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... the people's historic birth, death, marriage, real estate and election records.site: http://www.lavote.net/
The Official Homepage for Marriage To Go, an anytime marriage license service in Los Angeles County, California...site: http://www.marriagetogo.com/
... was handled, or at the Los Angeles County Superior Court Archives if it is an older record. ... residents, employees and visitors to Los ...site: http://lacounty.info/faq.htm
Chris Robinson performs weddings in Los Angeles and Orange counties. Includes fees, marriage license and contact forms.site: http://www.officiantguy.com/
Guidelines for obtaining a marriage license in Southern California ... in Los Angeles County, the documents must be presented if the divorce ...site: http://www.chinabridal.com/planning/license.htm
Same day marriage in Los Angeles You may now purchase your marriage license and marry on the same day.site: http://www.samedaymarriage.com/
Marriage license service and officiant services for Los Angeles and surrounding counties...site: http://www.weddingsinlosangeles.com/
Below is the application for a Los Angeles County Marriage License. Please fill it out and submit to us. You will then need to call us at ...site: http://www.revdavid.com/pages/7/index.htm
How To Get a Marriage License and Get Married in California ... In Los Angeles, you may have to apply one day and come back the next to pick ...site: http://www.sacramento.about.com/cs/californiamenu/ht/cagetmarried.htm
How to obtain your marriage license and how to use your marriage licensee in California...site: http://www.weddingtips.com/wtlicens.html
Marriage Culture Gains Ground Among U.S. Youth - reports show changes in attitudes - Statistical Data IncludedYou've probably read the stories about the large numbers of twenty- and thirtysomething women who, like the yuppie characters on HBO's Sex and the City, ...... (Continue Reading
Domestic argument: while some call for moderation after November 2, advocates for marriage equality aren't backing offAfter 11 states across the nation passed constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage in November, the screaming call for full marriage fights ...... (Continue Reading
Two very different perspectives on banking services - Special Report: Banking on Latinos - Los Angeles County, CAMauricio Romero has lived in the United States for eight years and never seen the inside of a bank. Miguel Medina and his wife Norma Roque moved here ...... (Continue Reading
'Eyebrow Queen' never stopped cherishing beauty - 20 Years that Changed Los Angeles: 20 Extraordinary Lives - Anastasia Salon founder and head, AnastasiaAnastasia Soare is a Romanian immigrant whose mother taught her the importance of preserving one's spirit and determination in the face of catastrophe.... (Continue Reading
Paltrow, beau apply for marriage licenseLOS ANGELES -- Wedding bells may soon be ringing for actress Gwyneth Paltrow and her musician boyfriend, Chris Martin. The couple applied for a marriage license in Santa Barbara County, "Entert... (Continue Reading
Hoop dreams: Glory Road star Derek Luke scores on-screen and offLet's get the sound bite of Derek Luke's discovery out of the way: After Derek auditioned for a part in Antwone Fisher, first-time director and icon ...... (Continue Reading
Does my mom hate me?My mom is Oregon state representative Donna G. Nelson from McMinnville, my hometown. She is Republican, and she just told me that she supports Measure ...... (Continue Reading
Pacific passionsQ My partner and I bought three acres on Hakalau Bay in Hawaii and are planning on building on the property. I own a Catalina 36-foot sailboat, and I've wondered about sailing the Pacific. We want... (Continue Reading
Gay and Lesbian MarriageThe advent of marriage between same-sex couples marked one of the major cultural and social changes of the twentieth century in the United States.... (Continue Reading
Legally wed in Colorado, 1975: pioneering gay couple Anthony Sullivan and Richard Adams didn't just get legally married 29 years ago; they stood up andAS they watched the thousands of same-sex couples line up at San Francisco's City Hall in February, Anthony Sullivan and Richard Adams couldn't help ...... (Continue Reading


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Heat grill to medium-high heat.
Rinse fillets and pat dry. Slice onion into 1/8-inch rings, and set aside. Slice lemon into 1/8-inch rings, remove seeds and set aside.
Rub 1 clove of crushed garlic over the fillet. Place fillet in the center of the aluminum foil. Top with 1 pat of butter, 2 to 3 onion rings, then season with salt and pepper, to taste. Cover fish with 1 or 2 lemon rings. Fold aluminum foil around fish to create a sealed package. Repeat for each fillet.
Place packets on hot grill for 5 minutes or until cooked through, careful not to overcook the fillets. Remove fish from foil, plate and serve immediately.
A viewer or guest of the show, who may not be a professional cook, provided this recipe. It has not been tested for home use.

subset: commoncrawl


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Buy granite and quartz worktops factory-direct
Prices are grouped from one/most affordable to 12/premium. Enjoy our web-leading products section, using the 'price', 'brand', 'colour' and 'finish' filters to hone your search, and checking the 'related products' for suggestions on each colour theme. Everything you need to know is there along with style tips and photography to help inspire your worktop look.
Finer details
Once you've picked a stone, you can think about your preferred edge details, drainer grooves and finer touches – like splash-backs and up-stands. There's also a wealth of beautifully discounted taps, sinks and accessories specifically designed for use with granite and quartz. Tell us your favourites with the Request a Call Back web-form on the right of every page.
How do I get a price?
Just Request a Call Back to make an enquiry – and we'll phone you to save your bill. As WorktopEnvy is constantly sourcing stone from a world of discerning suppliers, the best way to give you a really accurate price is to have an actual conversation. If you can email a plan of your kitchen project to email@example.com – or just talk us through it on the phone – we'll then calculate a fully-itemised, no obligation estimate for you that's good for six months. Or feel free to call us directly on 01824 750187.
What happens next?
The next stage is where the hard work begins – for us. While you put your feet up, our expert template and fitting teams swing into action. First, we'll visit your project and take precise measurements to ensure your work surfacing is millimetre perfect. Then it's back to our purpose-built 10,000 sq ft HQ where our experienced masons work their magic, assisted by the latest CNC technology (clever machines that use diamonds, lasers and water to make stone beautiful). Finally, about a calendar week later (but up to 10 working days), we return for the really exciting bit; immaculately installing your new kitchen surfaces – and seeing you grin from ear to ear. So get the ball rolling – Request a Call Back and we'll do all we can to help.
How can I pay?
We are happy to accept most major card payments, as well as cash, cheque or bank transfer.
Can I visit a showroom?
Absolutely. Even though we love online shopping, sometimes you just can't beat seeing things for real. Our showroom is at Graig Lelo Quarry, Bryn S.M., Denbighshire, LL21 9RY. To organise an appointment ring 01824 750 647.
Peace of mind warranties
WorktopEnvy is committed to giving its customers peace of mind. For that reason we offer a free 12-month limited warranty on our workmanship with every installation. All you need to do is email your name, details, and after-template quotation number to to register your warranty within 30 days of your tops being fitted. For full warranty details click here.


text:
Jerry Rhyne's Collision
- 6915 Old Lawyers Road
- Charlotte, NC 28227 | View Map
- (704) 569-1180
- http://jerryrhynescollision.com/
Business Description:
- Preferred shop of major insurance providers! 24-hour towing, auto-body, auto glass, mechanical and electrical repair, paintless dent removal, and more!
- auto body repair & painting
Daniel's Review
Top notch service.
Jerry Rhynes Collision delivers top notch service. They did a fantastic job on my car! They blended the paint very well, and got the work done on time. They were great about getting my car back to me, too. This was my first time using them, and I would most definitely use them again.


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SapientX Auto: A New Demo!
I haven't written a blog in a long time. That's because I've been busy on three important fronts. First, I've been editing the screenplay adaption for eHuman Dawn and I'm happy to say that my agent says it's getting closer with each edit!
Second, I've been editing my latest novel, Song of the King's Heart. Nope, it's not the last eHuman novel, I'm sorry. I had to go back in time, to 200 BC, in Egypt during the Great Egyptian Revolt against the Greeks to document the rise and fall of the last native Egyptian kings before I Jump forward to write eHuman Deliverance, the final installment of my scifi trilogy.
But the third thing I've been busy with is my new job as CTO for SapientX, a startup looking to create truly conversational AIs that will bring the human-machine interaction to the next level. Here's a demo to show what that might look like. I can't wait until my car can talk to me, can you? I'm combining my love of technology with my skills in creative writing to create an AI that will dialogue with you in a whole new way. In the absence of true consciousness, back story and authoring will take the stage alongside clever engineering. If you're interested, check out the SapientX website.
Here's to being busy creating new and interesting stories, whether for your machines or your movie screen!
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text:
Pensions Notice 03 - Annual Registration Fees 2018
The Financial Services Commission (the Commission) hereby reminds pension plan administrators that in accordance with the Occupational Pensions Benefits Act CAP 350B (OPBA) and its regulations, annual registration fees are due on or before January 31, 2018 and must be paid via cheque or bank draft.
Receipts for payment received will be mailed to the person or company making the payment on behalf of the pension plan.
Kindly note that failure to comply with the stipulated deadline of January 31, 2018 will result in the accrual of penalties, incurred at a rate of 10% of the annual fee plus 1% of the annual fee for each month or part of a month that the fee imposed remains unpaid.
