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compiled by Andrew Potter
Each Sunday, the FO staff sends around emails about the games that each of us are watching. We share information about the games that the rest of the group might not be watching, ask questions, and keep everyone else informed about which games they might want to tune into (if they can).
On Monday, we compile a digest of those e-mails and produce this feature. By its nature, it can be disjointed and dissimilar to the other articles on the site.
While these emails are generally written with Audibles in mind, they do not represent a standard review of all the games each week. That means we aren't going to cover every game, or every important play. We watch the games that we, as fans, are interested in watching, so your favorite team's game might not be covered to your fullest desires or even at all. (If you are a Steelers or Patriots fan, you are probably in luck; if you are a Bills fan, not so much.) We have no intention of adding new authors solely to cover every game on a given Sunday, nor will we watch a different game from the ones that we're personally interested in watching just to ensure that Audibles covers every game.
Carolina Panthers 35 at New York Jets 27
Bryan Knowles: The Panthers are being aggressive early, converting on a fourth-and-3 from the Jets 39 to keep their opening drive alive. I know Ron Rivera got that "Riverboat Ron" moniker in 2013 when the Panthers earned a reputation for being more aggressive in fourth-down situations, but that really hasn't been the case this year; the Panthers have actually been a little conservative on fourth-and-short situations this year compared to the league. It doesn't really make much sense that that would be the case, with Cam Newton behind center, but that's the case. Rivera was very conservative to open his coaching career, so maybe the past year or two have actually been a reversion to the mean for him.
Of course, later in the drive, they settle for a 40-yard field goal on fourth-and-2, so maybe Rivera is just throwing darts at a board here. Ah well.
It should be 7-3 New York, but Jets gotta Jets. They fooled the Panthers defense, with no one covering Austin Seferian-Jenkins, wide open in the end zone … and he picks a terrible time for his first drop of the season. Panthers dodge a bullet, and we remain tied.
Case in point for that "you should go for it more often with Cam Newton" concept. Facing third-and-goal from the 1, they run a play fake into a naked bootleg, with Newton beating everyone to the edge and stiff-arming Bruce Carter on his way into the end zone. Bootlegs, dives, draws, options -- it's just too easy for Newton in these situations. That's his 51st red zone rushing touchdown since 2011. Only two other players have more than 40 (Marshawn Lynch and DeMarco Murray). Dude's unstoppable. Difference in the game is that the Panthers scored when they got to the 1-yard line; the Jets kicked the give-up field goal after the ASJ drop. 9-3, Panthers.
Scott Kacsmar: The extent to which Christian McCaffrey has been used as a receiver versus a runner has been unexpectedly slanted towards the receiving game this year. But he's had a 40-yard run today, which more than doubles his previous career long (17 yards). He's up to 54 rushing yards, which is already close to his high game this year (66). That 40-yard run led to a field goal and the Panthers are up 12-3.
Bryan Knowles: You're not wrong about McCaffrey -- the Panthers were actually giving him extra reps as a slot receiver this week. It's not because of injuries -- with Greg Olsen back, the Panthers have their full complement of receivers -- and it's not because Jonathan Stewart is lighting things up in the backfield. I'm a little surprised he hasn't taken over more of the running load, but I suppose a 3.0 YPC will do that for you. He just hasn't been Stanford McCaffrey on the ground this year.
Speaking of Olsen, he has been open a couple times, but something's missing in his connection with Newton so far -- Newton overthrew a wide-open Olsen in the end zone on that drive that ended in the field goal. Probably won't matter as the Jets offense has checked out since their first drive.
Scott Kacsmar: Sometimes August production does matter. Robby Anderson, a preseason standout in recent years, has a touchdown catch in five straight games for the Jets. The latest may be the most impressive yet, a catch in the back of the end zone to pull the Jets to within 12-10 at the half. Maybe Anderson never gets this big opportunity if the Jets didn't lose Brandon Marshall, Eric Decker, and Quincy Enunwa, but he looks like a solid young wideout to me. For being a deep threat in an offense without strong quarterback play, a catch rate over 50 percent isn't bad either. Get Enunwa back next year, maybe add another starter in free agency or the draft, and there's something to work with here.
Bryan Knowles: And, of course, just after I say the Jets offense is shut down, they connect on a 33-yard touchdown to Robby Anderson. Shouldn't have happened -- both Mike Adams and James Bradberry were in position to make a play and they just sort of … didn't. It was a tremendous catch by Anderson, taking nothing away from him there -- but it feels like he shouldn't have even gotten the opportunity.
Maybe it's just bye-week rust. Newton has been overthrowing people, the running game has not been particularly effective outside of the big McCaffrey run and a Kaelin Clay reverse, and the Jets have been getting significant pressure. Their blitzes are getting home, sacking Newton twice and hitting him six times, which might be a reason for the passing inaccuracy. If the offense could get anything going -- they had four straight punts bookending their scoring drives at the beginning and end of the half -- the Jets could pull off an upset here. As it is, they're hanging around, down 12-10 at halftime.
Have the Jets considered just not doing short plays at all? "Send Robby Anderson deep and hope something happens" seems to be the lion's share of their offense -- and they hit him again, on a 54-yard bomb where Kurt Coleman ended up a good 10 yards behind the play, caught looking into the backfield. The Jets are averaging 14.8 yards per play when targeting Anderson and just 4.2 on everything else.
No one knows what a catch is anymore. Jets throw to Austin Sefarian-Jenkins for what seems like a sure touchdown, with possession as he falls out of bounds. The refs, however, rule that the ball was moving as he went to the ground which, no. No, it really wasn't. Or, at least, I've seen the ball move more and seen it called a catch. Jets settle for a field goal, meaning they have a two-point lead rather than a six-point lead. This is not the first time ASJ has had a touchdown overturned somewhat controversially this season, and it might come back to haunt the Jets yet again.
The Panthers respond by waking up, scoring a touchdown on a nine-play, 75-yard drive. Devin Funchess had a key 35-yard catch to spark things, which is more yards than the Panthers had managed on their previous four series combined -- three three-and-outs and one kneeldown at the end of the half. This one remains close at 18-17, but not because it has been super-well played.
Vince Verhei: Josh McCown was drafted 15 years ago. His panicky fumble under pressure, recovered by Luke Kuechly and returned for a go-ahead touchdown, was the kind of play that gets undrafted free agents cut in the preseason.
Rob Weintraub: On the other hand McCown did set a career high for passing yardage at age 38. For Hanukkah I'm investing in some JM15 anti-aging products, for sure.
Rivers McCown: I need to hire John Morton to be my agent.
Bryan Knowles: The Panthers are going to win this one, but don't let the final score distract you from Newton's bad day. He's just 11-for-28 passing (pending what happens here on the final drive) and has been frustratingly inaccurate. Kuechly's fumble return touchdown and a Kaelin Clay punt return touchdown finally broke this one open, and the Panthers escape with one today. In the AFC, they'd be top playoff contenders! In the NFC, they're going to have to do better than that to hold on to that top wild-card slot.
Miami Dolphins 17 at New England Patriots 35
Aaron Schatz: The biggest difference in the Dolphins defense between last year and this year has been the pass pressure. The Dolphins were fifth in pressure rate last year, but are 28th this year. Hurries are down for pretty much every holdover player except Cameron Wake. There has been almost no pressure on Tom Brady in the first quarter. Patriots offense went three-and-out because of bad throws, but Brady had time. Then they un-went three-and-out with a fake punt, flipping the ball to the up-back Nate Ebner, who ran for a first down (but may have torn his ACL). The surprise is that the Patriots are also running so well against a Dolphins run defense that has been average, much better than their pass defense this year.
Meanwhile, the Dolphins have no offense. Average gain so far is 3.2 yards. They just made the score 14-7 totally through luck, when the Patriots had a bad center exchange. Tom Brady was looking away when backup center Ted Karras snapped the ball and Rashad Jones picked it up to run it in for a touchdown. It's a really important turn of events in what I'm calling the Backdoor Cover Bowl -- -16.5 is an ABSURDLY backdoor-coverable line -- but really says absolutely nothing about the quality of either team.
OK, in the second quarter Cameron Wake is getting some pressure by beating backup right tackle LaAdrian Waddle. And there was an attempted screen where Charles Harris ended up unblocked and just plain obliterated Brady. Otherwise, there's not much.
Zach Binney: Alright, ban the kickoff. To start the second half an ugly collision on kickoff coverage made both a Miami and New England players' necks stretch in a very unnatural direction, and both of them are left on the turf. The Dolphins player is about to get carted off.
I've been tepid on kickoff reform rules because while they are by far the most dangerous plays, they simply aren't frequent enough to impact the overall NFL injury rate. But that was never an excuse to ignore reforming or eliminating the kickoff; just an encouragement not to think that's enough.
I just recently heard about a suggestion given to the league by Greg Schiano of all people that I kind of like: after you score, you get a fourth-and-15 from your own 35. This keeps the potential for an onside kick-style play alive, and otherwise you punt.
