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We give a basic overview of the mathematical background required for this course.
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1 1 Background We give a basic overview of the mathematical background required for this course. 1.1 Set Theory We introduce some concepts from naive set theory (as opposed to axiomatic set theory). The first part covers the basic definitions of set theory, and is covered by any basic course in discrete mathematics. The second part covers some results regarding the cardinality of sets, and is necessary for the arguments that you will encounter in this course. Set Theory - Basic definitions A set is informally defined as a collection of objects. The concept of a set in this setting is not precisely defined. If x is a member of the set A, we say x belongs to A, and write x A. If, every element of a set A belongs to a set B, we say that A is a subset of B, written as A B. If both A B and B A, we say that A and B are equal, written as A = B. The operations on sets that we typically consider are the following. 1. Union: If A and B are sets, their union, written A B is defined as A B = {x x A or x B}. 2. Intersection: If A and B are sets, their intersection, written as A B, is defined as A B = {x x A and x B}. 3. Relative Complement: If A and B are sets, then the complement of B relative to A, written as A \ B, is defined as A \ B = {x : x A and x / B}. If we have the notion of a universal set, denoted U, the superset of all sets in the domain of interest, then it is possible to define the following notion. 5. Absolute Complement: If A is a set, the absolute complement of A, written A c is defined as U \ A. 1
2 Theorem (De Morgan s Laws). The following hold for arbitrary sets A and B. (A B) c = A c B c. and (A B) c = A c B c. We have the notion of a power set, which is the collection of all subsets of a set. 6. Power Set: If A is a set, then there is a set, called the power set of A, written P(A) (or, as 2 A ), is the set of all subsets of A. In symbols, P(A) = {B B A}. The next operation that we define is the Cartesian product of sets. For this, we have to first define what an ordered pair of two objects is. A sequence of elements abcd where we say that the first element is a, the second b, the third c and the fourth d, in the specified order is actually a function f : {0, 1, 2, 3} {a, b, c, d} specified by f(0) = a, f(1) = b, f(2) = c, f(3) = d. Since we have not defined functions yet, we cannot use this approach to define an ordered pair as a collection (a, b) with the first element being a and the second being b. We proceed as follows. Definition The ordered pair of a 1 and a 2 with first coordinate a 1 and the second coordinate a 2, written (a 1, a 2 ) is defined by (a 1, a 2 ) = {{a 1 }, {a 1, a 2 }}. Though this might appear strange at first, we have succeeded in defining an ordered pair of arbitrary elements without appealing either to the concept of an index (or a number) or a mapping from an index to an element. The first coordinate can now be specified using only the set operations thus, as the unique element of 1 A = {a 1 } {a 1, a 2 } 1 Thanks to Pervez Khan for correcting some errors in a previous version of the definition. A (a,b) 2
3 The second co-ordinate may be defined as the unique element of A {a 1 }. A [(a,b)\{a 1 }] This strategy may be extended to define the ordered tuples of arbitrarily many elements. With this definition, it is now possible to define the Cartesian Product of sets. 7. Cartesian Product: If A and B are two sets, their cartesian product of A with B, written A B, is defined as: A B = {(a, b) a A and b B}. A relation between two sets A and B is just a subset of the cartesian product A B. A is called the domain of the relation, and B its range. Definition A function f from A to B, written f : A B, is a relation from A to B with the restriction that for every element a in A, there is exactly one ordered pair (a, b) f. A is called the domain of f and B its range. For any ordered pair (a, b) f, we say that b is the image of a under f, written f(a). The preimage of b B under f is the set of all elements a A such that f(a) = b. Example If A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, and f = {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 3), (d, 4)}, then f(a) = 1, f(b) = 1, and f 1 (1) = {a, b}. We can restate the restriction of f as saying that every element in A has exactly one image in B. We specify the following classes of functions for later discussion. A function f : A B is said to be injective, or one-to-one if, the elements of A have distinct images in B. In symbols, a 1, a 2 A f(a 1 ) = f(a 2 ) implies a 1 = a 2. The function f is said to be surjective, or onto if every element in B has a pre-image. In symbols, b B a A f(a) = b. If f is both one-to-one and onto, then f is said to be bijective. 3
