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Finally some progress on this, it's back from media blasting and externally painted with 2k armour, It looks great, started getting the axles re attached and get it rolling again so that I could get the insides coated in cavity paint and war, after that I got it back into the workshop and rebuilt the hubs with new bearings and new discs and stainless pistons in the freshly rebuilt calipers. The project is still moving forward at least just a little slower than expected. I've got to say though really like the 2k armour for a coating and the cavity paint went on easily, had a couple of issues with the war but overall it wasn't bad and would recommend it for what it is meant for.
Thanks Al, Building from the ground up is fun for me. Yes, I'm using a Mercedes OM603 diesel, in it now, Diesel Pump UK will rebuild the pump with 7.5mm elements, build a custom exhaust manifold and will use one of their hybrid k14 fast spool turbos. Will give 270hp-280hp and 440Nm torque. I will be starting the new 100" chassis first of August, anxious to get started building the new chassis, incorporating a few things I learned building the first one. I need to update my thread on Buzzweld FB Page. Cheers, Allen
Al Mac replied to abosely's topic in 4 wheels or moreAllen, well done in the work so far, looking forward to seeing this with the big Mercedes engine in it( sure that's what Facebook tells me), just wish I had your enthusiasm, Its certainly a daunting task you've taken on, if my truck had been in the same condition as yours I think I would have just swept it up into a black bag and moved on! It's just a pity I'll only ever see this in pictures!
Why is it when you think you're moving forward life can give you a subtle reminder that it can be messed with and really mess you about, coming upto Christmas in 2017 things we're going good then I lost my father very unexpectedly after sorting out that aftermath it really knocked me for six and couldn't really face the rebuild I left it on the back burner till I felt better, in the spring I got the chassis fully stripped and sent it off for media blasting, at the same time it was time to get ready for a charity banger drive from Edinburgh to Rome with my £460 jaguar AWD xtype so of course it took priority and after doing the charity drive me and my friend and I managed to raise about £4500 for the brain tumour trust, the bad bit about all this was in the middle of it I lost my father in-law unexpectedly, it just doesn't make me feel like rebuilding things if I'm honest, however I get my chassis back this week fully blasted and coated in 2k armour ready to be filled with cavity paint and war then fully sprayed with war on the outside when I reattach the axles and new suspension! hopefully I can keep my self going and when I finally get my chassis back I can upload some freshly painted photos, it's nice to see others that are moving forward with there builds and it all helps with the motivation the fear now is will I remember how to put it back together and did I take enough photos? He ho it is what it is and I'm sure I'll fine what I'm looking for with dr google as my friend...
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Yes I certainly do actually! :-) I've been posting updates on Buzzweld's FB page. I'll post up all the updates here and keep posting updates here now too. Cheers, Allen
Craig Jones replied to Roy harkins's topic in 4 wheels or morehi Roy. bit of a late reply. what is the general condition of the chassis etc? and what prep can you do? there is a good guide here on how to decide what chassis paint to use http://www.buzzweld.co.uk/blog/how-to-choose-a-chassis-paint.html
Craig Jones replied to abosely's topic in 4 wheels or moreallen. not seen any updates in a while im just starting to get back into the forum and build it up. be good to see if you have any updates for here?
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Roy harkins posted a topic in 4 wheels or moreHi I've an 07 mk 7 transit the chassis is in a bad way already, am wondering weather it can be sorted by a good welder and the protected. Or should I just cut my losses and get something better.
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Here is the pattern for the front spring hangers, there are four pieces like this all 1/4" material that welds on each side of the chassis horn. The blue line shows were the 1/4" plates go to box in the bottom of hanger and where the actual spring hanger welds onto the base. The red line just shows the outline of the chassis horn. These will have two 3/8" holes drilled and tapped so Buzzweld etch primer, CIO & WAR can be applied to the inside of the boxed section and then a bolt with sealant put in holes to seal it up, till want to check and re-coat if needed, all boxed in sections will have either taped holes or drain holes, depending on location and situation so all interior areas will be coated with Buzzweld etch primer, CIO & war. All the outer surfaces of the chassis, axles, driveline ect, will be coated in Buzzweld 2K Armor, CIO & WAR. Rust should not be a problem! lol Cheers, Allen
Tis is the rear spring hanger, it's being made in 1/4" material, each side takes two side plates and the 1/4" dark line on the pattern is showing where the 3" wide plate gets welded to make a box, then the 1/4" spring hanger with reinforcing piece that gets welded in is welded to the bottom like in the pic. The hole of the spring hanger is 2" lower, like the military version and 2" to the rear to increase the wheelbase by 2" to 90", the rear shackle hangers are moved rearward 2" also, of course. The drawing, real high tech eh? lol Pattern made and test fitted. Final pattern checked against the drawing. Shoeing how the spring hanger fits. And one of the spring hanger. I'll take pics of the front spring hanger tomorrow. Cheers, Allen
This is the bolt in cross member that goes under the gearbox, 1-1/2"x 2" x 3/16" and it will have the 3/16" angled front reinforcement (already made but didn't get pic) drilled and tapped for application of etch primer, CIO & WAR. The outer ends will be cut, boxed in and will bolt to brackets welded to the chassis rail. Cutting out the 3/16" rear axle truss. This is all the pieces cut out of 3mm, ready to be welded up to make up all six outriggers. The bulkhead outriggers will have holes apply etch primer, CIO & WAR to the insides. Cheers, Allen
I haven't been able to make as much progress as I had hoped to recently, did get some smaller parts designed and built, ready for welding. But next week I'll be getting the steel so I can finish building the chassis! Right after I build a welding cart for my new welder. :-) Decided to go ahead and get a good welder, a Hobart 210 MVP and is big enough to weld anything on the build, actually it can can weld up 3/8'. This is the under the flywheel bolt in cross member, it's 2"x 3"x 3/16" with 1/4" plates to bolt through the chassis rails using sleeves in the bolt holes. The first pic shows it without the 1-1/2"x 1-1/2" x 3/16" angle and the 3/16" vertical reinforcements from the tubes to the plates, the second pic shows them sitting in place. The angle pieces will be welded to the main cross member for reinforcement, but mostly to have an angled face on the front the cross member so if it hits a rock or something, it doesn't present a flat face to take the impact and help it slide up and over, since it's going to get smacked on occasion. Both the 2"x 3" tubes and the angle section will have either 3/8" or 1/2" holes drilled and tapped so can coat insides with etch prime, CIO and WAR, then thread a bolt in the holes to seal them up, later can unbolt them, flush insides and recoat if wanted. These are the vertical braces tying in the 2 x 3 to the side plates, and making them all uniform size. Cheers, Allen
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Al Mac posted a topic in 4 wheels or moreThought I best start my thread to help me Put it back together when I've finished stripping it down and show others some of products from the buzzweld shop that I am using. Looking at the other builds here it cant't really be called a rebuild as it's mostly paint This is it as purchased Dec 2012 and last week when the strip own started, After a couple of days I have reached, Hopefully over the next week I can get it fully stripped and expose all the panels that need work, at the moment it just the rear floor, front and second row seat box, and top inside corners of the bulkhead, the rest looks solid. 🤞
abosely posted a topic in 4 wheels or moreWell I thought I'd start a post about my 69' SIIA build. The reason I call it a build and not a rebuild probably make sense as I tell a bit a bout it. :-) I'm on the Big Island Hawaii and kinda stumbled into a 69"IIA SWB, in serious need of help. Here she is on the trailer ready to go home. Found her on the very top tip of the Island, about 100 mi away. Heres a close up of the front after she got home. Ok, from such humble beginnings a new SIIA will eventually emerge, as if a butterfly from it's cocoon. I'll try not to be boring... I have spent the last year figuring and designing what I want her to be, viewing everything as part of an over all system, with no one thing jumping out as noticeable. As in, wow, thats a big lift and big tires or something. I'm building her like a Land Rover SIIA, built in the 90s using the type of components from then, which to me are kinda the pinnacle of LR technology, still rugged and without much electrical and no electronics. So here's a basic overview of her build specs: Front axle modified Toyota FJ60 axle housings, long side shorter, short side lengthened, so diff sits in standard location, with truss and a bit of reinforcing, RCV custom 30 spline shafts & 300M CV joints & drive flange, 4" wider WMS to WMS, FJ60 diff, V6 Toyota calipers (2-38mm & 2 42mm pistons) vented LC discs, Sixshooter knuckles, custom steer from behind (puts tie rods above and behind axle, out of way & protected) steering sys with GM 1 ton tie rod ends, FJ60 steering box, Vanco Hydro brakes (no vacuum pump & booster) upgraded PS pump to run PS & brakes. Brake lines all in gravel guard. Rear axle, modified FJ60 housing, long side shortened, short side lengthened, 2.5" wider WMS to WMS, truss & a bit of reinforcing, Ruff Stuff disc/FF flange, LC front hub, chromoly front spindle, custom RCV 30 spline axles & press fit drive flange, FJ60 vented rotors & caliper (4-38mm pistons, don't need as much power on rear wheels) FJ60 diff, axle moved 2" aft using redrilled spring perch & extension plate, giving 90" WB, but can be converted back to 88" easily. Building chassis, I have finished making the patterns. 3.5mm material for chassis rails, cross member 1 & 4, Richard Chassis 109 Military 1 ton dumb irons, Australian Military 1/2 ton SWB rear spring hangers (duel hight spring eye holes) bulkhead outriggers, LH & RH fuel outriggers (duel Alisport aluminum fuel tanks) under engine cross member built up (3"x1.5" x 1/4") bolt in cross member, under gearbox built up (1.5"x2"x1/4") bolt in cross member, rear cross member, built from 4"x6"x 3/16" and a 4"x1"x3/16" tube welded to bottom of cross member and cut out to same profile as stock SIIA cross member, but stronger and no places to catch water. Suspension, Rocky Mountain 3 leaf Parabolics. Rear parabolic springs used on front, flipped around, so chassis horns & dumb irons only need to be extended 3-1/4", Ruff Stuff DOM bushed sleeves for shackles, Ruff Stuff HD rear shackle hangers, Ford F250 extended shock towers, Bilstein 7100 long travel (TBD probably 14" travel) shocks. LC 5.5x16 split rims, 255/85-16 MT tires. rear swing away basket that can carry 3 jerry cans, Protection & Performance roll cage kit with chassis tie ins & steel tube snorkel, building a brush bar very similar to the Camel Trophy Defenders, but customized to look proper on an SIIA, HD 4"x4"x1/4 bumper. Undercover Covers tilt and frame, I have a tropical hard top roof and sides that can be put on later if wanted, early Defender front seats, rebuilt using temper foam, cubby box, 4 rebuilt fold up rear seats. Remanufactured, tuned 300Tdi, Turner performance head, slam panel removed, using SI/Military bonnet clips makes possible to use Alisport full width 70mm XL radiator and full width front mount intercooler, remanufactured Stubby R380 & LT230 with a few strength upgrades, deluxe dished bonnet to carry spare on bonnet, Rocky Mountain door tops. New bulkhead built by Dave Marsh. Using full suite of Buzzweld's products for all paint, primer, coatings etc. The only thing that might not be Buzzweld will be top coat of Bronze Green body paint. Using the best product for each area of the vehicle and will document everything and take pics of the various steps of each type of product for all the different components, from disc calipers to chassis to engine and gearbox coatings. I think this may be the first ground up build using the full suite of Buzzweld products. I'm looking forward to using the best combination of the best Buzzweld products for any given part or components, for maximum long term protection and performance. I'll be ordering my first batch of Buzzweld products next week to be put on the pallet with the 300Tdi, gearbox, TC and some other stuff, then will be putting another order to be sent over on the pallet with the bulkhead Dave is building for me, to finish up the rest of the coatings and finishes needed. Oh and for the offroad trailer I'll be building for the SIIA to pull, it will get the full house Buzzweld treatment too! I'll be starting on the chassis in couple weeks, I've worked on the axle housings and have them ready to have the ends machined. I'll get some pics up of the axle housings in next day or so. Hopefully I haven't bored everyone to tears! :-) I think it's going to be a fun little adventure. I tend to like the technical side of things and like to know the details of things. If I'm being too detailed, please let me know. Cheers, Allen