Aaron Schatz: Now 28-10 near the end of the third quarter. This game has been tremendously one-sided. It would be the first really strong defensive performance for the Patriots by DVOA, except the Dolphins have been so bad this year that the opponent adjustments are bound to be huge. Matt Moore is what he is -- a good backup quarterback who shouldn't be starting on a regular basis. The offensive line is iffy. The running game is non-existent. Pats have had one of the league's worst run defenses this year and still, Miami backs currently have 17 carries for only 61 yards. Miami came into this game with just 3.6 yards per carry and somehow that wasn't even one of the five worst figures in the league. It's been a really horrendous year for a number of teams in the running game, which I keep meaning to talk about in the DVOA commentaries but I keep getting onto other subjects. I'll probably get to it this week.
The other element of this game: the Dolphins are playing mostly zone defenses and there's just no way that can stop either Brandin Cooks or Rob Gronkowski. Gronk passed Randy Moss' team record for multiple-touchdown games today. By the way, Moss was only with the Patriots for 3 1/4 seasons. The dude was amazing.
Buffalo Bills 16 at Kansas City Chiefs 10
Derrik Klassen: Not that any of us needed a reminder, but Tyrod Taylor is playing like someone who clearly belongs as an NFL starting quarterback. And he is playing comfortably better than Alex Smith has through about a quarter and a half.
Andrew Potter: The Chiefs' first-quarter was best exemplified by a wide receiver screen earlier in which Albert Wilson and Tyreek Hill both set up for the screen and ran into each other trying to make the catch. Not even the Chiefs would actually draw the play up like that. Needless to say, they punted, and still haven't gained a first down on any of their first four drives, even blowing a challenge on a third-down spot. They look completely out of sorts on offense, and their longest play of the game is the one they challenged: a failed 11-yard scramble on third-and-12.
The Bills, meanwhile, started off dreadfully conservative -- the first ten minutes of this game were the worst ten minutes of football I've seen this year -- but opened things up a little on their fourth drive after winning the opening field-position exchanges. A 15-yard roughing penalty against Daniel Sorensen on third-and-5, added to an 8-yard catch by Jordan Matthews, was their biggest play on the 58-yard touchdown drive, which was capped by a 12-yard crosser to an alarmingly open Zay Jones for the score. They've since tacked on another three after being set up on the Chiefs 44 by the punt after the Smith scramble.
Make that five straight three-and-out drives for the Chiefs, now down 10-0 a third of the way through the game.
Aaron Schatz: I just want to put a picture of Tyrod Taylor on the cover of next year's book with the letters "WTF?" Do you think Tyrod might give us permission for that?
Scott Kacsmar: I couldn't understand why the Chiefs were 10-point favorites. They rarely blow anyone out, and it's not like Nathan Peterman was starting for Buffalo. LeSean McCoy against that run defense is a very favorable matchup. Felt like this one had one-score final written all over it, but we'll see if we get there with the Bills up 10-0 early. The longer the Chiefs stall on offense, the louder the chants for Patrick Mahomes will get.
Aaron Schatz: Chiefs were 10-point favorites because the Bills defense has fallen apart, I think, rather than because of the Bills' quarterback situation. But the Chiefs' offense has kind of fallen apart too, hasn't it?
Dave Bernreuther: Taylor's play has been better than the numbers indicate too, with his teammates letting him down some. After a play in which he avoided a near-certain sack like only he and two or three other quarterbacks could, then calmly stepped up and fired a dart over the middle to convert a third-and-long, only for it to be dropped, I made the joke that half of Buffalo would be calling for his head due to the drive failing. It's a shame that that's probably actually true.
Andrew Potter: We may have just set a new record for the lamest personal foul call in league history in Kansas City, with E.J. Gaines called for hitting a defenseless receiver on a play where he almost completely missed Charcandrick West. I can't honestly see how it could possibly have been a foul.
Alex Smith almost immediately makes amends by throwing a game-ending interception to Tre'Davious White, and the Bills are kneeling out the win.
Chicago Bears 3 at Philadelphia Eagles 31
Vince Verhei: Bears just called timeout to avoid a delay of game penalty on third-and-17. And it's worse than it sounds, because they were on their own 1, so taking a delay of game would have made it third-and-17-and-a-half. And it's worse than THAT sounds, because the reason for the confusion in the first place is that they thought it was fourth down and were sending out the punt team. What a humiliation. Then Mitchell Trubisky throws the ball away on third down, the Bears punt, and the Eagles take over in Chicago territory. That turns into a field goal and a 17-0 Philadelphia lead.
Carson Wentz and the offense are going to get the highlights, and they're playing very well, but it's the defense that is really excelling today -- or, if you prefer, the Chicago offense that is really struggling. Officially, they have no first downs in their first four possessions. Really, it's zero first downs in five possessions. The best play for the Bears offense was actually a tip-drill interception -- Malcolm Jenkins fumbled the ball back to Chicago during the runback. In effect, it was an 11-yard gain for a first down. And that has been Chicago's BEST play.
The lead would likely be more, except LeGarrette Blount fumbled the ball away at the end of a 35-yard gain. So both teams have had ball security issues.
Eagles score again just before halftime, and Chicago takes a knee to end the half. Eagles have 24 points. Chicago has zero first downs. The Bears have one 18-yard gain on third-and-22, and 15 yards on their other 16 plays.
Tennessee Titans 20 at Indianapolis Colts 16
Aaron Schatz: What is going on with Marcus Mariota? Another two picks today.
Dave Bernreuther: Not a ton to say here. This is a close game between division rivals who are hamstrung by coaching. Neither quarterback has looked great, but both have made nice plays. One thing I'm noticing is that Jacoby Brissett has an odd habit of killing plays once he leaves the pocket. He's not too quick to leave, he doesn't drop his eyes ... but once he's moving, nothing ever happens. He either throws it away or slides (usually late) short of a useful play. An all-22 look would tell us more about how much fault lies with the receivers. Or with Rob Chudzinski's offensive calls, perhaps. On consecutive third-and-goals, I did notice an abundance of routes run short of the goal line. I've always defended his intelligence, given how much he has been able to adapt to personnel and different talents (Newton, taking over Pep's West Coast Offense, for instance), but it does seem like a lot of his plays are set up for failure just by design.
Tom Gower: The Titans gave the ball to DeMarco Murray and Derrick Henry 10 times in the first half. Those 10 carries netted 3 yards, for a long of 3, and a success rate of zero percent. Marcus Mariota has to be perfect for them to win games when they voluntarily put themselves into a hole like that. He has had some good throws, but also threw two interceptions. One of them came when Taywan Taylor fell down with the ball in the air, but the other was a bad one. Jacoby Brissett was under a lot of pressure, as the Titans remembered from Monday Night Football they should send people after him instead of rushing three and playing coverage. He was sacked six times and started very off-target, but calmed down and finished the half 10-of-16. Add in a marginally effective run game, unlike the Titans' completely ineffective one, and a lack of turnovers (one fumble, not lost), and the Colts are up 13-6 while I'm repeating to myself "3-point favorites lose like 40 percent of the time, so this isn't a big surprise."
The Titans started the second half with two more failed running back runs after the 10 in the first half, then ripped off seven successful runs in a row. Partly related to that, they had the only two scores of the second half, one short touchdown drive and one longer one. They got a big break on the first, when Marlon Mack couldn't hang on to a pitch and they recovered the fumble at the Colts 4. The second featured actual offensive productivity on the ground, bizarre and yet normal with the ridiculously dichotomous nature of their offense. The bigger difference in the second half was Brissett stopped making the throws he hit in the second quarter. He finished 6-of-13 and missed a number of throws in key situations, notably a third-and-2 slant to T.Y. Hilton holding onto a 16-13 lead in the fourth quarter. That was one of the rare times he actually got the ball out well when the Titans brought pressure in the final two quarters. He was also low and incomplete to Chester Rogers on third-and-3 on what proved to be the Colts' final possession of the game after they punted with just over three minutes to play. Not a pretty game, on a number of levels, but the Titans have their first win in Indianapolis since 2007.
Rivers McCown: I think the best way to sum up this game is that, in the middle of praising what a good job he was doing, CBS ran a graphic explaining that Chuck Pagano's team had blown leads of 10-plus-points routinely this season, and then they proceeded to blow this one as well.
I've routinely pointed out that I think Tennessee's coaching holds them back. They were a fumble recovery deep in opposing territory away from losing in a game where they had EIGHT sacks.
Cleveland Browns 16 at Cincinnati Bengals 30
Vince Verhei: The worst thing the Browns have done all year -- and there is stiff competition for that distinction -- is red zone offense, especially at the end of halves, when they have had a ridiculous tendency to come away with zero points from inside the 20 or even the 10. And it looked like it was going to happen again. They had a first-and-10 at the Cincinnati 11 with 20 seconds to go, no timeouts. So of course DeShone Kizer hit Corey Coleman on an 8-yard dig, tackled in bounds, clock running. I was certain that disaster was about to strike, but they were able to spike the ball with five seconds to go. Then it looked like they were actually considering a third-down play before sending Zane Gonzalez out to kick the chip shot, which he converted.
