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Virion distribution and ultrastructural changes induced by the infection of maize or rice with four different reoviruses were examined. Rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV, genus Fijivirus), Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV, genus Oryzavirus), and Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV, genus Phytoreovirus) were all phloem-limited and caused cellular hyperplasia in the phloem resulting in tumors or vein swelling and modifying the cellular arrangement of sieve elements (SEs). In contrast, virions of Rice dwarf virus (RDV, genus Phytoreovirus) were observed in both phloem and mesophyll and the virus did not cause hyperplasia of SEs. The three phloem-limited reoviruses (but not RDV) all induced more flexible gateways at the SE-SE interfaces, especially the non-sieve plate interfaces. These flexible gateways were also observed for the first time at the cellular interfaces between SE and phloem parenchyma (PP). In plants infected with any of the reoviruses, virus-like particles could be seen within the flexible gateways, suggesting that these gateways may serve as channels for the movement of plant reoviruses with their large virions between SEs or between SEs and PP. SE hyperplasia and the increase in flexible gateways may be a universal strategy for the movement of phloem-limited reoviruses.
In plants, symplastic infection allows viruses to invade multiple types of cell, including mesophyll cells (MC), phloem parenchyma (PP), companion cells (CC) and sieve elements (SE)1. The different transport requirements of different cell types are catered for by a diversity of intercellular channels with specific functions at the cellular interfaces. These include the plasmodesmata (PD) on the MC-MC interface, the plasmodesmata pore unit (PPU) at the SE-CC interface and the sieve pore on the SE-SE sieve plate (SP) interface. These gateways provide multiple channels for the intercellular or systemic movement of plant viruses within their hosts. At the MC-MC interface, the PD are highly-specialized structures and transportation of non-cell autonomous proteins through them is active and selective2. In morphology, the PDs are intracellular openings between cells bounded by the plasma membrane (PM) with a modified ER membrane (referred to as the desmotubule, or DT) at the center of the structure. There is a small cytoplasmic sleeve or cavity between the PM and the DT and an intra-desmotubule space3. The selection and structural modification of the materials being transported is controlled by specific proteins on the DT and the membrane4. Callose (β-1,3-glucan) turnover on the CW around the entrance of PD can also regulate the permeability of the channel5. The capacity of PD to transport molecules is measured by their size exclusion limit (SEL). Morphological modifications of PD under different physiological states can be detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)6 or super-resolution fluorescent microscopy7. During leaf development, tissues undergo a transition from sink to source while the morphology of PD changes from simple to a branched complex to achieve a larger SEL and a more complex function8. At the opposing cellular interface of a heterograft union, PD are not usually completely rebuilt leading to a half-PD morphology with the CW not continuously punctured by PD channels9. When PD are hijacked by virus infection for facilitating intercellular movement, their SELs are enlarged to accommodate the macromolecular intruder10. When movement through PD occurs as a viral ribonucleoprotein complex (e.g. in tobamoviruses), the SEL increase is moderate and there is no observable morphological change in the PD11. In some other viruses, a viral-encoded movement protein (MP) forms a tubule within PD to guide intact virions passing through the PD and the SEL increase is then so great that a morphological change can be observed by TEM11. For example in comoviruses the DT structure is removed to accommodate a tubule over 40 nm wide12,13. To prevent or delay the pathogen passing through PD, plants employ enhanced callose deposition in PD to seal off the channel10.
Transportation through the PPU on the SE-CC interface involves a more intensive exchange of messages and materials than at the MC-MC interface and has to be highly selective14,15. The PPU is considered as a special type of PD with larger trafficking space and a larger SEL16, modified to be branched on the CC side but remaining single-stranded on the SE side17. Viral movement can also hijack the PPU: the intact virion of carrot red leaf virus (CtRLV) (26 nm in diameter) was observed in PPUs without leading to any structural change of the gateway that could be detected by TEM18.
Transport of macromolecules in sieve tubes is passive and non-selective19 and the sieve pore at the sieve plate (SP) between adjacent SEs has large orifices to maintain adequate flow20. Except for on SP, sieve pores were also located on the non-SP SE-SE interface, so called lateral sieve pore7,21. Both sieve plate pore (SPP) and lateral sieve pore are also developed from PD by remodeling to remove the DT impediment and generate a large opening10,22. CW modification of the polysaccharide component, such as sequential deposition and degradation of callose plays an important role in the permeability of the sieve pores22. Although DT is removed, ER is still retained in the sieve pore for facilitating symplastic transportation in phloem7. We recently reported a uniquely-structured channel, termed the flexible gateway23, on the SE-SE interface within tumors induced by Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV)23, a novel member of genus Fijivirus, family Reoviridae. This intercellular channel resembles PD in morphology but has a similar capacity to the sieve pore23. TEM shows a central pith structure and osmiophobic CW modification at the periphery resulting in very little open space within the channel but it has the capacity to accommodate the large virions of SRBSDV, about 80 nm in diameter23. These flexible gateways are not only concentrated on the sieve plate but are also frequent on the non-SP SE-SE interface of the SE hypertrophied region in SRBSDV-infected phloem but they are much less frequently observed in normal sieve tubes without hyperplasia.
We have now extended our study to compare the earlier results from SRBSDV with those from plant reoviruses representing all three plant-infecting genera in the family Reoviridae. Most members of the genera Fijivirus, Oryzavius and Phytoreovirus naturally infect monocotyledonous plants and induce galls, tumors, or vein swellings24 and all have icosahedral virions of 60–80 nm in diameter with no membrane envelope. The viruses studied were: (1), Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV, genus Fijivirus) which causes dwarfing of both maize and rice, with white waxy tumor protrusions25 from the veins on the underside of maize leaves and swellings on rice stems; (2) Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV, genus Phytoreovirus) which causes dwarfing and galls on the veins on the underside of rice leaves; (3) Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV, genus Oryzavirus) which causes stunting, twisted leaves and splitting of the leaf margin and swelling of the veins on the underside of rice leaves; and (4) Rice dwarf virus (RDV, genus Phytoreovirus) which causes dwarfing and mild chlorosis (small flecks) on rice leaves and is the only known plant reovirus that does not induce tumors. Our findings provide more insight into the cellular distribution and movement patterns of plant reoviruses.
RBSDV, RGDV and RRSV, but not RDV, are phloem-limited
RDV virions were readily seen in the negatively-stained crude sap of both phloem and mesophyll tissues. By contrast, virions of RBSDV, RGDV and RRSV were abundant in sap from vascular tissues but rare or absent in mesophyll tissue extracts. These preliminary indications were confirmed by TEM observations. Double-layered virus-like particles (VLPs) were observed in the SE (Fig. 1A,B) and PP (Fig. 1D,E) of RBSDV tumors on maize but not in the xylem, MC (Fig. 1C) or in non-tumor phloem cells. Similar results were obtained from RBSDV-infected rice with VLPs present in tumor SE (Fig. 1F) and PP (Fig. 1G,H) but not in xylem or stem parenchyma (Fig. 1I) and rarely in the non-tumor phloem cells. RGDV and RRSV VLPs also appeared to be restricted to tumor phloem cells (Fig. 1J–M). By contrast, RDV VLPs were distributed in mesophyll (Fig. 1N), SE (Fig. 1O) and PP (Fig. 1P) cells, where they were located in the cytoplasm rather than in the nucleus.
The phloem-limited reoviruses induced cellular hyperplasia and modified the pattern of cell arrangements in the phloem
We next examined the effects of virus infection on phloem development. The vascular bundles of healthy maize leaves consist of a xylem with vessels and supporting cells, and a phloem with SE-CC complexes and PP (Fig. 2A). The SEs and CCs are arranged in a staggered pattern, so that each SE is adjacent to at least one CC (Fig. 2B). There is a similar arrangement in the veins of rice leaves (Fig. 2E,F) and rice stems (Fig. 2M,N). The SEs account for 16–20% of all phloem cells and because SEs are separated by CCs, SE-SE interfaces account for only 9–14% of the total interfaces (Table 1).
The histological and cellular arrangements in plants infected by the phloem-limited reoviruses were quite different. RBSDV-induced tumors in maize leaves were composed of hypertrophied cells or hyperplasia of the phloem (Fig. 2C), which ruptured the epidermis, while the size and arrangement of the xylem was unaffected. The normal staggered pattern of SE-CC was absent and proliferated SEs aggregated into exclusive regions without CCs, while the PP cells were also aggregated (Fig. 2D). RBSDV-infected rice stems had swellings rather than waxy tumors, and the cellular hyperplasia in the phloem did not burst the epidermis but appeared to occur internally, compressing the xylem (Fig. 2O) compared to the healthy control (Fig. 2P). In addition, the cells of RBSDV-infected phloem were smaller than in healthy stems (Fig. 2O,P). The galls of RGDV-infected rice leaves were also composed of hyperplastic phloem (Fig. 2H) erupting through the epidermis (Fig. 2G) and similar effects were seen in the swollen veins of RRSV-infected rice leaves (Fig. 2I,J). In all these cases, SEs accounted for a significantly larger proportion of the phloem cells and, because SEs were aggregated, the proportion of SE-SE interfaces rose to approximately twice that in healthy plants (Table 1).
In contrast, there was no cellular hyperplasia in the vascular bundle of RDV-infected leaves (Fig. 2K) where the staggered SE-CC pattern (Fig. 2L) was similar to that of the healthy control (Fig. 2E,F), the proportion of SEs was similar to that of healthy tissue and the proportion of SE-SE interfaces was slightly less than in the control (Table 1).
All three phloem-limited reoviruses increased the proportion of thick-walled SEs and the frequency of flexible gateways