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A Study on the Development of Thinking Styles among Primary School Students in China and its Application i Teaching Practice
eBook (PDF), 64 Pages
Price: $2.50
Students' achievements in learning depend not only on their abilities, but also on their thinking styles. The relation between thinking styles and educational environmental requirements is very important. In order to explore the developmental characteristics of thirteen kinds of thinking styles (such as legislative style, executive style and judicial style) among primary school students in China, the questionnaire method was used. The Sternberg-Wagner Thinking Styles Inventory was administered to 85 primary school students in Year 5 in China. We discussed and deduced the main features of the thinking styles of young pupils from the perspective of culture, gender, age, parenting and schooling and made some findings.
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Product Details
- Copyright
- Bingying Wei (Standard Copyright License)
- Edition
- First Edition
- Publisher
- Bingying Wei
- Published
- September 30, 2011
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 64
- File Format
- File Size
- Product ID
- 17468067
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|Any PDF Reader, Apple Preview
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|Windows PC/PocketPC, Mac OS, Linux OS, Apple iPhone/iPod Touch... (See More)
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Re: http POST onwork not called frequently enough
|Posted by:
|Remy Lebeau \(Indy Team\) (firstname.lastname@example.com)
|Fri, 29 Dec 2006
"Jim" <btree…@gmail.com> wrote in message
> The problem is during the upload, there are only 3 -5 calls being
> to ALL (no each) method.
The OnWorkBegin and OnWorkEnd events are triggered only once, at the
start/end of the upload. The OnWork event is trigered for each
individual block of data that is transmitted during the upload. The
size of the blocks is controlled by the IOHandler's SendBufferSize
property. The default size is 32 Kb, so you should be getting the
OnWork event triggered 960 times for a 30 MB file, not 5-6 times
(unless you increased the SendBufferSize to 5-6 MB before uploading).
Also, make sure that write buffering is not being used during the
upload, or else the OnWork event will only be called when the buffer
is flushed to the socket, which will result in much fewer (and larger)
blocks being sent. Which I suspect is actually the case here, as
TIdIOHandler.Write(Stream) used to enable write buffering internally
in older builds. So if you are still using an older build of Indy 10,
you should upgrade to a newer snapshot. The write buffering was
removed from Write() a long time ago.
http POST onwork not called frequently enough posted by Jim on Fri, 29 Dec 2006


text:
|Uriah Greist
Uriah Greist
Uriah married Margaret Mary Vale, daughter of William Vale and Anna Wetherland, on 27 Nov 1817 in Warrington, York County, Pennsylvania. (Margaret Mary Vale was born on 5 Nov 1794 in Warrington Township, York County, Pennsylvania and died on 21 Jan 1854 in Clearfield, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania.)
Home | Table of Contents | Surnames | Name List
This Web Site was Created 5 Jun 2016 with Legacy 6.0 from Millennia


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UK jumps jockey miraculously avoids fall
English jockey Patrick Cowley has pulled off a miraculous escape avoiding a fall in a jumps race at Wincanton overnight.
On the first major weekend of the British jumps racing season, Cowley was aboard Mosspark in a 3m 2m chase (approx 5400m), when his mount hit the final fence, sending Cowley up into the air and almost over the side.
In a brilliant piece of horsemanship, he regained his balance, thanks partly to making contact with Bally Longford on his inside, and was able to continue in the race.
The nine-year old, who was having his first run since December, was able to hold onto fifth in the race thanks to Cowley's recovery. Stewards didn't even note Cowley's good work in their report of the race.
A good sit by Patrick Cowley @wincantonraces thanks to a little assistance from @92bryan92 and Bally Longford. pic.twitter.com/QzaKSK7vH7— Racing UK (@Racing_UK) October 29, 2017


text: |Daniel Mason is a physician and author of the novels The Piano Tuner and A Far Country . His work has been translated into twenty-eight languages and adapted for opera and theater. A recipient of a fellowship from the National Endowment of the Arts, he is currently a clinical assistant professor of psychiatry at Stanford University, where he teaches courses in the humanities and medicine. He lives in the Bay Area with his family.


