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1 TWO GUYS IN A LUNATIC ASYLUM: A SUITE by QUINN BAXTER A THESIS Presented to the School of Music and Dance and the Robert D Clark Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Music June 2014
2 An Abstract of the Thesis of Quinn Baxter for the degree of Bachelor of Music in the School of Music to be taken June 2014 Professor Steve Oen This ork is a creative thesis hich attempts to detail the thematic inspiration and historical context hich ere integral in composing my suite, To Guys in a Lunatic Asylum I have also included a comprehensive analysis of each composition in the suite In doing so, I hope to illuminate ho the thematic inspiration that I dre from the comic book The Killing oke led me to various musical choices Additionally, I have included the complete scores to the suite as ell as an audio recording This is so musicians can look and hear for themselves and understand precisely ho I chose to realize my inspiration into music ii
3 Acknoledgements I ould like to thank Professor Fracchia for undertaking the daunting task of teaching me ho to rite something of hich I can be proud I ould also like to thank Mike Parde for shoing me as a young student ho deep this music can really be I ould like to thank Professor Steve Oen and Senior Instructor Mike Denny for assisting in the thesis process Lastly, this thesis is the result of many kind, giving people sharing their knoledge, time, and isdom ith me I could not have done any of this ithout them iii
4 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Premise and Thematic Inspiration 2 Historic Context 10 Compositional Approach 17 The Compositions 20 Bruce Emergency Exit 0 We re going to kill each other, aren t e 7 One Bad Day 44 iv
5 List of Accompanying Materials 1 The transposed scores of each movement in the suite 2 Audio Cd ith a recording of the suite v
6 Introduction I have ritten a five piece cycle for azz quintet entitled To Guys in a Lunatic Asylum: A Suite This thesis consists of to basic sections: first the historical background necessary to place my compositions in context, then an examination of my compositional process for each movement Excerpts from the music are used to demonstrate hat contributed to riting each composition technically, logistically, and philosophically I have included an audio recording of the suite being performed live as ell as the scores for the suite
7 Premise and Thematic Inspiration I have ritten five pieces of music for azz quintet hich are to be played in an ordered set The pieces are thematically tied together by their reflections of elements present in the comic book, The Killing Joke, by Alan Moore and Brian Bollard While each piece is inspired by and deals ith a specific scene or philosophical theme in the comic book, they are not intended to act as a type of soundtrack or musical storytelling I took themes from the comic, translated them into a series of isolated musical themes and concepts, and then composed using that material A brief overvie of the comic book ill help to clarify hy my music looks and sounds as it does The Killing Joke is the first comic book that attempted to reveal the Joker s origin story While many comic book villain origins depict a rongdoing that leads to the villain s thirst for vengeance, Alan Moore chose to bury the Joker s motivations in the much greyer area of mental breakdon and insanity In Moore's hands the Joker (hose name is never revealed) is a failing comedian struggling to make ends meet He makes an ill-advised deal ith some gangsters to assist in a robbery in order to provide for his ife and unborn child (Figure 1) 2
8 Figure 1: The Joker makes a misguided deal ith to mobsters to help in a robbery On the day that the robbery is to take place, the Joker learns that his ife has been killed in a freak accident involving a malfunctioning electric bottle armer Grief stricken and ithout a reason to go through ith the crime, the Joker attempts to back out of the robbery, only to have the gangsters threaten him into going through ith it (Figure 2)
9 YeAH- HEY, listen, MAN, YOU PIZOSABLY WANNA BE le:ft ALONe K'IGHT NOW/ H"h WE'll:SE:E YOU HEllE TONIGHT, OKAY Figure 2: The Joker learns of his ife s accidental death and is bullied into committing the heist anyay 4
10 That evening, the Joker meets ith the gangsters at a chemical manufacturing plant to commit the crime Security guards catch the group and begin shooting at them, killing the to gangsters and sending the Joker into a panicked escape attempt Batman arrives on the scene and chases the Joker until the Joker umps off a scaffold and into a stream of chemical aste being dumped into a river When he sims to shore, having escaped the chemical plant, he realizes that his skin has been bleached hite, his lips stained red, and his hair dyed bright green (Figure ) 5
11 AAIJGH I'M STINGING, ITCHING MY PACe, MY HANOS 50MeTHIN6 IN THe WATE~ 017 Je:SU:S IT BURNS, I~ Figure : The Joker goes insane 6
12 The combined effect of the loss of his ife/unborn child and his physical disfigurement at the hands of a man in a bat costume drives him insane and transforms him into the Joker that e recognize as a super villain Similarly, Bruce Wayne as driven to become Batman hen his parents ere murdered by a mugger in front of him Obectively, dressing up as a bat and fighting crime is not the behavior of a sane human being Alan Moore creates a parallel beteen the Joker and Batman based on this perspective The philosophical heart of The Killing Joke lies in the premise that both the Joker and Batman have been driven insane by a single, terribly traumatic experience in their lives, yet they have come to completely antithetical conclusions as to hat that traumatic experience meant The Joker believes that the universe is inherently indifferent to human beings, that life is full of random inustice and that there is no point to all of the struggling that humanity endures because the orld is inherently irrational Batman, on the other hand, believes in the good in humanity, punishing crime, and the existence of obective, concrete ustice These to opposing orldvies are essentially all that either character lives for, and proving the other rong has become a shared obsession beteen the to characters (Figures 4 and 5) 7
13 Figure 4: The Joker tries to say Batman to accept ho the orld is a black, aful oke Figure 5: Batman tries to rehabilitate the Joker Moore postulates that both the Joker and Batman are fundamentally alike and yet destined to be enemies until death due to their dogmatism 8
14 There is a great deal in this comic that lends itself to artistic interpretation Insanity, dualism, meaninglessness, finding purpose, martyrdom, commonalities beteen seeming opposites, actions and their consequences over time, and the importance of cultural context in determining right and rong With such a rich supply of thematic material to manipulate into music, The Killing Joke as an exceptionally rich source of inspiration 9
