text:
Auricularia cornea (Wood-ear Fungi)
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Auriculariales
Family: Auriculariaceae
Genus: Auricularia
Binomial name: Auricularia cornea
Common name: Wood ear, Jews ear.
Normally found on dead wood, or on dead parts of living trees. Its spore is transparent and has a height: 150 mm and width: 60 mm Found any time after rain. It dries out in dry conditions buy swells when it gets wet. It forms a flabby cup or ear-shaped brackets of a dull grey-brown colour, becoming a blue-grey colour as they age. It is edible and is used in Chinese dishes. It was exported from New Zealand, mainly from the Taranaki area in the latter part of the 1800's, by a Chinese man called Chew Chong. Export of this fungus continued until the 1960's when the Taiwanese discovered ways of commercially producing it on sawdust.
Because of the importance of this fungi to Taranaki early economy, I have added the following on its history
Chew Chong 1827-1844? - 1920 merchant, fungus exporter, butter manufacturer.
Chew Chong (Chau Tseung) was born in Canton (Guangzhou), China. Nothing is known of his parents except that they originated from Kaiping county, Guangdong province. His date of birth is unclear: Chong himself put it at various times between 1827 and 1844. After receiving a good education, which included English, Chong went to Singapore, where he worked in a merchant's office. Around 1856 he immigrated to Victoria, Australia, and for 11 years was a storekeeper in Castlemaine. In 1867 he left for Otago, New Zealand.
For the next three years, he collected scrap metal for shipment to China, at a time when virtually every other Chinese in Otago was connected with gold mining. He made his way north in 1870 as a peddler. In the Taranaki bush, he found the Jew's ear fungus (Auricularia polytricha ) growing profusely on Mahoe, tawa and pukatea trees, especially burnt, decaying specimens. Chong knew this fungus as a gourmet and medicinal food, and he settled in New Plymouth as a storekeeper, buying fungus for export to China and selling imported Chinese goods.
By 1872 European and Chinese merchants and traders were competing with him for the fungus. Nevertheless, Chong acquired a substantial proportion of the trade. The fungus was gathered and dried by Europeans and Maori as a source of cash, usually at two pence to three pence per pound; moreover, its collection by women and children allowed men to continue farm work. It was the principal cash income of many Taranaki dairy farmers since they usually bartered their butter to storekeepers. The fungus became known as 'Taranaki wool', and Taranaki as the 'fungus province'. Fungus exceeded butter in annual export value five times between 1874 and 1881, although butter exports greatly increased after that.
The greatest decade of fungus collection was the 1880s. Much of the trade was trans-shipped from Sydney to the East.
Meanwhile, Chew Chong established branches of his store at Inglewood (1872) and Eltham (1882), selling the usual merchandise as well as Chinese silk and fancy goods. He was an enterprising storekeeper; for example, he sought commissions for a Chinese artist in Hong Kong who painted portraits from photographs; he sold groceries and meat cheaper than his business rivals; and his Eltham store bought large quantities of cocksfoot seed and marketed it throughout the country, thereby creating a significant source of income for local settlers.
Chew Chong spoke and wrote English fluently. He was a small, conservatively dressed man, who was shrewd but generous, kind, honest and good-humoured. He was naturalised in 1873. On 16 February 1875 at New Plymouth, he married Elizabeth Whatton, the daughter of local settlers who was connected with Taranaki ironsand smelting. A quiet woman, she and Chong had 11 children, four of whom died in infancy or childhood.
Inevitably, Chew Chong became involved in butter making because of the barter system for this product. Problems arose, however, as he was 'always buying the settlers' butter, nearly two tons a week, and shipping it to England and Australia, and constantly losing money through bad butter.' Butter factories were the key to higher quality, and the first one in Taranaki opened in 1885. A creamery was erected in 1886. Chew Chong's Jubilee factory at Eltham and two other butter factories were built in 1887. Later, he added four creameries, bought the Mangatoki butter factory in 1891, and was a shareholder in the Egmont Co-operative Box Company. All were in or near Eltham, which undoubtedly owes much of its growth to him.
The Jubilee factory was awarded 'the palm of butter factories' by the government dairy inspector in 1888. By 1889 Chew Chong had installed Hall's refrigerating machine, which was probably the first freezing machine in a New Zealand butter factory. At the New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition in Dunedin (1889--90), he won first prize for the best half-ton of butter suitable for export and flew the Chinese flag over his exhibit. In 1891his factory still held its reputation as being 'second to none in the colony.' He invented a rotary butter worker, an air cooler and an impressed brand for butter boxes. To ensure milk supply he not only owned a herd of cows but also introduced one of the first systems of share-milking. He sold his butter both overseas and in New Zealand.
From 1892, however, Chew Chong lost many of his milk suppliers to the co-operative dairy movement, which opened factories at Eltham, Ngaere, Cardiff and Stratford. He sold the Mangatoki factory in 1893, suffered financial losses, and his Eltham store burnt down in 1900. He closed the Jubilee factory in 1901 and retired in New Plymouth.
Yet Chew Chong retained the respect of his fellow-citizens. His civic endeavours include his donation of a flag-pole to the New Plymouth Recreation Grounds. In the severe influenza epidemic of 1891--92 he offered to travel in Taranaki to treat patients without charge. His therapy was apparently often successful, but the underlying theory of skin parasites as the infective organism brought ridicule. He was a member of the Taranaki Chamber of Commerce and a strong supporter of the province's cool storage industry, in particular, the Taranaki Freezing Works Company. The Taranaki Herald treated Chinese news fairly and sympathetically, almost certainly in large measure out of respect for Chew Chong.
Although Chew Chong had broken away from the Chinese community in New Zealand, he retained a strong sense of Chinese identity. When he returned to China with a son in 1905, well-wishers presented him with a bag of sovereigns. Earlier, he was hailed as a pioneer of the butter industry, and in 1910 85 prominent citizens presented him with another purse of sovereigns and an illuminated address. This stated that he had saved 'many a family from want and penury' through his export trade in fungus, and had 'led the way' in butter manufacture in Taranaki. He died at New Plymouth on 7 October 1920, survived by his wife and six children.
Written by JAMES NG Obit. Taranaki Herald. 8 Oct. 1920
Philpott, H. G. A history of the New Zealand dairy industry, 1840--1935. Wellington, 1937
Standish, R. Eltham: one hundred years. Eltham, 1984 Ng, James. 'Chew Chong 1827-1844? - 1920'. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 22 June 2007 URL: http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/
Auricularia cornea photographed 13.5.2011 ( see growth one month later in the photo below)
The photo was taken 14/6/2011
A juvenile fungus with a new one forming below
A new group forming
Auricularia cornea after a dry period.Thanks to Wikipedia for text and information: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Previous page: Aseroe rubra (Anemone stinkhorn)
Next page: Austropuccinia psidii (Myrtle rust)


text: James Pearson wrote: > Boris Epstein wrote: >> Hello listmates, >> >> I have discovered a very strange SFTP problem which I can not connect to >> anything but NIS thus far. See here: >> >> http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-server-73/sftp-seems-to-fail-for-nis-accounts-under-openssh-5-x-816020/ >> >> http://readlist.com/lists/suse.com/suse-linux-e/38/193419.html >> >> Hence the question: is NIS (YP) still in use much anywhere for >> authentication? > > I have no problems as a NIS user using sftp to a CentOS 5 box running > OpenSSH 5.x > > This isn't really a CentOS issue - as CentOS ships with OpenSSH v4.x > > I suggest you download the vanilla OpenSSH 5.x source and build and > install it on a host that has NIS accounts and test it. And I'd at *least* go to NIS+. openLDAP is an unbelievable pain, but that's the way I'd go, well, actually, when I was working at AT&T 4 years ago, I did go that way for our group, and where I'm at now, with the fed gov't, we've got AD through kerborous. NIS is very insecure. scp works fine, as does rsync with ssh. mark