So the Bengals lead 16-6 at halftime. As is often the case, the Browns are doing a lot of things right but it's not translating to the scoreboard. They lead Cincinnati in first downs (11-10) and total yardage (215-189), though part of that is that they received the opening kickoff and got an extra possession in the half. They also had an eight-play, 54-yard drive that was wasted when Gonzalez missed a 43-yard field goal. Fortunately for them, the Bengals' red zone offense has hardly been any better, or this deficit would be even bigger. Randy Bullock has kicked two field goals from inside the 20.
Scott Kacsmar: Sometimes a change at coordinator during the season can produce favorable results. Remember when the Bengals were horrific on offense during an 0-2 start? Offensive coordinator Ken Zampese got the boot for Bill Lazor to take over, and since that point, Andy Dalton has thrown 18 touchdowns and four picks (two tipped by A.J. Green). Overall numbers that are right in line with where he was in 2015, his career year. Can't count the Bengals out yet in the AFC.
Can definitely count Cleveland out, though I guess we need Bryan to confirm that. The defense is also making Joe Mixon look like a stud today. He has 68 yards on the ground and 51 more through the air with a quarter and a half left.
Just wanted to follow up on that. Cincinnati's offense has still struggled in this stretch, but it's not about Dalton anymore. The lack of a running game has been a problem. Today and the Green Bay game in Week 3 are the only times the offense cracked 90 rushing yards all season. They lost Tyler Eifert again, though Tyler Kroft has actually been a solid replacement. He has a touchdown today, as does Tyler Boyd, who came in with just seven catches for 48 yards in a disappointing sophomore season. First-round pick John Ross doesn't even have a catch. It's mostly just a Dalton-to-Green offense with some Mixon sprinkled in, but that's enough to handle a team like the Browns.
Aaron Schatz: First-round pick John Ross isn't even ACTIVE. I have no idea what they are doing with that guy. I think he has been active for one game this season.
Cleveland defense making Mixon look like a stud is a surprise. That team has been phenomenal against the run this year. Allowing NFL-best 3.1 yards per carry before today. That's how an 0-10 team is somehow sixth in the NFL in fewest rushing yards allowed.
Bryan Knowles: I mean, we've been able to count Cleveland out since roughly October. And, of course, even if they were to pull off a comeback here, they'd need Kansas City to bounce back against Buffalo.
So what I'm saying is, there's a chance!
Vince Verhei: Emmanuel Ogbah is out for the year for Cleveland, which plays a small part in Mixon's big day. Other thing is, he had a big gain on a screen play, and as great as Cleveland has been against the run, they have terrible at covering running backs on passing plays, 29th coming into today.
Well, hey now. After a series of typical Browns-style mistakes (Corey Coleman dropping what should have been a 30-some-yard touchdown that hit him in the chest, Briean Boddy-Calhoun dropping what likely would have been a pick-six), Cleveland has put together a long scoring drive and we've got a football game. Kenny Britt had a 38-yard gain on third-and-10. Isaiah Crowell converts a fourth-and-1. And then Kizer scores on a quarterback draw on fourth-and-3. Bengals still lead 23-16, but there's almost seven minutes to go and there's a lot of work to do.
Bengals respond with a 75-yard touchdown drive that should put this one away. Joe Mixon took the ball on a sweep around left end and scored from 11 yards out. The biggest play, though, came a few plays earlier on a third-and-5. Andy Dalton tried a nine-route down the left sideline, and Josh Malone (who?) beat Jamar Taylor for what could have been a catch. Jabrill Peppers came over from the middle of the field and knocked the ball free. Looked like a stop and a punt, but Peppers was called for a shot to the head. Tough call on that one -- the crown of his helmet definitely caught Malone in the facemask, but it was also a deliberate attempt to knock the ball out of Malone's hands and the headshot was incidental to that goal. For safety reasons, I understand and agree this has to be a penalty, it's just unfortunate that on top of being a bad football team, plays like this happen to Cleveland more often than anyone else.
Rob Weintraub: Malone is a late-round pick out of Tennessee who was impressive in preseason -- given the Bengals penchant for double-dipping in the draft at a certain position, and having the second guy taken be better (Marvin Jones > Mohamed Sanu, Lawson > Willis, etc.), it wouldn't be a shock if Malone turns out better than Ross. Though given the malpractice taking place with the No. 9 overall pick, it's hard to truly take stock of where Ross is as a player, though clearly he's not where he should be.
As for Joe Mixon, I daresay it's not "Cleveland making him look like a stud" -- he is a stud, it's just unusual that he isn't being hit in the backfield before he has a chance to do anything. Mix has tremendous balance and patience -- you can see it even when he loses yards. If the run blocking can truly get fixed -- and today was a good start -- Mixon should make a real, if belated, impact.
Bryan Knowles: Cleveland's loss means they are, officially and finally, the first team to be knocked out of playoff contention in 2017, winning that race by ... I'm going to say about 10 minutes, looking at the score in Carolina-New York. A true achievement for an 0-11 squad; a commemorative plaque is in the mail.
Seattle Seahawks 24 at San Francisco 49ers 13
Vince Verhei: Russell Wilson comes into this week first in the league in fourth-quarter passing DYAR, but near the bottom in first-quarter DYAR. So of course his first pass against San Francisco results in an interception, and Seattle's second drive ends when he blindly throws a pass to the flat that could have been a pick-six. Blair Walsh misses a 48-yard field goal just to really put me into a good mood.
Aaron Schatz: Do the Seahawks script their first 15 plays? It might be interesting to line up first-quarter DVOA with a list of the teams that we know tend to script their first X number of plays.
Bryan Knowles: The one thing that is going well for Seattle early on is defensive pressure. The 49ers' offensive line (missing Trent Brown) is not exactly an impregnable fortress, but Seattle managed to get three hits on C.J. Beathard during the 49ers' first two drives. The Seahawks offensive line hasn't done much either -- DeForest Buckner versus the Seahawks offensive line is kind of amazing to watch -- but Beathard and Wilson are about as diametrically opposed as you can get when it comes to dealing with pressure. Scoreless first quarter.
Carl Yedor: I'm not sure how strictly the Seahawks follow a script, but I've definitely read before that they do script the first 15 plays. Maybe that's part of why they struggle to score so much in the early going (i.e., the scripts are either not effective, more about experimenting with different play calls, or a mixture of both). Seattle had another promising drive derailed after a false start that eventually led to a third-and-15. Tyler Lockett had a step on the 49ers corner, but Wilson didn't see him in time and the defensive back was able to recover to make a play on the ball in the end zone. After another quick stop, the Seahawks go three-and-out. Rough start for both offenses.
Vince Verhei: To emphasize my point, Seattle's offensive DVOA by quarter coming into today:
- 1st: -46.6% (32nd)
- 2nd: -3.3% (18th)
- 3rd: -1.4% (25th)
- 4th/OT: 60.1% (1st)
Looking back through past years, this is a new thing for Seattle. They've usually been better in the fourth quarter, but it has been a jump from mediocrity to goodness, not from complete incompetence to dominance. So you can't really blame it on scripting -- unless Bevell has been using the same script for years now and teams have figured it out.
Regardless, the Seahawks got out of the first quarter in a scoreless tie, which means the 49ers missed out on their best chance to win. Early in the second quarter, Bobby Wagner makes a great interception, taking the ball out of Trent Taylor's hands. Two plays later, Wilson keeps the ball and runs it in for a score from 3 yards out. There was a zone-read look to it, but I think it was a designed keeper all the way, with a tight end coming across the formation to act as a lead blocker for Wilson. Seahawks might be on their way to their best rushing day of the season -- Eddie Lacy and J.D. McKissic have combined for 46 yards here early in the second quarter. Weird to see their offensive line so, well, functional. They do have Luke Joeckel back today, which I guess helps.
Bryan Knowles: An addendum to that Russell Wilson touchdown: the Seahawks have now scored 25 offensive touchdowns. 24 of them have either been thrown or run in by Wilson. He is the offense. He's also the main reason this game hasn't been a disaster for Seattle so far; he has already escaped from four different sacks, unless I've missed a couple more.
49ers fans were wondering why Jimmy Garoppolo didn't get the start this week, coming off of a bye at home. The answer, presumably, is "Kyle Shannahan does not want him to get murdered." On Beathard's first 18 dropbacks, he was hit nine times. Some of that is Beathard's fault, of course, but this isn't really a situation anyone can succeed in at the moment. Wait until the offensive line is back at full strength and you have a less ferocious pass rush to go against, like Tennessee.
They do get a field goal on a solid two-minute drive, thanks to an impressive 29-yard catch-and-run by Trent Taylor. That makes it 7-3, Seattle at the half. The 49ers are actually outperforming Seattle on a per-play basis, 3.9 yards per play to 3.7. That's not exactly a high-level competition, there.
Like Vince said, this seems like typical Seattle, playing down to their opponent in the first half before becoming something altogether different in the fourth quarter. I'll call my shot here, then -- 49ers take a 10-3 lead in the third quarter, and then lose 16-10 in the fourth when the Seahawks decide to play good football. This feels like an inevitability.
