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Apparatus for creating, testing, and modifying geological subsurface models
Apparatus for creating, testing, and modifying geological subsurface models
Patent Drawings:
(10 images)
Murphy, et al.
Date Issued:
May 30, 2000
December 1, 1997
Bryant; Ian D.
(Ridgefield, CT)
Fazio; Allison M.
(New Fairfield, CT)
Murphy; William F.
(Redding, CT)
Orrange; John J.
(Ridgefield, CT)
Reischer; Andrew J.
(Ridgefield, CT)
Schlumberger Technology Corporation
(Ridgefield, CT)
Primary Examiner:
McElheny, Jr.; Donald
Assistant Examiner:
Attorney Or Agent:
Batzer; William B.Garrod; David
U.S. Class:
Field Of Search:
International Class:
U.S Patent Documents:
Foreign Patent Documents:
Other References:
Ferrier, G. et al., "An integrated GIS and knowledge-based system as an aid for the geological analysis of sedimentary basins", Int'l JournalGeographical Information Science, (Apr.-May 1997), Taylor & Francis, UK, vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 281-297, XP002098061..
"Joint UK Product Developing Basin Geology Modelling Tool", Offshore, vol. 53, No. 4, Apr. 1, 1993, pp. 86-87, XP000365016..
Kamps, P.T.W.J. et al., "Using GIS for hierarchical refinement of MODFLOW models" Application of Geographics Information Systems in Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Proceedings of Int'l Conf. on the Application of GIS in Hydrology and WaterResources, Vienna, Austria, Apr. 16-19, 1996, pp. 535-542, XP002098060..
Cannon, R. L. et al., "An Expect System as a Component of an Integrated system for Oil Exploration", Apr. 9, 1989, energy and Information Technologies in the Southeast, Columbia, Apr. 9-12, 1989, vol. 1, pp. 32-35, Inst. of Electrical andElectronics Engineers XP000076773..
Thiessen, R. L. et al.: "Three-Dimensional computer Analysis and Modelling of Remote Sensing-Structural Geologic Problems", Remote Sensing: Economic Tool for the Nineties, Vancouver, Jul. 10-14, 1989, vol. 1, No. SYMP. 12, Jul. 10, 1989, pp. 89-92,XP000139083..
Li-Hua Li et al.: "XPROS: A Fuzzy Expert system for Prospect appraisal", Revue de L'Institut Francais du Petrole, vol. 47, No. 3, May 1, 1992, pp. 315-323, XP000277938..
O. Serra, Sedimentary Environments from Wireline Logs, Schlumberger Technical Services Publication No. M-081030/SMP-7008 (1985)..
T. Dreyer, Geometry and Facies of Large-Scale Flow Units in Fluvial-Dominated Fan-Delta-Front Sequences, Ashton, M. (ed.), 1993, Advances in Reservoir Geology, Geological Society Special Publication No. 69, pp. 135-174..
I. D. Bryant and S. S. Flint, Quantitative Elastic Reservoir Geological Modelling: Problems and Perspectives, in S. S. Flint and I. D. Bryant (Eds.), Geological Modelling of Hydrocarbons Reservoirs and Outcrop Analogues, International Association ofSedimentologists Special Publication 15 (1993), 3-20..
J. Alexander, A Discussion on the Use of Analogues for Reservoir Geology, M. Ashton (ed.), 1993, Advances in Reservoir Geology, Geological Society Special Publication No. 69, pp. 175-194..
A computer-based apparatus for creating subsurface models having a graphical display device, a user input device, means for selecting a region of the world to be modeled; means for providing geophysical and geographical data corresponding to the selected region of the world; means for providing an archive of known geological structures; and means for providing an interface which permits a user to create a subsurface model of the identified region. The invention further involves related computer-based apparatuses for interactive creation of geological subsurface models, for managing geological hypotheses, and for providing information for creation of a geological model.
What is claimed is:
1. A computer-based apparatus for creating subsurface models, comprising:
a graphical display device; a user input device;
(i) means for selecting a region of the world to be modeled;
(ii) means for providing geological and geographical data corresponding to said selected region of the world;
(iii) means for providing an archive of known geological structures;
(iv) means for providing an interface which permits a user to create a subsurface model of the identified region by:
(a) selectively viewing a portion of the geographical and/or geophysical data using said graphical display device;
(b) selecting a structure from the archive using said user input device;
(c) placing the selected structure within the selected region of the world to be modeled and transforming the selected structure in accordance with the geographical or geophysical data; and
(d) displaying the selected structure using said graphical display device.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein (iv) further comprises:
(e) means for checking the subsurface model for inconsistencies with the geographical and/or geophysical data.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein (iv) further comprises:
(f) means for reporting inconsistencies, if any, to the user.
4. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein (e) includes means for checking deductive logic.
5. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein (e) includes means for checking inferential logic.
6. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein (iv) further comprises:
(e) means for checking the subsurface model for internal inconsistencies.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6, wherein (iv) further comprises:
(f) means for reporting the internal inconsistencies, if any, to the user.
8. A computer-based apparatus for interactive creation of a geological subsurface model, comprising:
a graphical display device;
a user input device;
means for identifying a region of the world whose subsurface is to be modeled;
means for viewing geophysical and/or geographical data corresponding to selected intervals-of interest within said identified region using said graphical display device and said user input device;
means for creating a plurality of hypotheses regarding the geology of said selected intervals of interest within the identified region using said user input device; and
means for testing one or more of said hypotheses.
9. Apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising:
means for organizing said hypotheses into one or more trees, such that any hypothesis may have one or more sub-hypotheses.
10. Apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising:
means for checking for internal inconsistencies, if any, between hypotheses and sub-hypotheses in the same tree.
11. Apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising:
means for reporting said internal inconsistencies to the user.
12. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said means for testing comprises means for checking deductive logic.
13. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said means for testing comprises means for checking inferential logic.
14. Apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising:
means for validating at least one of said hypotheses.
15. Apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said means for validating comprises:
means for comparing with seismic data.
16. Apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said means for validating comprises:
means for comparing with well-log data.
17. Apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said means for validating comprises:
means for comparing with flow data.
18. Apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said means for validating comprises:
means for performing a geophysical simulation.
19. A computer-based apparatus for managing geological hypotheses, comprising:
a graphical display device for viewing geophysical and/or geographical data corresponding to a region of the world;
a user-interface for creating geological hypotheses regarding said region of the world;
a storage device, containing a plurality of hypotheses, hierarchically organized into a plurality of tree-like structures;
means for reorganizing said tree-like structures in accordance with user directions; and,
means for maintaining hierarchical, internal consistency among said hypotheses.
20. Apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the tree-like structures stored in said storage device are organized such that every hypothesis is either a root hypothesis or a sub-hypothesis of another hypothesis, the parent hypothesis.
21. Apparatus according to claim 20, wherein each sub-hypothesis contains all of the information of its parent hypothesis, plus addition information.
22. Apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said user interface permits a user to create a hypothesis by identifying the depositional system in a specified interval.
23. Apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said user interface permits a user to create a hypothesis by interpreting the stratigraphic sequence in a specified interval.
24. Apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said means for reorganizing comprises means for deleting one or more hypotheses.
25. Apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said means for reorganizing comprises means for reassigning one or more links between hypotheses and sub-hypotheses.
26. Apparatus according to claim 19, wherein said means for maintaining hierarchical, internal consistency comprises:
means for ensuring that, for every hypothesis/sub-hypothesis pair, information contained in the sub-hypothesis is not logically inconsistent with information contained in the hypothesis.
27. A computer-based apparatus for providing information for creation of a geological model of a selected region, comprising:
a user-interface adapted to selectively display:
geophysical data corresponding to the selected region; and,
archive data corresponding to other region(s);
means for transforming selected said archive data using selected said geophysical data to provide information for creation of a geological model of the selected region; and
means for displaying said transformed archive data.
28. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein geographical data comprises aerial photographs.
29. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein geographical data comprises 2-D outcrop photographs.
30. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein geographical data comprises 3-D outcrop textures.
31. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein geophysical data comprises seismic data.
32. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein geophysical data comprises textural logs.
33. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein geophysical data comprises well logs.
34. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein geographical data comprises core photos.
35. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein geographical data comprises thin sections.
36. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein geophysical data comprises a vertical seismic profile.
37. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein geophysical data comprises ground-penetrating radar data.
38. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein archive data comprises surfaces.
39. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein archive data comprises core photos.
40. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein archive data comprises aerial photographs.
41. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein archive data comprises thin sections.
42. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein archive data comprises facies descriptions.
43. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein archive data comprises biostratigraphy.
44. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein archive data comprises paleo geography.
45. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein archive data comprises outcrop photos.
46. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein archive data comprises geometries.
47. Apparatus according to claim 27, wherein archive data comprises closed-form bodies.
1. Field of the Invention
Aspects of the present invention draw from the fields of geology, geography, geophysics, applied mathematics, computer science, software engineering, and ergonomics (as it relates to the design of computer interfaces). In particular, the presentinvention relates to computer-based systems which assist geologists (or others) in constructing, modifying, and testing geologically-consistent model(s) of the subsurface using geographic, well-bore, seismic, and geological analog data, as well as knownprinciples of geology and geophysics.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Geologists are often required to construct models in order to facilitate the efficient extraction of hydrocarbons or minerals from the subsurface, or to control contaminants in subsurface reservoirs. A problem with constructing these models isthat subsurface formations are typically either sparsely sampled or sampled at a low resolution, by measurements made in a borehole or by surface geophysical measurements. Also, the measured properties are frequently not those of direct interest to aperson attempting to construct a model (e.g., seismic measurements respond to variations in acoustic impedance, whereas the geoscientist may be required to construct a model of the permeability within the subsurface). And, while there exists a largebody of knowledge concerning the "interpretation" of well-log, seismic and other geophysical data (see, e.g., O. Serra, Sedimentary Environments from Wireline Logs, Schlumberger Technical Services Publication No. M-081030/SMP-7008 (1985)), the reality isthat "interpretation" activities inevitably rely on the judgments of experienced geoscientists.
Thus, it is typically necessary to combine available measurements with geological knowledge (ie., the knowledge typically possessed by geological "experts") in order to estimate the distribution of the parameters-of-interest in the subsurface. However, this process at least, as currently practiced is complex, cumbersome, and error-prone.
Typically, a geoscientist will attempt to interpret subsurface data on the basis of prior experience. Reasoning, based on analogies to well-characterized subsurface formations or outcrop, he/she will make assumptions about the distribution ofgeophysical parameters in the formation-of-interest. See, e.g., T. Dreyer, Geometry and Facies of Large-Scale Flow Units in Fluvial-Dominated Fan-Delta-Front Sequences, in M. Ashton (Ed.), Advances in Reservoir Geology, Geological Society SpecialPublication, 69, 135-174 (1993). When properly applied, this method of reasoning-by-analogy may allow the scientist to predict unknown properties-of-interest based upon available measurement(s) and assumptions about the nature of the formation (e.g,that it resembles the shape of a certain, known formation).
However, in addition to being a time-consuming and dependent upon the availability of appropriate geological "experts," this method of matching to analogue formations suffers from certain problems. In particular, as has been noted in theliterature, e.g., I. D. Bryant and S. S. Flint, Quantitative Elastic Reservoir Geological Modeling: Problems and Perspectives, in S. S. Flint and I. D. Bryant (Eds.), Geological Modeling of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Outcrop Analogues, InternationalAssociation of Sedimentologists Special Publication, 15, 3-20 (1993), and J. Alexander, A Discussion on the Use of Analogues for Reservoir Geology, in M. Ashton (Ed.), Advances in Reservoir Geology, Geological Society Special Publication, 69, 175-194(1993), it is difficult to:
(i) ensure that the selected analogue is appropriate for a given subsurface formation; and
(ii) scale the analogue information to best fit the formation-of-interest.
At present, systematic, rigorous, and efficient methods for scaling the spatial statistics of an "analogue formation" to best match that of a formation- or reservoir-of-interest do not exist. And, even after an initial "analogue" model iscreated, no systematic, rigorous, and efficient method exists for verifying or testing the model.
A number of prior-art patents address the general topic of geological modeling. U.S. Pat. No. 4,646,240, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING GEOLOGICAL FACIES, incorporated herein by reference, describes a technique for automaticallydetermining lithological facies from well-log data.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,012,675, INTEGRATING MULTIPLE MAPPING VARIABLES FOR OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION, incorporated herein by reference, describes a technique for integrating geological survey data (e.g., topographic, bathymetric, free air and Bouguergravity, magnetic, electromagnetic, geochemical, radioactivity, temperature, biotic, geological, and other (non-seismic and non-well-logging) surveys) to locate subsurface features useful for mineral exploration.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,648,268, METHOD OF DEFINING HOMOGENEOUS ROCK FORMATION ZONES ALONG A BOREHOLE ON THE BASIS OF LOGS, incorporated herein by reference, discloses a method for processing well-log data to define formation boundaries along theborehole.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,747, ITERATIVE DISJOINT CLUSTER AND DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION PROCESSING OF FORMATION LOG RESPONSES AND OTHER DATA, incorporated herein by reference, details a cluster analysis-based method for computing subsurface rockclassifications from well-log data.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,991,095, PROCESS FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF UNDERGROUND VOLUMES, incorporated herein by reference, describes a technique for subsurface modeling utilizing a regular grid in the longitude-latitude plane andarbitrary resolution in the depth direction.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,671,136, PROCESS FOR SEISMIC IMAGING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SUBTERRANEAN COMMON-IMPEDANCE OBJECTS, U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,589, SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING SEISMIC SEQUENCE LITHOLOGY AND PROPERTY, AND FOREVALUATING RISK ASSOCIATED WITH PREDICTING POTENTIAL HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR, SEAL, TRAP OR SOURCE, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,679,174, METHOD FOR SEISMIC LITHOLOGIC MODELING, all incorporated herein by reference, describe methods for constructing subsurfaceimages and/or models from seismic data.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,671,344, PROCESS FOR DISPLAYING N DIMENSIONAL DATA IN AN N-1 DIMENSIONAL FORMAT, describes a method for displaying 3-D seismic data on a computer display.
