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Journal of Spectroscopy
Volume 2013, Article ID 276981, 8 pages
2,7-Dichlorofluorescein Hydrazide as a New Fluorescent Probe for Mercury Quantification: Application to Industrial Effluents and Polluted Water Samples
1Department of Studies in Chemistry, Bangalore University, Central College Campus, Bangalore 560 001, India
2Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore 560 056, India
Received 19 June 2012; Accepted 19 September 2012
Academic Editor: Nives Galić
Copyright © 2013 Sureshkumar Kempahanumakkagari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A new fluorescent probe 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide for mercury quantification in aqueous medium has been described. It is based on the spirolactam ring opening of colorless and nonfluorescent 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide induced by Hg2+ ions through the hydrolytic cleavage of amide bond to produce green-colored highly fluorescent dichlorofluorescein in alkaline medium. The significant color change of this reagent in the presence of mercury ions can be used as a sensitive naked-eye detector. The working range, limit of detection, and relative standard deviations were found to be 0.2–20 ngmL−1, 0.042 ngmL−1, and 0.69% respectively. The proposed method is free from most of the common interfering ions present in the environmental samples. The developed method has been successfully applied to determine trace level mercury from water, soil, and industrial effluents.
1. Introduction
Global mercury emissions have increased substantially in recent years due to increased human activity mainly through the emissions from coal burning power plants, gold mining operations, and industrial processes [1]. Mercury is a volatile element and has a long atmospheric residence time which results in long-range transport and homogenization on a hemispherical scale. Toxic effects of mercury include damage to DNA, kidney, digestive, and neurological systems, impairing the mitosis, and disturbing the central nervous as well as endocrine systems [2]. Other health effects caused by mercury are due to its high affinity towards thiol groups of the proteins and enzymes leading to the dysfunction of cells and consequently causing health problems [3]. Due to its serious toxic effects and increased concentrations in the environment, the Environmental Protection Agency of USA (USEPA) has set 2 ppb as the maximum threshold limit value (TLV) for inorganic mercury in drinking water [2]. Mercury contamination in the environment is of widespread and arises from a variety of natural sources [4]. Every year nearly 2700–6000 tones of elemental mercury is released into the atmosphere by volcanic eruption and about 2000–3000 tones by the coal combustion, gold production, and other industrial processes [5]. Its wide utility in industrial processes like catalysis, amalgams, electrodes, lamps, batteries, thermometers, fungicides, pigments, and so forth is due to its characteristic physicochemical properties [6]. Another important source of mercury is chloralkali industry where the electrolytic bath consists of mercury as a cathode during the electrolysis of NaCl [7]. The above-mentioned industrial sources release their effluents into the nearby water bodies. The various species of fish and bacteria in aqueous environments have the ability to transform the elemental mercury into organo mercuric species like methyl, ethyl, and phenyl mercury species which are most toxic to living systems and also a neurotoxin [8]. It exists mainly in three forms in the environment, that is, ionic, organics and elemental form. Depending on the environmental conditions, it can transform into different forms; hence, the existence of mercury in any form in the environmental matrices is potentially harmful to human health. In order to control the mercury toxicity, it is very much essential to know the concentrations of different species of mercury present in various environmental samples mainly in industrial effluents which were disposed into water bodies without proper treatment. Over the years, a great emphasis has been given on the development of sensing sensors for mercury monitoring involving chemosensors, fluorogenic chemosensors, and electrochemical devices [9–16]. Among all these, fluorogenic/chromogenic sensors are especially promising due to their simple naked-eye detectable application requiring less labour and inexpensive equipment when compared to electrochemical sensors. Several sensors have been reported for mercury determination from a variety of sample matrices [17–21]. However, most of these sensors are not suitable for practical use due to several limitations like poor selectivity, sensitivity, interference from other metal ions, delayed response to target ions, or water insoluble sensing probes which cannot be used under aqueous condition. Hence, there is a scope to develop inexpensive, real-time monitoring protocols for mercury determination at ultratrace level using fluorogenic/chromogenic molecules.