Vince Verhei: 7-3 at the half. 49ers offense, unsurprisingly, has been mostly shut down aside from a couple of big catches by Taylor and Marquise Goodwin. Goodwin's was probably the best play of the game, all things considered -- Beathard made a great throw under pressure, Jeremy Lane had very good coverage on the play, and Goodwin made a fine catch before running out of bounds. Mostly, though, it has been Seattle's backup defensive linemen abusing Beathard all day. Marcus Smith, Branden Jackson, Quinton Jefferson, and Nazair Jones, among others, all have quarterback hits in the first half. This isn't a knock on San Francisco's line, it's just Seattle's obscene defensive line depth paying off. It's also why Seattle could afford to cut Dwight Freeney this week.
Seattle's offensive struggles are the usual mix of constant pressure, unreliable running, and dropped passes. This is just what their games are. Doesn't matter if the opponent has one win or one loss, it's going to be an ugly, clunky, low-scoring affair that is decided in the fourth quarter. Almost doesn't bother me anymore.
49ers get a bunch of good runs on their first drive of the second half as it looks like the Seattle front is getting worn down. On third down, though, Beathard is forced to scramble. He takes a big hit, and hangs on to the ball, but he's short of a first down, and San Francisco hits a field goal to make it 7-6.
And suddenly it's a shootout. Seahawks go jumbo, with a bunch of six-lineman and two-tight end sets on the drive, and it opens things up in play-action. First there's a 24-yard catch-and-run to Tanner McEvoy, then a 17-yard touchdown to Nick Vannett on a corner route for a 14-6 lead. Wilson is so, so much better from deep dropbacks. It gives him time to see the pass rush and make plays if needed, and also probably gives him a better chance to look over the heads of his linemen and find guys downfield.
Bryan Knowles: Things have gotten a little out of hand here; Seattle decided to try showing up for the entire second half rather than just the fourth quarter. With Marquise Goodwin on the sidelines, the 49ers don't really have the playmakers needed to come mount a comeback; not with Seattle scoring on two long drives in the second half.
Assuming they hold on, Seattle still remains in a little bit of playoff trouble here, with Carolina, Atlanta and (at the moment) the Rams all winning today. Their loss to Atlanta last week would have them out of the playoffs at the moment due to the head-to-head tiebreaker. Yet another reason to question that bizarre fake field goal from the end of the first half on Monday night.
Rivers McCown: How did it take the Seahawks like three years to figure out that throwing to Jimmy Graham on goal-to-go is a good idea?
Vince Verhei: Assuming nothing else bizarre happens today, this week has really clarified the NFC playoff picture. Vikings and Eagles are winning their divisions. Panthers and Saints are winning the NFC South and one of the wild-card berths. Rams are probably winning the west, though the Seahawks are alive, with a win in hand over the Rams and a game in Seattle still to play. However, if Seattle can't catch the Rams, that leaves them fighting the Falcons for the last wild-card spot -- and as noted, this makes the Monday night loss all the more painful for the Seahawks.
I can already hear the blisters forming on Aaron's fingers as he frantically types out that nothing is certain and anything can happen over the next five weeks. And he's right, but at least now we have a clear playoff picture that can be disrupted. Before there was just chaos, and you can't disrupt chaos.
Aaron Schatz: No, no, it's fine to say the playoff picture has clarified. My problem is with people who say there's no point in playing or watching any of the remaining games.
Bryan Knowles: Don't count the Lions out, either, one game behind Seattle/Atlanta, with an easier schedule than either of them going forward.
Well, we may have seen the handover from Beathard to Jimmy Garoppolo, but it's not how anyone wanted to see it. Beathard was bent in half, limping off with a knee injury.
Beathard has been sacked three times and hit 13 times today. It's been 17 and 52, respectively, since he took over as a starter in the past five games. Serious hazard pay for that guy.
And, of course, Jimmy G comes in, converts a few plays, scrambles, finds an open man in the end zone and throws a touchdown as time expires. It's a 24-13 win for Seattle, but hey. Jimmy G! Ignore everything else and pay attention to your handsome new quarterback, San Francisco.
Vince Verhei: Beathard is knocked out of the game with a knee injury and just over a minute to go, which means yes, the Jimmy Garoppolo era in San Francisco has begun. He plays enough to scramble once and throw two passes, the latter a touchdown on the last play of the game. The few hundred fans left in the stands cheer like it was a Montana-to-Rice game-winner. It sucks that Beathard got hurt but everything else about that finish was great comedy. Seahawks win 24-13.
Carl Yedor: If Beathard is hurt and going to miss time, the Jimmy G era in San Francisco is definitely going to start next week. He looked good on his two attempts in garbage time, but San Francisco now has potentially five full games to evaluate him. Seahawks had an ugly first half but pulled away over the course of the second. A prime-time matchup against the Eagles next week awaits. The 49ers face the Bears in the Trubisky Trade Bowl.
Denver Broncos 14 at Oakland Raiders 21
Bryan Knowles: Holy cow, three fights just broke out in this one. And not usual "everyone gets in a circle and there's some shoving" fights, but punches swung, helmets ripped off, the referee knocked down on the ground holding his ribs ... that's more than I've seen in a long time. It started when Michael Crabtree continued a block on Aqib Talib a good 5, 10 yards out of bounds, and he should be ejected immediately. Talib countered with a punch of his own, and everything just went off.
Crabtree and Talib are both kicked out, as is Gabe Jackson (for shoving a referee during the melee). That's three high-quality players out in one fracas.
Credit to Marshawn Lynch for helping regain control, and walking Talib to the locker room (which had to happen through the Raiders bench due to the layout of the stadium). What a disaster.
Vince Verhei: I would much rather watch the Broncos and Raiders fight than watch them play football.
Scott Kacsmar: Obviously there is bad blood there after Talib ripped a chain off of Crabtree last year. But these teams have played this season, and I believe both players were active for that one and got through it without incident. This looked like Crabtree had some revenge in mind. Ugly scene all around.
Tom Gower: Crabtree missed the first game this year, so this was their first meeting since the Chain Rip.
Vince Verhei: I'd like to congratulate Paxton Lynch on becoming the first quarterback to throw an interception against Oakland this year.
Maybe it wasn't the prettiest INT in history...
But it counts. #DENvsOAK pic.twitter.com/7ULbtPGFV7
— OAKLAND RAIDERS (@RAIDERS) November 26, 2017
Rivers McCown: Buried under the fight is this first-half stat line from Paxton Lynch: 5-of-10, 22 yards, one pick, two sacks. It's never a good sign when you can take the completions-attempts and yards to look like they belong in a basketball box score. AGAINST THE RAIDERS. Not actually watching but yeesh. Chad Kelly might be the quarterback with the brightest future on Denver's roster.
Vince Verhei: I don't know if anyone is actually watching this game, but Paxton Lynch was benched after throwing an interception and taking four sacks, while gaining only 41 yards on his nine completions. Trevor Siemian is in the game and in two drives he has passed for 87 yards and a touchdown. Lynch was a first-round pick a year ago and he is clearly very much worse than Siemian. There is not enough scorn in the world for what John Elway has done with the Broncos quarterbacks.
Bryan Knowles: Lynch wasn't just benched; he was pulled with an ankle injury. He was sobbing on the sidelines, though whether that's due to the injury or his all-around bad day is unclear.
Jacksonville Jaguars 24 at Arizona Cardinals 27
Rivers McCown: You're not going to believe this, but a game started by Blake Bortles and Blaine Gabbert has been a defensive struggle. The Cardinals came into this game with a top-ten run defense DVOA and have held the Jags to 12 rushing yards on their first 10 carries.
Down 16-3 and faced with fourth-and-goal at the 3 in the middle of the third quarter, the Jags go for it. The play looks to either be a busted play or a designed quarterback run outside the numbers. Bortles runs it in for a touchdown. Hey! It's smart football by the numbers! Celebrate it!
Midway through the fourth quarter the Jags start to look like they're out of it. They've got 154 total yards on the day, with the Cardinals contributing 93 yards to them on penalties.
But all of the sudden, Blaine Gabbert gets strip-sacked by Yannick Ngakoue, Calais Campbell returns it for a touchdown, and the Jaguars lead 17-16. Bruce Arians defended Gabbert by saying the teams that employed him were "shitty." Well...
And ... Gabbert answers with a touchdown strike from around midfield as the Jags lose safety coverage. The Gabbert-Campbell revenge game race is on.
New Orleans Saints 20 at Los Angeles Rams 26
Aaron Schatz: I understand that the Saints want to use Kenny Vaccaro as the nickelback against the Rams because that keeps a bigger body on the field against Todd Gurley for run plays. But he's getting beaten like a drum today. Just completely lost the ball in the air on a pass to Cooper Kupp which went 53 yards. He has also drawn two penalties for 20 yards while covering rookie Josh Reynolds. Reynolds just caught a touchdown pass to make the score here 17-7, although that one wasn't with Vaccaro in coverage, that was A.J. Klein in a zone.
