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Manasa Mangal, (Bipradas Pipalai 1545 AD) a medieval Bengali classic about the serpent-goddess Manasa. These stories related to mythology are the main elemnets of the Pat-chitra culture.
Patuas, like the kumars, started out in the village tradition as painters of scrolls or pats telling the popular mangal stories of the gods and goddesses. For generations these scroll painters or patuas have gone from village to village with their scrolls or pat singing stories in return for money or food. Many come from the different villages of Bengal. The pats or scrolls are made of sheets of paper of equal or different sizes which are sown together and painted with ordinary poster paints. Originally they would have been painted on cloth and used to tell religious stories such as the medieval mangal poems. Today they may be used to comment on social and political issues such as the evils of cinema or the promotion of literacy.
Mangal kavyas are auspicious poems dedicated to rural deities and appear as a distinctive feature of medieval Bengali literature. Mangals can still be heard today in rural areas of West Bengal often during the festivals of the deities they celebrate, for example Manasa puja in the rainy season during July-August when the danger of snake bite is at its peak. Interestingly, it is the mangal stories connected with this particular art form that provide us with some of the earliest clues about the worship of clay images in Bengal.
The two most famous poems in this respect are the Chandi Mangal and the Manasa Mangal. In the Chandi Mangal of the Bengali poet Mukundarama Chakravarti (16th c), known as Kavikankana, the village goddess Chandi takes on the form of the Puranic deity Mahisasuramarddini (Durga) before the startled eyes of the hunter Kalketu and his wife.
Chandika took the form of Mahisasuramarddini In eight directions the Ashtanayikas shone forth
Her right foot rested on the back of a lion
Her left foot on the back of the demon Mahisha
With her left hand she held Mahisha's hair
With her right hand she placed her trident in his chest
On her left side shone her matted locks
Her headress encompassed the whole circle of the sky
Bracletes and armlets adorned her ten arms
In this form she receives puja from the whole world
A noose, a goad, bell, mace and bow
These five weapons gleam in her five left hands
A sword, discus, trident, spear and brightly-shining arrows
In her right hands gleam these weapons
To her left is Karttikeya, to her right Ganesa
Above, Shiva rides on the head of a bull
To her right is Laksmi, to the left Sarasvati
Facing her, deities sing various hymns
Her limbs outshine molten gold
The colour of her three eyes outcolours blue lotuses
And her face outshines the autumnal moon.
(Kavikankana Chandi)
What this mangal poem hints at is that the style of Durga images seen today in the clay images of Bengal was already popular in the 16th c. Durga is popularised as the beleagured wife of the farmer god Shiva. She may be the mighty awe-inspiring goddess who kills demons, but she is also the compassionate mother or Ma and the devoted daughter who returns home during the autumnal festival of Durgotsava. Throughout mangal literature, the village deities are shown as very accessible figures who communicate freely with mortals and share their griefs and delights.
Tha main part of the mangal concerns the fate of Lakhindar and his bride Behula. Manasa warns that Lakhindar will die on their wedding night. So Chando has an iron room built to keep out any snakes that might kill his only son. However, Manasa persuades the architect to leave a gap big enough for one of her deadliest snakes to squeeze through at night and bite Lakhindar as he sleeps. Behula wakes up too late to help her newly-wed husband.
In this pat the snake goddess Manasa sends a poisonous snake to kill the hero Lakhindar while his wife Behula looks on helplessly. The iron room made to protect them on their wedding night proves useless.
The distraught Behula scolds Chando for his quarrel with Manasa and returns her wedding gifts. Instead of cremating her husband's body and scattering his ashes in the river as is the Hindu custom, she sets off downriver in a desperate bid to persuade to gods to revive her husband so that she avoids the fate of being made a young widow
Manasa pat shows how Behula sets off downriver on a raft made of banana bark carrying her husband's corpse on her lap hoping to persuade the gods to revive Lakhindar. On the way she meets the fisherman Goda who taunts her but Behula replies that she worships only the mother Manasa and she floats off again downstream. Further on, she visits the city of the gods where she meets the gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva who are impressed by her skills as a dancer and washerwoman to the gods. Shiva decides to persuade Manasa to revive Lakhindar and his six brothers in return for persuading Chando to worship the snake goddess.
The Snake Litanies
About ten kilometers to the south of Rangpur, in the village of Fatehpur the widows have a tradition of singing these songs about Manasa, or snakes. It is said that not everybody can appreciate this art. After receiving the letter from my friend Nurunnabi Shanto, I got the strong desire to go and see this performance by the widows. I was particularly excited because I had never before seen women perform this Manasa Mangal ritual. And yet, Manasa naturally seems like a woman's territory. But in the performances that I had seen before, there were no actual women. The female roles were played by men. So why were the women of Rangpur an exception? A hundred possible explanations came to my mind; I couldn't decide. I couldn't wait to visit Fatehpur village. But the first thing on my pre-set itinerary was visiting Pirojpur, Bagerhat. My Rangpur trip then, had to come later.
Behula is the heroine in the Bangla epic of Manasamangal. Manasamangal was written between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries. Though its religious purpose is that to glorify the Hindu goddess of Manasa, it is more well known for depicting the love story of Behula and her husband Lakhindar. Lakhindar's father angers Manasa, who causes Lakhindar to be bitten by a snake on his wedding night, though he and Behula are enclosed in an iron made house. Behula sails alone with her husband's dead body on a boat. She finally appeases the goddess and brings Lakhindar back to life. Behula continues to fascinate the Bengali mind, both in Bangladesh and West Bengal. She is often seen as the archetypal Bengali woman, full of love and courage.
Royani:Royani is the music of Manasas. It is the music of Behula." At Meeradi's words I come back to the topic of Manasa, she seemed to make perfect sense. Of course, the songs were about the two women- Manasa and Behula. Both of these women have had to overcome many obstacles to be well respected in society. Men do not understand the pain and anguish these women have had to go through. One woman has many forms-the mother, the daughter, the sister.The whole performance was about the self-image and self-perception of these women. In that way, the show was kind of autobiographical.
The whole performance is about singing and dancing. And throughout the performance the women of the whole village tirelessly performed the whole night, but in a manner as mundane as their lives. There were no frills. It seemed as though the show was inseparable from their lives- it was nothing special. For these women, performing is not much different from doing everyday chores like cooking. They all routinely get up to make rafts out of tree trunks as if they have done this many times before. Behula and Lakhshmindar get up on the raft and sail off. Lakhshimdar had been bitten, and bite victims must be put on a raft and sent away. Behula accompanied him as a perfectly virtuous wife. At this point in the performance, we feel the pain of Behula. The story of Behula is well known in Bangladesh. But this performance opens ones eyes to other things. Other sociocultural aspects come through in the way the performance unfolds, that one cannot understand from just casually hearing about the story. My experience at Rangpur was unique. The evening did shed light on the lives of these women, what songs mean to them and their lives (Simon Zakaria, Daily Star, July 21, 2007).
...The Bridal Chamber of Behula is stand in the south 2 k.m. from Mohaastan garh, Rangpur, Bangladesh.
4. A tradition which ridicules the clash of civilisations
The Legend of Gazi
Gazi Pir was a Muslim saint who is said to have spread the Islamic religion in Bengal. According to local myth, he could control dangerous animals and make them harmless and gentle. He is shown riding a fearsome Bengal tiger while holding a poisonous snake in his hand without coming to any danger. He also battled with the crocodiles who were a constant threat to the people of the area called the Sunderbans, the watery jungle where the river Ganges meets the sea. Through his influence over all of these animals, he is said to have made it possible for people to live and farm in that jungle and people still pray to him to protect them while they go about their daily chores.