15 Historic Context I chose to rite a programmatic musical suite based upon The Killing Joke by Alan Moore Historically, the suite as invented during the Baroque era as a collection of dance pieces in one shared key Today, the most famous of these early suites are the harpsichord and cello suites by Johann Sebastian Bach These six movement suites consist of a prelude and five separate dances The prelude is folloed by an allemande, a courante, and a saraband The fourth dance is variable, but as most often a minuet, a bourrée, a gavotte, a passepied, a polonaise, or an air Lastly, the suite finished ith a gigue The popularity of this form of suite had aned significantly by the mid eighteenth century as dancing practices changed, and it as only in the very late nineteenth century that the form as revisited by composers This second iteration of the suite as much less rigid in terms of structure Bach s strict six movement suite as replaced ith a much looser practice of simply riting a series of pieces intended to be played in a specific order Often, these pieces ere national dances or ballet dances Tchaikovsky s Suite from the Nutcracker is perhaps the most famous example Stravinsky s Suite from Petrushka is another famous suite that uses material from a ballet Hoever, composers also began creating suites by simply riting original movements that ere independent of any dance tradition, yet still intended to be played as an ordered set The most famous example of a suite like this is Gustav Holst s The Planets These suites are all ritten for orchestra, but composers such as Debussy and Liszt rote suites for solo piano Thus, the instrumentation of the suite as not of great importance as a defining characteristic Instead, the concept of a suite during the late 10
16 nineteenth and early 20 th centuries developed into a collection of pieces intended to be played in a particular succession This looser definition of suite is the one that azz musicians inherited in the early 20 th century Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn ere the first to create suites for big band ith suites such as Black Bron and Beige, hich as premiered at Carnegie Hall on January 22, 194 This piece is extremely significant in azz history because it marks the first step of its kind toard placing azz in the concert hall Ellington and Strayhorn ent on to rite many suites such as the Deep South Suite, The Far East Suite, Liberian Suite, and the Ne Orleans Suite In Ellington s estimation the most important thing[s] I ve done ere the suites A Concert of Sacred Music, Second Sacred Concert, and Third Sacred Concert These suites, exclusively for big band, are among the most important in azz history They helped to legitimize azz in the eyes of its detractors For the purposes of my compositions, the more interesting effect they had as to bridge the gap beteen classical music and azz After Ellington and Strayhorn led the ay for big band suites, azz composers ho rote for small ensembles folloed their lead and began riting suites around the mid-20 th century The most important composer of these small group azz suites as undoubtedly John Coltrane Coltrane began playing and recording extended solos toard the end of the 1950 s, and riting extended pieces came not long after The process of riting and playing longer pieces naturally transformed into stretching the concept for a single composition into several compositions Coltrane's suites ere born The first and most influential of Coltrane s suites as A Love Supreme, recorded in 1964 A Love Supreme is a four part suite consisting of pieces tied together by thematic 11
17 material Folloing this first foray into suite riting, Coltrane composed several more suites, all more or less in the free azz genre While these suites are immensely important to the historical development of free improvisation, A Love Supreme remains his most famous and influential suite The impact that A Love Supreme had upon the azz orld is difficult to gauge, ust as John Coltrane s impact on the azz orld is difficult to summarize He seemed to open up a orld of sonic possibilities One of these possibilities, and a large part of John Coltrane s legacy, as his illingness to expand an idea into a series of compositions as a suite I see my suite as a direct descendant of A Love Supreme Musicologists dra a distinction beteen to families of music labeled absolute music and programmatic music Absolute music can be described as music for music s sake, that is, music that is not intended to describe or reflect upon anything outside of the musical realm Programmatic music, on the other hand, is music that references or describes extra-musical subects A suite lends itself to programmatic music because the onus of depicting something is not on any one piece Holst s The Planets, for example, is a suite that depicts the various planets and the characters that Holst associated ith them By splitting the depictions of each planet into different movements of the suite, Holst is capable of developing each planet s character more completely than if he had tried to run them all together into one gargantuan piece By splitting the suite into seven different movements, Holst allos the listener to clearly separate one planet from the next, one character from another A book is split into chapters to accomplish essentially the same goal 12
18 Programmatic music has had a slightly more complicated history in the azz orld, though there is no shortage of obviously programmatic azz The suite Black, Bron, and Beige is traditionally programmatic in that it depicts part of African American history and acts as a tone parallel to the history of the Negro in America A Love Supreme is traditionally programmatic in that it is directly about John Coltrane s spiritual beliefs and is intended to act as sort of offering to a higher poer Another of Coltrane s suites, Interstellar Space, is programmatic in the same ay that The Planets is: each movement is inspired by one of the planets in our solar system A unique complication in programmatic azz comes as a result of the common practice of adopting popular tunes from musicals or movies Jazz musicians borro these tunes and arrange them in azz settings Miles Davis recording of Some Day My Prince Will Come from Disney s Sno White, or Bill Evan s treatment of the Love Theme from Spartacus are prime examples This opens up a debate amongst musicologists: is programmatic music still programmatic if it has been divorced from its original context and repurposed in an unrelated setting by azz musicians The lines in azz beteen absolute and programmatic music are often blurred rather than crystalline While this might indicate a quandary to musicologists, it is of great use to me as a composer Rather than having to pick one camp and rigidly stay ithin its confines, I as able to choose programmatic composition hen I anted and to rite music for music s sake hen it felt right to do so Describing azz compositions as programmatic or absolute is symptomatic of a larger trend in music history over the last century The mixing of estern European and African musical traditions as central to the creation of azz, but the combination of 1
19 classical music and azz in the mid-20 th century led to hat Gunther Schuller called Third Stream music The qualifying factor, Schuller rote "is that these influences (classical and azz) must be genuinely felt not ust adopted and must become an inseparable part of the creator s style (Feather, 497) Miles Davis strayhorned into third stream music ith his collaborations ith arranger Gil Evans The most historically influential of these proects as the album Porgy and Bess, a proect for hich Schuller actually played French horn Porgy and Bess consists of several tracks, all from George Gershin's opera of the same name Gil Evans mixes classical and azz instruments ith improvisation in his arrangements and comes up ith a texture that is distinct from traditional azz bands Additionally, Gil Evans rote elaborate and through-composed arrangements for Porgy and Bess hich are reminiscent of the expansive compositions that e historically associate ith classical music Borroing from this illingness to compose longer, more elaborate pieces for improvising ensembles, musicians have continued to break don the barriers beteen classical and azz Today, the door is ide open to mix aspects of any genres together to create music This is present in many of the influences that I knoingly referenced hile composing my suite When listing influences in one s ork, it is difficult to be complete There are certainly a great number of influential factors that are subconsciously at play, but there are also some that are very apparent and capable of being explained In terms of musical inspiration, there are several influences that are at the center of my suite First, John Coltrane s A Love Supreme as instrumental in helping me develop the harmonies that I used throughout the suite McCoy Tyner s playing on the second movement of the 14
