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- Research
- Open Access
Stent implantation into the tracheo-bronchial system in rabbits: histopathologic sequelae in bare metal vs. drug-eluting stents
- Matthias Sigler1Email authorView ORCID ID profile,
- Julia Klötzer1,
- Thomas Quentin1,
- Thomas Paul1 and
- Oliver Möller1
© Sigler et al. 2015
- Received: 24 July 2015
- Accepted: 16 October 2015
- Published: 5 November 2015
Stent implantation into the tracheo-bronchial system may be life-saving in selected pediatric patients with otherwise intractable stenosis of the upper airways. Following implantation, significant tissue proliferation may occur, requiring re-interventions. We sought to evaluate the effect of immunosuppressive coating of the stents on the extent of tissue proliferation in an animal model.
Bare metal and sirolimus-coated stents (Bx Sonic and Cypher Select, Johnson & Johnson, Cordis) were implanted into non-stenotic lower airways of New Zealand white rabbits (weight 3.1 to 4.8 kg). Three stents with sirolimus coating and six bare metal stents could be analyzed by means of histology and immunohistochemistry 12 months after implantation.
On a macroscopic evaluation, all stents were partially covered with a considerable amount of whitish tissue. Histologically, these proliferations contained fiber-rich connective tissue and some fibromuscular cells without significant differences between both stent types. The superficial tissue layer was formed by typical respiratory epithelium and polygonal cells. Abundant lymphocyte infiltrations and moderate granulocyte infiltrations were found in both groups correspondingly, whereas foreign-body reaction was more pronounced around sirolimus-eluting stents.
After stent implantation in the tracheo-bronchial system of rabbits, we found tissue reactions comparable to those seen after stent implantation into the vascular system. There was no difference between coated and uncoated stents with regard to quality and quantity of tissue proliferation. We found, however, a significantly different inflammatory reaction with a more pronounced foreign-body reaction in sirolimus-coated stents. In our small series, drug-eluting stents did not exhibit any benefit over bare metal stents in an experimental setting.
- Airway stent
- Drug-eluting stent
- Tracheomalacia
- Granulation tissue
- Histology
Stenosis of the tracheo-bronchial system in children may be life-threatening. Reasons include obstructing internal structures (e.g., granulations or tumor), external compression (e.g., lymph nodes or atypical vascular structures), or functional-dynamic changes of the airway wall resulting in tracheomalacia [1, 2]. Preservation of patency of the airways is the aim of any therapeutic intervention [3]. Functional improvement may be achieved by non-invasive ventilation using continuous positive airway pressure which is not tolerated by all patients. It may sometimes not even be sufficient to guarantee adequate ventilation. Accordingly, facing limited alternative therapeutic options, stent implantation into the tracheo-bronchial system may be inevitable and life-saving in otherwise intractable patients [4].
In the beginning, airway stents were made of silicone for relief of subglottic stenosis [5]. Due to the closed design, these stents showed a high rate of migration and could not be adapted to increased size of the airway lumen in a growing individual. These limitations could in part be overcome with the introduction of bare metal stents [6, 7]. In clinical practice, implantation of these stents is an established therapeutic option with proven efficacy and safety [8–10]. The main problem after bare metal airway stents is the formation of obstructing granulation tissue adjacent to the implant [4, 11].
The aim of our study was to evaluate the extent of tissue proliferations after implantation of drug-eluting stents with an anti-proliferative coating. To the best of our knowledge, we report on the use of drug-eluting stents in the trachea-bronchial system in an experimental setting with the longest follow-up period (i.e., 12 months).
A total of 28 stents were implanted in the trachea-bronchial system of New Zealand white rabbits (weight 3.1 to 4.8 kg at the time of implantation). Fourteen stents were bare metal coronary stents (Bx Sonic, Johnson & Johnson, Cordis, USA), and 14 had an anti-proliferative coating with sirolimus (Cypher Select, Johnson & Johnson, Cordis, USA), respectively. Re-evaluation and re-dilation (if necessary) of the stents was performed after 1, 3, and 6 months. Finally, the animals were sacrificed after 12 months.
For histopathologic evaluation, tissue blocks containing the implant were dissected with a minimum of surrounding tissue immediately after explantation. After brief flushing with saline, specimens were fixed in formalin (buffered 4 %). Prior to embedding, macroscopic evaluation and photo documentation were accomplished. After fixation, tissue blocks containing the devices were embedded in resin methylmethacrylate (Technovit 9100, Kulzer & Co, Wehrheim, Germany). Following hardening, resin blocks were subsequently sectioned in slices of 0.8 mm using a diamond band saw (300 CP, Exakt GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany). These slices were ground down to 5–30 μm with a horizontal rotatory grinder and polisher (400 CS, Exakt GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany) [12].
Richardson blue was used as a standard histological staining. In order to obtain immunostaining of resin embedded specimen, sections were mounted on glass slides using silicon glue, and deplastification was performed as described previously by our group [13]. Counterstaining of immunohistochemical stains was accomplished with hemalaun. Negative controls were processed without the antigen-specific antibody.
For semi-quantitative grading of histological findings, a 3-grade scoring system was adopted from Schwartz et al. for the following aspects: (a) extent of tissue proliferation within the stent lumen and (b) inflammatory reactions [14].
A first series of 18 stents (9 Bx Sonic and 9 Cypher Select) was implanted without complications. At the first follow-up study 1 month after implantation, 13/18 stents had been expectorated by the animals (6 Bx Sonic and 7 Cypher Select). The remaining five stents of this group were lost until the next follow-up at 6 months.
Experimental animals and histology results
Stent type
Weight at implant
Number of re-dilatations
Time of re-dilatation
Histology results
Bx Sonic
1 month
Bx Sonic
6 months
Bx Sonic
1 month
Bx Sonic
1 month
Bx Sonic
1 month
Bx Sonic
1 month
Cypher Select
1 month
Cypher Select
6 months
Cypher Select
1 month
Macroscopic evaluation
On gross examination, mild to moderate proliferation of whitish material with a smooth glossy surface was seen within the lumen of all stents. There were no signs of local hemorrhage or stent fractures.
Granulation tissue
On the luminal surface of the newly formed tissue proliferations, respiratory epithelium with the typical pattern of aligned high-prismatic cells with cilia or polygonal cells without cilia had formed (Fig. 2e). In some of the specimens, cartilage structures had developed within the proliferations (Fig. 2f).
Inflammatory reactions
After stent implantation into the tracheo-bronchial system, formation of granulation tissue with subsequent restenosis is considered the most clinically relevant complication beside stent dislocation [8–10, 15]. It is well-described that inflammatory processes lead to the formation of these tissue proliferations [16, 17].
The main focus of the present study is the reduction of the degree of granulation tissue formation by employing stents with anti-inflammatory coating. This concept was adopted from the field of cardiology. In 2002, a large randomized, double-blind study of bare metal vs. sirolimus-eluting stents in patients with coronary artery disease had shown a significant reduction of late lumen loss in the coated stent group [18]. These results lead to the speculation of improved efficacy of anti-inflammatory coating in stents implanted into the tracheo-bronchial system since the level of inflammatory activity is generally higher in the airways compared to the vascular system. This expectation was further supported by the observation of reduced granulation tissue formation during oral immunosuppressant therapy in 30 adult patients with bare metal airway stents [19].
In our study, however, we could not detect a positive effect of sirolimus coating with regard to granulation tissue formation. All three specimens containing sirolimus-eluting stents showed significantly more foreign-body reaction with multiple macrophages and foreign-body giant cells around the stent struts. There is a well-described relation of foreign-body reaction and formation of granulation tissue [17, 20]. As a consequence, we speculate that the extent of granulation tissue formation may even be more pronounced in sirolimus-coated stents implanted into the tracheo-bronchial system with an implantation time of >12 months.
As in our study, increased inflammatory reactions to drug-eluting stents (compared to bare metal stents) with mainly macrophages but also with lymphocytes were observed in a human coronary atherectomy specimen [21, 22]. Degradable polymers of drug-eluting stents were identified as the main trigger for these reactions [23, 24].
To the best of our knowledge, no implantation of a drug-eluting tracheo-bronchial stent has been reported in humans. Only a few experimental studies examining tracheo-bronchial stents with anti-proliferative coating have been published as of yet. Chao et al. implanted cisplatin-eluting biodegradable stents using the same animal model as in our study. Re-epithelialization and significant inflammatory infiltrates were observed after a follow-up of up to 5 weeks [25]. The extent of granulation tissue formation was not described, and the quality of inflammatory reactions was not further specified. Zhu et al. developed another bioabsorbable tracheal stent with mitomycin C (MMC) drug elution [26]. After a maximum implantation time of 12 weeks in rabbits, the group of animals with drug-eluting stents showed less tracheal obstruction and mucus trapping compared to the bare metal stent group. The latter is the only study to date that directly compares drug-eluting and bare metal stents as it was conducted only by us. We can only speculate that the more favorable results of the study of Zhu et al. might be due to the differing mechanism of the anti-proliferative coating.
