressure (280 mOs). When a knocked-out tooth is placed in water, the cells attempt to equalize with the surrounding environment, the cell fluid tries to move to the outside pressure environment and burst. Water with table salt in it is damaging to the knocked out teeth.
Saliva, that is placing the tooth under the accident victim's tongue or in the cheek, has been recommended. Saliva, as a storage media, causes twice damage as water. Its osmolality is very low, causing bursting of the tooth root cells, but additionally, because saliva is filled with its normal flora of microorganisms, it will severely infect the tooth root cells. When the tooth is replanted, not only will the cells be necrotic but they will also infect the bone socket.[2] Physiologic saline has a fairly compatible osmolality and will not cause cell swelling but it lacks the metabolites and glucose necessary for maintenance of normal cell metabolism.[15]
Milk has been also recommended as a storage medium for avulsed teeth.[15] Its advantage is the high availability of fresh whole milk. Only whole milk can be used for tooth preservation. Skim milk and heavy cream do not have the correct fluid pressure and will cause damage to the root cells. Milk has no observed regenerative properties for cells on knocked out teeth.
It was discovered 30 years ago that milk was less damaging to knocked out teeth than water or saliva. It was recommended because it has a compatible osmolality (fluid pressure) to tooth root cells and it is thought to be readily available. However, like physiologic saline, milk lacks the necessary metabolites and glucose necessary to maintain normal cell metabolism of the tooth root cells.[15] The cells on knocked-out tooth roots in milk do not die immediately but are unable to replicate (mitosis) and so are less able to reform new cells when replanted.
The most optimum storage media that are available have been shown to be pH balanced cell preserving solutions.[15][25][26] The best known and most extensively tested is called Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS).[15][25][27][28][29] It has all of the metabolites such as Ca, phosphate ions, K+ and glucose that are necessary to maintain normal cell metabolism for long periods of time.[15] HBSS has been extensively tested in dental and medical research for the past twenty years. This research has shown that 90% of cells stored in HBSS for 24 hours maintain their normal viability and after four days, still have 70%viable.[25] In research studies, extracted dog's teeth that have been placed in HBSS for four days can still be replanted with little signs of resorption.[25] Hank's Balanced Salt Solution is found in a Save-A-Tooth, a storage device for the storage, preservation, and regeneration of tooth root cells.
HBSS also has been shown to be capable of replacing lost cell metabolites.[27] Since a cell that has been cut off from its blood supply depletes its stored metabolites after fifteen minutes, a tooth that has been extra-oral for one hour has less vital cells to reconnect with the bone ligament cells.
Some studies in dental research have shown that knocked out teeth that have been dry for up to one hour will have less resorption if they are soaked in a HBSS for 30 minutes prior to replantation. In these studies, dog's teeth were extracted and left dry for 30, 45 and 60 minutes and then soaked in HBSS for 30 minutes and then reimplanted.[27] These teeth showed 50% less replacement resorption following reimplantation. It has also been shown that keeping the teeth cold while in the HBSS does not affect success.
Many other types of storage liquids have been tested such as powdered milk, Enfamil, Gatorade, and contact lens solution. All of them have been shown to either be ineffective or damaging to avulsed tooth.