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Maison Blanche.JPG 65.22K 111 downloads
(start to read at post #23) http://srmz.net/inde...opic=6600&st=15
To get this feature go to Martin's (MECH's) great GPL site to download GPL Fog.
For further realism add Lee's excellent pitstop patch.
We can for 24 Hours of Daytona & the 24 Hours of Le Mans make 3 races (long) to simulate day>night>day.
Start the first heat (daylight race) with the trackGT ini without fog (night) settings. After exporting
the results for determining the winner by aggregate ( I will explain a little later) adjust the GPL Fog Tool
to add night to the 2nd heat.(One might need to adjust the dlong_speed_adj_coeff setting in the night track ini
to slow the ai if the player is slower in the night version). After the 2nd heat (night race) export again the results
to save for figuring the outcome.
While resting in the bunkhouse as your co-driver does his stint use the GPL Fog Tool to remove the night setting and
if needed readjust the dlong to it's original setting to speed ai up for the daylight final heat race.After completion,
export these results. To figure out the overall results for the 3 heats one can use a program such as Excel to make
a tabulation sheet. Example :
spreadsheet.JPG 114.14K 101 downloads
For 12 Hrs of Sebring , a combination of 3 (day>day>night) Intermediate or pro short races would be half of the 24 hr
races descibed above.
EDIT : See post #6 for further options of 1 time qualifying & retiring ai opponents from further heats.
Perhaps some savvy individual with good knowledge of Excel can come up with a better formulation
Edited by davef, May 29 2015 - 10:54 PM.


text:
Paddle Board Rentals
Lake Erie Paddler, a branch of Aloha SUP, offers Paddle Board Rentals from our waterfront SUP Shop at the Harborwalk in Lorain, Ohio near Cleveland in Northeast Ohio.
Please contact us at (440) 774-2000 with any questions or to reserve your paddle board rental.
You can also Register Online and pay by Credit Card for preset available days and time slots.
If the weather is nice we are open and we can usually fulfill your demand. We can handle a group as small as two (2) or as large as sixteen (16). Our hours vary based on weather conditions, day of the week, and supply and demand so please call first to arrange your paddle board rental.
Paddle Board Rental Rates at our SUP Shop are:
- 1 Hour Rental – $20.00
- 2 Hour Rental – $30.00
- 3 Hour Rental – $40.00
- 4 Hour Rental – $50.00
We will also deliver paddle boards for a two-day, weekend, or weekly rental to vacation locations in Erie Shores Island region of Lake Erie. We regularly deliver paddle boards rentals to some of the following locations to ease the convenience of your Lake Erie vacation.
- Port Clinton
- Catawba Island
- Marblehead
- Huron
- Vermilion
- Kelley's Island
- Put-in-Bay
- Geneva-on-the-Lake
Call us at (440) 774-2000 or contact us via email to get a price quote and arrange the pickup or delivery of a paddle board for your next vacation.
Lake Erie Paddler is a major contributor to the growth of the sport of standup paddle boarding on Ohio's North Shore, in Cleveland and Northeast Ohio, the Great Lakes region and beyond.
Paddle Board Rentals are a great way to enjoy the sport without the expense of making an investment in a personal board and to evaluate paddle boards to make the best decision when making a purchase of a paddle board.


text:
Reusing is the greenest choice you can make. You can $ave real green by reusing. However, even reusable materials, like plates, cups, dishes, and silverware, can take a toll on the environment because they have to be washed using water and dish wash. Brightly Green Dish Wash is biodegradable, plant-based, sustainable and a natural cleaning choice. You have to have a holistic approach to green/healthy practices.
That means considering the environmental impact of every product you use and every action you take. Healthy living practices minimize chemicals in your environment. Environmental conservation should include water usage. Use green soaps and detergents, and never leave the water running, when you wash or rinse dishes, that will also $save green.


text:
Yair 1 St., Zikhron Ya'akov 3094260, Israel
Finally, there's a chic place to stay between Tel Aviv and Akko. The privately owned Elma, equal parts art space and hotel, is in Zichron Ya'akov—about a 75-minute drive from Ben Gurion Airport. There's not a whole lot to do other than take in some art, eat, and relax—perhaps at the property's small but efficient spa—but that's the whole point of booking a room here. You'll have plenty of artsy options to choose from: A large recital hall designed for acoustic performances (it's home to the only pipe organ is Israel), a smaller jazz-bar performance space, and an impressive art collection as well as temporary exhibitions that attract even non guests. This stylish hotel attracts a mix of Israelis on weekend getaways, European tourists, and executives on company retreats—the latter will be relieved to find that the Wi-Fi is free and fast—but anyone with a taste for a modern aesthetic will be glad to step foot inside. Walk down long halls to guest rooms, and you'll feel like you're strolling through a museum. Rooms are fresh and modern, with white plaster walls and touches of walnut. Traveling with kids under 12? They're not allowed in rooms in the main building, but they're perfectly welcome in the hotel's cottages, complete with patios (request one with a sea view—you won't regret it). There's also a shaded wading pool, kids' club with art and music activities, and child-friendly menu at the farm-to-table on-site restaurant, where the dinner is good but the breakfast is brilliant. The Elma doesn't offer car service, and taxis are limited, so do yourself a favor and rent your own. If you do, you can drive to the town of Caesarea about 20 minutes away from the hotel, to visit beautiful ruins and beaches. The area also has wineries, and in a nearby village, you'll find cafes and restaurants when you've had your fill of art and want to fill up on delicious local cuisine. Editor's Pick: Hot List 2016
This year's Readers' Choice Awards survey is live!


text:
Watch HNHH "What's my Name: Episode 12 - "High" Edition" Video - it's the latest video from HNHH, having dropped on Wednesday, March 20th, 2013. HNHH's musical situation is improving with every new release, and HNHH "What's my Name: Episode 12 - "High" Edition" Video will most definitely help the cause. It's a fine addition to the growing body of work HNHH has been developing since stepping foot in the game. We're looking forward to what HNHH has in store.How well do you know your hip hop lyrics? New episode every Wednesday!
How does this compare to HNHH's previous work?
Peep the new visual for HNHH's HNHH "What's my Name: Episode 13 - Raunchy Edition" Video.
If you dig this, visit HNHH's profile for the latest info, news, songs, and mixtapes. Don't forget to follow HNHH on Facebook and Twitter.