Dated this 15th day of January, 2018
The Financial Services Commission


text:
Unlocking Durons and Thunderbirds was an easy task to do, all you needed was a pencil. With the new Athlon XP CPUs this is not possible anymore. When AMD cuts the L1 bridges on top of the CPU with their laser it cuts into the CPU itself and goes down far enough to expose the bridges underneath. If you were to simply use a pencil like you would do with a Duron or Thunderbird you would be unsuccessful. To correctly unlock your Athlon XP CPU you need to cover the valley in-between the L1 bridges with a non-conductive substance and then bridge them with something conductive. HighSpeed PC provides a kit which includes everything you will need to successfully unlock your Athlon XP.
The package comes very well put together and professional looking.
The following is included in the kit. Also below is a picture of everything out of the bag.
The kit comes with an instruction sheet, which has a front and backside explaining how to unlock your CPU. I already knew how to unlock my CPU before I did this review and when reading the instructions step by step they were a little confusing. I had to read over it a few times to understand what was being said. However after I read them over a few times they made sense.
Before I go into how to use the kit I must apologize for the shabby pictures, my digital camera only has digital zoom and is not that great with small pictures. I will be using my friends AMD Athlon XP 1600+ for this review because I have already unlocked my 1900+. First, locate your level 1 bridges which are usually referred to as L1 bridges. They are on the top left hand corner of the CPU above the core, you will see 2 rows of 5 gold dots.
Take the cleaning solution vial and dab some of the liquid onto a paper towel. Rub the L1 bridges and remove the black residue left behind in the valley from where the cut has been made. This cleaning solution worked really well.
After you have cleaned the L1 bridges with the cleaning solution you will want to cover the L3 and L1 bridges with the tape provided, be sure not cover the valley in-between the L1 bridges. After you have the L1 and L3 bridges taped off you will need the gap filler vial and the pin. Open the vial and get some of the gap filler on the tip of the pin and put it onto the valley. Use your finger and spread the gap filler around the valley in-between the L1 bridges. Doing this will prevent the conductive grease from touching the bridges in the valley.
Now comes the harder part, you will now need the conductive grease. Open the vial and use your pin to take out a very small amount, you will not need a lot and if you put to much on you will have a harder time. With the conductive grease on the pin dab a little on each of the bridges and then dab a little in-between the bridges putting it on top of the gap filler, be sure that you have no gaps in the conductive grease that are forming the bridges.
You will want to dab it rather than dragging it, if you try and drag the conductive grease across the valley you will end up moving the gap filler out of place. If you make a mistake and have some of the bridges touch you are going to have to start over because you probably have not unlocked it correctly. Don't worry though you get enough of the cleaning solution, gap filler and conductive grease to try a few times, I had to try 3 times before I got it to work and still have plenty left. I know by looking at the picture below its almost impossible to tell but the bridges are correctly bridged.
You will now want to test your unlock job to be sure you have done it correctly. Reinstall your CPU and heatsink and go into your BIOS. Change your multiplier from its default up and down along with the half multipliers to make sure all of them work correctly. As you can se from the picture the XP 1600+ which has a default multiplier of 10.5 is now running at a 1900+ with an 11 multiplier and 143 FSB (Front Side Bus) We were able to change the multiplier up and down with no problem.
If you have an AMD Athlon XP CPU and want to overclock it with a high FSB you will need to lower your multiplier and to do so you will need to unlock your CPU. This kit from HighSpeed PC works really well and has a great price. You get enough of everything so that if you make a mistake you can try more than once. I think the instructions could be improved to be a little more "user friendly" however they are still good.
I would definitely recommend this kit to anyone who wants to unlock their Athlon XP multipliers, which will give you much better results for overclocking rather than just using the FSB to push your CPU. I would like to thank Scott from HighSpeed PC for sending this kit over for me to review, definitely head over and pick one up if you want to unlock your XP.


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Here ericdress.com shows customers a fashion collection of current girls denim jacket 6 7.You can find many great items. They all have high quality and reasonable price. You can get big discount sometimes, because we always do promotions. If you need girls denim jacket 6 7,come here to choose. We give you good items and services.
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Ericdress Notched Lapel Single-Breasted Casual Men's Denim Blazer


text:
When you're looking for the best used SUVs under $20,000, keep in mind that you'll probably need to forego the top-of-the-line models in lieu of the base or mid-level trims. That said, however, you can still get some great deals on late model SUVs in this price range.
Our sources include Consumer Reports "Best Used Vehicles Under $20,000," Kiplinger's "Top 10 Picks for Best Used Cars," and Edmunds "2010 Used Car Best Bets." We've also checked what auto reviewers have to say and included Edmunds True Market Value (TMV) pricing for the models and years listed.
- 2007 Honda Pilot LX – Kiplinger hails the 2007 Honda Pilot LX as one of its 10 Best Values in Used Cars for 2009, saying: "The ultra-utilitarian Pilot seats eight, hauls 3,500 pounds and has 48 cubic feet of cargo room behind the second seat. You also get Honda engineering and reliability." Edmunds TMV for the 2007 Honda Pilot starts at $16,068.
- 2007 Honda CR-V – Both Edmunds and Consumer Reports single out the Honda CR-V compact crossover SUV as a used vehicle best bet. Edmunds comments: "Space-efficient, fuel-efficient and easy to own, the Honda CR-V does almost everything well… A comfortable ride, an excellent reliability record and strong crash test scores underscore why the CR-V is a top pick among our staff and consumers alike." Edmunds TMV pricing for the 2007 Honda CR-V ranges from $16,544 (LX) to $21,598 (EX-L with navigation).
- 2008 Hyundai Santa Fe – One of the fastest-growing segments is the midsize crossover SUV, and the 2008 Hyundai Santa Fe is a terrific choice for best used SUVs under $20,000. Consumer Reports puts Santa Fe (V6) in its $18,000-$20,000 price range of best used vehicles. Edmunds TMV for the 2008 crossover SUV is $16,019 to $21,948. All but the Limited trims are available for under $20,000 starting TMV. Consumer Guide, which gave it a Recommended, says of the 2008 model: "Santa Fe offers impressive room, build quality, and standard safety features, all at competitive prices. Hyundai's generous warranty is another value plus."
- 2009 Mitsubishi Outlander – Another midsize crossover SUV on the Consumer Reports list is the 2009 Mitsubishi Outlander. About.com remarks: "…the Outlander is a solid, fun-to-drive, mid-sized crossover with unique style and value." The second-generation Outlander (2007-2009) introduced V6 power, third-row seating, and additional cargo room, thus adding consumer-friendly attributes. Edmunds TMV for the 2009 Mitsubishi Outlander is $17,330 (ES) to $21,529 (XLS).
- 2007-2008 Ford Edge (FWD) – Consumer Reports lists the 2007 FWD Ford Edge in the $18,000-$20,000 price range of best used cars. Edmunds TMV ranges from $15,518 (2007) to a low of $18,220 (2008) for the Ford Edge midsize crossover SUV. Consumer Guide notes: "…Edge impresses for its carlike ride and generous passenger and cargo room…Give Edge a look, but favor an SE model or a judiciously-equipped SEL for best dollar value."
- 2007-2008 Subaru Forester – As a fun family SUV, you can't beat the 5-passenger 2007-2008 Subaru Forester (yes, another Consumer Reports best used SUV choice). All models feature standard all-wheel drive. New Car Test Drive observes: "Forester delivers the SUV features its buyers want, including a high seating position, good cargo space and a choice of superb all-wheel-drive systems." Edmunds TMV for 2007 Forester goes from $13,840 to $17,876, while the 2008 begins at $15,744 to $22,573.
Search used cars for sale and find the best deals near you at iSeeCars.com.
To get a FREE iSeeCars VIN Report for a car, click here.


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There's just no stopping Leicester High senior Tom Rodrick. The UConn-bound behemoth is the dominant player in SWCL C this year, so he was a good person for the Wolverines to have in an early battle of undefeated teams Friday night at Bartlett High's Memorial Field.
There's just no stopping Leicester High senior Tom Rodrick.
The UConn-bound behemoth is the dominant player in SWCL C this year, so he was a good person for the Wolverines to have in an early battle of undefeated teams Friday night at Bartlett High's Memorial Field.
Coach Dane Laboissonniere's Indians (2-1, 2-1) played Leicester even for most of the game, but Rodrick rumbled in for two second-quarter touchdowns and led a defense that shut down a talented Bartlett backfield in a 15-0 win.
"We're calling blitzes a lot and everyone's blitzing well," Rodrick said. "They're a big outside threat and we tried to stop that. Their back (Alexander Givins-Perry), we really wanted to focus on shutting him down and we did a good job of that."
Leicester also held Millbury scoreless in its opener and allowed only a late consolation score with the junior varsity players in against Oxford.
The 6-foot-3, 240-pound Rodrick turned the momentum in the second quarter with a 60-yard interception return for a touchdown. For the game, he carried 13 times for 93 yards, including a TD from 5 yards out with 50 seconds left in the first half.
Rodrick rushed for 68 yards in the second half as the Wolverines turned to ball control.
"Tom was a beast," Leicester coach Tim Griffiths said. "He showed his prowess and just who he is. He's the real deal and he carried us, along with his teammates, but he was the leader."