The long-term prognosis of replanted knocked out teeth is very variable. The treatment for knocked-out teeth has progressed from a success rate of 10% to over 90%.[2][30][31][32][26] However, this success rate can only be achieved with the institution of optimum care within fifteen minutes to an hour of the accident. In the case of knocked-out teeth, being prepared and knowing what to do can mean the difference between a person retaining or losing replanted knocked-out teeth for life. Teeth that have been knocked out when they are fully matured, that is, when the root has completely formed, have a much better prognosis than those teeth that are immature and not fully formed.[4] This is due to the fragility of the root. When teeth have not fully formed, the walls of the root are thinner and thus more fragile. Another complication for the prognosis is the length of time that the tooth has been out of its socket. Teeth that are replanted within fifteen minutes of the accident have an excellent prognosis.[14] However, 3 year follow-up for delayed replantation (after 15 hours) of avulsed tooth has been reported.[33] Teeth that have been extra-oral and dry stored for more than one hour have a poor prognosis. Teeth that have been placed in an optimal storage medium within one hour of the accident also have an excellent prognosis.[34][26] All teeth that have been knocked out should be replanted but watched carefully for the development of root resorption. Teeth that do not have root canal treatment within two weeks of replantation also have a poor prognosis.[4]
Research has shown that there are five million teeth knocked-out each year in the United States.[35]
Up to 25% of school-aged children and military trainees and fighters experience some kind of dental trauma each year.[1][2] The incidence of dental avulsion in school aged children ranges from 0.5 to 16% of all dental trauma. Many of these teeth are knocked-out during school activities or sporting events such as contact sports, football, basketball, and hockey. It is important for anyone whom is related, working, or witnessing sports that they be educated on this subject matter. Being educated could aid in minimizing injuries that could do further harm to the victim. Being informed and spreading awareness of dental avulsion in the state of knowledge, treatment, and prevention could make an impact.[36]
The first reported cases of knocked-out teeth being replanted was by Pare in 1593. In 1706, Pierre Fauchard also reported replanting knocked out teeth. Wigoper in 1933 used a cast gold splint to hold reimplanted teeth in place. In 1959, Lenstrup and Skieller[30] declared that the success rate of replanted knocked out teeth should be considered a temporary procedure because the success rate of less than 10% was so poor. In 1966[34][37] in a retrospective study, Andresen theorized that 90% of avulsed teeth could be successfully retained if they were replanted within the first 30 minutes of the accident. In 1974, Cvek[38] showed that removal of the dental pulp following reimplantation was necessary to prevent resorption of the tooth root. In 1974, Cvek[38] showed that storage of knocked out teeth in saline could improve the success of replanted teeth. In 1977, Lindskog et al.[39] showed that the key to retention of the knocked-out teeth was to maintain the vitality of the periodontal ligament. In 1980, Blomlof[15] showed the storing the periodontal ligament cells in a biocompatible medium could extend the extra oral time to four hours or more. He found that the best storage medium was a medical research fluid called Hank's Balanced Solution. In this study, it was serendipitously discovered that milk could also maintain cell viability for two hours. In 1981, Andreasen[16][17][18] showed that crushing of cells on the tooth root could cause death of the cells and lead to resorption and reduction in prognosis. In 1983, Matsson et al.[27] showed that soaking in Hank's Balanced Solution for thirty minutes prior to reimplantation could revitalize extracted dog's teeth that were dry for 60 minutes. In 1989,[40] a systematic storage device was developed to optimally store and preserve knocked out teeth. In 1992, Trope et al.[25] showed that extracted dog's teeth could be stored in Hank's Balanced Solution for up to 96 hours and still maintain significant vitality. In this study, milk was only able to maintain vitality for two hours.
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Zadik Y, Levin L (February 2009). "Oral and facial trauma among paratroopers in the Israel Defense Forces". Dental Traumatology. 25 (1): 100–2. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00719.x. PMID 19208020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Krasner P, Rankow HJ (May 1995). "New philosophy for the treatment of avulsed teeth". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 79 (5): 616–23. doi:10.1016/S1079-2104(05)80105-2. PMID 7600227.
- ^ Andreasen JO (1970). "Etiology and pathogenesis of traumatic dental injuries. A clinical study of 1,298 cases". Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research. 78 (4): 329–42. PMID 4394635.
- ^ a b c d Andreasen JO (1981). "Exarticulations". Traumatic injuries of the teeth (2nd ed.). Copenhagen, Denmark: Mungsgaard. pp. 203–. ISBN 978-0-7216-1249-2.
- ^ Zadik Y, Levin L (February 2009). "Does a free-of-charge distribution of boil-and-bite mouthguards to young adult amateur sportsmen affect oral and facial trauma?". Dental Traumatology. 25 (1): 69–72. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00708.x. PMID 19208013.
- ^ Zadik Y, Jeffet U, Levin L (December 2010). "Prevention of dental trauma in a high-risk military population: the discrepancy between knowledge and willingness to comply". Military Medicine. 175 (12): 1000–3. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00150. PMID 21265309.
- ^ Zadik Y, Levin L (December 2008). "Orofacial injuries and mouth guard use in elite commando fighters". Military Medicine. 173 (12): 1185–7. doi:10.7205/milmed.173.12.1185. PMID 19149336.
