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Dating of multi use containers
Softwoods are also the better woods for kindling a fire, since they generally burn hotter so aid drying and igniting larger woods present, but small slices of any type of wood can be used as kindling.
Dry wood produces more usable heat than wet wood, since the energy contained in evaporated water is lost up the chimney.
High heating efficiencies on closed appliances can only be attained by controlling the supply of air to the fire chamber (operating the air control correctly).
Many wood-burning stoves are engineered such that they can be converted to multi-fuel stoves with the addition of a grate.Overfiring is caused when too much heat is generated within the fire chamber, which will lead to warping, buckling and general damage to the stove and its internal components.Individual stoves will have their own quirks, so it is necessary to learn each new stove's settings.Hardwood is most often preferred for heating since it burns over a longer period, and produces a consistent temperature as it burns.Hardwood also creates a greater amount of ash as it burns, producing a bed of ash coals, which help retain heat as firewood burns.

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However, all that the being could do to avoid painful or acquire pleasurable sensations would be to try to distract itself with remembered or imagined smells when occurrent ones proved uninteresting or unappealing.
Though he admitted that the image imprinted by light on the eye is merely two-dimensional, he denied that the mind must therefore only be aware of a two-dimensional image Essay I.
He enlarges with much iteration on the supremacy of the analytic method; argues that reasoning consists in the substitution of one Condillac essay on the faculties for another which is identical with it; and lays it down that science is the same thing as a well-constructed language, a proposition which in his Langue des calculs, he tries to prove by the example of arithmetic.
He spent his later years in retirement at Flux, a small property which he had purchased near Beaugency, and died there on August 3, Presses Universitaires de France. Sensation in the Essay Most early modern philosophers were impressed by the facts of geometrical optics, which teach that light imprints an inverted, left-right reversed image of the external world on the concave surface of the back of the eye.
But animals whose external conformation is widely different from ours cannot communicate with us, as the case of the parrot shows: In almost the same breath, he claimed that we are wrong to imagine that the chromatic quality of colours as opposed to the extension and shape they map out actually lies on the surface of external objects, purportedly because we have no clear idea of what it would mean for a body to be coloured I.
Work[ edit ] Condillac is important both as a psychologist and as having established systematically in France the principles of John Locke. Those perceptions that we attend to can seem to drown out the others and produce the illusion that they alone exist, whereas those perceptions that we are less conscious of can be so faint that it is impossible to recall that we have had them the instant after the stimulus that produced them fades.
As Condillac put it, insofar as it is red it experiences itself as being outside of itself insofar as it is as green Treatise I. He had already published several works when the French court sent him to Parma to educate the orphan duke, then a child of seven years. The passions, also, are nothing but sensation transformed.
The same might be said of accidental signs. Condillac explicitly rejected the views that the mind can make judgments that it is not aware of, and that we can confuse the products of inferential operations with immediately given sensations.
Thanks to the resources of his benefice, he was able to follow his natural inclinations and devote himself wholly to study, for which purpose he retired into solitude. Most of the time he is blinded by the tendency to reduce all processes of thought to a single method, all ideas and principles to a single source.
The mind, he maintained, cannot be so deeply ignorant of what it senses or of what it does Essay I. Condillac quietly ignored his earlier objections to this position Treatise III.
Reid was later to maintain that the creation of instituted signs presupposes an agreement among a community of speakers, which in turn presupposes language, and this led him to declare that there must be some language that is innately understood rather than established by convention.
But as they discover the existence of God, they recognize that God, by disposing of everything in nature, is the ultimate source of goods and evils that may befall human beings.
He always asserts the substantive reality of the soul; and in the opening words of his Essai, "Whether we rise to heaven, or descend to the abyss, we never get outside ourselves--it is always our own thoughts that we perceive," we have the subjectivist principle that forms the starting-point of Berkeley.
Children should be educated, not with reference to the present conditions of things, but rather with regard to a possibly improved state of the human race—that is, according to the ideal of humanity and its entire destiny.
Games and other forms of amusement should be allowed at this age, and the child should by no means be overtaxed by scholarly instruction at too early an age. Thus, we see how Condillac was able to separate the question of the immateriality of the soul from the question of the immortality of the soul.
He then unlocked its senses one by one, beginning with smell, as the sense that contributes least to human knowledge. The transition from the natural language of action to the institutional language of action is a gradual process dictated by the need to analyze natural signs.
There is relatively little communication of ideas by way of language among animals: The Pennsylvania State University, With this last sense and its impression of resistance, the stature which had been previously mere odour, taste, colour, etc. In the Treatise of Animals Condillac further developed his views.
In the Treatise, Condillac was no longer willing to declare that objects can be known to be either extended or colourless.Condillac's treatise on the sensations, Geraldine Carr (trans.), London: Favil Press, An Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge: being a supplement to Mr.
Locke's essay on the human understanding, Thomas Nugent (trans.), London: J. Nourse, If Condillac's works evince a certain precision of thought and vigour of reasoning they clearly betray a lack of observation and of the sense of reality. Most of the time he is blinded by the tendency to reduce all processes of thought to a single method, all ideas and principles to a single source.
5. The Development of the Higher Cognitive Faculties.
Condillac's account of how sensation gives rise to the exercise of our higher cognitive faculties is broadly the same in the Essay and the Treatise. Such differences as there are between the two works arise from Condillac's decision to focus the Treatise on pre-linguistic abilities.
condillac essay on the origin of human knowledge summary Condillac's account of the development of our cognitivecapacities was informed by a particular conception of the nature ofthe mind and the sensations it is originally given.
Étienne Bonnot de Condillac at Encyclopædia Britannica "Etienne Bonnot de Condillac". Catholic Encyclopedia. Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, An Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge, Being a Supplement to Mr.
Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding, Translated by Thomas Nugent (London: J. Nourse, ). Facsimile. Apr 21, · Etienne Bonnot de Condillac He published in his "Essai sur l' origine des connaissances humaines" which is a summary of Locke's "Essay Concerning Human Understanding", and in his "Traité des systemes" wherein he attacks the innate ideas and abstract systems of Descartes, Malebranche, Leibniz, Spinoza, and .Download


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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Volume 2018, Article ID 6717212, 10 pages
Hydrogen Sulfide Attenuates LPS-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
1Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
2Intensive Care Unit, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
3Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
4Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei, China
5Key Laboratory of Vascular Medicine of Hebei Province, Hebei, China
Correspondence should be addressed to Yuming Wu; moc.oohay@muyuw
Received 27 August 2017; Revised 21 November 2017; Accepted 4 December 2017; Published 31 January 2018
Academic Editor: Mohamed A. Abdelmegeed
Copyright © 2018 Yuhong Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In order to investigate the protective mechanism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI), ten AKI patients and ten healthy controls were enrolled. In AKI patients, levels of creatinine (Cre), urea nitrogen (BUN), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as well as concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were significantly increased compared with those of controls. However, plasma level of H2S decreased and was linearly correlated with levels of Cre and BUN. After that, an AKI mouse model by intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection was constructed for in vivo study. In AKI mice, H2S levels decreased with the decline of 3-MST activity and expression; similar changes were observed in other indicators mentioned above. However, the protein expressions of TLR4, NLRP3, and caspase-1 in mice kidney tissues were significantly increased 6 h after LPS injection. NaHS could improve renal function and kidney histopathological changes, attenuate LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, and inhibit expressions of TLR4, NLRP3, and caspase-1. Our study demonstrated that endogenous H2S is involved in the pathogenesis of SA-AKI, and exogenous H2S exerts protective effects against LPS-induced AKI by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress via the TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
1. Introduction
AKI is a clinical syndrome caused by various factors and characterized by a rapid decline in renal function. Sepsis is the most common cause of AKI (40%–50%) in critically ill patients, and the mortality of SA-AKI is as high as 70% [1, 2]. The pathogenesis of SA-AKI is complicated, including inflammation, coagulation cascade activation, oxidative stress, microcirculatory disturbance, renal hypoperfusion, and renal venous congestion [3, 4]. Despite the growing understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of AKI, the development of pharmacological treatments for AKI shows little progress.
LPS is a normal component of cell wall of most Gram-negative bacteria, which can trigger cytokine synthesis, secretion, and a subsequent inflammatory process. Previous studies have demonstrated that LPS is one of the most important causes of sepsis and is involved in the pathogenesis of SA-AKI, which may lead to "cytokine storm," intensified oxidative stress, low blood pressure, renal hypoperfusion, and finally a gradual decline in renal function [5–7]. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most important pattern-recognition receptors and play a key role in innate immunity. The major receptor for LPS is TLR4 [8, 9], which is activated after LPS binding, and induces downstream signaling cascades as well as expression of inflammatory cytokines [10]. Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is one of the most important members of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family, including NLRP3, the adaptor protein ASC, and a cysteine protease caspase-1. Abderrazak et al. [11] have found that NLRP3 inflammasome participated in the inflammatory process and may be critical for the development of sepsis and AKI. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome could promote the maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Another study found that NLRP3 expression induced by LPS was dose- and time-dependent, but it failed to induce NLRP3 expression in cells in the absence of TLR4 [12].
H2S was considered to be toxic for a long time until endogenous H2S was discovered in the rat brain [13]. H2S is mainly synthesized from L-cysteine by two pyridoxal-5-phosphate- (PLP-) dependent enzymes, namely, cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and one phosphate-independent enzyme, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) [14]. Recently, a new H2S-synthesis pathway from D-cysteine by 3-MST along with D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) was discovered; moreover, D-cysteine was shown to be significantly superior to L-cysteine, particularly in the kidney and cerebellum [15]. Numerous studies have shown that H2S might have a potential therapeutic effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) in multiple organs and metabolic diseases by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress [16–21]. Huang et al. [16] have demonstrated that H2S could protect against high glucose-induced inflammation and apoptosis by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 activation in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Zhang et al. [19] suggested that treatment with H2S could attenuate endotoxin-induced lung inflammation by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production. Shibuya et al. [15] have reported that administration of D-cysteine could increase the H2S level in kidney tissues and protect renal function from IRI. Ahmad et al. [20] and Han et al. [21] also demonstrated that exogenous H2S accelerates kidney repair after IRI by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. Although various effects of H2S in disease have been discovered, the role of H2S in the inflammatory process of sepsis has been a matter of debate for a long time. Whether H2S protects renal function by regulating inflammation and oxidative stress in SA-AKI remains unclear.
The purpose of the trial was to examine the effect of H2S on renal function during sepsis and the underlying mechanisms of H2S in SA-AKI.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients and Blood Sample Collection
Ten patients with AKI (AKI group) were recruited from the ICU at the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University in China from June 2016 to November 2016, and ten healthy donors (control group) were selected from the age-matched population. AKI is defined as an abrupt decrease in renal function (within 48 h) and diagnosed according to the definition of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative group [22]. All patients with AKI were infected with Gram-negative bacteria (covering 2 cases from Acinetobacter baumannii, 2 cases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2 cases from Klebsiella, 3 cases from Escherichia coli, and 1 case from Clostridium difficile), and renal injury caused by renal and postrenal factors has been excluded. None of the patients had been treated with drugs that cause kidney damage before. The patients who are younger than 18 years old, pregnant, or with a history of chronic renal dysfunction were excluded. The general condition and medical history of all participants were recorded. Blood samples were prospectively obtained from each participant at admission; after centrifugation for 10 minutes at 4000 rpm, the supernatants were frozen at −80°C. Each patient provided written informed consent prior to the study. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University (Shijiazhuang, China) and performed in accordance with all applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines in China (including good clinical practice guidelines), which are relating protection of human subjects as volunteers. The study complied with the published regulations of the Declaration of Helsinki.
2.2. Drugs and Chemicals
LPS and NaHS were obtained from Sigma (Sigma–Aldrich, USA). NaHS was prepared 30 minutes before use. Detection kits for TNF-α and IL-1β levels were purchased from Xinbosheng Bioengineering (Shenzhen, China). Detection kits for MDA, H2O2, and MPO activities were obtained from Jiancheng BioEngineering (Nanjing, China). Dihydroethidium (DHE) was obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China) and, before use, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the desired concentration. Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) reagent was purchased from Generay Biotechnology (Shanghai, China).