20 suite, Resolution, helped shape my insistence on using lo fifths in the piano specifically, but also led to me relying on modal vamps in general In the realm of harmony, I dre extensively from another player ho as profoundly influenced by Coltrane, Donny McCaslin McCaslin s composition Madonna, from the 2007 release In Pursuit, features a solo section using a static harmony here the build of tension and the subsequent release is entirely based on group interaction This as absolutely invaluable in my design of solo sections McCaslin s use of counter melodies as a ay of creating eight and interest as very inspirational David Binney s alto solo on Madonna as perhaps the most important thing that I listened to before composing my suite The accompaniment provided by Ben Monder, as ell as the thematic development and use of chromaticism by Binney, gave me an immense amount to ork ith hen developing ritten themes and solo sections Specifically, Binney s illingness to freely move beteen chromatic, discordant material and comforting diatonic sounds inspired me to reconsider ho I approach dissonance Binney s recording, Aliso, as important for similar reasons Lastly, Theo Bleckmann and Ben Monder collaborated on a duo proect in 2007 called At Night The title track from this recording is an atmospheric piece hich uses a poem by Rumi as lyrical material The guitar accompaniment from Monder is laden ith reverb, unconventional harmonies and pedal points This piece led to me thinking about different ays to treat a melody based upon extra musical material I ill get into the specifics of ho I composed each piece a little later, but I hope that by explaining some of my direct influences I can sho here I feel my ork belongs in the current musical landscape 15
21 To put it simply, I feel that my ork is best described as being a descendent of John Coltrane s later ork In this vein, it is related directly to the music of David Binney and the ethereal and dark guitar ork of Ben Monder 16
22 Compositional Approach My quintet consists of electric guitar, piano, upright bass, tenor saxophone, and drum set Each of these instruments offers different compositional opportunities simply because of the inherent capabilities that each carries For instance, the piano and the guitar are capable of playing harmonies, hile the tenor is only capable of playing one note at a time The tenor, hoever, is capable of playing quick passages ith lots of akard intervallic leaps that are much more difficult to play on the piano Combining all of these diverse instrumental capabilities is hat allos a composer to create a number of interesting and distinct textures from a group of only five instruments In addition to composing for specific instruments, I composed for specific musicians hom I ve knon and played ith for years Knoing each of these players and being aare of their tendencies and preferences made it much easier to rite things that they ould be capable of playing ell I looked through The Killing Joke for key moments in the comic Initially, I considered riting more of a soundtrack to accompany the story, but it occurred to me hile I as looking for interesting things to rite about that I could break the story don into more philosophical elements and use those to inspire compositions After deliberating for a hile, I came to the folloing format: There ould be five pieces total in the suite The first piece ould introduce thematic material as ell as other musical elements that I anted to associate ith Batman throughout the suite The second piece ould serve a similar function, but ould associate ideas ith the Joker instead The idea behind setting the suite up in this fashion as to exploit the dualism 17
23 that plays such a big role in the comic It is very much a Batman s-ideals-vs-joker sideals kind of story, so I decided I ould use that element to construct ho my suite ould be structured Musically, this approach ound up offering a lot to ork ith I associated concrete themes and compositional approaches ith each character For instance, I chose to associate lo fifths in the piano ith Batman because I felt that that sound could easily represent a confident, unavering sense of right and rong In later pieces hen I introduced elements of Batman, I simply gave the piano some lo fifths Moving on, I decided that the third piece ould represent the Joker pointing out the inherent absurdities in Batman s beliefs, as ell as asserting his on belief that clinging to rationality does not make sense in an irrational orld The fourth piece ould depict Batman s plea to the Joker to reconsider the tragic path that they are both locked on These to pieces ould essentially be both parties' attempts to say the other to their point of vie, hich is a maor theme in the comic It becomes clear in reading The Killing Joke that neither party really ishes for the death of the other, but rather ant to prove that their ideology is the correct one and that the other is mistaken Musically, riting these third and fourth pieces as a orthhile next step after the first to pieces because it gave me an opportunity to reorder and mix thematic material from the first pieces Lastly, I chose to end the suite ith a faster, longer piece that alternates freely and mixes elements of both Batman and the Joker, as ell as various points in the plot The finale as intended to be a kind of summary, a bird s eye vie of everything in The Killing Joke and a recapitulation of some of the material from earlier pieces My discussion above about ho different themes represent certain elements of each character might imply that I as rigid ith my composing The truth is that after I 18
24 came up ith the themes and compositional parameters that I had set for each piece, I simply tried to rite good music that I liked hile keeping my goals in mind Everything ran through a filter of personal taste as ell as a filter of hat ould be comfortable for my band to execute 19
25 The Compositions Bruce Bruce is the first piece in the suite I intended for this piece to act as a description of Bruce Wayne (Batman), a ay for the listener to become familiar ith hat he values, his demeanor, his stubbornness, and everything else that really personifies him There is a deeply rooted struggle in Bruce beteen his drive to help others and his intellectual understanding that some people are beyond saving It as important to me to bring that struggle to the forefront in this piece, setting the stage for the rest of the suite In many ays The Killing Joke is about shining light on the similarities beteen Batman and the Joker Batman appears to be a simple character ith motivations to hich e can all relate Alan Moore s great feat as revealing that the Joker has similar motivations, but they re buried a bit deeper and are not readily apparent For this reason, I started the suite ith a piece describing Batman instead of the Joker I anted to introduce themes in as clear a manner as possible, then challenge the audience to find them in the later, more obscure pieces Bruce Wayne is a strong, stalart, utterly unshakable bastion of ustice He sees the orld in very black-and-hite terms and lives completely for the purpose of promoting good and vanquishing evil He is dogmatic and unavering, completely illing to bite don and grit through any unpleasantness, bearing great burdens so that others ill not have to The murder of his parents at a young age forced him to become 20