None of these prior-art approaches, either individually or collectively, address the need for an interactive system which enables a skilled geoscientist to effectively create and evaluate multiple, alternative models, comprised of geologicallyplausible, space-filling objects, while simultaneously viewing relevant portions of a massive database of geographic and geophysical data. The instant invention, as described below, addresses these, and other, needs.
Generally speaking, and without intending to be limiting, one aspect of the invention relates to a computer-based apparatus for creating subsurface models, including, for example, a system having at least the following components: means (of anytype whatsoever) for selecting a region of the world to be modeled; means (of any type) for providing geophysical and geographical data corresponding to the selected region of the world; means (of any type) for providing an archive of known geologicalstructures; and, means (of any type) for providing an interface which permits a user to create a subsurface model of the identified region by: (a) selectively viewing a portion of the geographical and/or geophysical data; (b) selecting a geologicalplausible geometry from the archive; (c) transforming the selected geometry in accordance with the geographical or geophysical data; and, (d) repeating (a), (b), and/or (c) as needed to create the subsurface model.
Again, generally speaking, and without intending to be limiting, another aspect of the invention relates to a computer-based apparatus for interactive creation of a geological subsurface model, including, for example, a system having thefollowing components: means (of any type) for identifying a region of the world whose subsurface is to be modeled; means (of any type) for creating a number of hypotheses regarding the geology of the identified region; means (of any type) for testing oneor more of the hypotheses; and, means (of any type) for modifying one or more of the hypotheses.
Again, generally speaking, and without intending to be limiting, another aspect of the invention relates to a computer-based apparatus for managing geological hypotheses, including, for example, a system containing the following components: auser-interface for creating hypotheses; a storage device, containing a plurality of hypotheses, hierarchically organized into a plurality of tree-like structures; means (of any type) for reorganizing the tree-like structures in accordance with userdirections; and, means (of any type) for maintaining hierarchical, internal consistency among the hypotheses.
Again, generally speaking, and without intending to be limiting, another aspect of the invention relates to a computer-implemented apparatus for providing information for creation of geological models, including, for example, a system whichincludes the following: a user-interface adapted to selectively display, under user control, the following data (corresponding to a selected region of the world): geographical data from the selected region, geophysical data from the selected region, andarchive data other regions.
The advantages of the instant invention include improved productivity in creating geological models and improved precision of the models themselves. As a result of superior modeling precision, well placement and production forecasting alsoimprove.
One embodiment of the invention is depicted in the attached set of figures, which set is intended to be exemplary (and not exhaustive or limiting), and in which:
FIGS. 1A & 1B depicts the overall operation of the CyberGeologist system;
FIGS. 2-3 further detail selected elements of FIG. 1; and,
FIGS. 4-9 exemplify various states of the CyberGeologist user interface.
The invention is described with reference to a presently-preferred embodiment, CyberGeologist. CyberGeologist is a computer-implemented system. It includes a plurality of instructions, embodied in a computer-readable medium (including, withoutlimitation, RAM, ROM, or other solid-state media, and/or magnetic, magneto-optical, or optical devices), which cause a computer (of any sort, including, without limitation, palm-top devices, so-called PDA's, PC's, engineering workstations,mini-computers, mainframe computers, and super-computers) to process data representative of geological and/or geophysical phenomena in accordance with the invention.
CyberGeologist is an interactive system, designed to assist the geoscientist in interpreting geophysical (and other) data, and to facilitate the construction of 3-D geological models therefrom. Consequently, as shown in FIG. 1, CyberGeologistincludes a user interface 210. User interface 210 includes graphical display device (of any sort, including, without limitation, a CRT display, flat-panel display, projection device, of virtual-reality goggle device), a user input device (of any sort,including, without limitation, a keyboard, mouse, other pointer device, voice-recognition system, or other biometric device), and instructions which cause the CyberGeologist system to compose appropriate displays (as exemplified in FIGS. 4-9) and reactin accordance with user instructions.
CyberGeologist embodies a fundamentally new approach to geology. In essence, CyberGeologist is a toolkit for use by geologists in making decisions about oil and gas recovery. The user of CyberGeologist is able to predict, away from theborehole. These predictions are accomplished primarily by geology, and secondarily by tools for geologists to synergize their expertise with other data.
In nature, hydrocarbons are pooled in sediments that are heterogeneous and have compartments. This is why geology is important. If sediments appeared in simple, uniform layers, then geology would be unnecessary for recovery. But thecompartments (in which hydrocarbons lie) are formed by the deposits of ancient rivers and beaches, for example, that have been buried by millions of years of sedimentation and deformed by mountain-building, and are more or less isolated. Faults mayproduce compartments. Seismic measurements often do not have the resolution to delineate the compartments; wellbores frequently are very few and very far between. The boundaries of these compartments control the flow paths for fluids (and gases) duringrecovery. The geologist, who has worked a lifetime on rivers and beaches, and is best trained to determine the compartment boundaries (for decision-making purposes), currently has no tool to do so.
CyberGeologist is a tool which assists the geologist in determining boundaries and flow paths, thus facilitating the efficient placement of wells in complex reservoirs.
Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which depicts the overall operation of the CyberGeologist system. (Note: While FIGS. 1-3 have certain arrows depicting an exemplary order of flow through the CyberGeologist system, there is, in reality, norequirement that the various modules or functions be invoked in any particular order; rather, user interface 210 is flexible, and permits a user to navigate through the modules in any order.) Using interface 210, a user selects his/her project, with theassistance of project manager 300. Basically, a project comprises a defined region of the earth's surface (and/or subsurface), along with a set of interpretations (or hypotheses) regarding the geological features in the defined region. In the case of apre-existing project, the project may include a variety of previously-created hypotheses. By contrast, in the case of new project, there is empty space, along with geographical (e.g, aerial surface photographs and topological maps) and geophysical(e.g., seismic 820, flow 830, and drilling 840) data.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, project initiation 310 illustratively comprises identifying the user 311, assigning a project name 312, and defining an objective 313. The system then generates a virtual-reality model of subsurface, from which the userdirects his/her interpretation activities.
Generating a virtual subsurface 320 illustratively comprises obtaining geographical data from a database 321, rendering the geographical data 322 into a form appropriate for display and manipulation through the user interface, obtainingsubsurface geophysical data 323, rendering the subsurface data 324 for use by the interface, and pruning the data 325 to include only that which the user wishes to include. Typically, the next step involves the user's defining various targets forviewing in the interface 330, which step illustratively comprises setting cameras and viewports 331 (and/or modifying cameras and viewports 332).