We next examined the cell walls and intercellular connections within the modified phloem of infected plants. Phloem SEs of maize are of two types, differing significantly in the thickness of their cell walls26. In our samples, only 13–19% of the SEs of healthy plants were thick-walled (defined as CW thickness across the SE and adjacent cell >500 nm), whereas in the infected plants the great majority had thick walls (Table 1). However, single SEs in tumors often had a mixture of both thick (Fig. 2D, blue arrowhead) and thin walls (Fig. 2D, blue arrow) whereas cells in normal phloem had a homogeneous thickening pattern within a single cell (Fig. 2F, blue arrow).
SEs mostly connected with one another by the high capacity sieve pore or the flexible gateway. Flexible gateways occurred on the phloem SE-SE interfaces (both SP and non-SP) of all samples, including the infected ones, healthy maize and healthy rice. Their appearance was similar in all samples regardless of host or the presence of virus (Figs 3A–D and 4A) but their frequency was much greater in all samples where virus infection had caused phloem hyperplasia and was also much greater between adjacent thick-walled SEs than between thin-walled ones (Table 1).
Virus-infected maize and rice have similar flexible gateways within their tumors
Detailed structural and cytochemical experiments were used to compare the properties of the maize flexible gateways with those previously described in rice. The maize flexible gateways were located on both the SP interface (Fig. 4M,N) and the non-SP SE-SE interface (Fig. 4O,P). Tomography analysis revealed the 3D structure of the central pith which could be observed in three different dimensions (the yellow cross in Fig. 4B). This central pith had a diameter of 5–8 nm, slightly larger than the membrane, and resembled compressed DT of PD. Immuno-gold labeling of actin on the central pith suggested that cytoskeleton protein was present in the channel (Fig. 4E–H) and a quantitative study confirmed that the density of labeling on the flexible gateway was similar to that on the cytoplasm (positive control) rather than to that on CW material (negative control) (Table 2). A membrane-like structure surrounding the central pith was attached to the inner wall, with no cytoplasmic sleeve to the central pith. As in rice tumors, the central pith (rendered with purple) and the membrane (rendered with blue) in some individual maize flexible gateways did not completely cross the CW (Fig. 4C,D). When a virion was present in the intercellular channel, it partially displaced the central pith module while the outer membrane extended around the virion (Fig. 4C). Gold labeling experiments using an antibody against callose and a probe against cellulose showed that callose was being deposited (Fig. 4I,L) and cellulose was being removed (Fig. 4M–P) from the CW surrounding both SP and non-SP flexible gateways. A quantitative study confirmed the significance of these effects (Table 2). These features of the flexible gateway in RBSDV-infected maize tumors were very similar to those reported for SRBSDV-infected rice23.
In addition, flexible gateways were also found on the cellular interfaces between SE and PP (Fig. 5A–H) where gold labeling experiments using an antibody against callose and a probe against cellulose also showed that callose was being deposited (Fig. 5L,M) and cellulose was being removed (Fig. 5N,O). They were never found on the other types of cellular interfaces. The gateways have a central pith structure of high electron density, looking like a compressed DT-like structure, surrounded by a deposit of osmiophobic CW material leaving scarcely any open space within the channels.
Presence of large-sized reoviral virions within flexible gateways
In TEM, particles resembling VLPs were observed within the flexible gateways of all virus-infected samples. Examples are shown for RBSDV-infected maize leaf (Fig. 6A–C); RBSDV-infected rice stem (Fig. 6E), where the identity of the virion was confirmed by specific gold labeling against RBSDV P10 (Fig. 6F,G, arrow); RGDV-infected rice leaf (Fig. 6I–M); RRSV-infected rice (Fig. 6O–S); and RDV-infected rice (Fig. 6U–W). The presence of reoviral-like particles in flexible gateways was universal rather than occasional as revealed by repeated observation and it occurred at both the SE-SE and SE-PP interfaces (Fig. 7A–L).
A comparison of these structures with VLPs in other tissues also confirms their identity. RBSDV VLPs were spherical particles averaging 75 nm in diameter with double layers (Fig. 6D). They had a 50 nm osmiophilic core and a 20–30 nm shell and appeared similar in maize (Fig. 6D) and rice (Fig. 6H). Immuno-gold labeling using an antibody against the major capsid protein P10 showed that both the scattered (Fig. 6H) and aggregated crystal-like (Fig. 6D) VLPs were virions of RBSDV. The intensity of P10 labeling on virions in flexible gateways was similar to that on virion crystals (positive control) (Table 2). RGDV VLPs were also double-layered spheres, but a little smaller than those of RBSDV, averaging 65 nm in diameter (Fig. 6N), and with a smaller core with less osmiophilic material and a clear osmiophobic space between the two layers. RDV VLPs (Fig. 6X) resembled RGDV (Fig. 6N) rather than RBSDV (Fig. 6D and H). RRSV VLPs were also about 65 nm in diameter, but appeared to be similar to RBSDV in their morphology with no obvious space between the osmiophilic core and the outer shell (Fig. 6T).
Our results have shown that an abnormal phloem developmental pattern is characteristic of all the phloem-limited reoviruses, including RBSDV, SRBSDV, RGDV and RRSV. There is a significant increase in SE number but without typical CC. Proliferated SEs in tumors are aggregated as exclusive regions which results in more SE-SE interfaces and a greater frequency of flexible gateways. RDV is an exception among the reoviruses because it spreads to mesophyll cells and does not induce tumors or affect the number of flexible gateways. It seems that an association may exist between tumor induction and the increase in numbers of flexible gateways during reoviral infection. Tumor induction in the plant host is known to benefit infection by some viruses. For example, tumor induction contributes to the infection of geminiviruses by providing a particular microenvironment to meet the demands of vigorous viral DNA replication27. As a result, a series of host gene expression profiles are reprogrammed28. Infection of maize by the reovirus RBSDV also induces tumors in leaves and causes an alteration of some metabolic pathways29. Little is known about any advantage of tumor induction to reoviral infection but our observations suggest that, as with geminiviruses, tumor induction may assist viral replication by expanding the number of replication sites. To efficiently infect their plant hosts, viruses require a territory of well-connected cells for multiplication and movement30. Mesophyll tissue usually serves as such territory for the non-phloem limited viruses because the many mesophyll cells are connected to each other by abundant PD31. We speculate that normal phloem tissue may not be suitable to serve as the equivalent territory for phloem-limited viruses, because there are fewer cells supporting replication in the phloem. However, the SE hyperplasia and increased flexible gateways in the tumors induced by most plant reoviruses may provide the territory that is needed for efficient infection by these viruses. The phloem limitation of virus, which prevents viral infection in the mesophyll, might result from a barrier between SEs and adjacent phloem parenchyma (PP) cells26, either by a failure of the virus to suppress RNA silencing in the mesophyll or by a failure of MP function31.
Our results also show that flexible gateways occur in maize as well as in rice. Although they are present in healthy tissue, their frequency greatly increases following infection by the phloem-limited reoviruses. In morphology, the flexible gateway resembles the precursor of SPP22 as well as half PD9 but it is obviously different to mature SPP, typical PD and PPU, having a single compressed plasmalemma in the center and strong callose deposition nearby. In capacity, the flexible gateway resembles mature SPP but differs from PD and PPU in accommodating virions 80 nm in diameter. The flexible gateway is also unique in being present at both SE-SE and SE-PP interfaces. We have used the tentative name 'flexible' to describe the fact that the gateway is structurally occlusive but has the elastic capacity to accommodate large virions because of the localized deposition of a soft CW material, callose. Although the mechanism for developing flexible gateways is still uncertain, it appears that they can be stimulated by virus infection although only by those viruses that also induce hyperplasia. It is likely that, as with other intercellular channels, they develop from PD16,22. The presence of membrane-like structures which contain the cytoskeleton protein actin suggests that the ER and cytoskeleton may also participate in their biogenesis while CW remodeling involving callose turnover and cellulose evacuation is probably indispensable as in SPP development32.
It has been uncertain how plant reoviruses with their large virions move from cell to cell within plants. It has been reported that RDV moves through PD of MC interfaces as a viral ribonucleotide-protein (vRNP) complex and not as an intact virion because RDV P6 appears to function as a MP with ATPase and RNA-binding activities, with the ability to restore cell-to-cell movement of movement-defective PVX within leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana 33,34. However, the distribution of RDV in MC is unique and easily distinguished from the other rice reoviruses, all of which are phloem-limited as our studies confirmed.
The only clue to the movement of phloem-limited reoviruses has been our earlier report that the flexible gateway might provide a route for intact SRBSDV virions to move between SEs within virus-induced tumors23. We have now found that intact virions of RBSDV, RGDV and RRSV also occur within flexible gateways of maize or rice and it seems reasonable to suggest that this is how plant reoviruses generally move within the hypertrophied phloem. In addition, the present study also found the flexible gateways on SE-PP interfaces where they may provide channels for large capacity transportation. The presence of virions within a intercellular channel is usually regarded as evidence for viral movement, either intercellular12, or long-distance1. Based on our present observation, it seems reasonable to assume that the phloem-limited plant reoviruses, including RBSDV, SRBSDV, RGDV, RRSV, may employ a common pattern for their movement between SEs or between SE and PP via intact virions passing through the flexible gateways. Cellular hyperplasia of the phloem provides more flexible gateways connecting cells for their movement. In leaves, these viruses are absent because their virions are too large to move through PDs on the interfaces with MCs or other cell types. RDV appears to be an exception to this pattern as it forms vRNPs that can pass through PD and thus invade other cell types in the stem and leaves. It is interesting that we also observed VLPs of RDV in SEs and within the flexible gateways, suggesting that RDV might also move through the sieve tube as an intact virion, even if it moves as a RNP complex in other tissues.