26 obsessed ith ustice and ith stopping crime, so he is singular in his motivations and thought processes This dogma, hoever, means that Batman has a great deal of empathy and compassion The beginning scene of The Killing Joke depicts Batman going to reach out to the Joker, to offer him help His belief that there is some inherent good in all of humanity forces him to reach out to perhaps the cruelest, sociopathic person on earth and try to help him These ere all things that I anted to represent in the piece I chose a series of musical elements hich I thought accurately represented aspects of Bruce Wayne s character and hich ere easily manipulated The first and perhaps most important idea as the perfect fifth Figure 6: a perfect fifth A perfect fifth is an interval beteen to notes consisting of seven half steps or semitones This example above is the perfect fifth beteen G and D When played simultaneously (as notated in the figure 6), the result is a harmony that is very stable and grounded There is no tension in a perfect fifth; it does not need to resolve anyhere When voiced in a loer register ith a confidently loud dynamic level, the perfect fifth imparts a great deal of eight and sturdiness Bruce is composed of to maor sections, labeled A and B Perfect fifths voiced lo in the piano part are very important to both sections 21
27 Figure 7: the piano ostinato from the A section of Bruce Figure 7 shos the lo fifths hich repeat in the piano part throughout the A section This repeating musical phrase is knon as an ostinato I begin the piece ith this ostinato by itself Next, I layer on a melody based upon perfect fifths as ell I ill come to this melody in a moment, but first it is important to address hy I chose to use perfect fifths so extensively Batman is an imposing, uncompromising individual, so ust as perfect fifths are a good ay to represent his sense of right and rong, the ostinato of that interval is a good ay to portray his sense of morality, constantly present throughout the piece It is not enough to simply say that Batman is obsessed ith ustice, I anted it to be apparent throughout the entire piece that his black-and-hite belief system underlies everything about his character In addition to being played harmonically, that is, to notes simultaneously, a perfect fifth can be played melodically, that is, one note after the other 22
28 Figure 8: Melodic perfect fifths from the A section of Bruce I chose to rite melodies using melodic fifths (Figure 8) for the same metaphorical reasons that I chose to use harmonic fifths, but also to help bind the piece together as a hole Keeping the melodic material in the piece similar to the harmonic material creates a kind of cohesion beteen all of the various parts; each reinforces the other The B section strays a little bit from this cohesion The melodic material is not derived from perfect fifths, and a different ostinato is introduced This iteration of the ostinato is still based on a perfect fifth, but more subtle about it than the previous ostinato of the A section As a result, this section sounds a little more tender and less brutal than the A section, hile retaining a thread from the original material The A section of the piece is based around perfect fifths traveling through the key of F minor, but the B section is based on the single, static harmony of A 7 1 This harmony has many theoretical implications that I felt lent themselves to hat I as trying to impart First of all, A 7 1 is based upon a maor triad, A This chord, hen played in the loer register of the piano, has a very arm, earthy quality to it that sounds very kind and stable Hoever, the 1 is a very dark and moody alteration When added to an A maor triad, it implies the key of D melodic minor, a dark and complex key ith many more complex harmonic ramifications One of these implied modes is an A mixolydian scale ith a 6 This mode becomes immensely important 2
29 in later movements of the suite Lastly, A 7 1 hints at F minor as ell The versatility and ambiguity of this harmony as very useful to me All of the different ays in hich it could develop proved to be useful not only in this piece, but throughout the entire suite Figure 9: The chord that the B section is based on, plus the ostinato that comes from it The C section of Bruce contains a solo section for musicians to improvise over This section is, like the rest of the B section, comprised of a static A harmony (Figure 9) I have ritten A 7 1 in the parts as a chord symbol, but ay in hich this is to be treated by the musicians is left up to the moment The chord symbol in this section is much more of a guideline than an iron clad rule I rote a perfect fifth in the lo end of the piano to keep that sort of harmonic palate in the pianist s mind since the piano is responsible for harmony during the solos, but apart from that, it is up to the musicians to invent this section for themselves Again, the ambiguity of A 7 1 as extremely useful in conceiving of this solo section Improvisers are free to slip in beteen maor and minor, chromatic and discordant or simple and clear sounding ideas I liked the idea of having a malleable, blank slate to improvise ith instead of a hard and fast set of rought iron chord changes that musicians must obey The reasons are essentially 24
30 tofold: first, by freeing the musicians from orrying about folloing strict harmonic progressions, you allo them to improvise more freely as a group and follo one another through the development of a solo Second, I anted Batman to be represented as someone ho is essentially uncompromising, so I chose to keep one harmony and insist upon it instead of constantly changing harmonies is the second piece in the suite and is a counterpoint to Bruce This piece is a description of the Joker and seeks to depict some of the complexity that Alan Moore brought to the character in his comic book On the surface, the Joker is extremely dissimilar to Batman, but the brilliance of The Killing Joke is that it digs into the real depth of both characters and highlights ho similar they are What fascinated me most about this comic book is ho the Joker is, above all, a study in illusions He appears to be a chaotic maniac ithout a plan, to have absolutely no guiding principles and, in many depictions of his character, is shon to commit crimes ith seemingly no motivations beyond enoying being a criminal In The Killing Joke, the Joker is shon to have been the victim of an extremely traumatic series of experiences hich led him to the completely nihilistic conclusion that hope, love, and all things that human beings experience are ultimately pointless and amount to nothing The comic book consists of to main parts: first, flashbacks hich reveal the Joker s traumatic past and second, the Joker s current day criminal actions hich sho ho his terrible experiences have shaped his beliefs and guiding principles He is chaotic and seemingly out of control because he believes hole-heartedly that to 25