2.3. Animals and Treatments
Male wild-type C57BL/6 J mice (8–10 weeks) were purchased from Vital River Laboratories (Beijing, China), subsequently housed and bred in standard conditions (12 h light/dark cycle) under constant temperature (22°C ± 2°C) and humidity (60%), and given free access to food and water.
After two weeks, 24 mice were divided into three groups randomly (): control, LPS, and LPS + NaHS (50 μmol/L) groups. The LPS and LPS + NaHS groups were i.p. injected with LPS (5 mg/kg); in the control group, mice received an equal volume of saline (i.p.). Three hours after LPS treatment, the LPS + NaHS group received NaHS (50 μmol/kg, i.p.); the LPS group were injected with an equal volume of saline (i.p.). The blood and kidney tissues of mice were collected 6 h after LPS treatment. Blood samples were immediately spun for 10 minutes at 4000 rpm and frozen at −80°C. The left kidney tissues were fixed with paraformaldehyde (4%), and the right kidney tissues were frozen at −80°C. All animal studies were carried out under the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (1985, NIH) after a review by the Ethics Committee for Laboratory Animals Care and Use of Hebei Medical University.
2.4. Histological Analysis
The kidney tissues were fixed with paraformaldehyde (4%), after 48 hours, paraffin-embedded and sectioned into 4 μm thick, and then processed for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and evaluated using a light microscope (Olympus BX40, Tokyo, Japan). Kidney histological changes were scored as the previous study described [23] and evaluated in a double-blind fashion. Kidney damage was estimated at 5 randomly selected fields in the outer medulla, and tubular injury was defined as cellular degeneration and vacuolization, reduction of brush border epithelium, tubular obstruction, and cast formation. According to the following criteria: 0 = normal; 1 = damage less than 25% of tubular area; 2 = damage between 25% and 50% of tubular area; 3 = damage between 50% and 75% of tubular area; and 4 = damage between 75% and 100% of tubular area.
2.5. Measurements of Cre and BUN Levels in Plasma
Plasma Cre and BUN levels in patients and mice were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer (Cobas 6000, Roche, Switzerland).
2.6. Measurement of Inflammatory Cytokines in Plasma
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to determine the plasma TNF-α and IL-1β levels in patients and mice.
2.7. Measurement of the MPO Activity and MDA and H2O2 Concentrations
The plasma of patients and kidney tissues of mice were collected as described above. MPO activity and MDA and H2O2 concentrations were measured with colorimetric detection kits.
2.8. Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Level
ROS level in kidney tissues was measured by staining the fresh frozen sections with DHE. Fresh kidney tissues were mounted using Tissue-Tek O.C.T. Blocks were sectioned into 5 μm-thick slices, washed twice with prepared PBS, and incubated for 30 minutes with DHE (10 μmol/L). The resulting color reaction was immediately measured with a fluorescence microscopy (Leica, Germany).
2.9. Measurement of CSE and CBS and 3-MST Activities
CSE and CBS and 3-MST activities in kidney tissues were measured according to the previous study described [24]. Homogenates from kidney tissues were prepared in ice-cold PBS; after centrifugation at 4°C at 12,000 rpm for 20 minutes, the supernatants were separated for measurement and protein concentrations were quantified by BCA assay. The cofactor pyridoxal-5-phosphate (2 mmol/L) and enzyme substrate L-cysteine (10 mmol/L) were incorporated to the supernatant; after incubation for 30 minutes, the mixture was used to detect CSE and CBS activity. The α-ketoglutarate (2 mmol/L) and L-cysteine (10 mmol/L) were incorporated to the supernatant; after incubation for 30 minutes, the mixture was used to detect 3-MST activity. The activities of these H2S-generating enzymes were calculated by measuring H2S concentrations in the reaction system and the amount of H2S produced per microgram protein per hour.
2.10. Measurement of H2S Levels
H2S levels in the plasma and kidney tissues were detected according to previously described methods [25]. Homogenates from kidney tissues were prepared using cold Tris-HCl (100 mmol/L, pH 8.5); after centrifugation at 4°C at 12,000 rpm for 20 minutes, the supernatants were separated for measurement and protein concentrations were quantified by BCA assay. 30 μL supernatant or plasma, 80 μL monobromobimane (MBB, Sigma–Aldrich), and 10 μL ammonia (0.1%) were mixed, by shaking at room temperature for 1 h, and 10 μL formic acid (20%) was added to stop the reaction. Following a 10-minute centrifugation (15,000 rpm, 4°C), clear supernatants were frozen at −80°C for detection. H2S levels were determined using a curve formed with sodium sulfide (0–40 μmol/L) standards. Plasma H2S level was expressed as μmol/L, and the H2S level in kidney tissues was expressed as μmol/g of protein.
2.11. Western Blot Analysis
Frozen right kidney specimens were dispersed mechanically in cold RIPA buffer. Proteins in the supernatants were extracted and quantified by BCA assay. After electrophoresis on 10% SDS-PAGE gels, the proteins were blotted to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore-Upstate). After blocking in nonfat milk (5%) for 40minutes at room temperature, the membranes were incubated at 4°C for 12–18 hours with antibodies against CSE, CBS, 3-MST, TLR4, NLRP3, caspase-1, and β-actin (CSE and CBS were from Proteintech, USA; 3-MST and TLR4 were obtained from Abcam, USA; NLRP3 was obtained from Abnova, China; and β-actin was obtained from Irvine, USA). After washing three times with TBST, the membranes were incubated with secondary antibodies (Proteintech, USA) at room temperature for 2 h. Blots were detected with an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (Sage Creation, Beijing, China). Band intensities were quantified using ImageJ software.
2.12. Statistical Analyses
All data analyses were performed using SPSS software version 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results were expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. For a comparison of more than two groups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test for multiple comparison, was applied. Comparisons between two groups were assessed by t-test. Statistical significance was defined as a value of <0.05.