When we talk about patchitra, first of all, the images of Kalighater pats come in our mind. This genre of painting developed in the nineteenth century which flourished in the market places around the Kalighat Mandir on the bank of the Ganges in Kolkata. But according some historians, older than the Kalighater pat were Gazir pats which most probably emerged around the 16th century. Unlike the Kalighater pat, the uniqueness of Gazir pat is of profound importance and influence in the history of painting and literature in Bengal both in subject and form. The scroll paintings of Gazir pat (pat meaning cloth), present the valour of legendary figure Gazi Pir, who was respected and worshiped as a warrior-saint.
Gazir Pir is not mentioned in history, according to some scholars, the Muslim saint Gazi, might have appeared around the 15th century and seemed to be related to the rise of Sufism in Bengal. Islam Gazi, a Muslim general, served Sultan Barbak (1459-74) in Delhi and conquered Orissa and Kamrup (now Assam). Towards the end of the 16th century, Shaikh Faizullah praised the valour and spiritual qualities of this general in his verse Gazi Bijoy, the victory of Gazi.
To the worshipers of Gazi, this warrior-saint protected his devotees from attacks of wild animals and demons in the forests. In Bangladesh, particularly, in the regions of the Sundarban, the story and images of Gazi Pir had earned much popularity among the forest dwellers, like woodcutters, beekeepers and others. These communities still believe in the supernatural powers of the Pir and utter his name when they venture in to the forest.
Gazi is worshiped as the protector against demons and harmful deities
In the plains, Gazi is worshiped as the protector against demons and harmful deities and saves them from all sorts of dangers. The villagers usually call the gayens or folksingers, who know the story of Gazi Pir to sing the saint? praise
The singers·preaching created a demand for the pats among the devotees, irrespective of caste, creed and community and the pats had gained a huge popularity in the rural areas across the country, in the early years. Traditionally, the singers were Muslims while the patuas belonged to the Hindu religion. Sadly, at present, this combined form of art, paintings on pats and rendering of Gazir praise, has lost its purpose as a savoir from evil.
Until the recent past, the narration of the story of Gazi Pir with the help of a Gazir pat was a popular form of entertainment in rural areas, especially in greater Dhaka, Mymensingh, Sylhet, Comilla, Noakhali, Faridpur, Jessore, Khulna and Rajshahi.
Gazir pat has specific images painted on a single canvas which have remained unchanged through the centuries. These images have been honoured as sacred symbols of good omen. There are twenty seven panels in a traditional Gazir pat, which measures 60 inches X 22 inches. The ankaiya (painter) follows the traditional styles in depicting the images. In the twenty-seven panels, the ankiya draws the images of a shimul tree; a cow; drum to depict triumph of Kalu Gazi; sawdagar or merchant; a deer being slaughtered; Asha or hope, the symbol of Gazi; Kahelia; Andura and Khandura; tiger; umbrella in the hand of Gazi disciple; Suk and Sari birds sitting on the umbrella; Lakhmi; charka, the spinning wheel; two witches; goala or milkman; mother of the goala; a cow and a tiger; an old woman beautifying herself; Baksila; Ganga; Jamdut; Kaldut; mother of Jam raja; and in the centre Gazi riding on a tiger. The singer or singers narrate sometimes the night long story, pointing at the characters, which appear in the twenty seven panels of the pat.
Red and blue are the two pigments mainly used in the pats. There are slight variations of colour, with crimson and pink from red, and grey and sky-blue from blue. Every figure is flat and two-dimensional. In order to bring in variety, various abstract designs (such as diagonal, vertical and horizontal lines and small circles) are often used. Trees, Gazi mace, the tasbih or prayer beads, birds, deer, hookahs etc, are extremely stylised. The figures of Gazi, his disciples Kalu and Manik Pir, Jama (the Hindu god of death) messengers, etc appear rigid and lifeless. Though there is no attempt at realism in the images of Gazir pats, the sort of painting has a time value as primitive work.
Gazir Gan songs to a legendary saint popularly known as Gazi Pir. Gazi songs were particularly popular in the districts of faridpur, noakhali, chittagong and sylhet. They were performed for boons received or wished for, such as for a child, after a cure, for the fertility of the soil, for the well-being of cattle, for success in business, etc. Gazi songs would be presented while unfurling a scroll depicting different events in the life of Gazi Pir. On the scroll would also be depicted the field of Karbala, the Ka'aba, Hindu temples, etc. Sometimes these paintings were also done on earthenware pots.
The lead singer or gain, wearing a long robe and a turban, would twirl an asa and move about in the performance area and sing. He would be accompanied by drummers, flautists and four or five dohars or choral singers, who would sing the refrain.
Gazi songs were preceded by a bandana or hymn, sung by the main singer. He would sing: 'I turn to the east in reverence to Bhanushvar (sun) whose rise brightens the world. Then I adore Gazi, the kind-hearted, who is saluted by Hindus and Mussalmans'. Then he would narrate the story of Gazi's birth, his wars with the demons and the evil spirits, as well as his rescue of a merchant at sea.
Although Gazi Pir was a Muslim, his followers included people from other religious communities as well. Many Gazi songs point out how people who did not respect him were punished. At least one song narrates how Gazi Pir saved the peasantry from the oppression of a zamindar. Another song describes how a devotee won a court case. In Gazi songs spiritual and material interests are often intertwined. The audience give money in charity in the name of Gazi Pir. This genre of songs is almost extinct in Bangladesh today. [Ashraf Siddiqui]
The tradition of Gazir pat can be traced back to the 7th century. It is also possible that the scroll paintings of Bangladesh are linked to the traditional pictorial art of continental India of the pre-Buddhist and pre-Ajanta epochs, and of Tibet, Nepal, China and Japan of later times.
5. Civilisations are built on the exchange and encounter of different cultural traditions
One of the most striking exhibits in the current British Museum exhibition Myths of Bengal is the beautiful Gazi scroll - not just for its rich colours and vivid figures, but because it illustrates the enriching coexistence of two of the world's great faiths. Images of Hindus making puja offerings are juxtaposed with those of Muslims making similar offerings at the tombs of their saints (pirs). It shows how a remarkable, syncretic culture emerged in which the tombs of many pirs became places of pilgrimage for both Hindus and Muslims.
The syncretism is also evident in the Bengali tradition of bauls, itinerant singers who came from both faiths and used the same songs, full of the yearning of the humble man for God. These songs were a great inspiration to the Bengali Hindu poet Rabindranath Tagore (whose paintings are also on show at the British Museum) and expressed the same sentiments found in both religious traditions. The national anthems of the predominantly Muslim country of Bangladesh and the predominantly Hindu country of India were both written by Tagore.
In his most recent book, Identity and Violence, Amartya Sen, a Bengali, describes how civilisations are built on the exchange and encounter of different cultural traditions. It is both an impoverishment and a deeply dangerous development to recast the identity of regions in terms of just one faith. He cites Tagore, who described his family background as a "confluence of three cultures, Hindu, Mohammedan and British".
Bengal has been one of the world's great melting pots, perhaps the place where east has met west for the longest period of settled coexistence. For more than 200 years it was at the heart of Britain's power in India, and Calcutta was the second city of the British empire. British rule brought shocking misgovernment, such as the Bengal famine of 1943 and economic exploitation, but it also brought western ideas, producing a vibrant cultural life in the 19th century.
Vestiges of the syncretism survive, despite the fact that West Bengal is now largely Hindu, and Bangladesh Muslim, but the process of erosion grinds on. In both countries, wealthier diasporas exacerbate the sharpening of antagonistic religious identities. The faith of huge numbers of Bangladeshi migrant workers now owes more to a global Islam influenced by Saudi Arabia than to Bengal's traditional Sufism. Upward social mobility in the villages of Sylhet - the region from which most British Bangladeshis come - is associated with a rejection of the folkloric piety in which even Bengal's pre-Islamic Buddhism was discernible.