As depicted in FIG. 3, hypothesis manager 400 provides a framework for interpreting (and hence modeling) the subsurface world. With the various targets in view, the user creates (or augments) a hypothesis. In CyberGeologist, hypotheses arecreated and managed in tree-like structures. Thus, hypotheses are naturally organized into subsets. Any hypothesis may have one or more sub-hypotheses, each of which may also have one or more sub-hypotheses, etc.
A hypothesis assigns an interpretation (i.e., one or more properties) to a region of space (an "interval") in the virtual subsurface. Hypothesis generation begins by initiating a hypothesis 410. As shown in FIG. 3, hypothesis initiationillustratively comprises creating a record (or tag) for the hypothesis 411, identifying (or describing) the hypothesis 412, and reviewing the hierarchy 413 to place the hypothesis in its proper position in the hierarchy.
Next, the user will typically set the interval to which the hypothesis will
pertain. In this step 420, geophysical data is viewed 421, and the user selects an interval-of-interest 422 for interpretation.
Interpreting the selected interval 430 illustratively comprises identifying the depositional system 431 and/or interpreting the stratigraphic sequence 432 in the selected interval. Interpretation 430 is performed interactively, by the user;he/she works with the interface to display geographical and geophysical data in a manner to reveal the property or feature upon which an interpretation is made.
Once a hypothesis is formulated, it preferably undergoes an immediate consistency check 440, the results of which are reported to the user. In CyberGeologist, consistency checking 440 illustratively comprises checking deductive logic 441 (e.g,to ensure self-consistency among parent and child hypotheses) and/or checking inferences 442 (e.g., against geophysical data).
Generally speaking, deduction operates from the general to the specific. A number of well-known geological rules lend themselves to deductive application, for example, Walther's Law: "The various deposits of the same facies area, and similarly,the sum of the rock of different facies area, were formed beside each other in space, but in crustal profile, we see them lying on top of each other. It is a basic statement of far-reaching significance that only those facies and facies area can besuperimposed, primarily, that can be observed beside each other at the present time." (See O. Serra, 1985, at 49). Also, in regard to electro-facies, the Rule of Non-Crossing Correlations--"layers are deposited one over another, so that they can wedgeout but they cannot cross" (O. Serra, 1985, at 187-88)--provides a basis for deductively checking the plausibility of an electro-facies sequence.
Inference, on the other hand, generally operates from the specific to the general. For example, a user may "infer," from well-log responses, that a given interval is a sandstone, thus relating the specific instance (i.e., the particular well-logresponse) to the more general (i.e., sandstones). Other inferential examples appear in the previously-incorporated '240 patent. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,646,240, col. 29, ln. 34 col. 31, ln. 61.
Deductive rules can be used to check inferences. For example, assume that a user has inferred the clay content for a given region. Assume also that, independent of the data considered by the user, the database contains gamma-ray data, and thatthe gamma-ray data shows a low-level plateau in the region of interest. At this point, deductive application of known rules of gamma-ray interpretation (see, e.g., '240 patent, "Rule 008") can be used to determine the plausibility of the clay-contenthypothesis.
Once a hypothesis passes these internal consistency checks, a user typically proceeds to the gallery 500. Gallery 500 provides an interface to a database of geological and geographical archive data, including, but not limited to, geographicaldata (such as aerial photographs, geological data (such as 2-D outcrop photographs, 3-D outcrop textures, core photos, and thin sections), geophysical data (such as seismic data, textural logs, well logs, vertical seismic profiles, and ground-penetratingradar data), and archive data, such geometrical objects or models (such as surfaces, geometries, and closed-form bodies) or other geological data (such as facies descriptions, biostratigraphy, and paleogeography).
Two basic tasks occur in the gallery. The first is model selection, and the second is selection of objects for placement into the subsurface 3-D world. The user typically will enter gallery 500 with some piece of data and browse the archivegallery 510 looking for examples of bodies fitted to data which, when properly fitted, most closely match the incoming data; or, the user may enter with no data and wish to view all objects, generic or fitted, and pick one. Gallery 500 is preferablyorganized into subsets of related objects; thus, browsing through the gallery may involve selecting a subset 520, and reviewing the contents therein. He/she may then review a realization 530 of the selected object in a 3-D viewer. Once a template isselected 540, the user may proceed to the workshop 600.
Workshop 600 allows the user to interact with varying data types in 3-D, and at the correct scale. This allows the user to value the data, instead of a generalization. There are two objectives: the first is three dimensional interpretation, andthe second is model building.
The purpose of the workshop is to allow the user to interact with the scales, and manipulate models in a uniform three dimensional context. Data from the project can be displayed in concert with the 3-D image of the template. The userselectively views the data at scales ranging from centimeters to kilometers. The workshop viewer allows the user to interact with the project data using a set of tools. These tools provide the following functions: image processing of the seismicvolume, selection of data types and representation on a per well or per project basis, camera control, one-dimensional exaggeration, etc. Another set of tools allows the user to make interpretive changes and deformations.
Using these tools, the user can attempt to fit an archive template 610 to the project data. Typically, this process will involve several modifications or transformations of the template 620 to achieve an acceptable fit.
Reference is now made to FIG. 4, which depicts user interface 210, as it would appear shortly after project initialization. Navigation window 211 permits the user to invoke project, geology, archive, vault, workshop, and pathfinder functions. Command window 213a shows a history 213a-1 of the commands issued to CyberGeologist, and provides an input field 213a-2 through which an advanced user can operate the system in command-line mode. Information window 212a displays a history of diagnosticand/or status-indicating response messages from CyberGeologist. Project window 214 provides a plurality of menus/forms for project selection, initialization, or management. And window 215 displays a selected rendering of the virtual subsurface.
Depicted in window 215 is an illustrative 3-D seismic volume 215a and a plurality of wellbores 215b. Command window history list 213a-1 shows that the user has selected a cells from the "boonsville" project, loaded this data, and established acamera position/direction for window 215's view. Status information displayed in information window 212a verifies CyberGeologist's successful completion of this select/load/position command sequence.
Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which depicts a further illustrative view of the CyberGeologist interface 210. Here, navigation window 211b appears in a compacted form, but still provides the same functionality as window 211. Window 215's viewof the virtual subsurface is now partially obscured behind other windows. (Note: The user has complete control to position these, as well as other, windows in whatever configuration is desired, so as, for example, to simultaneously display geographical,geophysical, wellbore, archive, and/or project status data in whatever combination is desired.)
Command window 213b indicates that the user has selected a well 217 (i e., well "by18d") from virtual subsurface 215, and information window 212b confirms the selection. Command window 213b further reveals that the user has invoked theworkshop's "geology" tool, and, once again, information window 212b confirms invocation of the geology tool and the parameters of its invocation.
Window 421 illustrates one aspect of the geology tool interface. Depth is represented along the vertical dimension, and a depth slider 423a permits the user to select a depth for display. A plurality of further sliders 423b-e provide control ofother display parameters.
Geology window 421 includes a number of side-by-side illustrative tracks 424a-d. (Once again, these tracks can vary in number and type, all under user control. Those shown are merely exemplary.)