4 Cardinality We now discuss questions of cardinality, which will be used to compare the sizes of sets. For any finite set, we can define the cardinality as the number of elements in it. Suppose A and B are finite sets. It is easy to show that if A and B have equal cardinality, then there is a bijection f : A B,. If the cardinality of A is at most that of B, then there is a one-to-one function f : A B. If the cardinality of B is at most that of A, then there is an onto function f : A B. When we consider infinite sets, however, this approach falters. We have no way of distinguishing among the cardinalities of infinite sets if we use this concept. We also run into seeming paradoxes: Galileo posed the question, Which set is bigger - the set of even numbers or the set of numbers? Obviously, the set of even numbers is a strict subset of the set of numbers. But, if we multiply a natural number with 2, then we get a unique even number, thus there is a bijection between these two sets. This example shows the puzzling nature of infinite sets they can be isomorphic to strict subsets of themselves. A way to resolve the questions of cardinality consistently is to take the reverse approach of our initial approach to the cardinality of finite sets: Say, for example, that cardinality of A is less than or equal to that of B if there is a one-to-one function f : A B. We elaborate this approach, and study the properties of cardinalities of infinite sets, and delve into some famous examples. This treatment follows Halmos. If there is a injection f : A B, then we say that A is dominated by B, and write A B. This suggests the idea that A and B are equivalent (not equal sets), written A B if there is a bijection from f : A B. In the case of comparison operators between numbers m and n, we know that if m n and n m, then m = n. Can we define a notion that if A B and A B, then A B? This is a very difficult theorem in set theory, known as the Cantor- Schröder-Bernstein Theorem. Theorem (Cantor-Schröder-Bernstein). Let A and B be two arbitrary sets. If there is a one-to-one function f : A B and a one-to-one function g : B A, then there is a bijection h : A B. We omit the proof, and go into the discussion of countability of sets. An infinite set is one, where, even if we remove any finite number of elements, there are still elements left. Removing an element is a process of assigning a natural number index to some particular element of the set - the only thing 4
5 we forbid is repetition, since no element can be removed multiple times. This gives us the following definition of an infinite set. Definition A set A is infinite if N A. This gives us an idea of the smallest kind of infinite sets. If an infinite set A N, then A N. We call such sets countably infinite sets. Countably infinite sets have the same cardinality as N. It is customary to call countable any set that is either finite, or is countably infinite. Definition A set A is said to be countable if there is an onto function f : N A. The set of natural numbers N is an obvious example of such a set. The set of even numbers is also a countably infinite set. We show that the set of rational numbers (usually written as Q), is also countable, in the following sequence of theorems. First, we show that if we take a finite union of countable sets, the resulting set is countable. Theorem If A 0, A 1,..., A n 1 are pairwise disjoint countable sets, then their union is also countable. Proof. Since each A i, i = 0 to n 1, is countable, there are functions f i : N A i which are onto. We construct a function g : N n 1 i=0 A i to show that the union of these sets is countable. Let g(i) = f i mod n (i/n) where / denotes integer division. If each f i : N A i is onto, we can see that g : N n i=1 A i is also onto. For, the k th element in the m th set will be g(k n + m) (We start counting from 0). Intuitively, if we let all A i s be countably infinite, we can explain as follows: g enumerates the elements of the union in the form of a twodimensional array: there are exactly n columns, the column i enumerating the elements of A i. g goes row-by-row, enumerating the first elements of all the A i s first, then the second elements and so on. In this manner, since each A i is countable, we can count all the elements in the union. Theorem A union of countably many finite sets is countable. Intuitively, since each A i is finite, we can enumerate the elements of A 0 until they are exhausted, and then start enumerating the elements of A 1 5
6 and so on. 2 In this way, there is a finite index at which any given element of a given set will be enumerated. Proof. Consider A = i=0 where each A i is a finite set. Then, if we construct an onto function g : N A, it will prove that A is countable. Let A i denote the number of elements in A i. Since each A i is finite, there is a bijection f i : A i {0, 1,..., A i 1}. Since A i A 0, A 0 + A 1, A 0 + A 1 + A 2,... is an increasing sequence, for any j, there is a least index n such that j < A 0 + A A n. Then g(j) = f n (j [ A 0 + A A n 1 ]). To show that g is onto, we have to show that for any arbitrary i, and m such that 0 m < A i, there is some index j such that g(j) = f i (m). This follows routinely from the definition of g. The above theorem is one of the most useful tools in proving the countability of sets - when we have to prove that some class of sets is countable, what we have to do essentially is to rethink of the same class as a countable union of finite sets. A brilliant example is the following theorem. With this, we now can show that the set of non-negative rational numbers is countable. We will actually show something more, that N N is countable. Since every non-negative rational number can be represented as a ratio p q where p is nonnegative and q 0, what we prove amounts to proving that a bigger set is countable. Theorem The cross-product of two countable sets is countable. The proof uses a technique which is sometimes picturesquely called dovetailing. The idea can be paraphrased as follows. Consider a rectangular lattice where the x-axis corresponds to the elements of a countable set A and the y-axis corresponds to a countable set B. (Figure 1). 2 This could not be done in the previous theorem because each A i was infinite, so we would never have been done enumerating A 0 at a finite time. 6