The metal ions can cleave and promote the hydrolytic cleavage of specific bonds like ester or amide bonds which are present in molecules like xanthenes and its derivatives accompanied by the change of spectroscopic properties of these molecules [22]. In recent years, several molecules have been explored as fluorogenic chemosensors for the quantification of metal ions at trace level [23]. Among them, rhodamine-based molecular probes are popular which have been extensively used as fluorogenic chemosensors for metal ions due to their selective spectroscopic properties [23]. It is well known that these xanthene derivatives are colorless and nonfluorescent in their closed spirolactam ring form, but they become highly fluorescent and colored in the presence of metal ions or H+ ions due to the spirolactam ring opening process. This attractive switch, on or off the spectroscopic property of these molecules, has been utilized extensively for molecular sensing in recent years [24]. Dujlos et al. have reported a copper sensor based on rhodamine B hydrazide molecule [25]. Kim et al. and Pandurangappa as well as Kumar have showed that the same reagent can be tuned to determine mercury at trace level [12, 26]. In these methods, copper/mercury ions promote the spirolactam ring opening of rhodamine B hydrazide by the reductive hydrolysis of amide bond of the molecule to produce rhodamine B. In the present paper, we have investigated the reaction between the mercury and a fluorescein derivative, that is, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide which is in lactone form. Upon the addition of mercury to the colorless nonfluorescent lactone form of 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide, it immediately turns into green-colored and highly fluorescent 2,7-dichlorofluorescein in stoichiometric quantities. This simple reaction has been explored as a new protocol for mercury quantification at trace level. The developed sensor has been successfully applied to various environmental samples. This reaction scheme can be used as a naked eye sensor at very low concentration level. This kind of sensor can be used in industrial locations as a preliminary warning signal in case of any alarming situation of high mercury level discharges into effluents due to any industrial hazards.
2. Experimental
2.1. Apparatus
Fluorescence measurements were recorded using Ocean Optics Spectrofluorimeter (model USB 4000). Absorbance measurements were made using a Shimadzu Scanning Spectrophotometer (model UV-3101PC) with 1 cm quartz cuvettes. All pH measurements were carried out using Control Dynamics digital pH meter (model APX 175). All the infrared measurements were performed using Shimadzu Spectrometer (model FTIR-8400S). Mass spectral data was obtained using Thermo Finnigan Deca QXP Mass Spectrometer. Elemental analysis was carried out using Elementar (model Vario super user).
2.2. Reagents and Solutions
2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide was prepared according to the literature reported (Scheme 1) [27]. It was characterized by TLC and elemental analysis. = 0.57 (silica, CH2Cl2/methanol = 10/1, v/v); Anal. Calcd. for C20N2Cl2O4H12: C-57.863; N-6.745; H-2.89. Found C-57.869; N-6.338; H-2.99. 10 mM 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide was prepared by dissolving 0.0436 g of the reagent in 1 : 10 acetonitrile-water (%, V/V). Standard Hg2+ solution of 100 ppm was prepared by dissolving 0.0179 g of (Merck, AR grade, Mumbai, INDIA.) in double-distilled water, and working solutions were prepared by diluting the appropriate volumes of the standard stock solution. Robinson buffer solutions of pH 7–12 were prepared by using a mixture of solution containing 0.02 M acetic acid, 0.02 M orthophosphoric acid, 0.02 M sodium tetra borate, and 0.4 M NaOH. Industrial waste water samples (chrome plating and textile dyeing industries) were obtained from Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, Bangalore, India. The soil sludge and water samples were collected from polluted lakes present in the vicinity of Bangalore city where painted clay idols of god/goddess of Hindu religion were dumped after the procession during festival season. The soil samples were collected from the agricultural fields and water samples from the polluted lakes as well as bore wells.
2.3. Recommended Procedure
Aliquots of solutions containing mercury (concentration range of 0.2–20 ngmL−1) were taken into a series of 10 mL volumetric flasks. Then 2 mL of 10 mM 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide solution was added followed by 1 mL of buffer solution of pH 12. These solutions were allowed for 2 min and diluted up to the mark with distilled water. The green-colored species were excited at 502 nm, and the emitted fluorescence intensities were recorded at 520 nm.