- ^ a b Zadik Y (December 2008). "Algorithm of first-aid management of dental trauma for medics and corpsmen". Dental Traumatology. 24 (6): 698–701. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00649.x. PMID 19021668.
- ^ a b Flores MT, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Malmgren B, Barnett F, Bourguignon C, DiAngelis A, Hicks L, Sigurdsson A, Trope M, Tsukiboshi M, von Arx T (June 2007). "Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. II. Avulsion of permanent teeth". Dental Traumatology. 23 (3): 130–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2007.00605.x. PMID 17511833.
- ^ Flores MT, Malmgren B, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Barnett F, Bourguignon C, DiAngelis A, Hicks L, Sigurdsson A, Trope M, Tsukiboshi M, von Arx T (August 2007). "Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. III. Primary teeth". Dental Traumatology. 23 (4): 196–202. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2007.00627.x. PMID 17635351.
- ^ a b Recommended guidelines for the treatment of the avulsed permanent tooth. Chicago: American Association of Endodontists. 2008.[page needed]
- ^ a b Trope M, Chivian N, Sigurdsson A, Vann WF (2002). "Traumatic Injuries". In Cohen S, Burns RC. Pathways of the Pulp (8th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 603–37. ISBN 978-0-323-01162-4.
- ^ Casterline AC (June 1999). "Replantation of avulsed central incisor with advanced periodontal disease: a case report". Endodontics & Dental Traumatology. 15 (3): 135–7. PMID 10530158.
- ^ a b c Andersson L, Bodin I (February 1990). "Avulsed human teeth replanted within 15 minutes--a long-term clinical follow-up study". Endodontics & Dental Traumatology. 6 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1990.tb00385.x. PMID 2390966.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Blomlöf L (1981). "Milk and saliva as possible storage media for traumatically exarticulated teeth prior to replantation". Swedish Dental Journal. Supplement. 8: 1–26. PMID 6942523.
- ^ a b Andreasen JO, Kristerson L (2009). "The effect of limited drying or removal of the periodontal ligament. Periodontal healing after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys". Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 39 (1): 1–13. doi:10.3109/00016358109162253. PMID 6943904.
- ^ a b Andreasen JO (1980). "A time-related study of periodontal healing and root resorption activity after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys". Swedish Dental Journal. 4 (3): 101–10. PMID 6933704.
- ^ a b Andreasen JO (2009). "Relationship between cell damage in the periodontal ligament after replantation and subsequent development of root resorption. A time-related study in monkeys". Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 39 (1): 15–25. doi:10.3109/00016358109162254. PMID 6943905.
- ^ Andreasen JO (February 1981). "Effect of extra-alveolar period and storage media upon periodontal and pulpal healing after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys". International Journal of Oral Surgery. 10 (1): 43–53. doi:10.1016/S0300-9785(81)80007-5. PMID 6792094.
- ^ Young C, Wong KY, Cheung LK. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 5;9(8):e101972. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101972. eCollection 2014. http://www.h2osteamwatericeforum.com/effectiveness-of-educational-poster-on-knowledge-of-emergency-management-of-dental-trauma-part-2-rct/
- ^ Young C, Wong KY, Cheung LK. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 6;9(1):e84406. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084406. eCollection 2014. http://www.h2osteamwatericeforum.com/a-survey-on-hong-kong-secondary-school-students-knowledge/
- ^ Young C, Wong KY, Cheung LK. Emergency management of dental trauma: knowledge of Hong Kong primary and secondary school teachers. Hong Kong Med J. 2012 Oct;18(5):362-70. http://www.h2osteamwatericeforum.com/emergency-management-of-dental-trauma-knowledge-of-hong-kong-primary-and-secondary-school-teachers_/
- ^ Cecilia Young. "Interdisciplinary Seminars and First-Aid Textbook on Dental Trauma for Medical Students and Practitioners". Acta Scientific Medical Sciences 2.4 (2018). https://actascientific.com/ASMS/pdf/ASMS-02-0071.pdf
- ^ Dental Trauma and Awareness. Cecilia Young* and CYYJ Yeung Oral Health and Dentistry 3.4 (2018): 683-686. http://www.h2osteamwatericeforum.com/dental-trauma-and-awareness/
- ^ a b c d e Trope M, Friedman S (October 1992). "Periodontal healing of replanted dog teeth stored in Viaspan, milk and Hank's balanced salt solution". Endodontics & Dental Traumatology. 8 (5): 183–8. PMID 1302677.