Andrew Potter: Well, yes and no. Vaccaro's pretty much the best option they have. With the top two cornerbacks (not counting Delvin Breaux, who is still on IR) out, both the usual backups are starting. Today's third corner is Sterling Moore, who was cut before the season and only re-signed this past Monday. The next option behind that is Dexter McDougle, also signed this week. There's nobody else, unless you really want to see what Kupp can do to Rafael Bush in man coverage.
The dropoff from Marshon Lattimore to De'Vante Harris is massive, and has major knock-on effects for the rest of that defense, not only in coverage but also in run support.
Aaron Schatz: Now 17-10 at halftime. Tony Romo keeps pointing this out, but when Wade Phillips defenses play man, you have to beat those guys in order to move the ball. And the Rams corners are covering really well today. Brees didn't have an incomplete pass until the last drive before halftime, but that's because he's mostly not throwing to covered receivers, not because the receivers aren't covered well. In general, the Saints aren't getting the first downs, and the Rams are dominating time of possession and number of plays here. Rams have 18:33, 39 plays, 250 net yards.
Saints are only at 11:25, 21 plays, and 166 net yards. The Saints have more yards per play, but only because of a single 74-yard touchdown scamper by Alvin Kamara.
One other note, Sammy Watkins finally showed up with Robert Woods out of the game. Had a touchdown catch and then a big catch on the sideline, taking the ball out of the hands of rookie safety Marcus Williams, to put the Rams into almost-field goal range right before halftime. But the Rams dropped out of almost-field goal range (and into Dempseyland) when Cameron Jordan got his second sack of the game. The first one was a straight-out blown block by Andrew Whitworth. You don't see a lot of those. Greg "The Leg" Zeuerlein missed a 63-yarder short to end the half.
Tom Gower: Alvin Kamara, Alvin Kamara, Alvin Kamara. 74-yard touchdown run, a 21-yard catch-and-run where he broke/avoided five would-be tacklers (I rewound and counted again to be sure). It's hard to believe Tennessee didn't do more to get him involved last year, but that's beating a horse that's well past dead with the firing of Butch Jones.
I wish we got the full version of the New Orleans defense so we could get another sample of the Rams offense against a non-bad defense, but they've done what they needed to do so far, with productivity beyond the great opening drive (which was when they stalled against Minnesota last week).
Dave Bernreuther: Two weeks ago we saw a few poor Brees throws and chalked it up to pressure. And today I had low expectations against a Phillips defense.
But 76 yards passing in the fourth quarter is well below my expectations. And furthermore, we just saw him underthrow a WIDE OPEN Ted Ginn for what would have been a certain touchdown, without any pressure, and he was lucky he wasn't picked. He followed that with his first of two hospital balls to Coby Fleener on the same drive, which was one of those passes that makes you wonder about the perils of old age.
But he's still Drew Brees, and they still drive down to a fourth-and-short at the 5, down 13, and Sean Payton... calls for the field goal with ten minutes left? I'm too confused to be upset by that. That's not a Sean Payton move at all.
Bryan Knowles: Big turn of events in L.A.! Sammy Watkins had a 5-yard lead on everybody, but Jared Goff underthrows him. Watkins reaches back to try to haul the pass in, but ends up tipping it right to P.J. Williams. I'm not sure at all how that pass wasn't incomplete, but the Saints get a much-needed shot in the arm to get back in this one.
Aaron Schatz: I have no idea what Sports Info Solutions will do with the interception Jared Goff threw with 8:39 left in the game. It wasn't really a "dropped interception" because the ball was clearly underthrown. But Sammy Watkins reached back for it, and for some reason sort of scooped it towards the defender and right into the hands of P.J. Williams. So the interception was more Watkins' fault than Goff's fault. At least it was a bit of an arm-punt, 36 yards downfield on third-and-10.
Dave Bernreuther: A Cooper Kupp back-footed pass to no-one that was worse than Flacco's mechanics leads to an interesting bar conversation, and yes you're all free to speculate on the mental state of my current company: can a wide receiver get flagged for intentional grounding?
One play later, Goff throws a bad one behind Watkins that ends up picked, after which Brees throws behind his guy and Trumaine Johnson drops a pick. He followed this with another INT-able pass and a low-ALEX third-and-10 failed completion that extinguished that opportunity. I had a hunch that this would be one of those games between two explosive offenses that'd hit an easy under, but so far I remain confused as to how much credit to give the defense and how much blame to just give the quarterbacks.
Andrew Potter: I don't believe so, because of the tackle box stipulation:
Intentional grounding will not be called when a passer, who is outside, or has been outside, the tackle position throws a forward pass that lands at or beyond the line of scrimmage, even if no offensive player(s) have a realistic chance to catch the ball (including when the ball lands out of bounds over the sideline or endline).
I'm not sure how that is all qualified in the actual rulebook, however; whether the ball itself needs to have moved outside the tackle position or just the player. At the very least, it looks like a running back could be called. The NFL rulebook is a morass.
Dave Bernreuther: He was certainly out of the pocket in this case. But it made us wonder about a differently designed play, like the horrible botched pitch reverse we saw earlier by the Bears (I think) that could also lead to a pass like we see once or twice every year, wherein the misdirection leaves the non-QB passer still in the tackle box.
Bryan Knowles: Probably not for a receiver, thanks to the "has been outside the tackle position" qualifier. A running back who lines up in the backfield, however, would seem to be fair game, assuming it's a ... very badly designed play.
Tom Gower: Another thing that stood out from this game. Andrew Whitworth and Terron Armstead have been pretty good for their team this year. They stood out for the wrong reasons today, struggling against Cam Jordan and Robert Quinn in particular. Los Angeles managed to do some things anyway, for reasons we've discussed, but not being able to rely on the run game or the same kind of pass protection was probably another reason the Saints offense had the sort of day they did.
Green Bay Packers 28 at Pittsburgh Steelers 31
Bryan Knowles: Anyone expecting this one to be a blowout is blinking at this one. Packers are out to a 14-6 lead, with a little help from a Ben Roethlisberger interception. Artie Burns was, well, burned on a long Randall Cobb touchdown -- he had the deep responsibility, but instead went to cover a post route over the middle. Martavis Bryant, Jesse James, and Eli Rogers have dropped passes. I still do expect the Steelers to come back and win this one when all is said and done, but it's performances like this that make you doubt they'll be able to get over their New England-sized roadblock on the way to the Super Bowl.
Scott Kacsmar: Steelers have been allowing a lot of long pass plays, including several touchdowns, since the Detroit game. Artie Burns is often at fault, but giving up that screen is pretty inexcusable on third-and-9. Roethlisberger had the one pick, but so far that's his only off-target throw. You could chart five drops already early in the second quarter.
Rivers McCown: This is a broadcast of the Emergency Steelersing Alert System. The Steelers are currently losing by eight to an inferior team after allowing a pair of long touchdowns. They will likely win this game as they inevitably pull out of the tailspin that envelops them any time they play a bad team. Please stay tuned for further updates.
(About an hour later…)
This is a second broadcast of the Emergency Steelersing Alert System, please stay tuned.
The Steelers have committed two turnovers to Green Bay's zero, and though Brett Hundley has not necessarily looked much better or hit tight-window throws, he has found open receivers downfield when the Steelers have left them open. Pittsburgh is three-for-three on touchdowns in the red zone. Please stay tuned for further updates.
Aaron Schatz: Three turnovers now, including a Le'Veon Bell fumble that the Packers recovered. Yet, I don't think it feels like this is one of those games where the Steelers are playing down to their opponents, other than the early dropped passes. It feels more like a game where the Packers are playing *up* to their opponent. The Steelers are making plenty of strong plays on both offense and defense. It just so happens the Packers are also making plays, and we're not used to seeing that from Brett Hundley or even a guy like Blake Martinez.
Tom Gower: Le'Veon Bell, notwithstanding his fumble, and Antonio Brown are really good players. It makes it easier to win games when you have really good players. Also Cameron Hayward on defense is another really good player. The Packers have three big plays and not much outside of them, while Roethlisberger found Brown in the turkey hole in Cover-2 for a 28-21 lead.
Scott Kacsmar: The Steelers executing well in the red zone is actually a big change for them. Didn't need to go into the red zone on that go-ahead touchdown drive though. Roethlisberger and Brown in sync again tonight, and that's four touchdown passes in back-to-back games. It took until Week 11, but this is the Pittsburgh offense we expected to see this season.
Tom Gower: Really good drive by Brett Hundley to tie the game at 28. Most of it was easy, bang-bang-bang when it came to successful plays, and he made the play on fourth down the one time it got there. And I definitely wouldn't have believed you last year if you told me the Packers would look to Davante Adams running a whip route on a crucial fourth-and-6 against the Steelers, but there it was. But again, we go back to the Steelers and their great players, and Antonio Brown's two catches, one jaw-droppingly great and the other just pretty nifty, in a severely time-compressed drive to get just far enough into field goal range for Chris Boswell to nail the game-winning field goal. Not the game I or many others expected, but still a win for home squad in black and gold.


text:
Starting from La Givrine, after a gentle climb through pastures and forest, you reach La Genolière Farm at 1,348m, the halfway point. In fine weather, you can enjoy beautiful views of Mont Blanc from here and you can also visit the "Glacière de la Genolière", a natural site for producing and storing ice in summer and winter.