2.4. Sample Pretreatment
2.4.1. Industrial Effluents
Industrial effluents from the chrome plating and textile industry were collected in polyethylene containers. The solutions were filtered, and 50 mL of filtered solution was transferred into a beaker, 10 mL each of con. sulphuric acid and 30% H2O2 were added, and the solution was then heated on water bath until the foaming ceases in order to oxidize any elemental/ionic mercury (I) into mercuric (II) species. Then the solutions were cooled, and known aliquots were used for the analysis.
2.4.2. Water Samples
The water samples were collected using polyethylene containers from polluted lake (where painted clay idols were immersed after festival procession), unpolluted lake, and tap water supplied for drinking purpose. The water samples were filtered through Whatman filter paper to remove any suspended particulate matter. Then known aliquots of samples were used for mercury analysis.
2.4.3. Soil Samples
The soil samples were collected from agricultural field and soil sludge samples from the pond bed where the painted clay idols were immersed. Both the samples were collected from the site and stored in polyethylene bags. The soil samples were air dried, and the known weight (100 g) of the sample was placed in 250 mL beaker and extracted four times with 10 mL portions of concentrated hydrochloric acid each time. The combined extract was boiled for about 30 min. Then the solution was cooled and diluted to 50 mL with distilled water. Then known aliquots of diluted samples were used for Hg2+ determination.
3. Results and Discussion
Xanthene-based derivatives are well-known chemosensors for the quantification of metal ions due to their specific quantitative reaction with metal ions through the spirolactam ring opening process [24]. The quantitative reactivity between these molecules and metal ions has lead to the development of a number of spectrophotometric- or fluorogenic-based protocols for the quantification of metal ions at trace level [24]. Mercuric (II) ion quantitatively reacts with colorless and nonfluorescent 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide to produce highly fluorescent green-colored 2,7-dichlorofluorescein in alkaline medium (Figure 1(b), (b′)). The excitation and emission intensities of 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide are very low in the absence of mercury ions (Figure 1(a), (a′)). The hydrozone group of the probe binds with Hg2+ ions leading to the formation of metal-ligand complex. Then the metal-ligand complex undergoes reductive hydrolytic cleavage resulting in the formation of 2,7-dichlorofluorescein, a green-colored fluorescent molecule (Scheme 2). This reaction scheme has been explored to develop a simple and selective spectrofluorimetric protocol for the quantification of mercury at ultratrace level. Similarly, the fluorescence spectra of the probe itself is weekly fluorescent due to its spiroform (λ ex/em = 502/520) in alkaline buffer, but upon the addition of mercury to this solution it results in the increase of fluorescence intensity (Figure 2). The color and fluorescence intensity change of 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide in presence of mercuric ion in alkaline medium (pH = 12) at room temperature is specific for this particular ion. This property of this molecule, that is, transforming from colorless/nonfluorescent molecule into highly fluorescent deep green-colored species, could be used as a naked-eye detector for mercury in industrial atmospheres without any device being used in case of emergency industrial hazards. The simple naked-eye detector has been shown in Figure 3.
3.1. Evidence for the Spirolactam Ring Opening Process
In order to prove that the reaction product obtained between the probe molecule and the metal ion is 2,7-dichorofluorescein, the reaction was carried out in bulk quantities. The product formed was isolated by extracting using ethyl acetate and purified by recrystallization. The recrystallized compound was characterized by FTIR study and elemental analysis.
3.1.1. FTIR Study
The obtained compound was subjected to FTIR study by making the pellet after mixing with IR grade KBr in 1 : 100 ratio. The IR spectrum of the isolated product (2,7-dichlorofluorescein) did not show any significant peaks for N–H (primary amine) stretching at 3500 cm−1 (doublet) as well as N–C=O (amide) stretching at 1690 cm−1. However, characteristic significant peaks for 2,7-dichlorofluorescein have been observed. It has showed a strong stretching frequency at 3500 cm−1 due to OH moiety of COOH group. These studies have revealed that the compound formed is dichlorofluorescein (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)). These experimental observations have revealed that dichlorofluorescein hydrazide molecule catalyses in presence of mercury ions to generate a green-colored and highly fluorescent molecule that is dichlorofluorescein.