31 cling to order and hope is tantamount to lying to oneself The only real truth that he believes in is that the universe does not care about human happiness nor does it reard human struggle His on past proves this He believes in this truth so much that he is illing to murder, to commit arson and to blo things up, to plan out elaborate crimes, all designed to bring Batman around to his ay of thinking Despite appearing to be unprincipled, the Joker is ust as dogmatic about his beliefs as Batman is about his The challenge in composing a descriptive piece of music for the Joker is essentially one of presenting something that initially seems to be chaotic and random hile actually having a very strong logical backbone that underlies the entire piece I anted to highlight ho the Joker is extremely organized and ideological but only in methods hich are seemingly chaotic I also anted to shocase ho incredibly tragic the Joker s story is It ould be easy to rite a chromatic and akard sounding piece hich ould symbolize madness, but depicting tragedy is much more difficult Lastly, I anted to dra a parallel to Batman and depict ho the Joker s beliefs are constantly present in his actions and ho he is unable to escape them In other ords, ho his traumatic experiences have left him utterly obsessed ith his ideals Harmony is a relatively subtle musical element Rhythm is much more blatant than harmony; a listener ill instantly kno if you have altered something rhythmically in the piece They ill feel it in a very visceral, physical ay Whereas Bruce is a very rhythmic, driving piece, 0801 is primarily about harmony I anted to use traditional harmonies ithout obeying any of the rules of functional harmony My goal as to come up ith some other system of logic besides traditional harmonic progressions and allo those rules to govern the piece The result ould be something that, hile 26
32 appearing to directly contradict traditional music theory, had a very strong set of rules and principles guiding it This parallels the Joker, ho, hile appearing insane and random, is very aare of his actions and can ustify them using his on values The system that I came up ith orks due to shared voices beteen chords For instance, the chords C maor and C minor both contain the note E These to chords are not related in traditional functional harmony, but by riting the chords in similar ays and voiceleading beteen them efficiently, they are tied together by a shared note My operative rule as that if to chords shared a note, I could move beteen them freely Figure 10: Seemingly unrelated chords share a note As noted above, C minor shares the note E ith C maor; C maor shares the notes C and G ith C minor; C minor shares the note E ith E minor; E minor shares the note G (F) ith D maor The shared notes beteen the chords in figure 10 are tied to highlight hich notes are present in multiple chords Toard the end of the comic book, Batman confronts the Joker and offers, yet again, to help him recover The Joker does not verbally sho it, but his face shos a true sadness that he is trapped on his current path It s too late for that, he says, far 27
33 too late The Joker is a tragic character, a result of a terrible series of events that have disfigured him mentally and physically I anted to sho this sadness in the music, so for a brief moment in the B section of the piece, I fall back out of abnormal harmonic movement and into traditional harmony Figure 11: The ostinato in 0801 briefly goes into a functional progression The A minor chord at the beginning of figure 11 can be thought of as the iii chord in the key of E maor, so this harmonic progression is iii-iv-v-vi, otherise knon as a "deceptive cadence" The essential trick of a deceptive cadence is that instead of resolving to a maor chord, the progression resolves to a minor chord This sounds more dramatic and tragic Immediately after this deceptive cadence to C minor, I fall back into my other system of creating chord progressions The movement beteen C minor and C maor is actually the exact same progression from the beginning of the piece, so there is a nice continuity beteen the end of the B section and the beginning of the next A section Just like Bruce, 0801 is grounded in an ostinato My motivation for centering this piece on an ostinato remained the same as it as in Bruce: I anted to depict the Joker s devotion to his ideals The ostinato in 0801 is an arpeggio (Figure 11) hich also imparts the bizarre harmonic progression of the piece By having these arpeggios constantly present throughout the piece, I hoped to portray ho the bizarre logic hich 28
34 guides the Joker is present in everything that he does The conclusions that he has reached on ho the orld orks are essentially all that he has, so he clings to them ust like Batman clings to his on The only difference beteen the to characters is that the conclusions that they cling to are mutually exclusive: Batman believes in ustice, the Joker believes in nihilism Bruce and 0801 are certainly distinct from one another but they both have the same fundamental structure My intention ith these pieces as to depict ho both Batman and the Joker have the same fundamental method of making sense of the orld, they ust arrive at different ansers 29
35 Emergency Exit Figure 12: The Joker outlines his core philosophy 0
36 Emergency Exit is the third piece of the suite This piece deals ith a very specific scene in the comic book hich I believe is at the core of hat The Killing Joke is really about (Figure 12) We aren t contractually tied don to rationality the Joker states, so hen you find yourself locked onto an unpleasant train of thought, heading for the places in your past here the screaming is unbearable, remember there s alays madness Madness is the emergency exit The idea behind Emergency Exit as much more literal than the ideas guiding both Bruce and 0801 Emergency Exit is a direct representation of the Joker s philosophy, and as a result, it is a very arring and contrast driven piece There are several surprises ritten into the piece, none of hich are subtle in the least The goal ith the A section of the piece as to accomplish a fe things: first, to establish an atmosphere ith a circus-esque bass ostinato comprised of a dotted eighth/sixteenth note rhythm (Figure 1) This as supposed to evoke images of a dingy carnival ith the Joker lurking around Figure 1: A bass ostinato reminiscent of the circus Second, I anted a simple melody that ent from utterly typical to chromatic and strange I accomplished this by using notes typically associated ith the blues to rite the melody: the flat fifth alongside the perfect fifth, as ell as the minor third (Figure 14) 1
37 Figure 14: The simple, blues influenced melody that comprises much of the A section of Emergency Exit Once I had constructed a simple, memorable melody ith these very standard notes, I planed a section of the melody around to transform the melody from something simple and typical to something odd (Figure 15) Figure 15: A section of the melody chromatically planes don until it ends in an E maor triad Figure 12 details ho the Joker believes that it is perfectly acceptable for one to simply descend (or ascend, as the case may be) into irrationality and madness in order to escape terrible memories My final goal for the A section, and indeed ith the rest of the piece, as to depict this process I anted to create a sense of things falling apart in this piece The beginning of this piece is rather simple and explainable The further into the piece e get, the more complex and random things get Soon though, the melody begins planing don chromatically and explodes into a loud, blatant E maor triad The 2
