text:
WVU LB Anderson makes Goode reminisce
MHS graduate starting to figure out college ball
The Dominion Post
MIAMI — Excuse Najee Goode if he stops, shakes his head and smiles from time to time during practice.
When the WVU redshirt senior linebacker isn't taking first-team snaps on the field at Barry University, the M o u n - taineers' practice site in M i a m i leading up to Wednesd ay 's O r a n g e Bowl, he's probably critiquing Tyler Anderson's play. And reminiscing.
As Goode prepares for his final game as Mountaineer, he can't help but reflect as he watches Anderson, a redshirt sophomore from Morgantown, mature as a player.
"Just watching him grow — and not saying anything to him but seeing how he does things — it's like watching myself grow up all over again throughout college," Goode said with a smile. "It's kind of funny, because he is learning like I did, and he's taking advantage of a lot of opportunities.
"We're like the same person almost, just a few years removed."
Like Anderson, Goode came in as a walk-on weakside linebacker hungry for a chance to shine in Division I-A football. Goode was given chances to play as a redshirt freshman and sophomore and has developed into a two-year starter and all-Big East first-team selection.
It was two or three years ago, though, that the football light in Goode's head started to flicker. It was then that he was grasping the concepts of what it would take to play and succeed in coordinator Jeff Casteel's 3-3-5 stack defense.
Now he sees that happening with Anderson. Goode said Anderson has "all the athletic abilities," and he's starting to produce on the football field. Anderson, the former Morgantown High standout, has played special teams in every game the past two seasons. But in three games this season, including WVU's season-ending 30-27 win at South Florida, Anderson has seen significant second-half snaps at strongside linebacker. He has 17 tackles, including four for loss, this year, but Anderson said he's made the greatest strides through his mental approach to the game.
"My first year, I thought about everything [I did wrong]," Anderson said while shaking his head. "I'd take one rep and I would just worry about everything I had just done.
"Now, there's going to be mistakes — they are always going to happen — but you just have to work on them. If you made a mistake, you can't let that affect the next play."
By understanding the Mountaineers' system, Anderson feels like he's becoming the college player he always knew he could become. That's the reason he chose to walk on at WVU rather than accept an offer to a number of smaller schools. That's the same journey Goode took from his Cleveland home to WVU.
"Now when I see a play, I know where everybody is at and I know what everyone else is supposed to do too — and not just me," Anderson said. "I know where the safeties are supposed to be, what the linemen are supposed to do, and everything.
"That enables me to react to the ball and just go and just play football like a normal player."
Goode said Anderson will see receive more snaps against Clemson, but the fifth-year senior promises his pupil's best football lies ahead of him the next two years.
Anderson hopes that is the case, saying that his goal all along has been to prove his worth on this stage, and not just to have that walk-on label removed from his name.
"I came here to be a player," Anderson said. "I didn't come here to earn a scholarship. What they told [me] is if I came here I had an opportunity, so I came here to be a player. That's what I am going to do."
Receiving the opportunity to play in a Bowl Championship Series game is why Anderson chose his hometown university.
"Najee was telling me how much fun [BCS games] are before the season started, and man, it's a great opportunity," Anderson said. "It's another level and it's against a team outside of the conference, a big team like Clemson. We're excited."
Jason DeProspero/The Dominion Post
WVU linebacker Tyler Anderson takes a knee during practice, in Miami.
Najee Goode


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EESI Applauds U.S. Congress for Passage of Disaster Recovery Reform Act
October 3, 2018
October 3, 2018 — Today, by a vote of 93-6, the U.S. Senate passed final legislation that contains $1.68 billion for Hurricane Florence recovery as well as reforms to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) that will increase the availability of "pre-disaster mitigation" (PDM) grants to help communities better withstand future disasters. The provisions are part of H.R. 302, a package of bills that includes the long-awaited five-year reauthorization of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which also addresses resilience to extreme weather impacts and power outages at airports. As climate change is expected to increase the intensity and impact of natural disasters, up-front spending on PDM is a sound investment. A recent study by the National Institute of Building Sciences shows that $1 invested in mitigation saves $6 in recovery costs.
The U.S. House of Representatives approved H.R. 302 on September 26th by a vote of 398-23. The bill will now go to the President, who is expected to sign the measure into law.
The FEMA reform provisions are part of the Disaster Recovery Reform Act (DRRA) that is now Division D of H.R. 302. The DRRA amends provisions of the Stafford Act (42 U.S. Code, Chapter 68), the federal statutory authority for FEMA programs. As part of the greater focus on mitigation, the legislation clarifies that PDM funds may be used by state, local and tribal governments to adopt and enforce modern building codes, which will enable communities to 'build back better' versus rebuilding to outdated codes. "The need to address this issue has long been a 'fly in the ointment' for communities," said EESI Executive Director Carol Werner.
"In passing this bill, Congress has taken a major step forward in disaster preparedness," said Werner. "EESI applauds this bicameral, bipartisan effort that recognizes the value of investing in mitigation and smart rebuilding as a common-sense alternative to spending billions for post-disaster rebuilding only to have it destroyed by the next storm. EESI stands ready to assist this Congress and the 116th Congress on crafting policies that will create more sustainable, equitable and resilient infrastructure and communities."
EESI and a wide variety of advocates worked to advance DRRA. State flood plain managers, emergency managers, and others have long pressed for more attention to hazard mitigation. Earlier this year, EESI convened a diverse group of stakeholders to identify DRRA provisions that have broad support and could be collectively promoted in the Senate. Two provisions – a national PDM investment account and funds for building code adoption and enforcement – were highlighted in a letter from EESI and 19 organizations to Senate leadership in support of the legislation. These provisions were included in the final bill.
H.R. 302 makes three major improvements in U.S. disaster policy:
- Establishes a set-aside of disaster-relief funds into a National Public Infrastructure Pre-disaster Mitigation Fund;
- Creates incentives for communities to adopt and enforce modern building codes that incorporate hazard-resilient design standards;
- Removes financial barriers for rebuilding in areas less vulnerable to the impact of natural disasters.
The FAA reauthorization bill also contains resilience measures:
- Requires the FAA to consider the emergency preparedness needs of a community served by an airport when evaluating that airport's master plan;
- Directs the Administrator to submit a report that identifies safety risks associated with airport power outages and recommends actions to improve resilience of aviation systems in such events;
- Directs the Administrator to encourage the use of durable, resilient, and sustainable materials and practices, including the use of geosynthetic materials and other innovations in carrying out FAA activities;
- Requires the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the FAA to jointly complete a study on the effect of extreme weather on commercial air travel.
EESI will continue to promote policy solutions that are economically, socially and environmentally sustainable, with additional briefings in our series on Building Secure and Resilient Infrastructure.