7 Figure 1: Illustration of dovetailing Proof. There are onto functions g : N A and h : N B which are given. We define an onto function f : N A B that enumerates ordered pairs in in A B in the following manner. First, (g(0), h(0)) is enumerated. In the next pass, we enumerate (g(1), h(0)), (g(0), h(1)). In the following pass, we enumerate (g(2), h(0)), (g(1), h(1)) and (g(0), h(2)). Thus in pass c, we enumerate pairs (g(i), h(j)) such that i + j = c. This enables us to distinguish among different passes. Within the same pass, we can distinguish among the pairs (g(i + j), h(0)), (g(i + j 1), h(1)),..., (g(0), h(i + j)) by their second co-ordinates. Thus there are i + j + 1 elements in pass i + j. Let a pair (g(i), h(j)) be given. Then it will be enumerated in pass i + j. Let us denote i+j by c. The total number of elements in passes 0, 1,..., c 1 is equal to c 1 c(c + 1) T [c 1] = (i + 1) =. 2 i=1 Now, in pass c, the pair (g(i), h(j)) will be enumerated in position j. Thus, the onto function f : N A B we define is f(t [i + j 1] + j) = (g(i), h(j)). However, there are sets of higher cardinalities. We prove a particular case of the general theorem. This proof follows what is usually called a diagonalization argument. (Please don t confuse this with dovetailing!) 7
8 Theorem There is no bijection f : N P(N). Proof. Suppose there is a bijection f : N P(N). Define the following set. S = {i : i / f(i)}. Then, we prove that there is no j such that f(j) = S, thus contradicting that every subset of N has been enumerated by f. For, if we consider whether j is present in S, we find that if j is in the set f(j), then it is not in S. Conversely, if j is not in the set f(j), then it is in S. Thus S differs from the set f(j) in at least one element, hence cannot be the same as f(j). Since this is true for any j, S is not in the image of f. We briefly describe the characteristic function of a set of numbers. Let S be a set of numbers. The characteristic function χ S : N {0, 1} is the function defined by χ S (i) = 1 if i S and χ S (i) = 0 otherwise. Intuitively, this can be seen as a bit-map of S. Every set of numbers has a unique characteristic function. The cardinality of the power set of natural numbers is the same as the cardinality of the real numbers in [0, 1) (the unit interval with all numbers r where 0 r < 1). To see this, we use the binary representation of the real numbers. A set of numbers can be represented by its characteristic sequence b 0 b 1 b 2... where b i = 1 if s i is present in the set and b i = 0 otherwise. Let us define a mapping from such a sequence to the number i=1 b i 1/2 i. This defines an onto function from P(N) to [0, 1), the cardinality of [0, 1) is at most as much as P(N). To see that the cardinality of [0, 1) is at least that of P(N), we define an onto function from [0, 1) to P(N). It is natural to consider the mapping defined by the binary representation of reals in the interval. However, wee cannot use the binary representation of real numbers in the unit interval for this purpose, since dyadic rationals, that is, rationals of the form i/2 m, have two binary representations. For example, 0.5 has the representations and If we pick one representation, and define g(0.5) = , where the binary sequence is the characterestic sequence of a set, then we do not have an onto function The set defined by does not have an inverse image. To solve this issue, we adopt the ternary notation of the reals in the interval. We define an onto function from [0, 1) to P(N) as follows. If a ternary expansion of a number does not have the digit 2, that is, the number can be written in the form i=1 t i 1/3 i where each t i 1 is 0 or 1, 8
9 then its image is the set represented by the characteristic sequence t 0 t 1 t There are numbers in the interval with infinitely many 2s in their ternary expansion - the image of such numbers is defined to be N, merely so that we have a total function from [0, 1) to P(N). Since this function is onto, we can conclude that the cardinality of [0, 1) is at least that of P(N) Computability Theory In this part, we will briefly cover notions of computability. We will first define a Turing machine which accepts/decides a language, and then define the notion of a computable function. Definition A one-way infinite, 2-tape Turing Machine is an 8-tuple (Q, Σ, Γ, B, δ, q 0, q a, q r ) where Q is the set of states of the Turing machine. Σ is the finite set of input alphabet symbols. Γ is the finite set of tape alphabet symbols, Σ Γ. Here, Σ a strict subset. B is a reserved tape alphabet symbol called the blank, not part of the input alphabet. (B Γ Σ.) δ : (Q {q a, q r }) Γ 2 Q Γ 2 {L, R} 2 is the transition function of the Turing machine. q 0 Q is the initial state of the Turing machine. q a Q is the accept state. q r Q is the reject state. A configuration of the Turing machine consists of the state, the contents of the 2 tapes, and the position of the tape heads. An input string w is said to be accepted by a Turing machine if, the computation of M with initial configuration having w on the first tape and both heads at the left end of w, terminates in q a. The machine is said to reject the string if the Turing machine terminates in q r. (There is of course, the possibility that the Turing Machine may not terminate its execution.) 3 Thanks to Arpita Korwar and Rohit Gurjar for pointing this out. 9