Significance of our results is limited due to the small sample size which was related to the high rate of expectorated stents within the first months after stent placement at the beginning of the experiments. Obviously, an undersized balloon diameter chosen for implantation of the stents in non-stenotic airways was the cause for this issue. Expectorations occurred less frequent after modification of the implantation procedure by employing a larger balloon size in relation to the airway diameter at the site of implantation. Furthermore, results were obtained in a rabbit animal model. No systematic data exist on transferability of results to human tissue reactions.
Our study demonstrates a similar extent of granulation tissue formation in sirolimus-eluting tracheo-bronchial stents in a small experimental series when compared to bare metal stents. Foreign-body reaction was more pronounced in the drug-eluting stent group after an observation period of 12 months which was by far longer than reported in experimental studies in this field before.
Future perspective
Future studies may focus on new ways to effectively reduce the formation of granulation tissue. This may be achieved by a combination of the principles of drug elution and bioabsorption of the stents in order to avoid chronic inflammation and subsequent granulation tissue formation [26, 27]. Another promising approach may be the implantation of bioresorbable airway splints individually created in a three-dimensional printer which are surgically implanted by external fixation at the region of tracheomalacia as reported by Zopf et al. [28].
The authors thank Andrea Poppe and Karin Bär for technical assistance.
This project was supported by the Research program of the University Medical Center, University of Göttingen.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
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Hope you all had a good day!
And now, it's time for my most favorite time of the year…
Are you following All Glorious on Bloglovin'? If not, follow here:
This boy…
He is the epitome of the terrible-twos. He is stubborn, sometimes seemingly spiteful. He is finicky. He is picky. He is loud. He wants his way, always. He thinks everything is "mine."
However terrible he may seem at times, I cannot imagine my life without him. I don't want to.
Because of how terrible he may seem at times, the love emitted from this tiny person is equally as great.
Linking up with Le Petit Reve's
What most people think stay-at-home moms do:
What we actually do:
We juggle kids. We juggle them in the midst of everyday life. We juggle kids when we're busy catching up on a week's worth of laundry or doing last night's dishes. When we just need a break to ourselves for a mere 5 minutes… This is what our "break" looks like.
'Where we embrace the glory and humour in the chaos. Un-staged and imperfectly beautiful.'
Real Mama Life: No serious faces (Elisha) or ultimate serious faces (Shiloh). Add a super pollinated front porch that has been swept about 5 different times to no avail (anyone wanting to lend us a pressure washer or just pressure wash our porch/house for free??)
Hope you all have a great Memorial Day! We're hanging out and grilling at Granna and PawPaw's house to celebrate.
To all those currently in or previously in the armed forces, there are no words capable of thanking you enough for your service. Thank you so very, very much. My little family will always know about your sacrifice and to never take it nor their freedom for granted.
More like "a summer in the life of…" seeing that most of our days lately can be summed up in the photos above:
Also, including, just not documented with crappy cell phone pics:
Other moms and dads, how are your summer days looking so far? Consumed with all child-related activities too? My misery is looking for company…
Honestly, we're finding more fun than misery these days, except in the sleeping department. It's give and take, I guess. Our babies still refuse to sleep all night, or at least on the same nights together. Our days are a blast though now that we're able to play outside. I'm just going to briefly mention we're looking at temps in the 90s today.
To join and link up to the party, check out Le Petit Reve's:
Not only was Mother's Day day a special day, but my entire Mother's Day weekend.
Friday night, which also happened to be our monthly date night, Matthew and I met up with two of our best friends Adam and Em for dinner at our favorite Chinese buffet. Dinner with two adults instead of two babies: bliss. Don't get me wrong, though. I did miss my kids. However, I was quickly reminded to be thankful for a peaceful night out after a large family came in with three small children, the middle in which who apparently loved to shriek at random times…
I was just thankful she wasn't my kid.
Saturday, Matthew let me sleep in, then surprised me with a massive chocolate cupcake and two chocolate truffles from my favorite local bakery. We spent the evening with his mom, dad, sister, and niece and ate crock pot shredded pork barbecue cooked in root beer. Pork shoulder + root beer + crock pot. Serve with sauce on the side. Delicious. Seriously, you should give it a try, especially if you like to cook your meat in Coca-Cola.
Sunday, after a sweet Mother's Day service at church, we met up with my mom, sister, and nephew for lunch at a local pizza buffet. Remember earlier shrieking child? That became Jackson and Elisha at said pizza buffet. Thankfully, it was one of those restaurants tailored to families and kids that plays loud music and has arcade games blaring over loud conversations, so they were just a mix to the madness. After lunch, they came to our house for photos and to let the boys burn off some energy outside. After they left, Matthew and I had an impromptu softball lesson because I will apparently be playing church softball this summer. No concrete memory of signing up for that… Here's to hoping they don't kick me off the team. Band kid, right here.
I did get a big Mother's Day gift, but I'm still waiting on it… But stay tuned, "she" will get her own blog post to come.
Okay, best link up project ever, right here:
Real Mama Life over on Le Petit Reve.
I hate the idea of making our lives seems so perfect and uneventful because, let's face it, the stressful, crazy, messy times are what make our lives as beautiful and memorable as they are. And we might as well embrace it because it's life. It's going to happen and it's going to be messy more often than not…
This project "embrace[s] the glory and humour in the chaos. Un-staged and imperfectly beautiful." The chaos of our lives, that is, especially as parents. I have thought to myself countless times (after having kids) how the impact of making our lives seem perfect has on other parents who are in the same boat. Think about it… I'm a mom literally struggling with two kids under the age of three, I'm catching up on FB/Twitter/Instagram and see another mom with two young kids of her own and she's gloriously flaunting her perfectly poised kids in perfect spotless clothes with perfect cheeky smiles, talking about how she simply adores them and how perfectly perfect they are and how she "got lucky" with having the best kids ever, I'm probably going to think to myself either (or both), "What is wrong with my kids?!" or, worse, "What is wrong with me as a mom? Why can't I make my kids behave/look like that or feel that way about them?" Especially when I know in my heart her kids are holy terrors just as much as mine and she has her moments of parenting doubt herself. Why do we want to make each other feel that way? We should be supporting one another, not trying to make ourselves seem better than other parents. News flash: we as parents all mess up and make mistakes we want to take back, but we all learn from them and how to do better by our children for the future. The cliché of parenting clichés: Kids don't come with instruction manuals.
Okay, stepping off the mini soap box now… Rants tend to happen from time to time.
So, for my first #realmamalife link up post, I give you my stubborn, terribly two-year-old son on his first day of preschool.
He's not crying because he didn't want to go. He's crying because he was ready to go. No time for capturing memories… Time to get away from Mommy and Sister to play with tiny people who are much cooler than we are. Here's the best one I managed to get, post-tantrum.
I am so looking forward to checking out other #realmamalife posts. Sometimes we all need an ego boost. Or to at least feel like we're not the only one sinking in the sand.

subset: commoncrawl


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I cannot wait to get my hands on Lancome's Pink Irreverence collection, I think it's safe to say that it's my favorite of the spring releases just based on the images alone. Ever since I heard the black gloss from the Piha Red set was making it's reappearance in this collection, I've been so excited to see it. If these are the kinds of releases we will continue to see in the future from Aaron de Mey, Lancome will be keeping us on our toes. The bold and modern use of color is just stunning and inspiring.
Taking his inspiration from irreverent French heroines such as Madame Bovary, Sylvie Fleurie, Marie Curie and Brigitte Bardot, Aaron de Mey created a collection that embodies daring feminitity with shades of pinks, shimmery black and lots and lots of shine. When you layer these products, you can create an array of stunning looks.
Here's a little information on the new limited edition products:
- Color Design Eyeshadow Quad: two new eye shadow palettes in Irreverent Madame (pictured above) and Mademoiselle Sass (shades of beige, peach, gold and brown). The Mademoiselle Sass palette gives you a more neutral look than the other palette.
- Color Fever Gloss in Piha Black: back by popular demand, Piha Black is deep black and sparkly. Can be used as a topcoat, the gloss brings a subtle dark intensity and brightness to other lip shades.
- La Laque Fever Full Color Lipshine: densely pixilated pearls combine with polymers to give multi-dimensional shine that lasts for six hours. The ultra-modern, silver streamlined packaging conveys all the color and shine contained within. Available in four daring, non-fading shades: Electric Pink, Optical Rose, Lucent Nude and Iridescent.
- Laque Liner: this eyeliner's precise brush makes lining and defining easy and fun. The Pure Black shade is perfect for creating a deep intense look, while Pure Sparkle's clear, shimmery formula instantly enlightens eyes.
- Le Vernis Nail Polish: with a newly designed brush for a super-easy application that coats your nails in rich, delicious color. Check out Le Vernis in Piha Black for a sparkly fashionista black or Sassiness, a pretty neutral pink if subtle sophistication is more your style.
- Color Design Illuminator for Eyes and Face (not pictured): this creamy, cooling gel can be used alone or blended over another color to highlight and brighten the eye area. It's vailable in two shades: High Expectations and Hard to Get.
So what do you think? Will you be checking out Lancome's Pink Irreverence collection as well? Temptalia has some swatches you can check out to help you make up your mind. I'm definitely adding a few things from this collection to my shopping list.


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So now it is time to enjoy a great collection of blog posts from around the internet, so grab a drink and make yourself for our weekly round-up.