Griffiths also highlighted the defensive play of unheralded junior difference-maker Ryan McKay at end along with senior linemen Jake Laviolette and Mario Borci.
Quarterback Drew Mazzeo tweaked a hamstring in the second quarter and didn't return for precautionary reasons, but after fumbling away his second snap, sophomore backup Nick Makie settled in to manage the offense to a win.
"That's his first real, real varsity experience, so we tried to rally around him, give him the best blocking we could, and play smash-mouth football," Rodrick said.
The Wolverines (3-0, 3-0) now march on to their two biggest regular-season games of 2013. They'll host No. 9 Auburn at 7 p.m. Friday before playing at West Boylston in a rematch of the 2012 Division 5 Super Bowl. Leicester will be out for revenge after a 14-6 loss to the Lions last December at Worcester State.
Rodrick called both games must-wins, while Griffiths predicted that Mazzeo would be able to return in time to face the Rockets.
Bartlett, which started out with consecutive road games, has a stretch of three more home games ahead, getting back at it against Oxford next Friday.
A Bartlett score looked imminent after Alex Salytchev broke off a 20-yard gain on the Indians' second drive of the game, but two plays later McKay got to Ricky Spooner, tipping the throw as he quickly unloaded the ball to avoid a sack.
Rodrick was waiting patiently in coverage to pull in the soft toss and the big man chewed up the grass ahead, chugging 60 yards to the end zone. Shane Padeni kicked the extra point to make it 7-0 Leicester with 9:10 left in the first half.
"We were sitting on the screen for a while," Rodrick said. "The only guy in front of me was a lineman so I just tried to juke him out and then it was open field."
Mazzeo was injured on a long punt return up the right sideline two minutes later, which left Makie in charge.
Makie let the seasoned veterans do the heavy lifting on a 56-yard drive to close out the first half. Rodrick barreled in from five yards out on the eighth play of the drive, while McKay's conversion run made it a 15-0 lead.
"I'm just really proud of my team," Griffiths said. "We got nicked up but the subs stepped in and we were just emotional the whole game."
Contact Carl Setterlund at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text: Hello, The Alpha version of isc-dhcp has been released. - If a client renews before 'dhcp-cache-threshold' percent of its lease has elapsed (default 25%), the server will reuse the allocated lease (provide a lease within the currently allocated lease-time) rather than extend or renew the lease. This absolves the server of needing to perform an fsync() operation on the lease database before reply, which improves performance. [ISC-Bugs #22228] Update this patch to support asynchronous DDNS. If the server is attempting to do DDNS on a lease it should be udpated and written to disk even if that wouldn't be necessary due to the thresholding [ISC-Bugs #26311] - The 'no available billing' log line now also logs the name of the last matching billing class tried before failing to provide a billing. [ISC-Bugs #21759] - A problem with missing get_hw_addr function when --enable-use-sockets was used is now solved on GNU/Linux, BSD and GNU/Hurd systems. Note that use-sockets feature was not tested on those systems. Client and server code no longer use MAX_PATH constant that is not defined on GNU/Hurd systems. [ISC-Bugs #25979] - Add a perl script in the contrib directory, dhcp-lease-list.pl, which can parse v4 lease files and output the lease information in a more human friendly manner. This was written by Christian Hammers with some updates by vom and ISC. This is contributed code and is not supported by ISC; however it may be useful to some users. [ISC-Bugs #20680] - Add support in v6 for on-commit, on-expire and on-release. [ISC-Bugs #27912 - Add support for using classes with v6. [ISC-Bugs #26510] - Update the DDNS code to current standards and allow for sharing of DDNS entries between v4 and v6 clients. The new code is used if the ddns-update-style is set to "standard", the older code is still available if ddns-update-style is set to "interim". The oldest DDNS code "ad-hoc" has been removed. Thanks to Thomas Pegeot who submitted a patch for this issue. This patch is based on that work with some modifications. [ISC-Bugs #21139] - Add a configuration option to the server to suppress using fsync(). Enabling this option will mean that fsync() is never called. This may provide better performance but there is also a risk that a lease will not be properly written to the disk after it has been issued to a client and before the server stops. Using this option is not recommended. [ISC-Bugs #34810] - Add some logging statements to indicate when the server is ready to serve. One statement is emitted after the server has finished reading its files and is about to enter the dispatch loop. This is "Server starting service.". The second is emitted when a server determines that both it and its failover peer are in the normal state. This is "failover peer <name>: Both servers normal." [ISC-Bugs #33208] - Add support for accessing options from v6 relays. The v6relay statement allows the administrator to choose which relay to use when searching for an option, see the dhcp-options man page for a description. The host-identifer option has also been updated to support the use of relay options see the dhcpd.conf man page for a description. [ISC-Bugs #19598] - When doing DDNS if there isn't an appropriate zone statement attempt to find a reasoanble nameserver via a DNS resolver. This restores some functionality that was lost in the transition to asynchronous DDNS. Due to the lack of security and increase in fragility of the system when using this feature we strongly recommend the use of appropriate zone statements rather than using this functionality. [ISC-Bugs #30461] - Add support for specifying the address from which to send DDNS updates on the DHCP server. There are two new options "ddns-local-address4" and "ddns-local-address6" that each take one instance of their respective address types. [ISC-Bugs #34779] - Add ignore-client-uids option in the server. This option causes the server to not record a client's uid in its lease. This violates the specification but may also be useful when a client can dual boot using different client ids but the same mac address. Thank you to Brian De Wolf for the patch. [ISC-Bugs #32427] [ISC-Bugs #35066] - Extend the DHCPINFORM processing to honor the subnet selection option and take host declarations into account. Thanks to Christof Chen for testing and submitting the patch. [ISC-Bugs #35015]


text:
The 23rd of April is a special date on the calendar, the birthday of a close friend, a companion on many adventures.
She is that sunny day after lots of rainy weeks, when outside it's hot and you need some fresh air. Suddenly you decide to drop everything and take a ride with her to laugh and relax.
She is that sunset you enjoy after miles on the road, an easy going friend that is at home in any company, in any situation.
So come and celebrate her special birthday with us and see the new additions to the family as well. There will be a birthday treat for those buying a new Anniversary Vespa too, so make sure you join in the celebration at your local Vespa Retailer between 23th and 31st of May.


text:
|Posted by Paul Spera
|on Jun 29, 2016
As Summer Fair Season hits full stride, we would like to invite everyone to the Hillsborough Fair! August 17th thru August 21st. We will have our food booth up and running with some great options! The Jersey Burger is back!!! A nice cheeseburger with plenty of porkroll on top!! Also this year Empanadas and Churros will be hit!!! Come on down, bring the family for fun, food and rides! Saturday night Fireworks are worth the trip alone!
|Quote of the Week - Who Said It?
|Posted by Joseph Spera
|on Jul 09, 2014
We could never learn to be brave and patient, if there were only joy in the world.
|Thought for the Week - Who Said It?
|Posted by Joseph Spera
|on Jul 09, 2014
An optimist is the human personification of spring.
|Welcome to our new website!
|Posted by Paul Spera
Welcome to our Rotary Club!
|Security and Integrity of Your Data
|Posted by Joseph Spera
ClubRunner secures all your private information using the latest security technologies. Hosted in a world class data centre with redundant power, Internet backbones and 24/7 security and monitoring, you can rest assured that your club data is safe and protected. Your members' contact information is secured behind unique logins and passwords. Access to information is also restricted, for example, a member can only view the list of members, but can modify his or her own personal information.
Data on the server is protected by TCP/IP filtering, firewall and anti-virus software that protect against any unauthorized intrusion. Backups of data are made daily and stored off-site.
|Integrated eBulletin for Easier Communication
|Posted by Joseph Spera
ClubRunner makes it easy to publish your weekly Club eBulletin, and send to all members and friends of the club, by incorporating home page stories and events with the push of a button.


text:
Linked Data Platform Update
Since the launch of the W3C Linked Data Platform (LDP) WG in June last year, the WG has made a lot of progress.
It took a while for WG members to get to understand each other and sometimes it still feels like we don't! But that's what it takes to make a standard. You need to get people with very different backgrounds and expectations to come around and somehow find a happy medium that works for everyone.
One of the most difficult issues we had to deal with had to do with containers, their relationship to member resources and what to expect from the server when a container gets deleted. After investigating various possible paths the WG finally settled on a simple design that is probably not going to make everyone happy but that all WG members can live with. One reason for this is that it can possibly be grown into something more complex later on if we really want to. In some ways, we went full circle on that issue but in the process we have all gained a much greater understanding of what's in the spec and why it is there so, this was by no means a useless exercise.
Per our charter, we're to produce the Last Call specification this month. This is when the WG thinks it's done – all issues are closed – and external parties are invited to comment on the spec (not to say that comments aren't welcome all the time). I'm sorry to say that this isn't going to happen this month. We just have too many issues still left open and the draft still has to incorporate some of the decisions that were made. This will need to be reviewed and may generate more issues. However, the WG is planning to meet face to face in June to tackle the remaining issues. If everything goes to plan this should allow us to produce our Last Call document by the end of June.