Track 424a displays an exemplary section of an FMI image. (Formation Micro Imager ("FMI"), a trademark of Schlumberger, is a resistivity-based wellbore imaging tool. The depiction of an FMI image in FIG. 6 is merely exemplary. Track 424a couldalternatively contain any known type of wellbore data. The object is to enable the user to effectively segment the wells to focus attention on a small sub-portion of the formation volume) Since FMI images have azimuthal resolution, slider 423b providesa means for selecting the orientation of the track 424a image.
A common characteristic of wellbore data is that, over substantial depths, it often varies too much for meaningful, contrast-based visual display. This phenomenon is evident in track 424a where, between depths 422a and 422d, the image isessentially white. CyberGeologist provides a renormalization tool, whereby sections of the data can be renormalized and displayed at maximum contrast, to support the interpretation task. Track 424b displays a renormalized portion (i.e., between depths422a and 422d) of track 424a's FMI image. (Renormalization is just one of a variety of image enhancement and processing tools in the CyberGeologist toolkit. Other operations, such as internal segmentation, grainsize characterization, and sequencestratigraphy, are provided as well.)
As is apparent in FIG. 5, the renormalized image 424b reveals a number of interpretive possibilities. Using the images, as well as any other data that the user may wish to consult, the geoscientist can begin the process of hypothesizing the dipsand other features of the subsurface. FIG. 5 illustrates several hypotheses (e., 425a-b) concerning dips in the formation facies.
Tracks 424c-d provide an illustration of further hypotheses concerning the depicted well section. As can be seen in track 424c, the user has hypothetically identified two sections 426a-b as point bars in a meandering river, and has identifiedthe lithology of point bar 426b as a sandstone. The user can continue this process of creating hypotheses, changing the data windows (e, renormalizing, selecting and viewing other types of log data if available, looking at core data, etc.), creatingalternative hypotheses, deleting implausible hypotheses, etc., as long as need. Then, after the user has arrived at a satisfactory, self-consistent set of hypotheses, he/she will then proceed to the next step--identifying appropriate analogue(s) for theregion(s)-of-interest.
Reference is now made to FIG. 6, which depicts a further illustrative view of the CyberGeologist interface 210. As shown in command window 213c, and confirmed by information window 212c, the user has queried the archive 500 and invoked a gallerywindow 550 to display the retrieved analogue data.
Gallery window 550 provides a pictorial means for navigating the archive of geological analogue data. Visible in window 550 are a plurality of selectable thumbnail images (e.g, 551a-d), each preferably corresponding to a 3-D archive object. These archive objects can include both examples from nature (e.g., 551a-d) as well as geometrical models (e.g., 551e).
Gallery window 550 also provides a visual interface for searching the archive to find structures of interest. In its browse/search mode, each of the thumbnails (e.g., 551a-e) of gallery window 550 permits the user to retrieve related (e.g,graphically or geologically similar) structures from the archive, which then are displayed in thumbnail form, permitting further selection and search. Alternatively, the user can search or browse the archive by entering search queries in command window213c, with the results again being displayed gallery window 550.
After searching/browsing the archive through gallery window 550, the user may select a particular structure (e.g., thumbnail 552) for more detailed examination. Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which depicts a further illustrative view of theCyberGeologist interface 210, in which the user has selected thumbnail 552 (see FIG. 6) for further examination. As shown in command window 213c (and confirmed in information window 212d), the user has selected an archive object (designated "riopuerco") for detailed examination in window 553.
Window 553 provides a complete set of visual controls, thus permitting the user to view any aspect of the available 3-D geometrical detail. Among the illustrated controls are a set of graphical editor controls 554a (which control positioning,scaling, etc.) and a set of 3-D rotational controls 554b-d. Using window 553, the geoscientist can explore the selected object to identify particular features it might contain (e.g., rivers, beaches) which can be analogized to the observed subsurfacedata (such as that shown in FIG. 5, window 421).
Reference is now made to FIG. 8, which depicts a further illustrative view of the CyberGeologist interface 210, in which a geometrical vault object 556a (along with several transformations 556b-c of it) is displayed in a workshop window 555. Asshown in command window 213e and information window 212e, the user has selected a "pointbar" object 556a for display and manipulation in the workshop.
The workshop provides a variety of tools for selecting, manipulating, and deforming (e.g., stretching, cropping, conforming to lines/surfaces, etc.) 3-D geometrical objects. Using the workshop, the geologist creates and reshapes a geometricalobject to fit observed features of the subsurface formations. FIG. 8 shows two exemplary transformations 556b-c of the pointbar object 556a.
Reference is now made to FIG. 9, which depicts a further illustrative view of the CyberGeologist interface 210. Here, an additional workshop window 561 has been created (see command window 213f and information window 212f) to display a selectedseismic horizon from subsurface 215. The user then applies CyberGeologist's "pathfinder" tool to "place" the pointbar 562 object, and deform it to fit the observed seismic contours.
Having now "placed" the pointbar object in the subsurface, one exemplary pass through the CyberGeologist workflow is now complete. To briefly recap, the process began with selection of a subsurface region of interest, continued with detailedobservation, renormalization, and interpretation of available subsurface data, then proceeded to review and search of archive data for possible sources of analogue data, continued by selection of a geometrical object from the vault and deformation of theselected object to align with the formation contours, and finished by fitting the selected/deformed object to match the seismic contours of the formation. Through repetition of this process, the geologist can create highly accurate, geologicallymeaningful models of subsurface formations.
Finally, CyberGeologist preferably interfaces with a Validation Gauntlet 810 (see FIG. 1) to assist the geoscientist in validating the created model(s). Validation may involve one or more of the following: (i) comparison with seismic reflectordata 820 (techniques for performing such comparisons are well known in the art); (ii) comparison with well-log data 840 (which can be accomplished either with mathematical or artificial intelligence (i.e., deduction and inference) techniques); and/or(iii) comparison with flow data 840 (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,548,563, WELL TEST IMAGING, incorporated herein by reference). Alternatively, or as an additional, final step, a user can request a detailed geological simulation 900 to assist indeciding 100 whether to accept, reject, or modify the prospective subsurface model.
While the foregoing has described and exemplified aspects of various embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will recognize that alternative elements and techniques, and/or combinations and permutations of the describedelements and techniques, can be substituted for, or added to, the embodiments and methods described herein. The present invention not be defined by the specific apparatus, methods, and articles of manufacture described herein, but rather by the appendedclaims, which are intended to be construed in accordance with well-settled principles of claim construction, including, but not limited to, the following:
Limitations should not be read from the specification or drawings into the claims (e.g., if the claim calls for a "chair," and the specification and drawings show a rocking chair, the claim term "chair" should not be limited to a rocking chair,but rather should be construed to cover any type of "chair").