10 A language L is a set of strings. Recall that a Turing machine is said to accept a language L if every string x in the language is accepted by the Turing Machine in the above sense, and no other string is accepted. If a string is not in the language, then it might either be rejected by the Turing machine, or it may cause the Turing machine to run forever. Definition A language is said to be acceptable if there is a Turing machine which accepts it. Definition A language L is said to be decidable if both L and L c are acceptable. Equivalently, we may define a decidable language L as follows. There is a Turing machine which accepts every string in the language, and rejects every other string. (HW 1A) It is possible to define a Turing machine that computes a function from strings to strings. Then we will proceed to define a computably enumerable language. Definition A one-way infinite, 2-tape Turing Machine is said to compute f : Σ Σ if the machine, presented with the input string x in the initial configuration, terminates in state q a with f(x)b on the second tape whenever f(x) is defined, and runs forever if f(x). A function f is said to be partial computable if there is a Turing machine which computes f in the above sense. A partial computable function f is called total computable if there is a Turing machine computing f that halts on all inputs. To define functions which operate on numbers, it is necessary to pick a representation of numbers. The standard enumeration of strings is the enumeration λ, 0, 00, 01, 10, 11, 000,... - that is, the enumeration which lists all strings of a shorter length before any longer string, and within any length, lists strings in lexicographic order. For any number i, let s i denote the i th string in this sequence. Then s : N Σ is a bijection between numbers and strings, and can be used as a representation of numbers. (There is an easy closed form formula for s, that is, given a number n > 0, find s n. Convert n+1 to binary, and strip the leading 1 in the binary representation. This will give s n. (Please verify!)) 10
11 Definition A function f : N N is partial computable if there is a partial computable function h : Σ Σ such that for every number n 0 f(n) = s 1 h(s n ). It is now routine to define unary partial computable functions which map any given countably infinite domain to any countably infinite range. We will use the following function to represent a pair of strings. Definition The bit-doubling function is defined by bd : Σ Σ bd(λ) = λ bd(x0) = bd(x)00 bd(x1) = bd(x)11 The bit doubling function of x is a string in which every bit in x is doubled. For example, the bd(0010) = Definition The pairing function is defined by where x and y are strings., : Σ Σ Σ x, y = bd(x)01bd(y)01 We observe that the number of times 01 occurs in any encoding, is exactly 2, and all valid encodings end in 01. Lemma The pairing function is a prefix code - that is, the encoding of a pair cannot be the prefix of the encoding of another pair. Proof. Suppose bd(x)01bd(y)01w is the encoding of some pair. Since the number of times 01 can occur in the encoding is 2, 01 is forbidden from w. However, the suffix of the encoding 01w should end in 01. These conditions together imply that w = λ. Thus, the encoding of a pair cannot be the prefix of another pair. 11
12 For ease of description, it is preferrable to have a high-level description of Turing Machines so that we do not have to give detailed programs for doing elementary operations every time we specify a Turing machine. For this, the common approach is to use a high-level language, and prove that every elementary operation, as well as every programming construct like loops, can be simulated by a Turing machine. Once we do this, it follows that every program we write in the high level language corresponds to a Turing Machine. We will assume that programs written in an ALGOL-like language can be computed using Turing machines. We will describe our programs using this toy language. Now, we can make the following analogy: partial computable: total computable :: acceptable : decidable. We will explore this analogy. For this, we need to now define Turing machines which enumerates a language. This is the computable analogue of an onto function f : N L with which we defined countability of L. Intuitively, Turing machine that enumerates L will keep printing the elements of L one after another. However, we would like every Turing machine outputting a string to halt in a finite time, so we model the machine such that for a given n, it will output the n th element in the enumeration. Definition A language L is said to be computably enumerable if it is either finite, or there is a total computable bijection f : N L. Note that, L can be the empty language. Theorem A language is computably enumerable if and only if it is acceptable. Proof. We first prove that if a language is computably enumerable, then it is acceptable. If a language is finite, then it is acceptable by a Turing Machine which hardcodes the strings in the language in a finite lookup table, and accepts exactly those strings. Suppose a computably enumerable language L is infinite. Then there is a computable bijection f : N L. We describe a Turing machine that accepts L as follows. (This is not the formal description, but merely the pseudo-code description of the Turing Machine. There is a Turing Machine which corresponds to this, using the Church-Turing thesis.) 1. input x. 2. Initialize integer i to while true do 12