Looking at the Gazi scroll, one cannot but conclude that the past offers more enlightened models of living with difference than we are achieving.
We need to be reminded - and inspired - by the history of places such as Bengal so that we can guard against the easy simplification that human beings can be parcelled into discrete civilisational categories based on faith. Some of the world's richest cultural traditions are the legacy of the interaction of several faiths (Madeleine Bunting Wednesday November 29, 2006,The Guardian) .
6.Save 'Patachitra' 'scroll painting'- Our National Heritage
'Patachitra' or 'scroll painting', one of the age-old forms of popular art, has existed in Bangladesh since the 12th century. These patas depicted scenes from religious stories and cultural myths and themes from life in rural Bangladesh. Shambhu Acharya, a 'patachitra' artist from Bikrampur has in recent years received the attention and appreciation from a few art lovers and cultural activists. Shambhu Acharya was born in 1954. His father was Patua Shudhir Chandra Acharya and mother was Kalpana Bala Acharya who herself was an Alpona painter. His family has been practising patachitra for more than 400 years. The themes of their paintings include stories of Gazir Pata Sree Krishna, Muharram, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Manasha Mangal, Rass Leela and also various others themes from our local folk culture.
He uses all local materials for his paintings. For the canvas, Shambhu uses 'markin' cloth and the age-old techniques. The cloth is first layered with mud or cowdung and dried, it's then layered again with a paste made from tamarind seeds and powder of brick and chalk. Thus, surfaces of the patachitra canvas which is called 'doli' is prepared. This canvas lasts for ages.
For making his colour he uses black ink made from the smoke of lamp flames, zinc oxide, vermilion, egg yolk, the sticky juice of wood apples, sabu dana and various kinds of earth colour such as gopi mati,tilok mati, dheu mati, ela mati and raja neel (blue).
Unfortunately this recognition has mostly been confined to only a few connoisseurs of art living in the capital city and some places abroad where he held exhibitions, while most people of his own country know very little about Shambhu Acharya and the thousands of years' old art form that his family has been practising for more than 400 years.
The earliest 'patuas' (as the artists of scroll paintings are called) usually took the themes for their paintings from the Mahabharata, Ramayana, various legends, myths and religious stories , and later expanded the range by including many popular and secular stories of the land. One of the most popular themes of the 'patachitra' was the Gazi's Pat depicting the courageous deeds and conquests of Ismail Gazi, a Muslim general who served the Sultan Barbak in the 15th century.
Patachitra, like many other popular folk art of Bengal such as pottery, the weaving of the Muslin and i, and jatra, was practised in families through generation after generation. The skills and the commitment to the art form were handed down from fathers to their sons.
Shambhu Acharya, the patua, comes from such a long line of dedicated patuas of Bikrampur. His family has been working in this art form for the last eight generations. But it's only the art of Shambhu, the 9th generation of patuas, which has recently come to the limelight. The modern urban people of today are striving to find the roots of their traditional culture. Perhaps this well help to establish the art of patachitra once again with all its glory and popularity'.
It is amazing to think how a family has been struggling to practise this art form in a place like Bikrampur for so many generations. There are many artists like Shambhu Acharya about whom very few of us know. It is our responsibility to search for and promote such talents in any field anywhere (Daily Star, September 16, 2006).
7. Save Traditional Bengali Dolls- Our National Heritage
Like the rural folk-painters and potters of Bengal, Jamini Roy used cheap indigenous pigments for his art to make them within the reach of the affluent as well as the poor. Like the pata-painters of Bengal he proposed his own paintings from indigenous materials like lampblack, chawk-powder, leaves and creepers. Even today, modern paintings of Jamini Roy, executed in the ideal of folk-pata paintings and dolls, attract the connoisseur's eyes as well as the teeming multitude
A figurine of a dancing girl was discovered at Mohenjodaro. Excavations elsewhere have unearthed clay dolls, very similar to the mother goddess figures that village women form even today with a soft lump of clay. Dolls have also been unearthed at savar, mainamati, mahasthan and dinajpur in Bangladesh. Apart from human figures, animal and bird forms have also been discovered at these sites.
Clay dolls perhaps emerged from the potter's work of making images of gods and goddesses. These may be shaped by hand or made in moulds. It is easier and quicker to mould dolls. Ornamentation and costumes are drawn by means of pointed sticks. Handmade dolls are not painted, but dried in the sun and fired in kilns.
Moulds for making dolls are generally handed down, though new designs of moulds are also made. Dolls made in moulds are painted in various colours after they are fired. Common colours are white, blue, yellow, green, and black. mymensingh is famous for doll-making as are Savar, dhamrai and Rayerbazar.
Wooden dolls are also traditional and are usually made from kadam, amda, shyaoda, and shimul. Artisans shape the wood into triangular and semi-circular pieces to make the figures of women. The bodies of the dolls are painted as well as their dresses and ornaments. Colours commonly used are yellow, red, green and black. These female dolls are called 'mummy dolls' since they look like Egyptian mummies
Dolls - Our Heritage
by Abanindranath Tagore
Leader of the Revivalist Movement in the field of Modern Indian Painting in Bengal, Abanindranath Tagore is also credited with a key contribution towards ushering in the renaissance in Indian painting. Born on 7th August, 1871, at Jorasanko, at the family residence of the aristocratic Tagores, Abanindranath grew up in a family environment of multi-hued creativity, as the Tagores culturally spearheaded Calcutta in those days.
In 1907, Tagore established the Indian School of Oriental Art and founded 'The Bengal School', which was responsible in pioneering the Bengal Revivalist movement. Under his guidance, a new generation of painters was raised, like Nandalal Bose, Asit Halder, Kshitindranath Majumder and Jamini Roy, S.N.Gupta and a host of others. Nandalal Bose (1882-1966), one of his most outstanding students, revived the study and practice of art in India, later in life.
In his own way, Abanindranath also contributed to the Freedom struggle. Money was raised for the National Fund by singing processions who carried his painting, Bharat Mata, made into a flag. He also contributed handloom cloth from Jessore and Pabna to the swadeshi store. Abanindranath Tagore, regarded as the father of India's modern art, died in 1951
We have dolls as playthings for children; marionettes for play-acting of larger size; life -size, and sometimes larger than life, caricatures, effigies and clowns.
Toy dolls are about span high, thumb long, and smaller, down to the miniature size.
Clay, wood, pith and paper are the materials of which our dolls are made.
Toy dolls are first made in the rough by the potter or carpenter, whereupon the decorator steps in to do up the features and put in the colouring, before they finally find their way to the shops.
The making of idols for worship is much on the same lines.
The potter makes the figure according to tradition, with dress folds, ornaments, and crown, complete.
The decorator then adds the colouring of body, features and robes, the tinsel halo and other appurtenances.
In the case of the play-acting marionettes, the carpenter makes the body and limbs separately, and the play- actor loosely fastens the limbs to the body with strings, so that they may be moved as required.
The dresser follows, colouring and dressing them up, on the eve of the performance, for the parts they are intended to play.
The animals and birds that are to come on the stage are designed by the carpenter on a common pattern, and subsequently made up to suit the occasion…the addition of mane or stripes, for instance, converting the same dummy into lion or tiger.
This kind of co-operation between the several artists is made to serve all the purposes of the play.
There are mainly three kinds of dolls or toys:
Immobile-such as a figure of Ganesh, or a fat woman-figure with a stump in place of legs to be dressed up by the playing child. Partly mobile - such as palm-leaf sepoys with jointed arms and legs jerked into martial attitudes by strings attached to a bamboo spring; pith birds and fishes, dangling on strings from a supporting frame, swaying to the breeze. Toys on wheels - such as clay carts, wooden or metal horses; etc.