3.1.2. CHN Analysis
The CHN analysis of the synthesized 2,7-dichlorofluorescein and its authentic counterpart was carried out. The elemental analysis data has been found to be in good agreement with each other. The elemental analysis data for 2,7-dichlorofluorescein [C20Cl2O5H10] both synthesized compound as well as authentic samples are given as below. Synthesized: C-59.894, H-2.463; Authentic: C-59.884, H-2.493.
3.2. Optimization Study
The spectral properties of the 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide usually depend on the pH as well as its concentration in solution phase because higher concentration of the dye may lead to molecular aggregation which in turn decreases the absorption. The presence of Hg2+ ion induces the ring opening of the probe molecule under selective pH condition. This pH selectivity can be used to prevent interference from the other metal ions by controlling the solution pH. The reaction variables have been carried out to get the maximum sample absorbance with the minimum blank value.
3.2.1. Effect of pH
The reaction between 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide and mercury proceeds only in alkaline condition; hence, the effect of medium pH was studied in the range of 7–12. The fluorescence intensity values of 2,7-dichlorofluorescein gradually increased with the increase in pH, and the maximum fluorescence emission was observed between pH 9 and 12, and hence an optimum pH value was maintained at 12 by the addition of 1 mL of buffer (pH = 12) in all further studies. Therefore, initial studies were carried out using 10 ngmL−1 of mercury (II) in the presence of 0.5 mL of 10 mM 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide in 10 mL volumetric flask. The solutions were allowed for two minutes for the reaction completion, and the fluorescence values were measured at 520 nm.
3.2.2. Effect of 2,7-Dichlorofluorescien Hydrazide Concentration
The optimum concentration of the 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide required to react with 10 ngmL−1 mercury ion was examined by varying its concentration between 5 and 30 mM. The sample gave maximum fluorescence intensity beyond 20 mM concentration which was achieved by the addition of 2 mL of 10 mM 2,7-dicholorofluorescein in 10 mL volume.
3.3. Interference Study
In order to apply the proposed method to quantify mercury (II) ion at trace level from natural and environmental samples, the interference effect of common cations and anions that normally exist in natural water samples was studied. The interfering species were added in their respective salt forms, and its impact on the signaling behavior of 2,7-dichlorofluorescien hydrazide with Hg2+ ion was studied. The spectral interference of several metal ions with 2,7-dichlorofluorescien hydrazide is insignificant when compared to mercury (II) including Cu2+ at pH 12 (Figure 5). Cupric ion induces fluorescence below pH 8; hence, the interference of copper can be overcome by controlling the pH. The control of pH can be easily achieved, thereby the selectivity towards mercury becomes more facile in aqueous condition. Hence, the proposed method showed high selectivity towards Hg2+ ions in the pH range of 9–12. No other metal ions including several anions induce the spirolactam ring opening of 2,7-dichlorofluorescien hydrazide to give 2,7-dichlorofluorescien at this pH. The tolerance limits for various metal ions and anions have been studied (Table 1).
3.4. Application Study
The proposed method has been validated by determining trace level mercury concentrations from a variety of natural samples like water, soil and industrial effluents. The water and soil, sludge samples were collected from the lake polluted due to the dumping of the clay idols after festival procession. These clay idols slowly dissolve in water releasing pigments containing toxic metal ions like mercury, lead, arsenic, and so forth into water as well as soil bed of the lake. The mercury content in these water and soil sludge samples of the lake was analyzed by the procedure described elsewhere. Recovery studies were also carried out by spiking the samples with known concentrations of mercury to these samples, and the results have been compared with that of standard method [28]. The agricultural soil was collected from the irrigation land where several kinds of fertilizers were applied to improve the yield. The mercury was not detected in these samples; however, recovery studies were carried out by spiking this sample. The industrial effluents were collected from local area pollution control board where the pretreated industrial effluents were examined to check the quality of treated effluents for metal ion removal. These samples were used to determine the mercury levels by the proposed method, and the results obtained have been compared with the standard dithizone method. The results obtained by the proposed method were in good agreement with the standard method (Table 2).