Anyone familiar with the standards development arena knows that one month behind is basically "on time". 🙂
In the meantime, next week I will be at the WWW2013 conference where I will be presenting on LDP. It's a good opportunity for people to come and learn about what's in the spec if you don't know yet! If you can't make it to Rio, you'll have another chance at the SemTech conf in June where I will be presenting on LDP as well. Jennifer Zaino from SemanticWeb.com wrote a nice piece based on an interview I gave her.
No comments yet.


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News|Sports|Main Menu|Archives Menu|Classified|Advertising|Monahans
Flinn's attorney stated that he wanted to argue against the military
laws against adultery. Spinner had the gall to suggest that the military
should "catch up" with the civilian world. How in the world can it
possibly be considered progressive to accept amoral, illegal and
dishonest behavior? Not only was the man still legally married, but
enlisted as well, making their relationship a violation of the
fraternization law too. Both of them knew their ranks could cause
trouble for them.
There is no draft now, so nobody forced this young woman into military
service. Certainly in the training she had in becoming an officer, she
was taught the basics of military law, called the Uniform Code of
Military Justice, or UCMJ. She was expected to not only know and follow
the rules, but to be a leader of the enlisted airmen.
I don't know all that much about the way the Air force trains its people
and conducts day-to-day business, but in the Army, our best leaders led
by example. That was true both of our commissioned and non-commissioned
The most respected leaders wouldn't ask their troops to do something
they wouldn't. That raises two questions about Flinn in my mind.
What kind of example has she set for those she outranks? How can she
expect her subordinates to follow the rules if she won't do so herself?
Granted, this woman is a B-52 pilot, not a squadron commander. However,
if she were allowed to stay in the Air Force, there would be the
possibility of her commanding a number of others someday.
My deadline for this column was noon on Tuesday, so it had to be written
and typed into the computer before that, and something new might come to
light between Tuesday morning and whenever you read this.
However I can't imagine something changing my belief that she doesn't
deserve an honorable discharge for actions which have caused her peers
to receive discharges under other than honorable conditions.
She admits to the adulterous acts, so her morals don't do anything to
prove her to be above lying. We will just have to see what happens with
the court martial proceedings that were set to begin Tuesday morning.
Some people say that you can't legislate morality. But if parents don't
do their jobs and not only teach morals and rules but enforce them as
well, we may have to.
Do we really want to live in a society where it is okay to sleep with
someone else's spouse, lie and ignore all the laws? That sounds a little
like the beginning of anarchy.
Editor's Note: Cara Alligood is an Enterprise writer and advertising
The Pecos Zoning Board of adjustments, this week, rejecting the proposal
bingo hall/arcade room, Rudy Martinez, one of the board members said he
was against the proposal for personal reasons, let me tell you, Rudy
Martinez should leave his personal reasons at home, before coming to the
meeting or any other committee meetings that he belongs to. With that
kind of attitude, he shouldn't seek to be a member of any committee,
because he is not thinking about Pecos possibilities or crossing the
famous bridge into the 21st century, here hopefully he will resign and
let somebody else with a better vision into the future, be let in.
Then Daisy Roquemore, another member of the board said, quote, "Our
children don't have anything to do and no place to go" she said "we say
we care so much for them but we don't have any recreation for them in
town," unquote, did she care to make the first motion, of course not,
she wasn't that interested, I don't know who she tried to impress, she
sure didn't impress me one bit.
Mr. Gary Thomasson, Pecos Autoplex Manager, and Norley Sinott,
representative of Harris Properties said it all by saying that the board
was standing in the way of progress and it was ridiculous, to me the
whole board is ridiculous, because, remember what he also said, these
buildings could all be empty, don't be surprise if they will, sooner
than you expect.
People of Pecos, stand up and be counted, before its too late.
It never occured to me that you would publish my letter. I want to thank
everyone at the Pecos Enterprise, and all the good people of Pecos for
their responses.
If anyone else would like to contact me, particularly anyone who helped
my father in the investigation, please don't hesitate to call.
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Reviews \
Review: Red Hot Chili Peppers Don't Quite Escape From L.A. on 'The Getaway'
Release Date: June 17, 2016
Label: Warner Bros.
Like a Phoenix rising from the ashes of a recently kicked bowl of California's finest medicinal-grade greenery, the Red Hot Chili Peppers decided that 2016 was a time for rebirth. Thirty-three years, three drummers, seven guitarists, and a whole lot of personal and professional struggles removed from their formation as a precocious group of fun(k)-loving kids in, yes, the City of Angels, they decided to stretch the seams of the winning form and rip it all up on The Getaway, their 11th studio album.
For starters, that meant tossing Rick Rubin, who produced every one of the band's previous six albums. This is no small behind-the-scenes swap — he sat behind the boards for every album since 1991's immortal, tumescent BloodSugarSexMagik. Essentially, if you've ever encountered the joy buzzers of Flea's slap bass runs on the radio or in the wild, it was very likely laid to tape by his bearded California brother-in-arms. Instead, they enlisted another producer-to-the-stars — Brian Burton, best known to the public as Danger Mouse — who's spent the better part of the past two decades turning the most lackadaisical material of legacy rock bands, bluesy upstarts, weirdo rappers, and Pacific Northwest indie-rock darlings into stars.
The Chili Peppers had reportedly been a bit nervous of Burton's hip-hop-informed way of working — that is to say, helping the band work out material in the studio, layering elements one at a time — but his touch here helps smooth out the rough edges that Rubin would purposefully emphasize. Those slap-bass lines, for example, feel more like a handshake — a less painful surprise. And Kiedis always had this sort of staccato West Coast rap thing going on; why not work in a way that highlights their singer's strengths rather than try to outrun him? A tip of the bucket hat should also go to Radiohead's longtime producer and Flea's Atoms for Peace bandmate, Nigel Godrich, who handles mixing duties on this record and aids in the unexpected restraint that marks much of The Getaway.
Also new is the wholehearted integration of guitarist Josh Klinghoffer, who joined the band during the construction of 2011's I'm With You, but whose needling style hadn't yet fully meshed with Flea and Chad Smith's bulldozing rhythm section. Half a decade on the road together, and Klinghoffer's familiarity with Burton (as a session player and touring member of the producer's famed duo, Gnarls Barkley) has brought him fully into the fold here. Here, the band succeeds in making room for some of his more outré effects experimentation on the title-track opener, whereas his contributions often felt like unnecessary excess on some of I'm With You's simpler moments. On The Getaway, listlessly delayed guitar lines only aid in the record's easygoing slipperiness. He gives performances fitting of his old pal John Frusciante on the breezy, bluesy bong-belch "Sick Love," a mid-tempo Hendrixian swayer that happens to feature Elton John on piano. It's one of the LP's best moments, and one of just a few that connects this version of the band to their most beloved iterations.
But despite all these changes on the periphery, the one thing that's stayed relatively static is the person with the ultimate power to make or break a Chili Peppers track: Anthony Kiedis. At his best, he's been an emotional center, meditating on addiction, love, loss, and the troubled history of his beloved home state without letting the heaviness of his subject matter turn off the masses. At his worst, he's rapping about his dick and offering up absurdist scats that fans have best been able to transcribe as "ba-di ba-da ba-zumba crunga." Here he's nearly all emotion, and largely succeeds. The "suicide will never save you" kicker of "Goodbye Angels" is one of the most painfully defeated lyrics in a career built on them. And the "small fuss" that he sings about tabloids making when a dead body's found on a tour bus both feels like a harrowing depiction of some of Kiedis' peers, and a reminder of an alternate course that his own life could have taken. It's a gut punch.
Of course, this is lightly undercut by moments like "Go Robot," the ode to antipathy that finds Kiedis, in an attempt at conjuring pathos out of emotional stuntedness, crooning "robots are my next of kin." Then there's the altogether misguided "Detroit," which clumsily name-drops both the Stooges and J Dilla, but mostly feels like a rebuttal to comedian Jon Daly's "Abracadabrilifornia" (which parodied the band's tendency toward L.A. ballads so successfully that many assumed it was an actual Chili Peppers track making the rounds) — as if Kiedis needed to prove he can personify other American cities, too. But you have to write what you know.
Hard reboot or not, you don't step to a Red Hot Chili Peppers album in the year 2016 not expecting some of those moments. Part of the joy in these records is the occasional inanity of Kiedis' lyrics — to the point that he even uses their verbose absurdity as a skewering of the Trump-era nonsense of American electoral politics on "We Turn Red." (On repeat listens, "Give me all your sick and your tired / Races that we admire" scans as both total gibberish and a pointed attack on hypocrisy in the good ol' U.S. of A.) To that end, The Getaway is about as good as you can hope for from a band who will, without reservation, hang out in a car with late-night-TV cornball James Corden with lavalier mics forcibly affixed to their naked torsos (a bit of movie magic I'd be okay never having properly explained, frankly). They're unrepentant goofs, who try to write songs about what matters to them, and sometimes they're great, and sometimes they're funny, and sometimes they're both. There's no changing the essential building blocks of their sound, but this shift accentuates its positives more than anyone could have imagined. Ba-di ba-da ba-zumba crunga, they're meaningless and all that's true.