Whistling tin birds or squeaking celluloid babies are beyond the resources of our toy makers. Our marionettes go through their movements in obedience to the string-pulling of the play actor and do their squeaking by proxy through his assistant.
A Doll from Bengal
This is a typical wooden doll found all over Bengal. It varies in its decorations and colours in different districts but the form remains the same. This particular one was bought in Kenduli in Birbhum district. The colour of the head, arms and feet is yellow. Upper garment covering the body below the waist is blue and green. The details and decorations of the figure are drawn with black and red thick brush lines.
Mr. Nandalal Bose says it is not possible for him to say when this toy was introduced in Bengal but the back of this toy resembles the back of the stone statues of Vishnu and other gods. He also feels that they somehow look like Egyptian mummy cases. Size of the original doll: 10 inches high x 3 inches wide approx.
Our old doll types are no longer to be seen in all their variety; some have even changed their forms and decorations to suit modern taste. Some idea of the different kinds of dolls or toys that were in use may be gathered from our nursery rhymes. I give a few examples:The Moon Doll: --"Moon on her arms, moons on her feet, a moon on her forehead doth shine." The Car of Thirteen Spires: --"O look sister, how wonderful! The confectioner over the way has made a car with thirteen spires, and a monkey holding the banner." The Nodding Old Man: --"The aged one's head nods and nods, with a myna perched on top." Gopal (Krishna): --"Who says Gopal is flat-faced I have brought clay from Sukhchar to make a straight nose for him. Who says Gopal is dark I have brought turmeric from Patna to make his complexion shine." Animals: --"The Shy Cat", "The Royal Elephant", "The Black and White Cats of Shasthi", etc. There are the Smiling Doll, the Jolly Doll, the Merry Doll, the Crying Doll, and other descriptions…the meanings of which cannot now be traced. There are the Smiling Doll, the Jolly Doll, the Merry Doll, the Crying Doll, and other descriptions…the meanings of which cannot now be traced. A Queen Doll made of fire-wood is still to be seen in Kalighat shops.
The following portion of a fairy tale gives us a picture of the making of a doll queen:
"Four companions were going from one village to another. Dusk fell while they were passing through a wood before their journey's end, and they had to stay the night under a tree. The carpenter's son took the first watch. To while away the time he cut off a branch and carved a woman doll. The decorator's son took the second watch. He shaped the eyes and nose, gave golden colour to the body and rose colour to the palms and soles, and seated the naked doll under the tree. The weaver's son took the third watch and dressed her up, veil and all. The king's son woke last, and in the fourth watch chanted a magic spell, learnt from a holy man, which gave her life; then placing her in a palanquin, he took her away with him."
Gods come on the scene, and engage in a terrific battle with demons, in the course of which the floor is strewn with headless trunks, whereupon all the dolls on the stage register different degrees of alarm; and so on…...
(Source: Visva-Bharati Quarterly, New Series, Vol. I, Part I, May-July, 1935.)
BibliographyGurusaday Dutt, Patuya Sangeet, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, 1939;
Benoy Ghosh, Traditional Arts and Crafts of West Bengal: A Sociological Survey, Papyrus, Calcutta, 1981;
Rajatananda Dasgupta, 'Bharatiya Upamahadeshe Patachitrakala', Bangladesher Lokoshilpa, ed, Syed Mahmudul Hasan, Bangladesh Folk Art and Crafts Foundation, Sonargaon. 1983;
Tofail Ahmad, 'Patuya Sudhir Acharya', Karushilpi Purashkar, Bangladesh Jatiya Karushilpa Parishad, Dhaka, 1989.
Jasim Uddin, Thakur Barir Aginay, Grantho Prakash, Kolkata, 1963
Visva-Bharati Quarterly
Last modified: January 22, 2008


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Acupuncutre is an ancient Chinese medical practice that may seem a little odd at first....
Acupunture uses the insertion of needles all over your body to ease pain!
(Seems a little backwards, huh?)
And don't worry.....
The needles don't hurt.
The Chinese believed that Yin was the negative female element of the universe, with Yang being the positive male element. These two forces are in constant tension, and it's within the tension that Qi is formed (Stux and Pomeranz 74).
The Chinese believed that Qi is an energy source that flows through your body in channels. Qi is the source and cause of all movement, voluntary and involuntary (Stux and Pomeranz 75). It protects the body from external dangers that could lead to illness. Protective Wei Qi mostly found at the surface of the skin.
According to the Chinese theory, most illnesses are a disturbance of the flow of Qi in the body (Stux and Pomeranz 76). A disturbance can be an excess Qi or a lack of Qi. A blockage of Qi in the channels and organs can be another cause of sickness.
When the flow of Qi is disturbed, the most prominent symptom is pain (Stux and Pomeranz 77). This is because, without Qi, you cannot function normally. Everything is directed by Qi, even mental activity and body heat.
An excess of energy leads to the organ systems overworking (Stux and Pomeranz 76). These are known as Shi or Yang conditions. Symptoms are inner uneasiness, cramp-type pain, and overexcitement.
When there isn't enough QI in the body (deficiency), these conditions are known as a weakness in the Qi, causing the organs to malfunction. The Chinese named these conditions "Xu conditions". Some symptoms include being cold, low blood pressure, and general weakness. Illness that can be the result of this are of the degenerative kind, like old age or depression.
The Chinese believed that the needles would help restore the Qi back to its former state of balance and ease the pain or cure the illness.
But how is acupuncutre performed?
First the patient must be lying down in a comfortable position (Stux and Pomeranz 203).
Then 1-20 thin needles are inserted in the skin, and left for 15-30 minutes.
The needles are always solid, because nothing is ever injected.
The needles are held vertically between the thumb on one side, and the other fingers on the other side.
The middle finger guides the needle and stops the needle from bending while being inserted.
There are two types of insertion, fast and slow.
They are just as they sound, with fast insertion being when the needle is quickly inserted and slow insertion being when the needle is slowly inserted.
Slow insertion is known to cause more pain, so most practitioners use slow fast insertion, which significantly reduces pain.
One way that the acupuncturist can diagnose the problem is by looking at your tongue. Weird as it may seem, the size, shape, color, and coating of your tongue can reflect internal issues. For example, when you get a cold, the coating on your tongue may increase.
When the needle is inserted, patients feel a sensation called Dei Qi by the Chinese. Which can be described as feeling numb, cold, hot, or sore. The sensation is never felt in the exact same place for each patient, and it can also depend on where the needle was inserted. Often the sensation has been described as traveling along a channel (Stux and Pomeranz 204).
Even though many western doctors and scientists doubted using acupuncture as a pain-relieving method, today acupuncture is used more widely around the world. It is estimated that over a million practioners use acupuncture outside of China. (Stux and Pomeranz 2). Arguably, the most important step for use of acupuncture outside of China was in 1996, when the Us Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) decided to reclassify acupuncture. Before, the FDA had put acupuncture in Class three (Class 1 being safe and effective, Class 2 being safe and effective but needing special labeling with instructions, Class 3 being devices that require investigation). In Class 3, it could only be used for research purposes, like a hospital lab. In 1996, the FDA moved the needle to Class 2, meaning it can be used, but only by those liscensed, and with special care (Stux and Pomeranz 3).
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subset: commoncrawl


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July 9, 2018
8 Foodie Spots In West Chester You Need To Try
Food is the great gateway to good conversations and bold ideas, to building community and the sharing of lives. Food breaks down barriers and creates natural connection points. Food says there's room for everyone at the table.
In Fig style, we celebrate the bakers and makers, flavor pioneers and restaurateurs who are bringing the tastes of the season to downtown West Chester. So grab some friends, take a seat, and experience all of the delicious flavors our town has to offer.