subset: commoncrawl


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Have you heard of Envision Festival 2017 in Uvita, Costa Rica?
Well, Envision This:
(taken from the Envision Festival Facebook page)While our 1-bedroom, ocean-view condo in Playas del Coco, Guanacaste, is fully booked in February 2017, you're welcome to visit us before or after your Envision adventure! We're located on the northern Pacific Coast of Costa Rica, approx 340 km from Utiva, Puntarenas Province.
Surfing, diving, paragliding, kayaking, horse rides, canopy tours, and jungle walks...
Yoga, dance, movement, permaculture, and eco-educational workshops...
And, of course, epic art and music..."
"Warm wave, sandy bays, enchanted waterfalls, and crimson sunsets...Howler monkey, sea turtle, dolphins and scarlet macaws...
Surfing, diving, paragliding, kayaking, horse rides, canopy tours, and jungle walks...
Yoga, dance, movement, permaculture, and eco-educational workshops...
And, of course, epic art and music..."
"Envision a mix of conscious people from around the globe gathered to share an elevated experience of culture, spirit and community in stunning raw nature!
Join us in this magical place where time slows down and the outside world drops away... come dance, play, celebrate, love, learn, teach, co-create, co-inspire and transform our consciousness and our world.
With the collaboration of myriad talented allies, both local and international, we aim to co-create an event inspired by and inspiring the positive collective consciousness of all who are involved for the betterment of ourselves and of the planet.
By bring people together through music, art and sacred movement in one of the most gorgeous natural setting on the planet we offer an opportunity to celebrate our spirits, heal our bodies and minds, and recharge and revitalize our souls to help us both handle the challenges and realize the opportunities of our rapidly changing world."
Join in on the fun at the 7th annual Envision Music, Art and Scared Movement Festival, February 23 to 26, 2017; 4-day passes starts at USD $333 per person.
For more information or to buy your tickets, visit Envision Festival and be sure to check our list of Annual Events in Guanacaste!
Pura vida,
Ed & Connie


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Whether you order one item or several hundred, we put the same personal care into creating your embroidery. It's one of our trademarks.
Most of the time we create results that satisfy our customers on the first try. Sometimes, however, projects take extra care because the graphics are especially complex or the design requirements are particularly exacting. Extra care sets us apart from other companies.
Digitizing the logo skillfully and correctly plays a crucial role in making your embroidered logo shine. Some logos are intricate, such as those with gradient blends. They may require tweaking and experimenting to get the digitizing just right, a process that adds time to the production schedule.
Another crucial step is selecting the correct color thread based on the color of garments or hats you have selected for embroidery. Sometimes our customers want a special kind of thread for a special kind of look, such as a metallic thread. Locking down the best blend of thread colors often requires fiddling with different thread combinations.
The bottom line is that we will not stitch on garments until you are 100% satisfied with the end results.
We recently had a rush order. The client called Tuesday and needed to have nine premium embroidered shirts ready by Friday for a trade show Saturday. To meet the client's deadline, all this needed to happen:
- We had to get the art for the client's logo.
- We had to have the art digitized into an embroidery file.
- We had to order the shirts from our suppliers that the client had selected.
- We had to select the threads to use based on the client's color choice.
- We had to create a stitch-out sample from the digitized file.
- We had to photograph the stitch-out and email to the client for approval.
- We had to implement any tweaks or changes the client requested.
- We had to stitch the actual shirts once we received the go-ahead.
- We had to meet the client's deadline.
We worked our way through this to-do list, coordinating with our vendors and working with our client to make product selections and choose thread colors. We contacted our client Friday morning to announce that the garments were ready for pick-up. The client was extremely pleased with the results and expressed surprise that the order was ready so early in the day.
At Creativity On, it doesn't matter how long a job takes us. You pay per garment, not for production time and all the tweaking toward perfection.
What matters most to us is your satisfaction. When you shine, we shine. It's also why once people discover us, they keep coming back for our exceptional customer service.
For more information on the process of ordering embroidery from us, please visit the Embroidery Process page.


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The function
ora-lob-disable-buffering disables the buffering of the Oracle client. This function does not flush the buffers.
This function is applicable to internal LOBs only.
If an error occurs and errorp is true, an error is signaled. If errorp is false, the function returns an object of type sql-database-error. The default value of errorp is
ora-lob-disable-buffering is available only when the "oracle" module is loaded. See the section Oracle LOB interface for more information.
LispWorks User Guide and Reference Manual - 20 Sep 2017


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A Member of President Trump's Cabinet Has Resigned
WASHINGTON (AP) — President Donald Trump's health secretary resigned Friday after his costly travel triggered investigations that overshadowed the administration's agenda and angered his boss. Tom Price's regrets and partial repayment couldn't save his job.
The Health and Human Services secretary became the first member of the president's Cabinet to be pushed out in a turbulent young administration that has seen several high-ranking White House aides ousted. A former GOP congressman from the Atlanta suburbs, Price served just eight months.
Publicly, Trump had said he was "not happy" with Price for repeatedly using private charter aircraft for official trips on the taxpayer's dime, when cheaper commercial flights would have done in many cases.
Privately, Trump has been telling associates in recent days that his health chief had become a distraction and was overshadowing his tax overhaul agenda and undermining his campaign promise to "drain the swamp" of corruption, according to three people familiar with the discussions who spoke on condition of anonymity.
The flap prompted scrutiny of other Cabinet members' travel, as the House Oversight and Government Reform committee launched a governmentwide investigation of top political appointees. Other department heads have been scrambling to explain their own travel.
Price's repayment of $51,887.31 for his own travel costs and his public expression of regrets did not placate the White House. The total travel cost, including the secretary's entourage, was unclear. It could amount to several hundred thousand dollars.
An orthopedic surgeon turned politician, Price rose to Budget Committee chairman in the House, where he was known as a fiscal conservative. When Price joined the administration, Trump touted him as a conservative policy expert who could write a new health care bill to replace the Obama-era Affordable Care Act.
But Price became more of a supporting player in the GOP's futile health care campaign, while Vice President Mike Pence took the lead, particularly in dealing with the Senate. The perception of Price jetting around while GOP lawmakers labored to repeal "Obamacare" —including a three-nation trip in May to Africa and Europe— raised eyebrows on Capitol Hill. Price flew on military aircraft overseas.


text:
For sponsorship information please contact
Renika Atkins MSW, B.S. firstname.lastname@example.com
Renika Atkins MSW, B.S.
Thank You So Very Much!
I would like to become a sponsor.
Monthly Gift
One Time Gift
I would like to give an in-kind donation.
I would like to donate.