4. Conclusion
A simple and sensitive protocol has been developed for mercury quantification using 2,7-dichlorofluorescein hydrazide as a fluorescent probe based on the spirolactam ring opening of the molecule by the metal ion in alkaline medium at nanogram level. The proposed method can be used as a naked-eye sensor in industrial atmospheres as a prewarning signal whenever the high levels of mercury have been discharged in industrial effluents. The molecule is highly selective to divalent mercury, and most of the common metal ions present in water do not interfere significantly including copper which can be prevented by pH control. The developed method has been successfully applied to determine trace level mercury from industrial effluents as well as water samples. The results obtained by the proposed method have been compared with standard method, and the results are in good agreement. The precision of the method was evaluated by calculating the F-test values. The proposed chemosensor for mercury quantification is simple, fast, highly sensitive, and selective which can be used as an alternative protocol to the existing methods in industrial establishments where mercury-based industrial effluents have been processed.
The authors acknowledge the financial support and award of the fellowship to K. Sureshkumar by the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India.
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2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel
Models of Visually Guided Routes in Ants: Embodiment Simplifies Route Acquisition
Autoren: Bart Baddeley, Paul Graham, Andrew Philippides, Philip Husbands
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
It is known that ants learn long visually-guided routes through complex terrain. However, the mechanisms by which visual information is first learnt and then used to control a route direction are not well understood. In this paper we investigate whether a simple approach, involving scanning the environment and moving in the direction that appears most familiar, can provide a model of visually guided route learning in ants. The specific embodiment of an ant's visual system means that movement and viewing direction are tightly coupled, a familiar view specifies a familiar direction of viewing and thus a familiar movement to make. We show the feasibility of our approach as a model of ant-like route acquisition by learning non-trivial routes through a simulated environment firstly using the complete set of views experienced during learning and secondly using an approximation to the distribution of these views.

subset: commoncrawl


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Pruning fruit trees is a technique that is employed by gardeners to control growth, remove dead or diseased wood or stimulate the formation of flowers and fruit buds. Pruning often means cutting branches shorter or off altogether, but may also mean the removal of shoots (including stems), buds, leaves, etc. The most economical pruning is done early in the spring season, when buds begin to break and the soft tissue can be pinched off with just the fingers (hence the expression "nipped in the bud"). Many home fruit growers make the mistake of planting a tree, then neglecting it until it begins to bear. But careful attention to pruning and training young trees will ultimately determine their productivity and longevity. Good pruning and training will also prevent later injury from weak crotches (where a tree trunk splits into two or more branches) that break from the weight of fruit, snow, or ice on the branches.[1]
To obtain a better understanding of how to prune plants properly, it is useful to have some underlying knowledge of how pruning works, and how it affects the way in which plants grow.
Plants form new tissue in an area called the meristem, located near the tips of roots and shoots, where active cell division takes place. Meristem growth is aimed at ensuring that leaves are quickly elevated into sunlight, and that roots are able to penetrate deeply into the soil. Once adequate height and length is achieved by the stems and roots, they will begin to thicken to give support to the plant. On the shoots, these growing tips of the plant are known as apical buds. The apical meristem (or tip) produces the growth hormone auxin, which not only promotes cell division, but also diffuses downwards and inhibits the development of lateral bud growth which would otherwise compete with the apical tip for light and nutrients. Removing the apical tip and its suppressive hormone allows the lower dormant lateral buds to develop, and the buds between the leaf stalk and stem produce new shoots which compete to become the lead growth.