- ^ a b c Krasner P, Person P (November 1992). "Preserving avulsed teeth for replantation". Journal of the American Dental Association. 123 (11): 80–8. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1992.0300. PMID 1469209.
- ^ a b c d Matsson L, Andreasen J, Cvek M, Granath L (1982). "Ankylosis of experimentally reimplanted teeth related to extra-alveolar period and storage environment" (PDF). Pediatric Dentistry. 4: 327–9.
- ^ Blomlöf L, Otteskog P, Hammarström L (April 1981). "Effect of storage in media with different ion strengths and osmolalities on human periodontal ligament cells". Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research. 89 (2): 180–7. PMID 6943665.
- ^ Hiltz J, Trope M (April 1991). "Vitality of human lip fibroblasts in milk, Hanks balanced salt solution and Viaspan storage media". Endodontics & Dental Traumatology. 7 (2): 69–72. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1991.tb00187.x. PMID 1782897.
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- ^ Ravn JJ, Helbo M (October 1966). "[Replantation of accidentally lost teeth. A clinical follow-up study of 28 teeth]" [Replantation of accidentally lost teeth. A clinical follow-up study of 28 teeth]. Tandlaegebladet (in Danish). 70 (10): 805–15. PMID 4380861.
- ^ Kemp WB, Grossman LI, Phillips J (January 1977). "Evaluation of 71 replanted teeth". Journal of Endodontics. 3 (1): 30–5. doi:10.1016/S0099-2399(77)80219-7. PMID 264929.
- ^ Sardana D, Goyal A, Gauba K (December 2014). "Delayed replantation of avulsed tooth with 15-hours extra-oral time: 3-year follow-up". Singapore Dental Journal. 35: 71–6. doi:10.1016/j.sdj.2014.04.001. PMID 25496589.
- ^ a b Andreasen JO, Hjorting-Hansen E (November 1966). "Replantation of teeth. I. Radiographic and clinical study of 110 human teeth replanted after accidental loss". Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 24 (3): 263–86. doi:10.3109/00016356609028222. PMID 5225449.
- ^ "Knocked Out Teeth". American Association of Endodontists.
- ^ Emerich K, Kaczmarek J (May 2010). "First aid for dental trauma caused by sports activities: state of knowledge, treatment and prevention". Sports Medicine. 40 (5): 361–6. doi:10.2165/11530750-000000000-00000. PMID 20433209.
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- ^ a b Cvek M, Granath LE, Hollender L (1974). "Treatment of non-vital permanent incisors with calcium hydroxide. 3. Variation of occurrence of ankylosis of reimplanted teeth with duration of extra-alveolar period and storage environment". Odontologisk Revy. 25 (1): 43–56. PMID 4522422.
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text:
PUBLIC NOTICEvS. uTvANGiom, GENERAL MERCHANT, AEABOA Drapery! Drapery! Jaet landed ex Rotorua— Latest in Dress Materials, Cotton Voiles, Newlabes, Prints, etc., in all shade?. Lidice' Kid Glo»<"e, Motor Veils, Ties, and Kibbons, ftc. Childrens' and Ladiee' Hats in all £liapf3 and s ; zes, Ladies' Plain and Embroidered Hose. Japanese Silks, Tussore S Ike, and Muslins, eto. Finest Laces and Embroideries. Ladiea Smart Boots and Shoea (or Summer wear. Coates , Cotton (400 yd 3Jd ■ per reel. Blnnkels, Bug?. Saddle • tweed ' Trousers, etc Potatoes! Potatoes! GOOD EATING POTATOES 9/ SACK. Shears. Shears, Just Arrived — " T.U.S." SHEARS, 3/3 pair. GilrutTK's Calf Food. BEDSTEADS, MATTRESSES, &TRETCBEBS, Etc SPADES, AXE 3, SLASHERS, GAI.DEN RAKES, HOES, Etc. Sole Proprietor of the Celebrated "Van" Tea LOUIS JjVANGIONI LAVAOR-. STREET BUSINESS NOTICES. Mr R. A. Dearsly. DENTAL SURGEON, LAVAUD STREET, AKAROA. Farm Prodtace and Seeds. TABLE POTATOES- 6s per Sack, 45s per Tod. GARDEN PEAB (for late eowinp)—6d per lb., 12/6 Bushel. LINSEED—I 2/6 Cwt. CRUSHED lINSEED—IS/ Cwt. FOWL WHEAT-4/- Bushel. CHICKEN FOOD: Wβ offer a refioed and BCientifio mixture of the moßt expenaive Cerenlu and Grain at 2d per lb. Every variety of Seeds at Lowest Rates, J. MEAGHER & CO., J. Meager) (W. Burgess " Grain and Seed Merchants. 