Here are 8 delicious destinations you don't want to miss.
Our Pick: The Blueberry Cheesecake Gelato featuring homemade pie crust and blueberry compote — all made completely from scratch.
Where: 12 West Market St.
Iron Hill Brewery & Restaurant
Our Pick: Korean Barbecue Glazed Chicken Wings with sweet spicy sauce, scallions, sesame seeds, and kimchi-style slaw.
Where: 3 West Gay St.
Carlino's Market
Our Pick: Items from the Summer Outdoor Catering Menu like Grilled Flank Steak, Corn Salad, and Strawberry Shortcake Cups.
Where: 128 West Market St.
Cookie Dope
Our Pick: The Waffle Ice Cream Sandwich or the Confetti Cookie Dough.
Where: 28 South High St.
The Master's Baker
Our Pick: Themed custom cake bites for your outing or event.
Where: 319 West Gay St.
Saloon 151
Our Pick: Off the Seasonal Menu try The Bacon Bourbon Meatballs complete with housemade bourbon BBQ sauce. Off the Regular Menu try The Brisket, Caprese Burger, hand cut fries, and Bone-In Pork.
Where: 151 West Gay St.
The Mediterranean Restaurant & Bakery
Our Pick: Natural leaven Italian bread from the bakery, or the Vegetable Pie made with fresh, local produce.
Where: 150 West Gay St.
Yori's Church Street Bakery
Our Pick: The yeast raised donuts with a rich chocolate frosting.
Where: 15 North Church St.


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For Sale
- 3774 Jearoldstown Rd, Chuckey, TN 37641
- 4 Beds · 2 Baths · 1970 Sqft
- $79,900
- Double wide on permanent foundation with 5+ acres located in between Greeneville and Jonesborough. Home is needing some tlc and priced accordingly. Nice, rolling acreage is partially fenced and has had horses on it in the past. Covered front porch, back deck and a small outbuilding. Owner is selling as-is so will need to be cash or conventional.Sub-flooring in laundry room, guttering, vinyl square flooring need attention. This is a great deal, take a look and make it your own show place.
For Sale
- 6471 E Andrew Johnson Hwy, Russellville, TN 37860
- 2 Beds · 2 Baths · 1715 Sqft
- $64,900
- Investor special! Great location with two driveways already in place. House and detached garage need work but this is a money maker if you have the skills. Main level has the kitchen/dining and living room. What used to be an attached garage has been closed off to be living space and can be the 3rd bedroom, an office with a separate entrance or a family room. One bathroom is on the main level but currently needs sweat equity to bring it back to a bathroom. Two bedrooms and a bathroom are upstairs. Nice yard, covere ...
For Sale
- Shiloh Shoals Dr Lot 27, Greeneville, TN 37745
- $23,500
- Beautiful building lot in Shiloh Shoals subdivision. This is a great laying lot, one of the last cleared, level lots in the subdivision and just perfect for your new home! Restrictions for the subdivision uploaded as an attachment. Sewer available at road.
For Sale
- 1020 Pigeon Hollow Rd, Afton, TN 37616
- 4 Beds · 2 Baths · 1456 Sqft
- $167,300
- Sweet brick ranch on 4.86 acres on the corner of Pigeon Hollow and Gibson Loop. There are 5 parcels with this property: 055O D 011.01, 011.00, 010.01, 012.00, and 013.00. Lot 13 has an existing septic and water tap on it, condition unknown. At one time, a single wide was on this lot, it has since been removed. Lots 12, 13 and 1/2 of the house lot are sparsely wooded, the rest is cleared. The house has a beautiful mountain views and a newer metal roof (2014). The master bedroom has a walk in closet and a master bath ...
For Sale
- 3620 Kingsport Hwy, Afton, TN 37616
- 5 Beds · 3 Baths · 2598 Sqft
- $250,000
- Grand, brick home on over 4 acres with room for an animal or four. Home sits back off the road with the land in front, and a circular driveway to get in and out. A full, unfinished basement provides a drive under garage and plenty room for storage. There is also a wood burning fireplace on the lower level and a partially finished room. On the main level, update as you go-right now the house is clean and move in ready. 2,500 on the main level with up to 5 bedrooms, as needed. Lots of storage on the main level as wel ...
For Sale
- 414 Doane Rd, New Market, TN 37820
- $85,000
- Beautiful acreage in Jefferson County with lots of woods, a couple clear building sites and a pond on the back side. The entrance is directly across from #415 Doane Rd. There is currently a single wide mobile home that has not been totally set up. No septic system although there have been 3 perc tests approved. Water tap is in and paid for but water has not been run to home. Seller is willing to remove home if new owner doesn't want it but this would be done after closing. Lots of deer and turkey! You could have mo ...
For Sale
- 106 Riley Ln, Rogersville, TN 37857
- 3 Beds · 2 Baths · 1120 Sqft
- $57,900
- Nice level property in a great neighborhood with a single wide mobile home, a large garage for the handyman or mechanic and an old house that can either be restored or torn down. You can hear the creek on the property down by the road from the house. Very soothing! Two septic systems, one for the old house and one for the mobile. 1.63 acres-build closer to creek and rent out mobile home or use for a family member. Lots of possibilities with this property. Close to town and close to 11W. Seller had property surveyed ...
For Sale
- 52 Crest Dr, Greeneville, TN 37745
- 5 Beds · 3 Baths · 3034 Sqft
- $142,000
- Sweet brick ranch with a convenient Tusculum location. Hard to find, five bedrooms and laundry on the main level. One of the charming features of this house is the custom wood work and gorgeous hardwood floors. There are built ins everywhere you look, even under the bedroom closets. Home needs some updating and is priced accordingly. Hardwood flooring under the living room carpet. The inside bearing walls are solid concrete, something you don't see in this area. Great potential here!!!
For Sale
- 160 Par Ln, Greeneville, TN 37743
- 2 Beds · 2 Baths · 2342 Sqft
- $297,500
- Beautiful brick ranch situated on the 5th hole of Link Hills golf course. Designed for retirement living, this home has wide doorways throughout and easy access into home with only 1 step. Through the front door you will enter into the great room with high ceilings, lots of natural light and a built in buffet area. A two sided gas fireplace keeps you cozy in the winter and access to the screened porch makes entertaining easy. The kitchen has solid surface counter tops, new stainless appliances and more than enough ...
For Sale
- 278 Clyde Miller Dr, Telford, TN 37690
- $22,900
- Nice laying corner lot at the beginning of Quail Landing subdivision. This lot has been perked for a 3 bedroom house and has pretty mountain views. There are restrictions for this subdivision so please ask your Realtor to print or email those to you. Mobile homes are allowed as long as they are bigger than 14' x 62' and have a block foundation which is faced with stucco, brick or stone. Single family homes only.
For Sale
- Miller Rd Lot 7A, Telford, TN 37690
- $22,900
- Nice building lot on the corner of Clyde Miller and Miller Rd. Part of the Quail Landing Subdivision so does go by the restrictions of that subdivision but this lot is located outside the formal subdivision area. Best driveway entrance is off of Miller Rd. Single wides are allowed as long as they are bigger than 14' x 62' and have a block foundation with stucco, brick or stone exterior. This lot has been perked for a 2 bedroom home but can be re-evaluated for a 3 bedroom since it is almost an acre at .81 acre.
For Sale
- 353 College Hills Dr, Greeneville, TN 37745
- 4 Beds · 2 Baths · 1863 Sqft
- $109,900
- Nice one level brick ranch, handicap accessible, with a covered porch out back. With some cosmetic updates, this can be a show place! Hardwood floors, fireplace in kitchen/dining area, heat pump. Attached carport, Tusculum area and a level yard! Good square footage for the money. This home is located in a flood zone and will require flood insurance if there is a loan on the property (Additional 65-85 per month). Buyers couldn't get their loan, back on the market.