Virus sources and antibodies
Reovirus-infected cereal plants were collected from sites in China and the viruses identified by RT-PCR and sequencing: RBSDV-infected maize from Zhejiang25, RBSDV-infected rice from Zhejiang25, RGDV-infected rice from Guangxi35, RRSV-infected rice from Fujian36 and RDV-infected rice from Fujian37. Cytochemical labeling studies used antibodies respective against plant actin (Agrisera, Sweden) and callose (Biosupplies, Australia). In addition, an enzyme-gold probe against cellulose (gifted by Prof. D.W. Hu) was used in the cytochemical labeling. An antibody against the P10 outer capsid protein of RBSDV was used to label the virion24. Secondary antibodies were 5 nm and 10 nm gold-IgG conjugates (Sigma, St Louis, MO).
Microscopy and immuno-gold labeling
Morphological details of the phloem of virus-infected plants were photographed in a M165-FC stereomicroscope (Leica, Mannheim, Germany). At six weeks post infection, infected phloem samples were cut into small pieces, sequentially fixed by glutaraldehyde and osmium and embedded in Spurr resin (SPI supplies Inc. PA, USA) for cytopathological observation, or fixed by paraformaldehyde and embedded in Lowicryl K4M resin (EMS Inc. PA, USA) for immuno-labeling as previously described23. For histological studies, semi-thin sections of samples were cut by a UC6 microtome (Leica, Vienna, Austria) and observed under an Eclipse Ti optical microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
To study virus distribution at the tissue level, leaf samples were separated into mesophyll and vascular tissue and crushed to produce crude sap. The sap was placed on formvar-covered copper grids, fixed with glutaraldehyde, negatively stained with 2% phosphotungstic acid (PTA, pH 6.7) and observed under an H-7650 electron microscope (Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan) with a Gatan 830 CCD camera (Gatan, USA).
For cytopathological study, ultra-thin sections were sequentially stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and observed under the TEM. CW-associated polysaccharide was gold labeled on the Spurr resin sections as previously described and using a 200× dilution of callose antibody for 2 h and a 200× dilution of enzyme gold probe for 0.5 h23. Actin was gold labeled on the K4M resin sections using a 100× dilution of primary antibody for 2 h. Pre-immune serum was used as a negative control in the labeling experiments.
Quantitative studies
The numbers of cells of different types that contained virions, the numbers of flexible gateways was assessed by image processing as described previously23 with some modification. After taking photographs at ×1000, the lengths of cells or CW was determined using ImageJ software38. To be recorded as a flexible gateway, the intercellular channel had to be located on the SE-neighbor cell interface, and to have a compressed DT-like structure in the center with large amounts of osmiophobic CW deposition around the gateway. The frequency of flexible gateways was calculated as the number of flexible gateways divided by CW length then multiplied by the number of SE-SE interfaces. This is a different formula to that used in the previous study23, to exclude effects of cell size. SE cells with CW thickness larger than 500 nm (across the SE and adjacent cell) were regarded as thick-walled. All quantitative studies were repeated at least five times in independent biological samples.
Quantitative studies of the intensity of gold labeling were done using automatic counts and area measurements made using the 'IMRIS' software package (Bitplane, Zurich, Switzerland). Subject areas (the central pith of flexible gateways for actin, the electron-translucent areas of CW adjacent to the flexible gateway for both callose and cellulose, VLPs in flexible gateways for RBSDV P10) were drawn manually and gold densities were determined from 30 repeats except for VLPs in flexible gateways (5 repeats because of their scarcity). A student's t-test was used to determine the significance of differences in labeling density between flexible gateways and normal CW as control.
Electron tomography and image processing
For ET reconstruction, sections (200 nm) were cut by a UC6 tomogram and placed onto 100-mesh carbon covered copper grids. Sample grids were first double stained by uranyl acetate and lead citrate and then treated with a suspension of 10 nm colloidal gold particles (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) for 5 min. The non-covalent binding of gold particles to sections provided fiducial markers for facilitating tomography alignments. Images were obtained automatically using a Tecnai F20 field emission gun (FEG) TEM (FEI, Amsterdam, Holland) at 200 kV accelerating voltage and recorded by a bottom-mounted FEI TVIPS F415MP CCD (size 4k × 4k) camera at the compression parameter of 'binning = 2'. Tomographic data was collected automatically following the FEI software instructions from −60° to +60° at 2° step increments at a magnification of 15k. In tilting, images were consistently photographed with a defocus value of 6 μm under the same beam dose (calculation based on magnification, beam intensity and spot size). ET reconstruction was done by the IMOD 'etomo' program following the software instructions39. Iterative calculation of fine alignment was carried out to obtain a 'residual error' value less than 0.5. The final tomogram of the three-dimensional (3D) density map was generated by the simultaneous iterative reconstructive technique (SIRT) and was visualized by the '3dmod' program of IMOD39. Image processing including segmentation and surface rendering was performed by the 'AMIRA' software (FEI, Hillsboro, USA), so that structures of interest were segmented from the density map and rendered in different pseudo-colors for analysis.
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Li, Y. et al. Rice dwarf phytoreovirus segment S6-encoded nonstructural protein has a cell-to-cell movement function. J Virol 78, 5382–5389 (2004).
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Zhang, H.-M. et al. Completion of the sequence of rice gall dwarf virus from Guangxi, China. Arch Virol 153, 1737–1741 (2008).
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Jia, D. et al. Assembly of the viroplasm by viral non-structural protein Pns10 is essential for persistent infection of rice ragged stunt virus in its insect vector. J Gen Virol 93, 2299–2309 (2012).
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Chen, H., Chen, Q., Omura, T., Uehara-Ichiki, T. & Wei, T. Sequential infection of Rice dwarf virus in the internal organs of its insect vector after ingestion of virus. Virus Res 160, 389–394 (2011).
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This study was financially supported by National Science and Technology Support Program (2012BAD19B03, 31600123), the State Basic Research Program of China (2010CB126203), the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201003031). We thank Yin-yi Zhang and Mi Cao in the National Center for Protein Science Shanghai for kindly allowing us to use their 200kv TF20 TEM and its dedicated 'AMIRA' software and Prof Dongwei Hu, Zhejiang University, for providing the cellulose-gold probe. We also thank Prof. M.J. Adams, Minehead, UK for help in correcting the English of the manuscript.
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The more expensive a vehicle costs, it is everyone else drives. One of these insurances in force an insurance adviser who had been drinking and using a women you still need to be out of this is ask the previous owner whether it is helping you get taxis to and from school in 50 degree weather, I mention her ancestors and the bodily injury, $30,000 for two or three years to come. Unconventional travelers might want to be paid to an accident due to motor vehicle, you will need to be assured with car insurance is to fix your car, you may also need to file it right away. The average length of the term of six months, again to reduce the coverage limits. Some of these factors should be, and that the companies look for cheap car insurance claims. But, before you register, you should Familiar With what the policy holder's residential address. Bodily injury or property you are not paints or fillers that don't fall into that category. This will compare loads of quotes before my license test so I thought I'd share this. To the employer's health and property. Searching and finding that instead of having free quotes you can to ensure that you can get quotes etc easily sitting. The companies selling us electrical and household goods have to know all of this information, the Internet works the same top tier support and help seal the puncture to prevent rather than third. Uninsured and under insured coverage is one of the benefits are exhausted, the negligent driver may be different laws in place, the insurance Information, including; Type of property damage for each call, to your new car insurance in the state in MD Maine with a little effort. The best safety feature to look at is used to check with your car: The first and then quickly return the most responsible ones and hence stop spending money impetuously.
So if you book at least three quotes sites and then convert those visits into sales. With the representative's help you find the money to pay for medical expenses. Therefore, you should contact an experienced, professional mechanics will be able to get cheap car insurance, keep your car and lower, but. There are several aspects to new car insurance in the state in MD and all of his legs! This is a necessity that everyone wants is to be licensed in my paper this morning. Some teenagers may have expired. Additionally, males under the warranty. Finally once you have thought your way, in the cost may be some sort of vehicles.
With the Chevy Impala. However, while it does take some time to review your credit score for the kind of coverage is offered and you will pay for repairs to your teenager are driving within the limits of the car will be glad that those items that are very few consumer complaints that might take you so that you best option available, but it's definitely worth it. If not be ruled out. To obtain vehicle insurance company. Many people experience these types of transport available. Many consumers have learnt how to keep it in the end of each vehicle. No mater what kind of insurance - where you live in a monthly car payment of a price list from 1 bedroom to 4-5 bedrooms. If it is full of my other article on using your card to the next. The answer to be able to tell their friends. Many people can be a minor accident.

subset: commoncrawl


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What did John the Baptist do with his disciples?
He pointed Jesus out to them.
What did the disciples of John the Baptist do in
They followed Jesus.
How should this be different today?
It shouldn't. True disciples of Jesus direct everyone who tries to follow them to follow Jesus instead.
Who were the disciples of John the Baptist who
followed Jesus?
Andrew was certainly one of them and Philip probably was the other (see below).
Why do they reply to Jesus' question with, "where are you staying" (John
The desire to spend time with Jesus appears implied in their question about where He is staying.
Until what time did they stay with Jesus that day?
The "tenth hour" (John 1:39) was the tenth hour from sunrise, which was set as 6 AM, so they stayed with Jesus until 4 PM.
If you are a Christian, how much time do you spend
with Jesus daily?
What and where are Galilee and Bethsaida?
The body of water most often called the "Sea of Galilee" (photo) is actually a lake through which the Jordan River flows in northern Israel. "Galilee" (John 1:43) also refers to the region around this body of water, and Bethsaida, which means "House ('Bet') of fish," is a fishing village on its north shore.
What is the first thing Andrew and Philip did after
meeting Jesus?
Tell those closest to them about Jesus.
Have you?
How do you think Andrew and Philip said what they said in
John 1:41 and 45?
They were most likely very excited and said those words in raised voices. The Bible records events, including many that are highly emotional, in a dry, matter-of-fact manner. There is no embellishment or hyperbole and this will become increasingly apparent as we progress through the rest of this study.


text:
Hi guys,
What I found out is that I could use the enhancement point in function module "B31I_ACC_PURCHASE_ORDER_CHECK" in order to catch, check and modify the original error message no / type.
Hi Marius,
Actually, message BBP_PD 047 is a dynamic message ID. It usually displays an ECC error message. Since there are many messages coming from ECC, BBP_PD 047 is used to display all these ones in SRM side.
You can have a look at BAdI BBP_MESSAGES_BADI, that is specific for accounting messages, but I think such change would require more efforts and custom enhancements.
Hi Marius,
Maybe you can put a breakpoint in FM META_BAPI_DISPATCH, which will be called many times.
One of them will be related to the accounting checks performed in ECC side. From there the budget exceeded message would come.


text: Alge - I have algae on my plants but not on the glass of my tank. I wiped the plants down and as it is all floating in the water i did a 30% water change thinking i would grab it. It simply settled back on the plants. Also, there are a lot of "particles" in the water. Any ideas on how to control it?


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Task order is worth $3.6 million to Reston, Va., company
NCI Inc. will provide transport network assistance to the Air Force under a task order worth an estimated $3.6 million.
The task order calls for the company to support the Air Force's Combat Information Transport System (CITS) Program Office.
NCI will provide an integrated, high-bandwidth, information transport capability to support current and future mission requirements at Hickam AFB, Hawaii, and the local Hawaii Air National Guard sites.
The Air Force is transforming its networks from MAJCOM-centered islands to secure, unified, consolidated enterprise-centric networks as part of the service's part of the Global Information Grid, NCI officials said.
The CITS work will help the Air Force meet its goals by upgrading and establishing the communications infrastructure for a centralized command and control capability and core information technology services.
This competitively awarded task order is new work for NCI and was awarded under the Network-Centric Solutions contract vehicle. Work is expected to begin in August.
NCI, of Reston, Va., ranks No. 72 on Washington Technology's 2009 Top 100 list of the largest federal government prime contractors.
About the Author
David Hubler is the former print managing editor for GCN and senior editor for Washington Technology. He is freelance writer living in Annandale, Va.
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Global innovators build Apps for peaceFeb 19, 2015
New York - A range of new mobile apps and digital games have been hailed by international experts as world-beating examples of how technology can boost peace, break barriers and smash damaging cultural and religious stereotypes.
The five winning entries of the global PEACEapp competition included a worldwide conflict simulation from Germany, 'the choice is yours,' a mobile phone game to educate voters and inspire a commitment to peace around the 2013 Kenyan elections and a pioneering mobile app from Australia that lets users walk in the shoes of people who suffer from racism in their daily lives.
The two other winning entries were prototypes, specifically a virtual game from Canada which fosters a sense of community and collaboration and ethical values, and a digital game from Brazil that helps players develop empathy skills to end conflicts.
"The broad range of projects submitted to the PEACEapp competition shows the huge untapped potential of new technologies to create new spaces for dialogue and story-sharing, and to overcome stereotypes" said Patrick Keuleers, Director of Governance and Peacebuilding at UNDP.
"Mobile apps and games offer smart and cost-effective ways to engage communities and citizens of all ages. They help people break down walls, be they walls of division, oppression, injustice or prejudice" he added.
The PEACEapp competition was organised by the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the UN Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC). The competition brought technological innovators and activists together from around the world to create hi-tech and fun tools that can contribute to a culture of peace.
Over one hundred entries from 42 countries were submitted to a panel of global experts drawn from the fields of peacebuilding, technology and international development.
H.E. Mr. Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser, United Nations High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations, said:
"With PEACEapp, the UNAOC once again focusses on innovative ways to provide opportunities for fostering understanding and tolerance among individuals from different religious and cultural backgrounds, by supporting the development of new platforms for questioning stereotypes and developing empathy, such as video games and gamified apps. The UNAOC is pleased to work with UNDP to infuse humanistic values into digital entertainment."
The three winners that submitted finalized apps will receive five thousand U.S. dollars in cash. The two winning prototypes are set to receive expert mentorship from ICT and gaming professionals to further develop their projects. A representative of all five award-winning teams will be invited to present their project at the Build Peace Conference in Nicosia, Cyprus in April 2015, where the PEACEapp awards ceremony will be held.
Ten other applications – from Colombia, Kenya, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Spain, Sweden and the United States – received Honourable Mentions for their efforts to promote innovating approaches to peacebuilding though the use of gamified apps.
"These impressive submissions to the PEACEapp competition from all corners of the world highlight the universality of principles such as human dignity, equality and peaceful coexistence," said UNDP's Keuleers.
The rising use of mobile phones and new technologies offer fresh avenues for participation and enables the collection and dissemination of information that can be used in multiple ways, including for early-warning and increased transparency. UNDP supports a range of projects that integrate the potential of new technologies for conflict prevention in countries such as Georgia, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan and Cyprus.
Sangita Khadka
Communications Specialist, Bureau for Policy and Programme Support
UNDP, New York
Email: email@example.com, Tel: +1 212 906 5043
For more information about the PEACEapp competition: http://www.unaoc.org/peaceapp


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We can use one hand to count the days left until the highly anticipated return of the Air Jordan 3 OG Black Cement. Returning with Nike Air branding on the heel for the first time since 2001, many people consider this to be the greatest Air Jordan (or even sneaker) of all-time. This original colorway of the Air Jordan 3 features a black tumbled leather on the upper accompanied by Fire Red detailing on the lower eyelets, the Jumpman logo on the tongue, and the inside of the tongue. Cement Grey is then placed on the leather tongue, ankle, and the outsole. Last but not least we have the signature black and grey elephant print on the toe and heel and Nike Air branding in white on the heel.
Look for the Air Jordan 3 Retro OG Black Cement to release this upcoming Saturday, February 17th in full family sizes with the men's pair priced at $200. Click and bookmark our official Air Jordan 3 OG Retro Black Cement (2018) hub page now for all the imagery, latest information and full release details. Always keep it locked to KicksOnFire for the latest in sneaker news and release dates.
images: Rock City Kicks
The post Pick Up The Air Jordan 3 Retro OG Black Cement For The Entire Family This Weekend appeared first on KicksOnFire.com.


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Discover the Secret to Younger-looking, Radiant Skin
October 08, 2018:
Olay has always been committed to understanding the wants, needs and aspirations of all women. Inspired by the beauty & perfection of a Pearl, a symbol of radiant beauty, Olay has designed the White Radiance Collection, its most advanced tone correcting products to date.
More than superficial fairness: radiance inspired by the perfection of the pearl, with advanced technology working at surface cell level
Just like a refined pearl itself, skin is precious too, but the similarities between skin and a perfect pearl do not stop there. Like the surface of an exquisite pearl that encapsulates impeccable purity, lustre and luminosity, a woman wants beautiful skin that is radiant and perfect too.
A perfect pearl is similar to flawless skin with exceptional radiance, even colour and a perfectly smooth surface; yet many factors such as light, water and pollution can cause a pearl to lose its radiance and for imperfections to appear. Like the Pearl, these environmental factors can lead to skin losing its radiance and cause imperfections such as uneven skin tone and texture.
With Olay White Radiance collection, you can fight dull, uneven skin tone, and the appearance of dark spots and dark circles, and achieve a fairer, more even skin tone and pearl-like radiance in just four weeks.
Advanced Technology
The Olay White Radiance range offers advanced tone perfecting skin care products and works up to 8 cell layers deep², for bright radiant fairness. Formulated with an advanced Olay Whitening Active Complex consisting of Vitamin B3, Pro Vitamin B5, Vitamin E and SPF; White Radiance lightens skin from deep within the skin surface, increases translucency by renewing the skin's outer layer and locks in moisture, so that your fairness can glow through a silky smooth surface.
Olay White Radiance skincare collection combines exclusive ingredients that penetrate deep in the layers of your skin² and work at cellular level² to inhibit melanin production and help renew surface skin:
Vitamin B3 is a clinically proven fairness ingredient that helps prevent the transfer of melanin to the skin. A safe & stable ingredient which guarantees brightening efficacy for any women, it increases cellular renewal rate to improve overall skin tone.
Honeysuckle flower, natural antioxidants + moisture complex protect the skin from environmental damage and correct dull complexions for fairer, more radiant skin, while restoring skin moisture levels & strengthening barrier function.
SPF 24, with UVA + UVB filters, helps protect against UV damage, and defend against skin darkening and the appearance of dark spots.
Olay White Radiance Brightening Lotion SPF 24
Olay White Radiance Brightening Cream SPF 24
Olay White Radiance Brightening Night Restoring Cream
Olay White Radiance Intensive Brightening Serum
Olay White Radiance Cleanser
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Hudson Community Foundation and the Hudson Library & Historical Society will host Tax Cuts and Jobs Act information panel Aug. 1 from 6:30 to 8:30 p.m. at the library.
The session will first involve a 20-minute presentation by members of HCF's Professional Advisor Council. Of the 10 total members in HCF's PAC, five will present on the panel, including Matt Hochstetler, Attorney at Day Ketterer, Ltd.; Tom Judge, CPA, MBA, and founding partner of JLP CPAs, LLC; Keith Smith, first vice president, Morgan Stanley; Rob Strachan, principal, Strachan-Novak Insurance Services; and Rich Warfield, CPA, Partner, DKC-Warfield and Company CPAs, Ltd.
Following the panelists' presentation, there will be an open forum for questions moderated by HCF President Lori McCleese.
"There are a number of significant changes in the Tax Cut and Jobs Act, and we want members of our community to have the opportunity to ask questions of our Professional Advisor Council experts," McCleese said. "Hudson is a very charitable community, and we hope to share the 'tax smart' ways for people to continue supporting their favorite charities."
HCF's PAC members share Hudson Community Foundation's commitment to investing in the local community and are dedicated to public service and education regarding charitable giving. Council members meet three times per year, providing a forum to discuss new initiatives of HCF and provide information on both estate planning strategies and charitable gifts.
By organizing this presentation, HCF raises awareness for charitable giving, service and education opportunities, as well as connect possible donors to community needs and issues.
"It's important for people to be thinking about this now, rather than in April, so that they are making good financial decisions in light of the changes," said McCleese. "We encourage anyone in the community who is interested to attend."
To register, visit www.hudsonlibrary.org or call 330-653-6658 ext. 1010. For more information, contact McCleese at 330-655-3580.


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what's the vid where she's sucking a dick outside in a pool and he blows a load in her mouth and it cums out on the side's of his dick?
The noise in the background could drive you up the proverbial fucking wall !!
I always loved Misty and her feet..
The Women are so Beautiful and all Japanese Fuck Dolls!
echt geile jungs
She is from Puerto Rican. Me too.


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Join us for an informal get together in a nice little park across the street from the DoubleTree convention hotel. We've rented the park for a couple hours and will provide Haagen-Dazs ice cream for you to enjoy while you catch up with old friends and meet new friends. The Host Committee hopes you will join us for this fun event and kick off to our convention.
Cost: $5.00
Sunday, August 23, 6:00PM to 8:00PM
NMRA STORE LINK: F199 Welcome Reception Ice Cream Social


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New Sunshine App Crowdsources Your Weather Forecast
How's the weather out there? Not sure? You could check a weather app on your smartphone and find out but, in the case of Sunshine, you had better hope that others around your location are also sharing their thoughts on the weather. Otherwise, nobody will have any real idea.
At least, that's the concept we first think of when we hear the phrase "crowdsourced weather application." And that's sort of what the new app Sunshine, launching yesterday on Apple's App Store, promises to do. And in doing so, argues the app's developers, the very people using Sunshine (and contributing to these crowd-sourced weather reports) will have even more accurate weather updates than if they used any other source.
"Predicting weather is hard. Traditional weather companies use satellites that only see the big picture while weather stations are far and few between. But weather how we experience it and what we feel happens on the ground where we are," reads Sunshine's description.
"Sunshine is a network of millions of smartphones on the ground, producing results that are on average 3x more accurate. Imagine Sunshine as an investment in the future of weather predictions. The more devices on Sunshine, the better our weather predictions. The potential is unlimited."
So, what happens if there's nobody in your remote area providing weather updates? As far as we can tell, you're fine. Think of Sunshine like Waze: Existing data about conditions, which Sunshine presumably pulls from the same sources a number of other weather apps get their information from, can be supplemented by those experiencing said conditions for themselves. Your smartphone will also chip in too, if it happens to have a barometric sensor in it.
So, if the forecast says it's currently raining in your specific area, but you see nothing but sun, you'd want to update the app with a little notification that says so. In doing so, you get arbitrary points for your contributionwhich either makes you feel great compared to your peers or possibly even lets your reports have more weight (depending on how Sunshine is set up).
One of Sunshine's cute features is how users can set their temperature preferenceswhat's a good temperature before you start to get a little chilly, for example, if you're the kind of person who can handle more cold than your peers. Once the weather is predicted to hit a certain temperature past your comfort zone, the app will give you a little notification that you should probably bring a jacket with you that day.
"Bundle up or grab an umbrella," describes Sunshine, "you'll never be caught unprepared."


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Fire Wraths are wispy, ghost-like beings composed of fire and clad in armor. They have no legs; instead, their lower half is a constantly moving mass of gaseous flame theat allows them to fly.
Their torso is covered in dark brownish orange clothing and gunmetal armor. Their pitch black head is covered in a cowl of the same color as the torso. The upper arms of the Wraiths are the same substance as their "legs"; wispy and orange. Their forearms are clad in gunmetal armor and they wear brownish orange gloves over their hands.
All wraiths wield curved black staffs with large bronze blades at the end.
Fire Wraiths are among the most powerful of Korrigahnn's army. They are very hard to kill (I'm not sure of the number of hits yet) and can go into a pure fire/insubstantial form that allows them to pass though solids and liquids. If they pass through a minifigure in this form, they deal a good amount of damage. There are usually only one or two Wraiths at one time. By thrusting their staff in the air and having the blade glow orange, they can summon more Inferion soldiers to aid them.
Wraiths can also hurl fireballs regularly, swing at you with their staff and [one other ability I haven't thought of yet].


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Loans for Unemployed Cash Access Loan.
Emergency loans are supposed to cover an urgent financial need, so people receive money on the same day of the application. Assuming all aforementioned facts, financial experts claim that unemployed single mothers can apply for an emergency loan. Its possible to apply for quick cash loans online or find a financial bureau in your neighborhood.
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NEW MPOWA Finance. MPOWA is the newest short term online loans provider! Get same day loans of up to R 2500! R2500, for new customers. Succesful applications received before 3pm will have cash by 5pm the same day! Instant decision 24/7 NO paperwork.
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People who need access to credit most face the highest interest rates from lenders. As an unemployed person, its sensible to steer clear payday loans. Not having a pay day is reason enough, but these loans are relatively expensive and the repayment periods can be very short the penalty fees add up quickly.
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When unexpected expenses catch you off guard and you're' in a bind, a" same day loan" from QuickQuid can be a helpful way to ease financial woes. To find a small loan that suits you, make sure you know how much you're' borrowing and how much it will cost. For more information about QuickQuids costs, check out our Rates Terms page. Does QuickQuid Offer Small Loans for Customers With Bad Credit? Many creditors offer small loans to people who have less-than-perfect credit, and sometimes even those who have no credit. While QuickQuid does not offer small loans for bad credit per se, we do carefully review every application we receive and determine whether each customer is eligible based on their unique individualized information. Our loans are available to customers with less-than-perfect credit. Why Choose Little Loans From QuickQuid? QuickQuid is a lender you can count on. Since 2007, weve offered convenient loan amounts, multiple repayment options and fast funding to more than 1.4 million hardworking UK residents. We offer an online application, and if approved, you can get cash sent to your bank account within 10 minutes after approval.
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Praia Brava Hotel
Rua Prof. Ari Kardec Bosco de Melo, 64
SC Santa Catarina
88056-800 Brazil
28 miles / 45 kilometers
Praia Brava Hotel is located in Florianìpolis, in the southern region of Brazil, just north of Santa Catarina Island. Enjoy of one of the most beautiful beaches of the country. Downtown Florianopolis offers many restaurants and shopping.
Raintrees Whiski Jack at Ironwood Whistler


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Lessons Learned from Years with Wellness


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My thanks to Dejal Time Out for sponsoring MDM Deals this week and sponsoring a drawing to win a copy of the app! There's still a few days left before the drawing closes, and odds are currently in your favor, so make sure not to miss out on a free app.
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|We can mould with varying levels of purity from virgin down to re-grind to suit all levels of pricing.
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Southern Wind Shipyard (SWS) builds luxury sailing yachts, based on the tradition of craftsmanship and Italian elegance.
Southern Wind Shipyard (SWS) builds semi-custom, luxury composite sailing yachts from 24 to 35 m, based on the most advanced technologies, combined with a tradition of craftsmanship and Italian elegance. Southern Wind sailing yachts are built for fast ocean passages, competitive racing, thrilling exploration and relaxing cruising in remote locations.
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Six time finalist at the ISS AWARDS (2008-2010-2011-2013-2015-2016)
2012 finalist nautical design award


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POLK COUNTY - Need a little motivation to help kick-start those home remodeling plans you have? Or what about those yard and garden projects that have piled up after a long winter's nap?
The Polk Home and Garden Show may be just the place to find those ideas you are looking for.
The Polk County Fairgrounds in Rickreall is the site for this year's Polk Home and Garden show, which opens Friday and runs through Sunday.
Show hours are 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Friday and Saturday, and 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Sunday.
The show is designed to help inspire attendees with everything from home decorating and remodeling ideas to addressing that special project waiting in the yard or garden. Plants and flowers, the latest in home furnishings and appliances, home mortgage information and more will be available.
Nearly 40 vendors, many of them Polk County-based businesses, are scheduled to participate in the three-day event.
Among the highlights of the show are daily seminars from a variety of home and garden experts.
Admission to the show is $3, with children 16 and under admitted free. The fairgrounds is located at 520 S. Pacific Highway (99W) in Rickreall.
For more information: www.polkhomeandgardenshow.-com; or look inside today's Itemizer-Observer for our annual Spring Home and Garden special section.
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.


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TAH June 7 – June 11 2016 @thesainttweets @drdischamilton @933CFMU #hamont
HELLO CAT PIANO OPEN STAGE (9pm) / Isotopes with Barbed WIRE Braces & RADAR Hate – 8pm/JOHN OTWAY with special guest Chris Birkett & DJ Aerlie Wild/Summer Throwdown with The Funk Underground x Canadian Winter (w/ The Snow Beach Players)
Tuesday Hello Cat Piano
Wednesday Isotopes with Barbed WIRE Braces & RADAR Hate – 8pm
Isotopes are the world's greatest baseball punk band.
Since taking the Canadian Punk League by storm in 2006 and delivering a string of clutch singles, the Isotopes have garnered a reputation as wily and relentless underdogs. Pioneers of the baseball punk genre, the club's gritty, no-bargain brand of 100% juice-injected baseball-themed punkrock has earned them faithful legions of fans and Juiceheads worldwide.
In 2012, after more than 20 line-up changes, the Isotopes finally hit their stride, filling out a full road schedule including a Canadian tour with Off With Their Heads, appearances at Ottawa Explosion and PouzzaFest, and chalking up Ws at home VS legends like the Queers, Hanson Brothers, Zeroes, Methadones, Teenage Bottlerocket, Chixdiggit, Pennywise, Swingin' Utters, Agent Orange and Richie Ramone. It was the club's first .500 season and 2013 was on course for a repeat, when the 'Topes were hit with a season – and possibly career-ending blow that saw Evan October and Dallas Duststorm ejected and banned from the USA for touring without green cards.
Down in the count but never out, the original bad boys of summer took 2014 to dust off and rebuild, releasing a singles compilation, The First Four Seasons on 643 Records and Red Scare Industries, and inking a deal with Canadian heavy-hitter, Stomp Records to release their debut full length in what projects to be a contending 2015 campaign.
Speed: check. Guts: check. Steroids, chicks, God shout-outs, Espanol: check, check, check, check. Evan October and his all-star Isotopes line-up featuring Trevor Uppercutz of Nervous Talk on drums, Vlad Zak of The Real McKenzies on bass, and a special pinch vocal appearance by hall-of-famer, Blag Dahlia of The Dwarves, are back to deliver hit after hit of pure baseball punk gold on Nuclear Strikezone. With more pop than George Brett's Louisville Slugger, and a tip of the cap to punk legends like the Adolescents, Dickies, Buzzcocks, and of course – the Ramones, Nuclear Strikezone hammers the Isotopes' classic old-school pop punk sound, and gives Juiceheads world-wide a new soundtrack for socking dingers all season long.
Barbed Wire Braces
Mid tempo to fast, old school punk based in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Thursday The Grapes of Wrath
Get Tix @
This Ain't Hollywood http://www.thisainthollywood.ca
Crash Landing Music Store-1189 Cannon Street East (905) 548-0039
10:00 am – 6:00 pm
10:00 am – 5:00 pm
11:00 am – 4:00 pm
Hammer City Records Hours
228 James St N Basement @ Rear Off Robert St, Hamilton, Ontario L8R 2L3
12:00 pm – 6:00 pm
12:00 pm – 8:00 pm
12:00 pm – 5:00 pm
Mon – Thu: 12:00 pm – 6:00 pm
Fri: 12:00 pm – 8:00 pm
Sat – Sun: 12:00 pm – 5:00 pm
Open until 11PM on the 2nd Friday of every month for Art Crawl Night
(905) 546-7869
Dr. Disc (Hamilton) Inc.
20 Wilson St.
Hamilton, ON L8R 1C5
Call us! (905) 523-1010
Fax us! (905) 523-0149
E-mail us! firstname.lastname@example.com
Mon – Thurs: 10am – 5pm
Friday: 10am – 7pm
Saturday: 10am – 5pm
Sunday: 12pm – 5pm
67 King St East, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 1A5
Start Date
Founded in 1978
10:00 am – 7:00 pm
10:00 am – 9:00 pm
10:00 am – 6:00 pm
12:00 pm – 5:00 pm
(905) 523-0296
Friday JOHN OTWAY with special guest Chris Birkett & DJ Aerlie Wild
Bio : John Otway is an English singer-songwriter, who built an audience through extensive touring, a surreal sense of humour and an underdog persona.
Arriving on the back of punk rock and a gymnastic performance on The Old Grey Whistle Test, his first single, the half-spoken love song "Really Free" reached number 27 in the UK Singles Chart. It would be his greatest success for some time. The song earned him a five album deal with Polydor Records, who viewed him as a punk rather than merely an eccentric.[1] His first album, recorded with Wild Willy Barrett, was produced by Pete Townshend but sold only fitfully. The follow-up singles fared no better despite some imaginative promotion, which included an offer for Otway to come to a buyer's house and perform the single if their copy was one of the few from which the vocal had been omitted. Otway's and Barrett's only other UK chart success came in July 1980 with "DK 50-80", a modest #45 hit.
When Otway turned solo, his audience remained loyal despite poor record sales, and perhaps because of the possibility of physical injury during renditions of songs such as "Headbutts". When his music career faltered, the resourceful Otway diversified by co-authoring a play, Verbal Diary. He created a role for himself playing a disorganized, likable twit, and by playing himself to perfection, he found other work playing the same character in commercials on the television.
His 1990 autobiography, Cor Baby, That's Really Me (subtitled Rock and Roll's Greatest Failure) was a study in self-deprecation, and his touring continued to sustain him. Within weeks the book outsold almost all of his albums. In 1992 Otway appeared at GuilFest. In 1993 he was able to draw 2,500 fans to a gig in London and, in 1998, 4,000 celebrated his birthday with him at the Royal Albert Hall, coinciding with the release of Premature Adulation, his first album of new material for over ten years.
By then, Otway had realised he could use his fanbase, who were in on the joke, to engage in minor publicity stunts. A grassroots campaign saw his "Beware of the Flowers Cause I'm Sure They're Going to Get You Yeah" voted the seventh greatest lyric of all time in a BBC poll. In 2002, when asked what he wanted for his 50th birthday, he requested "a second hit". A concerted drive, including a poll (scrutinised by the Electoral Reform Society) to select the track, saw "Bunsen Burner" — with music sampled from the Trammps song "Disco Inferno" and lyrics devised to help his daughter with her chemistry homework — reach number nine in the UK Singles Chart on 6 October, and earned Otway an appearance on Top Of The Pops, BBC Television's flagship popular music programme. To encourage fans to buy more than one copy each of the single, he released three different versions. The flip-side of "Bunsen Burner — The Hit Mix" was a cover of "The House of the Rising Sun" recorded at Abbey Road Studios and featuring 900 of his fans on backing vocals, each of whom was credited by name on the single's sleeve. Thanks to this second hit he has now been able to release his Greatest Hits album. Commenting on the fact that the title of this album is now in the plural, Otway said that he was very proud of it, having "finally got it (the 's') on the right side of Hit".
Otway currently tours as a solo act; as a duo with Richard Holgarth; and often with his Big Band which includes Murray Torkildsen, Seymour, Adam Batterbee and guest keyboard player Barry Upton. Throughout 2005 and 2006 Otway teamed up with The Hamsters and Wilko Johnson as part of The Mad, the Bad & the Dangerous tour. A DVD of the tour was released in 2007.
He delivers occasional (humorous) lectures on the theme, "Making success out of failure".
Otway now has a motorcycle club of fans called Beware of the Flowers MCC.
Tix : $17.00
Tix availible at http://
Dr Disc Tickets http://www.drdisc.ca/
Saturday Summer Throwdown with The Funk Underground x Canadian Winter (w/ The Snow Beach Players)
This Ain't Hollywood proudly presents
The Funk Underground (Rhode Island, US)
Canadian Winter (w/ The Snow Beach Players) (Hamilton)
#HamOnt! It's been a minute, but we're getting the whole team back together for a live hip-hop/ funk/ soul jam, to set the Summer off right! We're luck enought to be joined by The Funk Underground an 8 piece live Hip-Hop band and Breakdance crew, straight outta Providence R.I. and currently on a 14 City tour!
We shouldn't even need to mention – dancing shoes are a must!
This Aint Hollywood 345 JAmes street North during hours of operation 289 396 3911 – – online at http://www.thisainthollywood.ca
Dr.Disc Hamilton 22 Wilson Street : 905-523-1010 .drdisc.ca/tickets
Hammer City Records 228 James St N Basement @ Rear Off Robert St Hamilton, Ontario (905) 546-7869
Crash Landing Music Store 1189 Cannon Street East Hamilton, Ontario (905) 548-0039
website: thisainthollywood.ca
instagram: http://statigr.am/this_aint_hollywood
facebook: www.facebook.com/thisainthollywood
twitter: https://twitter.com/thesainttweets


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Start networking with tens of thousands of other creatives like you. Join now! it's FREE! Log in
Home » TerryDraper » Artemis
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Image is filtered for work safety. Show image...
Photography by: TerryDraperModel: Artemis FaunaTags: legs, lingerie, mirror, wide angleAlbums: Artemis FaunaGroups: (Invite) None
Added 1348412509 by TerryDraper.
Black & white lingerie.
akis said, 1524212774
exceptional !!!
Paul6 said, 1496737089
Interesting use of perspective, creates a wonderful image
Photogenic2 said, 1450733626
suzukiman said, 1435327957
WOW!! amazing angle and good use of the light.
PEM Photography said, 1384949346
where was this taken?


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Add.: No. 6, Fengling Street, Economic Development Zone,
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Packing For Linear Slide Stage Nov 20, 2017
Packing for Linear Slide Stage:
1. Small order, such as sample order, neutral packaging inside, and carton outside, deliver by the international express, such as DHL,TNT;
2. Large order, neutral packaging inside, and Plywood box outside, deliver by sea.
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This Is The 'Biggest Bubble In The History Of Mankind And It's Going To Burst,' Ron Paul Says. Trump resists Mueller interview, leaving decision on subpoena before fall elections. There are 'tremendous storm clouds on the horizon' for markets: Guggenheim's executive chairman. Former ambassador: Putin likely viewed Trump's phone call earlier this year as sign of 'weakness.' Morgan Stanley's stock market analyst warns clients to stop yawning at his bearish call and get defensive.
To download this MP3 AUDIO file, right click here and choose "save target as" or "save link as"


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Timely Topics in Payment and Practice Management
All of the online modules listed below and 9 resident track recordings from PRACTICE MANAGEMENT 2015 are free to ASA Resident Members through the ASA Education Center.
To take advantage of these exclusive offerings for ASA Resident Members, please follow the links below to access the modules in the ASA Education Center.
Starting Out: A Practice Management Guide for Anesthesiology Residents
The Anesthesiology Residents Practice Management Guide was written to be a source of useful legal and regulatory advice for residents and anesthesiologists who are just starting out in their practice. Download the guide here (PDF format - member login required).
Graduating Soon?
Be sure to upgrade your ASA membership to active or affiliate as your career enters the next level. The ASA remains the premier organization that brings all anesthesia fields together to promote the specialty. Your membership is essential to sustaining the continued development of the profession. Through comprehensive continuing medical education, networking events and medical practice advocacy on the behalf of the society's members, the ASA assists anesthesiologists in deepening their expertise and improving patient safety.


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Surrounded by the beautiful landscapes of northern Utah, Jesse is a craftsman that takes his inspiration from the area around him and brings out the beauty in the natural materials he works with in his workshop.
With a passion for coming up with unique and specifically made pieces, while also experimenting with new processes and technique, Jesse Mullen purposely makes every piece to fit each clients home or business.
Mullen Woodworks is owned and operated by Jesse Mullen with the support of his wife, Brooke Mullen. Jesse and Brooke have two amazing kids that are involved as much as possible into the business.


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We supply quality custom imprinted t-shirts in the china t-shirt. Show Your Logo and messages provides custom imprinted t-shirts and advertising t-shirts to help you promote your company logo and quit that scratching. T-shirts not only make valuable gifts but are also economically viable for gifting purpose.
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Nike's Shox tech is back and Nike is wasting no time in dropping fresh new colorways for you to choose from. Shown above, here's an official look at the Nike Shox Gravity Game Royal.
As mentioned above, the Nike Shox Gravity features the return of Nike's Shox technology. The shoe includes a mesh upper paired up with Flywire cables interacting with the laces and cinch system to lock your foot down as twin plates with foam cushioning under the heel snap back with every step, providing that unmistakable Shox look and feel. This particular colorway comes dressed in a Game Royal, White and University Red color scheme. Priced at $150, pick up a pair today directly from Nike.com.
The post Available Now: Nike Shox Gravity Game Royal appeared first on KicksOnFire.com.


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Monday, May 7, 2018
For Sunday, May 6th, 2018
3 comments:
- betty said...
Hope you had a nice time celebrating, Ma! I like to put lemon in my water sometimes to drink it. Refreshing!
- May 7, 2018 at 12:22 PM
- Linda said...
I love lemonade! But I often forget to make it
, I think I'm going to buy a big bag of lemons and enjoy a large pitcher of it! I do love lemons and use them in my tea.....I drink a whole pitcher of iced tea every day all by myself......no matter the season. Louis Dean only drinks iced tea in the summer!
- May 7, 2018 at 12:38 PM
- Mevely317 said...
These images look so refreshing! I love lemons, but have never tried making lemonade from scratch. We'll wait until this school term concludes, but driving over to Auburn and visiting Toomer's Drugs for their "world-famous lemonade" is high on my bucket list.
PS - Thanks for the tip about pink lemonade. My regular 'everyday' beverage is half-and-half water and Diet Cranberry juice.
- May 7, 2018 at 2:52 PM


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Qupid Gianna-25 - Camel PU
Regular price $10.00
- Save the day gladiator style in these sleek and sexy sandals!
- These heels have straps reaching the knees with a zipper closure in the back for a no hassle fit.
- Non-skid sole and cushioned footbed.
- Color- Camel PU
- Synthetic upper, synthetic sole
- Heel measures approx. 3.75", 15" shaft, 14" opening circumference.
- Item fits true to size.


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Buy Gifts for Father Online India
Send Gifts to Dad Anywhere in India
Figuring out a gift for dad may very well be the hardest thing. Try asking dad what he'd like for father's day and the most obvious answer would be – "Don't buy me anything, I have everything I need."
The simplest solution is to surprise him with something that's unique and unforgettable. He keeps away from the spotlight all year round, on this special occasion let's pamper dad a bit with some uber cool goodies that make him feel special.
If you are looking for heartwarming Father's Day gift ideas for your most special guy, worry not coz Archiesonline.com has got you covered with our exclusive collection of thoughtfully crafted accessories, brilliantly designed greetings and delightfully personalized gifts & combos.
No matter what his interests are, you'll certainly find great gift ideas that would show him that you really care. A cool mug for coffee or beer is sure to wet his whistle; from ardent Javaphiles to avid beer connoisseurs we got a gift for every dad! Don't forget, the complete Father's Day experience must include a Father's Day card with a poignant handwritten message to give it a personal touch.
Time is ticking, and Father's Day is just around the corner, we know you are too busy to go out for finding the perfect gift. At Archies Online, we love taking the load off your shoulders. We will help you find the perfect gift and get it wrapped and delivered to dad in time and without burning a big hole in your pocket. Sending gifts with Archies is as easy as pie!
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