3. Results
3.1. H2S Levels Correlated with Cre and BUN Levels in Patients with SA-AKI
The characteristics of the 10 healthy donors and 10 AKI patients are shown in Table 1. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups when comparing general features. Compared with controls, plasma Cre (Figure 1(a)) and BUN (Figure 1(b)) levels were significantly higher in patients with SA-AKI, whereas H2S levels were lower (Figure 1(c)). Furthermore, there was a significant inverse correlation between the levels of H2S and Cre (Figure 1(d)) or BUN (Figure 1(e)). This indicated that H2S level decreased during the pathological changes of SA-AKI.
3.2. Inflammatory Cytokine and Oxidative Stress Increased in Patients with SA-AKI
Plasma TNF-α and IL-1β levels increased in the AKI groups compared with those of the controls (Figures 1(f) and 1(g)). Furthermore, MPO activity and plasma H2O2 and MDA concentrations of patients were measured. The results were shown in Figures 1(h)–1(j). MPO activity and H2O2 and MDA concentrations increased in the SA-AKI group compared with those in the control group.
3.3. H2S Played a Role in LPS-Induced AKI
In LPS-induced AKI mice, H2S levels in both the plasma and kidney tissues were significantly lower than those in the control groups (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)). H2S was generated by CBS, CSE, and 3-MST enzymes; therefore, the activity and expression of these three enzymes were measured in the kidney samples. 3-MST activity significantly decreased in the kidney tissues of LPS-induced AKI mice compared with that in controls, but there were no differences in CBS and CSE activities (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)). The expression of 3-MST significantly decreased in LPS-induced AKI mice compared with that in controls, whereas there were no differences in CBS and CSE expression (Figures 2(e)–2(h)). However, treatment with NaHS (50 μmol/kg) significantly increased the LPS-induced reduction of H2S levels in the plasma and kidney tissues (Figures 2(a) and 2(b)), which was accompanied by a decline in plasma Cre and BUN levels (Figures 2(i) and 2(g)). In addition, NaHS treatment significantly ameliorated renal pathological changes caused by LPS. (Figures 2(k) and 2(l)).
3.4. Exogenous H2S Attenuated Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Stress in Mice with LPS-Induced AKI
Consistent with the performance in SA-AKI patients, plasma TNF-α and IL-1β levels, MPO activity, the ROS levels, and H2O2 and MDA concentrations in the kidney tissues significantly increased in mice with LPS-induced AKI. However, exogenous H2S could significantly attenuate these changes (Figures 3(a)–3(f)).
3.5. Exogenous H2S Attenuated the Formation of NLRP3 in the Kidney Tissues of Mice with LPS-Induced AKI
The exogenous effects of H2S on TLR4, NLRP3, and caspase-1 expressions were detected with Western blot analysis. The expressions of TLR4, NLRP3, and caspase-1 evidently increased in the LPS group compared with those of controls. However, exogenous H2S significantly decreased the protein expressions of TLR4, NLRP3, and caspase-1 (Figure 4).
4. Discussion
Numerous studies have shown the protective effects of H2S during diverse pathological processes [16–21]. Our study explored whether renal dysfunction during sepsis correlates with decreased H2S levels and other possible mechanisms. After assessing the results of this study, we found that (1) LPS decreased the level of endogenous H2S and reduced 3-MST activity and expression in the kidney and (2) exogenous supplement of NaHS ameliorated renal dysfunction by inhibiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress through TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathways. These findings suggested that endogenous H2S contributes to the pathogenesis of SA-AKI, whereas exogenous H2S plays a protective role.
Sepsis is considered to be a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from infection and often occurs in intensive care units. The related multiple organ dysfunction is a leading cause of death in critical patients. The kidney is the most vulnerable organ in sepsis, and mortality of SA-AKI may reach up to 70% [2]. The pathogenesis of SA-AKI is not completely understood. The three major changes that have been recognized in this disease process are inflammation, microcirculatory dysfunction, and cellular metabolic responses to sepsis [26]. LPS induces the release of inflammatory cytokines (especially TNF-α and IL-1β) through TLR4 signaling pathways and contributes to oxidative stress, which can activate tubular epithelial cells and result in functional damage to these cells, subsequently causing renal microcirculatory disturbance and hypoperfusion, which finally leads to SA-AKI [26–28]. The diagnosis of AKI mainly depends on clinical manifestations, urine volume, and blood biochemical markers. Cre and BUN are traditional and critical markers of renal function. MPO is a marker of neutrophil activity, while H2O2 and MDA are common markers of oxidative stress. In this study, we found that Cre and BUN levels, TNF-α and IL-1β levels, MPO activity, and H2O2 and MDA concentrations all significantly increased in the plasma of patients with SA-AKI. The mouse model of LPS-induced AKI was used to simulate the pathogenetic process of AKI, and similar changes were observed in the indicators mentioned above. These data were in agreement with the results of previous studies [6, 7, 10].
As was indicated in various studies, H2S played an essential role in the renal system, in both physiological and pathological status, and H2S levels were decreased in various kidney diseases [15, 20, 21]. To date, three enzymes and four pathways that are involved in the production of H2S have been reported. Kimura's team [14, 29] has demonstrated the formation of H2S from L-cysteine by CBS, CSE, and 3-MST coupled with cysteine aminotransferase (CAT); in addition, 3-MST along with DAO can produce H2S from D-cysteine. Furthermore, they found that the three enzymes are abundant in the kidney, but CBS and CSE are localized in the cytoplasm, whereas 3-MST is mainly found in the mitochondria, and the pathway of H2S production from D-cysteine by 3-MST/DAO only exists in the kidney and brain. To explain the effect of endogenous H2S in the course of SA-AKI, we measured the levels of H2S both in patients and mice with SA-AKI; similar to that demonstrated previously [15, 20], H2S levels significantly decreased and were inversely related to the renal function. To explore the reasons for the decline in H2S levels, we measured the activity of the three enzymes and their expression in the kidney tissues of mice and found that the activity and expression of both CBS and CSE in the kidney did not significantly change after LPS stimulation, but the 3-MST activity significantly decreased; moreover, 3-MST expression was downregulated, which may have contributed to the decrease of H2S. Although experimental studies [20, 21] indicated that protein expressions of CBS and CSE are decreased in kidney dysfunction caused by IRI models, the pathogenesis of SA-AKI is not exactly the same as that of ischemia reperfusion. From Kimura's report [29], we have also found that kidney D-cysteine can produce 60 times more H2S compared with L-cysteine, and D-cysteine is more efficient in protecting renal function. Therefore, we inferred that LPS may affect the H2S production mainly through the D-cysteine/DAO/3-MST pathway, although the mechanisms are still unclear and need further study.