"To make a difference in someone's life, you don't have to be brilliant, rich, beautiful, or perfect. You just have to care enough and be there." Mandy Hale


text:
A bold, modern, colorful and fully responsive template
Check out the PV online store with H&L Team Sales! The store will be open until February 18th and all items will be delivered to the High School for pick up.
20 North Belmont Road | Paradise, PA 17562Phone: 717-768-5560 | Fax: 717-768-5654
firstname.lastname@example.com | Site Map


text:
» Helpful Resources
View full version:
Helpful Resources
Great article re detachment from AC
Chronic sorrow
"Why Your Family Hates You (8ways to cope)" Richard Shannon on YouTube
Support for rejected parents
"Find the Good" Book/author recommendation
Re: Issues with Adult Children by Green Thumb (Reposted in Resources by Luise)
Interesting Comment by Columnist Amy Dickinson
Loving Detachment 101
Highly Recommend "Life Code"
Ostracized and Alienation
From Monroe - Thank you!
MOVED: WWU Members' Perpetual Fantasy Cruise Begun Mother's Day 2013
Free on kindle: Abandoned Parents..The Devil's Dilemma
Wonderful Blog with Self-Care information
Helpful Article to identify Narcissisism in others
Free Mother to Good Home
New article: Silent Epidemic of Estranged Parents & Adult Children
Book: "The Verbally Abusive Relationship" by Patricia Evans
"When Parents Hurt"
Free On Line Book:) Letting Go of Our Adult Children
Happy (a documentary)
MOVED: Doggie love
The Gifts of ImperfectionI
This is How......check out the Chapter on How to Feel Sorry for Yourself
I'm Still Your Mother
Dr. Josh Coleman - New Teleseminar Series
Alternatives to family holiday plans
Did you know?
Book: I Need Your Love, Is That True?
Abbreviations - HELP
A little clarification on abbreviations.
Dogs, Puppies, Cats and Kittens - no IL problems there
Depression's Advantages
Need Help with posting
Movie: for DIL/MIL
It's Either Her or Me: A Guide to Help a Mom and Her Daughter-in-Law Get Along
Book for Mothers-to-be
Incredibly Helpful Book
How it feels to have OCD
Web site that explains TOXIC PEOPLE/ RELATIONSHIPS
Useful Book
Native American lessons re: expanded focus
This book has always lifted my spirit
The Human Experience
Useful Book: The Wizard of Oz and Other Narcissists
Pain and social rejection article
Helpful book
Interesting article by a son .. interview with his mother....
SMF SEO-Sitemap by


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As adjective
of or relating to Sweden, its inhabitants, or their language
As noun
the people of Sweden collectively
a Germanic language, the language of Sweden and parts of Finland, closely related to Danish and Norwegian
Abbreviation: Sw
As adjective
being within; inside of anything; internal; inner; further toward a center:the interior rooms of a house
of or relating to that which is within; inside:an interior view
situated well inland from the coast or border:the interior towns of a country
of or relating to the inland
domestic:interior trade
private or hidden; inner:interior negotiations of the council
pertaining to the mind or soul; mental or spiritual:the interior life
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the internal or inner part; inside
the inside part of a building, considered as a whole from the point of view of artistic design or general effect, convenience, etc
a single room or apartment so considered
a pictorial representation of the inside of a room
the inland parts of a region, country, etc
:the Alaskan interior
the domestic affairs of a country as distinguished from its foreign affairs:the Department of the Interior
the inner or inward nature or character of anything
the largest open set contained in a given set, as the points in a circle not including the boundary
As verb (used with object)
to prepare the preliminary sketch or the plans for (a work to be executed), especially to plan the form and structure of:to design a new bridge
to plan and fashion artistically or skillfully
to intend for a definite purpose:a scholarship designed for foreign students
to form or conceive in the mind; contrive; plan:The prisoner designed an intricate escape
to assign in thought or intention; purpose:He designed to be a doctor
to mark out, as by a sign; indicate
As verb (used without object)
to make drawings, preliminary sketches, or plans
to plan and fashion the form and structure of an object, work of art, decorative scheme, etc
As noun
an outline, sketch, or plan, as of the form and structure of a work of art, an edifice, or a machine to be executed or constructed
organization or structure of formal elements in a work of art; composition
the combination of details or features of a picture, building, etc
; the pattern or motif of artistic work:the design on a bracelet
the art of designing:a school of design
a plan or project:a design for a new process
a plot or intrigue, especially an underhand, deceitful, or treacherous one:His political rivals formulated a design to unseat him
designs, a hostile or aggressive project or scheme having evil or selfish motives:He had designs on his partner's stock
intention; purpose; end
adaptation of means to a preconceived end
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text:
It was a haunting confluence of events.
A little over a week after Toys "R" Us announced it would shut it all down, its founder, Charles Lazarus, passed away.
Lazarus was 94. He died, reportedly, of respiratory failure.
Toys "R" Us was 70. It died of – what? "Respiratory failure" is probably not such a wrong diagnosis, either.
The common wisdom is that the chain rose and fell because of abrupt changes in the retailing geology. In a sense, it seems, it was a Darwinian extinction: An asteroid hits the earth. Boom! No more dinosaurs.
"Boom" is exactly right. In 1948, Lazarus had correctly foreseen a growing demand for toys as the baby boomers began taking their first steps. Eventually, a proliferation of boomer kids would lead to greater demand and more choice, leading to bigger stores. Bigger stores would feed the insatiable maw with selection, all the popular new releases and bargain prices, in tens of thousands of square feet. It made eminent sense.
In the new age of the category-killer superstore, which peaked in the 1980s and '90s, Toys "R" Us rolled over all the department stores, drug stores, corner toy stores, neighborhood candy stores and novelty stores, and anyone who sold kids' toys.
However, the 21st century saw a different age emerge – the rise of digital shopping. It was an attractive alternative to Toys "R" Us shoppers who got tired of fighting the crowds, finding parking, wheeling big carts through cluttered aisles, trying to manage the big cartons they had to pull down from shelves, reining in their kids, being disappointed by out-of-stocks, standing in long lines to check out, loading everything into their trunks, unloading everything out of their trunks, collapsing in their living rooms.
Fun? Hardly. But whoever said shopping should be fun? (The answer: Nearly every good merchant.)
The boomers became parents of grown children, a new generation of tech-savvy consumers finding they could not only get more efficiency online but also pay less.
Many old-line retail brands began to die. The clues were right there: The culprit was the Internet, in the parlor, with an iPhone.
But there was another culprit worming its way into the industry, even before e-tailing took hold.
The term on the business pages was "private equity investment." The shorthand word for it was "debt." LBOs – leveraged buy outs. "Leveraged" is a fancy term for borrowing.