text:
Today marked the beginning of the ceremonies to open the zoo's new Humboldt penguin exhibit. Local dignitaries gathered to speak about the sustainability features of the exhibit, the hard work performed by zoo staff and contractors and, of course, about the penguins themselves which frolicked playfully as the speakers made their comments.
Also on hand was 13-year-old Harrison Grad who, when 11, donated his birthday money to help towards the building of a new exhibit. Well, now his dream is a reality as donors and zoo members were treated to the opening, cupcakes by Cupcake Royale, music by Quicha Mashis, and, once again, the penguins that delighted everyone in their spacious new pool, complete with underwater viewing.
Tomorrow, Saturday, May 2, is the official opening for the general public. Come and check out their new digs, learn about the conservation the zoo supports to help these endangered birds in the wild, and what YOU can do to help them survive.


text:
I mean, we were still home and in bed by 10... but still! We went out!
We also went out for a birthday lunch to celebrate Didz's 30th on Friday. And then spent the rest of the weekend at LT Days - the annual Lithuanian Fair here in LA where we ate traditional Lithuanian food, drank a whole lot of Lithuanian beer, and bopped our heads to Lithuanian polka music.
I didn't take many pictures, unfortunately, but the few I do have say it all...
Bug's first pigtails:
Getting increasingly harder to capture the ever-squirming buggy:
We spent the majority of the weekend in the beer garden at the festival, wondering which of the grandparents or which one of our friends had the baby:
All in all, it was a great weekend... a little bit tough getting out of bed this morning, but wonderful nonetheless. My dad flew home already, but we have Babs here for a few more days. Just long enough to convince her to move back here... :)


text:
During your fertility journey you may not have given much thought to the role of diet and nutrition. It's well worth doing so as there is a great deal of research relating to the impact of nutrition on fertility. A diet and lifestyle programme can be invaluable in providing the best possible conditions in the body for the implanted embryo to develop and grow. You could compare it to planting a seed. Rather than throw it into dry, barren soil and expect it to grow into a plant, you'd prepare the soil, water it and dig in some nutritious compost! For the man, good nutrition also positively impacts sperm quality.
We are constantly being advised to eat a "balanced diet" but this concept is vague and unspecific and there are few of us who have a perfectly balanced diet. There are many factors to consider and people have different needs according to their individual health issues. For example, there may be specific nutrient deficiencies resulting from insufficient intake or absorption problems, blood sugar issues which are not severe enough to show as abnormal in conventional tests yet impact on hormone balance, imbalanced gut bacteria, digestive problems, allergies and intolerances.
This means that certain foods and vitamin supplements that suit one person may not suit another and that the focus may sometimes be on health issues that can seem to be unrelated to fertility yet are integral to it.
The ideal time to get started on your nutrition programme is at least three months before commencing your fertility treatment. Getting your nutrition right often helps improve your overall health and wellbeing and you are likely to reduce excess weight to boot!
Penny Crowther is a UK based nutritional therapist with 13 years experience in practice in London and Dorset. She loves working with Nurture because of their genuine holistic, caring approach which is often sadly lacking in the fertility world, in favour of an impersonal, "factory output" experience. Penny's work with nutrition for fertility has been featured in the national press. For more information or to book an appointment call 07761 768 754 or go to www.nutritionistlondon.co.uk


text: Thank you to the ancient who invented umbrellas. Even though today I took a smaller umbrella than I needed and my arm is soaking wet… I faired better than a LOT of people when the sky opened up. So thank you! I am also grateful for the rain, without which we would a die.


text:
NSBA has been saluting TLN districts since 1992 and many remain at the forefront of innovation.
NSBA represents state school boards associations and their more than 90,000 local school board members. We believe education is a civil right, and public education is America's most vital institution.
NSBA Website Policies | Media Guide
© 1940-2019 National School Boards Association


text:
AG Book Club September Pick!
Julie Albright is dealing with big changes since her parents' divorce. When she finds out that her new school has a basketball team, life starts looking up—until the coach says girls aren't allowed to play. Julie decides to fight for a place on the team, and almost loses her best friend in the process. Meanwhile, a school project forces her to face some hard truths about her family—and herself. As the holidays arrive, Julie begins to realize that changes can be both bad and good, and that sometimes the best way to cope is to make a few changes of her own.
This first volume of Julie's classic stories tells how Julie finds her place in 1970s San Francisco. 224 pages. Paperback. Author: Megan McDonald. Ages 8+


text:
CAE Inc.
Helene V. Gagnon
Vice President, Public Affairs and Global Communications
Tel: (514) 340-5536
| Fax: (514) 340-5519
8585 Côte de Liesse
St-Laurent, QC, H4T 1G6
Visit Website:
CAE is a global leader in training for the civil aviation, defence and security, and healthcare markets. CAE is the prime contractor responsible for the NATO FlyingTraining in Canada (NFTC) program.
Our vision is to be our customers' training Partner of Choice and we take a long-term approach to customer relationships. We offer our civil aviation and defence and security customers a complete range of highly innovative product, service and training centre solutions designed to help them meet their mission-critical needs for safety, efficiency and readiness. We provide similar solutions to customers in healthcare.
CAE has the largest installed base of civil and military flight simulators, supported by a range of after-sales services, and has been serving the needs of its customers for 70 years. We have the broadest training services network in the world and offer civil aviation, military and helicopter training services in 67 locations worldwide and train more than 120,000 civil and military crewmembers annually.
CAE was founded in 1947 and is headquartered in Canada. With customers in more than 190 countries, CAE has the broadest global reach of any simulation and training equipment and services company on the market. Ninety percent of CAE 's annual revenues are derived from international activities and worldwide exports. CAE's shares are traded on the Toronto and NewYork stock exchanges (TSX: CAE; NYSE: CAE).
With more than 250 full-flight simulators in more than 50 aviation training locations serving over 3,000 airlines, aircraft operators and manufacturers globally, CAE is a world leader in aviation, maintenance and crew training services. CAE offers tailored training services ranging from integrated training programs to deployable ground school capabilities and crew sourcing services. The company has the broadest portfolio of capabilities with an end-to-end training and crew sourcing solutions. CAE is the world's leading supplier of civil full-flight simulators, with over 1,000 simulators and flight training devices sold to more than 130 airlines, aircraft manufacturers and training centres. CAE has simulated almost every modern airliner, regional jet, and many business jets, and the company has developed the first simulators for many aircraft types.
CAE serves over 50 defence and security forces from more than 30 countries. CAE is an ideal training systems integrator, capable of offering governments, defence forces and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) across air, land, sea and public safety a comprehensive range of innovative training solutions, ranging from virtual to live training, and designed to cost-effectively meet specific training, and readiness requirements.
CAE offers the industry's most comprehensive range of simulation products and training services related to flight simulation, and no company has more experience or capability to deliver a turnkey training centre. The company has designed simulators for the greatest variety of helicopters, and is a recognized leader in developing simulators and training systems for transports, tankers, maritime patrol aircraft, lead-in fighter trainers, and combat/fighter aircraft.
Beyond simulation and training, CAE also provides systems integration, systems engineering and in-service support for operational platforms. In Canada, the company has a wealth of experience providing engineering information environments, fleet management services, lifecycle and integrated logistics, and other support services designed to efficiently and cost-effectively operate and maintain operational weapon systems. CAE is the prime contractor responsible for the NATO FlyingTraining in Canada (NFTC) program.