13 4. if f(i) == x then 5. accept x, halt. 6. else increment i to i endif 8. done The above machine accepts and halts all x in L, and it does not accept any other string. Hence L is Turing acceptable. Conversely, we assume that L is an acceptable language. If L is finite, then by definition, L is computably enumerable. Assume that L is infinite. There is a Turing machine M, that, given any input x accepts if and only if x L. Given an input i 0, we will dovetail the execution of M on λ, 0, 1,... until i strings have been accepted and output the last string that has been accepted. We describe the pseudo-code as follows. 1. input number i. 2. Initialize Set and oldset to ; and m to while Set i do 4. if s m is of the form x, s n do 5. Run M(x) for n steps. 6. if M(x) has accepted then 7. oldset := Set. 8. Set := Set {x}. 9. endif 10. endif 11. Increment m. 12. end while 13. Output oldset Set. Since L is infinite, we know that this algorithm will enable us to output distinct elements in L for every number i, so M computes a one-to-one function. Also, every x L is accepted in some finite number of steps N, so the dovetailing will output x when m x, s N. There is also a characterization of decidable languages in this manner. 13
14 Theorem A language is decidable if and only if it is computably enumerable in increasing order. That is, a language L is decidable if and only if it is finite or there is a total computable bijection f : N L such that for all numbers n, f(n) < f(n + 1). Proof. If L is finite, then it is decidable. Suppose L is not finite, and there is a bijection f : N L and for all n, f(n) < f(n + 1). Then, we can build a Turing Machine which decides L in the following manner. 1. input x. 2. Initialize i to whilef(i) < x do 4. Increment i by end while 6. if f(i) == x then 7. Accept x and halt. 8. else reject x and halt. Conversely, suppose L is decidable. If L is finite, then it is computably enumerable by definition. If L is infinite, then there is a total computable bijection f : N L that enumerates L in increasing order. In particular, there is a total computable bijection f that enumerates L, hence L is computably enumerable. It is now easy to prove the following theorem, which we use later in the course. Theorem Every infinite computably enumerable set contains an infinite decidable subset. Proof. We use the following fact from computability theory. Theorem There is a universal Turing machine. 14
15 Theorem (Kleene s normal form theorem) There is a 3-ary partial computable function C and a 1-ary partial computable function U such that any 1-ary partial recursive function can be expressed as f e (n) = U(µz[C(e, n, z) = 0]). Here, µz denotes the least z such that. Theorem There is a partial computable function that is not total computable. Proof. We define the following partial computable function f : N N as f e (n) = U(µz[C(n, n, z) = 0]) + 1. So f(n) = f n (n) + 1 when the value of f n (n) is defined, and is undefined otherwise. f(n) is a partial computable function by construction. But f is not a total computable function: Suppose f is total computable. Then there is an index e in the computable enumeration of partial computable functions such that f e = f. This would imply that f(e) = f e (e) + 1 > f(e), which is a contradiction. 15
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text:
THE RSPCA has dealt with more than 200 incidents of dogs being left in hot cars in just one week by irresponsible owners who risked literally cooking their pets alive.
Between Monday 26 June and Sunday 2 July, the RSPCA dealt with 222 incidents where dogs had been left behind in vehicles. Almost half of these incidents were reported over the weekend of Saturday 1 and Sunday 2 July.
Tragically, a dog died in a car at Europe's biggest Agricultural Show that weekend. RSPCA officers and the police broke into a BMW at The Royal Show at the National Agricultural Centre, Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, but sadly the whippet had already died. The heat in the car was more than 47°C. Three terrier-type dogs also had to be removed from a van suffering from overheating - the RSPCA is investigating both incidents.
Around the country, many dogs were left behind without water and were seen barking, and thrashing around in desperate attempts to escape from vehicles.
RSPCA chief veterinary officer Steve Cheetham said: 'A dog left in a warm car, conservatory, greenhouse, caravan or shed will quickly begin to suffer from heatstroke and can die an agonising death. On a warm day these places can resemble an oven and each year dogs left alone like this die after literally being cooked alive.
People must realise there is no safe way to leave a dog like this in warm weather. Even when the weather is not particularly hot, dogs can suffer from heatstroke as up to 90 per cent of their body is covered in hair. Leaving windows open and a bowl of water is not enough.'
