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In Fall 2017, I taught the standard Ph.D. first semester course on Micro-Economics using an Islamic Approach. The first lecture, summarized below, explains why an Islamic approach makes a huge difference to the study of Micro. The whole set of 30 lectures for the entire course, together with slides, references, notes, and supporting materials (link: Advanced Microeconomics) is freely available for ANY teacher who would like use and adopt this approach for their own courses in Microeconomics. I would be happy to provide any necessary support to teachers would like to try this novel experiment. I can promise that the students will very much enjoy this approach, because it speaks directly to the heart, and can easily be understood — in contrast to conventional micro, which just involves memorizing math, and learning things about human behavior which are patently false. [shortlink: bit.do/aziam]
90min English Video-Lecture on YouTube. 2500 Word English Summary is given below:
1 Deeds are valued by their intentions
Why are we sitting in this classroom; what will we gain from paying attention to this lecture? The value of all actions depends on the intention with which they are done. Students CAN make intentions which will make their study extremely valuable, for themselves and for the Ummah. I will start by discussing my intentions. What are my intentions in teaching this course as a teacher?
There are THREE main new ideas that I want to introduce students to in this lecture:
- There are two types of knowledge: Useful Knowledge is extremely precious, while Useless knowledge is extremely harmful.
- Learning Useful Knowledge creates internal personal transformation, which also leads to external transformation (changing the world). This type of learning requires us to take risks, and requires courage, confidence and trust.
- Higher Level Learning requires meta-Knowledge – that is knowledge about knowledge. What is the nature of economic theories? Who invented these theories? What purpose do they serve? This is an external point of view. We study economic theories as objects of study. The internal point of view takes economic theories as truths, and requires us to learn and believe them.
2 Distinction between Useful & Useless Knowledge
The Prophet S.A.W. made dua for increase in his (useful) knowledge, and also made dua to seek protection from harmful knowledge. He also described how to tell the difference:
It is narrated by Jabir R.A. that the Prophet S.A.W. stated that Knowledge is of two kinds. One which enters the hearts, and that is the useful knowledge. The other is only on the tongue (without action or sincerety) and that is argument of Allah against the son of Adam A.S. Hadeeth 6 in Muntakhib Ahadeeth Ilmo-Zikr.
2.1 Western Knowledge is (often) Harmful
Surprising Fact for Students: Western education today is focused on, and built around HARMFUL knowledge. How can you tell? Think about knowledge that you have acquired in your western education:
- Has it entered your heart?
- Has it made your heart soft? – does it create compassion and sympathy for suffering?
- Is it useful for the conduct of your lives?
- Does it help you to understand the world around you?
- Can you solve problems that you face, or help others solve problems that they face?
- Can you diagnose economic problems and suggest solutions?
Students might think that economics DOES help them, at least in terms of the last three questions posed above. We will show later in this course that this is an illusion. Economic theory is designed to deceive students into believing false theories which have the goal of protecting the interests of the rich (capitalists).
2.2 Useful Knowledge Enters the Heart
UNLIKE ALL WESTERN knowledge that Students have learned in economics:
There is such a thing as useful knowledge. It passes from heart to heart.
The Powerful Message delivered in the Quran changed the course of history. The nature of the message is described in the Quran:
2:151 Even as We have sent unto you an apostle from among yourselves to convey unto you Our messages, and to cause you to grow in purity, and to impart unto you revelation and wisdom, and to teach you that which you knew not
Messages to the heart cannot be conveyed by words, and that is why both the Message and the Messenger are required to deliver it. History testifies to the power of this message, which transformed the people living in Arabia from ignorant Bedouin to leaders of the world, and created a civilization which dominated the world for a thousand years. From this example, we see that USEFUL Knowledge Transforms the World, in a two-stage process. First it changes people, then the transformed people change the world.
2.3 Is Western Knowledge Useful?
It is easy to see that none of the Western education (that students have acquired with so much difficulty and struggle) has these properties:
- Do you know how to change your inner world?
- What will bring peace and contentment to your heart?
- What will lead to anxiety and unrest?
Turning to Economic Theory as part of the Knowledge of the West. It has led to a massive increase in GNP per capits. BUT: has this massive increase in GNP per capita caused a rise in Welfare in the West? Serious and detailed research proves Easterlin's Paradox – despite increase in wealth, "happiness" or "sense of well-being" has not increased in the West. There is no LONG RUN correlation between happiness and wealth; there is a SHORT RUN strong correlation between the two. This creates the Easterlin Paradox – because of CORRECTLY perceived short run benefits, people pursue wealth, but this bring them nothing in the long run. As the Quran says, pursuit of the material benefits of this world is the pursuit of an illusion (mata'ul ghuroor). See my article: Evaluating the Costs of Growth for a detailed explanation of how economic growth has failed to provide the benefits that it is supposed to.
Did Modern Knowledge of Social Science in the West prevent the deadly world wars, environmental collapse, extinction of thousands of species, pollution of the oceans and atmosphere, the Global Financial Crise, 100's of major economic and financial crises, Billions of Hungry People, Massive Inequality, Wars, Injustice, Oppression, Exploitation, AbuGhraib? This knowledge does not meet the defining characteristics of useful knowledge.
For direct evidence that Economic Theory is HARMFUL Knowledge, see Julie Nelson: Poisoning the Well: How Economic Theory Damages the Moral Imagination – This paper argues that we have natural inclinations to be kind, generous towards others, make sacrifices, BUT Economic theory teaches us to be selfish, to maximize our utility, to be indifferent to others. See also my article, on how economics assumes that rational agents are the worst type of people: Homo Economicus, COLD, CALCULATING, and CALLOUS.
2.4 USEFUL Knowledge Transforms Men
39:9 Say: Are those who know equal with those who know not? But only men of understanding will pay heed.
4:113 God has bestowed upon thee from on high this divine writ and [given thee] wisdom, and has imparted unto thee the knowledge of what thou didst not know. And God's favour upon thee is tremendous indeed
20:114 High above all is Allah, the King, the Truth! Be not in haste with the Qur'an before its revelation to thee is completed, but say, "O my Lord! advance me in knowledge."
Hadeeth: "People are like mines of Gold and Silver".
USEFUL KNOWLEDGE must teach you how to develop the potential which is contained in your heart. To be the BEST that you can be.
There exists such a thing as extremely useful knowledge This knowledge teaches us how to realize the potential for excellence which all human beings are born with — it teaches us how to be human. The Prophet SAW made dua for increase in his (useful) knowledge, and sought protection from harmful knowledge.
In your FORMAL education, you have only received HARMFUL knowledge (pretending to be useful knowledge. This harmful knowledge poisons the heart. That is why Prophet SAW sought protection from it.
2.5 How does this relate to Microeconomic Theory?
Microeconomics is not a theory about mathematics, it is a theory about HOW human being behave. Huge amount of evidence shows that this theory is false – human beings DO NOT behave in the way that micro theory tell us. If theory is false, can it give true results? Top economists CONTINUE to defend economic theory, even after they receive STRONG empirical evidence that it is false. For example, Milton Friedman said that theories can be true even if they make false assumptions (like "rational" behavior for human beings). See my paper: Karacuka, Mehmet, and Asad Zaman. "The empirical evidence against neoclassical utility theory: a review of the literature." International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education 3.4 (2012): 366-414.