38 piece then returns to the circus-esque bass ostinato for a moment before exploding into another loud triad, this time E + The piece then alternates a fe more times beteen circus bass, E maor, and E + before transitioning into another section This entire section as simply intended to be arring and strange The ostinato and most of the melody are in the key of B maor, yet the melody eventually devolves to highlight E maor These are unrelated keys in traditional functional harmony, yet they are related through the system of harmony that I employed to compose 0801 and hich I have chosen to have musically represent the Joker s philosophies By highlighting this relationship beteen B and E, I as trying to invoke the Joker hile being as harmonically arring as possible Additionally, I as attracted by the idea of taking a strong, consonant sound like an E maor triad and placing it in a context in hich it sounded bizarre Ideologically, I anted to take something rational and change the listener s point of vie until they sa the absurdity of it This is, more or less, exactly hat the Joker seeks to do ith memories Once the melody of the A section has sufficiently fallen apart and landed on a long E maor triad, the B section begins The B section clashes ust as much as the A section, but instead of clashing harmonically, the B section clashes rhythmically It is comprised of telve bars of 4/4 time hich is played four times The first time, the guitar and drums play together and imply that the meter is actually /4 The second time through the section, the tenor sax oins in on half notes and implies 4/4 This clashes ith the guitar and drums and creates hat music theorists call a hemiola The piano oins in on the third time, playing half notes ith the tenor sax The last time through
39 the repeated section, the bass enters and plays quarter note triplets, further muddling the hole section (Figure 16) Figure 16: The beginning of the B section Notice that drums and guitar imply ¾ hile the piano and tenor imply 4/4 Unlike the A section, this section is atonal Things are supposed to be falling apart, so I chose to abandon any semblance of tonal center This is not to say that there is no harmony in this section The piano part in figure 16 is comprised of thirds and seconds The seconds have more of a dissonant, rubbing quality that I anted to be present in the B section ithout being overhelming The mixture of thirds and seconds accomplishes this ell This rhythmically convoluted section ultimately ends in a huge drum solo The solo is one bar repeating ith the same texture that comprised the rhythmic section before it While the band continues repeating this bar, the drums begin to freely solo (Figure 17) 4
40 Figure 17: The drum solo section This drum solo is loud, chaotic, and the most intense point in the piece This is here things completely fall apart Eventually, the band drops out of the solo section and it is ust solo drums This eventually anes and evaporates into nothing The final section of the piece, the C section, is a cheery, easy-going, catchy tune that is completely unrelated to all of the material that has come before it The idea as, no that everything has fallen apart, to ump through the emergency exit and act as if the earlier sections of the piece had never happened The sharp contrast beteen this section and the to sections preceding it is intentionally funny; it seems like a musical oke to go from a dark, chaotic section to a happy-go-lucky song It is completely 5
41 absurd, holly unrelated, and yet utterly explainable through the Joker s insistence that, [y]ou can ust step outside, and close the door on all those dreadful things that happened You can lock them aay forever 6
42 We re going to kill each other, aren t e 00 YOU UIVPERST"ANO 1 170N'l' ANT To HUR"r YOU I DON' T WANT EIT"HER OF 1-lS TO E:ND UP f<illiivg THE: OTHER, MAYBE: IT ALL HIN6c5 ON "r0nigh1' MAYBE 1'HI~ I ~ OUR LAST CHANCE TO 6011:1' Tl-!1$ BLOODY M 56 0/JT IF YOu DON'T TAf<IE 11', THEN W 'fi:e LOCKED ONTO A SUIC!Pe COURS e IT DOeSN' T HAVE TO E:ND LIKE: THAT I DON'T K NOW WHAT it WAS THAT BENT YOuR UFE OuT OF SHAPE BUT WHO )<NOW$ Figure 18: Batman confronts the Joker about the path that they are both trapped on 7
43 We re going to kill each other, aren t e is the fourth piece in the suite The title of this piece is a quote of Batman s hich appears both in the beginning and toard the end of The Killing Joke Batman recognizes that he and the Joker are going to continue fighting indefinitely and that their conflict can only end in disaster (Figure 18) He appeals to the Joker to reach some sort of peaceful agreement tice in the comic book, but the Joker cannot agree Batman believes dogmatically in peace, the Joker believes dogmatically in chaos Neither one is really driven to fight, but they are ust uncompromising on their ideologies Batman knos that there is no chance that the Joker ill agree to stop, but his ideals force him to try and extend an olive branch regardless The Joker understands completely hy Batman ants peace, but he cannot accept the peace ithout giving up on his beliefs Without their beliefs, both characters have nothing A ceasefire is impossible; there is no solution I intended for this piece to depict the sadness and complexity of their situation Neither character can compromise their ideals, so the death of at least one of them is inevitable I reused several devices hich I had used in earlier pieces from the suite, but there are a fe ne ideas at play as ell The maority of the piece is based on the fifth mode of melodic minor, a mixolydian scale ith a flat 6 I used this scale to compose the B section of Bruce This mode sounds istful and sorroful to me, so it as extremely useful to depict the inevitable demise of one or both main characters 8
44 Figure 19: The A section features a piano ostinato, a bass pedal, and a melody in the guitar The A section of the piece is built around a piano ostinato (Figure 19) This ostinato is made of a maor sixth hich collapses in to make a minor sixth This is accompanied by a C pedal in the bass and a melody in the guitar These parts are only meant to introduce the mode of C mixolydian 6 and establish an atmosphere It is really more of an introduction than an A section, but thinking of it as an A section is useful for analyzing hat happens later in the piece The B section of the piece is comprised of the same texture The guitar plays a melody, the bass plays root notes, and the piano plays an ostinato No, hoever, the harmony of the ostinato changes slightly in each bar to impart chord changes (Figure 20) I have also added a counter melody to be played by the saxophone The B section repeats once, and the counter melody is only played the second time The energy at the end of the B section is quite a bit higher simply as a result of this tenor melody addition the second time through 9
45 Figure 20: The B section introduces a counter melody as ell as chord changes The chord changes introduced in the B section are somehat nonfunctional There is no common key center that explains them, nor are they typical of functional harmony Instead, the logic of the changes is explained by the bass note motion I anted a sense of randomness ith the chord changes themselves, but also a sense of expected motion, a sense of inevitability I anted the listener to kno here things ere going, even if it did not make sense ho they ere getting there I decided on having a bass line hich chromatically moves donard from C until the end of a phrase, here it ould cycle back to C in traditional V-I motion Figure 20 shos the first four measures of the eight measures hich make up the B section Notice that the bass notes move donard Also, notice that I refrained from using sevenths of any sort 40
46 in the chord changes (Figure 20) I anted the clarity of triads in this piece, and I especially anted to avoid the tritones in dominant seventh chords The transition after the B section into the solo section is based on the A section The only difference from the original A section is that I thickened up the texture by adding a loer structure to the piano part This section decrescendos a great deal into the solo section so that there is plenty of dynamic room to build in the solo The solo section is split into to parts based on the previous A and B sections of the piece The first part of the solo, based on the A section, is an open section ith no ritten melody or bass material Only the piano has ritten material, a continuation of the ostinato that it has been playing for the entire piece Everyone else is merely given a C7 1 chord and instructions to start quietly This section is very open to improvisation and ill only ork ith a group of very tight-knit musicians ho are capable of building a cohesive musical atmosphere together 41