155 Cashel Street, Cbrietchurob. London Butchery LA.VAUD STREET, AEAROA, , NEW PBOPRIETOR, B. G. MORA, THE UP-TO DATE BUT' CHER; PINE REPRIGERATINJ PLANT TO K.EEP THE MEAT COOL. BG. MORA, has bought Mr , Chaa. C. Narbey's London Butchery, hopes that he wdi receive his fair ehnre of Mr 0. C. Narbey's past business, and in do ing so wishes Mr Narbey and family good luck in their new undertaking, ICS on sala at all times in any quantity. SMALL GOODS ALWAYS ON HAND. Terms Cash Monthly. Ring up Mo. 21 Telephone, Akaroa. Nothing but the Choicest Meat obtainable from the 58 LONDON BUTCHERY, AKAROA B, G, MORA. Proprietor. c NEW PLYMOUTH, ■ /-IHARTERIS AND T3UCELE HAVE taken our Letters Patent for tb< Cure of Contagious _Mammitis ir Cows' Uddere. n8 Farmers h&yiag this ecourge in their heifdi sind can b3 supplied with the Bpeeifio at 4/6 pc le, - ' BBf packet, or With Enema and Tube a 9/S th to outfit. ?ill —-, sy. Offices of the CoropaDv— Bet .' " ' to| GRIFFITHS BUILDING, ,cc 0r.P.0. Box 13G, NEW LXMOUXH.
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Akaroa Mail and Banks Peninsula Advertiser, Akaroa Mail and Banks Peninsula Advertiser, Volume LXXI, Issue 4354, 5 December 1913
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Page 3 Advertisements Column 4 Akaroa Mail and Banks Peninsula Advertiser, Volume LXXI, Issue 4354, 5 December 1913
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text:
Knock knock.
Who's there (even when you're not)?
It's Amazon.
The online retailer announced Wednesday it will launch a service called Amazon Key that will allow delivery people to walk into your home to drop off a box — even when you're not there. It will be available in select cities starting November 8.
If you're worried about safeguards, your peace of mind will only cost $250. That's the amount you'll pay to buy a camera and a Wi-Fi connected lock. Then you'll simply complete your Amazon Prime order and select the in-home delivery option. When the delivery person shows up, the camera starts recording and the door unlocks.
Easy peasy, right?
OK, so maybe it's not quite that simple. In reality, the courier will actually need to scan the barcode on your package, sending a request to Amazon's cloud. The cloud then grants permission by sending a message back to the camera, which starts recording. The courier then gets a prompt on their app and is instructed to swipe the screen, and then (and only then) will your front door unlock. They drop off the package, relock the door, and continue on their way.
To round out the delivery, the customer will also get a notification that their package has arrived, along with a video showing the drop-off to confirm everything was done properly.
That's a lot of security, if you stop to think about it. But an understanding of the inner workings of Amazon Key didn't stop the humorous and even morbid responses that flooded Twitter directly after the announcement:
The Morning Call's Facebook fans were actually a bit more measured in their responses, perhaps anticipating the service extending to the Lehigh Valley:
One reader even left us a bit nostalgic with a reference to the delivery of old-fashioned milk bottles to area homes.
Yes, we used to let the milkman drop by with no cameras to activate or apps to swipe. But CNN may have had the best '2017' response to Amazon Key when it asked, "Alexa, is it a good to let strangers into my house?"
Would you take advantage of the service? Tweet us @mcall or drop a comment on our Facebook page.
Twitter @ssigafoos
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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