On the basis of the above findings, we evaluated the potential therapeutic utility of exogenous H2S on SA-AKI. NaHS, an H2S donor, was extensively used in various animal models of renal IRI and proven to ameliorate kidney damage [21, 30]. Based on previous studies and preexperimental results, we administered NaHS (50 μmol/kg) 3 h after LPS injection. NaHS had been demonstrated to increase H2S levels in both plasma and kidney tissues of LPS-induced AKI mice and H2S levels close to the normal range. Renal function and histological changes were also improved after NaHS administration, shown by a reduction of Cre and BUN levels in plasma as well as kidney injury score. These results were similar to those of Chen et al. [31], who found that the plasma H2S level is lower in rabbit with SA-AKI derived from the urinary tract, and treatment of NaHS could improve the H2S level, renal function, and pathological changes.
Inflammatory response is a cornerstone in the pathogenesis of SA-AKI. As one of the most important pattern-recognition proteins, TLR4 acts as a major receptor for LPS. Cunningham et al. [8] found that LPS binds to TLR4 in the kidney and induces the release of proinflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α and IL-1β, which play an essential role during AKI. Fu et al. [32] demonstrated that inhibition of TLR4 could alleviate LPS-induced kidney injury. Meanwhile, Luo et al. [33] have demonstrated that NLRP3 is another important inflammatory regulator in sepsis-induced organ injury. NLRP3 could activate caspase-1, and subsequently, the cleavage and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) are promoted. Alfonso-Loeches et al. [34] showed the crosstalk between TLR4 and NLRP3 and found that activation of NLRP3 and secretion of inflammatory cytokines mostly disappeared in chronic alcohol-fed TLR4 knockout mice, which suggested that NLRP3 activation depends on TLR4 function. Over the years, various studies have shown the key role of H2S as a mediator of inflammation in various clinical settings. Shibuya et al. [15] demonstrated that H2S suppressed high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 activation. Moreover, Tan et al. [35] also identified the protective effect of endogenous H2S on renal IRI by suppressing inflammatory response through the inhibition of the TLR pathway. Zhang et al. [19] demonstrated that H2S could attenuate LPS-induced acute lung injury by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting inflammation. Similar findings have been reported by Li et al. [36], who tested the role of H2S in mice with acute lung injury and found that exogenous H2S reduced lung permeability by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation. Chen et al. [31] revealed that by inhibiting NF-κB, H2S was able to decrease the plasma level of TNF-α and increase IL-10 level. To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of H2S, we observed the effects of H2S on TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathway and found that LPS could increase TLR4, NLRP3, and caspase-1 expression in kidney tissues, accompanied by plasma elevation of downstream inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-1β) and oxidative stress markers (MPO, H2O2, and MDA). In addition, our results showed that treatment with NaHS at 50 μmol/kg could protect renal function by suppressing the release of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, as well as TLR4, NLRP3, and caspase-1 expression.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, our study suggested that endogenous H2S is involved in the pathogenesis of SA-AKI, and exogenous H2S exerts protective effects by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress via the TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathway. These findings will shed light on the role of H2S as a therapeutic agent for renal diseases.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Authors' Contributions
Yuhong Chen and Sheng Jin contributed equally to this work.
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 31171098, 30400513, and 31671185), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province of China (H2017206269), the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (no. 20121323110008), the Hebei Province for Innovation Talents Support Plan (Grant LJRC017), and the Office of Education Foundation of Hebei Province of China (QN2016144).
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ďThe Gathering condenses Conversations with God,
and Celestine Prophecy into a single and intensely personal
experience....an awesome book.
óGwen Pool
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ď....in detailing the
transformation....The Gathering†
picks up where Neale Walsch (ĎConversationsí) and James Redfield
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óRobert E. Keene
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ď....the New Age book we all wish we had written .Ē††††††††† ††
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óLaura Stoiber / Rimrock, Arizona
ďJust read The Gathering.
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Ďwhatís happening.í YOU DO ALL OF US PROUD!Ē
óSheila Guy / Chandler, Arizona
ď....an amazing condensation of wisdom.Ē
††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† ††††††††††† óJohn Lentz / Florida
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ób j King / Oklahoma City, OK
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ď....reading [The
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††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† ††††† ††††††óHannah Jones
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ď....an inspired writer,
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you for being brave enough and open enough to share your wonderful story with
the rest of us! I havenít put your book down since I started it, and intend to
reread it immediately. So much of it dovetails with the Kryon information and
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it elsewhere ...just an inner Ďknowing.í Bless you for your work. I can also
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we are to be true to ourselves.
óDorothy Weiss / Montgomery, AL
ďReally enjoyed the book.
Read it cover to cover the day I received it. Now Iím reading it through
óWilliam Evans, MD / Manchester, NH
ď....addresses the very
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movement everywhere...Ē
óJ.R. Hynson / Bremerton, WA


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The Great Library of Palanthas
An Aesthetic shows you to the private room of Eleena.
Eleena's Abode
The scent of rose petals and sea breeze assails your senses as you enter the humble personal abode of Eleena Estarius. An odd leather bag filled with beans forms an amazingly comfortable chair in the corner of the room next to the lively fireplace. Several small statues of minotaurs and wood carvings of elves sits on the mantelpiece. You light a white candle and carry it with you to the bean bag, adjusting yourself comfortably in the seat.
Stories of Ansalon from the view of Eleena.
A little gully dwarf runs by and says 'Wordwrap Off 65 80.'
The gully continues 'Eyes hurt? Turn Color OFF!! (regular story dates)
Astinus says 'Enter the main library here to view only the author list.'
Astinus gently places a tattered paperback on the table in front of you. You note the spine bears the word 'Eleena' scribed in dull brown ink.