For Sale
- 2450 W Allens Bridge Rd, Greeneville, TN 37743
- $1,175,000
- This is not your typical farm by any measure-Rivercane Bend is an exclusive farm/ranch/retreat. Enjoy swimming, fishing, canoeing and kayaking on one of the calmest parts of the Nolichuckey river with beautiful bluffs as a back drop.The current owner has improved the property so that it now offers not only the gorgeous mountain views but also views of the river with over 1,000' of river frontage, much of that a pristine beach and a park like setting. The beach has been reinforced with large rock to prevent erosion. ...
For Sale
- 460 Meadowbrook Rd, Afton, TN 37616
- 5 Beds · 3 Baths · 3470 Sqft
- $129,000
- Spacious brick ranch on the East end of Greene County-convenient to Greeneville and Johnson City. This house has had updates to include double pane windows and an architectural shingle roof in the past 5-6 years. Some new flooring, kitchen has been updated and has lots of cabinets and a tile back splash. Laundry in two places, main level in garage and then downstairs connection. The lower level can be a separate apartment with two bedrooms, a full bath, a great room and laundry. The sellers are still working on som ...
- 206 Linda St, Greeneville, TN 37743
- 3 Beds · 2 Baths · 1792 Sqft
- $139,900
- Pending before print. Sweet ranch in Greeneville City with lots of updates to include roof and heat pump. Hardwood flooring, new kitchen appliances and a spacious finished room on the lower level. 3rd bedroom currently being used as a dining room Out back is an in-ground swimming pool, fenced in and ready to go this summer. Two driveways, main level one car garage.
- 1070 W Vann Rd, Greeneville, TN 37743
- 3 Beds · 2 Baths · 1612 Sqft
- $122,000
- Charming split level in Greeneville city, Hal Henard school district. This home is warm and inviting, finished with neutral colors, fresh paint, replacement windows and new carpet in the past five years. Pretty mountain views, a nice deck in the back and two storage buildings to remain with the house. On the main level are three bedrooms, one full bath, living room and kitchen. On the lower level is a spacious family room, an office, another full bath and a large laundry room. The garage is too short for a car but ...
- 210 Reed Ave, Greeneville, TN 37743
- 3 Beds · 1 Bath · 1087 Sqft
- $114,900
- Cute cottage has been totally remodeled and is move in ready. New kitchen with lots of cabinets, new bathroom, hardwood floors refinished (beautiful!), electric updated to include ground wires and GFCI outlets, plumbing all replaced, new windows and roof approx 4 years ago and new vinyl siding just installed last year. Fresh paint and new patio poured out back. Kitchen opened up to living room, lots of natural light from the large windows. Large, level yard, great location close to schools, hospital and stores. Flu ...
- 113 Brad St, Greeneville, TN 37743
- 3 Beds · 1 Bath · 1092 Sqft
- $112,900
- Sweet, raised ranch on the West end of Greeneville city. Nice neighborhood, close to schools, stores, restaurants and hospital. This home has been well taken care of and has new laminate flooring throughout the living room and bedrooms. Light colored paneling throughout, easily painted if you prefer. Rocking chair front porch or go out on your back deck to grill and enjoy the mountain views. Seller is on a monthly budget payment for electric of only 80.00 month! Seller is relocating so this is your chance to buy a ...
- 1214 E Church St, Greeneville, TN 37745
- 4 Beds · 2 Baths · 1650 Sqft
- $109,900
- Great location! This home is being sold as a short sale for USDA so only patient buyers will be considered. The house is a split level design with 3 bedrooms and 1 full bath on the main level. Downstairs is another full bath along with the laundry, a spacious family room and a 4th bedroom Home needs interior paint, carpets cleaned or replaced and some upgrading as desired. Priced accordingly. Nice, level yard. Take a look!


text: Art Brokerage: Patssi Valdez American Artist: b. 1951. Patssi Valdez (born 1951) is an American chicana artist. She grew up in East Los Angeles. She graduated from Otis Art Institute with a BFA, in 1985. She was part of the ASCO artist collective. She is the recipient of J. Paul Getty Trust Fund for the Visual Arts fellowship, National Endowment for the Arts fellowship,and the Brody Arts Fellowship in Visual Arts. She won a 2001 Durfee Artist Fellowship. In 2000, she showed at Patricia Correia Gallery, Santa Monica. In 2006, she showed at the Angels Gate Cultural Center. In 2011, she showed at Fowler Museum at UCLA. Her art work is in the National Hispanic Center Collection, National Museum of American Art, the Tucson Museum of Art, the San Jose Museum of Art, and the El Paso Museum of Art. Listings wanted.


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IF YOU NEED ARCHIVAL OR STOCK FOOTAGE, PLEASE READ THIS ENTIRE PAGE BEFORE CONTACTING US.1. How can I access films or footage from Prelinger Archives?
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The rest of this FAQ gives more detail about these two ways to access our collection. Please read this entire page before contacting us with questions.
2. How do I license stock footage and get a written license agreement?
Archival and stock footage from Prelinger Archives is licensed only through our exclusive representative, Getty Images. They offer rapid access to all available material. They can research the collection for specific topics and deliver highest-quality material very quickly in all formats. They warrant that footage is clear for your use and supply written license agreements. They charge license fees for use of footage and require that the physical materials they lend be returned when your production is finished.
If you are in need of stock footage, please contact Getty as follows:
Getty Images
75 Varick Street
New York, NY 10013 USA
+1 (646) 613-4100 (voice)
+1 (646) 613-4601 (fax)
+1 (800) 876-5115 (tollfree in USA)
3. How can I get access to films or stock footage for free?
Most key items in our collection are also available for free viewing and downloading through the Internet Archive. This site hosts digital video files representing approximately 2,000 (soon to be 2,500) key films from the Prelinger collection. We anticipate that the films on this site will satisfy most research requests. Most users will find that a broadband connection (DSL, cable modem, etc.) is required to download files that are often very large. The MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 files are high-quality but compressed, and thus lack some of the detail, resolution and fluidity of conventional broadcast-quality video. They are, however, excellent for research, screening, teaching and low-end production use. All of our online films are offered under the Creative Commons Public Domain License.
4. What are the characteristics of the online films at the Internet Archive?
Films from the Prelinger Collection hosted by the Internet Archive are available in MPEG-2 format (.mpg files) playable on PC-compatible machines equipped with hardware decoder boards or compatible software players, or Macintoshes equipped with the QuickTime Player MPEG-2 plugin, available from The Apple Store. As of 2008, films are now being offered in the higher-quality MPEG-4 format. We also recommend the open-source VLC player. These are large files (10 minutes of video equals about 250 MB) and as such are downloadable but not streamable. Many titles are also available in the more compact DivX;) format (.avi files) playable on computers equipped with appropriate MPEG-4 codecs and players; VCD (MPEG-1 format), playable on Macintoshes and PCs using the QuickTime Player; MPEG-4; "editable" MPEG-4 files suitable for import into Final Cut Pro; and two streamable RealPlayer formats, one suitable for dialup users, the other for broadband. For more information about this project, including information on downloading and compatible players, please visit the Internet Archive website.
5. How can I get a written license agreement for Prelinger films? How can I get a written guarantee that material is free to use?
If you require a written license agreement, please contact Getty Images. No other entity is authorized to license stock footage from Prelinger Archives. The Internet Archive does NOT furnish written license agreements nor make any warranties or representations as to the footage other than what may be stated on its website. In addition, please be aware that the Internet Archive hosts other collections besides Prelinger Archives on its site, and some of these collections may carry certain restrictions that differ from the Prelinger Archives. The Internet Archive does NOT furnish copies of these films on film, videotape, DVD, hard disks or other physical media.
6. Do I need further permission to use digital files of Prelinger Collection films?
Your use of the digital files you download is governed by the Creative Commons Public Domain License. No permission is needed to download or reuse data files that you have downloaded from the Prelinger Collection at the Internet Archive. We warmly encourage you to download, view, and use the data files in any manner that you wish, although we ask that you not resell them as stock footage or charge anyone for the files that you have downloaded, as we wish them to remain free to all. You may download data files from the Prelinger Collection at the Internet Archive, incorporate them into your own production, and distribute, sell or license your own production in any way you please. If you require a written license agreement, however, please contact Getty Images. No other entity is authorized to license stock footage from Prelinger Archives.
Please be aware that public domain materials may occasionally incorporate copyrighted elements (such as music and images) that might not be free to use outside the context of the original film. We urge you to seek legal advice if you are in doubt regarding the materials you wish to use.
7. Can I get access to physical film materials in Prelinger Archives?
The Prelinger Archives film collection was acquired by the Library of Congress in August 2002. The Library has not yet processed the collection and cannot currently fulfill any research requests. The film materials are presently in storage pending movement to and cataloging at the Library's new Packard Campus, National Audio-Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper, Virginia. However, Prelinger Archives holds approximately 3,500 titles in video and digital formats, which are all available immediately through Getty Images. Many are also available through the Internet Archive (see above). Prelinger Archives retains the exclusive right to duplicate films and footage from its collection that are now held by the Library of Congress for twelve years.
8. How can I get Internet Archive technical support?
If you need technical support regarding the Internet Archive, you may address questions and issues to Archive Support or consult the archives of the moviearchive mailing list.
9. Do I need to credit Prelinger Archives or the Internet Archive when I use your material?
We would be delighted if you credit Prelinger Archives and the Internet Archive (www.archive.org/movies/prelinger.php) for films or footage that you use, but we do not require that you do so. We'd love to see what you've made using our footage if you are interested in sending us a copy (address here), but this is your choice.
10. What is the Prelinger Archives access policy?
Prelinger Archives, a private corporation, is committed to providing public access to its collections, subject to time and staff limitations, availability, condition or preservation status of specific materials, and the impact of the requester's project upon the cultural and social landscape. We offer five primary access alternatives:
11. Can I license complete films from Prelinger Archives for use in programming?
Prelinger Archives retains the right to license films in their entirety or for use as programming. Please contact us to discuss your need for archival films as program content in all media and markets.
12. Is there other access to Prelinger Archives?
We provide access to researchers, scholars, noncommercial users and interested members of the public, subject to certain time and resource limitations. We prefer to fulfill as many research needs as possible through the facilities of the Internet Archive (see above). If you wish to access our archives for other purposes, please contact Rick Prelinger.
13. Are there other resources on Prelinger Archives?
Access to the Prelinger Archives database
The portion of our database representing film available for stock footage licensing is available through the Archive Films by Getty Images website or through Footage.net.
Collections summary (224K)
A general introduction to the archives, with descriptions of 69 individual collections.
A Short History of Prelinger Archives, Part I
The first part of an ongoing narrative. Part II is now in preparation.
October 14, 2008


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A professor from Northwestern University believes Christians pose a greater threat to the United States than Islamists. Though Professor Catherine M. Wallace calls herself a Christian – one of the social justice variety – she claimed in a lecture called "Confronting Fundamentalism" at the Seminary Co-op Bookstore on the campus of the University of Chicago that Christian fundamentalists pose a greater threat to our nation because they can somehow gain access to the nuclear codes.
"If [anyone Islamic] wanted to attack an American city, they had to hijack an airliner," she claims. "If they want to blow up a concert, they need to put bombs on their own children and send young men in to kill themselves… that kind of radicalism [Christian fundamentalism] in control of nuclear codes was a much, much greater threat." Wallace believes that "Christian fundamentalist" violence is a threat because it stems from a literal reading of the Bible, which she claims is a modern aberration and that "nobody in the ancient world would have read the Bible literally." FULL REPORT


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The Fourteen Dreams of the Rani Trisala, mother of Mahavira
Indian, Jain
17th century
Object Place: India
Height x width: 4 3/16 x 9 7/16 in. (10.7 x 24 cm)
Accession Number
Medium or Technique
Opaque watercolor on paper
Not On View
1913, purchased from the library of Puj Kripa Rishi, a Jaina priest, Patti, Panjab by Ananda Coomaraswamy (b. 1887 - d. 1947); 1917, sold by Ananda K. Coomaraswamy to Denman Waldo Ross (b. 1853 - d. 1935), Cambridge, MA; 1917, given by Denman Waldo Ross to the MFA. (Accession date: April 5, 1917)
Credit Line
Ross-Coomaraswamy Collection


text:
Click to view gallery
Walker Hayes The Dream On It Tour
Knoxville, TN 37917
227 West Depot Avenue
Knoxville, TN 37917
- Date(s): April 12, 2019 to April 12, 2019
- Event Times: Starting: 08:00 PM
- Price: $20.00 in Advance, $20.00 Day of Show
- Location: The Mill & Mine
Monument Records recording artist, Walker Hayes, is a singer/songwriter originally from Mobile, Ala. Hayes' current single "90's Country" made its debut onGood Morning America and is available for purchase or download everywhere.
The single, which references 22 90's country songs, was written by Hayes, Shane McAnally and LYRX. and co-produced by David Garcia, McAnally and Hayes. In December 2017,Hayes released his debut album Boom,which he co- produced with GRAMMY Award winning producer and songwriter, McAnally. The 10 track album includes the RIAA certified Platinum hit, "You Broke Up With Me" as well as fan favorites "Halloween" and "Beautiful".
Tracks from the album were nominated for Radio Disney Country Favorite Song ("You Broke Up With Me"), CMT Breakthrough Music Video of the Year ("You Broke Up With Me") and AIMP Song of the Year ("Craig"). Hayes is currently on the road headlining club dates across the country. Earlier this year, he headlined his first every tour (Good As Gold Tour)and has previously toured with Kelsea Ballerina, Thomas Rhett, Dan +Shay, Old Dominion and more.
Walker Hayes The Dream On It Tour
- to
- The Mill & Mine
- $20.00 in Advance, $20.00 Day of Show


text:
Younger patients would be more likely than older ones to get the best kidneys under a proposal being considered by the nation's organ transplant organization.
The new policy would replace the current first-come-first-served system. It is intended to provide better matches between the life expectancies of recipients and the functional life of donated kidneys. This would only apply to kidney transplants, which are the most common.
Under the proposal, the healthiest and youngest 20 percent of patients and kidneys would be in a separate pool so the best kidneys would go to the patients with the longest life expectancies.
The remaining 80 percent of patients would go into a separate pool. The United Network for Organ Sharing would try to ensure that the age difference between kidney donors and recipients in this pool is no more than 15 years. Elderly people would no longer get kidneys from young donors. Under this proposal, older patients would have a harder time getting a kidney unless they were to get it from a living donor. This policy would only be for cadaver kidneys.
Nearly 90,000 people are currently on the waiting list. In 2009, there were 10,442 kidney transplants from dead donors and another 6,387 from live donors who usually specify the recipient.
While it is true that younger people have a longer life expectancy, that doesn't mean that older people may not live many more years with a new kidney. Those older people could also be the caregivers of young children.
This proposal does nothing to end the biggest problems with kidney donations: Geographic disparities that cause patients in some states to wait far longer than in other states; and the general lack of donated kidneys. More work is needed on the policy before it is implemented.


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A man is wounded and goes into coma. After six years, he regains consciousness and realises that he does not know who he is and where he has come from. He regains his memory after watching a film.
Directed by – Dulal Guha
Produced by – Tito
Written by – Shafiq Ansari
Nabendu Ghosh
Nihar Ranjan Gupta
Starring – Amitabh Bachchan
Prem Chopra
Music by – Kalyanji Anandji
Cinematography – M Rajaram
Edited by – Bimal Roy
Release date – November 26, 1976
Country – India
Language – Hindi
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ALL For Sale (FS), Wanting to Buy (WTB), Wanting to Trade (WTT), and similar threads MUST be posted in the correct subforums. Do not post these threads in any other forum. If you do, they will be moved or deleted as they are found.
This is an unfortunate consequence of a few members' abuse of the forum. All FS, WTT, WTB threads are subject to the specific rules outlined in their respective subforum.
The correct subforums can be found here:
Bikes for Sale
Parts for Sale
Other Stuff for Sale
Use of this forum is strictly at your own risk. Buyer beware! Under no circumstances will AF1 Racing be held accountable for any sale, purchase, trade, transaction, thread, or post conducted in this forum.
Use of the feedback system is encouraged but not required. Please be aware that Feedback is not moderated and may not be edited for any reason. By participating in this forum you may receive positive or negative feedback from other members. That is the risk you accept by participating in a transaction with a stranger over the internet.
AF1 Racing will not accept phone calls concerning Forum issues for any reason. You may contact us through the forum by PM or Email and we will deal with issues as we see fit.
Access to the For Sale forums may be revoked at any time.
Have a Corbin saddle that I am looking to get rid of; carbon weave, ghost (silver) welt (piping) seat and backrest are in good shape. Last two pics show minor blemishes. Looking for $500 OBO
Bump - make me a reasonable offer, must go.
Originally Posted by Skipbarberman
Bump - make me a reasonable offer, must go.
Is your Corbin saddle still available?
2003 Futura
2007 Tuono (gone)
Originally Posted by craydds
Is your Corbin saddle still available?
Bump - Yes, still available. As well as european tall windscreen - went back to stock. Located in Albany, NY
Forum Rules


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Rise to the challenge
Selling Points
Pharmaceutical sales and other retail products are not a lost cause. You can find revenue by committing to do more, looking for deals and communicating value.
Are you ready to give up? After all, clinic owners and managers frequently complain how the internet and box stores have taken over their prescription business and cut into profits. Please don't expect me to sit on that comfortable bandwagon with you and join in the pity talk about the good ol' days. Business is […]
Goodbye fear, hello referrals
Educating clients about stress-free approaches and responding properly when pet owners become anxious themselves can lead to a healthier practice.
Our industry has become incredibly competitive. In Chicago, it seems that every major neighborhood has a few veterinary hospitals. Meanwhile, corporate medicine is growing, low-cost conglomerates are diving into the field, and more clients are buying from online merchants like Chewy.com and 1-800-PetMeds. Not only has all this created financial stress for independent practice owners, […]
The economics of telehealth
Innovation Station
Do you know who your clients are calling after hours? You can concede the business to someone else or you can take an active role in meeting their needs.
While the telehealth conversation has largely centered on telemedicine and whether a veterinarian can diagnose a case through digital tools, after-hours triage care — nights, weekends and holidays — is an important but often overlooked consideration for practicing veterinarians. The American Association of Veterinary State Boards recently voted on a new model act of practice […]
You make the call
Getting Technical
Timely follow-up communication underscores your practice's commitment to client service and patient care.
The concept of client callback systems is not a new one. Veterinary practices have used them for years and have seen positive results. Most practices started with lab results and then added surgery callbacks a day or two after the procedure. Sadly, many hospitals stopped here, thinking that was enough. The common assumption is that […]
The price of harassment
Diversity Toolbox
Employers must step up and wipe out abhorrent workplace behavior in all its forms. Education and clear reporting protocols are key.
Sexual harassment has been a part of daily news for more than a year now. Mostly, but not exclusively, women are taking primarily to social media to share stories of harassment or assault happening in schools, workplaces and even on the street. The resulting #MeToo movement has toppled careers, launched legal investigations and nearly derailed […]
The devil's in the details
Legal Lingo
Not understanding common contract terms and failing to renegotiate certain provisions when appropriate can cause unnecessary risk and liability.
Reading the fine print in a business contract is probably not your idea of a good time. You have a busy practice and negotiating contracts is clearly not why you became a veterinarian or hospital administrator. That said, every business owner or manager should have a firm understanding of which contract provisions require careful review. […]
Family first
Take Charge
Rather than look at maternity leave and parental needs as impediments to business, see the bigger picture and adopt a practice culture that communicates empathy.
While I have always respected the roles that mothers play in society, it was not until I became a mom that the breadth and depth of the job sank in. I have the tremendous fortune of working for a true servant leader, a working veterinarian-mom of three who is sympathetic and accommodating to the demands […]
What's in a story?
Talk the Talk
Encouraging clients to talk about their pet or lifestyle will help bond them to your practice and improve compliance.
Imagine an older gentleman visits your practice for the first time with his newly adopted gray kitten, Gunny, who is due for a second set of vaccines. The veterinary team asks about the cat's age, which vaccines were given previously and whether he was neutered. The veterinarian examines Gunny and brings up preventive care. She […]
Duty bound
Politics and Policy
National and state officials see veterinarians as part of the solution to the opioid crisis. The industry's role in prescribing and dispensing controlled substances is likely to come under greater scrutiny.
Requirements for veterinarians who handle opioids and other controlled substances have generated a flurry of activity in legislatures and a bevy of articles in trade media. While state VMAs regularly update practitioners about what's expected and about state pharmacy board deadlines, I can help by laying out where things stand, or are heading, and look […]
South Atlantic states show 5 percent gain in clinical volume
The Vetalytix Report
The third quarter was a mixed bag overall, with flea and tick doses tending to lag.
Welcome to The Vetalytix Report for the third quarter of 2018. In previous issues, we reported that the first two quarters proved to be challenging for many veterinarians nationwide as revealed by decreases in product consumption across numerous categories. After a slow start to the year marred by snow and cold in many regions, preventive […]


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The Bye Bye Man
No longer available to stream
Date Added: 5th October 2017
Date Removed: 11th October 2018
Available for: 12 months
We grapple to understand what drives a person to commit unthinkable acts: what if the source of Evil is not a matter of what...but who? When three college friends stumble upon the horrific origins of the Bye Bye Man, they discover that there is only one way to avoid his curse: don't think it, don't say it. But once he gets inside your head, he takes control. Is there a way to survive his possession
Year: 2017
Duration: 1 hour, 36 minutes
Director: Stacy Title
Cast: Douglas Smith, Lucien Laviscount, Cressida Bonas, Doug Jones, Michael Trucco, Jenna Kanell, Erica Tremblay, Marisa Echeverria, Faye Dunaway, Carrie-Anne Moss, Leight Whannell
Studio: Entertainment Film Distributors
IMDB: Discover more...
IMDB Rating:
Amazon Rating:


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Erzerum, the name of a province in northeastern Turkey, whose administrative capital is a city bearing the same name. This region, which the Armenians still call Karin, was part of Greater Armenia, and in some sources it is also given as Karana and Karnoi (Կարնո քաղաք Moses of Khoren [Movses Khorenatsi], 201; Pauly, 59/1924; Darkot, 341). In Armenian it can also be called Karnoi Kalak, and is also recorded as Kalak or Kalg…
Erzerum (7,369 words)
Cite this pageEnayatollah Reza, "Erzerum", in: Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. Consulted online on 19 February 2019 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036116>
First published online: 2017
First print edition: 20180110
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