text:
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Events for March 11, 2018
Events Search and Views Navigation
NEW–Young Adult Retreat
March 9-11, 2018 Coed, Ages 18-25 Cost: $175 per person Limited Space Available Click here for online registration and click here for a printable PDF registration form. Do you ever ask yourself what the next challenge will be? Could you use some time to relax and recharge with other people your age […]Find out more »
9:30 am
Maple Days Weekends in March
For many at Old Sturbridge Village, the first whiff of spring isn't the aroma of spring flowers - it's the smell of wood smoke and maple syrup, a sure sign that the sap is rising and spring is on the way. Join us for four weekends of our Maple Days event throughout March, where you […]Find out more »
1:00 pm
FREE ADMISSION WHAT: Horse and Donkey drawn sap gathering Visit with a draft horse Sap house tour Syrup making demos, talks &exhibits Family Friendly activities for all ages tour the farm museum Blue Slope Country Museum Inc. is supported solely by your donations Your Generosity is greatly appreciatedFind out more »
The Apiary Series: Continuing your Hive
Continuing on with what you learned in January, learn "what's next" for your hive. This program is part of a year-long series that will teach you all you need to know about keeping bees. Dave Gilbert joins us again as he teaches us where and how to get supplies and how to continue upkeep on […]Find out more »


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Coordinates: 51°26′36″N 0°09′09″W / 51.4434°N 0.1525°W / 51.4434; -0.1525
Balham (pronounced /ˈbæləm/) is a neighbourhood of south London, England, and part of the London Borough of Wandsworth.
The settlement appears in the Domesday Book as Belgeham. It was held by Geoffrey Orlateile. Its Domesday Assets were: 1½ ploughs, 8 acres (32,000 m2) of meadow. It rendered (in total): £2.[1] The Balham area has been settled since Saxon times. Balham Hill and Balham High Road follow the line of the Roman road Stane Street to Chichester – (now the A24 road). Balham is recorded in several maps in the 1600s as Ballam or Balham Hill or Balham Manor. The village was largely within the parish of Streatham, although land to the north was part of Battersea. Large country retreats for the affluent classes were built there in the eighteenth century; however, most development occurred after the opening of Balham railway station on the line to Crystal Palace in 1856.
On 14 October 1940 Balham tube station was involved in bombing raids which took place in London during World War II. People took cover in the tube station. A bomb landed directly on top of the station bursting water and gas mains killing 64 people. This particular bomb was featured in Atonement, a 2001 novel by Ian McEwan.
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The article content of this page came from Wikipedia and is governed by CC-BY-SA.


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text:
What's in the box:
1x 3 Compartment Drink Dispenser Bottle Drinking Water Camping Party BBQ
Store and dispense 3 different types of refreshments in one unit. No more lifting containers out of the refrigerator.
11" Tall Unit easily stores in refrigerator and spins to choose the desired drink which slides out for easy pour capability. Suctions Cups attach base plate to refrigerator shelf.
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|Delivery Fee (RM)
|First 5.00 kg
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|First 1.00 kg
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In 1863 London had the World's first underground system, creating a miracle in mass transport for commuters and tourists and putting the London Underground system at the forefront of mass transportation worldwide.
In the 21st century there are numerous contenders for the World's best underground system; Seoul, Singapore, New York, but probably not London. Why? Because London was the first, has a Legacy stretching back over 150 years and though constantly being upgraded was designed well before the advent of many modern construction methods.
The analogy runs true for research. There are many research agencies that adopted the internet almost two decades ago for conducting research. They built great interviewing systems, developed an approach to sampling respondents and constructed routers and profiling techniques that enabled respondents to be reused and resampled.
The issue for many of these firms is the same as is facing London Underground. They were first, built a great approach, but did it two decades ago. Anyone with half an eye on the internet knows that two decades is a long time in technology. Agile Software Development was barely a babe when most research firms started developing their systems. These legacy systems are still in use today, resulting in approaches that are out of kilter with modern technology and both the demand of clients and desires of the people filling out surveys.
First things first. Large panels full of respondents who double opt in and then are forever being asked to confirm their age or gender. Many market researchers are members of panels (professional interest), yet few openly discuss the need for reform. If I had a pound for each time I get asked my gender…. www.booking.com never ask me to repeat my details and it makes for an experience which I go back to. I would argue it is the legacy approach to market research that is doing the industry such a disservice.
This legacy approach is directly responsible for the falling response rates, the lengthy questionnaires, the high cost of interviewing and the perilous state of engagement.
At MaruUsurv we have developed an online interviewing approach outside one of the established research houses. We have written our own rules as we have developed our approach and have had as the cornerstone of our development ethos one main thought "treat the respondent right", strike that "treat the people right", respondents are not respondents they are people, people like me, like you, like your sister and the person entering Greggs at this exact moment. They are not respondents (who want to take part in market research) they are people and as such do not have time for lengthy surveys and (if they do), they certainly do not want to be asked if they are male again.
Legacy systems have bought us to this place, but is it not better to oust them now. Oust them for the sake of the people filling out questionnaires, oust them for the sake of our data and for our client's sake oust them now.


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Bus, 17 hours
That we did something at the last hour
Your traits are that your fat
My spirit conetext
Patrice, played volleyball, and atmospheres
But I have some images, of your mama
Who, something hours...
We demand hospitality
The paradox of your mama makes me cry
Our rend something: exist
I have no clue...
People watchs, his corps play
Bonne humeur hahahaha
Then a few hours later
The front cover something, I'm a millionair.
Something about your father and a bonheur... Hahaha
The vie something fragile
The crain...
Your humiliating
Alot of something
Bouger haha, what's that?
Song name....
Diccicult situations
Fragile vie
Your sister
Our musqique
Well I'm bored now...