Manipulating this natural response to damage (known as the principle of apical dominance) by processes such as pruning (as well as coppicing and pollarding) allows the horticulturist to determine the shape, size and productivity of many fruiting trees and bushes. The main aim when pruning fruit trees is usually to obtain a decent crop of fruit rather than a tree with an abundance of lush yet unproductive foliage. Unpruned trees tend to produce large crops of small, worthless[citation needed] fruit often damaged by pests and diseases, and much of the crop is out of reach at the top of the tree. Branches can become broken by the weight of the crop, and the cropping may become biennial (that is, only bearing fruit every other year). Overpruned trees on the other hand tend to produce light crops of large, flavourless fruit that does not store well. Pruning is therefore carried out to achieve a balance between shoot growth and fruit production.
Full article ▸
The article content of this page came from Wikipedia and is governed by CC-BY-SA.


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As we hurtle toward the election in Alabama on Tuesday, it should be noted how far we have come in the last six years. In 2012, Troy Aiken, the Republican nominee for the US Senate in Missouri, said that in cases of "legitimate" rape, a woman could not get pregnant. He thus implied if women became pregnant after a sexual assault the rape was not "legitimate." Aside from the ignorance displayed, it was viewed as so offensive that the Republican Party abandoned his candidacy and he lost to Claire McCaskill.
And now, in 2017, the President of the United States is supporting an alleged child molester and certainly a man who not only believes that Muslims should not be allowed in Congress but that gays should be criminalized and the best times for Americans were during slavery. He clearly dated high school girls when he was in his 30's, and not just one. His entire career has been bizarre and yet there he stands with the support of our President and the Republican Party, though it is important to note, many national Republicans, including the other Republican senator from Alabama, Richard Shelby, cannot abide him even if the alternative is a Democrat.
So, we see how far we have come, and I am afraid we haven't hit the bottom, yet. Moore may well win this election and then it is up to the Republicans in the Senate to decide if they want to pursue the matter as part of an ethics investigation.
Meanwhile, our Congress is trying to hammer out an agreement on the tax cut and not lose two Republican Senators or the Freedom Caucus in the House in the bargain. We already know from the Speaker that cuts to entitlement programs will come after this tax cut proves to add significantly to the debt, notwithstanding the wonder of dynamic scoring long advocated by Speaker of the House, Paul Ryan.
The other large question is of course the fate of Robert Mueller, the Special Counsel. Remember when he was selected he was hailed by one and all as a fair and honest man who would follow the facts and do the right thing. Now, however, he is apparently biased and conflicted according to such experts as Sean Hannity and Newt Gingrich, who think his friendship with James Comey disqualifies him. I continue to fear that Trump will fire him as he closes in on people the President actually cares about like himself and his family. The real test of our institutions will be that if (I would say when) the firing takes place, what will the Republican congressional leaders do? In particular, will Paul Ryan, our own General Petain of Vichy fame, actually step up and do the right thing? It would be nice if he and his brethren would, but I wouldn't hold my breath if I were you.


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Guys, I say this every month, but I honestly don't know where the time goes and I am sick and tired of it going by so quickly! It needs to slow down because I just can't keep up. But at least every day is fun enough that I don't want it to end! Three kids takes a lot of energy to keep up with, but every minute is exciting. So far 2018 is looking to be a good year.
|Such handsome boys.
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Shepherd's Pie is one of the most popular entrees on our menu and it's a staple on pub menus in the U.K. But does the name have anything to do with a shepherd?
Traditional Shepherd's Pie is made with lamb, hence the nod to shepherds, and it originated in Ireland not England. The Irish Nobleman web site notes that the dish first came about late in the 1700s and early 1800s. "Housewives back then were on the frugal side. Much like we do today, they were looking for ways to incorporate those leftovers that husbands and kids would turn up their noses at. The struggle was real back then just like today."
In England, this dish is made with beef and called Cottage Pie, which the BBC serves. It's layered with peas, corn, and carrots, then topped with cheddar mashed potatoes and our English stout gravy.
Try this authentic British dish next time you're dining at your Local!