2.6 The Struggle to Overcome Brainwashing
Economic theory is like brainwashing – it creates a strong mental conditioning or mindset, which creates a great obstacle to seeing the truth. See my post on "Learning to Think Like an Economist". Then, in order to reach the truth, a great effort is required in UNLEARNING all of the false things that you have been taught to believe. This effort is much greater than that needed to arrive at the truth. This effort has been described by Keynes in his General Theory:
The composition of this book has been … a long struggle of escape … from habitual modes of thought and expression. The ideas which are here expressed so laboriously are extremely simple and should be obvious. The difficulty lies, not in the new ideas, but in escaping the old ones, which ramify … into every corner of our minds. (Keynes 1936: viii)
Contrary to what students have been taught to believe, Economics is brainwashing. Makes us believe outrageous lies. Makes it difficult to see or understand the truth. The TRUTH is easy to understand, self-evident, shines in the dark, enters the HEART. Finding TRUTH is not difficult – the difficult part is CLEANSING your HEART of LIES you have been taught to believe. For a description of my experiences — how I was brainwashed, and how I learned that I had been taught lies — see my post on The Education of an Economist.
3 Creating Confidence and Courage
Karl Marx said that the Capitalist system not only exploits workers, but also convinces them to agree willingly to this exploitation by teaching them that this is the best possible system, and that it is futile to struggle against it. This is precisely what is accomplished by modern economic theory. It teaches students that the economic conditions around us are the best that can be achieved, given our present resources, which are "scarce". It teaches students that capitalism has done a fantastic job in creating wealth for everyone, and has led to miraculous progress in the past century or so. It teaches us that all economic problems are created by hindrances to the operation of free markets, both by well-meaning individuals and by powerful and corrupt governments. It teaches that "perfect" competition is the ideal system, where any individual is small and powerless to affect market outcomes. Systems where small firms grow large and wield market power are harmful.
3.1 Scarcity is a Lie
The modern capitalist system, which we seen in operation around the world, leaves billions of people hungry, when they sleep at night. Economists are taught that this is due to "scarcity", there is insufficient food to feed them all. This is a LIE. Empirical evidence shows that there is enough food to feed everybody, and (contrary to Malthus) food supplies have more than kept us with the rapidly expanding population. See my essay on Normative Foundations of Scarcity, which shows that scarcity exists only if we assume (as economists do) that needs backed by money (like that of the wealthy for expensive luxury goods) have priority over needs of children for food, if they are not backed by money to pay for the food.
3.2 Powerlessness is a Lie
Another important lie taught by modern social science is that one man cannot change the world, which is ruled by iron laws which all must follow. Students are made to believe that they are small and insignificant, and powerless to change the HUGE and powerful forces arrayed against them in the World.
3.3 Antidote
It is the TEACHERS's JOB to revive inner confidence in students. Every one of them is unique and precious, and has the capability of changing the world. The Quran tells us that if you save one life, it is as if you have saved all of humanity. Making students believe in themselves, in striving to develop their hidden potentials, is difficult, because Capitalist education is designed to train students to be inter-changeable workers. Students are educated to believe that purpose of knowledge is teach them skills to get a job, which will increase the value of their life. Without suck skills, they are worthless as human beings. This is true all over the world, but in the poor countries there is an additional poison which operates to destroy the students' courage and confidence.
Centuries of defeat and exploitation by a vicious colonial system designed to systematically loot the colonies and enrich Europe have left deep marks on the psyche of both parties. Edward Said's "Orientalism" explains how the conquest of the world through colonization created a superiority complex in the West. Correspondingly, being defeated, conquered and exploited created an inferiority complex in the East. See "Is Development the Accumulation of Wealth?" for an essay which provides some antidotes to this inferiority complex. Among my most popular videos is an 80min first lecture (BE L01 URDU) which seeks to inspire and motivate students.
Because of this defeated attitude, students do not question ridiculous theories of behavior, instead accepting them as gospel truth from the West. Despite strong evidence of repeated failures of these theories (as in the Global Financial Crisis), we continue to have blind faith that the West is powerful and wise, and so far above us, that we do not have the standing to criticize them.
4 Creating New Ways of Thinking
So how can we create change by teaching micro-economics, known to be a dull and dry subject full of strange and complex formulas and deep and difficult mathematics, with no relations to the real world, or to human beings? FIRST we must go to a higher level of thinking. Just like META-Physics means thinking about the nature of physical theories, this course is about META-Economics, where we look at the nature of economic theories as an outsider. The standard course teaches students the economics is the UNIQUE truth about the world, and you must learn it and believe in it. INSTEAD, we will teach how neoclassical economics is just one very limited way of thinking about economics, and there are many other alternative systems and theories, which are far more successful at understanding the world. How economic theory works, who it helps and hurts, and how it continues to be taught despite its manifest failures on many fronts – this will be the object of our investigation in this course.
A goal of this course is to explain that the Simplest Meta-theory is another LIE which we have been taught to believe in economics courses. This Simple Meta-Theory holds that Economic Theory is TRUE. We learn it because it gives us knowledge about the real world around us. By basing policies on this economic theory, we can achieve good economic outcomes. (For a more detailed discussion of Meta-Theories, see On the Central Importance of a Meta-Theory for Economics.)
There is a huge amount of evidence that modern economic theory is false. Conventional Economic Theory should be called ET1% (The Economic Theory of the Top 1%). The theory is developed for the SOLE reason of protecting the interest of the 1% AGAINST the interests of the bottom 90%. The middle 9% face a CRUEL CHOICE: They can betray their own class, and join the top 1% as second level managers. In return for joining the exploiters, they get priviliges and benefits, perks and salaries, and some illusion that they are part of the ruling class. But they have to sell their consciences. ALTERNATIVELY, they can stand up for justice and starve. At least, this is what appears to be the case on the surface. As Allah T'aala says in the Holy Quran —
The Shaitaan promises you [the] poverty and orders you to immorality, while Allah promises you forgiveness from Him and bounty. And Allah (is) All-Encompassing, All-Knowing. (Q2:268)
It appears that we must sell our souls and conscience, otherwise we will become poor. But we must not be deceived by these appearances, and instead, we must learn to TRUST in the promise of Allah. For those who trust in Allah, He will open doors for them from where they cannot imagine, and provide them generously with his bounty.


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Prospects for Peace in Sudan
January 2004
Justice Africa
31 January 2004
1. A final peace agreement is within grasp. A concord on wealth sharing has been signed. The parties missed two deadlines for a final agreement (the New Year and 20 January) and have suspended until 17 February. The final hurdles are an agreement on the marginalised areas and on power sharing. The distance to cover seems to be relatively small and complex. Hopefully the February round will represent the final round of negotiations.
2. The most difficult issues will arise during the discussion of implementation mechanism of the peace agreement, especially with respect to the security arrangements and self-determination. It is crucially important that the international community and Sudanese civil society remain closely and constructively engaged with ensuring that the transition to peace is successfully completed, and the parallel transition to democracy is also effectively undertaken.
3. The war in Darfur continues to escalate and poses an increasingly serious threat. It has reached a stage at which international mediation to secure a political settlement is essential. Naivasha: What has Been Achieved
4. On 7 January, the GoS and SPLA signed a protocol on wealth sharing. This is an important step forward which promises much. However, there are important gaps and also questions about effective implementation.
5. Commentaries on the wealth sharing agreement have focused on several issues. One of these is transparency: the need for the parties to reveal their financial flows and to utilise their resources in an effective and transparent manner. Another issue is the need for people-centred development, rather than simply a division of the spoils. A third concern, expressed particularly by Southerners, is that the agreement focuses on the division of the wealth in Southern Sudan, without due attention to what will be the South's share in national resources.
6. A small but significant lacuna is that provisions for oil contracts will come into effect only when a final peace agreement is signed. This provides a loophole for the GoS to sign contracts quickly which are not subject to the wealth sharing provisions using the gap between negotiation and the signature of the peace agreement
7. A second omission is water. Given the importance of a fair division of Sudan's water resources, and the controversies over the Jonglei Canal that helped contribute to the war, this is a surprising silence. Sudanese are asking if this omission was made in order not to provoke the Egyptians. There is a distinct possibility that problems will arise in the future when the government resumes excavation of the JongleiCanal or similar major schemes to increase the flow of the Nile northwards. Kenya is already demanding renegotiation of the Nile Water Agreement.