Here are some Philofaxy posts you might have missed this week:
- Web Finds - 25 March 2017
- Buying and Selling via Philofaxy Ad-Spot
- A date for your diary - 2 April 2017
- Free For All Tuesday No. 321
- Web Finds - 28 March 2017
- Tell us about...... 1
- The Hitch Hikers Guide to the Plannerverse - Episode 56
- Free for All Friday No. 437 by Nan
- 6 Ways to get the feeling of control in your planning life - Leonard Goffe LION
- The benefits of a Filofax. (Planners are essential!) - Mademoiselle
- Trend Tuesday // Planner Lust - five sixteenths blog
- Month On 2 Pages - Life with my Planners
- Filofax lapok a PaperDice-tól - FilofaxNi!
- April 2017 Free Planner Inserts and Tech Wallpapers! - Strange & Charmed
- Make it Monday // DIY Digital Mantra Vision Board - five sixteenths blog
- Speakers' Corner Satruday - 376 - Filomaniac
- Starting A Bullet Journal - 3 Top Tips - Typecast
- Uses -Portfolio - Life with my Planners
- Filofax Original Nude Flick Through - UglyBug
- Introducing Openquote Designs - practical planner printables - She's Eclectic
- Small Business Spotlight: FabPlannerPrint - The Stationery Geekette
- PlannerCon releases - Blog | Gillio
- Planner Hacks #1: Marking projects - Blog - PlanCademy
- What If You Could Do Only 3 Tasks Today? - Time Management Ninja
- We monitor over 400 blogs and sites, your Filofax/Organiser blog posts could appear in this list, just contact philofaxy at gmail dot com to be added to our monitoring list.
- We can not guarantee people will read your posts, but we know there is a higher chance of people reading your posts and returning to read other posts if you make them interesting with pictures and good hints and tips. Do not forget to give your posts a title...
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We are on the look out for more people to take part in Reader Under the Spotlight. If you would like to appear in this feature then please contact Steve : philofaxy at gmail dot com Thank you.
And have you tried reading one of my Flipboard magazines yet? It works great on a tablet or smart phone, but you can view them on a desktop machine as well. Be sure to Follow the ones you like and you will get notifications when I update them.


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Best Bone Thugs N Harmony Songsxdogg Bone Thugs-n-Harmony is an American hip hop group from the Glenville section of Cleveland, Ohio, best known for their high pace rapping style and harmonizing vocals. In 1997, the group was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance with their song "Tha Crossroads." Since its conception in the early 1990s the group has been honored with numerous other awards.
The Top Ten
This is an amazing song, it is one of the best Hip Hop songs of all time - roblist
very small variety, it would be mo murda for me... and then some others that aren't on the list but anyway
Best of all time when it comes to this group I can't even think of my favorite song There Is to me almost every song is my favorite song and they have thousands I had to close my eyes and randomly select one ended up on the crossroads
fast, slow, flowing, all you need in a rap song talks about many issues.V 20 Comments
Bone thugs n harmony are legends their style is sick as fucc
Hands down the best song for Bone. one of the best in hip hop history
The movie Sucked that this song was made for. But this song is very underrated in their work. If you listen o it, I believe you will find that it captures Bone's essence. Bone Bone Bone... Bone
One of the realest songs of all time
Come into my world and see We are more than thugs
A career best for both artists one of the best rap collaborations in a long while. This should be number one for these guys and Biggie R.I.P.
From the deep beat and lyrical flow it's the greatest group ever making a great track with the legend biggie all legends together. Definitely the greatest hip hop song ever.
Working with Biggie Smalls, BTIH made one of my favorite songs - Atliens
The street knowledge from Biggie makes the song complete. A hell of old classic.V 7 Comments
For some reason, this song along with its music video changed my life's path to who I really was. I wanted to be an architect, but with the idea of $, I instead, studied business. I loved Camaro's and still do, but I had a love at first sight moment with the 80s Buick Regal being stolen at the begining of the video. That led me to like lowriders, then leading me to want to paint cars. I learned auto body and business in school. Here I am managing my Uncle's body shop. Wow.
His was their best cause they put there all in to this break out CD..
Eazy and Flesh killed it in this song. Whoever said where is Bizzy in this song, he is in it haha
this song is dope as hell with eazy-e before he died. R.I.P Eazy-EV 2 Comments
All of the members show their best in this track and its all of the members
Not king on rap but when I watched btnh I fell in love with there vocals ljs
this song inspires me. the song is sick.
Akon's harmony
Best song ever from them ever
It's a great song..every time I hear it I cryV 3 Comments
I did not vote for this song because I think it's the best, but more because how low it has been ranked. The song is a really upbeat happy tune that makes you feel good. The rapping is superb as always from bone thugs but it stands on 1st for some reason. Anyway, top 5 at least.
Amazing song! Bizzys part is insane!
Nostalgia. That one word explains how everyone feels about 1st of the month. :))
Oh man this is the dopest for sure.
Anytime I feel like sh1t I just play this!
Wake up wake up wake up, and vote for this song!
Awesome song ever
Real harmony in this one epic song gotta love the singers, not rappers, well I mean rapper singers kind of like nate dogg
I love you guys
Even my grandparents can tell... BTNH classic rap songs...
I think Everyday thang part one should've been voted for as well... And The Original Crossroads
The Contenders
Stamning gat fools! Walking Jack moves!
My favorite - JCchrom3
The best BONE song ever!
Collaboration of (arguably) the best two rappers in the industry, must be higher in this list, 2Pac maintains his thug characteristics, and bone show off their rapping skill!
Well it must be close to the armageddon lord, you know, that I won't fly by that lesson you taught me, to pull out that wesson you brought me, and I'm not stressing it softly.
Enough said. - nonofyall
This needs to be higher... Bizzy destroys itm+ PAC. GTFO @ 18
This should be higher this song destroysV 2 Comments
I always wished that I could make the whole world hear this song when I would play it. It explains so much about why we love to smoke weed. All haters toward mary jane need to hear this song. Not "listen" but rather "hear" it too.
Why do I stay high?
One of the best gangsta rap songs ever?
It's so smooth, nonchalant, yet it has a very dark tone. One of the American High school shooters listened to this song prior to going on his killing spree.
Bizzy kills it in this song. Should be in the top 5.
Love this songV 3 Comments
Best Bone Thugs Song Ever
Don't like rap but I like this song
I can't stop playing this song, over and over
I absolutely love this songV 2 Comments
This song is hella tight. Krayzie Bone went hard and the beat and instrumental was just sick. I think this song should be higher so I had to vote for it - JCchrom3
This song should be 1# I do like crossroads though
Strong message
Very underrated song. I've literally heard the extended version like 100+ times but always listen to it.
The flowing style, the message that it gives makes me wanting to shoot em up
Listen n read the lyrics 4 this song n you wll understand y it should b higher krayzie layzie n bizzy was awesome
My favorite song
This song went so hard that Wish couldn't even keep up and wasn't in the song. It just never gives in from start to finish.
This song was of the hook wow
I just Heard Dis Song Recently N Dam Layzie Was the Best But Bizzy N Krayzie Was Very Good 2
Krazyie was awesome then layzie was great and bizzy goodV 1 Comment
Went a little bit more mainstream, but still a good beat and great flow - BTNHarmony
Probably the best krayzie and bizyt bone verse
Even though it is a remake it is the best!
Sweet song easily one of there best ones so everyone should really give it a listen
This is one of the first songs that I heard by them, and I immediately became addicted to them
Best song to get high too!
This Song Has A Good Melodic Style.
Sick song strong chorus!
Best Song EVER.. Once listen and you will never leave it..
This song must be after the crossroads and has a best flow so my suggestion is
1. The crossroads
2. Everything 100
3. I tried
4. Lil love
5. Weed song
6. Thuggish ruggish bone
7. Thug love
8. If I could teach the world
9. Foe the love of $
10. Notorious thugs
An AMAZING flow! Bizzy and Krayzie killed this song. Layzie, Flesh and Wish were great too. Listen it and get ready to turned yourself into an addicted.
*turn, I'm sorry
Related ListsBone Thugs-N-Harmony Songs with the Best Flesh-N-Bone Verses Top Ten Best Songs on Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's Thug World Order Top Ten Best Songs on Bone Thugs-N-harmony's Creepin on Ah Come Up Top Ten Best Songs on Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's New Waves Top Ten Best Songs on Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's BTNHRESURRECTION
List Stats
63 listings
11 years, 49 days old
Top Remixes (5)
2. Thuggish Ruggish Bone
3. Days of Our Livez
2. Family Tree
3. I Tried ft Akon
2. Thuggish Ruggish Bone
3. Tha Crossroads
View All 5


text:
The National Assembly yesterday approved a N4.98 trillion budget for next year, raising the Executive's N4.92 trillion proposal by N63billion.
President Goodluck Jonathan had sent a N4.92 trillion Appropriation Bill to the lawmakers.
The oil price benchmark was jacked up to $79 from the $75 per barrel presented by the executive.
Both chambers approved the report of their joint committees on Appropriation and Finance to pass the Bill.
The Senate's approval of N4,987,202,425,601.00 followed the consideration of the report presented by the Appropriation Committee chair Senator Ahmad Maccido.
Maccido said his committee adopted the Executive proposal of crude oil production of 2.53 mbpd and an exchange rate of N160 to US$1.
Highlights of the budget as passed by the Senate are:
Statutory Transfers: N387,976,000,000,
Debt Service: N591,764,000,000,
Recurrent Expenditure: N2,386,024,770,349,
Capital Expenditure: N1,621,455,655,252,
Aggregate Expenditure; N4,987,202,425,601,
Inflation Rate: 9.5 per cent
GDP Growth Rate: 6.5 per cent
Subsidy Re-Investment and Empowerment Programme: N273 billion.
Maccido noted that his committee observed that the conceptualisation of the budget by the Executive is still a big issue that the Senate must confront as the representatives of the people.
He said there should be a verifiable template for budgeting, especially on capital projects.
He said:" If the painful sight of abandoned projects in Nigeria will be a thing of the past, then on-going projects must be properly defined.
"A situation where projects not found in 2011 and 2012 budgets are found in 2013 as on-going projects is very misleading.
"In the same vein, a situation where uncompleted projects as not included in the budgets of succeeding years, is wasteful."
He said the Executive should be made to be more thorough in compiling the budget.
The committee, he said, noticed that some critical areas as still under funded.
He listed the Public Complaints Commission and the Office of Auditor General for the Federation as some of the underfunded bodies.
Maccido also said that it is important to note that there is a component of the budget stated as SURE-P which funds to the tune of N180 billion for the year 2013 which would be augmented by a projected 2012 unspent balance of N93.5 billion to translate to a total of N273.5 billion SURE-P fund.
He explained that this amount did not form part of the aggregate budget figure of N4,924,604,000,000.
Deputy Senate President, Ike Ekweremadu who presided, commended the Senator for passing the budget before going on Christmas break.
Ekweremadu noted that in 1999, the Senate passed the budget before going on Christmas break.
Ekweremadu said it is left for the Executive to ensure full implementation of the budget.
The total figure in the proposal presented before the National Assembly for 2013 by Jonathan was N4.924 trillion.
From the sum of N4,987,202,425,601 Appropriation approved for the 2013 fiscal year, N387.976 billion is for statutory transfers; N591.764 billion is for Debt Transfer; N2,386,024,770,349 is for Recurrent (non-debt) expenditure while N1,621,477,655,252 is for contribution to the development fund for capital expenditure.
For the recurrent expenditure, Education allocation is highest with N360,822,928,272; followed by N300,402,146,886 for Defence/MOD/Army/Air Force/Navy; N295,011,366,222 for Police formation and commands; N219,373,252,402 for Health; N79,084,295,951 for Youth Development; N65,512,690,505 for NSA; N51,391,667,171 for Petroleum Resources; N47,390,729,600 for Foreign Affairs; N32,395,973,211 is for Agriculture and Rural Development while N22,831,383 is for Presidency.
Out of the N387.976 billion approved for Statutory Transfer, National Assembly got N150 billion; Universal basic Education (N76.279 billion); National Judicial Council (N67 billion); Niger Delta Development Commission ( N61.347 billion); Independent Electoral Commission (N32 billion) and National Human Right Commission (N1.35 billion).
The Federal Ministry of Works with N168.173 billion got the highest allocation under capital expenditure; Water Resources got N84,228,166,366; Power (N73,159,378,866); Education (N71,937,785,489); Defence/MOD/Army/Air Force/Navy (N64.013 billion); Niger Delta (N62,331,222,222); Health (N60,082,469,275); FCTA (N57 billion); Agriculture and Rural Development (N50,808,871,428); office of the National Security Adviser (N50 billion); Aviation (N48.5 billion); Transport (N44,527,673,725); Secretary to the Government of the Federation (N33,673,731,529); lands and Housing (N30,399,298,518) and Foreign Affairs (N24,211,948,470).
The bill was read for the third time in the House of Representatives with the relevant House rule suspended to allow the votes and proceedings of the session adopted to give immediate potency to the bill.
Members were in an upbeat mood as they passed the budget in record time.
Deputy Speaker Emeka Ihedioha who presided, said Speaker Aminu Tambuwal sent his sincere gratitude from Kaduna where he was attending the burial of ex-Kaduna State Governor Patrick Yakowa.
Ihedioha said the House has fulfilled its promise to pass the 2013 budget before Christmas.
Plenary was adjourned till January 16.
The Special Adviser to the President on National Assembly Matters, Senator Joy Emodi, commended the Presidency for early presentation of the budget and the National Assembly for the feat of passing the budget before Christmas.
Emodi said," This is a pivotal moment in our nation's history as it is the first time since 1999 that the budget of a succeeding year has been passed in the preceding year.
"This is traceable to the leadership shown by Mr. President through dialogue and early presentation of the budget and the hard work, commitment and team spirit shown by the leadership and the entire members of the National Assembly."
The Presidential aide noted that the budget is a government's most important economic policy tool.
She said by the early passage of the budget, the Executive and the Legislature have made a joint statement that they are truly partners in governance and are increasingly taking steps to place the country on a path to economic growth and prosperity.


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Flawed study mis-rates potential DC school closings
Photo by M.V. Jantzen on Flickr.
DC would likely close some successful schools while expanding failing schools if it relies upon a study released last week. The much-anticipated study, which the Deputy Mayor for Education commissioned to help plan school closures and charter school policies, is highly flawed.
The goal of the study was to help DCPS balance out near-empty buildings in some locations with overcrowded ones in others, taking into account the quality of the schools.
For all its colorful charts and maps, the report uses a faulty measure of school quality and does not make any serious attempt to predict how families and schools might react to the changes it proposes. With such important decisions at stake, the Deputy Mayor should insist upon more rigorous analysis.
The report authors crunched a lot of numbers in an admirably short period of time and produced some very interesting descriptive statistics, like the percentage of students below 185 percent of the poverty line in charters (75) versus DCPS (67).
The study counts, within each of 39 neighborhood clusters in the city, the number of "performance," or high quality, seats in schools and compares that to the number of school-age students living in that cluster. The difference is called a service gap.
It recommends schools for closure, or in some cases investment, to reduce these service gaps. But it doesn't justify the type of investment. Is it facilities? More teachers? Better teachers?
The authors define a "performance seat" as a seat in a school in the top tier of a 4-tier rating system they devised. Each school's tier comes from estimated percentages of its students who were judged "proficient" on the state assessment test in recent years, projected 4 years into the future assuming a straight line trend.
This study raises a lot of questions for most researchers and even lay readers. Two big flaws stand out, which are so basic and could do significant damage if city leaders overlook the problems.
It uses a flawed measure of school performance. At the heart of this paper is a 4-tier rating of school quality that relies on the percent of students who are proficient on the state test (called the DC-CAS). Never mind the fact that a proficiency rate throws away information by focusing only on whether a score was above or below a fixed cut point instead of how high or low it was.
Student proficiency rates have long been discredited as a school performance measure because proficiency rates capture student achievement at a point in time, but say little about how much the school or its teachers contributed to its current students' performance.
For example, a middle school could have declining proficiency rates if a feeder school begins sending more at-risk students to it, even if the teachers are especially skilled at working with a challenging population.
At a bare minimum, a sensible measure accounts for what a student knew before enrolling in the school (for example, using the student's score from the prior year). This is why more and more states, including DC, have adopted student achievement growth measures instead of proficiency rates for their teacher and school performance indicators.
Using a trend in proficiency rates doesn't help, and only creates a false sense of "gains" which is more likely to measure demographic change and other differences between successive cohorts of students cycling through a school than the performance of the schools' educators. That's because it compares students in one year to different students, instead of students in one year to the same students in the prior year.
By relying on flawed measures of school performance, policymakers risk closing down schools that are best equipped to work with challenging populations and replacing them with ones that would fail miserably if they started working with a different student body.
It ignores human behavior. There is a big difference between bean-counting and behavioral analysis. The latter recognizes that families make choices (within budget constraints) about where they live and where they send their kids to school.
School leaders make decisions too — over what programs to offer and how to allocate scarce resources to produce successful educational outcomes or whatever else they may value. In the case of charter schools, administrators choose whether to open a charter, where to locate, and what to offer.
In modeling supply and demand, however, the report ignored all of these factors. The report makes no attempt to model the behavior of these actors to predict the effect of different policies on outcomes. It is a bean-counting exercise.
For example, this study would say that a neighborhood has no service gap if it had a successful but highly specialized charter school, such as a Spanish immersion school. Obviously such a school could draw students from all over the city and residents of the immediate neighborhood may either not want to attend such a program or not be able to rely on being admitted because the pool of students in the lottery is so large.
Acting on this flawed study could end up making service gaps worse. For example, an affluent neighborhood may have far too many seats for its own students and yet its schools can be overcrowded because families from far flung neighborhoods want affluent peers or a school in a neighborhood with better housing stock.
Building more schools in the less affluent neighborhoods will not necessarily solve that problem. It might just create more under-utilized space. Yet that's exactly what this study recommends.
A smarter policy would strategically locate new schools partway between the current over-enrolled schools and the under-enrolled ones and design curricular offerings to induce the optimal mixing of students. Or better yet, the policy could rely more on information and transportation than simply construction and demolition.
In other words, knowing that a school is under-enrolled is less important than knowing why it is under-enrolled. It's important to know why parents make the choices that they make, not to just tally up their choices at a moment in time like an accountant.
It is possible to model the supply and demand of schooling without making naïve assumptions about schools and families. For example, there is work in progress by economists at Carnegie Mellon University demonstrating how it can be done.
In my own research I have simulated parental choice outcomes using behavioral parameters estimated from school choice data. This analysis illustrated how family preferences over the racial composition of the student body as well as commute distance and other factors such as school program offerings can influence sorting outcomes.
Planners can also consider trends in demographics, housing construction, and transit. They can simulate the results of a wide range of charter school and DCPS policies including not only facilities siting and improvements but varied attendance zones and expanded access to information about and transportation to schools beyond the immediate neighborhood.
The District needs sophisticated guidance to begin comprehensive, city-wide planning of school closures and investments and to help coordinate land use policy with charter school expansion. Unfortunately, this report doesn't provide enough of this guidance.


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The power to settle financial complaints.
September/October 2004
You can insure yourself against the risk of an accident or illness leaving you totally and permanently disabled and preventing you from carrying on:
The most expensive level of cover is that which pays you benefits if you are unable to continue with your "own occupation". As long as your disability prevents you from continuing in the occupation you had before the accident or illness (your "own occupation"), you will get benefits - even if you are still able to carry out some alternative form of paid employment.
The cheapest form of cover is that which pays you benefits if you become so disabled that you are unable to continue with "any occupation". Insurers usually interpret this to mean that you will receive policy benefits only if you are unable to carry out any occupation at all. It is a high threshold to pass, since few people are so disabled that they cannot, ever again, carry out any occupation at all.
However, the Court of Appeal has indicated that the term "any occupation" is ambiguous, so it should be interpreted in favour of the policyholder rather than the insurer. In the case of Sargent v GRE (UK) Ltd (reported 16 April 1997 on www.lawtel.co.uk), Mr Sargent had "any occupation" cover and suffered a serious hand injury. The insurer argued that benefit was payable only if the injury meant that Mr Sargent was now unable to undertake any occupation at all. And since Mr Sargent was still able to do some manual labour, even though this was at a less skilled level than the work he had done before the accident, the insurer said he was not entitled to any benefit.
Mr Sargent thought that the term "any occupation" in his policy meant that if, as a result of his accident, there was any occupation that he was now physically incapable of doing, even if this was an occupation for which he had received no training or shown no previous aptitude (such as being a concert pianist), then he should receive the benefit.
The Court of Appeal found unanimously in favour of Mr Sargent: "the potential width of the expression "any occupation" is circumscribed by its context and implicitly limited to any relevant occupation. The evident purpose of personal accident insurance against permanent disablement of a person...is to provide for the event that he is permanently disabled from attending to his occupation as at the time of his disabling injury and not just to provide for the more drastic and remote event that he would not be able to attend to any occupation of any kind at all ever again."(Lord Justice Mummery).
The outcome of the Court of Appeal's judgment broadly corresponds with our "fair and reasonable" approach to such cases. We feel it is very harsh to limit benefits to those rare situations where a policyholder is completely unable to carry on any occupation whatsoever (unless, of course, the policy clearly and unambiguously states this - and the limited nature of the cover has been adequately explained to the customer at the point of sale).
If a policy is just restricted to "any occupation", we interpret this as meaning "any relevant occupation", that is, any occupation for which the complainant is suited by reason of their education, training, experience, social standing, etc. Much will turn on the individual facts of the case - in particular the medical evidence and, to a lesser extent, the evaluation made of the policyholder's "functional capacity". However, we would not usually consider it reasonable to expect an unskilled manual worker to retrain as a skilled professional and vice versa.
Mrs T put in a claim under her critical illness policy for permanent total disability resulting from fibromyalgia. The insurer rejected her claim, saying she was not disabled from carrying out "any occupation". It based its view on the video surveillance it had carried out. This showed Mrs T walking and moving normally. Mrs T was unhappy with the firm's decision and she complained to us.
complaint rejected
We did not think it was fair for the insurer to reject the claim solely on the basis of a short piece of video footage, so we asked the insurer to show the video to Mrs T's doctors.
The doctors agreed that the way in which Mrs T was seen to be moving on the recording was not consistent with the manner in which they had seen her moving during consultations. This cast some doubt over Mrs T's claim.
The policy covered Mrs T if illness prevented her from performing "any occupation". We were satisfied that, even applying the more generous "Sargent" interpretation, the weight of the medical opinion established that Mrs T's condition did not prevent her from performing any occupation for which she was suited by reason of her education, training or experience. We therefore rejected her complaint.
Miss G, a professional dancer, suffered a serious injury while performing in a West End show. The injury effectively ended her career as a dancer and she put in a claim under her "any occupation" cover.
Although Miss G was receiving state incapacity benefits, the insurer refused to pay her disability claim. It said that she did not fulfil the policy definition of disability: "unable to carry out any occupation whatsoever". Miss G then complained to us, arguing that the insurer's decision was unfair and discriminatory.
complaint rejected
We noted that, unlike some policies, this one was written in very clear terms. Indeed, because of the nature of her occupation, the firm had required Miss G to sign a specific endorsement as part of her application for the policy. This confirmed that "benefit will only be payable if Miss G is unable to perform any occupation whatsoever."
Having carefully reviewed all the medical evidence and "'functional capacity" reports, we concluded that Miss G was certainly so disabled that she was unable to continue working as a dancer. However, she was an educated and intelligent person, and was not disabled from any occupation for which she was suited, let alone from any occupation whatsoever.
The fact that Miss G was classed as "disabled" for the purpose of state benefits did not necessarily mean that she was also disabled within the terms of the policy. We decided that the insurer's decision was neither unfair nor unreasonable in all the circumstances. There was no evidence to support Miss G's allegation that the insurer had contravened the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. We therefore rejected the complaint.
Mr D, a motor mechanic, developed a phobia about germs. He felt compelled to wash his hands so frequently during the day that, eventually, he was unable to complete any of his tasks and he had to give up work altogether.
He was covered for illness that prevented him from carrying out his "own occupation", and he put in a claim to his insurer. The insurer paid him disability benefits for a few months. However, it stopped these payments as soon as it received a report on Mr D's condition from a consultant psychiatrist.
The insurer told Mr D that it would not pay him any further benefits because the psychiatrist had concluded, "... once Mr D receives cognitive behavioural treatment for his phobia, it is likely that he will be able to return to work and have a relatively normal life within six months of the start of the treatment."
Mr D felt his benefits should continue, at least for the time being, but the insurer disagreed, so Mr D complained to us.
complaint upheld in part
We felt that the insurer's interpretation of the medical evidence was rather harsh. We were satisfied that, at present, Mr D's illness was preventing him from carrying out his "own occupation" of motor mechanic.
The psychiatrist had not said that Mr D could now return to work. She had said that it was likely he would be able to return to work:
The consultant indicated that a premature return to work would probably cause a recurrence of Mr D's underlying depression and anxiety.
We were satisfied that, at present, Mr D's illness was preventing him from carrying on with his occupation as a motor mechanic. We decided that the fair and reasonable solution was for the firm to reinstate benefits, at least until Mr D had completed the six months' cognitive behavioural treatment. After that, Mr D would have a medical reassessment. Future benefits would depend on the outcome of that reassessment and of the cognitive behavioural treatment.
ombudsman news issue 40 [PDF format]
ombudsman news gives general information on the position at the date of publication. It is not a definitive statement of the law, our approach or our procedure.
The illustrative case studies are based broadly on real-life cases, but are not precedents. Individual cases are decided on their own facts.


text:
Alan Lyness, PIP Fire & Security
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|PIP Fire & Security Limited - Unit 11, Ferguson Centre, 57-59 Manse Road, Newtownabbey, BT36 6RW


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My Book Agent
A Literary Agency Getting Authors Published Well
3 Massive Mistakes New Fiction Authors Make (and Clues for Fixing Them)
As a new fiction author,
have you submitted your query letter, synopsis, and sample fifty pages to literary agents in the hopes of getting a traditional publisher deal? Many times? So many times that you have considered giving up?
Why are literary agents turning your work away? Or, not replying at all? While dozens of reasons could apply, I find three fundamental reasons appear over and again.
The third massive mistake is a lack of followers who will purchase the book as soon as it is published. Often, this group is called a platform or tribe.
A platform or tribe differs from the number of likes on your Facebook page or even emails for your list of friends. Why don't these count? Well, a like is too tenuous a connection. How many books have you purchased after liking another author's page? People who measure these things suggest about 4 percent of your likes may act on your request to do something, such as contribute $5.
Yes, I am suggesting that you undertake a crowdfunding campaign both to raise a modest amount of funds and to test the viability of your concept.
The second massive mistake is that your manuscript is still in first-draft form. You have (hopefully) cleaned up the typos and broken sentences.
Your dialogue, however, is long and boring because it dumps backstory rather than increases the tension among the characters. Your descriptions use flabby verbs with adverbial crushed red pepper flakes sprinkled everywhere. I get lost because your scenes are not crisp, I really don't know who is present or how much time has expired since the last scene.
By attending to these and other elements, your story will become "fiction on fire." You promised to send manuscript copies of your book to your crowdfunders in hopes of getting some reviews. This version should bring in raves—or buzz.
The first massive mistake is thinking someone else will handle the promotion of your book. You know, the traditional publisher, your agent...
How will you demonstrate your ability to promote? First, you will revise your query letter, synopsis, and sample. "Fiction on fire" makes the rewrites easy to accomplish.
Second, your will apply to your literary agent for representation.
Third, you will launch a Kindle edition with a plan to sell five-hundred units in one to three months. You promised this edition to your crowdfunders, and it will be formatted by a professional.
Tags: Crowdfunding, Fiction on FIre, Kindle edition, Promotion
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text:
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Abdul Samad Al Qurashi
Address: Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Website: www.asqgrp.com
Year Established: 1852
Country of Origin: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
No. of Units: 350
Franchise Option: Area Development Agreement
Franchise Fee: Request for Information
Franchise Term: 10+10 years


text:
Vice Lord-Lieutenant and Deputy Lieutenants
© Lord-Lieutenant of Berkshire 2016 | Office of the Lieutenancy for Berkshire, Berkshire Record Office, 9 Coley Avenue, Reading, Berkshire RG1 6AF | Telephone 0118 937 2281 | email@example.com
Mr Branch lives in Maidenhead and is a former House Master and Head of English at Eton College. He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant in 2010. He has been a Justice of the Peace for many years. He is a past Chairman of the East Berkshire Magistrates Bench and has been active nationally in the Magistrates' Association. He is also a member of the Berkshire Shrievalty Committee. Mr Branch was appointed a Lay Steward at St.George's Chapel, Windsor in 2016.
Mr Branch is a very active member of both his local community and beyond. He is a past Chairman of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead's Decorative and Fine Arts Society. His is a member of the Berkshire Art Fund Committee. He is an active member of the Windsor and District Macmillan Cancer Support Committee. He is also a Trustee of Slough Town Hall Trust.
Deputy Lieutenants
The Lord-Lieutenant is supported in his work by a team of Deputy Lieutenants across the county. The size of the population of Berkshire determines the maximum number of DL's that the Lord-Lieutenant may appoint. Berkshire currently has 27 active Deputy Lieutenants who form an influential body of people well placed to support the county in many ways.
Deputy Lieutenants are appointed by the Lord-Lieutenant. They come from all walks of life and all parts of the County and are all people who have given significant service to their country or county. The role of Deputy Lieutenants, like that of the Lord-Lieutenant is non-political.
Deputy Lieutenants reflect a broad range of services to the community, cultural background, ethnic mix, gender and social range. Their local and specialist knowledge and experience is increasingly being used to positive effect in key sectors ranging from education to youth services, and from business to the rural economy. They are the eyes and ears of the Lieutenancy in our local communities and liaise closely with many organisations through the county.
Deputy Lieutenants support the work of the Lord-Lieutenant. They represent the Lord-Lieutenant in a wide range of public duties and at many engagements throughout Berkshire. They play a particularly important ceremonial role at the many Citizenship Ceremonies held in Berkshire's six Unitary Authority areas. DL's are particularly involved in encouraging voluntary organisations and charities – not least through their active work in encouraging and assisting with the assessment process of the Queen's Awards for Voluntary Service.
Deputy Lieutenants may wear a special badge when they are representing the Lord-Lieutenant.
Deputy Lieutenants retire at the age of 75 and then join a supplementary list, but carry out no further duties as DL's,
The Deputy Lieutenants of Berkshire
Christopher Barrett DL
Richard Bennett DL BA (Econ) FCMA
Dr Carolyn Boulter JP DL MA
Charles Brims DL
David Brownlow CVO DL
Simon Carter DL
Paul Dick OBE JP DL
Christopher Dodson OBE DL FIoD
Dr Peter Durrant MBE DL FSA
Mrs Victoria Fishburn DL
Lt Commander Peter Goodacre RD DL
Richard Griffiths DL
Willie Hartley Russell MVO DL
Harry Henderson DL
Dr Christina Hill Williams DL MA FRGS FRSA
The Rt Hon The Lord Iliffe DL
Khan Juna DL
Christopher Khoo DL
Brigadier Stephen Matthews DL FRSA
Adrian McAlpine DL FIoD
Andrew Panter DL
Mrs Mary Riall DL
Professor Suzanna Rose JP DL
Mrs Felicity Rutland DL
Ramnik Saund JP DL
Mrs Sarah Scrope DL
Kiren Sharma MBE DL
HH Judge Zoë Smith DL
Gordon Storey DL
Sean Taylor DL
Hugo Vickers DL
General Sir Redmond Watt KCB KCVO CBE DL
Mrs Christine Weston DL
The Role of Vice Lord-Lieutenant
The Vice Lord-Lieutenant is appointed, with The Queen's approval, by the Lord-Lieutenant from amongst his Deputy Lieutenants.
The Vice Lord-Lieutenant plays a substantial role in managing Lieutenancy projects. He also deputises for the Lord-Lieutenant on many occasions at royal visits and at other official engagements.
Male Vice Lord-Lieutenants may wear a uniform and lady Vice Lord-Lieutenants wear a special badge.
The Vice Lord-Lieutenant
Jeffrey Branch JP DL MA


text:
I, and other members on my team, have been using IBM Bluemix to build out services, samples and demonstrations. You might have seen those features in the Opening General Session at IBM ConnectEd and at Miguel Estrada's presentation – AD202: Build Your Own Apps in Minutes Leveraging IBM Bluemix and IBM Connections.
As a developer, it's super easy to add services to an existing application. There are a few new services that came to my attention (I follow the Bluemix Blog) – the new Watson Services. Two services in particular seemed like a good playground – Text-to-Speech and Speech-to-Text.
I see many possibilities when you start connecting user generated content (Activity Streams) with these services. I can't wait to start playing around with it.
FYI, the documentation is exemplary


text:
PopCap Layoffs; 300M Apple Store Visitors; Foxconn Working Conditions Improve
Topping tech headlines Tuesday, gaming company PopCap laid off 50 employees from its Seattle office, and may be cutting more in Ireland.
The firm announced Tuesday that the reorganization was prompted by the rapid shift to free-to-play, social, and mobile games. PopCap co-founder John Vechey said that the company needs to stay in business, improve efficiency, and maintain a profit in order to keep games like Peggle and Plants vs. Zombies running. PopCap is in talks with its Dublin team to work out a "path to profitability" that will keep the office open.
Meanwhile, the most valuable company ever is performing well financially, as well as in customer volume. Apple Stores counted 300 million global shoppers in just the past 10 months. Cupertino boasts 375 stores worldwide, two of which opened in Canada over the weekend. The Loop's Jim Dalrymple predicted that by October, Apple Store traffic could approach 311 million to round out the 12-month period.
In other Apple news, the Fair Labor Association (FLA), which has been working with Apple on an audit of Foxconn, said Tuesday that Apple's top supplier has made progress on improvements to overtime and working conditions. Following March's report of excessive overtime and unsafe conditions, Foxconn began implementing a number of FLA-recommended changes. FLA President Auret van Heerden on Tuesday said that the Association is satisfied that Apple "has done its due diligence thus far."
Also, Skype released updates for its iOS apps, adding a new photo-sharing feature and improving overall performance. The latest version allows iPhone and iPad users to send and receive photos through the app.
Also making headlines Tuesday:
- iPhone 5 Search Traffic Skyrockets Amidst Rumors: Not surprisingly, the various rumors surrounding the release of Apple's next iPhone and the possible iPad mini have prompted a huge jump in the number of people searching for details about the much-anticipated products.
- Tesla Museum Campaign Tops $850K Online Funding Goal: Artist Matthew Inman on Tuesday surpassed his goal of raising $850,000 for a museum dedicated to electricity pioneer Nikola Tesla.
- Microsoft Opens Windows 8 Upgrade Registration: Microsoft on Tuesday started accepting registrations for Windows 8 upgrades.
- Report Tips October iPad Mini Launch: According to a new report, you will probably get your hands on the iPad mini by October.
- Samsung Teases Galaxy Note II in New Video: With just two weeks to go before Samsung's Mobile Unpacked event, the phone maker posted a video to its YouTube channel hyping up what it intends to unveil.
- Microsoft Puts out Call for Xbox Live Beta Testers: Microsoft on Tuesday put out the call for volunteers to test out the next version of Xbox Live.
- Vogue Publisher Launches Fashion Game for iOS: Conde Nast delivered an iOS game focused on the ups and downs of the world of fashion models called Fashion Hazard.
- Amazon Launches Glacier Cloud Storage Service: Amazon launched a low-cost storage service which is optimized for data archiving and backup.
- Jawbone Jambox Now Comes in Customizable Colors: Are you interested in the Jawbone Jambox speaker but not psyched with the current color options? Good news you can now customize it to your own preferences.
- Security Firms Work to Protect Cars From Cyber Attacks: A handful of virus-fighting companies, including Intel Corp's McAfee, are working to secure vehicles from cyber attacks.
- Sony Rolling Out Updated Version of ICS to Xperia Phones: Sony announced that it will roll out an updated version of Android Ice Cream Sandwich to several Xperia phones that already have the OS, as well as a few phones still running Gingerbread.
- NASA Unveils InSight, Next Mission to Mars: With Curiosity still getting the lay of the land on Mars, NASA this week announced that the next mission to the Red Planet will blast off in 2016 via InSight.
- Everything Everywhere to Roll Out U.K.'s First 4G Network: U.K. regulators on Tuesday awarded highly coveted 4G spectrum to Everything Everywhere (EE), which will be the first provider to offer 4G service in the U.K.
- 19 Million American Still Without Broadband Access: Approximately 19 million Americans, or 6 percent of the U.S. population, do not have access to acceptable broadband Internet services.
- Google Play Gift Cards Head to GameStop, RadioShack, Target: Google officially announced the availability of its Google Play gift cards, which come in denominations of $10, $25, or $50.
- Public Can Vote on Robot Hall of Fame 2012 Class: WALL-E, BigDog, and Rosie from The Jetsons are among a dozen candidates for enshrinement in the Robot Hall of Fame's next class, with online voting open through Sept. 30.
For more from Stephanie, follow her on Twitter @smlotPCMag.


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How to Compose Exceptionally Good Compare and Contrast Essay Outline
access_timeMarch 29, 2018
Throughout the course of your education and career (if you choose to become a writer), you'll have the opportunity to work on different writing assignments and, of course, essays are inevitable.
The essay is a piece of writing that methodically analyzes and evaluates a topic or issue. That's why there are different types of essays, used to discuss, analyze, evaluate, or compare different situations or subjects e.g. argumentative essay , cause and effect essay , and compare and contrast essay.
Your ability to create an excellent paper depends on structuring a perfect outline. Throughout this post, I'm going to show you how to compose an outline for compare and contrast essay to get good grades (or positive feedback from the client) every time.
Compare and contrast essay outline
The easiest definition of compare and contrast essay that explore both the similarities and differences between two subjects by comparing or contrasting them. It's very easy to mistake this style of essay writing for a simple comparison between some topics or subjects, but that's not entirely correct. Always bear in mind that your essay has to serve a larger purpose and include the following:
- Demonstrate that one thing is superior to another
- Identify and clarify common misunderstandings
- Provide a new way of doing or understanding something
- State, elaborate, discuss something unknown
- Support every claim with facts and accurate, reliable sources
When it comes to structuring the outline for this kind of essay, there are different methods you can follow depending on the organization.
Point-by-point pattern (organization by criteria)
This outline is primarily used to compare items or subjects that are almost similar or when you plan (or have to) evaluate only a few characteristics or criteria when comparing them. Use the diagram below to create the outline for the point-by-point pattern.
Block pattern (organization by item)
In instances when you have to compare items, situations, or topics that are entirely different or when there are multiple criteria to involve, the point-by-point pattern doesn't function quite well. That's why you should opt for block pattern or organization by item.
Why? The reason is simple; the same criteria don't apply to different topics, people, objects, events, and so on. When the essay requires a multitude of approaches to explore, it's important to learn how to organize it properly in a bid to ensure easy reading. Create the outline based on the diagram below.
Block pattern can be structured in a different manner as well. Instead of the separate paragraph for each point, you compare, you can set out one section to name their similarities and a second paragraph to analyze dissimilarities point by point.
Now that you know how to create a functional outline, you're ready to move on to the essay writing process.
The intro for this kind of essay doesn't differ much from other types. It's the part where you introduce the overall subject of the piece and specific items, situations, or events you have to compare and/or contrast. As seen in diagrams, the introduction should feature :
- The mentioning of the main topic – begin with a hook sentence and detail specific to the topic itself. Your hook can be a quote, question, anecdote, anything you see fit for the particular subject you have to write about
- Specific subjects to compare and contrast – of course, you can't start writing about similarities and differences between two items out of the blue. That's why you should set out a sentence or two to mention specific topics you'll compare under the central theme
- Thesis statement – it marks the tone of the essay and catches reader's attention. Last sentence (or two) of your paper should account for a specific and concise thesis. There's no need for wordiness in this part because thesis, as the entire introduction, shouldn't be too long.
Once you're done with the intro, you're ready to move on to the body paragraphs.
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Body paragraphs
A total number of paragraphs in the body section depends on a number of aspects or criteria you have to discuss. For example, if you have to make a comparison between two different events through two aspects, you'll need two paragraphs. Three criteria require three paragraphs, and so on. Sometimes, you'll get the amount of aspects to use for comparison/contrast from your professor or a client, while in other instances, you'll just have to determine the number yourself during the research process.
When you get the title and aspects to compare but without a certain number of criteria to cover similarities and differences, you have to brainstorm. Take a blank piece of paper and write the first item in the left corner, the second item in the right corner. Make a Venn diagram and start analyzing.
REMEMBER: Typically, you don't need more than three aspects to cover, unless otherwise noted.
When you start brainstorming and researching the topic, the chances are high you'll find a wide array of differences and similarities. However, your essay has to be well-crafted, and you can't include absolutely everything you find (that way you'd write forever). To determine what to compare or differentiate answer these questions:
- Is this relevant for my course?
- What matters to the argument I'm going to take (or I'm given)?
- What's informative and interesting?
- What's relevant to my assignment?
Each paragraph in the body should start with a topic sentence (point 1, criterion 1/item A, B) focused on the aspect you're about to compare/contrast. Then, you proceed with details you find when conducting research. Remember, just like in other types of essays, thorough research is highly relevant here, too.
It's not just about mentioning differences and similarities one by one and stating your opinion or argument about them. Every detail you find should be supported by substantial evidence, statistics, studies, official data, and so on.
To show comparisons and emphasize the overall effect, don't forget to use some connectors such as:
- At the same time, as well as
- Both
- Compared to
- Correspondingly
- In addition
- In the same way
- Just as
- Likewise
- Same as
- Similarly
Of course, you can include connectors to express or heighten the contrasting effect. For example:
- Conversely
- Even though, although
- However
- In contrast
- Meanwhile
- Nevertheless
- On the contrary
- On the other hand
- Unlike
For the best possible result and successful completion of the essay, the body paragraphs should be analyzed from the perspective of an independent analytic. Ideally, your paper shouldn't be biased. You don't want the reader of your paper to assume what item you prefer or despise automatically.
At this point, you have the introduction and body paragraphs, which indicates you're ready to conclude the essay. Generally, this is the easiest part, but you should ensure it's properly structured as well. Here's what your conclusion should contain :
- Summary of main points – at the very beginning of this part, you should summarize the main points you've made throughout the essay. It's important to synthesize your thesis with info in body paragraphs
- Evaluation – provide a short analysis of what you discussed in the paper or mention possible solutions. The approach depends on the nature of your subject
- Significance – not only do you have to clarify the importance of the main topic, but also mention the significance of comparisons or contrasts. How to do this? It's not that difficult; answer the What was my goal in showing similarities/differences between these items? Your response indicates their significance.
Post-writing stage
You finished writing the paper, but your work isn't over just yet. Before sending or submitting the essay, it's necessary to proofread and edit the paper to eliminate all mistakes and unwanted parts.
Proofreading isn't only necessary for correcting typos or grammar, these seemingly unimportant errors that "everyone makes" break the reader from the flow of the paper and undermine its power of persuasion. When you finish the essay, read your work from top to bottom without doing anything. You'll probably spot some mistakes, but don't rush correcting them immediately. Then, start reading again and correct typos, grammar errors, and sentence constructions. Don't resist the urge to rewrite some sentences for better effect.
Nowadays, in the era of technology, you might feel tempted to download software (or find grammar/spelling checker online) and let it do the work for you. First of all, they aren't always correct, and secondly, your critical thinking skills will improve only when you do it yourself. The software can be used as additional essay help . Another useful idea is to ask a family member or a friend to read the essay and see if they can spot some mistakes.
You're almost ready to submit your essay, check whether you included references (if not, do so) and you're done.
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Bottom line
Compare, and contrast essay is concerned with evaluating differences and similarities between given items or topics. It's not just a mere comparison; the essay requires thorough evaluation and analysis supported by reliable data. This post explained how to create the outline properly, and all you have to do is to write according to the structure provided. Remember, once you create the structure and choose the adequate pattern (point-by-point or block), you just have to fill in the missing detail with results of your search.
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Writing an Outstanding Compare and Contrast Essay: Examples, Topics, Outline
How to Write Any Kind of Essay
Table of Contents
7 Tips on How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay
How to Write Compare and Contrast Essay Outline
How to Write Compare and Contrast Essay Introduction
Writing of Compare and Contrast Essay Example of Body Paragraphs
Similar marks vs. Difference
A subject vs. B subject
How to Write Compare and Contrast Essay Conclusion
Winning Compare and Contrast Essay Topics
Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for College Students
Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High School
Compare and Contrast Topics for Middle School
Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for 6th Grade
How to Write a 5 Paragraph Compare and Contrast Essay
Expert Advice
And at the end of it all here are few great tips you should keep in your mind:
It is always a big question for beginner writers how to write a compare and contrast essay.
Briefly talking, you just need to learn that classic five-paragraph essay format. Compare two subjects in the body section of your paper.
For wider learning, just proceed reading and get few interesting compare and contrast essay topics as a bonus.
7 Tips on How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay
Compare & contrast essay is, as we said before, a simple, interesting paper format to deal with. The main idea lies right on the surface that its name talks for itself. You need to compare two subjects that sometimes are absolutely unrelated to each other and analyze both things to come up with an original conclusion. Your text may be a search for some solution of a broader problem. Or just try to describe a particular aspect. Compare & contrast essay writing can be divided into seven main stages:
- Stage 1: Get yourself a topic;
- Stage 2: Create an outline;
- Stage 3: Introduce the topic;
- Stage 4: Start with the body paragraphs;
- Stage 5: Identify the main contrast between subjects;
- Stage 6: The conclusion;
- Stage 7: Editing and revising;
One of the most important stages of your writing would be the introduction where you should present your clear thesis statement . You should come with few thesis statements at once, choose the best one you can state. Just after the pick part is done you can start with the real comparison and composition.
If you would ever ask an experienced writer about successful writing tips, he will tell you that the deal is about your experience. Our experts and your teacher will tell you absolutely the same, but after teaching you how to write a compare and contrast essay. Let's start with five paragraph paper.
How to Write Compare and Contrast Essay Outline
Any paper should have its outline to get started with the correct direction. It is a must if you want your writing process to be easier and clear. It is great to be able to write from scratch the whole paper, but the working process will flow easier if you create an outline. Compare and contrast essay outline is nothing different from any other outlines people write for another type of articles.
If the topic you are working with is exciting for you, we are sure it is absolutely easy to work with it. But you should note that it is still important to be competent on the topic you are writing about. Or you are risking of getting blocked by bad knowledge of your topic, inability to develop the idea as it should be.
Here is how a typical outline should look for subject by subject comparison:
- Presentation of the general topic
- Your specific topic and clue
- Your main goals you're trying to reach in this very essay
- Subject 1 – three or more aspects with detailed descriptions
- Subject 2 – three or more aspects with detailed descriptions
- A short list of main results
- Possible future development, solution or evaluation
For the outline, try to feel free with your writing. Just get those marks you want to include into your paper with no doubt. There can be lots of those ideas that may fall off on different stages of creating process. It is normal if too many ideas you have. Sometimes you need to have more ideas than you need to Remember that organization is a key to your comfortable working process. The good organize process is the key to your successful work.
A compare and contrast essay example:
How to Write Compare and Contrast Essay Introduction
Compare and contrast essay introduction is no different from any other introduction you may have already done or read before. The principles you used for your definition essay are absolutely the same for your compare and contrast paper. It should be just one paragraph long.
- Do it brief and striking;
- Identify the main idea behind your theme;
- Synchronize it with your outline;
- You may write this part the last one to get a good connection with a conclusion;
Any good introduction is just a perfect start. And it means you need to make it convincing and strong no matter how conflicting your topic is. It should be clear and understandable for any type of a reader. You can get some interesting info on the topic you are writing about as it is always better to provide some entertainment along with helpful info. Some writers prefer asking questions that make their readers involved from the start. If you decide to ask a question, don't forget to hint at the answer in the next part of your paper.
Writing of Compare and Contrast Essay Example of Body Paragraphs
The next part is the body. Those paragraphs are the main place for the comparison and the story you are going to tell. And with your starting draft, you need to list and describe all the ideas you have in your outline, just use everything you can remember from the topic you are working with.
Each paragraph of the body gives the reader exact description and analysis of the subject. And then it offers a comparison of those two subjects based on those previously described features. Here is how the body section may look like if you use a classic three paragraphs in body section style:
Similar marks vs. Difference
- 1st paragraph in the body section is going to tell about similar marks of both your topic masters;
- 2nd paragraph of the body will talk about all those parts that are different;
- 3rd paragraph talks about the place both subjects get in the field covered by the topic.
A subject vs. B subject
- 1st describes the A subject and tells about its features;
- 2nd paragraph of the body tells about the B subject of your paper and gives a strong analysis of its features;
- 3rd paragraph compares and analyzes both subjects.
Each paragraph and we have three of them in this part, should be researched separately and consciously. Don't pay too much attention to the difference between the facts, but the topic you are writing about. And to make your paper absolutely high level, you need to get even deeper than you can and another writer usually so. Try to find something that is completely unknown and make discoveries if it is possible.
How to Write Compare and Contrast Essay Conclusion
Some students make their writing mistakes just at the very end of their papers. Compare and contrast essay conclusion is the place where you may just get into a serious trouble, and it is great to keep it in mind before subscribing your work as the finished one. Some experts say that this final paragraph is even more important than the introduction. We must say that this is totally true.
In your introduction, you present the subject and make the first impression and here you need to make the final strike and convince your reader that you are right. As it will be the last words you can write about the entire thing, you should not make it sound just like a simple summary, but convincing and ripe position. Don't forget to make few references to the body paragraphs of your text. Here are few basic tips you need to discuss:
- Answer the question "So What?"
- Synthesize, don't summarize
- Redirect your readers
- Create a new meaning
Winning Compare and Contrast Essay Topics
You need to understand one thing about well-written compare and contrast essay. Its example is just a half of your way to success. Correct and interesting compare and contrast essay topics are another part you need to reckon with. Here is the list of topics you can suggest for the start:
Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for College Students
- Apple vs. Microsoft
- Christianity vs. Islam
- Trump vs. Obama
- North Korea vs. South Korea
- Analog vs. Digital
- Electricity vs. Petroleum
- Communism vs. Capitalism
- Hydropower stations vs. Solar power stations
- Nuclear Power vs. Solar Power
- Red wine vs. Beer
Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High School
- Contemporary art vs. Classic art
- Rome Empire vs. Nazi Germany
- Monarchy vs. Democracy
- Meat eater vs. Vegans
- Jesus vs. Buddha
- England Colonies vs. French or Spanish Colonies
- Game of Thrones vs. Lord of the rings
- Ancient China vs. Japan
- Saltwater life vs. Freshwater life
- Greek Mythology vs. Roman Mythology
- 1914 vs. 1939
- Godfather vs. The Sopranos
- Rock vs. Pop
Compare and Contrast Topics for Middle School
- Pacific ocean vs. Atlantic ocean
- Plastic vs. Wood
- School vs. College
- Mozart vs. Bach
- Comedy vs. Drama
- Chinese language vs. Korean language
- Rap vs. Metal
- English vs. German
- Daytona vs. F-1
- Theatre vs. Classical Music
- Children vs. Adults
- Math vs. Literature
- Physics vs. Chemistry
Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for 6th Grade
- Fanta vs. Sprite
- Father vs. Mother
- Dogs vs. Cats
- Darth Vader vs. Sauron
- Medieval knights vs. Samurais
- Shark vs. Orca
- Mammals vs. Birds
- Lions vs. Tigers
- Watercolor vs. Oil
- Airplanes vs. Cars
- Subway vs. Railway
- Apples vs. Pears
- Batman vs. Shadow
- Football vs. Basketball
How to Write a 5 Paragraph Compare and Contrast Essay
If you don't know how to write a 5 paragraph compare and contrast essay, we should calm you down, it is simpler than it seems. The format of five paragraph paper considers 1 to 3 to 1 scheme where intro and conclusion have one paragraph and the body has three. But with this type of articles, you are free to experiment and to get something really unique.
Five paragraph format is a classic way to deal with most essays out there. No matter what topic do you have, this format will fit it perfectly. Writers often call it a subject to subject style. Its scheme would look like this:
- 1 paragraph – to present the topic
- 3 paragraphs – to identify and describe features of the subjects
- 1 paragraph – to make a summary
You can create an article with four or six paragraphs just using the proper scheme of mixing those paragraphs. It also depends on the outline you have created before starting writing. And we will tell you how to write a proper article with just two or three paragraphs in the body section.
Every good paper should start somewhere. And to start, you need to understand that this type of essays is about similarities and differences of two sometimes absolutely unrelated things. And don't let the word comparison confuse you. It is not just about listing similar and different features of two subjects. It is more about discovering new aspects and revealing information that can be new to your reader.
And at the end of it all here are few great tips you should keep in your mind:
- Make your title encouraging
A successful paper always has a good title. It is sharp, brief, and to the core. It can be a question or complex type of a sentence, but it should strike and hit all the aspects of your topic and the problem you are going to define in your paper.
- Breaks are good
Don't be afraid to stop and reload. It is important if you write a big paper and your thoughts are already messed around. It would give you a chance to see your work with a fresh eye even if you were resting for an hour.
- Review and edit
Both of these things are crucial. A successful article can't be completed without editing, reviewing, and checking every aspect of its grammar and structure. Make it flow smoothly. This makes the entire paper sound more diverse and interesting. Don't just make two subjects compared, but try to get few convincing contrasts between them. Yes, don't forget that it is not just a compare essay but contrast also.
Students often get confused because of this type of papers. There are lots of other hard to deal with tasks, but this one makes you feel like it is simple from the start. But it may fool you around with that fake simplicity. Sometimes it gets very difficult to compare two unrelated subjects and find those not so obvious contrasts between them. Start writing and you see that ides don't come easy, although it is challenging, and you should be prepared for this. And if you still have any doubts about any aspects of this task, our professional team is here to help you 24/7. Just place an order or ask for help in any other comfortable way and we will be there with our skills, experience, and respect.