The route then continues to Le Vermeilley Farm, a tranquil place where you can refuel and enjoy the cosy fire inside or the sunny terrace. You'll appreciate the peace and quiet of this tranquil place in the middle of nowhere and want to linger a while and enjoy a typical local dish before heading back down on the Col de la Givrine.
Located in the heart of the Jura region, 40 min from Geneva, offers traditional dishes with rooms, ideal for excursions in the countryside.
Col de la Givrine - 1264 La Givrine
+4122 360 11 15
Send an email

subset: commoncrawl


text:
It's not the same without you
Join the community to find out what other Atlassian users are discussing, debating and creating.
I get the following issue when doing ssl with jira and apache :
Error loading gadget: org.apache.shindig.gadgets.GadgetException: Unable to retrieve gadget xml. HTTP error 500
is there a good link to follow steps to fix that please ?
NB : I already export the cert to the java cacerts...
Hi Fabien
The 500 HTTP error (Internal Server Error) is not helpful to understand what is really happening. However, I'd suggest you to review the connection design and adjust the Tomcat settings.
For further details, please use the following link as your guideline. Please refer to the tags
proxyName and
Also, don't forget to set the JIRA Base URL as the address used for browsing JIRA.
Paulo Renato
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Connect with like-minded Atlassian users at free events near you!Find a group
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Have any questions for us? Make sure to leave a comment or send us a private message, and of course like and subscribe if you learned something.
Josh practices his bushcraft skills by making a quick four-pronged fishing spear.
Bushcraft is the art of using materials found in the wild to survive and thrive. It's a craft that encompasses making fires, shelters, and tools out of the raw ingredients nature has to offer, and here in the American Wilderness, we'll do all we can to help you master this ancient set of skills.
Bushcraft playlist
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home · about us · terms & conditions · faq's · contact us
eNeRGy Matters to us all
New 2018 Regs.
The minimum energy efficiency standard has been set up at en 'E' EPC rating.
The regulations will apply From 1st April 2018 upon the
granting of:
- A lease to a new tenant
- A lease to an existing tenant
As a backstop from April 2023, the new regulations will apply to all privately rented property in scope of the regulations, including where a lease is already in place and the property is occupied by a tenant.
Where a tenancy is granted in circumstances, such as by operation of the law, the landlord will have six months from the date they became the landlord under that tenancy in order to comply with the regulations.
Similarly, where a non-compliant property occupied by a tenant is sold, or is transferred to a lender in the case of receivership, the new landlord will have six months to improve the property, or seek to demonstrate an exemption applies.
Landlords will be eligible for an exemption from reaching a minimum standard where they can evidence that one of the following applies:
- The measures are not cost-effective, either within a seven year payback, or under the Green Deal's Golden Rule.
- Despite reasonable efforts, the landlord cannot obtain necessary consents to install the required energy efficiency improvements, including from tenants, lenders and superior landlords.
- A relevant suitably qualified expert provides written advice that the measures will reduce a property's value by 5% or more, or that wall insulation required to improve the property will damage the property.


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text:
A fastfood restaurant was shut down by the health department due to a "rat infestation", after mobile phone footage caught rodents scampering through a bag of burger buns.
"Don't go to Burger King on 202", she posted with the video, saying there were rats "running all over their buns".
According to the inspection report, rodent droppings were found inside the hamburger and chicken sandwich rolls.
Andrea Wojcik, acting as a spokeswoman for the Division of Public Health said the Office of Food Protection received a complaint about the restaurant on Friday, June 1.
A fast food restaurant in DE was temporarily shut down after video surfaced that's not for the squeamish!
Apple Wants To Help You And Your Kids Put The iPhone Down
According to Apple , tvOS 12 will get a public beta at some point this summer, followed by a public launch in the fall. Do it using iTunes so you're not dependent on the device connecting to the internet in order to restore your data.
A representative for Burger King confirmed that this particular location is independently owned and operated, but stated that the company will be investigating in order to "ensure they take the appropriate measures".
The investigation also found the building's ceiling was leaking in the kitchen near the storage and food line and flies were also coming in from a drain close by.
The inspecting officers found droppings from the rats on the burger buns as well as on the floor near the storage and cooking areas. In a statement to 6abc Action News, Burger King Media Relations said, "Food safety and hygiene is always a top priority for us".
The business reopened Monday afternoon after another inspection found the issues had been addressed, a health official told The News Journal of Wilmington.


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59/81 kB
RegScanner is a small utility that allows you to scan the Registry, find the desired Registry values that match to the specified search criteria, and display them in one list. After finding the Registry values, you can easily jump to the right value in RegEdit, simply by double-clicking the desired Registry item. You can also export the found Registry values into a .reg file that can be used in RegEdit.
Advantages over RegEdit find of Windows:
- RegScanner utility display the entire search result at once, so you don't have to press F3 in order to find the next value.
- In addition to the standard string search (Like in RegEdit), RegScanner can also find Registry values by data length, value type (REG_SZ, REG_DWORD, and so on), and by modified date of the key.
- RegScanner can find a unicode string located inside a binary value.
- RegScanner allows you to make a case sensitive search.
- While scanning the Registry, RegScanner display the current scanned Registry key, as opposed to RegEdit, that simply display a boring 'Searching the registry' dialog-box.
This utility works in any version of Windows, from Windows 98 to Windows Vista. A separated download for x64 systems is also available.
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District Judge David Norton ruled that Slager committed second-degree murder and obstruction of justice, when he shot and killed year-old Scott in The Cop That Keeps on Giving.
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|Scientists struggle to understand the complex mixture of aerosols released during and after the destruction of the World Trade Center
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|CENEAR 81 42 pp. 26-30 Volume 81, Number 42
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|Louisa Dalton
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full text: With the collapse of New York City's two World Trade Center (WTC) towers on Sept. 11, 2001, more than 1 million tons of dust enveloped lower Manhattan. And fires that lingered at ground zero until December created a plume of smoke initially detectable from space.
Aerosols that could be seen and smelled were inescapable during and long after the attack on the World Trade Center. But aerosols are also transient. Were it not for a handful of scientific groups that quickly mobilized, usually donating time and money to collect ambient air data and dust samples near ground zero, little would now be known about the WTC aerosols.
Many of the scientists who tested and analyzed the WTC air gathered for a symposium at the recent American Chemical Society national meeting in New York City to discuss their results. They described the composition of the fallout dust, estimated where it came from, and proposed how its properties led to the "World Trade Center cough." They described the plume of smoke, what it was made of, and how weather patterns in New York at the time affected its movement. They debated how much of the pollution of lower Manhattan could be ascribed to the plume and how much was native.
The data they accumulated are hard to interpret. "There were a lot of variations in results," said Roger N. Clark of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Different groups were using different instruments. "With different instrumentation, people see different stuff," Clark remarked. "Any one individual data set gives a picture, but it's not the whole picture."
Lack of a whole picture has led to some conflict among scientists and some confusion among the general public about WTC aerosols and how safe they were to breathe. Last month, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) released a report (PDF file) stating that the Environmental Protection Agency didn't have the data to support its pronouncements shortly after Sept. 11 reassuring New Yorkers that the air was safe (C&EN, Sept. 1, page 23). And some scientists argue that there still is not enough known to make that pronouncement. We know that "no one died from inhalation of the dust," said Paul J. Lioy, deputy director of government relations for the Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Piscataway, N.J. "But we don't know what all the health effects are."
The WTC disaster was entirely unparalleled, and not all data about the aerosols have been released, even two years later. A full analysis and interpretation will take some time yet. The ACS symposium was just one of the steps that may help scientists come to a consensus on the nature and fate of urban aerosols released on and after Sept. 11.
In the first four hours after two planes hit the WTC towers, a massive cloud of dust and smoke from the collapse and explosions filled the air. "Basically, you had blackout," Lioy said. The dust gradually settled, resuspended, and settled again over the next few days. On the third and fourth days, it rained and the dust in the air diminished. Fires continued to burn and the plume lofted, yet was intermittently pushed down by inversions. On the 13th day, search and rescue was abandoned, diesel engines started up, and the site became a construction zone. A plume of smoke rose from ground zero until the fires were extinguished on Dec. 20.
In a broad sense, the WTC attack generated two different kinds of aerosols: pulverized dust from the collapse of the towers and smoke from the fires in the debris pile. Other pollution sources were affected by WTC activity, notably demolition at the site, which started in mid-October; diesel generator emissions; and traffic pollution.
The dust "was unlike any dust and smoke mixture I had ever seen before," Lioy said. The fluffy, pink and gray powder "was basically a complex mixture of everything that makes up our workplaces and lives." Six million sq ft of masonry, 5 million sq ft of painted surfaces, 7 million sq ft of flooring, 600,000 sq ft of window glass, 200 elevators, and everything inside came down as dust, said Greg Meeker of USGS. The only thing that didn't get pulverized was the WTC towers' 200,000 tons of structural steel. That was just bent, Meeker said.