8. The impact of the wealth sharing agreement will depend to a significant extent on whether Sudan can negotiate a good deal for debt forgiveness with its donors. There is simply no way that Sudan can service its current debt of more than $20 billion, and a means will need to be found for reducing this to a manageable figure. Because of the complexity of Sudan's debt, which is owed to a wide range of creditors, this will be a fiendishly difficult task. It should be begun without delay. It is a job for a joint task force composed of GoS and SPLA specialists.
Naivasha: What has Yet to Be Achieved
9. The immediate challenge for the parties is to reach agreement on the three areas of Abyei, the NubaMountains and South Blue Nile. A tentative agreement on the NM/SBN was reached before the talks broke up, but was not signed because of differences over the geographical definition of the NM and failure to reach agreement on Abyei. However, the differences between the parties are quite bridgeable.
10. The draft deal on the NM/SBN involves these areas coming under autonomous self-rule for the interim period. During this time they will be administered by regional parliaments, which will set their own laws. The SPLA has stated outright that this will leave them free from shari'a, while the GoS has remained silent on this question. Towards the end of the interim period (year four), the Regional parliaments will set in motion a process of 'popular consultation'. Exactly what this will entail remains to be elucidated.
11. This is a workable compromise between the parties' positions. It is less than the position that most NM/SBN civil society, the SPLM and solidarity groups had hoped for. It places the burden of deciding on the long-term future of the regions on elected assemblies rather than popular referenda, and does not specify in detail what choices may be considered in the rather vaguely described 'popular consultations'. The challenge now facing those who wish to see the best possible deal for the NM/SBN is to work within such a framework, to ensure that the parliaments truly reflect the interests and aspirations of the people. For example, a major concern of the NM/SBN people is land: ensuring that the envisaged Land Commission does its job efficiently and fairly will be an important challenge.
12. The security arrangements for NM/SBN are complex. Joint Integrated Units of the Sudan People's Armed Forces (SPAF) and SPLA will be formed, and 6,000 troops from the JIU will be stationed in each area. These troops are to be drawn from the inhabitants of the areas. At that point, the SPLA and SPAF will withdraw. However, in parallel with the provision for JIUs to exist alongside SPLA in the South and SPAF in the North, it is unclear if SPAF units in the main towns will remain in place. In addition, the uniformed services for the two areas—police, prison service, internal security—will be drawn from the region, under the regional governments, with no links to the JIU.
13. The disagreement that held up the finalisation of the NM/SBN accord appears to have been over the geographical definition of the 'NubaMountains'. Historically, the NM has included at one time or another the districts of Lagowa, Jebel al Dair and Haiderat/Sound. The current administrative boundaries exclude these areas. The SPLA wants them included, the GoS does not. However it is notable that the January 2002 agreement in Switzerland for a ceasefire in the NM specifically included Lagowa. Because these districts Lagowa, Jebel al Dair and Haiderat/Sound include indigenous Nuba populations, it seems fair to include them as part of the NM.
14. There has been no progress on the issue of Abyei, with each party still sticking to its opening position. The GoS wants Abyei under the Presidency for an indefinite period until consultations and studies have been carried out. The SPLA argues that because the district was taken into Kordofan by the administrative decision of a paramount chief, it can be taken back to Southern Sudan by a similar executive decree that simply annexes it to Bahr el Ghazal.
15. A compromise position on status of Abyei should be in line with the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement and the1995 Asmara Declaration, namely that there should be a referendum before the end of the interim period.
16. The final set of issues for discussion will be on power sharing. The three-week break before the talks resume will be an opportunity for the parties to test popular opinion in North and South on this issue. Most probably, the parties will meet again, ready to dilute their commitment to electoral democracy. This would be unfortunate.
17. The NDA Chairman, Mulana Mohamed Osman al Mirghani, has presented a memorandum to the SPLA and GoS asking for NDA representation in the forthcoming round of discussions on power-sharing. During the upcoming Hajj, it is expected that Vice President Ali Osman Mohamed Taha will meet with the NDA Chairman. The agenda for their discussion will be the implementation of the Jeddah Agreement, which provides for power-sharing between the GoS and NDA.
20. Despite the approach of peace, the GoS continues to override basic human rights. There have been arrests of Popular Congress members and human rights activists, as well as an ongoing crackdown on anyone suspected of opposing GoS policy in Darfur. The newspaper al Ayyam was closed and suspended, for unclear reasons (at first, on allegations of tax irregularities, later on the charge of endangering national security). Charges have now been dropped. However, even while it is talking peace in the South, the GoS is showing few signs of a serious move towards democracy and respect for human rights.
21. Hassan al Turabi has made provocative comments condemning U.S. involvement in the peace process. The import of these remarks is as yet unclear. Dr Turabi risks becoming a potential spoiler to any agreement signed on anything in Sudan. It is possible that he is anticipating serious implementation problems in the agreement, and positioning himself as the champion of an alternative approach that may mature in a year or two's time. As always with Turabi, his methods are inscrutable, while his motives are transparent: he is pursuing his own best interest.
22. The other major political parties are positioning themselves to take best advantage of the unfolding peace deal. The DUP has resumed official political activities in Khartoum (without having yet registered), in the form of a major rally in Omdurman and a strategy of 'public engagement'. Meanwhile, the DUP leader and NDA Chairman is pursuing the power-sharing accord signed with the GoS in Jeddah. The Umma Party leader, Sadiq el Mahdi, has reactivated his negotiating committee with the NCP, while simultaneously talking about opening a wide democratic front. He appears to be keeping his options open.
The South
23. The IGAD process leaves the fundamental issue of South-South reconciliation to the discretion of the SPLA/M. The SPLA/M leadership prefers to pursue this dialogue on its own terms, which entails waiting until a peace deal has been signed. However, the SPLA/M is continuing to talk on a bilateral basis with select Southern armed groups.
24. The Southern Coordination Council and Southern Ministers in government civic leaders of the are continuing to travel and mobilise support South-South dialogue, visiting Cairo, London and east African capitals.
25. The Southern civic organisations are continuing to find ways and means to conduct inclusive South-South dialogue. Some are in contact with the SPLM peace desk, civil society and political secretariats on the issue.
26. As well as being a humanitarian and human rights disaster in its own right, the war in Darfur poses an extremely serious threat to the viability of the peace agreement. If the war continues, political and economic stability cannot be achieved in Sudan. The conflict exposes one of the weak points in the IGAD negotiating strategy, namely its inclusion only of major armed groups. For Sudanese constituencies that have been consistently excluded from power, this sends a simple message: they can best pursue their political agenda by forcing the government to negotiate under international auspices. Hence, alongside security issues, the major demand of the SLA at the last round of (abortive) peace talks was that they should be recognised politically and should have a power-sharing deal. The GoS rejected this out of hand. It also rejected international suggestions that the Darfur problem could be settled utilising the same model as that suggested for the NM/SBN.