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Meko and DisplaySearch, the leading worldwide market research and consultancy companies in the displays industry, have joined forces to launch a new conference in Europe. Data from DisplaySearch forecasts that the total market for Flat Panel Displays will grow by 42% in 2002, and DisplayForum 2002 will focus on the new opportunities for displays marketers this provides.
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Chrysler Corp. has demonstrated the world's first public deployment of a driver's side air bag in a minivan, saying it will offer the safety device to buyers at no extra cost beginning early this year.
During a preview at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Chrysler President Robert Lutz deployed the air bag by pushing a button as a company engineer sat behind the wheel."This is the first air bag system built into a minivan or light truck," Lutz said before the bag inflated with a loud bang.
Among U.S. automakers, Ford Motor Co.'s Aerostar van will most likely be the next minivan to be equipped with an air bag, sources said.
Chrysler will offer the balloonlike safety device at no extra charge, or in conjunction with anti-lock brakes for $499. Chrysler's minivan models include Dodge Caravan and Grand Caravan, Plymouth Voyager and Grand Voyager, and Chrysler Town & Country.
But the No. 3 carmaker is being careful to call the minivan air bag an "air bag system," because technically, it does not meet the letter of the law and must be used in conjunction with three-point seat belts.
Lutz said that while minivan buyers have been clamoring for an air bag and that driver safety is substantially enhanced, it would have taken another 12 to 18 months for Chrysler to redesign the minivan's dashboard and add structural reinforcements to meet Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208.
There are currently no padded knee bolsters in the minivan. There is also a warning label on the steering wheel saying drivers must wear the seat belt for the air bag to be effective.


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Renowned climate scientist Michael E. Mann and author and illustrator Megan Herbert provide insight into their new children's book about climate change, The Tantrum That Saved the World.
The Tantrum that Saved the World, a children's book about climate change written by Michael E. Mann and Megan Herbert, is reviewed by a fifth grade teacher and her students.
If you haven't read the recent New York magazine article by David Wallace-Wells on climate change, you probably should. I read this viral (and absolutely terrifying) article on July 10, 2017, under somewhat unusual circumstances. As I had it open on my phone, my family and I were driving on the I-15 through Las Vegas.
Back when the FDA was testing ads to discourage kids from smoking, they tried arguments based on science: smoking will give you cancer; smoking will give you emphysema; smoking will hurt your unborn child. They tried appealing to kids' social anxieties: smoking will make your teeth yellow; smoking will give you bad breath. None of these arguments worked very well. What worked was telling kids that the tobacco companies were lying to them, tricking them into smoking so that they could make money off them for the rest of their lives. The Madhouse Effect: How Climate Change Denial Is Threatening Our Planet, Destroying Our Politics, and Driving Us Crazy, by climate scientist Michael Mann and cartoonist Tom Toles, serves the same purpose. It makes it quite clear that the "debate" about climate change has nothing to do with science and everything to do with wishful thinking, exploited by vested economic and political interests. Only when that false debate is put behind us will a productive discussion about what to do about climate change finally begin, returning scientific evidence to its rightful place as a powerful tool, not a punching bag.
If you had two minutes with John S. Watson, the CEO of oil industry giant Chevron, what would you ask? Climate scientist and NCSE Board member Ben Santer recently got that opportunity, when he attended the company's annual shareholder meeting in San Ramon, California.
National Center for Science Education, Inc.
1904 Franklin Street, Suite 600
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Runtime Error 231 Kylix
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2018 Ford Explorer
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Internet Explorer
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A gripping drama about Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in Britain.
A divorcee with a young child to care for, Ruth works in the kind of nightclubs where there's more than just a drink on offer. The girls work hard, play hard and dream of a movie-star life. Then she meets the wealthy, womanising David, a racing driver with whom she becomes obsessed. Fame comes - but not in the way she imagines.
Why does their relationship end in murder? Why does she plead not guilty but offer no defence? Why does she show no remorse? And who is she trying to protect?
The Thrill of Love dramatises the true story of Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in Britain, and takes a fresh look at the woman behind the headlines.