The concept is as old as money itself: buy low, sell high. Private equity firms raised capital to acquire retail organizations that needed money – some were in trouble (Toys "R" Us, Payless ShoeSource), others were looking for growth (Neiman Marcus, J.Crew).
Forget Nordstrom, Saks, Starbucks, Publix. The new retail glamor names became Golden Gate Capital, TPG Capital, Bain Capital, Versa Capital Management, Blum Capital Partners. (There's a hint: "Capital" does not mean "merchant.")
The retailers suddenly had an infusion of cash. Though it was mostly leveraged, that debt obligation wouldn't come due until somewhere off in the future. In the meantime, the cash would fuel growth, which would improve profitability, which would cover the debt, and everyone would emerge happily ever after.
It's amazing how few happily-ever-afters there actually were. Or maybe not amazing, at all. If the retailer was not producing the hoped-for growth, the new owner would rearrange the C-suite, fire employees, close stores and cut back on merchandise. Revenues, of course, promptly dwindled as stores were closed. Outraged landlords demanded their lease payments. Shoppers shrugged and went somewhere else. Not a recipe for retail growth.
Toys "R" Us' debt just kept growing. While it flirted with bankruptcy, always with a plan to revive its fortunes, those fortunes never emerged. In the end, Toys "R" Us owed $5 billion! That's roughly the national debt of Brazil.
So don't entirely blame Amazon.
I've read that giraffes are in danger of extinction – everything from hunting, to poaching, to repurposing of their grazing lands, to human consumption. (Some Tanzanians apparently believe that giraffe brains and bone marrow can cure HIV-AIDS.) The giraffe population is half of what it was 15 years ago.
In retrospect, Toys "R" Us might have chosen a better symbol.
As a journalist, writer, editor and commentator, Steve Kaufman has been watching the store design industry for 20-plus years. He has seen the business cycle through retailtainment, minimalism, category killers, big boxes, pop-ups, custom stores, global roll-outs, international sourcing, interactive kiosks, the emergence of China, the various definitions of "branding" and Amazon.com. He has reported on the rise of brand concept shops, the demise of brand concept shops and the resurgence of brand concept shops. He has been an eyewitness to the reality that nothing stays the same, except the retailer-shopper relationship.


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319 New South Head Road, Double Bay
under construction - coming soon
A collection of luxury residential apartments designed by MHN Design Union, interiors by Lawless & Meyerson and Landscape Architecture by Wyer & Co.
This boutique offering of just nineteen spacious one, two and three-bedroom residences, offer elegant bespoke finishes and secure parking for the ultimate convenience.
Located minutes from the thriving Double Bay Village, with endless amenities in the immediate area, Brentwood is setting a new benchmark of luxury in Sydney's coveted east.
To be the first to find out about these luxury and limited Double Bay residences , please register your interest below.


text:
Listen Ouvir Radio Luanda RNA 99.9 FM de Angola AM Ao Vivo Em Directo Live Online, Radio Luanda RNA is a real advance value and equity among residents and guarantee common advantage for each subject from the National Development according to his commitment to the national improvement. FM Luanda gives National and International News and Current issues that bolster and assemble subjects for advancement and popularity based change in order to realize national Prosperity and Good Governance. FM Luanda RNA is proactively advance and ensure correspondence among Ethnic, Gender and religious groups.
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[Total: 92 Average: 3.4/5]
Radio Luanda RNA 99.9 Online written by admin average rating 3.4/5 - 92 user ratings


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No. 1667, Docket 80-1345.United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.Argued August 21, 1980. Submitted September 15, 1980.
Decided October 1, 1980.
Page 946
Neil I. Levy and Richard Ben-Veniste, Washington, D.C., for defendant-appellant Criden.
Henry F. Furst, Newark, N.J. (Raymond A. Brown, Newark, N.J., on brief), for defendant-appellant Errichetti.
John J. Duffy, Philadelphia, Pa., for defendant-appellant Johanson.
(Plato Cacheres and Larry Gondelman, Washington, D.C., on brief for defendant-appellant Myers.)
Edward R. Korman, U.S. Atty., Brooklyn, N.Y., for the United States.
Floyd Abrams, New York City (Robert C. Meade, Cahill, Gordon
Reindel, J. Marshall Wellborn, National Broadcasting Companies, Inc., Samuel Antar, American Broadcasting Companies, and Allen Shaklan, CBS Inc., New York City, on brief), for applicants-appellees National Broadcasting Co., American Broadcasting Companies, and CBS Inc.
Page 947
Daniel Rezneck, Washington, D.C. (Stephen E. Kaufman, New York City, Clifford Stromberg, Robert N. Weiner, Arnold Porter, Washington, D.C., on brief), for Congressman Frank Thompson, Jr., as amicus curiae.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.
Before NEWMAN and KEARSE, Circuit Judges, and DUMBAULD,[*]
District Judge.
NEWMAN, Circuit Judge:
[1] This appeal presents an infrequently litigated issue within the general context of the fair trial-free press controversy: whether television networks may copy and televise videotapes entered into evidence in a criminal trial. The issue arose during the first of the so-called Abscam cases, see United States v. Myers, 635 F.2d 932 (2d Cir. 1980), criminal prosecutions of Members of Congress and other public officials on bribery and related charges arising out of an elaborate F.B.I. undercover "sting" operation. The District Court for the Eastern District of New York (George C. Pratt, Judge) granted the application of the three major television networks to copy and televise all videotapes admitted into evidence. We affirm the District Court's order.
I. [2] Background
[3] The history of the Abscam cases begins in 1978. Sometime during that year, law enforcement officials in the Eastern District of New York conceived of an undercover operation to determine whether public officials would commit bribery offenses if presented with the opportunity to do so. Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and a salaried informant developed a "sting" operation, using a fictitious Middle Eastern business, Abdul Enterprises Ltd., as a cover. The undercover operatives posed as representatives of the owners of the Middle Eastern business who, in turn, were portrayed to potential targets of the operation as wealthy individuals seeking to emigrate to, and invest money in, the United States. Substantial sums of cash were offered as bribes ostensibly to secure the help of the public officials on various governmental matters including solving the immigration problems of the "businessmen" by sponsoring private bills in Congress and by influencing actions of the Executive Branch. Acceptance of these bribes formed the basis of the criminal charges. The conversations of the undercover men and their targets were surreptitiously recorded on audio and video tapes. The tapes at issue in this case record some of the dealings between the undercover operatives and the four appellants, notably the acceptance by Congressman Myers of $50,000 cash and his demand of an additional $35,000.