The RSPCA issued these warnings to dog owners.
On a warm day the temperature inside a car can quickly soar to 49°C/120°F or even higher.
If an animal in a car is panting for breath it may be on its way to suffering heatstroke.
Heatstroke can kill an animal very quickly.
Even if you park your car in the shade, the position of the sun will change.
Leaving windows open or putting a bowl of water in the car does not help.
If a dog becomes overheated, give it a shower immediately or bathe it in cool water. Call a vet as soon as possible, as once the dog goes into shock and loses consciousness it may be too late.
Owners who put animals at risk in this way could face prosecution.
Animals can also suffer from sunburn, particularly white dogs and cats. Owners should cover any white extremities, especially ear tips, with the highest possible factor sun cream at least once a day and before the animal goes outside.
Anyone found guilty of causing unnecessary suffering to an animal under the 1911 Protection of Animals Act faces up to a £5,000 fine and/or six months in prison. Owners can also be banned from keeping animals, possibly for life.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Abstract and Applied Analysis
Volume 2009, Article ID 307404, 18 pages
Research Article
Convolutions with the Continuous Primitive Integral
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada V2S 7M8
Received 13 May 2009; Accepted 7 September 2009
Academic Editor: H. Bevan Thompson
Copyright © 2009 Erik Talvila. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How to Cite this Article
Erik Talvila, "Convolutions with the Continuous Primitive Integral," Abstract and Applied Analysis, vol. 2009, Article ID 307404, 18 pages, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/307404.


text:
David Holloway was driving the dial-a-ride bus in Aspen one afternoon in late June. He's driven for RFTA for four-and-a-half years, but isn't a union member. He admitted he has benefitted from the union, but thinks he could have gotten at least some of it on his own.
"The door's always open to higher management. I've never had a door slammed in my face," he said.
Other drivers agree.
"You know, RFTA's never done anything wrong for me to think I need help," said one driver, waiting at Rubey Park, who didn't want to be identified.
"I've been there and done that with unions before," said John Hicks, a driver also at Rubey Park.
Regardless of RFTA drivers' opinions about the union, it still works on behalf of all them.
"It's easy to object to the union when you're getting the benefits for free," said Jeff Zax, professor economics at the University of Colorado Boulder.
Zax explained Colorado is a "modified right-to-work" state.
"If there's a union, it has to bargain for you, but you don't have to pay for it," he explained. In other words, workers have less incentive to join the union and pay dues.
RFTA drivers in the union pay one hour of work per paycheck. This funds the lawyers who negotiate contracts. If you're not in the union, you can't vote during negotiations, but whatever new benefits they secure, you get as well, and for free.
Zax said right-to-work laws are effective at checking--or corroding--union power.
"We have shown that where workers don't have to pay for union services, there are fewer unions," he said.
In the Roaring Fork Valley, both RFTA's union and management said they're happy with the recent negotiations.
"We gave RFTA our goals. They gave us our limits. We had some vigorous conversations, to say the least," said Ed Cortez, the president of the Amalgamated Transit Union local 1774 for Aspen and the Roaring Fork Valley.
He thinks the interests of the union and management are aligned a lot of the time. Dan Blankenship, RFTA's CEO, agreed.
"In some ways, having a union has made management's life a little easier," Blankenship said.
The union is made up of drivers, first of all, so they know what drivers want. Concerns and complaints are filtered through the union.
"By the time they get to us, there's usually some consensus as to what the union would like to see happen," Blakenship said.
Chris Anderson has driven for RFTA for several years. He said he loves the job and is a proud union member.
"They're always striving for more safety, job security and, of course, money, cost of living increases," he said.
Anderson is a union member because he believes in its power to get him more money and better benefits.
"I know what I want, and I'm willing to pay for that," he said.
Even if it benefits someone else, who's not paying, that doesn't bother him too much.
"I just kinda wish they would also get on board and pay for what they're receiving," he said with a laugh.
Without laws requiring people to do so, RFTA's union will likely continue to rely on a few to represent the many.


text:
Catholic funeral programs are geared and created specifically for the Catholic mass funeral service. This program or bulletin is used to place the mass order of service, obituary of a deceased family member, and scripture readings. The Catholic mass tends to be formal in nature and therefore its important to have a program to distribute to attendees for guidance.
Funeral program designs for this denomination can have a variety of different covers some of which may contain the Blessed Mother, Saints, Jesus and the cross, or simply a fancy inscription of "In Loving Memory." Most families note the church name, address, date and time of the funeral service and pastor who is officiating the mass directly on the front cover, if space permits.