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From Our Editors
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A Kingdom for A Prince (Part 20)Posted by BlackGargie at Wednesday, November 15, 2017
I must've overslept because when I woke up, the moon was high in the sky and the time on my phone read 7.30pm. Holy shit, was I asleep that long? Why didn't anyone wake me up? Did I miss dinner? I got off the bed as quickly as my body could catch up with the adrenaline and stepped out of my room.
"Hello? Hello~! Anyone?"
Silence. Complete silence. And not the comfortable kind. This was not right. I have a bad feeling about this...
"Alex! Father! Guards!" My eyes slowly adjusted to the drakness of the castle. I walked along the hallway, stumbling over something i could not recall. I reached up to grab onto someting and felt a doorknob. I knocked furiously at the door. "Excuse me??!!"
I swung open the door, immediately, i recognized, this was Chad's room.
I looked around frantically. Chad was not in his bed, nor was he hooked onto the hospital equipment. Where could he be? Shit, has someone from Drake family gotten to him? "Chad? Chad?! Chad, where are you?!" Suddenly my hand was yanked and I was pulled into the en-suite bathroom of Chad's room.
"Shh! Dude! Keep it down!"
"Um.... Chad? What are you doing out bed and what the hell is go---" He interrupted me. "Bro, I said shut up!" He hissed quietly at me and covered my mouth. "They're here. Be as quiet as you can be. Do you want to die?!"
I shook my head, glad he was OK, but now worried for both our lives. "So where is everyone else? When did they come? My parents? Alex?"
"I dunno about Alex," Chad admitted. "I just heard a bunch of loud shouting and gunshots and I quickly unplugged myself and hid under the bed first. I barely managed to dodge the search, but I was lucky they gave up quickly and left the room. I was about to go find you when I heard you come in. Of course I thought whoever it is has doubled back to check here again, but I was relieved it was you."
"I knew it. Alex was right; Shawna is behind this. She's still at large and still after the throne..."
"Woah, dude, wait, who's Shawna? Who's Alex? What's going on here?"
I sighed and finally told him everything that had happened since I took that plane Claire sent me into. It wasn't the ideal time, but it was better than nothing, and Chad needed to be up to speed. "....yeah so that's the gist of it."
"Bro... you put yourself in so much danger to come bring me here... why? Why did you do it. You're a prince, man, you could've died. You're crazy, man! But why?"
I shrugged and lost my eye contact with him. "You're a close friend and I thought they'd get to you..." It was true, but not completely.
I felt Chad's stern stare on me. 5 minutes passed and he broke the silence. "Bro, I know you. You were always great at holding eye contact. I know you. When you look away, it's like your way of admitting it's a lie or partly true, which is why you can't maintain eye contact. It's like you feel guilty for doing so. Bro... tell me."
"I... I'm not lying, not... really..." I shook my head, trying to get rid of the thoughts that plagued my mind. "Anyway is this really the time? We need to go find both my real parents and my foster parents, and my sister, and Alex. Oh god, I wonder what happened--"
A pair of strong hands grabbed my face and made me face Chad's. I gasped. I've never seen Chad so serious before.
"No, you are not getting out of this. I know you have something to say, and if you don't say it now and one of us don't make it out of this alive, we are going to regret it for the rest of our lives, maybe even in the afterlife if BOTH of us don't make it. So spit it out!"
"I LOVE YOU, OK?!" I finally blurted it out. "I did this all for you because I am fucking in love with you and I didn't even realize I actually HAVE feelings for you until I knew you were hurt or you were gonna die or that I'm gonna die! I love you more than a friend, more than a bro! And it makes me sick inside that you might not feel the same way for me, so I don't want to admit it! You happy now?!"
Chad stiffened, but soon his grip on me grew weak. His face was expressionless, too hard to tell if he loved me back or not, and it was killing me. I heard him sigh. Was it relief? Happiness? Sadness? Regret? "Chad.."
"Bro, Shut up."
"E-errr... I-I'm sorry, I didn't think that yo---"
He placed his finger on my lips, interrupting me. "No, seriously, shut up! I'll get back to that later, but I think I hear something and I need you to be quiet."
I stiffened up at his finger on my lip and perked my ears, trying to listen. There was definitely footsteps coming in, slow and deliberate ones, as if the person is trying to be cautious and quiet.
"Arm yourself," Chad whispered so silently I almost couldn't hear him. "On the count of three, we pounce."
I nodded and looked around. There was a broom right to my left. It wasn't the best, but it'll have to do. Chad armed himself with a toilet plunger, then used his fingers to do the countdown. Once he hit one, we both let out a battle cry and ran out of the bathroom, tackling whoever it was that entered the room, piling onto him and whack him for all its worth with our lame-ass "weapons".
Before I smacked the man's face with my amazing and creative broom, i stopped and pushed Chad off of him. "Alex?"
"Sup bro~" He said somewhat weakly. I grabbed his arms and pulled him into the bathroom. "Alex please, you seem to know everything. What exactly is going on?"
"By the way, nice to finally meet you, heard so much about you," Alex grinned at Chad before turning to me. "As I feared, it was Shawna. One of the hired help betrayed us. He was a mole for her and disabled all the security in this castle and paved the way for Shawna to attack. I barely managed to get your foster parents to safety in one of our safe houses, but they've got your royal parents and your sister."
"Shit! We really gotta save them! Where are they headed?" I said worriedly.
"I'm trying to crack the mole into telling us right now. So far, he's not budging."
"Fine, then we kill him if he doesn't. I bet he has a family to get to now? Right? Imma go march in there myself." I reached her his gun.
"Huh, I didn't want to seem too mean but why not? Here, follow me, guys." Alex said before walking out the room.
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The chapter introduces the 5 steps to conducting business research. So be careful to select the direct or indirect approach in organizing your reports.
The unsolicited proposal can be more flexible.
But because it is unexpected by the audience, we will require to convince the readers of the benefits they will get from our proposal.
We start by 1 planning the research, 2 locating the data and information we need, 3 processing the data and information we already located, 4 applying the findings, and 5 managing the information efficiently.
In this situation, then there may be strict guidelines to be followed. Nowadays we can find almost every subject online through the search engine, such as: We can get the data and information either from the secondary research or primary research.
Begin the research process with careful planning, and then locate the data and information. But if the information is not available from the secondary research, then we will require to collecting the data ourselves by conducting surveys, interviews, and other techniques.
Then we process the results and apply the findings by summarizing the information, drawing conclusions, or making recommendation. The research result can be used in our report by quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing textual material, drawing conclusions, and making recommendation. Solicited proposal is generally prepared at the request of external parties in a form called request for proposals RFP.
Internal and External proposals. To revise, produce and proofread the messages as best as we can before distribute the message. In general, we will use this one first to save time and money.
The three-step process in writing business message is the heart of business writing. The secondary research is the research that somebody has already done the subject and documented it. Sources for such information include magazines, newspapers, public websites, books, government publications and other reports.
Informational Reports can be grouped into four categories: Analytical Reports can be grouped into three categories: However, we must pay attention not to plagiarism — means taking someone else words as our own, such as copying material from an online source and pasting it into our report without giving proper credit.
We actually have to deal with report or proposal writing in our daily life, such as: In other words, informational reports provide the feedback need in order to make decisions, take action, and respond to changes.
This is an essential ethnic to keep in mind when conducting research. The important factor in planning a proposal is whether it is a solicited proposal or unsolicited proposal. First, informational reports which present data, facts, feedback and other types of information without analysis or recommendations.
In conclusion, this chapter shows us how to adapt the three-step writing process into the report and proposal writing. We learned about the three-step process in writing business message in the previous chapters.
We should create a Statement of Purpose and use it as the guideline for the report. Remember that researching without a plan will waste time and money.
Proposals can be grouped into two categories: And third, proposals are feature persuasive requests for decision or action. Most of the reports require research in order to gather the necessary information.
We start with analyzing the situation which includes clarify the problem, define the purpose, develop the audience profile, and develop a work plan. If we understand and follow the steps, we will conquer every writings. Next is selecting the right medium to get the message to the audience and finally organizing the information.
Reports and proposals are important business messages as well, so we must adapt the three-step process in writing reports and proposals. Three ways to organize analytical reports are by focusing on conclusions, focusing on recommendations, and focusing on logical arguments.
And finally, manage the information effectively so that they can be retrieved later. Compose the message with effective words, sentences and coherent paragraphs throughout the introduction, body and close of the report.Chapter Planning Reports and Proposals Learning Objective 1: Adapt the three-step writing process to reports and proposals.
• Reports fall into three basic categories: o Informational Reports – Offer data, facts, feedback, and other types of information, without analysis or recommendations.
o Analytical Reports – Offer both information and %(3). Start studying Ch Planning Reports & Proposals. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Jul 10, · Chapter 10 Understanding and Planning Reports and Proposals by chuti on 07/10/ Reports and proposals are important business messages as well, so we must adapt the three-step process in writing reports and proposals.
Step 1 Planning: We start with analyzing the situation which includes clarify the problem, define the purpose. The following are examples of analytical reports except Which of the following statements is not true?
The first step in planning a report is to The first step in planning a report is to: To limit the scope of a study, ask the following questions except: A formal work plan usually includes the following elements except.
Dec 15, · 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVE Explain the differences between informational reports and analytical reports PART 5 Planning, Writing, and Completing Reports and Proposals C PHNJ B&E A B P N C/M/Y/K DESIGN SERVICES OF The purpose and content of business.
Business Reports and Proposals - Chapter Summary and Learning Objectives There are several key points to keep in mind when preparing an effective business report or proposal in the workplace.Download