The words "comprising," "including," and "having" are always open-ended, irrespective of whether they appear as the primary transitional phrase of a claim, or as a transitional phrase within an element or sub-element of the claim (e.g., the claim"a widget comprising: A; B; and C" would be infringed by a device containing 2A's, B, and 3C's; also, the claim "a gizmo comprising: A; B, including X, Y, and Z; and C, having P and Q" would be infringed by a device containing 3A's, 2X's, 3Y's, Z, 6P's,and
The indefinite articles "a" or "an" mean "one or more"; where, instead, a purely singular meaning is intended, a phrase such as "one," "only one," or "a single," will appear.
Where the phrase "means for" precedes a data processing or manipulation "function," it is intended that the resulting means-plus-function element be construed to cover any, and all, computer implementation(s) of the recited "function."
A claim that contains more than one computer-implemented means-plus-function element should not be construed to require that each means-plus-function element must be a structurally distinct entity (such as a particular piece of hardware or blockof code); rather, such claim should be construed merely to require that the overall combination of hardware/software which implements the invention must, as a whole, implement at least the function(s) called for by the claims.
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Category: Tanzania
Experiencing the Essential Habits: Changing Student Mindsets in Tanzania
One of the cornerstones of Quest Forward Learning is what we refer to as the Six Essential Habits. These habits assist Tanzanian secondary school graduates become well-rounded people who create value for themselves, their communities, and ...Read More
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Digital World
Media Paradigm Redefined
Changing demographics, cultural shifts and technology have changed the media paradigm. What used to be defined by general-market English media and ethnic in-language media is now dominated by a few mobile giants (Facebook, YouTube, Google and Amazon), where both English and in-language content are abundant and easily accessible. At the same time, there is a host of niche media catering to specific segments. All in all, Asian American consumers have more content choices than ever before.
Changing demographics and shifts in culture and mindset have given rise to platforms like DramaFever, whose subscriber base is mostly non-Asian.
Freedom of Choice
Given the many choices they have, most Asian Americans consume media in both languages. English-preferred Asians consume English media primarily, but a small number of them also consume in-language media. Many in-language–preferred Asians consume both English and in-language content, particularly for video and audio content, and less so for written content such as print and online.
Asian consumers consume In-language content primarily produced in the United States and secondarily from their home countries. The exception is Koreans, who have a strong preference for TV programming and movies from their home country.
Increasing Importance of Social Media in Video Content Delivery
Social media and apps are playing an increasingly important role in content distribution. YouTube is one of the primary sources for TV programming and movies for in-language–preferred Asian consumers. Two in five in-language survey respondents use YouTube for TV programming and movies.
Traditional pay TV, such as cable and satellite, continues to play a significant role in providing entertainment to Asian Americans, particularly for in-language–preferred Asians.
There is growing interest in online streaming. Four in five Asian consumers stream content online. Three in four have a paid subscription.
Diversified Audio Content Distribution
Traditional radio is still a primary source of news and music. However, there is growing popularity of digital radio, primarily for music. English-preferred Asians tend to use digital radio primarily for music, while in-language–preferred Asians are more inclined to use it for other types of content such as news and weather.
Print as Unique Connection to Local Community
While the Internet has a dominant presence in Asian consumers' daily life and is relied upon for all types of information including international news, travel and shopping, print media plays a unique role as the primary source for local news. The majority of Asian consumers use print on a weekly basis. Furthermore, while print is often used in paper form, it is increasingly accessed online and on consumers' mobile devices. Newspaper websites rank #3 in content sources for online information and news.
Social Media - Beyond Social Networking
Social media has gone beyond social networking and become one of the primary sources of news for Asian consumers. They use social media for news first and messaging second.
Social media giants Facebook and YouTube have across-the-board appeal for different Asian segments and age groups, which is a reflection of these media platforms' global reach and the variety of content on them, both English and in-language.
WeChat, China's homegrown social media platform, is very popular among Chinese and Vietnamese consumers, particularly for the in-language–preferred. 62% of Chinese in-language respondents and 55% of Vietnamese in-language respondents reported using WeChat on a daily basis.
Device-Sophisticated and Tech Savvy
Asian Americans are early adopters of technology. More than four in five respondents interviewed own a computer/laptop and smartphone, and close to one in five own a smartwatch.
Computers/laptops and smartphones are used most often on a daily basis to access all types of media content.
TV ranks third in penetration and usage for content access. In addition to its main function of playing TV programming, television is also increasingly being used for playing other types of content, such as video and social media.
Detailed Findings Content
Overall Media Consumption
Role of Language
Media Content and Delivery (Video/Audio/Information/Social Media)
Device for Media Consumption


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Day 21
Read: 2 Chronicles 1:7
"Ask for whatever you want me to give you."
Reflect: This promise was made to King Solomon just after he became King over Israel. His father, David, had died shortly before this and Solomon was living a fully committed life to his God at this time. What did Solomon ask God for? Great question, isn't it? What would you have asked God for? When you pray, what sort of things do you ask God for? Verse 10 gives us the answer.
"Give me wisdom and knowledge, that I may lead this people, for who is able to govern this great people of yours?"
He asked for wisdom and knowledge to help others! Amazingly he didn't ask for riches or gold or power or fame or any other thing which would enhance himself. He asked for others. God was so taken by Solomon's heart that He granted him not only wisdom and knowledge but riches and gold. Because God knows our hearts, He knows what we need before we ask. He desires truth in our innermost being and He is looking for hearts that love others and desire to serve others and glorify Him. When you pray, don't limit God to your small situations when He is asking you to touch others and change the world. When He finds that kind of heart He pours out His blessings. Andrew Murray who wrote many books on prayer said this,
"In your prayers, above everything else, beware of limiting God, not only through unbelief but also by thinking you know exactly what He can do. Learn to expect the unexpected, beyond all you ask or think. So each time you intercede through prayer, first be quiet and worship God in His glory. Think of what He can do, how He delights in Christ His Son, and of your place in Him, then expect great things."
Solomon asked for a great thing, to have wisdom and knowledge to help God's people, and God more than answered him. Why would He do less for you? Prayer can heal others as well as heal ourselves. It can build life in broken hearts of those we have never met, as quickly as it can heal our own wounds. Prayer can move an army of angels or a hard-human heart, if we will come in faith for our Father's will to be done and His Kingdom to come on earth as it is in Heaven. Give yourself to prayer and you give yourself to God. Give yourself to God and then you will see captives set free and bondages broken. Hearts healed and lives restored. Satan cannot stand against the fervent prayers of a righteous person. Make your life a prayer like Elijah when he knelt down on Mt. Carmel and put his face to the ground and cried out to God. You will not be disappointed that you did!
Prayer: Father, make my life a life of prayer. Teach me, Holy Spirit, to believe for great things for others, pray for others and to believe for others. I hunger to see you move today with the same power you have moved throughout history to change destinies.
More Devotionals


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In a typical organization, the social media tweets away in one department while content writers toil away in another. The social team links to fresh content, sure… and that's about the extent of their interactions. But, at the end of the day, what you post and share on social media is…
Please visit Search Engine Land for the full article.