The programs are distributed before the mass and left by the guest book at the entrance of the church or by a family member of friend who is handing them out to each arriving guest. You may choose to provide one per family or to each person, depending on the amount of programs you had printed.
Typically, the Catholic funeral programs is one sheet of letter size paper folded in half, in a bifold presentation. There are four sides or panels that will house the information of the deceased or service. This is the traditional type of program distributed for the funeral mass however, you can choose to go with a trifold program or even graduated fold. The important thing is to have one made so it can serve as a guide for everyone.
obituary program
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|Electronic books
Criticism, interpretation, etc
Biography Pictorial works
|Additional Physical Format:
|Print version:
Raymond, Gary.
3-minute J.R.R. Tolkien.
Lewes : Ivy, 2013
|Named Person:
|J R R Tolkien; J R R Tolkien
|Material Type:
|Biography, Document, Internet resource
|Document Type:
|Internet Resource, Computer File
|All Authors / Contributors:
Gary Raymond; John Howe
|9781782400233 1782400230
|OCLC Number:
|1 online resource (249 pages) : illustrations (chiefly color)
|Cover; Title; Copyright; Contents; Foreword; How the Book Works; Introduction; Chapter 1: Life; The Journey Begins; Childhood; School Years; First Verse; Adventures and Sagas; Oxford; Studying Myths; The Great War; A New Mythology; Oxford for Good; Teacher and Scholar; The Inklings; Oxford Life; The Stories; Writing The Hobbit; The Children's Author; Wartime in Oxford; The Trilogy; Success; The Final Journey; Timeline; Glossary; Chapter 2: Works; The Hobbit; An Unexpected Party; Slaying the Dragon; Bilbo and the World; The "Sequel"; The Fellowship of the Ring; The Two Towers. The Return of the KingThe All-Conquering Frodo; Heroes; Villains; Monsters; Mythology; Magic and Religion; Middle-earth; The Silmarillion; Shorter Works; The Writer's Concerns; The Academic; After Tolkien; Timeline; Glossary; Chapter 3: Influence; Enduring Popularity; A Classic Work; High Fantasy; A Growing Genre; Wizards and Dragons; The Lord of the Rings Movies; The Making of The Lord of the Rings; Winning Oscars; Peter Jackson's The Hobbit; The Making of The Hobbit; Tolkien's Infl uence on Movies; Music; Fantasy Art; Fans and Conventions; Role-Playing Fantasy Games. Role-Playing Computer GamesOther Worlds; Language; Conservation and Landscape; Legacy of Life and Works; Timeline; Glossary; 3-Minute Summary; resorce; Index; Acknowledgments.
|Other Titles:
|Three-minute J.R.R. Tolkien
|Gary Raymond ; foreword by John Howe.
As Peter Jackson's cinematic hobbits set forth, 3-Minute Tolkien celebrates the enduring influence of the world's most revered fantasy writer. It offers a readable, absorbing structure, dividing J.R.R. Tolkien's life and cultural contribution into 60 neat portions, every one digestible in a mere three minutes: 20 mini-sections each on Life, Work and Influence. From a childhood inventing new languages in the sylvan landscape of the Severn valley, through a First World War that saw him witness the horrors of the Somme, to academic success founded on a passion for Old English tales ...
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Related Subjects:(8)
- Tolkien, J. R. R. -- (John Ronald Reuel), -- 1892-1973.
- Authors, English -- 20th century -- Biography.
- Authors, English -- 20th century -- Biography -- Pictorial works.
- Fantasy literature, English -- 20th century -- History and criticism.
- BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY -- Literary.
- LITERARY CRITICISM -- European -- English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh.
- Authors, English.
- Fantasy literature, English.


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I will be facilitating a workshop entitled " Women's Empowerment". It will include women from the ages of 20 and up. The vision is for women in ministry to leave feeling empowered and unified.
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The get the job done of Olivia Pope's disaster management business carries on in Season six as Fitz leaves office in addition to a new president steps in.
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Council Mayor visits Chelsea and Westminster Hospital to mark World AIDS Day
01 December 2015
The Mayor and Mayoress of The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (RBKC) visited Chelsea and Westminster Hospital today to mark World AIDS Day.
An awareness and fundraising event was held at the hospital, with volunteers and staff handing out red ribbons and giving information and statistics on HIV. The awareness day at the hospital was marked with balloons, ribbons, leaflets and an information stand where nurses, doctors and others met patients and the public to discuss issues around HIV.
Clinical Director and Chair of the British HIV Association Dr David Asboe said: "This was a fantastic day where we aimed to raise much-needed funding as well as improving people's awareness of this important issue. It was really good to see so many people interested in playing a part in the day, whether that was staff, volunteers, patients or members of the public."