47 Figure 21: The first part of the solo section is very open for improvisation as a group This section eventually leads into the second part of the solo section, based on the B section of the piece This section uses the same chord changes and ostinato as the original B section, but the melody is obviously missing so that improvisers can create a ne one (Figure 21) By using the same harmonic background for the solos as for the original statement of the melody, I hoped to create a piece that felt cohesive and ellconstructed The goal as to create an atmosphere that sounded bitterseet and sad Leaning heavily on both C7 1 for the A section and donard bass motion ith triads on top for the B section helped me accomplish that 42
48 The solo section eventually inds don and leads to a C section This section is made using a bass pedal on C, ethereal, atmospheric drums playing out of time, and a call and response beteen the guitar and tenor/piano (Figure 22) These melodies are based on C mixolydian 6, though there is a little chromaticism to increase tension Figure 22: The call and response based C section I anted to have a call and response section for symbolic purposes The piece is, at its core, about Batman and the Joker being unable to reconcile their different beliefs despite the fact that both characters are born of very similar circumstances A call and response alloed me to present to different melodies that could have very much in common, ork harmoniously together, and yet still never resolve in a typical ay Instead, I have the to melodies get more and more chromatic until they eventually form a tense, gruesome sounding chord, and then release into a perfect fifth Not maor, not happy, but more resigned than anything else The piece ends (fittingly) in the same 4
49 ay that it began, a bass pedal, and ostinato from the piano, and a melody from the guitar in C mixolydian 6 I ended the piece ith the same material as the introduction because it created a sense of inevitability Nothing has changed, but the listener has a deeper understanding of the situation no One Bad Day The final piece in the suite is One Bad Day This piece is a reprise of all of the themes presented in the rest of the suite I anted to have a piece that represented the entire comic as a hole, rather ust pieces that represent components of the plot As a result, this piece is longer than the others and contains more contrasting sections than most of the others It is a kind of summary, a bit of everything that the suite has to offer combined into one finale One Bad Day is comprised of four sections: A, B, C, and D With one exception, these sections are distinctly different in terms of emotional content and atmosphere The A section is subdued and cool, the B section is chromatic and comical, the C section is minor like the A section, but more open and melodic Lastly, the D section is a reprise of the B section The A section is a cool and dark There s an ostinato in B minor in the bass as ell as the lo end of the piano In addition, tenor sax and guitar have a unison melody over the ostinato After I establish this atmosphere for sixteen measures a fe things change First of all, I introduce drums and change the tenor/guitar melody to something more rhythmically active I also start having the ostinato in the piano/bass parts occur 44
50 more rapidly and move around to imply different harmonies All of these things add to the energy of the piece and bring the intensity up Figure 2: The transition from the first part of the A section to the second part Things get much more rhythmically active at measure 17 This section of the piece as simply meant to establish the general tone of the comic book The comic starts ith a series of panels that depict rain, the gates of Arkham asylum, nighttime, and Batman moving silently through shados I anted to create this general kind of atmosphere so that the rest of the piece ould have a dark, rainy context The sparse, opening sixteen measures do a good ob of establishing the lonely feeling in first panels of the comic, and the rhythmic section after measure seventeen helps build the intensity naturally so that the next, more energetic B section is less arring (Figure 2) The B section of One Bad Day is disointed and chromatic This section as supposed to be an overvie of all the chaos and humor that the Joker represents The B 45
51 section begins ith a fe transitional measures that bridge the gap beteen the A section and the actual meat of the B section (Figure 24) Figure 24: The intro of the B section is sparse and akard sounding Notice that the guitar/tenor play a chromatic figure one beat behind the piano/bass This transitional section of the piece eventually lands us squarely in the B section hich is based on a stride piano pattern, but highly chromatic and tense sounding (Figure 25) The piano is playing a tense stride figure based on the mode that made up so much of We're going to kill each other, aren't e, C mixolydian 6 Above this, tenor and guitar are playing a highly chromatic melody ith lots of eighth notes and syncopations The bass is also playing syncopations underneath all of this The bass part, like the piano part, is based on C mixolydian 6 46
52 Figure 25: The bulk of the B section looks like this The piano and bass are based on C mixolydian 6, but the melody is simply chromatic The B section also features the first solo section of the piece This solo section is interesting for a fe reasons First, it is a dual solo beteen the guitar and tenor saxophone I chose to have to instruments solo at the same time because I anted the section to feel chaotic The soloists are free to interact ith each other and spin ideas off of one another, but they can ust as easily go off on their on and have nothing to do ith each other I anted this randomness and all of the clutter of trying to have multiple musicians improvise simultaneously 47
53 Figure 26: The first solo section of One Bad Day I kept the bass and piano on their repeating stride-based pattern The drums are free to improvise and accompany the tenor and the guitar Perhaps the most interesting aspect of the solo section is that instead of riting chord changes or instructions to play in a specific mode, I rote out a chord voicing (Figure 26) This voicing is based in the same mode as the bass and piano parts, C mixolydian 6, but by riting out a C7 1 add 11 voicing instead of ust a mode name, I as trying to lead improvisers to certain conclusions about hat I anted the solo to be For instance, by riting out this specific chord voicing, I anted the improvisers to notice the half step beteen G and A I also anted them to think about the high F above the rest of the chord The idea as to make them think of playing ide intervallic passages (An 11th, from root to top note), landing 48