text:
One of the many things I love about ASOS is their brilliant 'saved' list you can create which is pretty much a wishlist that will save items for 60 days on your account.
Obviously I would love to be able to move the whole lot into my online shopping basket, but I fear this would give my husband a mini heart attack!
So here are a few of my favourite items at the moment. The first pin board is slightly more casual and summery, and the second more of a street/sport style. For those of you who know my style, you will know that 'casual' is really all I do at the moment!
The chunky jumper would be great for summer for evenings and chillier days, and I love the embroidered jeans (different style to the Topshop pair I saw but about £20 cheaper which is never a bad thing).
1.Reclaimed Vintage oversized military jacket//£45
3.Liquor & Poker floral embroidered skinny jeans//£38
I'm seriously thinking about these bunny leggings…just not sure at the moment what I would wear them with!
1.Reebok batwing slouchy sweatshirt with retro logo//£40
2.Daisy Street mom jeans with appliqué stars//£34.99
4.Noisy May patchwork jeans with released hem detail//£42
Lastly, my outfit today:
Love these skinny star jeans from H&M. Totally forgot about them until now (or perhaps I'd put them out of my mind as they were purchased pre-children and I've only just about managed to squeeze my way back into them!). I've found a similar pair here in a Mom jeans style.
Thank you for visiting my blog! I love to hear any feedback or comments. Please follow me on Instagram @arthursmumldn if you fancy seeing little snippets of my daily life as a mum of two young ones, and all things shopping, style and fashion.


text:
name is Mark Driscoll and here is my musical resume
am a guitar, drum and bass teacher based in Bromley, Kent. I
have been fully DBS checked and I teach at my home studio, Ascape
studio or at a students own homes if required. Please read on
to see my musical history.
began my musical training in 1988 by learning to play the guitar.
formed my first band with friends about 2 years later. I ran
this band for the next 10 years through various name and line
up changes playing, rock, blues, rock and roll, 60's soul
and reggae covers. The band gigged regularly in the London and
Kent area, often playing 2 to 3 times a week.
helped me to develop as a versatile guitarist, as I provided
both the lead and rhythm back bone of the band. It also helped
me develop my understanding of different rhythms, styles of
music, various time signatures and even gave me a good training
in time keeping. It was during these years that I first started
messing about on the drums, often jumping on the kit during
breaks in rehearsals and at the end of sessions.
this period I was teaching guitar to a few students but was
mainly concentrated on my own playing. I had branched out into
original projects as a guitarist in a pop band and as a bass
player in a rock band. Both of these bands played in various
London venues including The Rock Garden. From 1996-2000 I was
also playing main guitar in a duo covering a wide range of material
and gigging throughout London, Essex and Kent.
March 2004 having taken a few years out of gigging and teaching,
I formed a new band with my old drummer and bass player. We
called ourselves Adrenalin Switch and with a new singer have
been performing more and more ever since. We cover material
from Hendrix, Cream, ZZ Top, Kravitz, Nirvana, Foo Fighters,
Metallica and many more! Check out the link for the bands website
on the links page!
taught guitar to many people over the years in early 2006 I
decided to start teaching more seriously and started building
up my guitar and bass lessons. It was also at this point that
I started getting more serious about the drums. I began practicing
at least twice each week at Ascape Studios and started pushing
my playing more and more.
In early 2008 I began teaching a girl student the guitar who
was also learning the drums. We began regularly practicing together
and within a year she was playing with my band. My old drummer
had unfortunately had to leave the band and we were between
drummers at the time. She would play guitar and I would drum
for the first set and then we would swap over.
May 2009 while I was setting up a band for this same girl student
I arranged for the sister of one of my other guitar students
to come down and drum for her. She had been having drum lessons
at school for about 18 months, but when she turned up she could
hardly keep a rhythm together. The girl was so impressed with
my drumming that she asked me to teach her and I have been doing
so ever since. She is now able to play a wide range of rhythms
and capable of playing in a band and has even played live at
a few gigs that I organized.
recently decided that as a complement to my guitar and bass
lessons it was time for me to also start teaching the drums.
I now offer drum lessons either at my home studio on a full
size electronic drum kit or at the students home if they have
their own kit. I can also teach at Ascape Studios on an acoustic
drum kit if prefered. The lesson prices vary so
for more information on my drum lessons including rates, please
go to the lessons page.
still regularly teach electric, acoustic and bass guitar lessons
from my home studio and also travel to some students. Information
regarding these lessons can be found on my guitar lessons website
a link for which can be found on the links page.


text:
FCF In The Media:
Visit NBCNews.com for breaking news, world news, and news about the economy
Article for Today.com
10 tips for saving money (and your sanity) at Costco and big box stores
Learn How to Cut Your Grocery Bill in Half — Without Using Any Coupons!
25 Essential Thanksgiving Dinner Items You Should Buy RIGHT NOW to Save the Most Money
Spent Too Much Money Over the Holidays? These 3 Simple Tips Will Help You Get Control of Your Credit Card Debt
Good Morning America segment:
ABC Breaking News | Latest News Videos
Today Australia Live Interview
Co-Hosting Fresh Living
"The 7 Bank Accounts Every Family Should Have" segment
"Top 3 frugality trends" TV segment:
"December Steals and Deals" Segment:
FCF Has proudly been featured on:


text: I searched the Roadster forums for "windshield" but did not find any threads on this subject. Today my windshield took a hit from a small stone (it was so loud it sounded like a pistol shot, but am certain no one fired at my car, I was on the 280 in the SF Bay Area) and it took a tiny chunk out of the outer layer of glass while also creating a tiny 3-4mm crack in the inner layer of glass. I expect it may start growing. So is the Roadster windshield the same as a Lotus Elise? The VIN sticker is attached to the inner surface of the windshield. It will have to be peeled off and attached to the replacement windshield. Don't know what kind of adhesive will work to re-attach it. Any suggestions? Hoping some of you have replaced the windshield and can offer some advice. I have not yet called Tesla or a local windshield company.


text: Alan G. Ross Award Purpose The fmi*igf Journal is an important part of the vision of the fmi*igf and provides a forum for sharing best practices in managing public sector resources. The purpose of this award is to recognize the author of the best article published in the fmi*igf journal each fiscal year. Background The Alan G. Ross Award for Writing Excellence was created in 1979 for the best article in financial management appearing in the fmi*igf Journal, in recognition of Alan G. Ross, the first president of the modern fmi*igf organization in 1976. Alan G. Ross spent 31 years in the Federal Public Service in various positions including Director, Financial Policy Development, Treasury Board; Assistant Deputy Minister, Corporate Management, Agriculture Canada; and Senior Assistant Deputy Minister, Supply and Services Canada. Alan G. Ross is a federal public servant who made a difference, having spent his career contributing to the enhancement of financial management in the public sector. Process Eligibility The author of any feature column or article published in the fmi*igf Journal during the fiscal year, will be eligible. (Exceptions: current Journal Editor and Assistant Editor) Criteria The article should promote and further the values of the fmi*igf and will be selected in accordance with the following rating criteria (see Appendix for sample rating table): involve sharing of experiences, information and best practices and applicable to more than one segment of the public sector (federal, provincial and/or municipal); address an area or perspective of the current issues, challenges and best practices in public sector resource management; further the development of best practices in public sector resource management (i.e., focus on the application of modern techniques); present original thoughtful, well-researched perspectives on the issue covered; and be written in a professional manner (limited editorial intervention). Number to be Awarded One award per year Details of Award Award recipient selected by September 30 annually; Award Plaque noting "Alan G Ross Award for Writing Excellence" and "fmi*igf Journal", fiscal year, and date of award, presented during PD Week each year; Complimentary registration and reasonable expenses to attend the PD Week; and, Public Recognition, including announcements in fmi*igf Journal, news release, and fmi*igf website. Award Committee The award committee will be comprised of five members as follows: the fmi*igf National Past President; two current or former members of the fmi*igf National Board; and, two members of the fmi*igf. Sample award rating table for Alan G. Ross Award