'Terrific' - Guardian
'Absorbing... the writing is playful and pin-sharp' - Telegraph
'Tense and engaging throughout... a triumph' - The Stage
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Ranji Trophy 2016-17 - Mumbai vs Punjab - Day-4
10 Dec 2016
Ranji Trophy 2016-17 Group A match between Mumbai vs Punjab played at Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Rajkot.
Mumbai continued their second innings on overnight score of 94 for loss of 2 wickets. Mumbai scored 227 runs for loss of 4 wickets. Shreyas Iyer scored 123 runs. Suryakant Yadav made 27 runs and remained not out. Aditya Tare scored 22 runs and remained not out.
Match is drawn.
Punjab took first innings lead and got 3 points. Mumbai got 1 point.


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Fashion Police (Monocle)
"What could be dismissed as frivolous has a serious business purpose. It is a simple equation: the better the staff look, the more people are likely to spend. "People who come to Beams expect staff to be well dressed; it's part of the reason they shop here," says Wada. Staff spend time with each customer, styling outfits that shoppers might not otherwise have the nerve to put together."
Winning In Style (Mr. Porter)
"When you think of sport and style, the usual suspects immediately spring to mind. Messrs David Beckham, Tom Brady and Henrik Lundqvist would be among the first names on a team sheet of suave sportsmen. But here at MR PORTER, we like to look beyond the obvious. So we have thumbed through our yellowed Wisdens, dog-eared Panini sticker albums and baseball cards of yesteryear to assemble this all-star squad of sporting gods that span decades, distances and disciplines. Each is a game-changing hero not just for his athletic prowess, but also for the flair displayed in the way he dressed."
A Guide to the Regional Ramen of Japan (Lucky Peach)
"A bowl of ramen consists of four basic elements: the broth, the tare, the noodles, and the toppings. The broth is generally a mix of pork, chicken, seafood, and vegetables, with each shop crafting their own blend. Most mix various parts of pig and fowl, some add more complex elements, and some never reveal their secrets. Though most diners categorize ramen into shoyu, miso, shio, and tonkotsu types, many shops specialize in just one style, referred to simply as "ramen" on their menu. This guide details the basic characteristics of a number of established regional styles; it only scratches the surface of the myriad varieties of ramen being served every day across Japan."
This Japanese Closet Clean-Out Method Is Going To Change Your Life (Lucky)
"The KonMari method, as Kondo has coined her system, is simple: keep the belongings that "spark joy," and get rid of those that don't. That overpriced cocktail dress you always feel guilty for never wearing? Gone. Those sad laundry-day tights with the holey toes and stretched-out waistband? Sayonara. The system leaves precious little room for excuses: no maybe-I'll-wear-it-somedays or but-I-got-it-as-a-gifts or I'll-just-wear-it-to-beds."


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sexxyme, December 9, 2004 in Sex
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Lamar Odom has reportedly decided to get back with his ex-wife Khloe Kardashian. More so, the NBA player has expressed his discontent regarding Kardashian's alleged relationship with The Game.
Rumor has it that Odom is not happy with Kardashian's growing closeness with The Game and he thinks she is dating the rapper to take some kind of revenge.
"He says she's hooking up with The Game as revenge," a source told Us Weekly (as reported by Hollywood Life).
Adding to Odom's woes, Kardashian even posted a picture of herself with The Game on her official Instagram account on Feb. 22 in addition to going out on a club date with the rapper and seemingly grinding all over him.
"Khloe was getting her life pure and simple," another source told Hollywood Life. "She was having a blast, grinding all over The Game in the VIP section they were in."
It seems Odom is not able to gulp down the fact that Kardashian has started seeing someone else within a month of filing for divorce. Recently, in a press conference for his Spanish football team, the NBA player revealed to the press that he still considers Kardashian as his wife.
"I love my wife," Odom said, adding, "She'll always be my wife - no matter what."
Odom and Kardashian's relationship went kaput when the former allegedly took to drugs and got involved in extramarital affairs. And now, Odom seems hell-bent on getting Kardashian back.
"He is in Spain for two months and he thinks by the time he gets back to L.A., they could get back together," a source told HollywoodLife.


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