Lioy and his collaborators examined the dust using microscopic, inorganic, organic, and particle size fractionation analysis. They found plaster, paint, foam, glass fibers and fragments, fiberglass, cement, vermiculite (used as a fire retardant instead of asbestos), chrysotile (asbestos), cotton fibers and lint, tarry and charred wood, and soot.
"Yes, there was some impact of the World Trade Center fires and activity. But it wasn't earth-shattering, and I don't think it poses any serious health risk to the public."
THE ASBESTOS was at first very worrisome. Initial reports claimed that the dust consisted of as much as 20% asbestos--"an enormous amount," according to Meeker. So early on, EPA and the U.S. Public Health Service recruited the help of those at USGS who are expert in testing for asbestos. USGS, in cooperation with the National Aeronautics & Space Administration's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, sent out a spectral imaging instrument that, when flown over the WTC site, determined the chemical composition of ground debris. The AVIRIS (Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer) essentially does environmental mapping with imaging spectroscopy.
The picture it created wasn't as easy to interpret as USGS had hoped. "We didn't realize the complexity of trying to map a pulverized building in amongst a bunch of other buildings," Clark said. AVIRIS pictures did indicate that localized pockets of exposed asbestos may have existed, he added. But he and his coworkers weren't able to confirm the suspicion with targeted sampling at those sites. And random sampling done around ground zero by a number of groups, including USGS, showed that levels of asbestos generally remained under 1%. Only one of the samples collected by USGS contained roughly 20% asbestos, and that sample came off one of the steel beams that had been coated with asbestos before its use was discontinued.
The USGS team also analyzed WTC dust using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis. Like Lioy's group, USGS scientists discovered a complex mixture of materials: glass fibers (up to 40% in some samples), gypsum (wallboard), concrete, paper, and other construction debris. "I was just amazed at how many glass fibers there were," Meeker said. The high concentration of glass was due partially to windows, but primarily to ceiling tiles. SEM revealed that much of the glass was present as odd-shaped fibers and spheres. "It's not an effect of the collapse," Meeker said. These compositions are compatible with "slag wool," a common component of ceiling tiles and other building materials.
All of the samples were very alkaline. Aqueous suspensions of Lioy and Chen's dust samples ranged from pH 9 to 11.5. Nobody was surprised by the high pH values, which are mainly due to cement dust. CaOH, CaCO3, and CaSO4 from cement, wallboard, and other construction materials permeated the samples.
IN ADDITION, most of the dust particles were relatively large. When environmental health scientists look at aerosols, one of the first things they are concerned about is the size of the particles. "Aerodynamic diameter is what determines where something lodges in the body," said Joseph Pinto, an aerosol scientist with EPA's National Center for Environmental Assessment.
POWDERY CONDITIONS An analysis of WTC dust (top) revealed many odd-shaped glass fibers that come from slag wool, as shown in this scanning electron microscopy image. USGS PHOTOS
If a person breathes in particles having a diameter larger than 10 µm, chances are they won't get past the nose and throat. They are either swallowed or expelled by coughing or sneezing. Particles between 2.5 and 10 µm generally only get as far as the upper airways of the lung. But particles smaller than 2.5 µm can reach the deepest surfaces (the alveoli) of the lung. These are considered to pose the greatest potential harm. So the designations PM 2.5 (which stands for particulate matter equal to or less than 2.5 µm in diameter) and PM 10 (equal to or less than 10 µm) are not arbitrary. Finding those particular size ranges automatically indicates possible health risks. The mass size distribution of a typical ambient air sample usually shows two peaks: one peak at approximately 7 µm and one at approximately 0.3 µm. Scientists often collect them as the coarse (2.5–10 µm) and the fine (0.1–2.5 µm) fractions.
Most of nature's aerosols (for example, plant fragments or pollen) and mechanically generated aerosols (for example, demolition dust) are in the coarse fraction. Aerosols from other man-made sources--such as diesel emissions or chlorinated aerosols--cluster in the fine fraction. Because the fine fraction can get past the body's defenses into the deep lung, small particles were among the first species that scientists started looking for in the WTC dust.
They didn't find many. According to Lung Chi Chen and George D. Thurston, professors of environmental medicine at New York University School of Medicine, more than 95% of the mass of the dust particles consisted of particles larger than 10 µm and more than 50% consisted of particles larger than 53 µm. Particles that big are often off the radar screen of health scientists, and the government paid little attention to them when studying the WTC dust, they said. The absence of fine particles, and little evidence of widespread asbestos, may have been some of the early evidence that EPA used to justify its statements in early September that the dust was not harmful. However, Chen and Thurston continued, some of the workers at ground zero have complained of what they call the "World Trade Center cough."
The culprit for the cough, Chen and Thurston discovered, was actually in particles larger than 10 µm. Large dust particles, because they were alkaline and caustic, irritated the upper passages of the nose and throat. And though this shouldn't lead to long-term health effects, large, caustic particles and fiberglass caught in the upper airways cause acute short-term effects. Lioy thinks fiberglass was particularly responsible because it was found in the sputum of firefighters 10 months after Sept. 11.
Chen and Thurston were less concerned about caustic particles in the fine fraction because they saw that pH decreased with decreasing particle size. Therefore, the few particles that did get down to the deep lungs were less likely to be alkaline. This jibes with other data presented by Chen that particles between 10 and 53 µm had more construction-related elements (Al, Ca, Mg, Ti, Fe, Zn), while particles smaller than 2.5 µm were more likely to be combustion related (Cl, Pb, and Cu).
Some scientists also studied the dust for evidence of persistent organic pollutants. John H. Offenberg, a chemist who was in the department of environmental science at Rutgers University but is now at EPA, looked for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Only PAHs showed up in significant amounts. PAHs represented nearly 0.04% of the mass of settled outdoor dust, Offenberg said, and they likely came from the huge amounts of burned and partially burned hydrocarbons present in plastics, woods, and other synthetic products found in offices.
Combustion products continued to be emitted from the debris pile in the ensuing months. Dust was "no longer part of the plume per se after about day three or four because the rains came and washed some of the dust and smoke away," Lioy said. What was left were smoldering fires.
The fires, which began at over 1,000 °C, gradually cooled, at least on the surface, during September and October 2001. USGS's AVIRIS also measured temperatures when it flew over ground zero on Sept. 16 and 23. On Sept. 16, it picked up more than three dozen hot spots of varying size and temperature, roughly between 500 and 700 °C. By Sept. 23, only two or three of the hot spots remained, and those were sharply reduced in intensity, Clark said.
However, Clark doesn't know how deep into the pile AVIRIS could see. The infrared data certainly revealed surface temperatures, yet the smoldering piles below the surface may have remained at much higher temperatures. "In mid-October, in the evening," said Thomas A. Cahill, a retired professor of physics and atmospheric science at the University of California, Davis, "when they would pull out a steel beam, the lower part would be glowing dull red, which indicates a temperature on the order of 500 to 600 °C. And we know that people were turning over pieces of concrete in December that would flash into fire--which requires about 300 °C. So the surface of the pile cooled rather rapidly, but the bulk of the pile stayed hot all the way to December."
Where the smoke went depended on the weather and the wind. "Most of the time, there was very clean air coming into New York throughout September," Thurston said. "I think we all recall the sky on Sept. 11, how clear blue it was." He described how the sun warms Earth during the day, and the warm air rises to create a vertical mixing effect. "The plume would tend to go straight up into the air," he said, and for a large portion of September and October, clean air came in to replace it. This was supported by a detailed reconstructive model of the plume's movement created by Panos G. Georgopoulos at EOHSI.
"But at night, when there was less mixing and the wind speeds dropped, the plume would be lower down," Thurston said. Soot levels at Thurston's sampling sites peaked at night. The plume tended to fall during the night and rise again during the day--that is, except for when a local inversion occurred or a longer term regional inversion settled over the city, notably on Oct. 3, 4, and 5. Many of the groups described the plume "hitting" their sites on one or more of those days because, as Thurston said, the plume was held close to the ground by warm air above it.
"My findings don't show any problem," any worrisome health risk. "But it doesn't mean there wasn't a problem."
BUT EVEN WHEN the plume dropped, not every site registered it. When the plume came down to street and building level, it didn't spread uniformly. It concentrated in narrow streams. Pinto called the roads in between tall New York office buildings "street canyons." The plume could snake through them, concentrating in some areas and dispersing in others, sometimes following wind patterns that were perpendicular to the winds coming into Manhattan. This meant that sometimes the plume would hit sites that weren't downwind at all. "These meandering plumes are very narrow in extent, especially under stable, nighttime conditions," Pinto said.
Whether a sampling site got a hit from the WTC plume depended on weather, location, wind, and time of day. And even when a group detected a spike of sulfur or chlorine, it could be difficult to determine if that came solely from the WTC plume, a local emission, or from down south and west in New Jersey.
Thurston believes that a good portion of the pollution detected at or near the WTC site in fall 2001 was pollution that would have been there in any case. Even without the disaster, air pollution levels like New York City's give a person a lung cancer risk roughly equivalent to that of a nonsmoker living with a smoker, he said.