Continue reading here:
Why You Need To Treat Your Social Media Strategy Like Your Content Strategy


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While we'd like to say we planned the Murder of Crows vs. DCI Crew Throwdown to line up with the one year anniversary of Dance Central 3, it was sheer coincidence –or perhaps Dr. Tan planned it this way without us knowing! After tallying the votes, we announce without bias that the winner of the October Crew Throwdown was . . .
Now we're sure Dr. Tan had something to do with this!
(And yes, we know this is the Tan Industries card but as far as we know, Dr. Tan didn't have his robots design a new card for he and Oblio, he just brought Oblio into his already existing Tan Industries.)
Back in the days of Dance Central, no one could have suspected that Dr. Tan and Oblio were in any way connected. Oblio, though a core character for the game, remained largely aloof from the goings-on of the rest of the Dance Central crew. His smooth moves, edgy style, and gentle voice sure seemed to get a lot of fan's hearts beating! But when the work was done and it came time to party, Oblio preferred solitude and off he rode.
Concept sketch by Matt Perlot. We feature his concept sketches a lot in these blogs!
Ok, so Oblio isn't always a brooding loner. Sometimes he dresses like this and is pretty much the life of the party because hwo could you not be with mismatched nail polish and so much fishnet?
We catch a glimpse of Dr. Tan only at the very end of the game (spoilers!) and all we know is that he's watching, scheming, and has a pretty great villain cackle.
We did a great Dance Central Sketchbook featuring Oblio (alongside Dare) back in this era. Make sure to check it out here.
Concept art by Shawn Witt.
Oblio was busy outside of the crew campaign during Dance Central 2. Want to know what he was up to? Check out the community initiative we ran last winter where we learned more about the whereabouts of Dare, MacCoy, and Oblio during the days of Dance Central 2. (Hint: it involves spy missions for DCI.) Though the interactive missions are over, you can still check out the results here.
Oblio and Dr. Tan concept art by Shawn Witt.
Dr. Tan comes back with an even bigger, even badder plan, and this time it involves . . . well, time! Dr. Tan is tracking dance fads through the decades and it's up to you to learn them and stop him. That's not the only development, though. Dr. Tan has also devised mind control helmets to turn dancers into mindless dancing machines! And even more important for this victory post, we learn that Oblio is Dr. Tan's son! (It's okay to audibly gasp! Unless you totally saw that coming from the beginning of the series because you're just so good.)
Concept art by Jamie McKiernan
Fortunately, despite his brooding, darkly poetic nature, Oblio doesn't choose to follow in the dark footsteps of his father and ultimate finds the strength to help you foil his own father's dastardly plan. And the day is saved! Hurray Oblio!
Still, though, we are left with questions. How does Oblio feel about discovering Dr. Tan is his father? Why didn't Oblio grow up with Dr. Tan? Where is Oblio's mother? Does Dr. Tan regret that he's ruined any relationship with his new son by trying to brainwash him?!
We've got a new phone case and two new shirts to let you show off your Tan Industries/Murder of Crow crew pride!
U.S. Merchandise Store | European Merchandise Store
Below are the songs associated with Oblio or Dr. Tan. Find your inner focus and get dancing!
"Body Movin' (Fatboy Slim Remix)" -Beastie Boys (DC)
"Girls and Boys" -Blur (DLC)
"Hella Good" -No Doubt (DC)
"Lapdance" -N.E.R.D. (DLC)
"Rumb Shaker" -Wreckx-n-Effect (DC)
"Satisfaction" -Benny Benassi (DC)
"Say Aah" -Trey Songz (DLC)
"Tan-Step" -M-Cue (DC3)
"Weapon of Chocie" -Fatboy Slim (DLC)
Art by David Nguyen


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Excellent Timber Tract
Oo Barber Rd : Chipley, FL 32428
Washington County, Florida
75 Acres
Expired Listing
Farm Description
This is an excellent timber tract with 57 acres of 25+ years logs & poles, 9 acres of road & food plots, & 9 acres of swampland. Call listing agent Clay.
Farm features, descriptions, details, directions, sales history, photos, maps, boundaries and files are deemed reliable and provided "as is" without guarantee, warranty, representation, expressed or implied by FARMFLIP or its advertisers, and is subject to errors, omissions, sale or withdrawal. Contact the seller directly regarding this listing.


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Distinctive Trends of Online Shopping in India
The web has been around in India since an extended period of time now. In any case, online business has snatched similarly starting late. Shopping on the web is step by step encountering adolescence in India too. In any case, in light of the for the most part direct passageway of the web in various bit of the country, online shopping is limited to quite recently genuine metros in India. Allow us to get some information about electronic shopping designs in this bit of the world.
Online business can be thought of as an activity wherein the customer uses the web to mastermind a thing or organization. A great part of the time, the trade may happen online additionally. Online shopping places a generous demand on the usage of the web. One imperative impediment that web shopping faces is the security of trades, since it is critical for clients to show their cash related unobtrusive components on the web also.
At present, only a set number of sellers are cooperating on the web due to the issues related to advancement. The noteworthy snags faced are low passageway of PCs in India, lesser measure of credit or check card holders, and various antagonistic assessment accumulation rules. In like manner, various web customers are reluctant to reveal their financial information on the web, which hampers the advancement of the online business.
Then again, online shopping has a unimaginable potential to twist up discernibly tremendous in India. As showed by various online business observers, electronic business has the ability of accomplishing $ 100 billion in the year 2008. In like way, many undertakings both of every kind imaginable, are opening to having their B2B and B2C sections on the web bigly.
The web is moreover exhibiting to a guide in disguise for pretty much nothing and medium endeavors, which are clasping hands with genuine Indian online sections to demonstrate their things and advance their organizations.Get more information about shopping then you can always consider Online shopping in India.Inspectors foresee that in the accompanying 18 two years, a couple of national brands and retailers will have their online shops arranged for B2B and B2C trades. This demonstrates the total number of brokers online would go up to just about 50,000 and the total number of customers would go up to around 50 million. Specialists furthermore predict that the web shopping business part could go up to practically USD $ 50 million.
One strategy for looking shopping designs is taking a gander at the figures – air and rail tickets assessed at INR 30 crore (INR 300 million) are sold online in India reliably. Starting at now, an embellishments piece offers at general interims, and a convenient handset predictably, and an auto predictably on the outstanding product site eBAy.com. Another predominant site Indiamart.com developed business over INR 5,000 crore through leads made by it.
Today various Indians purchase stock like books, electronic gadgets, air and rail tickets, garments, enrichments, mobiles, PC peripherals, sound tapes and CDs. There are more things which are fit for being sold over the web.
Numerous people still discover information on the web, however purchase their things separated at standard stores. This infers people still are lacking in conviction to purchase things on the web. This example can be countered by giving secure areas to trades, and incite customer advantage.
Web shopping is truly getting on in India, standard physical stores are in like manner getting the hand of cooperating on the web.Get more details about shopping then you can always consider shopping websites in India.The examples demonstrate that standard stores will keep doing satisfactory business while the online stores increase their virtual closeness on the web.