The sexual health team were also on hand, in a testing bus on the hospital forecourt. The bus was at the hospital until around 5pm, when it moved on to G-A-Y Bar in Old Compton Street in Soho.
Lead Nurse for HIV Services Sheena Basnayake said: "This was a great event to mark World AIDS Day and highlights the trust's commitment to reach as many people as possible. Raising awareness and diagnosing as many people as possible means we can provide the services people need as soon as possible."
The awareness raising day marked the end of the European HIV/Hepatitis Testing Week, which saw the trust's sexual health team visit a number of community sites, including the Houses of Parliament and Hammersmith Underground station.
RBKC Mayor Cllr Robert Freeman said: "Days like today show how important it is to be aware of the issues around HIV. It provided a great opportunity for people to ask questions and pick up information, while the sexual health team and testing bus have been on tour in the community throughout the week."
The money raised from the hospital event will go directly to supporting HIV patients at the hospital.
The event today would not have been possible without the volunteers from the St Stephen's Centre, who have worked very hard.


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Erin Wilson James Sumter Sc
D**n….. Erin Wilson James are you still stalking her after you and your husband Cedrick James got your a*s beat? Imagine trying to crash a wedding and BOOM the bride stomping your head, snatching you bald while the mother of the bride boxing your a*s like she live for this s**t meanwhile your husband in the fetal position trying not to go into the light. Lmao they f****d you up, dragged your a*s…. Lmao stomped the h**l out of your husband. Laid hands on him made the nigha p**s himself. S**t the world knew he wasnt going to honor you but the least he could do is protect you. But I guess y'all are a united front… Get beat the f**k up together…. matching black eyes… Matching bust lips…. Its kinda cute frfr.
Stupid a*s weak a*s wanna be Christian a*s b***h…. One time for the dumb insecure b***h that allowed her weak a*s husband to cheat on her with woman after woman but she continue to lay up and have ugly a*s Pitt bull puppy looking kids, 5 of the mother f*****s…. (Pitt Bull puppies 4 sale…. Wait are they house broken? Spayed?) …. you weak b*****s were made for each other…… Silly B***h kept the man but stalk the woman… He lied and denied your kids. I heard of lying about a wife but the whole D**N family?!? This nigha was f*****g everybody and you knew it!!!!! But you mad….. Silly b***h…. You should be mad that the nigha he was chasing behind another woman who didn't want him for years. You two stalkers were made for each other. Shidd stalking any means necessary… Even if he had. To fly… This Piece of s**t was willing to f**k up his marriage, his family, and his job…. But you blame her…. Dude was so desperate he created divorce papers to trick her…. Purchased a ring for introduced her to his dad, his brother, his sister, frat brothers, and people in national guard unit.
Can't lie the family liked him at first, invited him to family functions. I knew something wasn't right about him… Didn't you say he stole money from his job to give to her?… Didn't he work for your dad…..imagine the insurance man committing insurance fraud… D**n he said F**k all y'all. Throw the WHOLE family away…. Girl get over it….. Nahhh you Big mad years later…… I didn't want to get involved in the Bullshit but B***h you messy!!!! Tell the truth!!!! Yea she dated Cedrick James for some years, he even met the family but the nigha lied and denied you and them Pitt bulls. 2018 but you can't move forward…. I guess you're too weak to stand on your own…..BEWARE ALL FEMALE 21 and younger YES I SAID YOUNGER Cedrick James will try to suck you in to his MESSY a*s LIFE and to you Erin Wilson james you are a psychotic gap tooth gutter rat with yo ugly A*S PIT BULL PUPPIES. YOU AND CEDRIC DESERVE EACH OTHER! And Erin you're nothing but an ugly troll who is bar s**t crazy and you are a gap tooth thick NECK was sick individual who have nothing better to do but post false s**t when the problem is your unfortunate looking cheating a*s husband who give your money to tricks….like you and if I was you I wouldn't have anymore pitbull puppies. Too many can get euthanize! LOL!
Petty I know


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The American Association for Justice reports that Danny Weeks sued after developing tardive dyskinesia from metoclopradmide, the generic version of Reglan; the drug is used to treat chronic digestive problems. Five current and former manufacturers of brand-name and generic versions were sued by Weeks and his wife (Wyeth, Inc. v. Weeks, 2014 WL 40585813 (Ala. Aug. 15, 2014)). Brand-name drug makers made efforts to dismiss the case, asserting that they had no obligation to warn about the risks of generic drugs. The court ruled early last year that brand-name drug companies may face lawsuits over allegedly making misrepresentations.
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