27. In the last twenty years, conflicts in Darfur have consisted of three major overlapping elements. One is local strife, over land and access to political office at regional/state level. These are not 'age old animosities' between 'Arabs' and 'Africans'. To the contrary, 'traditional' conflict in Darfur consisted either of the military activities of the pre-colonial Sultanate of Dar Fur (which was centred on the Fur areas but was a multi-ethnic empire) and armed disputes among different pastoral groups over grazing and water. The current cycle of conflict dates from the 1980s, when a regional government was established in Darfur, and competition between a handful of leading politicians took on an ethnic colour. A Fur bloc (allied with a number of other indigenous groups such as Tunjur, Berti, and Daju, and intermittently with the Masalit bloc of the far west) was formed, in parallel to an 'Arab alliance' consisting of the indigenous groups within the Baggara confederation plus camel herders in northern Darfur (including the Jalul and Mahariya clans of the Rizeigat and others). Initially, the Zaghawa were aligned with the Arabs. The initial disputes were purely concerned with power, over controlling the regional government, an unfortunate example of how decentralisation can destabilise a region. However, the regional government was also bankrupt, due to economic crisis, the costs of setting up a regional administration in el Fasher, and Khartoum's failure to provide grants-in-aid (partly on the pretext that Darfur should raise its own revenue). The paralysis of local government meant that local disputes could not easily be resolved: district officers were often absent, the police had no fuel, etc. The older 'native administration' system based on village sheikhs had been dismantled, and while the individuals remained, possessing some social authority, they rarely had the resources to intervene.
28. In the mid-1980s, local disputes were worsened by a combination of drought and increasing pressure on resources. People in Darfur have always been mobile, and spontaneous north-south seasonal migration and resettlement was a response to the droughts of 1982-4 and 1987. Semi-nomadic pastoralism has become an increasingly precarious way of life, due both to protracted economic crisis and the polarisation of livestock ownership among herders. As a result, formerly pastoral groups needed farmland to support themselves, and this led them into conflict with farming communities and banditry. In the period 1987-9, there was extensive violence connected with these factors. In 1989, the incoming al Bashir government took two logical steps: it appointed a military governor who was not from Darfur (thereby removing local competition for the post) and re-established the native authorities. Immediately thereafter, Darfur experienced relative peace. However, it is precisely these traditional authorities that have now provided the socio-political bedrock for the insurrection.
29. The second component to the Darfur conflict is its national dimension. The region is neglected and has, along with eastern Sudan, the lowest proportion of its people holding positions in the central government. But it has a substantial electorate. National politicians of all shades have consistently sought to manipulate Darfur for their own agendas. The Umma Party's arming of Arab militias in the 1980s seriously escalated the violence in that period. The SPLA sought to establish a Darfur front with its ill-fated expedition into the region in 1991. Among the errors made by the SPLA was a simplistic analysis of the ethnic politics of the region: it seemed to assume that there was a downtrodden 'African' Fur majority ready to rise up and overthrow its 'Arab' oppressors. The SPLA was, like the Sadiq government, conscripting Darfur for its own agenda. The Darfur reality is far more complicated. On that occasion, the government restricted its crackdown to a roundup and incarceration of intellectuals and community leaders, and did not launch a widespread scorched-earth counter-insurgency. In fact, it sought to further strengthen the native authorities, seeking to win them around with material reward and by playing on their devout Islam. This was a short-term expedient. By the late 1990s, Darfurian Islamists were dissatisfied with their continuing marginalisation in Khartoum (several of them published a 'Black Book' that documented their systematic under-representation in government). The split in the Congress Party confirmed this: their modest stake in central government was all-but-eliminated.
30. What is new in the current conflict is that Darfur's national agenda is, for the first time, in the hands of leaders from Darfur itself. While the interests of Darfur remain clearly in focus the SLA will continue to be internally strong and gain sympathy throughout Sudan and internationally. Their challenge is to formulate a political agenda that represents the interests of their people, in an inclusive way. The SLA has the opportunity to build bridges to key constituencies, for example those represented by the Equity and Justice Movement, Sudan Federal Democratic Party and respected elder politicians from the region. The greatest long-term strength of the Darfur bloc is electoral numbers: it potentially represents a critical swing group in the national assembly.
31. The Janjawiid militia is reportedly the single major source of destruction and abuse. The GoS cannot claim ignorance. Its armed forces were unable to cope with the Chadian-style highly mobile landcruiser-based raids of the SLA. Its air attacks on rebel bases will have little impact. In this context, its only hope for effective counter-insurgency is to try to clear the population itself. There is plentiful evidence of GoS involvement in the planning and implementation of the Janjawiid attacks. The militia approach has been practised for more than twenty years in western and southern Sudan, in almost all cases with direct support from Khartoum, and any denials by the GoS carry no credibility at all.
32. The third component in Darfur's conflicts is the external dimension. Between 1986 and 1990 this consisted of Chadian and Libyan involvement. Chadian exiles used Darfur as a base to attack Chad (Idris Deby successfully did so), while the Chadian army (sometimes with French assistance) counter-attacked against them inside Darfur. Fortunately, the Chadian dimension is now absent.
33. The scale of the current war and humanitarian crisis in Darfur means that action must be urgent. The depth of the political problem means that a solution must be sought with care and consultation. A settlement will need to address the central political agenda of the SLA and other Darfurian groups including the EJM, namely fair representation of Darfurian interests in central government and national policymaking. Despite current GoS rejections, a form of local self-rule and popular consultation will be required. It will also need to address the profound social, economic and ecological problems of a vast, poor and long-neglected region.
34. The crisis in Darfur is too severe for it to be resolved through internal Sudanese processes. The mediation of Chad, while welcome, is insufficient: Chad simply does not possess the diplomatic resources or political leverage to bring about a solution on its own. Unfortunately, the GoS is reluctant to accept international mediation. Britain could play a leading role in pushing for stronger international mediation. It is critically important that heavyweight international mediation and humanitarian intervention be brought to bear on this crisis.
The International Community
35. Advocates of the Sudan peace process within the U.S. administration had hoped that there would be a framework agreement ready for signature immediately prior to President Bush's State of the Union address on 20 January. This would have given the President the opportunity to point to a foreign policy success, and would have cemented a commitment to Sudan in the competitive list of policy and funding priorities for the administration. It did not work out. The opportunity for some kind of ceremony in Washington will recur, but without the same prominence. The U.S. commitment has not faltered, but as the election grows closer and the budget deficit deepens, high-level attention to Sudan cannot be expected to remain at today's level. The State of the Union address clearly shifted the administration's focus to domestic affairs.
36. Many international donors have expressed interest in scaling up assistance to Sudan. The UN agencies are increasing their activities. But the level of diplomatic representation in Khartoum remains low, a legacy of more than a decade of international isolation. Many countries (including the U.S.) have far-reaching sanctions on Sudan, which will take some time to lift. At a time when aid budgets are not increasing, and there are major competing demands (notably the HIV/AIDS epidemic), there are serious obstacles to Sudan obtaining the generous assistance it will need if peace is to translate into a substantial improvement in the material welfare of most Sudanese. The international community's political commitment to the Sudan peace process now needs to be matched by a financial commitment to rehabilitation and development.
37. The news from Sudan is good: peace is just around the corner. But as the peace process achieves the solidity and complexity necessary to bring the war to an end, a substantial pressure from international community with another deadline is crucial.
38. The international community will need to devote substantial energy to ensure the effective implementation of the peace agreement.
39. It would be a terrible tragedy if peace in the South were to be achieved just as Sudan enters a new and equally vicious war in Darfur. As well as humanitarian assistance, the Darfur war needs immediate political attention by the international community.