54 on strange notes (F, in the key of C), focusing on strange intervals (the minor 2nd beteen G and A ), and in general not be tied don the accepted method of playing modally in azz music "Modal" is a loaded term in azz Oftentimes, azz musicians see a modal solo section and instantly assume a historical set of emotional and technical parameters are in place This is because musicians ho are monumentally important in the history of azz and improvising, such as John Coltrane and McCoy Tyner, essentially codified modal playing While my music is undeniably influenced by these musicians, I anted my improvisers to approach this solo more based on odd sounding intervals instead of ust assuming that "modal" meant they should emulate the movable 7sus4 practices of John Coltrane Coltrane and Tyner developed an extremely advanced harmonic approach to modal playing that as based mostly in perfect fifths, perfect fourths, and maor seconds Through constructing melodies and voicings based on these perfect intervals, these musicians developed a very crisp, angular sounding approach to modal music that has all but defined modal azz for the last half century I as intrigued by the more dissonant intervals present in C mixolydian 6, so rather than call the section modal and thus bringing up the historical connotations of Coltrane s playing on My Favorite Things, I gave the improvisers a chord voicing comprised mostly of dissonant intervals My intention as to lead the improviser to a different kind of improvisational language than the precedent set by Coltrane and his cohorts The B section ends quickly after the dual tenor/guitar solo The C section that follos it is a sad, much more depressing and tragic section than anything else in the piece The idea here as to depict the fact that The Killing Joke is, at its heart, a 49
55 tragedy This section is simpler and less chaotic than the B section, but also much more grave and minor The C section is composed in both C Phrygian and F minor (Figure 27) Piano plays chord to outline the harmony, the bass improvises a bass line to fit the chordal decisions of the pianist, and the guitar plays a simple minor melody, based mostly on triads After a short statement of this melody, the second solo of the piece takes place This solo section is composed using similar chord changes as the rest of the C section, a mix of F minor 11 chords, C Phrygian chords, and E triads over a D bass note, all in lead sheet notation rather than specific voicings Figure 27: Part of the second solo section Guitar improvises a solo hile the piano and bass accompany Once the solo has ended, the guitar takes the melody of the C section again, though this time it is accompanied by a counter melody ritten for tenor saxophone This counter melody is simple and composed using intervals that sound consonant ith 50
56 the guitar melody Its only purpose is to thicken the texture a small amount and add variety so that the listener does not get the impression that they are hearing the exact same material for the second time Adding a counter melody is a significant texture change in a band consisting of only five instruments This solemn section eventually hits a fairly loud, brutal transition into a ne section The D section of One Bad Day is a recapitulation of the B section, but ith some subtle yet important changes The B section as composed to be chaotic and random sounding; it does not resolve The D section is at the end of the piece though, so it as important to me to have a resolution that left the listener feeling satisfied rather than stuck ith a cliff hanger In the comic book, Alan Moore resolves things by acknoledging that there is not going to be a clean solution to the problem that Batman and the Joker face They are doomed to keep fighting until either or both of them are dead As a result, the resolution of the story is not so much a resolution, more of a making-peace-ith-the-ay-things-are For this reason, I thought it ould be good to end the piece ith a revisiting of the chaotic and random sounding B section 51
57 Figure 28: This is part of the B section Notice that the melody in tenor/guitar moves up ith a high degree of chromaticism The B section is ritten to sound unsettled and random Figure 28 shos a section of the original B section hich features an atonal melody in the tenor/guitar This phrase ends on a C, despite the fact that everything else is based in C mixolydian 6 and C clashes ith this mode horribly This melody makes a comeback in the D section, but it is slightly different 52
58 Figure 29: The same phrase as figure 28, as it appears in the D section of the piece This time, the melody does not climb up ith a high degree of chromaticism Instead, the melody goes into a sequence hich moves don, diatonically, until it lands on C This treatment of the melody is much more pleasant and resolves comfortably (Figure 29) The end of the comic book is brilliant because it dras attention to the inner struggle in the Joker On the one hand, he knos that he is acting chaotically and irrationally He believes this to be the only sane response to realizing ho random and cruel the universe is, ho absurd it is to be a human and cling to notions of caring or love or order On the other hand, he is essentially a hipped dog He ants to be cared for, he ants nothing more than to care and love and have his ife and child back The fact that these things ere ripped aay from him is hat drove him to become hat he is Serial killers and super villains are often shon to be sociopathic and unfeeling The brilliance in the Joker is that he has complete empathy for Batman, he understands pain 5
59 deeper than anyone It is not that he causes pain ithout knoing hat he does, it is that he believes the universe is cold and uncaring, and pain is ultimately all that human beings can hope for He has resolved to simply go ith the flo rather than resist it any more This haunts him, so he copes by making okes I anted the end of the piece to not simply be chromatic and random Many authors have ritten the Joker as a one dimensional serial killer ith no motivations I did not ant to be one of those authors Instead, I anted to hint at the empathy that the Joker feels, his understanding of the tragedy that human beings are all a part of, as ell as his resolution to simply be irrational I decided that a good ay to do this ould be to revisit the chaotic material from the B section, but to rerite it, keeping some of the chaos, but also acknoledging hat the listeners actually ant to hear: a resolution The very end of the piece is a good ay of illustrating hat I mean by all this Figure 0: The last six measures of the piece 54
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What is Extendable Ladders Mod 1.10.2, 1.10, 1.9.4, 1.9, 1.8.9, 1.8, 1.7.10
Extendable Ladders Mod is a wonderful mod that allows Minecraft players to own two ladder types that are easy to place and remove, even across open space.
The picture below shows the left ladder is a rope ladder. Once activated, it will remove additional role ladders from your inventory to build downwards until it either meets a non-air block or when you run out of ladders. The rope ladder can only be removed from the top-most block.
On the right side is the Extending Ladder, once activated it will eliminate additional extending ladders from your inventory to build upwards until it either meets a non-air block, a solid block it can rest on, or when you run out of ladders. Can only be removed from the top-most or bottom-most block.
All used blocks will be returned when broken.
The ladders render correctly from both sides (unlike the vanilla ladder which expects that there's a solid block behind it).
(The "pulley rope" for the extending ladder has altered since the screenshots to be significantly less wav.)
Both of the ladders is fully functional and modifiable. Use them wisely in constructing and building to create wonders of your own.
Crafting recipes:
Extendable Ladders Mod installing instruction:
- Download and install Minecraft Forge
- Download the mod.
- Head to %appdata%.
- Head to .minecraft/mods folder.
- Drag and put the downloaded jar (zip) file into it.
- If it does not exist, you can create one.
- Finish
Download links
Download Extendable Ladders Mod for Minecraft 1.7.10:
Mods for Minecraft 1.8 (updating)
Mods for Minecraft 1.9 (updating)
For minecraft 1.9.4 (updating)
Mods For minecraft 1.10 (updating)
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