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Email marketing may be a quick and efficient method to drive targeted visitors to your service enterprise. As one of the major component of digital advertising, Web content marketing consists of a great deal of benefits, one it's cost-effective. If marketing is all about providing the suitable content to perspective consumers, contextual advertising and marketing is about delivering that web content at one of the most suitable moment.
By taking on the usage of clever advertising and marketing automation strategy, an organisation will be able to generate messages that deal with distinctive heights of customers. Without any advertising approach in position, you could have a somewhat excellent organisation, but the substantial majority of anticipated clients aren't most likely to comprehend doing it. If you're an area service of any kind of type, it is essential to assemble a few indigenous citations prior to releasing an AdWords campaign.
Content marketing and advertising A core part of your digital advertising and marketing must be concepts. It is where you need to be. It is a company that really assists your organisation to get additional move in the online marketing sector. It is crucial to your organisation is an organisation! It, as an example, is always a solid option to think about for your future. Digital advertising and marketing can provide a variety of benefits for a small business as well as below are a few of them.
As easy as it appears, electronic advertising is just that the activities you take on the web to satisfy your overarching marketing and advertising plan's success. Digital marketing is consistently evolving! Luckily, it is the supreme equaliser when it concerns taking on larger organisations. Digital advertising and marketing and SEO is constantly evolving.
Present Google Digital Advertising And Marketing: The Ultimate Convenience!
To aid you to experience the absolute most from it, I am breaking down the information into items to make sure that you may accomplish your search engine marketing objectives and goals. To observe means to enhance your website additionally by optimising your content and also images you may download your totally free duplicate right here. Ppc (PPC) Advertising Considering That you own a site of your own, you will certainly need to take into consideration advertising it. If your site isn't responsive or mobile pleasant, it is mosting likely to be difficult to win the race in 2018. If you want to find the greatest online leads, you have to bump up your digital advertising. The internet is presently an important section of their lives of all.
To test your site for mobile kindness, you'll have the ability to make use of Google's totally free Mobile-Friendly Examination device. Google needs to be a powerful component of every organisation's electronic advertising and marketing system. Google might get a backlash, his comment is here however it won't remain in problem, as it's almost certain definitely nothing will alter. Google further specifies that each webmaster must consider making use of Google console.
The promo of products, brand names as well as solutions with various type of digital channels is called electronic advertising and marketing. Your longer-term approach will take into account the messages that you want to connect to your potential clients, the deals you wish to offer to them, as well as the various methods you might intend to utilize their call information in the future. On-line methods as well as methodologies aren't likely to wane. It's feasible to create the evaluation of an individual's internet campaign directly from the start and also certainly will identify its improvement that as well in real-time.
There are a lot of factors to not make use of electronic advertisements in your promo. It serves for any ad campaign given that it obtains your internet site extra website traffic and prospective clients. Every great marketing and advertising project starts with a well laid-out plan. A prospering electronic marketing and advertising campaign is a living electronic marketing current online marketing and advertising campaign. It can be rather effective to front-load your brand-new electronic advertising and marketing initiatives using electronic ads.
Digital marketing ideas for financial institutions and cooperative credit union marketing can be discovered all over the net. Though adhering to hot patterns can be a fantastic means to increase your existing targets, you additionally want to guarantee you have actually obtained an extensive knowledge of the fundamental essentials of digital advertising and marketing. So now you understand the best area to locate every one of your web content advertising know-how from. Locating the very best results from your electronic marketing and advertising initiatives will certainly need you to find the optimal experts to assist. A career in digital advertising and marketing features various benefits such as There is a big need for people with digital skills.
The New Angle On Existing Google Digital Marketing Simply Released
For a business to be sustainable, buying your advertising and marketing is essential. If you're just beginning in the sphere of digital advertising, releasing a Google AdWords campaign may seem a little challenging. Look and also find the ideal place to start your trip, and you'll soon be prepared to take advanced steps with digital marketing and advertising trends. Existing electronic marketing and advertising trends will open up the wide range of opportunities for company and also will entirely alter the instructions of it. While typically forgotten, the strategy as well as framework of your website may have a huge effect on your SEO. A site's style is none different. Fortunately, a local business internet site style is a good deal less complicated when you know the most effective place to look.


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Employing a non-long-lasting style marker or masking tape, trace a circle all around the skin on the prepared place from the Pull Button
Pick out the Plastic Pull Button that very best matches the dimensions and condition of the dent being pulled. Generally, the really center of the dent is the greatest placement nevertheless bigger dents could take pleasure in many pulls from distinct places.
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The subsequent can be a breakdown of approximate pricing related to the paintless dent repair procedure. The table down below is strictly a guideline. Real prices may perhaps fluctuate depending on the location, accessibility, and severity of your hurt.
On the other hand, a lot more serious damages, for example jagged creases and deeply broadened depressions, fractures over the borders of a overall body panel, spots with binary metal assistance such as the edges of the vehicle's doorways, trunk, and hood, and / or dents with excessively wrecked paint can't be corrected with PDR, and would require a much more drastic repair.
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There's a new promo for the upcoming CBS series 'Supergirl.' Watch video.
CBS has released a new 'Supergirl' promo which features Supergirl in a fight with guest star Owain Yeoman as Vartox.
Related: CBS announce premiere dates for shows.
In the upcoming superhero series, Melissa Benoist plays Kara Zor-El, who escapes the destruction on Krypton to join her cousin on Earth.
Also read : 1st look at Mellisa Benoist's heroine costume.
'Supergirl' also stars Mehcad Brooks, Calista Flockhart, Chyler Leigh, David Harewood, Faran Tahir, Dean Cain and Helen Slater.
CBS recently announced Peter Facinelli as Maxwell, a billionaire who enjoys a friendly rivalry with Cat Grant and a fascination with National City's newest arrival 'Supergirl.'
Supergirl is scheduled to debut in November.


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This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. Primary support for the subproject and the subproject's principal investigator may have been provided by other sources, including other NIH sources. The Total Cost listed for the subproject likely represents the estimated amount of Center infrastructure utilized by the subproject, not direct funding provided by the NCRR grant to the subproject or subproject staff. We are optimizing trans-rectal ultrasound-coupled optical tomography (TRUST) to improve image guided prostate biopsy by utilizing both the anatomic details of trans-rectal ultrasound (US) and functional information from trans-rectal near infrared (NIR) tomography. Trans-rectal NIR tomography presents a new dimension of information necessary to determining malignancy of lesions suspicious on US and potentially detecting lesions that are otherwise inconspicuous on US. The trans-rectal US not only ensure accurate positioning of the NIR applicator but also can provide spatial prior for guided NIR image reconstruction. In this project, we propose to quantitatively assess TRUST images of prostate in vivo and histological images of prostate cancer. We will focus on important variable in US and NIR imaging, including those associated with optimizing NIR image reconstruction. We will first pre-process US images by the advanced image processing techniques including noise pattern suppression and image segmentation to extract the spatial a priori information to guide NIR image reconstruction. Next, we will quantify the accuracy of optical properties in the US-guided reconstructed with respect to pre-determined true values, and use a perceptual difference computer model (PDM) to determine the visual difference between images reconstructed with and without priori information. Finally, we will establish a relationship between the optical property of prostate cancer and the abnormal cell-morphology using histology images, by converting information such as density and size distribution of cellular or sub-cellular organelles to associated optical properties. This will lead to the understanding of optical scattering spectra of the prostate cancer as a new dimension for detection. These proposed approaches will optimize NIR image reconstruction, and understanding of the optical pathology of prostate cancer. The completion of this research will establish accurate tools for evaluating and optimizing the TRUST detection of prostate cancer. The research outcome may also apply to other multi-modality imaging techniques such as PET/CT, SPECT/CT, and PET/MRI.
|Wetherill, Marianna S; Williams, Mary B; Gray, Karen A (2017) SNAP-Based Incentive Programs at Farmers' Markets: Adaptation Considerations for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Recipients. J Nutr Educ Behav 49:743-751.e1
|Hannafon, Bethany N; Trigoso, Yvonne D; Calloway, Cameron L et al. (2016) Plasma exosome microRNAs are indicative of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 18:90
|Wilson, Kevin R; Cannon-Smith, Desiray J; Burke, Benjamin P et al. (2016) Synthesis and structural studies of two pyridine-armed reinforced cyclen chelators and their transition metal complexes. Polyhedron 114:118-127
|Trigoso, Yvonne D; Evans, Russell C; Karsten, William E et al. (2016) Cloning, Expression, and Purification of Histidine-Tagged Escherichia coli Dihydrodipicolinate Reductase. PLoS One 11:e0146525
|Khandaker, Morshed; Riahinezhad, Shahram; Sultana, Fariha et al. (2016) Peen treatment on a titanium implant: effect of roughness, osteoblast cell functions, and bonding with bone cement. Int J Nanomedicine 11:585-94
|Hu, Zihua; Jiang, Kaiyu; Frank, Mark Barton et al. (2016) Complexity and Specificity of the Neutrophil Transcriptomes in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Sci Rep 6:27453
|Zhang, Shuyu; Xue, Jing; Zheng, Jie et al. (2015) The superoxide dismutase 1 3'UTR maintains high expression of the SOD1 gene in cancer cells: The involvement of the RNA-binding protein AUF-1. Free Radic Biol Med 85:33-44
|Matz, Dallas L; Jones, Donald G; Roewe, Kimberly D et al. (2015) Synthesis, structural studies, kinetic stability, and oxidation catalysis of the late first row transition metal complexes of 4,10-dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazabicyclo[6.5.2]pentadecane. Dalton Trans 44:12210-24
|Wang, Shuai; Hannafon, Bethany N; Lind, Stuart E et al. (2015) Zinc Protoporphyrin Suppresses ?-Catenin Protein Expression in Human Cancer Cells: The Potential Involvement of Lysosome-Mediated Degradation. PLoS One 10:e0127413
|Shircliff, Anthony D; Wilson, Kevin R; Cannon, Desiray J et al. (2015) Synthesis, structural studies, and oxidation catalysis of the manganese(II), iron(II), and copper(II) complexes of a 2-pyridylmethyl pendant armed side-bridged cyclam. Inorg Chem Commun 59:71-75
Showing the most recent 10 out of 163 publications