40. The GOS and the SPLA/M should commit themselves to peaceful settlement of Darfur conflict. Such commitment should form part and parcel of the Sudan Peace Agreement.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Baltic Transformed: Complexity Theory and European Security
Rowman & Littlefield, 2001 - Political Science - 281 pages
Why isn't the Baltic region like the Balkans? Why have the Baltic republics not experienced ethnic cleansing, border wars, authoritarian rule, and social chaos? Instead, peace, democracy, and market economies have taken root since the fall of communism. Walter C. Clemens, Jr. here uses complexity theory, which analyzes the role of self-organization in complex adaptive systems, to explain the "Baltic miracle." He argues that the theory is a vital tool for understanding the remarkable strides made by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania since 1991 in coping with the transition to partnership with the new Europe. The Baltic peoples have adapted well to the demands of democracy, a market economy, and a constructive role in world affairs. The achievements of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the past decade are the more amazing when considered against the hundreds of years they were dominated by Teutonic knights, Hanseatic merchants, Sweden, Russia, and the USSR. Clemens uses this history as a springboard to analyze how Balts self-organize today to meet the challenges of transition. One of the first books to apply complexity theory to a major sphere of world politics, The Baltic Transformed will provoke constructive debate with its ambitious and well-grounded analysis of not only Baltic developments but European security more generally. Despite its theoretical foundation, the book is written in a clear and accessible style that will make it invaluable for courses on comparative politics, political development, international relations, security, or transition studies.
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The Baltic Transformed: Complexity Theory and European Security
Walter C. Clemens
Limited preview - 2001
The Baltic Transformed: Complexity Theory and European Security
Walter C. Clemens, Jr.
Limited preview - 2001
References to this book
America: Sovereign Defender Or Cowboy Nation?
Vladimir Shlapentokh,Joshua Woods,Eric Shiraev
No preview available - 2005
The Psychology of Ethnic and Cultural Conflict
Yueh-Ting Lee
Snippet view - 2004


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This summer the Wordsworth Trust partnered with the Lake District National Park Authority for a series of walks in the landscape that inspired Wordsworth and his poetry. Here Belinda Turnbull and Mike O'Donoghue from the National Park Authority tell us a bit more about the project and its role in the exciting bid for the Lake District to become a World Heritage site.
How does Britain's best loved poet link to our World Heritage bid?
Our spectacular landscape, with its unique beauty, has inspired poets and artists like William Wordsworth, and continues to inspire the millions who visit here each year. Wordsworth famously described the Lake District as 'a sort of national property' which he believed every person 'had a right to enjoy'.
We believe the Lake District deserves worldwide recognition. That's why in 2017 we will bid for World Heritage Site status, placing the Lake District alongside the Taj Mahal, the Tower of London and the Great Barrier Reef.
We believe that Wordsworth's legacy helps support our bid to demonstrate why this cultural landscape deserves global recognition. To help more people discover it too, volunteer guides have teamed up with the Wordsworth Trust to deliver a special series of World Heritage guided walks.
A source of artistic inspiration
Along with the other Lake Poets who were attracted to the area, Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy wrote poetry that was directly inspired by the landscape and its inhabitants. These writings helped set the scene for the early conservation movement and the formation of the National Trust.
Our Wordsworth walks and talks will help you discover more about this fascinating and important man and the people who influenced his life.
Here's how walk leader Mike O'Donoghue describes how volunteers and the Wordsworth Trust have worked together:
For some visitors to the Lake District National Park the area is synonymous with Wordsworth. But while many may be familiar with his poetry, especially the poem commonly known as "Daffodils", few may know much about the special places that inspired him.
The new walks introduced earlier this year and which are led by National Park volunteers take place in Hawkshead, Grasmere and Ullswater and visit places of significance to William and Dorothy, including the site of the daffodils which inspired the most famous poem in the English language, I wandered lonely as a cloud at Gowbarrow Park on 15 April 1802.
I and other interested volunteer guides have been supported by the Wordsworth Trust at Dove Cottage to develop these walks. Curator Jeff Cowton has provided us with valuable information. We were also given access to manuscripts of his writings and one of the original diaries written by Dorothy.
A commentary for the walks was created with help from trainees from the Wordsworth Trust. The marriage of these notes to their related places and landscape helps leaders bring Wordsworth to life.
There are four different walk routes for you to enjoy:
- A Host of Daffodils: See the daffodils by the shores of Ullswater which inspired Wordsworth's most famous poem.
- In the Footsteps of Wordsworth: Take a ride on an Ullswater steamer from Glenridding to the legendary Aira Force waterfall and return along the lake shore.
- Wordsworth's Hawkshead: Explore the village where Wordsworth spent much of his childhood while studying at Hawkshead Grammar School.
- Wordsworth's Grasmere:Discover the village Wordsworth chose to call home – see the places he lived and wrote about and visit his grave in the churchyard.
These walks, which were introduced in April, have been very popular with visitors of all ages (so make sure you get to the start early for these 'just turn up' events). There are more running throughout the season (until October) and we will be repeating them again in 2017 when we will also learn if we've been successful in our World Heritage bid.
Join us in our bid to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site
You can help celebrate the identity, inspiration and conservation of the Lake District by supporting the #lakedistrictbid.
Show your support and back the bid for World Heritage status by adding your vote to this website: lakesworldheritage.co.uk


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Food can alter your mood and change how your day goes. Find out what to eat to be clear headed, alert, calm and focused. Discover what meals and snacks can give you a natural boost in motivation and concentration and which foods will help you feel happy!
You'll probably have noticed some of the most obvious food mood connections: perhaps you've felt sluggish and foggy-headed after lunch? or you know having some chocolate will make you feel good? We sometimes experience these dramatic and almost instantaneous effects of the food we eat. Other connections between food and how we feel are more subtle but can make a huge difference to how we feel and what we achieve.
We're going to explore two main ways to influence mood through food:
1. Keeping blood sugar levels as stable as possible
When blood sugar levels rise a brain chemical called orexin is suppressed. Orexin is a chemical responsible for making us feel alert and active so when blood sugar levels rise and orexin levels are lower you begin to feel tired and sluggish.
But if blood sugar levels fall too far you are likely to get irritable, impatient and find it hard to concentrate on what you are doing, maybe even feeling 'hanger', anger caused by hunger!
Either way, when blood sugar levels fluctuate too much it impacts on mood and distracts you from enjoying your day. Here I'II give you some tips to minimise fluctuations in blood sugar levels so you have nice steady energy levels and mood throughout the day.
2. Optimising the quality and quantity of the nutrients you eat
The food you eat controls the neurotransmitters, (brain chemicals) and hormones your body produces as well as how well you can utilise the energy you get from food. One example of these neurotransmitters is serotonin. Serotonin makes us happy, it makes us feel like we can achieve anything and feel positive about life, all really important to enable us to be highly productive and ready to take on new experiences and opportunities. In order for serotonin to be produced protein, the building blocks for neurotransmitters, is required as well as carbohydrate and vitamins and minerals such as magnesium, folate and B vitamins. If you don't eat many magnesium rich foods you may not be giving your body enough of the ingredients it needs to keep serotonin levels nice and high. The resulting impact on your mood could lead to you feeling less optimistic about things as you might, which could influence really important decisions such as putting forward your idea to others in a meeting or going along to a new class with a friend!
So in these ways the meals and snacks we choose affect what we do and how we respond to the everyday stresses of life. Here are my top 3 tips for boosting your mood with food:
- Have protein with breakfast – including protein with your breakfast will help to stabilise your blood sugar levels and reduce cravings right through to the afternoon. Try having eggs for breakfast or including some nuts, meat, cheese, fish or greek yogurt to take control of how you feel for the rest of the day. Adding protein first thing could mean you are less likely to feel like something sweet mid-afternoon so you'll avoid the slump in energy and mood you might experience soon afterwards.
- Have 3 'Happy Eating' Meals a Day – A happy eating meal is one that is going to nourish your body and give you a great selection of the nutrients you need. It will also help to give you long lasting energy and provide your body with the ingredients it needs to make neurotransmitters. Aim for half your plate to be vegetables or salad, one-quarter to be protein foods and one-quarter to be high fibre carbohydrate foods.