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Poverty - Its Causes And Remedies
( Originally Published 1915 )
The Extent of Poverty. — One can better come to an appreciation of a problem if he can have a few figures, rather than general statements, to assist his imagination. In 1905 85,290 individuals were reported in almshouses in the United States, and 80,346 more in permanent homes for adults, these latter being chiefly aged and incurable dependents. Besides these there were 92,289 in orphanages and homes for children and 25,466 in municipal lodging houses and temporary homes.' As long ago as 1890 a number of authorities estimated that at least 3,000,000 people in the United States, or one twenty-fifth of the population, were receiving aid which was reported. And Professor Bushnell estimated that the annual cost of supporting this army of dependents was not less than $200,000,000 or an amount equal to one tenth of the total wages paid by all the manufacturing plants of the country.
Robert Hunter estimated, in 1904, that, in addition to those dependent, there were 10,000,000 of our population who were " much of the time underfed, poorly clothed, and improperly housed," who were, in other words, in poverty. This is, of course, only an estimate, but it is based upon such indications as the following : in 1897 29 per cent, and in 1899 24 per cent of the people of New York State applied for relief. After excluding one half of those who applied for dispensary help, the statistician still finds the percentages mounting up to 19 per cent and 18 percent respectively for those two years ; and if all dispensary cases are omitted, still 12 per cent of the population of the state of New York applied for relief. In Boston, in 1903, 20 per cent of that city's population were aided by public relief authorities alone ; and in that same year 14 per cent of the families living on Manhattan Island were evicted from their houses for non-payment of rent. Statistics showed, furthermore, that io per cent of those who die in the borough of Manhattan are buried in the potter's field. And the United States Census for 1900 demonstrated that about r00,000 persons in New York were unemployed from four to six months of the year. On the basis of these figures it was estimated that 14 per cent of the people of New York State are in distress.'
Yet, if in. this country the situation as suggested by these figures is bad, the figures available for Great Britain show a condition fully as bad or worse.'
Immediate and Remote Causes of Poverty. — The causes of poverty are not easily discovered for the reason that they may extend over a long period of time in their operations and may arise from many sources. Indeed, such is the case as regards all sociological phenomena. There may be immediate causes which are easily discernible ; but there are always other deep-seated causes, that, through a chain of events, reach back to remote or primary forces. Nevertheless, by statistical determination or case counting, we can obtain sufficient data to classify most of the primary causes of poverty.
Characteristics of the Individual. — First, there are characteristics of the individual which, arising from hereditary influences, always indicate weakness of some sort, although the extent of hereditary influence in inducing poverty has not been fully determined. Recent studies, however, throw a very interesting, though somewhat uncertain, light upon the relation between poverty and both physical and mental degeneracy. For example, Goddard, in his study of the Kallikak Family, showed that a considerable number of the descendants of the feeble-minded Martin Kallikak, Jr., were also shiftless and more or less dependent on others for support ; and on the basis of some study of the question, Goddard estimates that 50 per cent of the inmates of almshouses are feeble-minded.' While this is the estimate of one who, because he deals constantly with one particular defect, may be somewhat biased, and while the estimate must be held subject to the correction of further investigation, it is the opinion of a man who has studied feeble-mindedness more closely, perhaps, than any other in this country, and it stands as a challenge to anybody to disprove it by an independent investigation. Miss Kite's The Pineys, Dugdale's older study of The Jukes, McCulloch's The Tribe of Ishmael, Blackmar's The Smoky Pilgrims, Danielson and Davenport's The Hill Folk, and Gesell's The Village of a Thousand Souls are reports of other investigations which supply indications that degeneracy may be a potent cause of poverty.
It must not, however, be understood that poverty is a defect which can be inherited. The suggestion is that poverty may be a result of some hereditary defect like feeble-mindedness, insanity, or some other inheritable trait of a degenerate character, but there are certain influences of environment which, at the present stage of social science, seem very much stronger than those of heredity, so far as inducing poverty is concerned. What is the relative importance of the two factors it is impossible to state at this time except in very general terms. A broken-down nervous system, certain diseases like syphilis, and such characteristics of individuals as are inheritable, cause failure in the struggle for existence and certainly are not to be overlooked in search for the causes of poverty. Nevertheless, the preponderance of evidence is in favor of external conditions as the greater cause of poverty ; for causes of this sort are much more numerous and, as far as present knowledge goes, seem to affect many more people than do the inheritable defects. But how environmental conditions may affect the production of inheritable degeneracy we are not able to say absolutely, although there is some evidence pointing to the fact that degeneracy is induced by bad natural and social conditions. These two classes of influences often operate together; and they enter into each of the causes to be discussed in the following sections.
Undervitalization and Indolence. There are many people who, because of certain biological characteristics, are under-vitalized and who, in consequence, have an indolent nature.
Such people have great difficulty in overcoming obstacles to be met in the struggle for wealth or for mere existence, and it would be impossible for such people, without complete change of physical and mental characteristics, to overcome the inertia which leads to poverty.
There is no way as yet known to science by which people who are born deficient in vitality may have this defect remedied. Negative eugenics have been proposed as a method by which the birth of abnormal individuals may in the future be prevented by keeping such living individuals from having offspring. This end could be gained either by an operation to render impotent their generative organs, by life segregation, or by some manner of inducing them to refrain voluntarily from parenthood. Positive eugenics, on the other hand, endeavors, by the promotion of selective mating, to secure a new generation produced by parents who answer to the tests of such vigor and mental alertness as are desirable in social beings. These suggestions are interesting; and negative eugenics, as applied to the manifestly abnormal classes, deserves serious consideration. It is doubtful, however, whether we know as yet enough concerning heredity to warrant our going further with selective mating than the education of people to the importance of clean, strong parenthood.
Disease. — In his tables in American Charities, Warner has given us sufficient evidence to show that sickness is the greatest single cause of poverty. Devine says that 75 per cent of all poverty is immediately due to disease' — not 25 per cent as is usually supposed. And investigations carried on in Buffalo, Boston, New York, and other large cities show that sickness is the prime cause of poverty. Thus, while we still need to know the social conditions causing sickness, it is of value to .know the extent of this proximate cause. However independent a family may hitherto have been, if sickness leaves the wage earners unable to work for their daily bread, to say nothing of being unable to pay for medicines, doctors, and nurses, the family may perhaps never recover from its calamity. And not only may disease leave the bread earners unfitted for work for many months or years, but by causing death, it may leave a dependent family helplesss. Perpetual poverty accompanies such unfortunate conditions.
Many things can be done, however, to diminish the importance of this grave cause of poverty. The conditions, for example, which produce undervitalization, such as bad housing and unsanitary conditions about a city or a rural home, can be changed ; and by means of education, the conditions under which people work may be improved. There should be wise factory laws and fair hours, a minimum wage law in the unorganized industries, and carefully devised laws regulating the employment of women and children. Moreover, there should be dissemination of information concerning the causes of disease, protection against diseases by proper vaccination and quarantine regulations, and early attention to the first signs of disease and the prompt removal of their causes. There should be many safeguards and measures such as these.
Lack of Judgment. — Many people, though well-meaning and industrious, fail to exercise a wise economy in applying their earnings to the purchase of food, clothing, and implements of general use. And since they are but poor managers of their own affairs, they are unable to cope with the difficulties that beset them in the world about them. There is nothing truer in the world of poverty than the sentiment, long ago expressed, that " Poor men have poor ways." On the other hand, there are many who, for a time, have felt the grinding heel of poverty, and by means of courage or skill in management, have risen to a position of independence. Wise in choice, thrifty in management, and careful in the use of articles in their possession, such as these are possessed of characteristics which go far towards the maintenance of their independence and the gradual increase of their wealth even on comparatively small incomes. In strong contrast are those, who, with opportunities for advancement, either fail to seize them, or in attempting to take advantage of them, find themselves unable to manage ; for, no matter how many good things come their way, their poor methods will counteract all their efforts to rise. People who have had much to do in attempting to relieve the poor have found it impossible to help individuals of this class without furnishing some method of supplementing this lack of poor judgment. To such an ex-tent is money squandered, are opportunities neglected, and the wrong choice made, that all attempts toward independent existence are neutralized.
The introduction into the schools of compulsory home economics will do much for the cure of this evil. To-day the wives are the spenders of the incomes ; and up to the present wise training has been lacking. Often too busy in their school years to study household management at home, and deprived of any such training in the schools, our housekeepers are often wasteful in their household management. Nor is the thing to be wondered at. And even if they have had some experience at home, how often has that home training included proper instruction in buying?
Safe and sound investments for small investors would, of course, help in the solution of the problem. The Postal Savings Bank provides opportunities for the investment of savings, as do the enterprises of many banking institutions and certain building and loan associations. Such encouragement given to the man working for small wages does much to promote thrift. But these agencies for saving need to be in-creased in number and improved in the strength of their appeal to the poor ; and to supplement them, there is need of an educational campaign and the creation of a social ideal and social customs which will check the present tendency towards wasteful expenditure and will tend to promote saving. Indeed, the place to begin is at the top, among the upper classes of society ; for we are a nation of wasteful spenders.