Author: Eleena Date Thu Nov 25 04:42:19 2004 Subject Winds of Change Dawn finally came. At the first hint of light, I jumped up from my bed, neat and not laid in. Slumber eluded me las night as thoughts of my homeland recurred endlessly in my mind. Silvanost, I am coming home at last. I tightened the laces of my breeches, tucked my money pouch firmly into the woven sash around my waist and picked up my blades. I wore my trusty blades in their sheaths secured to my back with simple leather straps, the Blade of Eventide crossed over Requiem. Picking up my suede sack, I step noiselessly out of my room in the Bloody Talon, the inn I have been putting up at since I arrived at Palanthas. Treading lightly on the stairs down, I made not a single sound. I tossed a couple of pieces of steel on to the counter, startling the innkeep: "Geebers! Where in the name of Reorx's beard did you come from! I told you to quit scaring me like that..." he grumbled "Heh," I chortled "No more of that from now on, at least until I return. Is that steel enough to pay for what I owe? Or do I owe more than I thought?" "'tis 'nough to pay for double your stay!" The innkeep's eyes lit up as he counted the steel pieces "Now, where the hell did you get all this money when you were broke as hell last week? I swear....." He looked up to see that he was talking to the air as I had left him to his own mumbling once I made sure I paid the right sum. I stepped out into the streets, almost drenched by the damp dew hanging in the morning air. I looked up at the sun, peeking shyly over the roofs of Palanthas, the stars still visible in the brightening nightsky. Soon, I would see these same stars through the roof of the beautiful Tower of the Stars in Silvanost. I care not now for what the elves will say when they see me. They will not and cannot bar me from entry. The shadows is my friend, my 'magic' pathway past the doors and battlements, even the strongest ramparts cannot stop me for as they cry 'Intruder!' I shall be past and at the side of my beloved and benign Speaker and mother. I return to Silvanost to see the ones I love before it's too late. News have it that the Speaker is ill, some say deathly ill. The Speaker was kind to me, in spite of my birth, my blood. He loved me like his own, but the other elves will not stand for it. Bad enough that a bastard child live amongst them, but to be adored by their leader, the elves were nearly livid. By fifteen, I had enough of all the name-calling and hypocrisies. I kissed my teary mother goodbye and bade farewell to the Speaker. Trembling slightly, he took me in his arms for the last time, 'My child, this circlet will protect you from harm. Keep it with you and may it someday remind you of us and bring you back to me." Some weeks ago, I met some mercenaries whom I used to travel with around the isles of the Pirate seas. I spoke of my desire to visit Silvanost and I was immediately offered a passage with them, set to sail along the Turbious Ocean, onward to Northern Courrain, past the Blood seas of Istar, and southward to Silvanost. Now, to my beloved land, I will return. Author: Eleena Date Thu Oct 13 12:25:33 2005 Subject A tribute to the wind Sailing on the pirate seas, I looked out to beyond the horizon. What do the days to come hold? Just this day I heard rumours of Basher's suicide. I lament that I never knew him well, and I wondered at what his life was like before he so abruptly ended it. Brave tales are now being told in the wake of his death, perhaps legends that one day be writ unto the pages of a journal in Astinus' collection; or perhaps a trace of ink scarcely upon the parchment before it fades. I shut my eyes, the song of the seas in my ears. "May Kiri-Jolith bless your passage in the afterworld", I softly uttered a silent prayer to the wind. Pulling a pouch of rose petals from her rucksack, Eleena scatters them upon the sea in a tribute to Basher, all the while humming a pirate song. Softly as the willows sway, Softly as I'm on my way, The further from home I would to stay, softly my heart whittles away.
The Storytellers of Ansalon, The DragonLance MUD
Astinus points to the massive wall of books behind him and bids you to make a selection.
Authors: All|A|B|C|D|E|F|G|H|I|J|K|L|M|N|O|P|Q|R|S|T|U|V|W|X|Y|Z


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Hide Forgot
From Bugzilla Helper:
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.0.2) Gecko/20030728
Description of problem:
Mozilla 1.0.1 installed the includes and libraries in /usr/include/mozilla and
Mozilla 1.0.2 (a security update) installs the includes and libraries in
/usr/include/mozilla-1.0.2 and /usr/lib/mozilla-1.0.2.
Nautilus gets very confused and refuses to build because it is looking for the
libraries in the old location. (As set in configure.in.)
This is a problem becuase you cannot rebuild the nautilus package using the
latest security fix for mozilla.
nautilus needs to use mozilla-config to determine correct library locations.
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
How reproducible:
Steps to Reproduce:
1. Install source rpm for nautilus
2. rpm -ba nautilus.spec
3. Watch it go boom.
Additional info:
configure: error:
*** Mozilla 0.9.5 or greater is required to build the
*** Nautilus Mozilla component.
error: Bad exit status from /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.68042 (%build)
Line 145 of configure.in has the start of the offending section.
kdebindings probably has similar problems. (As well as anything assuming it
knows where the libraries for mozilla are located.)
Here is what it takes to fix the problem.
In the nautilus.spec file:
Add: "%define mozilla_version 1.0.2"
--with-mozilla-lib-place=/usr/lib/mozilla-%{mozilla_version} \
--with-mozilla-include-place=/usr/include/mozilla-%{mozilla_version} \
to the line:
CFLAGS="$RPM_OPT_FLAGS -g" %configure --disable-more-warnings
in the %build section.
The only problem with this fix is that it now binds nautilus to the version of
Mozilla. (Unavoidable considering the change to Mozilla's install.)
Did you file a separate bug about kdebindings?
No. I will do that. (My solution for that one is less than clean. It is caused
by the change in locations in both bugs.)
Chris, you seem to have done a nautilus errata for moz 1.0.1. Is 1.0.2 supposed
to need a new errata?
7.3 not supported anymore. This works in recent versions.