- Include nuts and seeds daily – Nuts are rich in protein and magnesium, both vital for the productive of neurotransmitters such as dopamine. Dopamine gives us our 'get up and go', makes us feel motivated and excited about life so having more of this will help us make the most of every day. Having a small handful of nuts could help your body keep dopamine levels naturally high.
Seeds are underused and undervalued by most people but are powerful bundles of goodness! Seeds such as pumpkin and sunflower seeds are rich in B vitamins which help in energy production, making them the perfect food if you sometimes feel sluggish and tired.
I keep jars of my favourite nuts and seeds on hand in glass jars so I can add a handful to a salad or put a few in a pot to take out with me as a snack.
Making just a few tweaks to the food you eat could really influence your mood and help you feel ready to take on the day! Try these 3 food tips and let me know if you notice a difference. If you'd like to find out more about food and mood please get in touch. I provide nutrition consultancy to individuals and to organisations in and around Portishead and Bristol.
Happy Eating!


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As I know you are already aware, work is progressing with new
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Perhaps the issues of integration of numerous websites that are
publishing relevent data on this scale could be used as a target for us
-- -- Grant Bowman <email@example.com>
* Jerome C. Glenn <email@example.com> [010718 15:17]: > >From Heiner: > > >Jerry if you as a bridge between GO's and NGO's worlds will help > >to moderate and steer such an effort, it will be certainly not only be > >appreciated but a real FUTURISTIC TASK. The scope of the MP > >is certainlly not onyl multi-lingual and multi-cultural - but also > >multi-scales ! the issue is how to communicate and bridge the > >items and issues. > > How to prevent a coordination of coordinators leading to no real action? > Or maybe a better question is what would MP do differently? > > >From Rubin: > > >In my view, the most pressing need is at a level above those you list; > >although it is a good list. None of the projects is trivial. The most > >basic lack is a truly effective, global network of persons and organizations > >doing serious futures and strategic foresight work. > > Gee, I sorta thought that's what the Millennium Project was making pretty > good progress at. > > >We are just finishing a 5 year process to create the infrastructure that is > >required in Canada which reflects this approach. While slow in some ways > >the results are proving the worth of our commitment to design and not just > >do. > > Excellent, I'm sure the Millennium Project Nodes would love to cooperate. > The MP feasibility study too three years, plus a one year pre-feasibility > study. > > >Of course, the first step is to test for prima facia interest and then > >design the design process. > > > >We have already had informal discussions with a dozen or so organizations > >along these lines. There is interest in doing it. We would be pleased to > >pull our weight, both in designing the process of design and then in > >undertaking it. > > > >If, helpful, I'll come to Minneapolis for your meeting. > > Were you not already planning to come the the World Future Society > conference in Minneapolis? > > Jerry Glenn > http://acunu.org > > ----------------------------------------- > AC/UNU Millennium Project > 4421 Garrison Street, NW > Washington, DC 20016 > tel/fax: (202) 686-5179 > http://millennium-project.org > > > To unsubscribe send an email to: > email@example.com >
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.0.0 : Tue Aug 21 2001 - 17:58:07 PDT


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Jeff has practiced in the intellectual property field since 1993, and specializes in patent preparation and prosecution in electrical and mechanical technologies.
Specifically, Jeff's practice encompasses a wide range of technologies including:
- Electronic display devices
- Electronic communications
- Batteries
- Laser technology
- Light guiding elements including lenses, optical fibers, and diffraction members
Jeff began his career in intellectual property at the United States Patent and Trademark Office where he spent four years gaining experience as a Patent Examiner.
- American Intellectual Property Law Association
- Voting Member: Patent Relations with the USPTO Committee; Patent Law Committee; Electronic & Computer Law Committee; and Patent Cooperation Treaty Issues Committee
- Intellectual Property Owner's Association
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers


text: this weekend in vejer de la fronterra is the 'noches de velas' – an amazing fete of hanging hundreds of candles around the streets of the old town and especially in the main square, plaza espana – accompanied by a group of singers sat in the middle of the candles. its always a splendid sight, though marred by the hundreds of visitors visiting the town to catch the atmosphere – all the street lights will be turned off, so the town will look romantically medieval. its definitely a night to remember- vejer definitely knows how to do a festival!


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Baldwin to Trump: Are you threatening me?
Actor Alec Baldwin asks if Trump's tweeted response to his impersonation on "SNL" implies the president means to threaten the safety of his family.'A sitting President exhorting his followers' »Celebrity Yahoo Style UK
Kim Kardashian just wore one of her most revealing dresses yet
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Man arrested for punching, pouring coffee on Sikh 7-Eleven clerk - because he thought the man was Muslim
He reportedly told the police that he hates Muslims, but his victim is actually Sikh.Celebrity People
Miranda Lambert Wears Elegant Long-Sleeve Lace Dress to Marry Brendan McLoughlin
Miranda Lambert Wears Stunning Dress to Marry Brendan McLoughlinPolitics Time
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Celebrated Amazon Pulling Out of New York--But the Governor Says It Cost the City 25,000 Jobs
The spat between Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Gov. Andrew Cuomo lays bare a growing divide over Amazon's decision to pull out of New York City.World HuffPost
Angela Merkel Mocks Trump Administration But Ivanka Is Not Having It
Merkel said she was "shocked" that the Trump administration was consideringlabeling German cars a "national security threat" to the United StatesU.S. TheBlast
Jussie Smollett Case: The Letter Sender Could Face Five Years, Regardless of Who It Is
While Chicago police try and determine whether Jussie Smollett orchestrated his alleged last attack last month, the FBI is still investigating the other incident involving Smollett, which could result in federal charges no matter what. Two days before the alleged attack on Smollett, a letter containing white powder was sent to the set of "Empire." The […]The post Jussie Smollett Case: The Letter Sender Could Face Five Years, Regardless of Who It Is appeared first on The Blast.Celebrity Entertainment Tonight
Andy Cohen Explains to Kim Zolciak Why She Wasn't Invited to His Baby Shower
"That's weird, right?"
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You happily turn the corner on a problematic issue in your immediate environment. You could experience additional relief when the Sun leaves your sign and swims into the waters of Pisces. Attention di...


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we been craving for this lobster porridge meal from Orchid Live Seafood on Jalan Kelulut since both Laurice & Joyce recommended them to us last year and we found the perfect occasion to indulge in it - March's "Happi Wife, Happi Ang" in conjunction with PB month.... school has been extremely kind to a slacker me ... woohoo!!!
the famous lobster porridge - way more than enough to feed two hungry Angs
All these for $88 nett... no service charge & no GST... =) ... the fried chicken was my favourite....
tummy full full and off we went to walk off the calories at i Light Marina Bay 2018
spotted this pretty pretty installation, Digital Light Canvas, in mbs, at the corner of mbs itself nearer to the Art Science Museum ... the sparkling chandelier is 14m long and suspended 6m above a 15m wide LED floor which is interactive with each footstep ... no wonder we spotted many children running and stomping within the lighted circular zone... =)
a pop up bar that is constructed with colourful reusable plastic tanks
Giant Octopus whose colours literally runs when you tap on the oil drums attached to the base of each tentacle
in love & in bloom
due to their spherical base, they sway even to the slightest wind... so ended by like minimalist 不到翁s... =P
vacuum packed plastic trash
Why so much trash???
trying to get the 'love' between us needed some 'to the left, to the left, to the right, to the right' coordination.... can tell that i can give very good instruction to hubby Ang but didnt ensure that i listened to my own instruction.... wahahahaha
a gigantic version of the tic-tok-tic-tok that i loved to play with when i was a kid....
same same but different


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The Israeli Haifa Court,
The Palestinian-Israeli conflict is ancient, complex and deeply rooted in perception. These many different versions of historical perception have caused the repetitious power struggle to amplify into a full-blown political conflict.