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NAIROBI, Kenya Ethnically driven violence intensified in Kenya on Sunday, and police officials said at least 19 people, including 11 children, were burned to death in a house by a mob.
The country seems to be becoming increasingly unhinged, with even the Kenyan military, deployed for the first time, unable to stop the wave of revenge killings.
More than 100 people have been killed in the past four days, many of them shot with arrows, burned or hacked with machetes.
It is some of the worst fighting since a disputed election in December ignited long-simmering tensions that have so far claimed at least 750 lives. The fighting appeared to be spreading Sunday across the Rift Valley region, a particularly picturesque part of Kenya known more for its game parks and fancy lodges.
The Kenyan government is now threatening to arrest top opposition leaders on suspicion of orchestrating the bloodshed, but opposition leaders are in turn accusing the government of backing criminal gangs.
Police in Naivasha said fighting erupted Sunday morning between gangs of Kikuyus and Luos, two of Kenya's biggest ethnic groups, who have clashed across the country since the election. Witnesses said that mobs threw flaming tires and mountains of rocks into the streets to block police officers from entering some neighborhoods. The mobs then went house to house, looking for certain people.
Grace Kakai, a police commander in Naivasha, said a large crowd of Kikuyus chased a group of Luos through a slum, trapped them in a house, blocked the doors and set the house afire. Police found 19 bodies huddled in one room, and Kakai said that some of the children's bodies were so badly burned that they could not be identified.
"All I can say is that they were school age," she said.
"The situation is very bad," Kakai said. "People are fighting each other and trying to drive them out of the area. We have to evacuate people."
Thousands of families are streaming out of Naivasha, Nakuru, Molo, Eldoret and other towns across the Rift Valley. The region is home to supporters of both Mwai Kibaki, Kenya's president, and Raila Odinga, the top opposition leader, and the site of historic land disputes between members of rival ethnic groups.
Kibaki is a Kikuyu and Odinga is a Luo, and the disputed election, in which Kibaki was declared the winner by a narrow margin despite widespread evidence of vote rigging, set off the ethnically driven violence.


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I'm preparing and going to serve a mission in Mexico. My hobbies include: playing soccer, playing the violin, water skiing, wakeboarding, snow skiing. I love being outside, and I love to exercise and live a healthy lifestyle. After my mission I plan on attending college.
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...this is lehuck badu. I dig her look. (Images courtesy of Tumblr)
Tag: amber rose
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The unfairly beautiful Amber Nova…
...Lawd. (Image courtesy of amber.nova)
3 GUARANTEED Things That Men Won't Care About When Dating Women
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It does have vacuum advance. Cranking compression test needs done again as my guys didn't do it properly ( in my opinion ). Balancer is correct ( has big counter weight, typical 454 ). I am so far beyond "basic" it's unreal ( see "41 Willy's 468 overheats" thread ).travis wrote: ↑Mon Oct 16, 2017 2:35 pmDoes it have vacuum advance? Have you done a cranking compression check (it sounds like this would tell you a lot in this situation)? Have you verified TDC on the balancer is correct? Basic stuff I know but sometimes the little things can kick your ass.
Have you tried dropping the pipes and see what difference open headers will make? Severe exhaust restriction can certainly cause overheating too. How does it idle and drive? Does it feel off or really down on power?
Am going to button engine back up and drive with open exhaust tomorrow or this afternoon. Idles great, driving has a slight rpm vibration but cannot find any obvious cause ( reversion? ). Flex plate looks correct ( 454 w/big weight, typical ), balancer good, pistons in correct direction, not the converter ( ran w/converter disconnected ), does it in Park so not driveline. Power doesn't seem great for a big engine but it isn't noticeably lagging, no flat spots in acceleration so AFR not real lean anyway. It' does feel off but that was with cam degreed +4 and I am putting that back where it was. With oil pan off, bottom of rods would make it appear that at least a balance was "attempted"?
Either way, with the slow burn set up ( low CR + this cam shaft ), just want to get it to cool better with rpm.
FYI, radiator new and over sized, new and perfect/correct w/p, plenty of fuel to the carb, plenty of fan and well shrouded.
The cam/compression ratio combo is what I am down to having to fight based on earlier posts. I have removed all exhaust restrictions but just gotta get her back together for another test drive. I cannot improve on the engine internals at this juncture so am trying to overcome the combo that it has now.
Any thoughts on ignition upgrade that would help speed up the "burn" in the chamber? Has MSD distributor w/vacuum adv ( not points ) and just a typical looking "Blaster" coil.


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Queen duvet cover (88" x 88") featuring the image "Blue Ridge Parkway I" by Jeff McJunkin. Our soft microfiber duvet covers are hand sewn and include a hidden zipper for easy washing and assembly. Your selected image is printed on the top surface with a soft white surface underneath. All duvet covers are machine washable with cold water and a mild detergent.
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Of course, Jill Barklem's artwork is so amazing! A beautiful way to display more of her lovely Brambly Hedge illustrations is on a duvet! Brambly Hedge has been a very important part of our family for many years. We are grateful for Jill every day. (The only reason I gave this 4 stars instead of 5 has nothing to do with the artwork-- I really don't like the fabric that Fine Art America used for the duvet. It feels terrible. I would've liked a nice cotton or flannel.)
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And with that promotion, that'll bump Will and Kate's eldest son, Prince George, to the Prince of Wales title, meaning whomever he marries (IF he marries) will become the next Princess of Wales. Diana was never "Princess Diana" anyway (though most of the world referred to her that way).
"The shared laughter and affection signals look very similar to Kate's poses but Meghan is now looking more like a grand-daughter-in-law than a female friend".
At this point, it looks like Kate Middleton and Meghan Markle have a hard time being in the same room with one another, let alone ever get along.
According to the experts, there does seem to be a genuine respect between them which indicates a budding friendship.More news: Uber's backup driver was streaming 'The Voice' minutes before fatal collision
Kate is apparently not happy about this because Harry and Meghan's apartment is larger and has one more bedroom, and she doesn't think it is fair.
When the engagement was announced in November, both women expressed their happiness. But now that the Duchess of Cambridge is shutting Markle out, it is causing problems for the brothers. Sweet, right? Eventually, though, it should be pointed out, once William becomes the King of England, Kate's title will change once again and she'll become Her Majesty Queen Consort Catherine VI.
An insider claims that Prince Harry and Prince William are "at their wits' end" and they "feel stuck in the middle" as the tension builds between their wives.
Getty Meghan Markle and Kate Middleton: Are the two Duchesses friends? After all of the family drama Meghan had to deal with leading up to her wedding, the source says she "doesn't need it with her friends".More news: Twitter Suspends Journalists Sharing Stephen Miller's Personal Phone Number
Notably, both couples spoke at the Royal Foundation Forum, where they talked about their roles in the charity programme. Before Meghan married Harry, the Duchess of Cambridge was the star of the show.
On more thane occasion, Meghan has been seen beaming at Kate, smiling and laughing.
Unfortunately, Prince William and Kate Middleton haven't even put in half of the effort that Prince Harry and Meghan Markle have put in during the first month of their marriage.
Meghan is likely to look up to Kate, as the Duchess of Cambridge has a long history within the family.More news: Who wins Group G if England and Belgium draw?
Kate and the Queen have a natural ease together, which Meghan will be keen to replicate.