[4] On February 2, 1980, several news organizations disclosed the existence of the undercover operation. Broadcast and print journalists reported that several Members of Congress, state and local officials, lawyers, and businessmen had been videotaped in the act of negotiating and, in some instances, accepting bribes offered by the operators of the "sting." These revelations triggered an explosion of publicity in the national and local media. As a result, the word "Abscam" (a coined word from the first two letters of Abdul Enterprises, Ltd. and the word "scam"), quickly became a widely known label for a series of episodes of alleged political corruption. The news media also reported that they had learned about Abscam from law enforcement officials. Though the identity of the sources remains unclear, their employment within the Department of Justice has been acknowledged by the Attorney General, who called the leaks one of the "low points" in the history of the Department. Address of the Attorney General of the United States Before Department of Justice Employees, March 5, 1980, p. 8.
[5] Thus far, the Abscam operation has led to seven indictments, alleging bribery and related
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offenses. The first, returned in the Eastern District of New York, charges the four appellants in this case, Congressman Michael O. Myers of the First Congressional District of Pennsylvania; Angelo J. Errichetti, the Mayor of Camden, New Jersey, who is also a New Jersey State senator; Louis C. Johanson, a member of the Philadelphia City Council; and Howard L. Criden, a Philadelphia lawyer. The charges against the appellants are detailed in United States v. Myers, supra. Three other indictments are pending in the Eastern District of New York. One charges Congressman Raymond Lederer of the Third District of Pennsylvania and appellants Criden, Errichetti, and Johanson. The second charges Congressman Frank Thompson, Jr. of the Fourth District of New Jersey, Congressman John M. Murphy of the Seventeenth District of New York, Criden, and Joseph Sylvestri, a New Jersey businessman. The third charges Alexander Alexandro, an official of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and Al Carpentier. One indictment in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania charges Criden, Johanson, and two Philadelphia City Councilmen, George Schwartz and Harry Jannotti. Two indictments have been returned in the District of Columbia. One charges Congressman John Jenrette of the Sixth District of South Carolina and John Stowe. The other charges Congressman Richard Kelly of the Fifth District of Florida, Eugene Ciuzio, William Rosenberg, and Stanley Weisz.
[6] Trial in this case began August 11. When the jury was selected, contrary to the expectations of the appellants as to the extent of the pre-trial publicity concerning Abscam, only about one-half of the prospective jurors indicated that they had ever heard of Abscam. Moreover, as Judge Pratt noted in ruling on the networks' request for copies of the videotapes, of those members of the venire who had any knowledge of Abscam, only eight or ten had "anything more than a most generalized kind of recollection what it was all about." Trial Tr. 1478. At the defendants' request, the jury was not sequestered.
[7] The appellants did not dispute the authenticity of the tapes, nor challenge the occurrence of the events portrayed. Their essential defense at trial was that they never had any intention of taking any official action on behalf of the "businessmen," and, in effect, were defrauding the "businessmen" by seeking and obtaining cash from them.
[8] The courtroom was equipped to permit presentation of the audio and video tapes to the jury. Under the arrangements established in the courtroom, the tapes also could be seen and heard by journalists and members of the general public seated in the spectator section. In the interest of accuracy, verbatim transcripts of the contents of the tapes were distributed to the jury and members of the press. Media sketch artists were permitted to sketch the scenes recorded on the videotapes as they were presented to the jury. Excerpts from the transcripts and the artists' sketches were published by the print and electronic media throughout the trial.
[9] On the first and third days of the trial, broadcast journalists made informal requests of the trial judge for permission to copy the tapes admitted into evidence. Judge Pratt denied these requests but invited the networks to submit a formal application. In their formal application filed on August 14, the networks proposed to copy the tapes simultaneously with the presentation of the tapes to the jury. The copying was to be accomplished, without disturbing the trial, by means of a single, inconspicuous wire attached to the videotape projector in the courtroom and connected to the networks' equipment located in an adjacent room of the courthouse. The networks intended to broadcast all or portions of the tapes to the public.
[10] On the morning of August 15, the District Court heard argument on the networks' application. In an oral opinion rendered from the bench during the afternoon session, the Court granted the application subject to the qualification that the tapes be copied at the close of the trial day or half-day in which each tape was admitted
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into evidence. In so ruling, the Court stated that "the tapes themselves are evidence [and] they are, under common law principles, available to the public and the press," unless "there is a strong showing of reasons why they should not be made available." Trial Tr. at 1480.
[11] Judge Pratt stayed his order briefly to permit appellants to seek relief in this Court. The appellants promptly asked this Court to extend the stay pending appeal. We converted oral argument on that motion into an argument on the merits of the appeal, which we heard on August 21. On August 22, we set an expedited briefing schedule and continued the stay pending disposition of the appeal. United States v. Myers, supra, 635 F.2d 942 (2d Cir. 1980).
[12] On August 30, the jury returned guilty verdicts against all four appellants. That circumstance has not diminished the networks' interest in copying and telecasting the tapes, nor the appellants' interest in preventing that result.[1] With this background in mind, we turn to the merits of the appeal.[2]
II. [13] The Merits
[14] The issue on the merits is whether the District Court properly determined that the common law right of the public to inspect and copy judicial records permits copying and televising the tapes in evidence notwithstanding the concerns of the appellants and th amicus that their right to a fair trial in the Myers case and subsequent Abscam trials will be impaired. The existence of the common law right to inspect and copy judicial records is beyond dispute. See Browne v. Cumming, 10 B. C. 70, 109 Eng.Rep. 377 (K.B. 1829); Sloan Filter Co. v. El Paso Reduction Co., 117 F. 504 (C.C.D. Colo. 1902); In re Sackett, 30 C.C.P.A. 1214 (Pat.), 136 F.2d 248 (1943); and cases collected in 20 Am.Jur.2d Courts § 61 (1965); 66 Am.Jur.2d Records and Recording Laws § 12 (1973); 76 C.J.S. Records § 36 (1952); Annotation, Restricting Access to Judicial
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Records, 175 A.L.R. 1260 (1948). The Supreme Court explicitly recognized this right in the Watergate tapes litigation, though the Court's decision ultimately rejected public copying because Congress had modified the common law right with legislation specifically restricting public access to the Watergate tapes Nixon v. Warner Communications, Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 98 S.Ct. 1306, 55 L.Ed.2d 570 (1979). The Court noted that at common law some circumstances justify keeping court documents from public view, for example, to avoid using court records to "`gratify private spite or promote public scandal,'" (quoting In re Caswell, 18 R.I. 835, 29 A. 259 (1893)) or "harm a litigant's competitive standing" or serve "improper purposes."Warner Communications, supra, 435 U.S. at 598, 98 S.Ct. at 1312. These circumstances, it should be noted, warranted preventing all public scrutiny; they did not prevent copying and enhanced dissemination of items already publicly disclosed by admission into evidence at a public session of court. In the absence of statute, the Court recognized a "presumption — however gauged — in favor of public access to judicial records," id. at 602, 98 S.Ct. at 1314, with the disclosure in a particular case normally left to the "informed discretion" of the courts, id.
at 603, 98 S.Ct. at 1304, after "weighing the interests advanced by the parties in light of the public interest and the duty of the courts." Id. at 602,[3] 98 S.Ct. at 1314 (footnote omitted).