I urge you to try and look past this political conflict. I hope you can identify with me as a human being for the remainder of my letter.
Rachel Corrie got caught in the midst of this conflict. Rachel was an average American with extraordinary compassion. She was a student at the Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington and joined the International Solidarity Movement (ISM) in January 2003 to pursue nonviolent resistance in Israel. Her passion for peace led her to the war-torn town of Rafah, near the Israeli-Egyptian border. She exemplified non-violent direct action.
The controversial political conflict in Israel has given people an "us versus them" mentality. The conflict has been so extreme as to erupt into violence, wars and death. Lost lives are tallied. Casualties are overlooked. Human beings forget that every single person who dies because of a political conflict has a mother, maybe even a daughter and a family who can't merely just forget about their death. It affects their everyday life. Death isn't something they just hear about on morning reports. It is their unfortunate reality. The value of life has ultimately been diminished. I value human life, personal safety and the right to prosperity.
Above all else, I value justice. I do not take this lightly.
This is why I choose to address your Israeli Haifa District Court. I believe you committed an act of injustice. The worst crime one can commit against humanity.
Rachel Corrie believed in humanity. She lived her life for the benefit of others. She lived, until the end of her life, in the pursuit of justice. On March 16th 2003, Rachel was killed in the town of Rafah. While acting as a human shield in an effort to prevent the demolition of a Palestinian home in Gaza, an Israeli Defense Force bulldozer crushed her to death. She was just 23 years old.
Rachel's parents, Cindy and Craig Corrie, filed a lawsuit accusing your Israeli military of either unlawfully or intentionally killing Rachel, or of gross negligence. Her family claimed a symbolic $1 in damages and legal expenses.
This lawsuit isn't about revenge. It isn't about money. It is simply about accountability. This lawsuit is about ensuring justice. In the words of Martin Luther King Jr., "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere" (Letter From a Birmingham Jail). Justice has no bias. Crime deserves punishment. Regardless if the one committing the crime is Israeli or Palestinian.
Your respective court dismissed the civil law suit on August 28, 2012.
I believe passionately and whole-heartedly that the ruling was under investigated and purposefully dismissed in order to protect a guilty soldier from exposing systematic corruption and illegal occupation.
Your respective court ruled that the state bore no responsibility for the death of Rachel Corrie. Judge Oded Gershon of your Haifa District Court said that the death of Rachel was a "regrettable accident" for which the state of Israel was not responsible. She "put herself in a dangerous situation" and her death was not caused by negligence of the Israeli state or army. The 62-page ruling claimed no responsibility for the Israeli military investigation, completely clearing the driver of the bulldozer that crushed Corrie to death (the Haifa court would not release the driver's identity). Judge Gershon further said that the driver could not have seen Rachel from the cab of the bulldozer and that Rachel "could have simply saved herself by moving out of the zone of danger as any reasonable person would have done." He said that the area was a combat zone, and the United States government had warned its citizens not to go there. These international activists were set on obstructing actions of the Israeli military and acting as human shields "to protect terrorists." Ultimately, the judge ruled that no compensation would be paid and the family would not have to pay the costs of the case.
There is much controversy surrounding Rachel's death, however, I strongly believe that the evidence of intentionality is overwhelming. The driver of the bulldozer ran Rachel over for vile reasons that Rachel's loved ones, nor I, will ever be able to comprehend.
Judge Oded Gershon and your respective Haifa Court have reduced Rachel's life to become a mere product of political conflict. Rachel is too valuable to be so overtly dismissed.
Rachel's death was not a "regrettable accident." It was an intentional political attack. On the day she died, the Electronic Intifada released a photo of Rachel from that same day wearing a bright orange vest and holding a bullhorn to amplify her voice.
The same website also published sworn declarations taken within days of the deadly incident by three other international activists present when Rachel was killed.
Among the witnesses was a Briton named Tom Dale, who now works in Cairo, Egypt as a journalist. He released the following statement: "On 16 March 2003, Rachel could not have been more visible: standing, on a clear day, in the open ground, wearing a high visibility vest. On that day, she had been in the presence of the Caterpillar D9 bulldozers used by the Israeli army for some hours… Even going by the visibility charts provided by the Israeli state during the case, in my judgment, the bulldozer driver must at some point have been able to see Rachel, during the period in which his vehicle approached her… I do not find it plausible that he did not see her." The driver of the bulldozer wanted to ensure that he taught these peace activists a lesson. If they intervened in the Israeli military's actions, even peacefully, they would suffer consequences.
In Rachel's case, her consequence was death.
Rachel did not merely "put herself in a dangerous situation." Nothing worthwhile was ever achieved without dedication. Rachel was implementing her American values into proactive and peaceful direct-action. At the time of her protesting, hundreds of homes had already been bulldozed in the area. Her bravery took her to the origin of the problem. She wanted to be on the forefront of the protesting—that is admirable, not reckless. The beauty of freedom is etched in every line of our constitution. She was merely emphasizing that the quality of human life is ensured through one's right to personal safety, to the protection of their home and through the application of justice. Rachel fought for equality. She personified her American beliefs. As a citizen of the United States, she sought to "establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty" for the Palestinian people of Gaza (Constitution of the United States).
Rachel did not intend to commit suicide. She did not plan to remain rigid and face the blades of a menacing bulldozer. She tried to move "as any reasonable person would have done." But by the time she realized the driver would indeed crush her, Rachel was unable to escape. Tom Dale recalled, "As I told the court, just before she was crushed, Rachel briefly stood on top of the rolling mound of earth which had gathered in front of the bulldozer: her head was above the level of the blade, and just a few meters from the driver." Rachel was unable to catch her balance and escape the situation.
Joe Carr, another American activist (who used the name of Joseph Smith during his time in Gaza) released the following record in an affidavit to the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR): "Still wearing her fluorescent jacket, she knelt down at least 15 meters in front of the bulldozer, and began waving her arms and shouting, just as activists had successfully done dozens of times that day…. When it got so close that it was moving the earth beneath her, she climbed onto the pile of rubble being pushed by the bulldozer…. Her head and upper torso were above the bulldozer's blade, and the bulldozer operator and co-operator could clearly see her. Despite this, the operator continued forward, which caused her to fall back, out of view of the driver. He continued forward, and she tried to scoot back, but was quickly pulled underneath the bulldozer. We ran towards him, and waved our arms and shouted; one activist with the megaphone. But the bulldozer operator continued forward, until Corrie was all the way underneath the central section of the bulldozer."
Rachel did not intend to "protect terrorists." Tom Dale explained, "She stood in front of the home of a young family which was under threat of demolition by a bulldozer. Rachel was seeking to protect her friends, with whom she had lived."
Despite the Israeli Haifa Court verdict, Rachel's story has not been dismissed. It will not be dismissed until justice has prevailed. If anything, the lawsuit has revealed your corruption. This type of injustice perpetuates. This single tragedy, deemed accidental, is symbolic of an entire nation of Palestinian people who are denied basic human rights daily. Because they are the other. Because they are the non-jew. These indigenous Palestinian people are often disregarded because their country is no longer listed on a map.
But Rachel did not disregard these people.
Rachel discusses the atrocities she saw in Rafah, Israel.
Rachel is the reason I became interested in human rights. She is the reason I am addressing your respective court. I was ten years old when I met her parents at an event held by the Muslim Public Affairs Council honoring Rachel and her parents' activism. Her story corrupted my innocence. It shattered the crystal ball of perfection associated with my childhood world. Initially, Rachel's death merely made me aware of the injustice in Israel. It wasn't until I got older that I realized the amount of media attention her death generated, and still generates today— nine years later. She proved to me that one lost American life is valued more than thousands of Palestinians' lives.