text:
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Патент USA US3021453код для вставки
Feb. 13, 1962 E. s. TAMM 1 3,021,443 ELECTRIC MOTORS Filed March 31, 1959 INVENTOR. 75mm A TTOPNE' KS, United States Patent 0 ' 3,021,443. . Patented Feb. 13,1962 2 3,021,443 ' ' relation.' Field coils 12, 13,214, and 15 are wound-upon _ ELECTRIC MOTORS . the poles 2 to '5 respectively to energize said poles in a ' conventional manner. Insulating strips 7 are also pro vided to insulate the ?eld coils from said stator where, the coils pass longitudinally through the vstator. The mag netic bridges of my invention, generally' indicated at 20, are interposed between adjacent pole tips to bridge the Emil S. Tamm, Elyria, Ohio, assignor to The General Industries Company, Elyria, Ohio, a company of Ohio Filed Mar. 31, 1959, Ser. No. 803,243 ' 2 Claims. (Cl. 310-190) My invention relates to induction type electrical motors air gaps between said tips. and relates more particularly to means for spanning the _, . Referring now more particularly to FIG. 4, the mag gap between adjacent pole tips in the stator of such 10 netic bridge 20 of my invention is preferably formed from motors. ' _ _ a strip of ?at sheet metal having an inverted, hat-shaped form in cross 'section throughout its length. The central Magnetic bridges have been employed in thepast in the art in anpatt'empt to improve the performance of portion of the bridge provides a ?at bottom, U-shaped channel 21 having upstanding wall portions extending shaded pole and capacitor type motors, such as thoseused ' for phonograph drive mechanisms, tape recorders, pumps,' therefrom as indicated at' 22. At the upper end of the blowers, and other mechanisms involving the use of frac tional and sub-fractional horse-power electric motors. However, prior designs of such magnetic bridges, with walls 22_.vthe metal is bent outwardly to provide longi tudinal ?anges 23. The length of the magnetic bridge 20 is 'such that it extends longitudinally the full length of the stator and the metal from which the magnetic bridge is which I am familiar, have presented certain common dif ?culties. To assure efficient motor operation, the bridges 20 manufactured is preferably of the type having substantial must ?t uniformly and tightly between the adjacent pole tips. resilience whereby distortion thereof is possible without In the event the bridges are loose and are not creating a permanent ?x in the metal. tightly retained between the pole tips, they have a tend: The magnetic bridge 20 is preferably inserted between ency to vibrate, causing deleterious noise and occasion two adjacent ?eld poles by squeezing or pressing inwardly ally becomc dislodged. In the event the bridges are tightly 25 upon the ?anges 23 thereof thereby causing the upstand wedged between the adjacent pole tips, they are difficult ing walls 22 to converge in an upward direction. As best and expensive to assemble, and in some instances, distort the shape of the stator poles in the vicinity of the air gap. It is an object of my invention to provide improved magnetic bridge means for spanning the gap between ad 30 jacent stator pole tips, said means having a positive place- ' It is another object of my invention to provide a mag netic bridge of the type referred to which will be inex 34, ,4—5, and 5—2 are secured in the same manneras pensive to manufacture, simple to construct, and highly the bridge shown between the poles 2 and 3, the latter poles being detailed in FIG. 2 for the purpose of illus e?icient in use. Another object of my invention is to provide a mag- ' netic bridge of the above type which will provide a con trating the manner in which all of the poles are mounted. It will be noted 'that the resilience of the magnetic sistent and uniform magnetic?eld between the inductor ~ - A further object of my invention is to provide a mag netic bridge of the type referred to which will maintain itself ?rmly in place and independent of any supplemen tary means of support. magnetic bridge 20 conforms and is complementary there- i to. The ?anges 23, as shown, extend over the upper edges of the pole tips and are thus interposed between said pole tips and the insulating strip 7.' 'It will be understood that the magnetic bridges inserted between the poles ment with the said stator poles. ' motor pole tips at all times. shown in FIG. 2, the extreme ends of the poles 2 and 3 preferably converge' upwardly whereby the inserted to bridge 20 provides laterally outwardly reactive forces which press the upstanding walls 22 ?rmly against the . edges 2"and'3' of the poles 2 and 3 respectively and that the diverging form of the edges 2' and 3' creates a , downward component of force which causes the magnetic bridge to be biased downwardly to hold the ?anges 23 A still further object of my invention is to provide a 45 ?rmly against the upper edges of the pole tips. Each magnetic bridge of the type referred to which can be as magnetic bridge is, thus maintained, after seating thesame sembledito the stator without the distortion of the pole between adjacent poles, ?rmly and tightly against the tips. , 'pole tips exerting a continuous force upon the same. Other objects of my invention and the invention itself The bridge thus has a great resistance to the effects of will become clear from the following speci?cation and 50 vibration and provides a consistent and uniform mag the appended drawings, in which said drawings: ' netic ?eld between the adjacent pole 'tips. . , FIG. 1 is an end view of an electric motor showing ' j Due to the wedge—like shape of the bridge of my in the housing thereof in section and indicating the arma ture in broken line; . ' FIG. 2 is an enlarged detail of a shown in FIG. 1; portion of the motor , 7 FIG. 3 is a section taken along the line 3—3 of FIG. 2; and ' ' FIG. 4 is a perspective view of my novel magnetic bridge. ' Referring now to the ?gures of the drawings, in all of which like, parts are designated by like reference charac ters, in FIG. '1 I show an electric motor encased in a cylindrical housing 1. The motor stator S, as illustrated vention, as best shown inIFIG. 2, displacement of the bridge in ordinary use is impossible since it cannot move 55 either upwardly or downwardly, and hence does not re quire cementing to position it in place' nor need any sup plemental means of support. It can be inserted or re moved with the simplest tools, such as a pair of pliers, and such insertion or removal can be made without dis 60 turbing either the ?eld coils 12 to 15 or the insulating strip 7; The inherent resilience of the metal of the bridge and its shape holds it ?rmly and constantly in place with out danger of distorting or damaging the pole'tips in any way. . I ' s herein, is of a'conventional type comprising a plurality 65 It will be understood that numerous changes may' be made in my invention, such as changes in size and dimen of stacked laminations Land ?eld poles 2, 3, 4, and 5 in sion without departing from the spirit thereof or the tegrally united by means of a ?eld yoke 6. The ?eld scope of the appended claims. . f ' yoke 6 is provided with apertures 8 preferably disposed What I' claim is: . at opposite sides about the perimeter of the yoke, each 1. A magnetic bridge inserted between adjacent pole adapted to receive a bolt or rod 10 in the usual manner 70 tips of an electric motor stator, said pole tips having