[15] The common law right to inspect and copy public records originally permitted copying the content of written documents. With the advent of modern means of document reproduction, such as photography and xerography, the right was applied to copying the physical embodiment of the document. See People v. Pelter, 34 Ill. App.2d 372, 181 N.E.2d 376, 378 (1962); Moore v. Bd. of Freeholders of Mercer County, 76 N.J.Super. 396, 184 A.2d 748, 754 (1962). In Warner Communications the Court assumed, without deciding, that the common law right also applied to tape recordings, as well as documents. 435 U.S. at 599 n. 11, 98 S.Ct. at 1312 n. 11. We agree with the District of Columbia Circuit and other courts that have faced the issue that the nondocumentary nature of the evidence sought to be copied does not remove the common law right. United States v. Mitchell, 551 F.2d 1252, 1258 n. 21 (D.C.Cir. 1976) (audio tapes), rev'd on other grounds sub nom. Nixon v. Warner Communications, 435 U.S. 589, 98 S.Ct. 1306, (1978); Menge v. City of Manchester, 113 N.H. 533, 311 A.2d 116 (1973) (magnetic computer tapes); Ortiz v. Jaramillo,
82 N.M. 445, 483 P.2d 500 (1971) (same); contra, Guarriello v. Benson, 90 N.J.Super. 233, 217 A.2d 22 (1966) (audio tapes).
[16] The most pertinent precedent considering the common law right in the context of evidence sought for public broadcasting is the decision of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in the Watergate tapes litigation, a decision based on common law standards without regard to the statute deemed controlling by the Supreme Court. United States v. Mitchell, supra. The Court of Appeals stressed that the common law right to inspect and copy judicial records is fundamental in a democracy. Id. at 1258. The District Court had denied release of the tapes because of the risk of impact upon the fair trial rights of the defendants who might face a retrial in the event their convictions, then on appeal, were reversed. The Court of Appeals considered the possibility of prejudice at a "hypothetical second trial" too speculative to justify impairment of the public's right of access. Id. at 1261 (emphasis in the original). In the view of the D.C. Circuit, the District Court had assigned the burden of proof to the wrong party by requiring the
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networks to show some "compelling reason," id. at 1261, for access to the tapes. The Court of Appeals' decision, despite its reversal on statutory grounds, remains strong authority for the networks' common law right to copy and telecast tapes in evidence, at least those tapes portraying activities of defendants not facing a likelihood of subsequent trials.
[17] We have found only one decision considering a request to inspect and copy evidence portraying individuals facing criminal trials, Hearst Corp. v. Vogt, 62 App. Div. 2d 840, 406 N.Y.S.2d 567 (3d Dept. 1978). Vogt involved a newspaper's application to inspect and copy for publication thirty-one photographs admitted into evidence in the trial of a defendant charged with maintaining a house of prostitution. The prosecution arose as a result of a state investigation into prostitution and police corruption in the City of Albany. The photographs showed 19 individuals entering or leaving the defendant's premises on various occasions.
[18] The state trial judge had denied the newspaper's application in all respects. The Appellate Division reversed the denial of the request to inspect but upheld the trial court's denial of copying. Noting that publication of the photographs "might" prevent a fair trial of the defendants awaiting trial and that the events shown in the photos had been reported to the public as a result of the first trial, the Appellate Division concluded that the trial court had properly exercised its discretion to deny copying "at this time." Id. at 843, 406 N.Y.S.2d at 569.
[19] Justice Kane, dissenting from the denial of copying, stated that the "right of access, which makes the democratic spirit of an open judicial proceeding viable, can be circumscribed only after careful scrutiny and weighing of the counterbalancing interests offered in opposition to it." Id. at 843, 406 N.Y.S.2d at 570. In his view, denial of the newspaper's common law right to copy the exhibits was unjustified because the defendants had shown no more than a "mere risk of possible prejudice in future trials." Ibid.
[20] Apart from whatever guidance we may discern from the Watergate tapes litigation and from the opinions in Vogt, there are two lines of authority that shape the context in which the issue before us arises, though they do not precisely aid its disposition. On the one hand are numerous expressions of the high responsibility of courts to assure the accused "a fair and reliable determination of guilt," Estes v. Texas, 381 U.S. 532, 564, 85 S.Ct. 1628, 14 L.Ed.2d 543 (1956) (Warren, C. J., concurring), induced only by "evidence and argument in open court, and not by any outside influence, whether of private talk or public print." Patterson v. Colorado ex rel. Attorney General, 205 U.S. 454, 462, 27 S.Ct. 556, 558, 51 L.Ed. 879 (1907). A trial court may not cooperate with the media in a manner that would create a significant risk of impairing the accused's right to a fair trial, see Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333, 362-63, 86 S.Ct. 1507, 1522, 16 L.Ed.2d 600 (1966), and may stem "the flow of prejudicial publicity at its source, before it is obtained by representatives of the press." Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539, 601, 96 S.Ct. 2791, 2823, 49 L.Ed.2d 683 (1978) (Brennan, J., with Stewart and Marshall, JJ., concurring in the judgment). On the other hand, the Supreme Court has also emphasized the high public interest in full opportunity to know whatever happens in a courtroom, except in those limited situations justifying nondisclosure of particular evidence. "What transpires in the court room is public property," Craig v. Harney, 331 U.S. 367, 374, 67 S.Ct. 1249, 1254, 91 L.Ed. 1546 (1947); accord, Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U.S. 469, 492-93, 95 S.Ct. 1029, 1044, 43 L.Ed.2d 328 (1975). Just this year, in rejecting the closing of a courtroom, the Supreme Court observed that "it would be difficult to single out any aspect of government of higher concern and importance to the people than the manner in which criminal trials are conducted." Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, ___ U.S. ___, 100 S.Ct. 2814, 2823, 65 L.Ed.2d 973 (1980).