In one of Thurston's studies, his group collected PM 2.5 samples daily at the downtown NYU hospital (five blocks east of ground zero) and in midtown Manhattan (1st Ave. and 26th St.) from Sept. 14, 2001, through December 2001. They weighed each sample and looked for trace elements using X-ray fluorescence. Then, to pinpoint the interplaying sources of pollution and tease out which source contributed which element on which day, Thurston applied a statistical tool to the data called positive matrix factorization source apportionment.
SMOLDERING Smoke rose from the burning pile from September to December 2001. NYPD PHOTO
The analysis came up with five pollution sources: the WTC plume (which contributed S, Cl, K, Cu, Zn, Pb, and elemental carbon); dust from the WTC collapse (Mn, Cr, and elemental carbon); dust from cleanup demolition at the WTC site (S, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe); residual oil combustion (S, V, and elemental carbon); and traffic dust (Al, Fe, and elemental carbon). The first three, which are all WTC sources, made up 55% of the fine particle pollution in lower Manhattan in September, 33% in October, 21% in November, and about 7% in December, Thurston said. "By October, at sites five blocks away from ground zero, the air was really like other parts of the city. It was, thankfully, abbreviated exposures that people got to this plume--when they did get it." Other researchers who also took samples at the NYU site and repeated their sampling a year later generally echoed Thurston's conclusions. Maire S. A. Heikkinen and Beverly S. Cohen, both at NYU School of Medicine's department of environmental medicine, tested specifically for fine and ultrafine particles (below about 2.5 µm in diameter). They found that the number and mass concentration of PM 2.5 (in terms of total amount) was similar in 2001 and 2002, with somewhat elevated mass concentrations and fraction of coarse particles in September and October of 2001. Fire and dust-associated elements--such as lead, chlorine, calcium, iron, and elemental carbon levels--went down in 2002 compared with 2001, but concentrations of sulfur and vanadium, which are associated with routine local pollution, stayed about the same.
A few researchers from EPA focused on organic acids and semivolatile organic compounds in ambient air collected near the WTC site between Sept. 26 and Oct. 21. Michael D. Hays at the National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, N.C., observed a low ratio of alkanoic acids to alkanes, which is indicative of diesel exhaust. He also saw elevated levels of levoglucosan, from burning cellulose; bromine, from burned fire retardant; and chlorine, which he estimated may come from sea salt.
"We see the WTC emissions," Hays said. "However, there was natural processing [of the acids] and a gradual clearing as time went on." For example, they detected pinonic acid, which originally comes from a wood forest, naturally at some distance from the WTC site. Erick Swartz, who at the time worked for the National Exposure Research Laboratory, also saw a PAH ratio that indicated high diesel emissions and compounds known to be in wood smoke (for example, retene).
He pointed out that he also detected a compound he had never seen before in ambient air samples--1,3-diphenylpropane--which, he said, is associated with plastics. He thinks it is a unique marker for the WTC plume and is concerned there may be other compounds in the plume that people didn't even think to look for.
"Yes, there was some impact of the World Trade Center fires and activity," said Yair Hazi, an associate research scientist in the department of environmental health sciences at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, who also took samples at the NYU downtown hospital. "But it wasn't earth-shattering, and I don't think it poses any serious health risk to the general public."
Hazi ran an instrument that collected eight size fractions of particles smaller than 15 µm. He used size-segregated sampling because it can be a reliable method for identifying sources of particles. He wanted to find out if the burning fires and activity at the WTC site impacted the concentration and composition of ambient PM in surrounding neighborhoods. "EPA's 24-hour average limit for PM 2.5 is 65 mg per m3. According to my data, it was not exceeded." Even EPA's lower, more stringent standard of 40 mg per m3, set to protect more sensitive populations, was not exceeded, Hazi said.
HIS ANALYSIS easily picked up the large regional PM 2.5 episode in the New York area between Oct. 2 and 5. He saw a large peak of particles containing sulfur at about 1.0 µm and a smaller sulfur peak at about 0.3 µm. The sulfur in the larger diameter peak had probably traveled from far away to get to New York, Hazi said. Combustion-related particles tend to agglomerate as they move through the atmosphere, so foreign-born aerosols will be slightly larger than local aerosols.
He also saw an unusual peak of sulfur particles in the coarse fraction between Oct. 17 and 21. In mid-October, workers at the WTC site had begun demolition, and Hazi guesses that the peak of large sulfur particles is likely from the resuspension of calcium sulfate particles from gypsum board. Hazi also observed a large increase in the fine fraction for Fe and Mn during December 2001, when WTC workers were using a large number of blow torches on the bent steel.
Hazi looked at Pb, Cu, and Zn as indicators of combustion of WTC materials, such as computer parts, electrical systems, and office furniture. He found more of them in the submicrometer fraction in 2001 compared with 2002.
SPECTRAL MAP Red and yellow indicate where concrete dust fell, and purple shows gypsum wallboard in this USGS map of lower Manhattan made using a visible/infrared imaging spectrometer. USGS PHOTO
Vanadium, which primarily comes from oil burned locally for heating and is found mostly in the fine fraction, changed very little between 2001 and 2002. "I measured and showed it as a validation of the approach." Overall, "my findings don't show any problem," any worrisome health risk, Hazi said. "But it doesn't mean there wasn't a problem."
Thomas A. Cahill, who leads the DELTA (Detection & Evaluation of Long-Range Transport of Aerosols) group at UC Davis, is more concerned about the possible health risks of the plume from WTC. Cahill first started to wonder about the plume after the rainfall of Sept. 14. "The color of the plume was all wrong," he said. "It was a light blue. My background is atmospheric physics, and the color of the plume tells me a lot. A light blue plume means very fine particles. Clearly, the pile was still hot and was giving off very fine particles." Yet very fine particles, he said, are more characteristic of a very high temperature process, such as a coal-fired power plant, a smelter, or a diesel engine. The pile at ground zero wasn't hot enough to generate such fine particles.
Cahill sent one of his instruments to a colleague in New York who started measuring ambient air on Oct. 2. As Cahill looked at the data, he began to think that perhaps the WTC debris pile was acting like an oxygen-poor municipal waste incinerator, "an enormous ground-level waste incinerator that burned for three months." If there is chlorine in an oxygen-poor municipal waste incinerator, the chlorine can combine with metals in the waste and create volatile compounds (for example, VCl4), which leave with the smoke. "Metals that would normally stay, mobilize and come out of the stack," Cahill said.
The WTC debris is clearly chlorine-rich. Paper, computers, rugs, plastics, and paint all contain chlorine. Cahill's theory is that metals in the pile reacted to form chlorinated species, which rose to the surface, and when these species encountered oxygen, they were transformed to less chlorinated but still very fine particles (smaller than 0.25 µm).
To test his theory, Cahill looked at metals in the pile and compared their volatility temperatures in the presence of chlorine. If chlorine depressed a metal's volatility temperature enough, Cahill predicted that he would detect the element in his ambient air samples. If chlorine didn't affect a metal's volatility, he didn't expect to see it. Metals that don't volatilize include barium and chromium. Though they were present in the pile, Cahill said, he didn't see them. Ni, Pb, V, and Si, however, all form volatile compounds with chlorine, and Cahill observed these metals when the WTC plume hit his sites.
"Every single metal we saw in the fine-particle mode fit our model," he said. For example, vanadium and chromium should be in the pile in equal amounts. But only vanadium showed up in the ambient air samples. Cahill attributes most of the metals that he detected to the WTC plume. "It is a complicated and miserable mix to breathe," he remarked.
NYU's Thurston sharply disagrees with Cahill on his interpretation of the data. The pile could have been acting like a municipal waste incinerator, Thurston said, but he doesn't agree that most of the vanadium and other metals can be attributed solely, or even primarily, to the plume. This sticking point is representative of their larger disagreement about how much of the aerosol pollution in the city in fall 2001 came from the burning WTC heap, as opposed to regional transport. Cahill thinks some of the disagreement can be ascribed to his concentration on very fine particles as opposed to Thurston's concentration on fine particles. "We're like blind men in a room with an elephant," he said.
Jeffrey S. Gaffney, a senior chemist at Argonne National Laboratory, who organized the ACS symposium, would like to put a book together about all the data that were presented at the symposium. He predicted that the research on the WTC dust and smoke will translate to a better understanding of the aerosols we breathe all the time. Yet, given the amazingly rich complexity of the WTC aerosols, it will take a while for scientists to resolve, analyze, and interpret all of the data they collected. Until then, as Columbia's Hazi said, "nothing is carved in stone."
|Louisa Dalton +
|Interview URL
|Chemican and Engineering News +
|Journal Issue
|81 +
|Number of Pages
|7 +
|Original URL
|http://pubs.acs.org/cen/NCW/8142aerosols.html +
|Publication Date
|20 October 2003 +
|Publication Number
|CENEAR 81 42 pp. 26-30 Volume 81, Number 42 +
|Scientists struggle to understand the complex mixture of aerosols released during and after the destruction of the World Trade Center +
|Thread URL
|Working URL