ad for securing the laminations L together in ?xed contiguous ' jaoent, upwardly converging edges, said magnetic bridge 4 3 ally projecting ?anges whereby when said bridge is in serted between said pole tips by distorting said resilient side Walls, said bridge will be frictionally held in place formed of resilient material and comprising a ?at~bot tomed, channel-shaped 'member having upstanding walls and laterally projecting ?anges at the upper edges of said walls, said bridge resiliently distorted whereby said walls due to the resistance of the converging pole tips to out ward movement of said 'bridge and due to the reactive converge upwardly eomplementarily with said converg U! force of said ?anges on the radially outwardly directed irig edges of said poletips and exert a lateral reactive edges of said pole tips. force thereupon, said ?anges projecting laterally above said pole tips, said converging edges of said poles and References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES 'PATENT S said resiliently distorted walls resulting in a downward component of force tending to urge said magnetic bridge downwardly whereby said ?anges are held resiliently against said pole tips. '2. A magnetic bridge adapted to be inserted between 'the adjacentrpole tips of an eleetric'rnotor stator, said pole tips having adjacent edges converging in a direction ra dially outwardly from the center of said motor, said mag netic bridge having resilient side walls and resilient later 2,659,831 .La'utnerk______y__ ".-.—."._'.-'.'1-.-?'.."_..-Hf_..-? _g_g_._,_ Nov. 17, 1953 2,815,460' ' Ioneset al. _____ ,_..__,_____ Dec. 3, 1957 2,889,573 Wesolowski __'_ _______ __ Aug. 11, 1959 UK ' 888,580 FOREIGN PATENTS Germany _____________ __ Sept. 3, 1953


text:
Difference between male and female communication
Vovilona, age 20
Describe how carbon 14 is used in radiocarbon dating
DESCRIPTION: Trusting is one of the greatest gifts difference between male and female communication has to offer him. Would you rather have a director who decides for the group where to go, even if the whole organization hates it, or would you rather he takes a consensus based approach and asks for input. Women focus on building rapport, by sharing experiences and asking questions..#1 corby: ssss
#2 pos1tive: It should be Skiron
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#7 gmac142381991: Screech the disaster.
#8 Jaster7832: D
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#11 sendrom1: 36:42 Selling drugs to healthy people is a page from the vitamin market playbook.
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6 Ways Men & Women Communicate Differently
Asking questions means different things to men and women. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. However, I am torn with To decide if there are differences in the communication style of male, and female; by studying their brains, and through the observation of their behavior, we can conclude that actually there are many differences. Be aware that very few people are all one way or all the other way—most of us have used the other gender style at different times.
The Difference Between Male and Female Communication Style.
Can we say that man and women are verbal or nonverbal communicators?.
- It is a very simple method, and the results obtained after it can be very accurate too. In the other hand, what the boys group showed was simplicity..
- Male and Female Communication: Styles, Patterns & Differences
- Notifications
- The Difference Between Male and Female Communication Style - Wattpad
After observing several people communicate, it is possible to conclude if male and female are verbal or non-verbal communicators..
- Feb 2, - Its fun to look at communication differences between men and women but we also have to be careful to not stereotype and assume that all men.
- Jul 22, - Will men and women ever see eye to eye? The key to understanding their differences is in the way that men and women communicate. Communication is used to get to the root of the dilemma as efficiently as possible.
- Nov 4, - The differences in male and female communication styles can result in Conversations patterns differ between men and women, according to.
Basically, this theory says that women are 'taught' to be nurturing, to work to make people like them, and to be self-effacing. Edit your Playlist directly from your dashboard. He is conditioned to listen actively. This seems to support the biological differences theory and the stereotype that girls are more empathetic and nurturing than boys. Men and women in business can be equal in almost every way: By and large women are wired with one set of want and needs in terms difference between male and female communication communication, and men are wired with another.
☰ Comments
Denis is SO COOL
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Aye the vlogs up it was nice meeting you Omar !
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l dream to be a astronaut
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The liquid nitrogen was brutal. I remember seeing that and actually being like O.O but at least an honorable mention for the sleeping bag hanging over fire in the 2009 reboot.
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I don't know if anyone agrees but I really like Contracted. Just my opinion!
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JoJo JoJo I got my JoJo doll at Walmart boomerang a few months ago
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#20 06.08.2018 at 22:15 KeeperOfTruth:
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Phoebe from friends
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#25 30.08.2018 at 09:38 violenc:
yes blame the victims for their friends and classmates being shot. the jackass gene is genetic folks. you know when the Sutherland Springs church shooting in texas happened there were still people that called out for more from the government than inaction and willful ignorance i dont remember any on of them being attacked and degraded by WHITE HOUSE OFFICIALS for crying out loud, wonder why.
#26 05.09.2018 at 21:44 dan6001:
Ye kitne dino tak stor kar sakte hai
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#28 16.09.2018 at 03:21 he4ectb7:
This report is nonsens. On 1977 JPL got no high resolution Pics from Mars. They were only in black and white with a lot of distortions in the transmission to earth. I have a lot of pics I purchased for about 24 years from NASA direct. e.g. they are named USA_NASA_PDS_VO_1053 , you need a special picture viewer for that and all pictures are in B/W. To Karl: Mars doesn't have a blue sky.
#29 26.09.2018 at 18:07 sniperelite22:
Hey knuckles nice trap for Rouge and I like her reaction to that.
#30 01.10.2018 at 02:42 joaoss:
Will this work in central america?


text:
Mr. Nick & the Dirty Tricks – Oh Wow! (2012)
Posted by on July 31, 2012Mr. Nick & the Dirty Tricks
"Mr. Nick and the Dirty Tricks have been preserving the brand of blues and soul that they revere with an authentic approach. The new CD captures their enthusiasm perfectly! Great performances by the band and their special guests with witty and fresh songwriting equals a CD that any fan of blues, soul and roots music would be excited to hear!"
~ Nick Moss – 16 time Blues Music Award nominee
mp3 320 kbps | 89 MB | UJ


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