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[21] Having considered these lines of authority and the important values they reenforce, we find ourselves in agreement with the District of Columbia Circuit when it observed in United States v. Mitchell, supra, that there is a presumption in favor of public inspection and copying of any item entered into evidence at a public session of a trial.[4] Once the evidence has become known to the members of the public, including representatives of the press, through their attendance at a public session of court, it would take the most extraordinary circumstances to justify restrictions on the opportunity of those not physically in attendance at the courtroom to see and hear the evidence, when it is in a form that readily permits sight and sound reproduction.[5] The presumption is especially strong in a case like this where the evidence shows the actions of public officials, both the defendants and law enforcement personnel. Though the transcripts of the videotapes have already provided the public with an opportunity to know what words were spoken, there remains a legitimate and important interest in affording members of the public their own opportunity to see and hear evidence that records the activities of a Member of Congress and local elected officials, as well as agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. And there is a significant public interest in affording that opportunity contemporaneously with the introduction of the tapes into evidence in the courtroom, when public attention is alerted to the ongoing trial. Cf. Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, supra (closed courtroom not justified despite prompt release of "tapes" of the trial after its conclusion, ___ U.S. ___ at ___, 100 S.Ct. 2814, at 2820 n.3); Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart, supra, 427 U.S. at 560-61, 96 S.Ct. at 2803. When physical evidence is in a form that permits inspection and copying without any significant risk of impairing the integrity of the evidence or interfering with the orderly conduct of the trial,[6] only the most compelling circumstances should prevent contemporaneous public access to it.[7]
[22] We do not think this strong presumption is rendered inapplicable to this case because the videotapes, while admitted into evidence as full exhibits, remain subject to challenge by the appellants on the ground that the methods by which the evidence was obtained violated their rights to due process of law. When Judge Pratt granted the networks' request for copying of the tapes, he still had pending the appellants' due process challenge to the evidence and to the indictment. Nevertheless the tapes were in evidence as full exhibits, their sights and sounds had been seen and heard by those in the courtroom, and the common law privilege of public inspection and copying had fully attached to them. We have no occasion to consider the different issues that would arise if evidence of questionable admissibility were only marked for identification.
[23] Appellants contend that special circumstances outweighing the normal right of
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public copying and inspection of evidence arise in this case because at the time of Judge Pratt's order, the Myers trial was still in progress, and, more importantly, because juries are soon to be selected to try other Abscam indictments pending against three of the appellants and against defendants not charged in th Myers case. The fact that the Myers trial had not concluded was properly considered by Judge Pratt to be no reason for denying the networks' request. The jury had already seen and heard the tapes, and Judge Pratt was entitled to rely on the jury's observance of his admonition to avoid exposure to reports of the trial in the news media. Moreover, the possibility that the jurors, despite that admonition, might see the tapes of excerpts unflattering to the appellants again on television did not pose a significant risk to a fair trial.[8]
[24] Arguably of greater concern is the risk to a fair trial of the three Myers defendants and others facing trial on other Abscam indictments. Their claim, urged by appellants Criden, Errichetti, and Johanson, and by Congressman Thompson as amicus, is that the enhanced exposure and impact of the tapes that will occur through televising the copies will prejudice potential jurors against them and prevent them from receiving fair trials. We do not doubt the premise of this claim that televising the tapes will greatly increase the number of people with knowledge of their content beyond those already aware of the videotaped events through reading press accounts and viewing television newscasts. Nor do we doubt that seeing the tapes on television will create a stronger impression of the events among those who already have been exposed to news accounts of their contents.
[25] We disagree, however, that the likelihood of such enhanced awareness of the tapes poses the kind of risk to fair trials for Abscam defendants that justifies curtailing the public's right of access to courtroom evidence. Defendants, as well as the news media, frequently overestimate the extent of the public's awareness of news. In this very case, despite the extensive publicity about Abscam that unfortunately accompanied the initial revelations and that was legitimately renewed when the indictments were returned, about half of those summoned for jury selection had no knowledge of Abscam, and only a handful had more than cursory knowledge. Even the intensive publicity surrounding the events of Watergate, very likely the most widely reported crime of the past decade, did not prevent the selection of jurors without such knowledge of the events as would prevent them from serving impartially. United States v. Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31, 61-63 n. 37 (D.C.Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 933, 97 S.Ct. 2641, 53 L.Ed.2d 250 (1977). See also United States v. Kahaner, 204 F.Supp. 921 (S.D.N.Y. 1962), aff'd, 317 F.2d 459
(2d Cir.), cert. denied, 375 U.S. 836, 84 S.Ct. 62, 11 L.Ed.2d 65 (1963).
[26] The opportunity for voir dire examination still remains a sufficient device to eliminate from jury service those so affected by exposure to pre-trial publicity that they cannot fairly decide issues of guilt or innocence. See Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart, supra, 427 U.S. at 563-65, 96 S.Ct. at 2804-05. In relying on voir dire, we do not suggest that the televising of the tapes from the Myers case will not be seen by some persons who might be called for jury service in subsequent Abscam cases. We are satisfied, however, that voir dire inquiry can identify them and elicit a basis for excusing from the venire those viewers whose impartiality has been impaired.[9] We do not believe the public at large must be sanitized as if they all would become jurors in the remaining
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Abscam trials. The alleged risk to a fair trial for the Abscam defendants yet to be tried is too speculative to justify denial of the public's right to inspect and copy evidence presented in open court.
[27] We therefore affirm the order of the District Court. Since the passage of time erodes to some extent the vindication of the public access right the networks have asserted, we direct that the mandate issue forthwith.


text:
[icon type="icon-pencil"]: SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF SINGLE PARENT FAMILY IN IJEBU-ODE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OGUN STATE
[icon type="icon-book"]: Chapter 1 – 5
[icon type="icon-book-open"]: 68 Pages
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This study,SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF SINGLE PARENT FAMILY IN IJEBU-ODE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OGUN STATE contains concise information that will serve as a framework or guide for your project work. The project study is well-researched for academic purposes and are usually provided in complete chapters with adequate References.
Keywords:SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF SINGLE PARENT FAMILY IN IJEBU-ODE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OGUN STATE
The study investigated the social, economic and psychological challenges of single parent family in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State. The study cross analyzed the degree of these challenges among the respondents in the study area.
The descriptive approach was adopted for the purpose data gathering. One hundred and forty seven was the sample that responded to a questionnaire. The data gathered was analysed with the statistical tool of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Mean and Standard Deviation.
The study revealed that single parent families are vulnerable to social abuses such as being looked down upon, approached by any man, not being fit to appear at social gathering, not socially approved and do not wear a cheerful look. Again the study showed that raising up children alone could be burdensome, they could be economically unstable, face financial crises; though they tend to attract more benevolence. Findings two also showed that only a handful of them live in ghettos.
The researcher however recommended that parent should ensure that their children don't always bear the brunt when there is separation. Single parent should not be looked down upon as they are part and parcel of the society. Laws and policies should be made and formulated forbidding any man approach women rudely.