Unhealthful Appetites. — People who have unhealthful appetites are not lacking in formidable enemies to thrift and independence. These unhealthful appetites are usually cultivated, although the hereditary influence sometimes appears in a system so weakened that the body and mind are susceptible to all evil influences. While the influence of intoxicating liquors has been entirely overestimated as an actual cause of poverty, it is nevertheless a strong factor in destroying an individual's power of independent action. Many families live in squalor, want, and helplessness, because the bread-earner persists in spending his income at the saloon, where he daily lessens his earning capacity and his chances to compete with his fellows. Liquor, as a beverage, is always a waster, and often a destroyer, of mental, moral, and physical capacity ; it interferes, in the long run, with industrial efficiency and is increasingly a cause for discharge from employment.
Alcohol in excess attacks the seat of the will power in a peculiar way ; for it destroys moral courage, a quality highly essential to success. Narcotics in excess are like drugs ; for, while tobacco, for example, may not be considered as vitally destructive to the human system, it affects the nervous system and in many cases destroys the efficiency of individuals — especially when taken in excess by the young. And since it is likely to be more expensive than either the drug or the liquor habit, it rapidly absorbs the surplus cash of the individual addicted to it. On the other hand, the use of morphine, opium, cocaine, and similar drugs, taken for the purpose of drowning trouble or relieving pain, quite frequently leads to poverty and a long train of attendant evils.
Laws regulating the number and conduct of saloons, and provisions aimed, like those of the Gothenberg system of Norway, toward removing the profit from the sale of strong drink, would do something to cure these evils. But even more important are educational measures for teaching people the facts as to the effects of alcohol and narcotics — not, of course, the pseudo-science now taught in most of our schools, but the results of careful scientific investigations. Along with these measures must go the removal of the causes of drink, both physical and social. Unstable neurotic conditions in men and women often induce a craving for drink, just as bad nutrition, overwork, and worry may. In order to remove the causes, therefore, attention must be paid to the conditions under which people live and work. Again, people drink for social reasons ; for alcohol and narcotics promote genial flow of sociability. But the substitution of other means of social stimulation, as furnished by recreation and social centers, will, it is believed, do much toward displacing the demand for artificial stimulation now furnished by alcohol and other drugs.
A depraved sex appetite is no less conducive to poverty than the love of rum. Still as true as in the days of the Hebrew Sage are the words, " For on account of a harlot a man is brought to a piece of bread."' The recent report of the Vice Commission of Chicago estimates that 5,540,700 visits to prostitutes are made annually by men in Chicago alone, and at a total estimated expenditure, on the part of these men, of $15,699,449.
It may be noted in passing, however, that these millions of visits are made by an estimated 200,000 of Chicago's men.' From these figures some idea may be gained of the enormous waste in money alone which is imposed upon this class of men by uncontrolled sex appetite. And of course, these enormous figures take no account of the expense involved in dealing with diseases arising from vice, of loss of earning capacity, of the suffering and death that falls to the lot of innocent wives and children, as well as to the guilty husbands and fathers.
What part uncontrolled sex impulses, exercised in normal relations, may play in reducing physical efficiency, we have no means of knowing until physicians make public the knowledge they are able to obtain in their practice. Nor do we know how great are the inroads of private vice upon growing children. In both these ways, doubtless, unfettered natural impulse lays a heavy tax upon the physical and mental efficiency of the race, because what is controlled in the animal by instinct is supposed to be controlled in man by reason ; and the sanctions of reason are less powerful and more uncertain in their operations than are those of instinct.
Forbidding Personal Appearance. — Many people have a great deal to overcome on account of a something called personality, which depends not merely upon physical structure or mental attitude, nor entirely upon clothing or personal habits, but is a combination of all these in making one man an agree-able personality and another the opposite. To a certain extent, of course, a personality may be cultivated or improved ; but in a large measure it depends upon hereditary characteristics and early training. However, he who is afflicted with a disagreeable one, can, to a certain degree, be taught to have a pleasant address and a neat appearance ; and he may possess a genuineness and sincerity which will make up for the lack of many other things. Yet the fact remains that one man will apply for a position and be turned away, while another will easily succeed in obtaining it ; and there may be no other reason than that the second has a pleasing personality, and the first has not. But it sometimes happens that, after a man with unprepossessing personal appearance is once employed, his really pleasing character comes to the front and overcomes first impressions. But such is not always the case. When it becomes necessary to reduce the force of laborers, although skill may seem to be the first consideration, it frequently occurs that the disturbing, disagreeable person is the first to go. The quarrelsome, unsocial individual, by creating a perpetual disturbance, destroys labor power and is, therefore, not wanted ; the one who survives to-day is the one who has a strong, socially cooperative nature, who can work uncomplainingly with others and for others.'
Shiftlessness and Idle Habits. Arising from certain individual characteristics, shiftlessness becomes a sort of habit. Sometimes these characteristics are inherited, but often they are the result of disease. The shiftless, indolent " poor white trash " of the South were once looked upon as inherently lazy ; but recent investigations have shown that two millions of people in this country are suffering from hookworm, and as a consequence of decreased efficiency, are causing an economic loss of at least $50,000,000 a year? Again, in other sections, malaria has so depleted the vitality of the inhabitants that they have the reputation of being lazy. The shiftless man does his work poorly and half-heartedly ; and he avoids, or at least delays, any excessive labor, wasting his time because of his inertness. He leaves the windowpanes out and thus increases the expense of fuel ; he leaves the vegetables unprotected in the garden, so that the frost comes and destroys them. The furniture deteriorates for the lack of care ; and, in fact, everything is lost because of this lack of economy and thrift. Individuals of this sort cannot help being poor so long as such habits control them.
There is no cure known for the person who is inherently lazy and shiftless. If he is such by reason of disease, because he lives in bad conditions, or because he has become discouraged, something can be done to help. A thoroughgoing fight against the disease which saps his vitality will repay the effort ; the removal of a family from bad sanitary and housing conditions will sometimes supply the incentive to stir them to industrious habits; and their removal to a community where their bad habits will not be popular will sometimes stir their sluggish spirits to action.
Unwholesome and Poorly Cooked Food. — Many people have been rendered poor through the use of poor food ; many may attribute their failure through life to the dyspepsia or other maladies acquired through the lack of proper diet. It has been demonstrated it is possible to keep a laboring man in good health on food that costs fifteen cents a day. It is frequently true, however, that a good steak is rendered unpalatable and unnutritious by the cooking, and it not infrequently occurs that laboring men who use a poor quality of poorly cooked food revert to stimulants in order to counteract the evil effects. Poor food leads to malnutrition and engenders weakness or disease. Moreover, it is only recently that another test than the appetite has been suggested as to what to eat. Investigations by Professor Atwater showed that people do not as a rule buy those articles of food which have the highest nutritive value relative to their cost.' Domestic Science is now working on the problem of ascertaining the food value of different articles of diet and the twin problem of how to combine different articles in menus so that the maximum of satisfaction in taste and the greatest nutritive value may be combined in a meal. This will do much to assist the poorer classes in reducing the high cost of living and contribute to the reduction of this cause of poverty.
The Disregard of Family Ties. — Disregard of family ties has contributed directly and indirectly to poverty. Many people have become poor through broken families. Frequently the father deserts the wife and children, leaving them in a helpless condition, or less frequently the mother deserts the father and children. Sometimes by separation through divorce the children are scattered and rendered homeless and helpless. Moreover, it sometimes happens that the bickerings of husband and wife render home a place of wretchedness. Such conditions represent a dissipation of individual and social forces and render all concerned less efficient as bread earners, and lead to social maladjustments out of which grows poverty. Nor must it be forgotten that the home is the original economic unit. It is the center whence radiates into the lives of the coming generation economic ideals and methods, which, if the home is broken up or is not what it should be, are learned much less thoroughly elsewhere. A good system of family desertion laws will help solve the problem of poverty due to desertion, but the other cannot be reached without giving much more attention by society to the art and science of home making from every point of view which affects the economic efficiency of the workers and of the managers of business and of those who preside in the homes of the country. Schools of domestic economy will do much for the women, but they will not touch seriously the side of the problem pertaining to the men, and for neither the women nor the men will they give that intimate touch of emotion which makes the ways learned in childhood hold with vise-like grip. The home must also be preserved for the inculcation of the virtues of industry, perseverance, and adaptability to circumstances and those moral and spiritual qualities which have no small part in the making of efficient economic and social personalities.
Influences of the Physical Environment. A good many causes of poverty are wrapped up in bad physical or natural conditions. Among these may be enumerated the inadequate natural resources, such as the poor soil, lack of water, or other means of support. With the growth of means of easy and cheap transportation and the development of the habit of migration, this cause of poverty can be partly remedied. The migrations from the crowded and often infertile regions of Europe to America, Australia, and South America are illustrations of one way in which the difficulty can be met.