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To add an audio , go over toSpecial:Uploadwhere you'll discover a kind to upload one. word that Wikia's feature limitation is unbending, and mp3 files and such are often not permitted. A overflowing list of pole extensions that are supported could be discovered onSpecial:Upload
What is the most typical application software program?
That just means theyre either simpler to use or pride and joy extra audio modifying versus music production.
What software is Wikianswers working by the side of?
Non-commercial websites largely (or every) non-commercial software Edit
It doesnt assist multi-monitoring however you'll be able to fake, paste, reduce, fluent and produce your audio. you may clump and regenerate in the dark cloud, apply stay results and allocation to social media or by way of URL (appropriate a listentoa music I applied every compression and a high-go spell out to here: )
As a Ubuntu consumer i was in search of something lighter and bluster. audacity also makes a 1+ gb support for a 1 hour support to edit. that isn't deserving for my 32 gb exhausting ! That was how i found this internet page. i tried oceanaudio and this was precisely what i was looking for more than better! ffmpeg used to be fittingly pleasant and easy to make use of. however, GDebi stated that it could be a safety risk to put in deb recordsdata without living thing surrounded by the usual class. How http://mp4gain.com do know that this secure?
But for enhancing boom box music information, or mono audio recordsdata (similar to a voice recording) that is superior. Its additionally relatively simple in terms of options in comparison with , although they arent trying to compete on that front.
Of mp3gain is, it is a macro, and is unquestionably a usefulness of third social gathering software. It offers a bonus that different gamers don't have, manufacture it against the norm.
In:SoftwareWhat is the name for the shortcut keys that you just compel to perform particular duties; each software application has its own harden of tasks assigned to these keys?
Nidesoft Video ConverterNidesoft Video Converter is a powerful video exchange software program which could convert video and audio recordsdata between each one in style codecs equivalent to convert AVI to MP4, MP3 to WAV, WMV to MPEG, MOV to AAC, and so on.Nidesoft Video Converter supports very comprehensive video codecs, together with DVD, VCD, AVI, MPEG, MP4, WMV, 3GP, Zune AVC, PSP MP4, iPod MOV, ASF, and many others. further, the Video Converter gives an easist technique to convert video or audio support to widespread audio codecs, type MP2, MP3, AC3, M4A, OGG, AAC and so forth.
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This is my first wish list that I've made on this blog! I haven't really been lusting over many items at the minute as I am trying to save my money for Reading Festival in the summer (which I cannot wait to blog outfit posts about! eek!) so I have been avoiding shops and online shopping. But here are a few things that have caught my eye!
I never used to wear watches until I got my little Casio for Christmas the other year, which I wear everyday without fail. I've been looking for a pricey alternative to Michael Kors watches for ages as I'm not a fan of them and came across Daniel Wellington watches! I love how simplistic yet expensive they look.
The bra I noticed while looking on monki.com and I think its so cute and could turn into quite a staple piece within the wardrobe. The same goes for the gingham baby doll dress, which is so simple yet could be transformed into so many looks with the help of a chunky belt, oversized coat and some dr martens.
I love bright coloured bags, especially when you don't want to wear a bright, colourful outfit. On the days when I chuck on an all black and grey outfit, I like to liven my look up with an eye-catching bag to add something different, which would definitely work with this orange Celine dupe.
I saw the pink version of these boots in Glamour mag, so thought I would check out the other colours available and fell in love with these nude versions!
whats on your wish list at the minute, anything the same as me?


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Alternatives for Medications Listed in the AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults
Tools and Tips
Printer-friendly PDF
Click here to see our other tip sheets.
Recently, the American Geriatrics Society (AGS) released the 2015 Updated AGS Beers Criteria® for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. For more than 20 years, the AGS Beers Criteria® have been a valuable resource for healthcare providers about the safety of prescribing drugs for older people.
To accompany the updated AGS Beers Criteria®, the AGS also developed a list of safer medications that are alternatives to some of the medications listed in the criteria. This first list of alternatives focuses on those medications that are used in various quality measures, which are used by America's health plans to measure performance on important aspects of care. Your healthcare provider may choose to substitute these alternatives in place of potentially inappropriate medications included in the criteria.
Key Points
- Never stop taking a medication without first talking to your healthcare provider. Even if a medication you're taking is listed on the AGS Beers Criteria®, don't stop taking it without discussing it with your healthcare provider.
- Know about the medications you are taking. Ask your clinician or pharmacist about the medications you are taking and their potential side effects. If you're experiencing any symptoms, ask if they could be related to a medication you are taking or if it may be a sign of another problem. Use only trusted, reliable sources (such as MedlinePlus) to look up information about your medications.
- Review your medications regularly. You should regularly review all of the medications you are taking with your clinicians and pharmacists. In these reviews, you should report any problems with your medications, including any side effects, questions you may have about them, or any problems with taking them as prescribed (such as cost). These reviews should occur at least once a year as well as any time a new medication is prescribed.
Remember, potentially inappropriate medications are just that—potentially inappropriate.
The 2015 Updated AGS Beers Criteria® and the list of alternatives are resources, not a replacement, for the expertise and knowledge of your healthcare provider.
The AGS Health in Aging Foundation has developed this resource to help you talk to your healthcare provider about these possible alternatives to AGS Beers Criteria® medications you're taking.
|Medication Class/Examples
|Possible Alternatives
to Discuss with your Healthcare Provider
|NOTE: This is only a partial list of medications. Medications listed in parentheses are examples of brand names of the generic medications listed.
|First Generation Antihistamines
(used for allergies)
|Triclyclic Antidepressants
used for depression
| Barbituates
|For epilepsy, anticonvulsants such as:
|Sleeping Aids
|Ask your healthcare provider about non-medication sleep hygiene techniques.
|Pain Medication
People with chronic kidney disease
| These alternatives listed are for moderate pain:
|Benzodiazepines (often used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders as well as other conditions)
People with a history of falls should avoid
| For anxiety:
| Hormone Therapy
| For vaginal dryness:
For hot flashes and night sweats:
| Pain Medication Opioids (Narcotics)
| For acute moderate to severe pain:
For more information on potentially inappropriate medication use, please read the
Ten Medications Older Adults Should Avoid or Use with Caution tip sheet.
DISCLAIMER: This information is not intended to diagnose health problems or to take the place of medical advice or care you receive from your physician or other healthcare provider. Always consult your healthcare provider about your medications, symptoms, and health problems.
Last updated: October 2015


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DELANCO, N.J. (AP) — A massive fire that severely damaged a southern New Jersey food warehouse continued to burn Monday morning, nearly 24 hours after it broke out.
Dozens of firefighters were battling the 11-alarm blaze at the Dietz and Watson distribution plant in Delanco. Officials said about 50 percent of the fire had been contained, but their efforts were being hampered by water supply issues and the threat of electrocution due to the thousands of solar panels on the building's roof,
The fire started around 1:30 p.m. Sunday. It sent plumes of thick, black smoke billowing from the building and …read more
Source: North Jersey
(Visited 2 times, 1 visits today)


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