1.1 Background to the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Purpose of the study
1.4 Research question:
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Definitions of terms
2.1 An overview of family
2.1.1 History of the family
2.1.2 Economic functions of family
2.1.3 Political functions of family
2.1.4 Sociological views
2.1.5 Types of family
2.1.6 Family structure
2.2 The prevalence of single parent's family:
evidence from Nigeria
2.3 Changes in family structure: evidence from
single parent family
2.4 Modern families
2.5 Characteristics of single parents' family:
evidence from economic situation in Nigeria
Appraisal of literature review
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research design and procedure
3.3. Population of the study
3.4 Sample and sampling techniques
3.5 Research instrument
3.6 Reliability and validity
3.7 Method of data analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data analysis
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
1.1 Background to the Study
In May 1992, Vice President Dan Quayle suggested that a breakdown of the nuclear family was among the causes of recent riots in Los Angeles in which over fifty people had died. "I believe the lawless social anarchy which we saw is directly related to the breakdown of family structure, personal responsibility and social order in too many areas of our society," Quayle remarked. He went on to criticize society's increasingly permissive attitude toward out-of-wedlock childbearing, pointing specifically to the treatment of the issue in the television sitcom Murphy Brown. "It doesn't help matters when prime time TV has Murphy Brown—a character who supposedly epitomizes today's intelligent, highly paid, professional woman—mocking the importance of fathers by bearing a child alone and calling it just another 'lifestyle choice.'"
Quayle's speech, especially his reference to Murphy Brown, provoked an outpouring of commentary. Numerous Americans agreed with Quayle, expressing concern that the "traditional family" and "family values" were being undermined by a public morality that too readily condoned unwed motherhood and divorce. Many also agreed with Quayle's argument that the media and popular culture were to blame for promoting loose sexual values and immoral lifestyles.
Others took exception to Quayle's statements. Some, seeing his speech as a moralistic attack on single mothers, responded by insisting that most single mothers work hard to provide for their children and to raise them well. Others considered Quayle's view of the traditional family as nostalgic and unrealistic, out of touch with the social and economic realities of life in contemporary America. The character Murphy Brown, played by actress Candice Bergen, directly responded to Quayle in a subsequent episode of the show. In words that doubtlessly resonated with many Americans, she declared, "Perhaps it's time for the vice president to expand his definition [of family] and recognize that whether by choice or circumstance families come in all shapes and sizes. And ultimately, what really defines a family is commitment, caring and love."
The intensity of the public reaction to Quayle's speech suggests that his comments touched on an issue of concern to a large number of people. Indeed, many commentators have expressed alarm about the increase in single-parent families over the past four decades. In 1960, they point out; 5.8 million American children lived in single-parent families; by 1996 that number had risen to 18 million. This growth has been fueled by an increasing rate of out-of-wedlock childbearing. In 1960, 5.3 percent of American babies were born to unwed mothers; that rate has increased to 30 percent. These numbers are even higher for African Americans: As of 1992, 68 percent of African American babies were born to unmarried women. A rising divorce rate has also contributed to the growing number of single-parent families. The U.S. divorce rate rose nearly 250 percent between 1960 and 1980; it then leveled off at what is now the highest rate in the industrialized world. It is commonly noted that about half of the marriages undertaken today will end in divorce.
Much of the debate over single-parent families focuses on how these trends affect children. Many social scientists contend that children raised in single-parent homes are more likely to experience a variety of problems than are children raised in two-parent homes
Family this is seen as the social group whose members are related by ancestry, marriage or adoption and who live together, cooperate economically and care for the young (Murdock.1998).
Family is also seen as a group of individuals related by to one another by blood ties, marriage or adoption who form an economic unit, the adult members are responsible for the upbringing of children (Giddens, 1997).
Types of family relationships are always recognized within wider kinship groups. In virtually all societies we can identify what sociologists and anthropologist call the nuclear family two adults living together in a household with their own or adopted children.
Extended family may include grand parents, brothers and their wives, sisters and their husbands, aunts and nephews.
Single parent families can be defined as families where a parent lives with dependent children, either alone or in a larger household, without a spouse or partner. There was a rapid and drastic increase in the number of single-parent families in the latter half of the twentieth century. This change has been used by some to argue that we are witnessing the breakdown of the family (defined as a married couple residing with their dependent offspring) with negative effects for children, families, and society (Popenoe 1996).
Types of single parent families are generally categorized by the sex of the custodial parent (mother-only or father-only families).
Mother-only families include widows, divorced and separated women, and never-married mothers. In the case of divorce, mothers are usually given custody in the United States and other developed countries. In Italy, in 1997, for example, 90 percent of children whose parents divorced went into the custody of their mothers. Since the vast majority of single parents are mothers, most of the research focuses on female-headed families. However, regardless of sex, single parents share similar problems and challenges (Grief 1985).
Father- only families formed as a result of widowhood, desertion by the mother, or wives refusing custody. The increase in father-only families is due, in part, to the efforts of fathers to obtain custody of their children. Factors supporting their transition into primary parenthood include financial security, prior involvement in housework and child care during the marriage, satisfaction with child-care arrangements, and a shared sense of responsibility for the marital breakup (Grief 1985).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The problem of this study is to find out the most urgent problem that now faces the single parent families. These problems which include social, psychological, Economic and financial problems.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
This study will specifically examine the challenges facing the single parent families in terms of social, Economic and psychological needs.
1.4 Research question:
These following questions will be tackled in the process of this research
- What are the social challenges of single parent family?
- What are the economic challenges of single parent family?
- What are the psychological challenges facing single parent family?
- Is there any significant difference in the challenges of single parent as perceived by the respondent based on their age group, academic qualification and occupation?
1.5 Significance of the study
The essence of this research is to know the parent and children's standard of living in single parent families in ijebu-ode local government.
1.6 Definitions of terms
Family: The social group, whose members are related by ancestry,
Blood, Marriage, or and who live together, cooperate
Economically and Care for the young once.
Single parent: A parent lives with dependent children, either alone or in
a larger household, without a spouse or partner.
Nuclear family: Two adults living together in a household with their
own or Adopted children.
Extended family: These are grand parents, brothers and their wives,
sisters And Their\husbands, aunts and nephews.
Mothers only families: The widows divorced and separated women, and
Never-Married mothers.
Fathers only families: Widowhood, desertion by the mother, or wives
Refusing Custody.
Keywords: SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF SINGLE PARENT FAMILY IN IJEBU-ODE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OGUN STATE
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text:
ERIC Number: EJ444286
Record Type: CIJE
Publication Date: 1992
Pages: N/A
Abstractor: N/A
Reference Count: N/A
The Pros and Cons of Mixed-Age Grouping.
Lodish, Richard
Principal, v71 n5 p20-22 May 1992
Recently, numerous larger schools have tried to capture the potential advantages of a wide age range in their classrooms. The nongraded organizational system recognizes and plans for varied student abilities, provides for different rates of progress, and adjusts to individual emotional and social needs. Both advantages and disadvantages are discussed. (four references) (MLH)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative
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Language: English
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