Again, there are bad climatic conditions which affect the health, strength, and prosperity of individuals. Sometimes these conditions may not be overcome. Often, however, the wit of man combined with capital can change such conditions. Climate, as it affects crops, is manageable by adaptation of kind of crop to the climate. Once it was thought impossible to raise corn in Minnesota and Wisconsin. By the production of new varieties a corn has been found which can be raised successfully in those northern states. Then there are plant and animal parasites which frequently destroy the means of wealth production and leave the people impoverished thereby. So wonderful has been the advance of science, however, that there is hope now that every plant inimical to man's prosperity will either be so changed that he can make use of it, or that it will be exterminated. The success of agricultural experts during the past quarter of a century has been so great that the task appears by no means to be hopeless. Every year now sees some new process invented to check the ravages of pests which ravage the farmer's fields and destroy his crops. Again, accidents are caused by natural forces, such as floods, earthquakes, storms, and drought, which give individuals such severe reverses as to destroy their independence. Defective drainage, also, leaving swamps that produce disease, may impoverish a whole community through sickness and frequent death.
Many of these causes are dependent more or less upon the judgment of individuals in presuming to reside where Nature will not give them sufficient support or where she destroys them through her violence. Yet, on the whole, many of them can be remedied by society. Accidents caused by natural forces are now being lessened by the campaign of " Safety First," by the invention and adoption of safety devices, and when they do occur the loss involved is distributed over society by various kinds of insurance against accident. Drainage, while yet in its in-fancy so far as great tracts of land are concerned, is bound to become more general as land becomes more valuable and the population denser. The recent agitation concerning the evil effects of undrained pools and swamps on health together with the growing popular concern for health which has resulted from the newer medical discoveries relating to the causes of disease will do much to secure further work in reducing this cause of poverty. At the same time it will make available for cultivation an area of new land which will help much to provide people with cheap land, homes, and an opportunity for economic in-dependence.
Influence of Social Environments. — Poverty may be developed through bad associations. The crowding of the poor into large tenement houses where there is insufficient light and air breeds and intensifies poverty. The evil influence of improper housing cannot be overcome by ordinary charity to the individual, for it has been found that if bad home surroundings cannot be changed, it is idle to hope for any permanent improvement in the inmates. Evil associations in general beget idleness, shiftlessness, and evil habits, and induce the conditions favorable to poverty. The defective sanitation usually found in such overpopulated districts adds to the general evil effect. Overcrowding breaks down the ordinary decencies of life, demoralizes the family life, induces vice, under-mines the health, and destroys hope. When the overcrowding becomes as great as in some of the great cities, like London and New York, land values go up, and the type of house changes from the small, inexpensive cottage to the large costly tenement. Consequently the man of small means finds it impossible to own his own home. In all of Greater New York City in 1910 only 11.7 per cent of the homes were owned by those who occupied them, while in the borough of Manhattan only 2.9 per cent were owned by the occupants.' He lacks that fine incentive to save in order to pay for a home — a tangible thing appealing to some of the most fundamental feelings. Much is being done in recent years to build good homes and tenements for the people. Rapid transit systems with cheap fares, allowing people to live at a distance from the crowded centers of business and manufacture, and the distribution of manufacturing plants away from the crowded centers of population yet near enough to enable them to command a sufficient supply of labor and to secure the requisite shipping facilities will do much to prevent the overcrowding now so frequent in our great cities. The large tenements were built to enable men to rent cheap dwelling places and yet get an adequate return upon their investments. They have failed, however, in that they provide barracks instead of homes.
Even more important in producing poverty are the evil associations provided for children and adults. Not only do " evil communications corrupt good manners," but they sow the seeds of inefficiency by promoting bad habits and false ideals. The most debasing influence of the saloon is perhaps not the alcoholic liquors sold there, but the conversation, the contact with loafers, criminals, and degenerates who find there their refuge. Combine such associations with the influence of alcohol and you have a potent engine for the debasement of manhood, for the promotion of false ideals of home and family life, and for the production of industrial inefficiency.
Almost as bad is the lack of measures and methods for the fruitful, constructive employment of people's leisure time in recreation of an uplifting nature. Must men and children be worn down towards inefficiency and poverty even in their pleasures? Yet, until recently there was no thought given to the production of agencies for rendering men more efficient through their recreation.
The playground provisions of some of our large cities are doing much to take away the curse of depraving influences from people's leisure time. Much yet remains to be done, how-ever.' Along with their further development both in extent and in provision for the adults, there must go repressive or regulative measures for the saloons, bad dance halls, amusement parks, vicious theaters and moving picture shows. Along with these measures must go the development of the social centers.
Defective Government. — Legislation in favor of one individual or class may be to the detriment of other individuals or classes and may lead indirectly to poverty. In many instances we find defects in the judicial machinery, having a tendency to render injustice to very many people, and causing them to lose their position in the industrial and social life. Again, improper and unjust penalties sometimes are imposed which in them-selves are detrimental to the progress of the individual. Legislation and its interpretation by the courts may be a very efficient means for the advancement of the material interests of society, by removing conditions which lead to poverty, and by developing conditions of industry and thrift. It may also shape the economic development of a nation in a measure and influence the wealth-creating power of individuals or groups.
The remedy for bad legislation is said to be better legislation. " Aye, but there's the rub." What constitutes better legislation? What shall be the test? And how shall we get it?
Whatever else better legislation may secure, it will provide less for special interests and more for the interests of all the people. It will, indeed, not overlook the material development of society, but it will see that in that development the interests of the public are not forgotten or bartered away forever for a song. On the other hand, it will not forget that " man does not live by bread alone "; it will keep constantly in mind those large interests which we include sometimes under the general term " the social welfare " education, recreation, and " the pursuit of happiness."
We shall not get such legislation by the present practice of political jobbery and the prevailing haphazard methods, — political products of an imperfectly socialized group mind. Growing out of an extreme individualism in political theory the present system of lawmaking with its ever present log-rolling is based upon the social theory that as each lawmaker representing the interests of his part of the state strives to secure the enactment of laws favorable to his community, each part of the state will secure the legislation which is best for it and so the interests of the whole state will best be served. To a degree the theory is true. The theory is, however, false in that it assumes that there are no general state interests which may conflict in a measure with the interests of certain communities, and yet are vital to the welfare of the state. Before general state interests can predominate over local interests there must arise a state consciousness as opposed to a merely local consciousness, and the welfare of the state as a whole must sit at the center of attention in the lawmaker's mind. A wider dissemination of information as to the interests of the state as a whole will generate a state consciousness. The political theorists have suggested certain measures which will help to secure better laws, such as having fewer legislators, fewer bills introduced, and more mature consideration given to each one. The second of these we are beginning to secure in a clumsy fashion by a provision that no new bills may be introduced after a certain day of the session has been reached. The first has yet to win its way to an established position in political theory. The last named can be secured in part by securing the first two, by a lengthening of the session if necessary, but best by the establishment of a legislative reference library with a staff of experts to make a comparative study of legislation in other states and in foreign countries so that the administrative experience of previous experiments may be available on which a sane judgment concerning any proposed measure may be based, and with other experts to draft bills, so that less of the business of our supreme courts will be to throw on the junk heap of unconstitutionality much of the legislation passed at each session of the lawmaking body.
Misdirected and Inadequate Education. — Education to be of the greatest service should have reference to the conditions of life of those to be educated and their prospective future. All education should aim, among other things, to train the individual for self-support. It is not intended here to suggest that all education be made up entirely of the so-called vocational subjects and simply prepare for the commercial and industrial life, but the industrial element should be made universal in all education, for the first business of a good citizen is to be a producer and thereby a bread-earner. Until recently a boy could not get an education in a trade at public expense unless he committed a crime and was sent to the industrial school or the reformatory. While the sociologist would be the last to exalt the making of a living over the making of a life, he believes that the making of a decent living for himself and family is the sine qua non of making a life which is worthy of the name. Happily, a beginning towards supplying this lack in our school system has been made. Much, however, remains to be done to make education do its full share in the prevention of poverty.
Furthermore, how many of our paupers are such because they have some physical defect which might have been corrected had it been discovered in time ! Recent studies have shown that some children who fail in school are suffering from poor eyes, poor nutrition due to bad teeth, deafness due to adenoids and enlarged tonsils, and other physical defects easily corrected. Other investigations indicate that there are more of the retarded and dull pupils who are mentally defective than we ever suspected. While these cannot have the defect removed, they can be discovered, and special educational treatment given them in special classes, or in special institutions, and they can be segregated so as not to entail their defect upon the next generation. Medical inspection in the schools, though only quite recently introduced in the United States, in contrast with its long establishment in some of the countries of Europe, has spread widely and is doing much to teach us some of the causes of the failure of the schools to prepare pupils for life.' Tragic in its significance is the fact brought out by some recent studies of the occupations chosen by pupils who left school at the end of the compulsory school age to earn a living. Large numbers were found in " blind alley occupations " — messenger, bell boy, cash girl, clerk and common laborer — in which they were earning their maximum at twenty years of age. From that time they slowly gravitated down toward dependency. Vocational guidance in the schools, based upon a close study both of the youth's aptitudes and upon the prospects in the various trades and vocations, has been proposed to correct this defect of our educational system. Certainly every youth, ignorant often of his own capacities and generally quite unacquainted with the comparative opportunities offered by the various vocations, has the right to expect some one in this great society of which he is a part, to give him counsel on these vital questions. He has a right to know something of the nature and promise of different occupations for his own sake. Society owes it to herself to give him that guidance. In many places it is being done with considerable show of success.' Coupled with this defect is the frequency of inadequate education. Children are allowed to be out of school, either at work or in idleness, when they should be preparing more thoroughly for the work of life. Many of these pupils could have accomplished much more and become industrially independent, had longer training been given them. Stricter compulsory education laws, courses better adapted to their needs, and continuation schools, will do something to aid in correcting these defects of the educational system?