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There's one type of orange juice we've overlooked -- your own freshly squeezed juice.
This is the least convenient way to drink orange juice, no doubt about it. You have to carry the oranges home, and they are heavy. You have to slice them, you have to squeeze them, you have to dispose of the rinds. And some home juicers require a lot of strength.
Another point: This is a natural product, so much depends on the season. The best time to buy oranges for juice is November through April, but even then the flavor of the juice changes with every batch.
Of course, there are those who think that just adds to the fun -- and this reporter happens to be one of them -- but disabuse yourself of the notion that drinking orange juice this way is cheap.
The average cost of home-squeezed juice depends on the season and the juiciness of the oranges you buy, of course. But figuring two oranges to a glass of juice, it runs from 40 cents up.
-- Janice Okun


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Appetite for takeaway makes Just Eat FTSE 100 candidate
LONDON: The UK's penchant for takeaway food may propel restaurant delivery firm Just Eat Plc into the benchmark FTSE 100 stock index after surging more than threefold since its April 2014 initial public offering.
Just Eat's market capitalisation of about £5.6bil may qualify the stock to enter the FTSE 100 Index next month, the London Stock Exchange Group said on Monday.
The London-based company has leapfrogged supermarket chains J Sainsbury Plc and Wm Morrison Supermarkets Plc along the way.
Its meteoric rise has come despite stiff competition from much larger rivals such as Amazon.com Inc and Uber Technologies Inc, the loss of two top executives within months and the regulatory rigour that comes with an upstart shaking up traditional markets.
Not to mention the confidence-eroding political backdrop of Brexit.