On the night of Corrie's death, nine Palestinians were also killed.
We never heard their stories.
Deaths in Israel have become normalized. These people suffer in silence. This is why Rachel's family founded a non-violent direct-action organization, The Rachel Corrie Foundation. Rachel's parents ensured that her death would not become a forgotten tragedy. They continue the work she "began and hoped to accomplish, and carry out that work with her vision, spirit, and creative energy in mind" (rachelcorriefoundation.org).
Albert Einstein said, "It would be my greatest sadness to see Zionists (Jews) do to Palestinian Arabs much of what Nazis did to Jews." Rachel fought for the nation of Israel through her desire to implement justice in the region. Israel will only seek to strengthen itself by allowing Palestinians to live freely within their defined national boundaries. They will earn international respect through abiding by international laws and ending the forceful occupation of the region. Oppressive tactics are not ideal for the maintenance of stability.
Even more than international awareness, Rachel's story has become personal. Rachel's bravery through her work for the ISM has given my life purpose. As an American, I was taught that freedom is an unalienable right. The United States boasts of these principles, yet unconditionally supports your nation of Israel. A nation that allowed this injustice to occur. A nation that dismissed a lost life in an effort to maintain a respectable reputation. A nation that has rejected justice.
That is the true tragedy.
I refuse to accept your Haifa Court ruling as conclusive. Rachel Corrie is my hero. She inspired me to live my life for others. The end of Rachel's life marked the beginning of mine. I didn't begin to truly live until I found something to live for.
I am committed to fight for justice in Israel. Rachel's case will never die. Rachel's cause will not be forgotten.
Even more than The Rachel Corrie Foundation, Rachel lives through me every day. I write with the emails she wrote to her family in mind. I exist with the understanding that I am blessed to live in a free nation. I prosper in the tranquility of my consistent safety. She reminds me that there are wonderful people in this world. I pursue a future of activism through her example. As I approach my 20th birthday this Monday, I realize just how young Rachel was at the time of her death. She was too young. Her life cannot go to waste. We must ensure that the work she started is finished.
I write this in loving memory of an extraordinary human being. As Mahatma Gandhi said, "Live simple, so others may simply live." Rachel did that.
Rachel's mother, Cindy Corrie, stated at a press conference after your ruling, "I believe [that] was a bad day, not only for our family, but for human rights, humanity, the rule of law and also for the country of Israel."
Don't let a political conflict become so extreme that your Haifa Court forgets the value of a human life.
With all due respect,
A Blessed College Student
A 5th Grade Speech Rachel made. She was always an activist.


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By Juan M. Delgado Sanchez, Tomas Dominguez Benavides
This quantity includes a set of articles via best researchers in mathematical research. It presents the reader with an intensive assessment of the present-day learn in numerous parts of mathematical research (complex variable, harmonic research, actual research and useful research) that holds nice promise for present and destiny advancements. those evaluation articles are hugely invaluable should you are looking to know about those subject matters, as many effects scattered within the literature are mirrored in the course of the many separate papers featured herein.
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Md) Lecture Notes in Math. 779 (1979), 104–122. 7. R. R. Coifman and W. Weiss, Transference Methods in Analysis, Regional Conf. Series in Math. 31, Amer. Math. , Providence (1977). 8. K. , Ann. Math. 91 (1965), 364–379. 9. D. Fan and S. Sato, Transference of certain multilinear multipliers operators, J. Austral. Math. Soc. 70 (2001), 37–55. 10. J. Gilbert and A. Nahmod, Bilinear operators with non-smooth symbols, J. Fourier Anal. Appl. 7 (2001), 435–467. May 6, 2008 15:45 38 WSPC - Proceedings Trim Size: 9in x 6in ws-procs9x6 O.
Then it is not difficult to check that each S(q0 ) is a dense open set in S 1 and that all λ ∈ S = q0 ≥1 S(q0 ) satisfy (23). Indeed, if λ = e2πiθ ∈ S, we can find q ∈ N arbitrarily large such that there is p ∈ N so that (24) holds. Now, it is easy to see that |e2πit − 1| ≤ 2π|t| for all t ∈ [−1/2, 1/2]. Then let p0 be the integer closest to qθ so that |qθ − p0 | ≤ 1/2. Then we have |λq −1| = |e2πiqθ −e2πip0 | = |e2πi(qθ−p0 ) −1| ≤ 2π|qθ−p0 | ≤ 2π|qθ−p| < 4π 2q! for arbitrarily large q and (23) follows.
E. Kenig and E. M. Stein, Multilinear estimates and fractional integration, Math. Res. Lett. 6 (1999), 1–15. 15. M. Lacey, The bilinear maximal function maps into Lp for 32 < p ≤ 1 , Ann. Math. 151 (2000), 35–57. 16. M. Lacey and C. Thiele, Lp estimates on the bilinear Hilbert transform for 2 < p < ∞, Annals Math. 146 (1997), 693–724. 17. M. Lacey and Thiele, C. Weak bounds for the bilinear Hilbert transform on Lp , Documenta Mathematica, extra volume ICM 1-1000, [1997]. 18. M. Lacey and C. Thiele, On Calder´ on's conjecture, Ann.
Advanced course of mathematical analysis 3 by Juan M. Delgado Sanchez, Tomas Dominguez Benavides
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"Concealed Carry Reciprocity" would gut our gun laws because it would force each state to accept the concealed carry standards of every other state - even states that have weaker standards, or worse, no standards at all.
And crucially, the bill now on its way to the U.S. Senate would enable Californians to apply for permits from other states such as Florida and Utah with looser requirements-states that don't require applicants to be residents of that state, and allow the entire application process to happen online. "I don't think that right should be undermined simply because I travel to another state".
The Concealed Carry Reciprocity Act would essentially allow anyone with a permit to carry hidden weapons into any state, including those like NY and California, and the USA capital Washington, DC, which have some of the toughest restrictions on carrying loaded guns in public.
Kansas doesn't require a permit to carry concealed, so other states' permit standards wouldn't apply to Kansans traveling there. Citizens must also carry a valid government-issued photo ID, and be lawfully licensed or otherwise entitled to carry a concealed handgun.
Guns can not be carried in New Jersey. In some of these states, according to Schumer, concealed carry permits have been legally issued to convicted felons. However, the legislation only drew the support of six Democrats nationally, none of them from New Jersey. Each person would have to follow the laws of the state, county and municipality in which they are carrying concealed. Essentially, what the bill does is allow concealed carry permits to be treated like driver's licenses so that they are universal across all states.More news: Saudi blockade on Yemen must be lifted 'for humanitarian reasons immediately'
"In collaboration with local law enforcement, we have managed to meaningfully reduce shootings in NY, making it the safest large city in the United States", Williams continued. "The Congressman voted to make the job of our law enforcement agencies more hard and to allow untrained and potentially unsafe individuals to carry concealed weapons in New Jersey".
But opponents said it would trample on laws in some states with tighter restrictions on carrying loaded guns in public, such as NY and California. Unfortunately for MA, whose citizens have already made their preferences on gun regulation known loudly and clearly, those whose votes can make a difference reside in other states. "I just think if you get a gun in another state, you should not be able to carry into another state that does not recognize it".
Advocates on both sides of the issue agree that should concealed-carry reciprocity become law, it will likely end up in federal court.
But 24 state attorneys general disagreed.


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EDINBURG — One of the two men sought in connection with a double homicide in Mission last year is a scheduled to be arraigned Wednesday afternoon. HIDALGO — Not long into the third quarter Tuesday, Vipers forward Raphiael Putney picked up his fourth foul. Putney pleaded, and practically d… Editor's Note: This is part of a periodic series with H-E-B's health and wellness program and H-E-B Border Region registers dietitian Andie Le…
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