Bad Industrial and Economic Conditions. — Frequently a community has such bad industrial conditions that they are conducive to the wealth of a few and the poverty of many. When the control of the sources of wealth falls into the hands of comparatively few people, there are indications that a certain number of individuals will fail to have sufficient income for their support. Moreover, there are various changes that occur through the shifting of economic society, either through what might be called natural or arbitrary social causes, which induce conditions of poverty. Among these might be named the variations in the value of money ; trade depressions, like those of 187o, 1893, and 1907 ; changes in trade and industry, brought about by improved machinery, such as occurred in England following the industrial revolution ; the shifting of industry caused by invention and discovery, an example of the former being supplied by the displacement of hand-weavers by machines after the invention of the power loom, and of the latter by the impoverishment of the New England farmers upon the opening up of the rich farming lands of the Mississippi Valley ; excessive or ill-managed taxation, as in the pre-Revolutionary days in France; the undue power of class over class, well illustrated by the supremacy of the aristocracy in Russia, and of the " coal barons " in the United States ; and the immobility of labor, much more noticeable in former times than now and in a country like Russia than in the United States. Enforced idleness of wage-earners is a potent cause of poverty and the most difficult of all to overcome.1 All of these have, at various times and in different degrees, influenced the social population, causing it to degenerate.
Each of these conditions in varying degrees is amenable to correction. Variations in the value of money are not under absolute control, especially over long periods of time. If a new discovery of a basic metal like gold is made or if through war or some similar catastrophe an enormous waste of capital occurs, the value of money is bound to vary. With every increase in the amount of gold available the influence of new discoveries of the metal is diminished unless the demand for gold increases equally with the new supply discovered. On the other hand, any monetary device which makes gold less necessary as a base, unless the base is thereby made less stable, would tend to make less likely fluctuations in its value due to this cause. The abolition of war by arbitration and international conciliation would remove a very important agency of waste, and would therefore make the value of gold more stable.
Commercial crises, economists tell us, are the result some-times of an over-extended credit, often of an unsound money system, sometimes of an interruption of the ordinary channels of trade by war, or the fear of war. Anything which disturbs the ordinary course of national or international commerce when industrial conditions are strained helps to precipitate a panic. Measures, therefore, which prevent frequent and profound changes of commercial policy within a nation, and between nations, make less likely the crises which ruin people and press most heavily upon the poor. If the time ever comes when war and the fear of it no longer paralyze business and turn the laborers in shop and on farm into destroyers of life and property, one of the important causes of poverty will be removed.
There seems no way at present to obviate entirely the often terrible cost of progress incident to the introduction of new machinery and methods, which often means the displacement of workers by a machine and their consequent poverty because they find themselves unable to adapt themselves to a new occupation. A more general education in youth, thus making the individual more adjustable to changed conditions, has been suggested as a measure that would help solve the problem. The present tendency, however, is towards making the worker merely a cog in a machine and therefore the less able to adjust himself to a new situation. Sometimes the workers have organized and resisted the introduction of labor-saving machinery, but that means greater cost of the article to the consumer.
A like situation exists relative to the hardships involved for some in inventions and discovery. Unless society is willing to sacrifice all progress inventions cannot be repressed. These must go on, for they mean ultimately better conditions for the greater number. This kind of poverty is a cost of progress which society must pay. Society can prevent, however, the burden falling entirely upon a single class. By means of a system of pensions and social insurance the cost could be spread out over the whole social group.
By the ironing out of fluctuations in trade and industry, as suggested above, much of the enforced idleness of laborers would cease. A practical system of employment bureaus would take care of others. A system of insurance against unemployment, along lines similar to the systems existing in Germany and England, would help to distribute the burden over society more equitably.
Thus, by such measures society is struggling with these socially caused maladjustments which involve the poverty of many.
Unwise Philanthropy. — One of the greatest causes of pauper-ism is unwise philanthropy, for it induces people who are poor to become dependent. As is stated in the next chapter, wise charity seeks to teach people to help themselves and to develop independence and thrift through material and spiritual aid. Much that is called charity is nothing more than almsgiving. An indulgence in a maudlin sentiment which destroys the spirit of independence and undermines self-help is antisocial. Scientific charity will relieve distress and teach people to help them selves by making it impossible to become habitually dependent upon others. It will make every effort to prevent pauperism. It aims to take such measures as will enable people to remain independent, or, if dependent upon others for a time, to make that period as short as possible. Real charity does not try to relieve of their responsibility those upon whom the burden of support naturally falls. It endeavors to help the natural sup-porters, however, to carry their burdens as easily as possible. Modern charity believes that relatives rather than the state should support dependents, but it will do all it can to help those relatives to secure work by which they may do the task with honor and independence. Giving to a beggar on the street probably will confirm him in dependency ; he will learn that a living may be obtained more easily that way than by labor. Giving to a family without knowing their circumstances may determine a career of pauperism for them. Investigation, careful records to enable others to whom such a family appeals to know their history and what is being done for them by others, and efforts at securing them an opportunity to earn an honest living are absolutely essential in our complex civilization in our great cities where few people know their neighbors, would we give helpfully. Service as well as immediate material help is imperative. The world has been slow to recognize these principles, but at the present an increasing number of people are becoming aware of their existence and believe in their possibilities.
To remedy the evils growing out of unwise philanthropy principles of scientific charity, — principles, while not final, because they are developing, which are based upon the experience of those who have dealt most extensively with these problems, — have been adopted, They have been most thoroughly worked out by what is called organized charities and certain German municipal experiments in dealing with poverty to be described in the next chapter. These principles to succeed must be applied both by private and public relief officials and receive the enthusiastic moral support of every private organization which gives relief and of every philanthropic individual. I They must be worked into our public relief system, which for the most part today in America is actually medieval in its methods, — no investigation, scarcely any records worthy of the name, and little cooperation with the private agencies which are trying to intro-duce constructive methods. Some of the experiments of foreign cities might well be tried here with certain modifications. The vagrant and those unwilling to work must be made to work. Combined with these measures must go the preventive social devices described in the preceding sections. We have only just begun to attack the problem of poverty. To some it seems hopeless, but to those who are in the closest touch with this grave problem and who know most about the failures of our best methods, but who also know that these modern methods have never had a fair chance, there is nothing but promise. It is they who talk of " the cure of poverty."
Summary. — As the causes of poverty are numerous and varied in nature so attempts to prevent it must come from many sources. To sum up the matter, we may conclude that among other things are improvements in industrial conditions through the process of social evolution and governmental influence, such as steadiness of employment at a fair remuneration, stability of industrial and financial conditions, justice in taxation, government, and legislation. Again, improvement in modes of living, such as better housing, good home surroundings, improved sanitation, better care of the personal health, and profitable recreation and amusement. The change in personal characteristics through education by developing thrift, energy, prudence, sound judgment, and the power to labor, is a means of the prevention of poverty. So likewise, the change in personal habits, the disuse, or at least temperate use, of liquor, tobacco, narcotics, and the abolition of selfishness and the pro-motion of love in the home, with purity of life, all tend to develop the character of man and to remove him from a possible state of dependence. As sickness is one of the chief causes of poverty the removal of disease through science and legislation are important measures of prevention. Add to the foregoing, scientific charity, which helps persons at the right time and in the right way, and poverty will gradually grow less as the years pass.
Charities Review, Vol. II, p. 279 Vol. IV, p. 142; Vol. VII, 922.
DEVINE, ED. T. Principles of Relief.
DUGDALE, R. L. The Jukes.
HENDERSON, C. R. Modern Methods of Charity.
HUNTER, ROBERT. Poverty.
RICHMOND, M. E. Friendly Visiting, pp. 140–165.
Rus, JACOB. The Children of the Poor; The Battle with the Slum. Report of the Committee of Fifty on the Liquor Traffic.
WARNER, Amos G. American Charities, Revised Edition, 1908, Chaps. I–V, VII.
WRIGHT, CARROLL D. Practical Sociology, pp. 324–343.
1. Make an estimate of the extent of poverty in your own community. (If a small place you can get the information by going to the town and county relief officers and from common report as to who has received help.)
2. Make a list of the evil social consequences of poverty among families of which you know, e.g. how many boys never had a chance at a proper education, how many girls "went wrong" because of poverty, etc.
3. Classify the poor families with which you are acquainted in your community under as many of the heads in the chapter as you think are necessary to account for their poverty.
4. What is your community doing to remedy or prevent poverty? (Make a definite list of the things.)
5. What is your community not doing that it might do to cure and pre-vent poverty?
6. Suggest any other methods of meeting the poverty problem than those mentioned in the text.
Outlines Of Sociology:
Poverty - Its Causes And Remedies
Charities And Charity Organization
Crime - Its Causes And Prevention
Social Degeneration
Administration Of Charitable And Correctional Affairs
Field Of Investigation
Methods Of Investigation
Social Philosophy
Science Of Society
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