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(information about the author is at the end of the piece)
Godless Cosmology
In recent years Christian apologists have blatantly misled the public in claiming that no conflict exists between science and religion and that modern science actually has dramatically confirmed biblical teachings. For example, in his recent book, What's So Great About Christianity, Dinesh D'Souza says:
In a stunning conformation of the book of Genesis, modern scientists have discovered that the universe was created in a primordial explosion of energy and light. Not only did the universe have a beginning in space and time, but the origin of the universe was also the beginning for space and time. If you accept that everything that has a beginning has a cause, then the material universe has a nonmaterial or spiritual cause. (1)
Every culture has its creation myths and the Bible has no monopoly on those stories. Furthermore, the story in Genesis bears no resemblance to that of modern cosmology. It has the Earth created before the Sun, Moon, and stars. Actually, Earth formed eight billion years after the first stars. The Bible can hardly be credited with predicting the expanding universe described by the Big Bang when it depicts the universe as a firmament with Earth fixed and immobile at its center.
D'Souza's main claim, however, is that the Big Bang showed that the universe, including space and time, began as a singularity of infinitesimal size and infinite density. For 30 years Christian apologist William Lane Craig has argued that everything that begins must have a cause and, since the universe had a beginning, it must have had an external cause. (2) Craig identifies that cause with the first cause or prime mover of Aristotle and Aquinas that they called God.
Craig bases his conclusions on the mathematical proof made by Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose in 1970 that the universe began as a singularity. (3) Hawking and Penrose's conclusion followed from Einstein's general theory of relativity. What D'Souza, Craig, and other theists ignore is that more than 20 years ago Hawking and Penrose withdrew their claim and agreed that no singularity occurs when you take into account quantum mechanics. D'Souza refers to page 53 of Hawking's 1988 bestseller A Brief History of Time, where Hawking is supposed to say: "There must have been a Big Bang singularity." (4) I have not been able to find this statement on that or any other page in Hawking's book. In fact, a few pages earlier Hawking says just the opposite:
So in the end our [Hawking and Penrose] work became generally accepted and nowadays nearly everyone assumed that the universe started with a Big Bang singularity. It is perhaps ironic that, having changed my mind, I am now trying to convince other physicists that there was in fact no singularity at the beginning of the universe – as we shall see later, it can disappear once quantum effects are taken into account. (5)
When I debated with William Lane Craig in Hawaii in 2003, I carefully explained the fact that Penrose and Hawking had withdrawn their proposal. Nevertheless, when I heard him talk a few months later on the University of Colorado campus, he was still using the singularity argument to provide evidence for a creator. As of this writing, his website has not corrected his 1991 paper that once again says that the universe began with infinite density. (6)
There simply was no singularity at the start of the Big Bang, and there is no basis to the claim that the universe, much less space and time, began at that point by the act of a creator or outside force. Indeed, modern cosmology points to a limitless universe that has no beginning or end in space and time, with the Big Bang an episode within the larger universe that led to that subuniverse we call home.
But even if we grant that the universe had a beginning, this does not imply that it had a cause. D'Souza refers to me: "Physicist Victor Stenger says the universe may be 'uncaused' and may have 'emerged from nothing.'" He scoffs: "Even David Hume, one of the most skeptical of all philosophers, regarded this position as ridiculous…Hume wrote in 1754, 'I have never asserted so absurd a proposition as that anything might rise without cause.'" (7)
Hume can be excused for not knowing quantum physics in 1754, but D'Souza and Craig cannot today, more than a century since its discovery. They are wrong in their assertion that everything that begins must have a cause. According to conventional interpretations of quantum mechanics, nothing "causes" the atomic transitions that produce light or the nuclear decays that produce nuclear radiation. These happen spontaneously and only their probabilities are determined.
In 1983 Hawking and James Hartle produced a model for the natural origin of our universe that today remains fully consistent with all we know from physics and cosmology. (8) This is just one of a number of natural scenarios that have been published by reputable scientists in reputable scientific journals. (9) In one variation of the Hartle-Hawking model, following the review by David Atkatz, (10) our universe appeared by a process of quantum tunneling from an earlier universe that extended back into our past without limit. That tunneling passes through a region of total chaos. I have worked out this model in full mathematical detail and published it in both a book and an article in a philosophical journal. (11)
All the published scenarios for a natural origin of our universe are consistent with existing knowledge. However, none has been proven unique. So, while we cannot say this is exactly how our universe came to be, the fact that we have several completely worked out scenarios refutes any claim that a supernatural cause was required to produce the universe.
Cosmological models such as that of Hartle and Hawking and more general considerations indicate that our universe at the earliest moment was a black hole of maximum entropy – this is, total chaos and minimal or no coherent information. This means that they early universe contained no information from any prior state. If a creator existed, our universe has no memory of him.
Now, although the initial entropy of the universe was maximal, that maximum was still very low because the universe at the time was very small. As the volume of the universe increases, the maximum entropy increases. This leaves room for order to form without violation the second law of thermodynamics.
No input of special information was needed for the Big Bang and no laws of physics were violated when it appeared 13.7 billion years ago. Recent measurements of the average energy density of the universe give exactly the value it should have if the total energy at the beginning of the Big Bang were zero. That is, no outside energy was required to make our universe. The total energy of the universe is zero, with the positive energy of motion exactly canceled by the negative potential energy of gravity.
Theologians such as Alvin Plantinga have tried to make much of these kinds of close balance, claiming that they were "fine-tuned" by God to make humanity possible. Any slight energy imbalance in the early universe, as small as one part in ten to the sixtieth, and either the universe would have collapsed too fast for life to form, or it would have expanded so quickly that stars would not have had a chance to form. (12)
This is another example, in this case a highly ironic one, where theologians' ignorance of physics leads them to mislead themselves and others. Indeed, the balance between positive and negative energy is highly precise because the universe was not created but came into being naturally from nothing with zero energy. Far from helping to prove that God exists, this example provides just one more reason to believe he does not.
Let us look further at the claim that the constants of physics are so finely tuned that, without that tuning, life as we know it would not exist. This argument is often called the anthropic principle. (13) The weak version of this principle is trivial. Of course we live in a universe in which the constants of nature are suited for us. If they weren't, we wouldn't be here.
In the stronger version of the anthropic principle, the constants somehow were chosen to produce us. Theists say it was God's doing. Scientists have proposed an alternative in which there are multiple universes with different constants and so, by the weak anthropic principle, we are in the universe suited for us.
Many theists have ridiculed the idea of multiple universes, saying it is unscientific since we cannot observe the other universes. They also claim that the multi-universe hypothesis violates Occam's razor by "multiplying entities beyond necessity." However, science often deals with the directly unobservable, and multiple universes are suggested by modern cosmological theories that agree with all existing data.
Furthermore, Occam's razor deals with hypotheses, not objects. The atomic model multiplied the number of objects we had to deal with by a trillion trillion, yet it was more parsimonious than the models that preceded it. Similarly, since we need to introduce an additional hypothesis to limit ourselves to a single universe, it is the single universe model that violates Occam's razor.
But even in a single universe, the fine-tuning argument fails. It says nothing about life as we don't know it. We have no way of estimating how many different forms of life might be possible with different constants and laws of physics.
What is more, our universe does not look at all finely tuned for human life. We can only exist on this tiny planet. The universe visible from Earth contains a hundred billion galaxies, each with a hundred billion stars. The distance between stars is so vast by human standards that we will never make a bodily appearance outside our own solar system. Furthermore, more universe – of at least 50 orders of magnitude – lies beyond our horizon. The universe we see with our most powerful telescopes, out to some 40 billion light years, is but a grain of sand in the Sahara. Yet we are supposed to think that a supreme being exists who follows the path of every particle, while listening to every human thought, guiding his favorite football teams to victory, and assuring that the specially chosen survive plane crashes.
Besides, why would a perfect, omnipotent God have to twiddle any knobs to fine-tune the universe for humanity? He's God. He should have got it right in the first place. He could have made it possible for us to live anyplace, even in outer space.
Finally, let me address probably the most common question theists ask atheists, one they smugly think is the final clincher on the case for God: "Why is there something rather than nothing?" This is called the primordial existential question. The eminent philosopher Adolf Grunbaum has shown that the question is ill-conceived because it assumes that the natural state of affairs is "nothing" and that some cause was necessary to bring "something" into existence. (14)
That argument can be supplemented with a physics argument that something is more natural than nothing. Material systems in nature tend to change spontaneously from simpler and symmetric states to more complicated and asymmetric states. For example, in the absence of external energy (heat), water vapor will condense into liquid water, which will then freeze into ice. Since nothing is simpler than something, we expect it to change spontaneously into something. As the Nobel prize-winning physicist Frank Wilczek said when he was asked why there is something rather than nothing: "Nothing is unstable." (15)
We can also show that the laws of physics are just what they should be if the universe came from nothing. (16) The stars, planets, mountains, and your and I are simply frozen nothing.
1. Dinesh D'Souza, What's So Great About Christianity? (Washington, DC: Regenery Publishing, Inc., 2007), p. 116
2. William Lane Craig, The Kalam Cosmological Argument. Library of Philosophy and Religion (London: Macmillan, 1979).
3. Stephen W. Hawking and Roger Penrose, "The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, series A, 314, (1970): 529-48.
4. D'Souza, What's So Great About Christianity?, pp. 121-2.
5. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time From the Big Bang to Black Holes (New York: Bantam Books, 1988), p. 50.
6. William Lane Craig, "The Existence of God and the Beginning of the Universe," Truth: A Journal of Modern Thought 3 (1991): 85-96; available online at www.leaderu.com/truth/3thruth11.html (accessed July 31, 2008).
7. D'Souza, What's So Great About Christianity? P. 125, citing Victor J. Stenger, "Has Science Found God?" Free Inquiry 19/1 (Winter 1998/1999): 56-8, and J.Y.T. Greid, ed., The Letters of David Hume (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932), p. 187.
8. James B. Hartle and Stephen W. Hawking, "Wave Function of the Universe," Physical Review D28 (1983): 2960-75.
9. Alexander Vilenkin, "boundary Conditions and Quantum Cosmology," Physical Review D33 (1986): 3560-9.
10. David Atkatz, "Quantum Cosmology for Pedestrians," American Journal of Physics 62 (1994): 619-27.
11. Victor J. Stenger, The Comprehensible Cosmos: Where Do the Laws of Physics Come From? (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007), pp. 312-19. "A Scenario for a Natural Origin of Our Universe," Philo 9/2 (2006): 93-102; available online at www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Godless/Origin.pdf (accessed August 8, 2008).
12. Alvin Plantinga, "The Dawkins Confusion: Naturalism ad absurdum," Books and Culture 13/2 (March/April 2007): 21; available online at www.christianitytoday.com/bc/2007/002/1.21.html (accessed August 8, 2008).
13. John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).
14. Adolf Grunbaum, "The Poverty of Theistic Cosmology," British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 55 (2004): 561-614, axh401.
15. Frank Wilczek, "The Cosmic Asymmetry between Matter and Antimatter," Scientific American 243/6 (1980): 82-90.
16. Stenger, The Comprehensible Cosmos.
About the Author
Victor J. Stenger received a bachelor's of science degree in electrical engineering from Newark College of Engineering (now New Jersey Institute of Technology) in 1956. He then received a master's of science degree in physics from UCLA in 1959 and a PhD in physics in 1963. He then took a position on the faculty of the University of Hawaii, retiring to Colorado in 2000. He currently is emeritus professor of physics at the University of Hawaii and adjunct professor of philosophy at the University of Colorado. Dr. Stenger is a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and a research fellow of the Center for Inquiry. Dr. Stenger has also held visiting positions on the faculties of the University of Heidelberg in Germany, Oxford in England (twice), and has been a visiting researcher at Rutherford Laboratory in England, the National Nuclear Physics Laboratory in Frascati, Italy, and the University of Florence in Italy.
His research career spanned the period of great progress in elementary particle physics that ultimately led to the current standard model. He participated in experiments that helped establish the properties of strange particles, quarks, gluons, and neutrinos. He also helped pioneer the emerging fields of very high-energy gamma-ray and neutrino astronomy. In his last project before retiring, Dr. Stenger collaborated on the underground experiment in Japan that in 1998 showed for the first time that the neutrino has mass. The Japanese leader of this experiment shared the 2002 Nobel Prize for this work.
Victor Stenger has had a parallel career as an author of critically well-received popular-level books that interface between physics and cosmology and philosophy, religion, and pseudoscience. These include: Not by Design: The Origin of the Universe (1988); Physics and Psychics: The Search for a World beyond the Senses (1990); The Unconscious Quantum: Metaphysics in Modern Physics and Cosmology (1995); Timeless Reality: Symmetry, Simplicity, and Multiple Universes (2000); Has Science Found God? The Latest Results in the Search for Purpose in the Universe (2003); The Comprehensible Cosmos: Where Do the Laws of Physics Come From? (2006); God: The Failed Hypothesis--How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist (2007); Quantum Gods: Creation, Chaos, and the Search for Cosmic Consciousness (2009); The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason (2009). God: The Failed Hypothesis made the New York Times Best Seller List in March 2007.
Dr. Stenger maintains a popular Web site (a thousand hits per month), where much of his writing can be found, at http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger.