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Opinion ARTICLE
Temporal orienting and alerting – the same or different?
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
Attention helps regulate what to attend to and what to filter out. A warning cue prior to an event can be used to direct attention and improve performance when response to an imperative target is required. Various studies have suggested that warning cues may induce a change in alertness or modulate temporal anticipation of an upcoming event. The current literature presents similar effects for these two functions; hence, effects of a warning cue are sometimes attributed to changes in the state of alertness and in other cases, to voluntary orienting of attention in time. In this article we will discuss whether temporal orienting of attention and alertness are dissociable.
Temporal Orienting
Spatial orienting of attention (Posner et al., 1980) has been studied for many years. Recently, studies demonstrated the ability to flexibly and voluntarily orient attention to moments in time – temporal orienting of attention (Coull and Nobre, 1998; for review see Correa, 2010). Many studies on voluntary temporal orienting present symbolic warning cues prior to a target that predict, with high probability, the specific time of target onset. For example, a red rectangle can be used to predict with 75% chance that the target will appear shortly, following 400 ms, and a green rectangle can be used to predict with 75% chance that the target will appear later – following 1,300 ms. The cues are considered valid when the target appears at the predicted time (i.e., 75% of the trials), and invalid when the target appears at a temporally unexpected time (i.e., 25% of the trials). Reaction times (RTs) are faster following valid cues compared with invalid cues. Another method used to study temporal preparation is manipulating the time interval between the warning cue and the target (i.e., foreperiod). For example, when using a constant foreperiod in a block of trials (i.e., within a block the target always appears following the same foreperiod), RTs will be faster for a shorter foreperiod block (e.g., 800 ms) compared with a long foreperiod block (e.g., 2,000 ms, see Rolke and Hofmann, 2007, for a typical study). The time between the cue and target allows top-down temporal preparation to develop, but it will be less accurate as time is prolonged. In contrast, when different foreperiods are intermixed within a block, expectancy builds up as time elapses and performance will be better at later SOA's, a phenomenon called "the foreperiod effect" (see Niemi and Näätänen, 1981).
Alertness is considered by some researchers as an attentional system that helps regulate the intensity of attention to given stimuli (Posner and Petersen, 1990; Sturm et al., 1999). Effects of alertness are attributed to a high state of arousal for a short period of time following an abrupt external event (i.e., phasic alertness). Most studies use neutral warning cues (i.e., task-irrelevant) prior to a target to induce a state of alertness. Faster RTs are observed following these cues compared with a no-cue condition, in which arousal is low. It was argued that a warning cue that elevates alertness has the optimal influence on performance at a foreperiod of 500 ms (Posner and Boies, 1971). Most studies on alerting cues use foreperiods that range roughly between 100–800 ms. Some authors use the term "accessory stimuli" rather than warning cues if the foreperiod is less than 500 ms (Hackley et al., 2009).
The Problem
Although neutral warning signals do not necessarily predict the exact onset time of the target, they may still trigger temporal expectation by indicating that a target will appear shortly. On the other hand, temporal orienting cues, which trigger voluntary modulation of attention in time, also involve, to some extent, a change in the state of alertness (Correa et al., 2004). Since both processes can be triggered by a single cue, there is difficulty in assessing to which extent the effects following a warning cue reflect benefit due to bottom-up arousal or are due to top-down temporal expectancy. It makes sense that the shorter the interval between the warning cue and the target, the less likely it is for top-down processes to develop. However, how short is "short"? Studies on phasic alerting show that alerting cues can reduce RTs even at a foreperiod of 100 ms (e.g., Fernandez-Duque and Posner, 1997). Some argue that at foreperiods below 500 ms, temporal expectancy cannot build up (Hackley et al., 2009). However, other studies on temporal preparation challenge this view and report temporal preparation effects even at foreperiods of 200 ms when manipulating temporal contingencies (Thomaschke et al., 2011) or 300 ms for effects of symbolic temporal cues (Coull and Nobre, 1998). Clearly, there is an overlap in the time course of temporal preparation and alerting.
In addition to the methodological difficulty in dissociating these effects, the literature can be sometimes confusing when considering the definitions different researchers use for alerting and temporal orienting. In fact, some authors define alerting basically in the same way as temporal orienting is defined. For example, "…alerting is the ability to make use of a cue which provides information about the onset time of a target stimulus, and thus triggers the allocation of attention at a given point in time" (Dye et al., 2009, p. 1780). Others use a more general definition for alerting, which does not necessarily consider temporal expectancy. For example, "… the ability to increase response readiness for a short period of time subsequent to external cues or stimuli (phasic alertness)" (Sturm and Willmes, 2001, p. S76).
Because of the overlap in definitions and due to the overlap in time-course of the effects as mentioned above, it is not surprising that many studies report significantly similar findings regarding the behavioral and neuronal features of the two processes. These findings are attributed to alerting in some studies and in others, to temporal orienting.
Comparing Some of the Effects of Alerting and Temporal Orienting
Both alerting and temporal orienting cues usually produce faster motor execution of response to an imperative target compared with no-cue or invalid temporal cue conditions, respectively. A major question was whether the source of faster execution of response could be attributed only to motor preparation, or was there also a change in early perceptual and response selection processing stages? Event-related potential (ERP) studies have demonstrated that both alerting and voluntary temporal orienting modulate similar components that are related to early processing stages such as perceptual and response selection, rather than just late motor preparation (for alerting see Hackley and Valle-Inclán, 1998; Böckler et al., 2011; for temporal orienting see Correa et al., 2006a; Lange et al., 2006). This is also supported by behavioral studies demonstrating that temporal preparation can improve perceptual processing by operating at the onset of sensory information accumulation, facilitating perceptual discrimination, improving perceptual sensitivity and discrimination accuracy (e.g., Correa et al., 2005, 2006b; Rolke and Hofmann, 2007; Rolke, 2008; Seibold et al., 2011). Phasic alerting has also been found to increase perceptual processing speed, improve conscious perception, and bias perceptual processing (Matthias et al., 2010; Kusnir et al., 2011; Weinbach and Henik, 2011; Finke et al., 2012).With regard to response selection processes, both alerting and temporal orienting have been found to have similar effects. For example, alerting cues have been suggested to increase response conflict due to increased activation of the stimulus-response link (Fischer et al., 2010, 2012). Similarly, valid temporal cues have been suggested to disrupt response selection by automatically activating competing responses (Correa et al., 2010).
From a neurophysiological aspect, both the effects of alerting and of temporal cueing can be reduced by drugs such as Clonidine, which reduce norepinephrine (NE) release (Coull et al., 2001). However, the brain activity that accompanied the use of Clonidine in alerting vs. temporal orienting cues did not overlap, and it was argued that modulation of the alerting effect by Clonidine is unlikely to be due to an underlying effect on temporal orienting processes (Coull et al., 2001).
In addition, when reviewing the literature on the neural correlates of temporal orienting cues and alerting cues, a clear dissociation between them is also somewhat difficult to find. Studies show that both alerting cues and temporal orienting cues are associated with similar regional activity in the left hemisphere (Coull et al., 2001; Fan et al., 2005). This led Coull et al. to conclude that "… alerting effect primarily indexes temporal orienting and motor preparation, rather than arousal or phasic alertness" (p. 81). However, it is important to note that there is an ongoing debate regarding the lateralization of alerting and some uncertainties remain (Petersen and Posner, 2012).
In summary, all of the above are examples that could indicate that alerting and temporal preparation actually represent the same preparation process.
Dissociating Alerting and Temporal Orienting
The difficulty in dissociating the effects of alerting and temporal orienting could be because they both actually reflect the same process of preparation. Alternatively, they could represent different processes that function similarly. There are two main problems in dissociating alerting and temporal orienting; one is methodological and the second is their definitions. Methodologically, both processes can be triggered by the same warning cue and overlap in time-course. Regarding their definitions, different authors sometimes define both processes in a similar way and this could lead to similar operationalization. However, it is important to note that there is evidence that these processes are dissociable.
At first, a reduction in RTs following warning cues is observed even when the cues are not temporally predictive. When making sure that following the warning cue, there is equal probability for the target to appear at each foreperiod (a technique called "non-aging foreperiods," see Niemi and Näätänen, 1981) there is still reduction in RTs following the warning cue (Whitehead, 1991). This benefit cannot be understood by reduction of uncertainty regarding the temporal onset of the target (Fernandez-Duque and Posner, 1997). In addition, arousing cues (i.e., accessory stimuli) that are presented concurrently or even following the target still produce a benefit in RTs (e.g., Stahl and Rammsayer, 2005; Kiesel and Miller, 2007), even though there is no temporal preparation in this situation. In a more recent study, Hackley et al. (2009) reported a dissociation between phasic alerting and temporal expectancy after showing that alerting cues still induce benefit in RTs even when participants know in advance exactly when the target will appear, making the alerting cues completely task-irrelevant. Even more recently, Lawrence and Klein(in press) offered a clever methodological solution for examining the pure effect of alerting by demonstrating the benefit of these cues in a block of trials where there were absolutely no contingencies between the alerting signals and the target.
These examples of dissociations between the two processes lead to the conclusion that alerting and temporal orienting represent different processes.
Conclusion and Practical Suggestions
We suggest a distinction between temporal orienting, in which temporal information is inherent in the cues, and arousal, which does not depend on temporal contingencies. Both types of preparation can be achieved voluntarily or automatically. Voluntary temporal orienting is best reflected by tasks using symbolic temporal cues (Coull and Nobre, 1998). Automatic temporal orienting can be observed following regular rhythms that orient attention in time involuntarily (Rohenkohl et al., 2011). Automatic arousal is reflected in phasic alertness, which has the largest effect at short foreperiods and can occur independently of temporal contingencies. Voluntary arousal is what authors name "tonic alertness," meaning the general ability to stay alert and prepared for detecting infrequent stimuli during a task (usually measured in vigilance and continuous performance tasks).
The distinction between arousal and temporal orienting should be taken into consideration when studying temporal preparation and alerting (arousal) because these processes are commonly confounded in most experimental designs. In order to examine one process only, it is necessary to control for the irrelevant process. Researchers can adopt techniques such as non-aging foreperiod distribution in order to control strategic temporal expectancy processes following the alerting cue. Note that Lawrence and Klein(in press) have recently suggested another methodology in order to reveal a pure effect of alerting cues.
Studies on cued temporal orienting can include non-informative neutral cues, which can be considered as the baseline arousal level, and compare the results achieved with these cues to those with valid cueing (i.e., high temporal expectation) and invalid cueing (i.e., low temporal expectation; see similar procedure in Coull and Nobre, 1998; Coull et al., 2001).
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Citation: Weinbach N and Henik A (2012) Temporal orienting and alerting – the same or different? Front. Psychology 3:236. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00236
Received: 17 May 2012; Accepted: 21 June 2012;
Published online: 11 July 2012.
Edited by:Rico Fischer, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Reviewed by:Andrea Kiesel, Julius-Maximilians-University, Germany
Copyright: © 2012 Weinbach and Henik. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.
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Saturday's Doings
We went down to Fremantle this morning. Miky has 25 hours of driving that she needs to do before they give her a probationary licence so she doesn't mind the drive. In fact, she positively
encourages it. It was only half past nine but she insisted on buying a pie or two because they take very nice from the bakery at the Fremantle Markets. Yu-Jin wanted a gingerbread man and I made him eat his pie before he got it. Pie was gone pretty quickly and so was the
gingerbread man. And this, from a boy who had TWO pieces of toast for breakfast.
We decided to take the Fremantle Cat, a free bus service, for a bit of a trip as we had paid for parking and had some time to kill. Four Aboriginals clambered on to the bus. One came and sat near us and was very friendly, wanted to shake my hand and make small talk. Then he
mumbled something. I didn't understand and asked him to repeat it. He did and I still had no comprehension. He repeated it, "One dollar?"
He obviously didn't realise with whom he was speaking. Needless to say, he didn't get his dollar. His mate sitting up the front of the bus commented on how warm it was and asked, "Do you think they will let us drink on the bus?"
My goodness. It was only 10:30. We alighted from the bus a couple of stops after our car park as we still had some time to kill. The walk was nice as there are some lovely old buildings in Freo. Dropped Miky off at the shopping centre and Yu-Jin and I went home. His friend Jesse
was coming around with his mum, dad and baby sister. It was nice to have them at our place as we have been to their place several times. Yu-Jin got to show off his toys but didn't have too many intentions to share them. Jesse and Yu-Jin had a good time and I got to have a bit of
a chin-wag.
Did some shopping at an Oriental shop on the way home from the city a bit later. Here's something that caught my eye.
Vegetarian Steak and Vegetable
I mean, WTF? Misnomer, oxymoron, contradiction of terms - call it whatyou like - does anybody else fail to see the sense of this terminology?
A Moose on the Loose in the Hoose
Try getting a Scotsman to "There's a mouse on the loose in the house." Yes, we have a rodent friend not paying board. Miky wasn't impressed when I said that means we no longer have to pick up food that we drop on the floor. He won't eat much. She protested that he'll keep
getting bigger. My answer was that he's already fully grown. What about babies? Once again, it takes two mice to have babies. Do I need to explain how that happens?
I like to keep spiders in the house. They catch the flies and mozzies and I don't have to pay anything for their upkeep. I even like to swat flies and feed the spiders. It is better to stun the fly so that it wriggles in the cobweb otherwise the spider may not be so interested in eating it. They enjoy their food fresh. Miky was not impressed when she found out that I fed the spiders. What harm do they do? They just sit in the corners of the room and do bugger all. It's not as if they go roaming about the place and look through the drawers in our bedroom or somesuch.


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Honda is recalling approximately 18,500 snow blowers due to a malfunction that causes fuel tanks to leak, creating a dangerous fire hazard. This comes at a time that the Northeastern US is trying to dig itself out of some of the worst blizzards in decades.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission said on Wednesday that a small drip can occur around the fuel tank joint and o-ring located on the underside, with 90 customer complaints received so far.
The snow blower models involved in the massive recall are model numbers HS724 with the frame serial number SZBE-1037913 through 1046577; model number HS928 with the frame serial number SZAS-1151080 through 1169012, and model number HS1132 with the frame serial number SZBF-1018734 through 1025998. The model numbers are located on the side of the front scoop. Frame serial numbers are located on the back of the snow blower just below the engine.
The snow blowers have been sold nationwide since April 2005.
The CPSC said consumers should stop using the snowblowers immediately and call their Honda Power Equipment dealer to have all the parts replaced free of charge.


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SWIFT shutdown
Russia ready with own alternative to international bank transfer system .
Global oil giant Rosneft has prepared itself for shutdown of SWIFT interbank cash transfer services, should Russia be shut out of the system as part of Western sanctions.
A Russian equivalent of SWIFT was tested by Rosneft in December, Gazprombank Vice-President Andrey Korolyov told TASS news agency. It is the first time that the Russian SWIFT analogue has been used by a huge corporation since its introduction in 2014.
Gazprombank is Russia's third-largest bank. Both Rosneft and the bank have been the subjects of US sanctions.
The potential exclusion of Russia from SWIFT has worried the country's banks since 2014, when the EU and the US introduced the first round of international sanctions against Moscow over alleged involvement in the Ukraine crisis and the reunification with Crimea. However, SWIFT itself has fended off such talks.


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<<<< This is me in the Chessington 10k
Hello Friends and Family,
I have entered the Royal Parks Half Marathon on 12th October this year and to help me round i wanted to find as many people as possible to donate:
Just a £2 coin (It was supposed to be £1 but this site has a £2 mimimum donation! Sorry)
Just some loose change you might have down the back of the sofa or on your bedside table. It would make all the difference.
From Tony
Now a word from Justgiving...
Donating through Justgiving is quick, easy and totally secure. It's also the most efficient way to sponsor me: Bone Cancer Research Trust gets your money faster and, if you're a UK taxpayer, Justgiving makes sure 25% in Gift Aid, plus a 3% supplement, are added to your donation.
So please sponsor me now!


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Year 8 Six simple machines interim Showreel
interim project complete 2015 from oliver on Vimeo.
Year 8 have been working hard applying their forces and motion knowlege to the process of popping a balloon......using as many of the six simple Machines as possible!
Stay tuned for the full showreel this summer :)


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What is Green Infrastructure?
The Royal Town Planning Institute defines Green Infrastructure as follows:
"Green infrastructure is a phrase used to describe all green and blue spaces in and around our towns and cities. The term allows us to refer to – and consider the collective value of – all of these spaces at once. Elements of green infrastructure include parks, private gardens, agricultural fields, hedges, trees, woodland, green roofs, green walls, rivers and ponds. The term covers all land containing these features, regardless of its ownership, condition or size.
The term green infrastructure is a description of what the land is, but also reflects what the land does. The emergence of the term green infrastructure was combined with a heightened understanding of the numerous benefits to be gained from providing and maintaining a healthy green infrastructure resource; including reducing flood risk, improving psychological health & well being, boosting local economic regeneration and providing a habitat for wildlife.
In the past, green spaces have often been valued for single uses, such as for sport/recreation, or simply for their aesthetic appeal. The term green infrastructure reflects the fact that green spaces can perform a number of functions, often simultaneously. One site could be providing several
functions at once, providing us with multiple benefits from one site."


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Browser does not support script.
In the early hours of Saturday, July 7, three men came to the aid of a woman on Oxford Street in Ripley.
We are appealing to them to come forward, as information may have been disclosed to them regarding an alleged crime earlier on.
The woman they helped is described as white with dark hair. She was wearing a black and white top with pink shorts and nothing on her feet.
The three men helped the woman to her feet on Oxford Street, near the junction of New Street, at around 12.45am. They then walked her to her home address on Victoria Street.
If you are one of the three men, or you believe you know who they are, please get in touch by using one of the following non-emergency contact methods.
Please quote the reference number 18000316049 and the name of the officer in the case, DC Peter Matthewman, in any correspondence.
You can also call Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111.
Please note in the event of an emergency you should always call 999.
Do you need a quick answer to a general question? Then we recommend you visit the national Ask The Police web site.


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|King Bowser Koopa
Bowser in New Super Mario Bros. DS
|Mario series
|First game
|Super Mario Bros. (1985)
|Created by
|Shigeru Miyamoto
|Designed by
| Isaac Marshall (1996-2001),
Scott Burns (2002-present),
Eric Newsome (2007-2008),
Kenny James (2008-2009)
King Bowser Koopa (大魔王クッパ Daimaō Kuppa "Great Demon King Koopa", in English also Lord Bowser, King Koopa commonly in other media) is the primary antagonist of the Mario and the archenemy of Mario. Bowser most commonly kidnaps Princess Peach. He is the leader of the Koopa race. Although Bowser has joined forces with Mario in a few games, he has never ceased to kidnap Princess Peach and attempt to conquer the Mushroom Kingdom since his first appearance in Super Mario Bros.
As the central villain of one of the world's most popular video game franchises, Bowser is easily one of the most recognizable video game villains ever, though he has comic-relief roles in most of the RPGs. Though their origins are unknown, Bowser has eight children; the seven Koopalings and Bowser Jr.
Bowser differs greatly from the rest of the Koopas, who appear mainly as bipedal tortoises. His iconic features include a large, spiked shell, horns, razor-sharp teeth, and a shock of red hair. In addition, while most Koopas appear to be herbivorous and prefer fruits and vegetables as their diet, Bowser, due to his sharp teeth, prefers meat, particularly from victims he hunts down and captures (with his carnivorous side confirmed in Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story), though he has, on occasion, consumed vegetation, as well. He is physically powerful, can breath fire, and is said to have skills in black magic, as he teleports off the Bowser's Star Reactor battle place when beaten.
Bowser has many powers from dark magic that include. Teleporting, causing elctro shocks to come out of his jumps, fire breath,charging and etc.
Family Edit
Bowser is shown to have eight children. Seven of them, the Koopalings, debuted in Super Mario Bros. 3. Later on, Super Mario Sunshine featured an eighth child: Bowser Jr.. Recently, for the first time in the series, both Bowser Jr. and the Koopalings appeared and teamed up together in New Super Mario Bros. Wii. Sometimes there are no Koopalings, so Bowser sends out False Bowsers. It is unsure who the Koopalings' mother is.
- Bowser appears in the Disney Animated film Wreck-It-Ralph as a cameo along with other video game villains in a villains support group, Bad-Anon: One Game at a Time. They make a personal bad guy credo after the seminar is over.
Nintendo DS GamesEdit
Bowser appears in many Nintendo DS games including (but not limited to);


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Mahindra has launched the TUV 300 Plus in the Indian market for Rs 9.47 lakh (ex-showroom Mumbai). The SUV is a 9-seater and features a 2.2L mHAWKD120 engine. Mahindra will be offering the SUV to customers in three variants P4, P6 and P8.
Powering the new TUV 300 Plus is a 2.2L turbo diesel engine that produces 120 bhp and 280 nm of torque. The engine in the TUV 300 has been mated to a 6-speed manual transmission. The SUV also features a 17.8 cm touch screen infotainment unit with GPS navigation, eco mode, micro hybrid technology, steering mounted controls and brake energy regeneration.
The interiors of this SUV have been designed by renowned design house, Pininfarina. The TUV measures 4400 mm in length, width stands at 1835 mm while height stands at 1812 mm. The SUV also features a large front grille, 215/70 R 16 tyres and a rear wheel drive setup. Mahindra has incorporated a cushion suspension technology on the TUV 300 Plus.
Mahindra has used toughened high strength steel body along with a chassis that has been derived from the Scorpio. The SUV features dual airbags, ABS with EBD and automatic hazard light on in cases of panic braking.
The TUV300 PLUS comes with a toughened high-strength steel body alongwith chassis derived from the Scorpio. It also comes with dual-airbags and ABS with Electronic Brake-force Distribution. Additionally, the hazard lights also switch on incase of panic braking.


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I want to sit down on that golden throne
A quick eye may catch this "Little Devil" flashing by in his GTO with Jane and the guys...Miss Dynda will agree that Robby's excuses are priceless...a prospective millionaire, he pictures his country estate in England with a chef specializing in cheeseburgers -- "Yeah right!"
Yearbook page:
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DELPHOS — A second Cruising Downtown Delphos event is scheduled for 7-9 p.m. July 13, sponsored by the Delphos Canal Commission and the Delphian Social Club.
People may cruise downtown Delphos without fear of violating the ordinance in place.
To order a commemorative T-shirt, call 419-692-0752. Commemorative "cruising licenses" are also available for $10 and can be purchased in front of the canal museum that evening.


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AES 31st Conference - New Directions in High Resolution Audio - June 25-27, 2007, London, UK
Deadline for submission of paper, poster, or demo proposals HAS BEEN EXTENDED TO FRIDAY, FEB. 9
All accepted submissions will be peer reviewed and full papers will be published in the proceedings. Further details available at http://www.aes.org/events/31/
This Conference is concerned with the promotion and delivery of high resolution audio, by maintaining quality throughout the recording and playback chain with current and future technologies. It reflects the tremendous recent growth of high resolution audio techniques and products intended for use throughout the audio recording and playback chain. However, issues remain on how to avoid bottlenecks where quality is compromised, and how to maintain and encourage high resolution audio in an everchanging marketplace. These concerns are of interest to the audio engineering, recording and production industries, as well as to education and academia.
We aim to provide a place for the exchange of news, issues and results, by bringing together researchers, developers, educators, students and professional users, working in fields that contribute to high resolution audio, to present original theoretical or practical work. It also serves as a discussion forum, provides introductory and in-depth information in specific domains, and showcases current products.
Submissions, which will be peer-reviewed and published in the proceedings, may be in the following categories:
- paper (to be presented in the main sessions)
- poster or demonstration (to be presented in the poster sessions)
- original composition demonstrating features of high resolution audio (to be showcased throughout the conference)
- tutorial, panel or workshop proposals (see conference web site for details)
Recording companies, publishers, software and hardware developers, etc., are invited to contact the programme committee regarding exhibition space.
Deadline for abstract submissions for tutorials, panels and workshops: February 2nd 2007.
Deadline for abstract + precis submissions for papers and posters/demos: February 2nd 2007
Deadline for exhibitor space: June 1st 2007.
Accepted authors will be notified by 23rd of March 2007. Full papers of a maximum of 10 pages should be submitted by 20th of April for publication in the proceedings. (Template will be provided)
Please see the conference website for more information; http://www.aes.org/events/31/


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Fundamental Web design may be a critical skill to understand if you intend to run an efficient online business. You can hire a pro to do a lot of the work if you want, but understanding the basics your self will allow you to convey more control over your business.
Even if you decide to outsource the internet design procedure, you should be able to make small changes and handle disaster updates on your own. Being totally at the mercy of employed help is certainly bad for business.
Whether you need to learn fundamental Web design to help you tackle the task yourself, or perhaps you'd just like to be able to manage minor adjustments without having to call up your fashionable, this article will be able to prepare you for your first lessons.
– What Is A Web page In Terminology? –
From a technical perspective, a Website is a system of connected with each other files and data that work together within specific group of rules. These essential parts combine to help make the unified whole you see at the time you access a domain with your Web browser.
The documents and info that become a member of to make a Website are placed on a server, or a lot machine. This host is then synchronized with the selected domain name, so that when an Internet consumer types the domain into his or her talk about bar, he or she is able to hook up remotely for the server machine and thus see the site by using a Web browser.
– Basic Web page design Building Blocks —
So simple Web design may be the process of format and planning information a Web browser can understand and translate just for human browsing. In order to do this kind of effectively you will need a fundamental understanding of HTML and CSS, the basic constraints used for Website page construction.
As well, a prelim grasp of PHP and database technology is helpful. PHP is a potent script, or programming terminology and databases store additional information that allows a site to function in a single or more certain ways.
Building the code for your Website pages is a lot like creating and conserving any other record, such as term processing files and spreadsheets. You can use an ordinary text publisher, or obtain an HTML editor because of this process.
Both HTML and CSS happen to be alphanumeric code languages. Every single language is created on a predefined set of orders that are called tags.
To generate a complete Site using HTML CODE and/or CSS, you simply position the desired commands in order within the document and save because. HTML. Some basic Web design techniques allow you to produce a complete webpage within a solitary file, and also other approaches require two or more independent files coming together to create 1 functional Web site.
Many people are afraid of the thought of learning the code required for standard Web design. In the beginning it can look like an extremely technical process.
But the truth is, learning CODE and/or CSS is quite a bit less difficult seeing that learning the English terminology. If you are reading this article it has the safe to assume curious about mastered the alphabet, simple vowel looks, and common sentence structure, all of which are significantly harder to know than simple Web design.
The best in studying Web design code is to find out what the several tags suggest. Once you have a basic understanding of this kind of you'll need to practice organizing these kinds of tags within a document to develop the desired check and file format.
Again, this method is a lot like finding out how to write. You only add lines of code to your webpage until you may have the set up you need, and then you save the record.
– Website development Basics –
Once you are qualified to work fluidly with the fundamental Web design code languages to produce exactly the kind of Web pages you want, you'll need to learn how to move your completed pages to the Web web server. This process is referred to as FTP, which usually stands for Record Transfer Protocol.
You'll use a software gadget called a great FTP client to establish an association from your computer system to the coordinate machine. They are simple enough to use, and enable you to maneuver files through your hard drive to the Web machine within a matter of seconds.
Of course also you can move documents from the host machine to your computer. This really is useful when you need to backup copies of a Web-site, or when you want to pull a webpage down intended for quick croping and editing.
To be a powerful Website director you also need to familiarize yourself with the hosting the control panel your Hosting company provides. You must seek out a host that offers Cpanel technology, as this user interface is the most flexible and extensive control panel program available.
Lots of information continues to be referenced in this article. But don't be intimidated.
When you find yourself in a little hands-on practice period you'll find none of these Web page design basics are difficult to uncover. In fact most of the people who will be proficient Internet users can expect being proficient at basic Web design inside 30 days.
At this point you should be ready to dive straight into your 1st real lesson on Web design. Remember, it can not as hard as it looks, and if you could have the brainpower to read this article you www.koripallo.net happen to be most certainly prepared to become an ace Marketer.


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Trip Rome Barcelona
Plan your trip by train, bus, ferry, carpooling, plane from Rome to Barcelona
3 suggested routes to go from Rome to Barcelona by flight, ferry, train, car, bus
- Select the route of your choice
- Specify your dates of travel in order to find the best deals available.
- Get prices
- Get prices
- Get prices
Keep updated on travel and transport offers !
How to get from Rome to Barcelona?
We are suggesting 14 routes by train, bus, ferry, carpooling, plane to plan your trip Rome Barcelona. Routes displayed are sorted depending on a performance indicator (calculated from number of changes, expected duration, distance between an airport and the center of the city it serves...). You'll be able to:
- Sort results depending on the mode of transportation (train, bus, ferry, carpooling, plane).
- Get prices, times and duration for the journey Rome Barcelona by clicking on the 'Check prices' button and after entering your dates of departure and the number of passengers. Note that we are trying to get as many prices as we can from different online travel agencies, but sometimes it may not be possible.
- Locate cities of Rome and Barcelona on a map as well as the route Rome Barcelona and the different connecting points (Barcelona-El Prat Airport, Barcelona-Sants Railway Station, Barcelone Norte Coach Station, Barcelona Port, Fiumicino Airport, ...) by clicking on the 'Details & Map' button.
- Search for a hotel in Barcelona
All modes of transport Rome Barcelona
For your trip from Rome (Latium, Italy) to Barcelona (Spain) with a distance of 533 mi you will be able to take 5 modes of transport, eventually by combining plane, carpooling, ferry, bus and/or train, and according to which the duration of the journey will be significantly different.
Fly to Barcelona from Rome
The direct flight Rome > Barcelona will be the fastest way to get to your destination.
Leave Rome and arrive early enough (at least 2 hours before the departure time) at Fiumicino FCO airport, 13.7 mi away, to check in your luggage for the flight to Barcelona (Barcelona-El Prat airport, IATA code: BCN) operated by Vueling Airlines, Ryanair or Alitalia.
Take a coach from Rome to Barcelona
No coach company allows you to get you directly to Barcelona from Rome without changing buses, you will have to take the coach lines Rome-Marseille and Marseille-Barcelona.
You will board a coach of Eurolines in Rome. The bus will drop you off at Marseille bus station (0.4 mi from Marseille, France). Please make sure to show up on time at Roma bus station (0.2 mi from Rome) at least 15 minutes before the time of departure for Marseille. Once arrived in Marseille, take another coach of OUIBUS, ALSA or FlixBus that will take you to Barcelona bus station ( Spain).
Carpool from Rome to Barcelona
Blablacar is the main carpooling platform in Europe where drivers having the route Rome-Marseille will be able to share a ride with you that you will combine with a trip by train in order to cover the entire trip.
Travel by train between Rome and Barcelona
It is not possible to travel directly by train from Rome to Barcelona without changing trains. You can take the train Marseille-Barcelona and travel by carpooling to get to your final destination.
Trains TGV of SNCF to Barcelona leave from Marseille-St-Charles railway station in Marseille. Arrival in Barcelona will take place at Barcelona-Sants station (1.7 mi from the city centre).
Go by ferry from Rome to Barcelona
There is no direct crossing between Rome and Barcelona, you will have to use another mean of transport (train) to combine with ferry in order to complete the sea crossing Civitavecchia-Barcelona.
You will embark at the port of Civitavecchia at 0.7 mi from Civitavecchia aboard a ship of Grimaldi Lines. The ferry will dock in the port of Barcelona at 1.1 mi from Barcelona. We advise you to show up at the port of Civitavecchia for boarding around one or two hours before the time of departure indicated on your reservation.
Which carriers to travel between Rome and Barcelona?
Bus companies
The bus company Eurolines operates the intercity service from the bus station of Roma in Rome and to the one of Marseille (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur France)
OUIBUS is the bus carrier that allows to travel on the line between the city of Marseille (serving Marseille - Gare Saint Charles bus station at 0.5 mi from centre) and the city of Barcelona where the coach will drop you off at Barcelone Norte station situated at about 0.7 mi from Barcelona city centre.
The coach company ALSA carries out the route from the bus station of Marseille - Gare Saint Charles in Marseille and to the one of Barcelone Norte ( Spain)
The network of FlixBus includes a coach line between the city of Marseille (serving Marseille bus station at 0.4 mi from centre) and the city of Barcelona where the coach will drop you off at Barcelone Norte station situated at about 0.7 mi from Barcelona city centre.
Railway companies
SNCF provides a rail connection Marseille-Barcelona with the train TGV from Marseille-St-Charles railway station (0.4 mi from city-centre) and serving the rail station of Barcelona-Sants at arrival (1.7 mi from centre)
Trenitalia transports passengers on a rail line from Rome to Civitavecchia with the train Frecciabianca which leaves Roma Termini station to arrive at Civitavecchia railway station (Latium Italy)
Depending on the requested date, Blablacar can display an offer to share a ride Rome-Marseille (374.7 mi)
Easyjet carries out a flight from Fiumicino FCO airport situated 13.7 mi away from the city centre of Rome to Marseille (arrival at Marseille Provence MRS airport)
Vueling Airlines flies on the route from Fiumicino FCO airport (located 13.7 mi from Rome, Italy) to Barcelona (serving Barcelona-El Prat BCN airport)
Ryanair schedules the flight from Ciampino CIA airport situated 8.7 mi away from the city centre of Rome to Barcelona (arrival at Barcelona-El Prat BCN airport)
Alitalia ensures the flight route from Fiumicino FCO airport (located 13.7 mi from Rome, Italy) to Barcelona (serving Barcelona-El Prat BCN airport)
Ferry companies
The ships of Grimaldi Lines ensure the maritime connection between the port of Civitavecchia and the one of Barcelona (Barcelona at 1.1 mi from the city)
Stop cities from Rome or cities to visit near BarcelonaWhen travelling from Barcelona to Rome by plane, carpooling, ferry, bus, train, you might have to change at Marseille (France) Civitavecchia located at 38 mi from Rome (Italy). If you have some time on your way to Barcelona or back to Rome, this may be a really good opportunity to visit and have a short stay in those cities.
Rome Barcelona related routes:


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‹ Return to Income Tax rates for FY 2017-18
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North Light, Brookes Mill is a hive of activity, with over 25 different businesses operating here. Amongst the family of enterprises and interests we would highlight the following examples of groups of people who are contributing to life in this vibrant community.
Ark Church – Church Meets every Sunday – arkchurch.org.uk
Sons of the North – Our Cafe – sonsofthenorth.com
North Light Physio – Health and Wellbeing – northlightphysio.co.uk
Huddersfield School of Theatre Dance – Dance School – hstd.co.uk
Friend to Friend – Friday Luncheon Club– friendtofriend.org.uk


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Tours are closed for the season. Please visit us again for House Tours beginning in April.
Saturday, December 1 and 8th only! Experience Taliesin this holiday season. Take a one-hour tour around the exterior of the Taliesin estate in a horse-drawn wagon ride. During your tour you'll stop at Tan-y-Deri, a house Wright built for his sister, for warm, seasonal beverages and sweet treats. Enos Farms will be serving brunch at The Riverview Terrace Café and Taliesin Gift Shop will be open for all your holiday shopping needs! Space is limited. Please dress for the weather and bring a cozy blanket. Adults - $20 Children (Ages 4-10) - $10 Children under 3 free on adult lap


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The personal databases created with can be backed up securely in the Cryptobase® cloud server, without ever being decrypted on their way to and from the server. Never loose your data due to harddisk failure or any other critical contingency.
If you use your personal data on different machines (e.g. home and office), cloud synchronization is very useful and allows for having your data always updated on all workstations.
During the sync process, only encrypted data travel to and from the cloud. Any interception by an intruder would be useless to him.
Unlike the huge amount of personal data stored in hosted servers, at best protected by generic key encryption and, thence, accessible by authorities etc., Cryptobase® databases are stored with individual user generated encryption: nobody can ever access your data even if someone would manage to get a copy of your database.
Cloud hosting for backup, sync and restoring data is included for 1 year for every database created by the app. If you decide to continue using it, you will be asked a low subscription fee.
Starting the backup/sync process
To access the cloud backup/sync feature:
- from the Tools Menu: "Sync database"
- hit the button on the toolbar
Users who decide to use the cloud service need to establish an account.
Every database has to be associated with the owner's account. This allows you to restore the database if needed.
What happens when starting the sync procedure
You will be redirected to the Account window. Register the account online, following the outlined steps.
You will be redirected to the Account window. Login to your account; it will become the owner of the database.
Create new account
If it is the first time you try to sync/backup a new database, you will need be asked to create an account.
The NEW ACCOUNT form appears: insert your email address and a password. Be sure not to use your main database password.
After creating the account, the database will be registered automatically and the backup process will start.
Associate a database with an existing account
You can associate a new database with an existing cloud account: click on "Login to existing account...", fill in your credentials and press the (Login) button.
As soon as you have created the account, the encrypted database will be uploaded to the server.
From now on, you can start syncing.
Restoring a cloud based database
From the File menu: select "Restore cloud database"; or from the Tools menu: "Cloud services" > "Restore database"
After logging in to your account, you will get a list of all databases stored in the cloud server that are associated with your account.
Click on the database you wish to restore and press . After specifying the folder, where you wish to save the file, the download starts.
After completing the download, open and login to the database.
How do data travel to and from the cloud?
In the database, all records are stored encrypted, each one with an individual password, randomly chosen from tens of thousands of passwords, each of them composed of random characters.
Before sending data to the cloud, these encrypted records are encrypted once again using a random token.
In the cloud repository, the data are stored in this double encrypted form.
Requested data are returned in the same fashion (double encryption) and will be inserted in the database after single decryption.
Any intercepted data on the way to or from the cloud would be even more useless to the interceptor than a complete database "stolen" from a storage device.


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Looks at state requirements for poll worker training and pay. Examines how localities confront problems with absenteeism and recruitment.
Published By
Funded By
- Copyright 2007 Pew Center on the States.
Document Type
Linked Data show/hide
This web page is marked up with Schema.org microdata and formatted for machine-reading. Here's why that matters. Have a peek at what a machine sees here .Title: Helping Americans Vote: Poll Worker Training
Publication date 2007-09-01
Publication Year 2007
Copyright holder(s) Pew Center on the States
Keywords poll , workers , polling place , number of poll , workers per
Document type Report/Whitepaper
Language English
URL: https://www.issuelab.org/resource/helping-americans-vote-poll-worker-training.html
Resource provided by IssueLab


text:
When this grandmother is given an iPhone by her family she is far from amused.
And unlike most of us, who have trained ourselves to hide our feelings when we open an unwanted gift, Grandma couldn't give a hoot.
'Oh, one of these. That thing everyone uses that I know nothing about,' she says, utterly underwhelmed.
'I don't need this Jordan,' she adds, irritation dripping from her voice.
MORE: This is the UK's first 'mobile' phone: It weighed 11lbs, cost £4,600 – and it was a beast
MORE: Girl asks for Frozen doll, girl gets frozen doll
'The problem is I'm really not equipped to handle this,' she goes on, probably fairly.
'I have a landline phone at home… but I suppose no one knows about that any more,' she says.
We won't spoil the ending, but let's just say you won't be finding this grandmother on Facebook any time soon.
MORE: Twitter kicks off over reduced size of Christmas chocolate tins


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Move-It! 7-12
Date: Tuesday, August 14, 2018
Time: 2:00-3:00pm
Where: FSJPL Program Room
This program is designed for kids aged 7-12. Please respect age-limits. Exceptions may be made for 6 year-olds ONLY if attending with older siblings. Please ask to speak with staff if seekng an exception.
This is a drop-off program--parents will be asked to wait for kids in the Library or outside the room, please.
In-home daycares (up to 7 children in care) are always welcome. If you would like to bring a larger group of children, please call ahead to give us a heads-up! :)
Don't forget--every time you visit the Library with a child in your care, you can enter to win a weekly coffee card, courtesy of Tim Hortons!


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According to the Associated Press, AP-NY EDT people with some claim to Hungarian ancestry have been nominated for Oscars times since , when the first ones were handed out, and have taken home more than 30 of the golden statuettes. There's an old joke from the '30s about a sign on a movie studio wall reading "It's not enough to be Hungarian.
Gay Castings is a website of fresh faces and new guys who are trying to enter the porno business. What you see is real guys for one of their first times in front of the camera.
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© 2017 - 2018 All rights reserved - thesciencenews.info
© thesciencenews.info. 18 U.S.C. 2257 Record-Keeping Requirements Compliance Statement. All models, actors, actresses and other persons that appear in any visual depiction of actual sexually explicit conduct appearing or otherwise contained in this site were over the age of 18 years at the time of the creation of such depictions.


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With the blast of popularity in super technical nerd types such the ones who get into speed running, it was really only a matter of time. I think it's kinda dumb and really obvious that many of Todd's records are supremely fake. Seems like it's logical to wipe him clean of the DB and allow him to resubmit ones with actual evidence if he still has any skill left...but we all know how likely a future submission would be at that rate.
His first video was somewhat interesting. I know nothing of the speed run scene, but I occasionally watch the breakdown videos.
I like seeing the glitches and programming quirks they find to get such ridiculous times.
Steam: SnethSS
3DSxl: 1907-7977-5467
Twin Galaxies is the birth place of autism.
Submitted this. And it's not even my best score.
Meh.. I thought we all knew this already. He was exposed as a sleeze in the Chasing Ghosts movie.
It really just goes to show how brain dead people are if they still think twin galaxies was ever good.
Apollo needs to reupload those cringe videos since he took them down like a little female dog.
he spends hundreds on scarves, of course he's a fag and then ChuChu Flamingo preserved the aftermath in a plastic case making sure it wasn't exposed to unstable airYou're just upset that you're too goddam stupid to understand the games and whiff infinites.Nintendo 64 Pikachu Edition Serial #NS294668665 Nintendo 64 "Funtastic Series" Jungle Green Serial #NS28721865
lol @ making up fake highscores in shitty old videogames to make yourself feel better about the pathetic life you're living.
Lol @ playing shitty old video games in hopes of achieving a score "worthy" of a faggor community and can't. Then faking it.
Arcadia >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Twin... whatever
Its�s an American thing right ?
World champion of video games in a time before internet and pretty much no one in the world has even heard of Ottumwa , video game capitol of the world ( LOL ).
In Japan people where playing Space Invaders the whole day long before the game even made it to the US , many played daily after work .
The fore runners of actual arcades called Invader houses which, as the name suggests where filled with just Space Invaders caused a shortage of Yen coins in Japan but when the first cabinet entered the US and some one put a coin in it, played two levels and died he was immediately hailed in a Ticker tape parade sitting in the back of a Cadillac convertible as the new World Champion .
Last edited by CaseyTappy; 01-25-2018 at 09:53 AM.
Heh. Two of my "world" records are still there after almost 20 years
"Everything will surely be all right." 「絶対大丈夫だよ。」, "Zettai daijōbu da yo."
"Force without Master, heed the call of my Staff of Dreams, and become my power! SECURE!!!"
I've always been amused at how much lot of low hanging fruit there is in 90s arcade games. Not worth the effort to get it verified, I suppose. Also ones with the wrong default settings.
Last edited by Jeneki; 01-26-2018 at 11:02 PM.
4-slot Big Red (revision 3)
Was it in Chasing Ghosts that Walter tried to send his referee Jersey to the Smithsonian, completely unsolicited? Everything about Twin Galaxies makes me so uncomfortable.
Good grief, what sad pathetic d-bags.
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text:
Shakur's Peddlers, Rushmoor is categorised as 'Mobile caterer' and is located in Rushmoor. It currently has a food hygiene rating of 'Exempt' from Rushmoor Food Safety.
Mobile caterer
We'd love to hear what you have to say about this eating establishment. You can share your photos, too - just click on the "upload images" icon that appears when you activate the message box.


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The Benham Brothers' new book, Miracle in Shreveport, gives fathers the tools they need to be a Godly example in their home and how to equip their children to pursue their dreams, with Christ as the center.
Have you ever wondered how much you impact others? I often find myself wondering this very thing. If I am living for Christ, does anyone really notice? Will anyone really care if I am not filled with joy today?
Believe it or not, someone is always watching us. There is always someone we can impact. Now whether that impact is positive or negative is totally up to you. If you are blessed with children, they are some of the first people that will pick up on your actions. My mom would always joke around, "Why do you follow my mistakes? Make your own!" While this may seem silly, it could not be more true. Children watch their parents and they emulate what they see.
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The IGS Workshop 2008
Today the IGS Workshop kick off in the beautiful Ritz-Carlton Hotel in South Beach, Florida.
The Workshop is a small, dedicated, single-session gathering of most of the IGS people involved on: station network management, product generation, and new activities (real-time, antenna calibrations, etc). This meeting takes place every 2 years and is organised by a different Analysis Centre each time, this time the National Geodetic Survey (NGS)
At this excellent website (Thanks Jim Ray!) you will find the details of the program for this week and most of the papers and posters that we will present here in the next few days, and it should be up much later for reference: IGS AC Workshop 2008 official website
The previous AC worshop was in 2006 organised in Darmstadt, Germany at the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), where I work!, and it was also an excellent chance to discuss all the IGS issues. You can scan the program and access the content from this link: IGS AC Worshop 2006
I am involved in the reprocessing activities both as part of the official ESA submission and as part of some coordinating actions from the IGS. The Reprocesing will substitute all the official orbit, clock and coordinate products for the last 15 years from the IGS with a smooth set of products to help provide consistency and state-of-the-art quality to the entire historical set of products.
During this week I will be writting my impressions and conclusions here at the workshop. It will not be an exhaustive account .. only what strikes me as most interesting at the time.
Best regards,
Nacho Romero
Related Posts
One Response to "The IGS Workshop 2008"
Soluciones Avanzadas Canarias S.L. » IGS reprocessing an exciting project! Says:
September 8th, 2008 at 16:47
[…] the IGS workshop which we recently concluded to great success, one of the most important and interesting activities […]


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Title: The Witching Hour, X-Files Edition
Summary: Part of a three part drabble. The first line is from Anne Rice. A short little thing with MSR hints.
Chapter 1: The Witching Hour, XFiles Edition
Disclaimer, Act One: Mulder and Scully do not belong to me. They are Chris Carter's. Leave me alone.
Disclaimer, Act Two: The first line is a quote from Anne Rice's The Witching Hour. I have stolen it shamelessly.
Further A/N: This is part of a three part drabble, all of which are entitled The Witching Hour. You can find the others in the House, M.D. fandom and the Law & Order: SVU fandom.
He was looking at her. Maybe he knew how confused she was, how strange the whole afternoon seemed, all this talk of curses and things, and dead people and that weird necklace.
Scully sighed. "Mulder," she said, "I'm fine."
He continued to look at her. "I don't believe you."
She sighed again and fiddled with her keys. "That's not really my problem."
"Yes, it is," Mulder replied, starting to smile that smile, the one that means he's not going to let it go. "I don't want you to be alone tonight if you're scared or uncomfortable."
Scully looked up, tried to meet his eyes and found she couldn't. "I'm not scared," she said defensively. "It's just been a long day, and I want to go to sleep."
"You know, I honestly can't tell why this case bothers you so much," he said, leaning against the door, making it impossible for her to go into her apartment. "I just can't figure it out. Unless," he paused for effect, "you do believe in curses."
She tried to laugh and almost pulled it off. "Mulder, I don't believe in curses."
"I've put a spell on you, and now you're mine," he sang softly.
This time she did laugh, even though she knew it would only encourage him. Maybe she had been a little freaked out by the whole thing, but that was neither here nor there. There were no such things as curses, no such things as witches. She gently pushed him aside and unlocked her apartment. "Goodnight, Mulder," Scully said, closing the door softly behind her. She smiled slightly to herself; there really wasn't anything like Mulder flirting with her to take the edge off the day.
Please stop by here to offer the author feedback https://www.fanfiction.net/s/3430568/1/


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Pierata Wins First Group Race of New Season
You could throw the lot in jail, or more ironically, transport them the Great Britain as punishment.
The stewards had the rulebook out Saturday for the first Group quality race of the 2018 – 2019 Australian Thoroughbred racing season. They handed winning hoop James McDonald, who steered Pierata, and second placed Kementari rider Glyn Schofield, four meeting suspension for careless riding charges.
How long before we see a horse suspended for being ridden carelessly?
Tye Angland, riding Monstar, was fined $600 after admitting to using his whip on Monstar double the allotted number of times prior to the final 100 metres of the race.
Smaller fish, namely Queensland apprentice Michael Murphy, drew a one-week suspension and a $1000 fine for hitting Bergerac excessively in winning the half Yearly Membership Handicap. He has been brought up on similar charges on eight prior occasions and will start his suspension beginning on August 12.
With all the cowboys on the metro and country tracks, is it any wonder that Chris Waller keeps Winx in the barn?
The whip rule has proven to be controversial and costly in some instances. It would be one thing in a jockey went over by one stroke, but five? If that was the case, and Angland admitted such, should the horse not be moved to the back?
This would seem like one possible solution. As it now stands, if the horse that wins The Everest in October has its prizemoney stripped, that might send a clear signal to those that truly hold the reins that there are actual consequences to breaking the rules.
McDonald and Schofield started their suspension immediately and from here, it looks like they will be getting a holiday, as opposed to any sort of sanction.
As things now stand, the whip rule appears to be nothing other than a "feel good" bow to the crowd that would like to see racing banned entirely.


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Why Even the Rural Areas Need Some High Speed Internet
A lot of people are pushing to live in the rural areas because of the many advantages that they bring that no amount of city life can compare. An increasing number of people are going after rural places to live as there they can get the most natural views, some clean air, and some neighbors that are just the most hard working.
The down side to living in rural areas are also disheartening for most people who come and are used to living in the big city. One of the things that tick off a lot of people that live on the rural side will be the internet connection that they are getting in such area that until now most of them just rely on dial-up internet connections. If you ask people in the past years if this is that much of an issue, they might say that the impact is not that much. However, in the present times, this will have a lot of effect on the lives of a lot of people as more and more government agencies and big companies are now utilizing the internet to get some forms filled out and more.
Besides the abovementioned purpose for the internet, dial-up users are not able to get the many offerings that most people can get with high speed internet connections. The things that a dial-up internet connection can never offer you will be some online gaming, local news and weather updates, e-mail, sounds, videos, and some chat. Indeed, there are countless other things that you can get with a fast internet speed. With a fast internet speed, you can even score the best deals about the hotel or flight that you might be taking if you are thinking of traveling some place else and even score some restaurant coupons to get some fine dining experience going. In addition, you can even get some information about the latest in farming that are being offered in the market.
When you think that living in the rural areas render you hopeless in getting high speed internet connection, then there is good news for you. Line of site can be one the best options for getting some faster internet connection. Getting an internet connection is made possible with the help of dishes that you will be having that can then pick up on some internet from towers. However, this method can be rare as there are not that many companies that can cover such services.
The best answer that you will be getting to having the fastest rural high speed internet connection would be none other than those that will be offering satellite internet services. Now if you talk about cost, it will not be that costly just about under 40 bucks a month for a rural high speed internet.
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