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En Memoria de César Chávez
1927 - 1993
The Quest for Justice
"Culturas, Espíritu, y Orgullo"
Cesar Chavez exists in the forefront of our collective memory for his achievements to alleviate the suffering of migrant farm workers and bring hope to all people who resist oppression. During his more than 30 years of public life, Cesar Chavez brought national attention for the first time not only to Mexican Americans but to the working poor from all ethnic groups. He fasted to inspire members of the United Farm Workers to commit themselves to nonviolence in their struggle for justice and he fasted to focus the world's attention on the suffering that migrant farm workers had endured for many generations. He saw significant gains and heartbreaking losses. As recently as 1990, he was arrested in East Los Angeles for picketing a food chain. He lived his belief that "there is no way on this earth in which you can say yes to man's dignity and know that you're going to be spared some sacrifice."
At his funeral Mass April 29, 1993 in Delano, the small town where he had conducted his fast in 1968, 30,000 came to pay their respects. They arrived on farm equipment, trucks, buses, or walked, carrying flowers and flags bearing the eagle of the UFW or the unions or universities they represented. The entourage included old flatbed trucks carrying photographers and news cameramen documenting the six-mile procession. Pallbearers included numerous civic leaders as well as farm workers who took turns carrying the casket. Following behind the simple, hand made pine casket were the Chavez family, Dolores Huerta, and Cardinal Mahoney from Los Angeles, as well as religious and political leaders. The Mass was held outdoors against the panorama of recently harvested fields and an array of traditional Mexican dress and Aztec folk costumes in red, white, green, yellow, and turquoise. The bright clothing against the brown canvas of the tilled fields and the dust kicked up on the dirt road suggested a celebration and a testimony to the resilient human spirit.
My thoughts during the six-mile procession brought back the risk of putting one life's on the line for a cause; and while it is difficult to capture, the feelings today are no less poignant. My strongest memories, from 1963 to 1969, joined idealism with terror. I first met Cesar Chavez 30 years ago, when I was a college student at St. Mary's College in California. I had just completed two years in the Christian Brothers monastery, and had become involved in support of the then-emerging United Farm Workers union. With the other Brothers and college students, I gathered food and clothing for the UFW and took them to Delano for the farm workers. Standing on farm picket lines with priests and nuns and college students provided deep emotional experiences that was, to my mind, similar to the demonstrations against Vietnam.
But marches against the war took place in cities, where demonstrators had a reasonable chance of escaping the club of the law. In rural California, however, in the open fields, there was no place to run or hide. Each of us was vulnerable, entreating the workers early in the morning to come out of the fields and strike. I remember seeing faces from all ethnic groups among the field laborers — Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Mexican, Black, White.
Those days for me combined the high ideals of workers daring to strike and the fear of knowing that your life might be extinguished at any moment. I remember the sensation of the damp earth coming through my shoes and the smell of grapes or ripening strawberries. I remember the power of the sunrise on the expanse of open cultivated fields. And I recall the genuine terror of standing out in the open facing a line of armed sheriffs and deputies. Unlike the urban demonstrations against Vietnam, the remote fields of the Central Valley offered no cover. Violence was a heartbeat away. At any moment, the red juice of strawberries leaking from the mouths of workers scrambling out of the furrows could easily turn to blood. There was the fear of never knowing what would happen as I mentally replayed the images of the freedom fighters in the South lying dead, face down in fields and ditches.
As the nation's best-known Mexican American, Cesar Chavez had a profound influence on California's labor movement. He was deeply Catholic, and a tribute to him must reflect the power of faith that propelled his life. He fasted for the plight of agricultural workers and petitioned the American consumer to boycott produce. In the '80's the issues turned to ecology, use of pesticides and the effect of pesticides on the worker. But the focus remained on promoting humane conditions of the working class. In a speech ten years ago he stated, "Regardless of what the future holds for our union, regardless of what the future holds for farm workers, our accomplishment cannot be undone."
Cesar Chavez died a quiet and natural death befitting the peaceful measures for change he championed for three decades. "Fighting the good fight," he leaves a legacy of profound influence on Mexican Americans and a testimony to the human spirit.
Let us keep alive the language of that fight: ¡si se puede!
© Juan Francisco Lara, Ph.D., firstname.lastname@example.com


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Showcase Sunday is a weekly meme hosted by Vicki at Books, Biscuits, and Tea, where we showcase what books we've gotten over the course of the week, whether it be from a book store, bought for your eReader, received from the library, or from the publishers for review.
For Review:
Stolen Nights by Rebecca Maizel (via NetGalley)
I may have gotten a pretty small haul this week, but it's one I'm happy with, and hey, quality over quantity, right? I've heard good things about Infinite Days, but when I requested Stolen Nights, I didn't know it was the sequel to Infinite Days because the synopsis didn't read like a sequel. Of course, when I was approved for the title, I found out it was a sequel and then bought Infinite Days. That's what I get for not checking the Goodreads page for a book before requesting it on NetGalley. And last week I was a bit unsure about Break My Heart 1,000 Times, but after reading some positive reviews, I came to the conclusion that it is most likely something I will like, and hopefully it will be the perfect Halloween read!


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How One Man's Vision Changed Pro Wrestling Forever
After last week's remembering The Ultimate Warrior, I have decided to begin a weekly entry covering the most influential people in Professional Wrestling. As a major fan of wrestling, I look forward to sharing with you those I believe to be among the most influential people in sports entertainment today. Today we start with quite possibly the most influential person in the business.
Born on August 24, 1945, Vincent Kennedy McMahon would become the most influential man in changing professional wrestling into the international conglomerate it is today. The son of Vincent James McMahon, owner of Word Wide Wrestling Federation (Capitol Wrestling Corporation), McMahon grew up in the business of wrestling promotion-- even though he didn't actually meet his father until he was 12 years of age. He wanted to become a wrestler himself once he joined the family business upon graduating from East Carolina University, but his father forbade it explaining that, "promoters should stay apart from the wrestlers."
In the late 1970s, McMahon convinced his father to change the company's name to World Wrestling Federation and purchased the company from his father by 1982. At the time of his purchase of WWF, wrestling was a regional business with different factions throughout the country. McMahon envisioned a company that could reach to any part of the world and not just stick to the regional promorions that existed for decades to this point.
McMahon rubbed plenty of other promoters the wrong way as he not only began promoting events in other territorial areas, but he also began to poach talent from those promoters-- biggest name among them, Hulk Hogan. But that was only the beginning.
McMahon created the Rock-n-Wrestling Connection with MTV that led to his company getting greater national exposure than his competitors, but he still needed to make a bigger splash in order to sustain the momentum. This led to his creation of Wrestlemania. He took a huge gamble in creating a massive pay-per-view event before the actual creation of pay-per-view.
Wrestlemania I was released to the viewing audience via closed-circuit television to over one millions viewers nationwide-- the largest closed-circuit audience in history. The success of Wrestlemania led to the creation of other pay-per-view and live events, leading to the launch of Monday Night Raw-- a weekly televised show that is now the longest running episodic series in television history.
In 1995, McMahon began seeing a decline in his company's popularity and the rise of a competitor in World Championship Wrestling. WCW was owned by Ted Turner and his vastly larger bankroll (plus two national cable networks to broadcast from). Turner also hired a young promoter, Eric Bischoff, to bring the best talent available to compete with the WWF.
Bischoff and Turner began offering guaranteed contracts to wrestlers-- something that not even the biggest names in the business ever got before. Names like Hogan, Scott Hall, Lex Luger, Rick Rude, and Kevin Nash began jumping ship as McMahon was unable to match their offers. This began the Monday Night Wars and WCW's 83 straight weeks of ratings dominance over WWF.
McMahon realized two very distinct things that were causing him to lose to WCW on a weekly basis: 1) The fans were growing more cynical and realistic; no longer willing to cheer the complete baby-face hero. They were throwing their support towards the anti-hero. And 2) WCW brass realized this and had turned Hogan heel (bad guy) and were thriving with the creation of the New World Order faction.
Up unitl this point, McMahon had never once been acknowledged on TV as the owner of the company; he was simply known to be the play-by-play announcer. As the ratings battle began to go against him, he began to realize that he needed to push the ultimate anti-hero and, more importantly, let that anti-hero do something that all people wish they could do... beat up their boss.
McMahon decided to create his Mr. McMahon persona as the evil, over-bearing boss and handed the announcer duties to Jim Ross on a full-time basis. McMahon his reign of terror with the "Montreal Screwjob," where he ordered the referee to ring the bell and cost Bret Hart the WWF title when Hart never submitted.
McMahon then undertook one of the greatest-- if not the greatest-- storylines in sports entertainment history. He began a rivalry with the ultimate anti-hero, Stone Cold Steve Austin. As the evil boss, he constantly tried to keep Austin from winning or keeping the WWF title. Austin became the face of the company by being the guy that could beat up the boss over and over again and still keep his job. This was known as the WWF Attitude Era.
This run led to the end of WCW's dominance in the ratings war and, by 2001, McMahon purchased WCW for $5 million--ending the race for good. In 2003, McMahon bought Extreme Championship Wrestling from bankruptcy to leave WWF-- now known as WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment)-- as the only entity in professional wrestling.
McMahon didn't always strike gold with his ideas and has had plenty of controversial moments over the years. He was indicted for allegedly supplying steroids to his wrestlers after he unsuccessfully tried to create a bodybuilding federation and his contracted bodybuilders tested positive. He had his legal battles with the Ultimate Warrior over ownership of intellectual property of the Ultimate Warrior persona. McMahon had his known feud with Hart over the "Montreal Screwjob." He had his failed attempt at creating his own professional football league, the XFL.
As conroversial as Vince McMahon has been, there is no doubt that his vision and execution completely changed the landscape of not only professional wrestling, but alll of sports entertainment, for good. Thanks to Vincent Kennedy McMahon, fans have more access to their favorite wrestlers on a weekly basis through several modes of media. Because of his successes, McMahon is now able to offer "Legends" contracts to retired wrestlers and assist them with health coverage and financial stability like no other sports or sports entertainment entity can offer.
It is safe to say that without Vince McMahon, wrestling wouldn't be what it is today and, just maybe, might not even exist anymore.


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Author Lori May's new collection of poetry, Square Feet (Accents Publishing, 2014), deals with the complexities of love, loss, and home-making. The author uses a speaker and a fictional narrative to tell the story of two people making their way. The author is quick to note that the work is not autobiographical, saying, "I'm one of those folks who doesn't count poetry as non-fiction and I'm trying to ensure, whenever possible, that prospective readers don't get the wrong impression." But whether it's May's self or another self speaking, it doesn't matter. The prose is rich, alive, and succinct, a study in the economy of powerful language.
Take this piece, for example:
"Baggage Claim"
How much would it cost
if relationships charged
baggage fees?
How much would you carry on
and what would you check,
stow away,
possibly leave unclaimed?
You don't just write poetry; in fact, you're known as a cross-genre writer. How is the process of writing a poetry collection, especially one as cohesive as Square Feet, alike and different from writing, say, creative non-fiction?
I'm a fan of story, regardless of genre. In a poetry collection, I hope each individual poem stands alone in its narrative while also contributing to a larger arc. Of course, when I start writing poems for a collection, I may not immediately know what the larger story is, but work to reveal the story over time. It's really in the editing process where the big picture comes into play and that helps shape where poems appear in sequence. For prose, I feel like much of the process is the same for me. I work word by word, line by line, and don't always know what the macro vision is until the micro components are laid out in draft form. The only difference in the process, I suppose, is that in my non-fiction I need to ensure I retain the facts while telling an engaging story, whereas in poetry —which I seldom write autobiographically— I have a bit more room to play and invent a story as the arc unfolds.
You use the short-form poem very effectively throughout this collection. What about the smaller poem appeals to you?
Thank you, Andrea. I feel like a lot can be said in few words. I'm also interested in leaving room for the reader. As a reader, I love that feeling when a poem or flash piece leaves me tinkering with interpretation, considering the possibilities of what happened on the page and how space and brevity offer room to play in response. As a writer, I enjoy the challenge of being sparse in words but grand in image.
What was the publication process like with this book?
I knew I wanted to work with Katerina Stoykova-Klemener, the editor at Accents Publishing in Lexington, Kentucky. Katerina has an amazing eye for detail and is meticulous in going over every word and every piece of punctuation. I was thrilled when Accents accepted my manuscript and they continue to be such a joy to work with. We spent quality time discussing the final shape of the manuscript throughout the editing process and then the production fell into place without a hitch. From cover design to layout, from bound copy to media relations, the people at Accents are hands-on and truly care about their authors and the success of their books. It's been a wonderful experience.
–andrea mcguigan
Bookmarks appears bi-monthly in electric city and diamond city.
Send your literary news to: email@example.com


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Have things gotten even crazier recently? It's not just the horrible things Donald Trump and Republicans in Congress are doing, although those are certainly enough to send you into a serious state of depression. No, it seems as if the world has slipped a few degrees more off kilter, that public figures are acting even more unhinged than usual, that signs of responsible behavior by the "adults" are getting really hard to find.
The horrific shooting in Florida last week led normal Americans to grieve and to wonder what could be done to stop the endless string of mass murders. Many of us were heartened by the courage and resolve of student survivors who spoke out, who weren't intimidated by the politicians who again offered nothing better than "thoughts and prayers" and who started organizing and mobilizing.
Having heard "never again" too many times to count, it's hard not to be skeptical that this time will be different. But maybe it will because we've never seen anything quite like the response of those Florida teenagers. They may actually succeed in moving us off our inertia.
What we have seen before is the mindless rhetoric, empty promises and phony empathy of politicians who seem only to care about NRA donations, see the Second Amendment as the only important section of the Constitution, and believe, based on past history, that this too shall pass. And it will, unless there is a sustained and wider spread adult response.
However, under much more public pressure than these praetorian guards of guns have faced before, some have lost their bearings and gone totally off the rails. As you would expect, the most inane ramblings came out of the mouth of Donald Trump.
The President decided that it was important to his public image to meet with students and parents from the embattled high school. His main task was to appear empathetic, but, as a photojournalist showed the world, Trump needed a cue card to remind him how to feel and what to say. The leader of the free world wasn't up to showing genuine human emotions. In a presidency chocked full of low moments, this one was right down there.
Trump's reaction to the shooting was dictated in large part by his determination to keep his base happy and not disappoint the hand-that-feeds him, the NRA. Pressed for a solution to the gun epidemic, he first tried to insist that the problem was primarily the product of people with mental health problems. That he recently signed legislation allowing easier access to gun by everyone including the mentally disturbed did not seem to faze him nor did the fact that his position is not supported by facts or data.
He then danced around the edges of a couple of minor adjustments to gun laws, including looking at outlawing "bump stocks" and raising the age for purchase of rifles from 18 to 21. The NRA looked on disapprovingly and Trump quickly moved on from these suggestions.
His silver bullet, if you pardon the expression, was to arm teachers. The idiocy of this idea is beyond rational comprehension. While gun advocates support any measure that increases gun sales and doesn't put limits on their acquisition of firearms and ammunition, most of the sane world ridiculed the proposal through words, cartoons and withering explanations of all the supplies teachers do not have.
Arming teachers is not only stupid, it is breathtakingly cynical. Trained marksman don't always hit their targets. The chaos of an active shooter situation has the potential for a wild west fiasco if multiple people are running around with guns. And exactly where do the guns get stored while the school waits for the next attacker. Trump at one point suggested "concealed carry." And the list of nightmarish possibilities is almost endless.
I have read some commentary that argues we should ignore the "arm teachers" proposal as merely a distraction. I disagree. Given that the NRA's reaction to any shooting is more guns for everyone, conservative legislators may well take the proposal seriously and claim they are responding with a real "solution."
Then, on Tuesday, Trump exceeded the worst expectations anyone could have possibly had for him. After having called the security guard who didn't go into the school during the shooting a "coward", Trump–bone spurs and all–asserted that he would have gone into the school even if he hadn't had a weapon.
In his long career as a public figure, it's doubtful he has ever said anything more delusional than that. A man with multiple deferments from the military who has never shown any signs of physical courage, Trump's creation of this fantasy in which he plays a "superhero" suggests self-delusion and self-aggrandizement on a grand scale.
Imagine then what will happen if he ends up testifying before Robert Mueller or, worse yet, a grand jury. His make-believe world would come to a crashing end. That his lawyers are trying to avoid that possibility because they are afraid it might be a "perjury trap" tells you yet again what a weak figure Trump really is. The way to avoid a "perjury trap" is to tell the truth, but that's clearly beyond Trump's capacity. As he just showed, he even lies to himself.


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By Jay Forte, Contributing Reporter
RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL – A former military police officer was arrested on Thursday (April 13th) by the civil police suspected of being the largest synthetic drug dealer in the city of Rio, according to a national government news source.
Leonardo Scorza – who had been arrested last year for the same reason – was arrested along with his wife, Letícia Lyra de Souza, with nearly R$120,000 in cash and drugs, according to spokesperson Fábio Asty, head of the 45th police department in Complexo do Alemão.
In the house of his wife, police seized approximately R$35,000 in cash, nearly 1,500 ecstasy tablets and several packages of another drug known as MD (MDMA), worth approximately R$80,000. They also found a 380 caliber pistol and even a machine to receive credit card payments.
The drugs were mostly sold at electronic music events, bars and nightclubs, and marketed by telephone and social networks. The investigations lasted eight months, according to authorities.
Fábio Asty told reporters, "It is a criminal organization, with division of labor, there is the main group that sells drugs at electronic parties here in the city of Rio de Janeiro, and also [the group that sells] at home."
Bottles were also seized of a tranquilizer medicine used on horses (ingredient of the drug known as Special K), which according to the delegate, police are now investigating who the drug providers were.
"We already have the mapping of these suppliers and the investigations are proceeding to arrest all members of this criminal organization. Some drugs come from abroad and others are manufactured domestically," said Officer Asty.
A source wishing to remain anonymous told The Rio Times that the availability of ecstasy and MDMA had increased dramatically in the last few years in Rio, compared to other drugs.
The American expatriate said, "Five years ago these drugs used to be hard to find here, and were only available to the 'playboys' and rich Brazilians, but now they seem common at electronic music events and parties."


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News channels are even interested to know this.
The other day I was watching this news channel and the reporter was in the parlour which Sania Mirza and Shoaib Malik visited, and she was like, showing all flavours which Sania and family ordered and tasting them and uttering silly WOWs after licking each of them. That was so funny, news reporters are really silly, they make anything a news.
06 April, 2010
Which is Sania's favourite ice cream?
4 comments:
- Harman said...
yup..they make money on weird kinda news!
- April 7, 2010 at 9:30 AM
- Bikram said...
YEah media has nothing better to do then follow such people
- April 7, 2010 at 6:04 PM
- Quest said...
Next stop for the reporter: Grocery shop- to taste all the spices and try the soaps that Sania uses
- April 7, 2010 at 7:50 PM
- Suraj Girolkar said...
Indian Media is Hopelesss!!!!!
- April 8, 2010 at 10:19 AM
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|Craft Creations Spring 2013 - New 'Bottle Top' Die-Cut Banners.
We have just added 2 fun 'Bottle Top' style sheets of die-cut banners to our range of products. These look great simply glued flat onto your card and even better when layered up using sticky fixers. Visit the Creative Banners page for full details.


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- Research article
- Open Access
- Open Peer Review
Still in the closet: the invisible minority in medical education
- Jessica Lapinski1Email author and
- Patricia Sexton1
© Lapinski and Sexton; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
- Received: 8 January 2014
- Accepted: 8 August 2014
- Published: 15 August 2014
To investigate the relationship between sexual orientation and gender identity in regard to levels of depression; levels of perceived social support; comfort with disclosure of orientation; and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) campus climate.
E-mail invitations to participate in the current cross-sectional questionnaire-based study were sent to all thirty US osteopathic medical schools in August 2012; six schools responded and disseminated the survey to their students. Participating students completed an anonymous web-based survey, and informed consent was obtained when they accessed the survey. The survey was designed specifically for the current study but contained scales used with permission from previously published research. Analysis procedures included nonparametric tests, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson's correlations.
Of the 4112 students invited to participate in the survey, 1334 (32.4%) completed it. Approximately 85% of respondents self-identified as heterosexual only. No respondents identified as transgender. In general, LGB students indicated higher levels of depression (P < .001), slightly lower levels of perceived social support (P < .001), and more discomfort with disclosure of sexual orientation (P < .001). A majority of students rated their campus climate as noninclusive.
Results of the current study indicated a relationship between sexual orientation and depression, perceived social support, comfort with disclosure of orientation, and the LGBT campus climate in osteopathic medical students. In the future, osteopathic medical schools should consider closely examining their campus culture in order to create a more positive and inclusive environment for all its students.
- LGB osteopathic medical students
- Cultural competency
- Mental health
- LGBT campus climate
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals are part of a minority that is often overlooked and stigmatized [1–3]. As such, these individuals are subject to a multitude of stressors [4]. Research suggests that negative experiences resulting from LGBT stigma can lead to chronic stress and emotional distress among LGBT adolescents and adults [5–8] and that emotional distress is associated with higher rates of depression, psychiatric disorders, suicide attempts, and substance abuse [9–11]. Research also suggests a relationship between emotional distress and perceived LGBT discrimination [12]. As a result, LGBT acceptance may be directly related to the academic success of LGBT students [13]. Many LGBT students find it difficult to focus on academics because of stigmatization, intolerance, chronic stress, and discrimination [13, 14]. For medical students, academic success is crucial to establishing a baseline for effective patient care, and evidence suggests that LGBT medical students experience a variety of barriers as they progress through the medical education system [15–17].
Many LGBT medical students report discomfort with disclosure of their sexual orientation because of fear of negative reactions from classmates and professors [15]. In a survey by Merchant et al [18], 95% of medical school applicants did not disclose their orientation, of which 15% feared that disclosure would result in rejection. In another study, LGBT students expressed concern that disclosure of their sexual orientation could lead to negative evaluation [15], an outcome supported by other studies [19, 20]. In a study by Schatz and O'Hanlan [19], lesbian, gay, and bisexual physicians reported discrimination in the workplace based on their sexual orientation, including denial of referral and promotions, refusal of privileges, and verbal harassment. A more recent study [20] examining the same variables found decreased but similar discriminatory behaviors. Both studies reported high rates of derogatory comments, substandard treatment, and disrespect toward LGBT patients and coworkers [19, 20]. In another study, lesbian physicians were 4 times more likely than heterosexual female physicians to report experiencing harassment because of their sexual orientation, particularly during the training years [21]. Given these findings [19–21], it is not surprising that LGBT students consider the presence of identifiable supports, inclusive LGBT-curricula, and effective nondiscrimination policies before disclosing their orientation [15].
In the osteopathic medical profession, students are taught to use a holistic approach in the practice of medicine, incorporating aspects of mind, body, and spirit into patient care [22]. Issues of diversity and the intricacies of competently treating patients from diverse backgrounds are usually contained within a holistic approach. Therefore, surveying members of the osteopathic medical profession may be appropriate for studying LGBT awareness and acceptance and for investigating if an LGBT friendly environment improves the educational outcomes of LGBT medical students and the treatment of LGBT patients.
The current study was part of a larger study that investigated LGBT acceptance in a sample of students attending osteopathic medical schools. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between sexual orientation and gender identity in regard to levels of depression, levels of perceived social support, comfort with disclosure of orientation, and the LGBT campus climate. We hypothesized that self-identified LGB students and transgender students would report lower levels of social support and higher levels of depression and discomfort with disclosure of their orientation. In addition, we hypothesized that LGBT students would be more likely to rate the campus climate as noninclusive in regard to LGBT issues.
The data from the current cross-sectional questionnaire-based study were collected from an anonymous, self-completed, web-based survey (SurveyMonkey, Inc.) completed by medical students recruited from US osteopathic medical schools. An e-mail invitation to participate in the study was sent to the deans' offices and academic affairs offices of all thirty US osteopathic medical schools. The invitation contained an overview of the study and a survey link, which the school was requested to disseminate. Six schools agreed to participate in the study and disseminate the survey to their students. The sole inclusion criterion was current enrollment in an osteopathic medical school. Students were given an electronic informed consent before entering the survey, and by clicking the "Next page" button, participants gave their consent to participate in the study. Upon completion of the survey, participants were compensated with a $5 Amazon.com gift card, regardless of whether they fully completed the survey. Ethical approval was obtained from the A.T. Still University Institutional Review Board-Kirksville.
Study survey
The survey used in the current study was created specifically for the study and was composed of standard scales that have been used in multiple studies [23–25]. Basic demographic information was collected and consisted of gender, age, race, and religion. Students were also asked to identify which osteopathic medical school they attended and their current year in medical school.
The Klein Sexual Orientation scale was included in the study survey to determine the sexual orientation of respondents [23]. This scale examines various aspects of sexual identity as they relate to the respondent's past, current, and ideal sexual history [23]. Respondents are allowed to rate their identity on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 being heterosexual only and 7 being homosexual only. For the current study, we only used the participant's current self-identification, and categorized participants as either LGB or heterosexual only.
The Major Depression Inventory (MDI) [24] was also included in the study survey and is a ten item, self-report questionnaire that measures levels of depression. It covers the ten International Classification of Diseases 10th edition symptoms of depression, which are equivalent to those included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition [24]. The MDI uses a 6-point Likert scale (1 = All the time, 6 = At no time) to determine how much time the respondent has exhibited a given symptom in the past 2 weeks [24]. Raw scores range from 0 to 50, with scores divided into categories measuring the severity of depression. Mild depression has an MDI range from 20 to 24, moderate depression from 25 to 29, and severe depression from 30 to 50 [24].
The perceived social support scale used in the study survey was a modified six item scale that examined the extent to which an individual felt cared for [25]. The comfort with disclosure of orientation scale was a nine item scale that examined the degree to which individuals felt comfortable being open about their sexuality. Responses to both scales were measured using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree, 5 = Strongly Agree).
The LGBT-Friendly Campus Climate Score [26] was included in the study survey and examined the extent to which a campus had LGBT-friendly policies, programs, and practices. The scale was modified with permission and included 5 of the 8 LGBT-friendly factors included in the original scale—policy inclusion, support and institutional commitment, academic life, student life, and counseling and health. LGBT policy inclusion included five items that examined the extent to which the institution had inclusive nondiscrimination policies. LGBT support and institutional commitment included three items that examined the availability of staff and resources to support LGBT students. LGBT academic life included two items that asked the extent to which LGBT issues were integrated in the curriculum. LGBT student life included six items that examined the availability of social and academically oriented clubs that focused on LGBT issues. LGBT counseling and health included three items that examined the availability of medical and psychosocial support for LGBT students. Each of the 5 factors was weighted and summed, resulting in scores that ranged from 0 to 50. This range was converted to a 5-star system with the following cut-off points in place: 45 through 50 = 5 stars, 40 through 44 = 4.5 stars, 35 through 39 = 4 stars, 30 through 34 = 3.5 stars, 25 through 29 = 3 stars, 20 through 24 = 2.5 stars, 15 through 19 = 2 stars, 10 through 14 = 1.5 stars, and 0 through 9 = 1 star [26].
Statistical analysis
Because data were not normally distributed, analyses examining levels of depression, levels of perceived social support, and comfort with disclosure of orientation used nonparametric tests, mainly the Mann Whitney and Kruskall Wallis tests. The median score, as well as the interquartile range (IQR) is presented. The LGBT-Friendly Campus Climate Score was examined using one-way analysis of variance. Pearson's correlations were used to examine relationships between levels of depression, levels of perceived social support, comfort with disclosure of orientation, and the LGBT-Friendly Campus Climate Score.
A Cronbach's test was used to measure the internal consistency of our survey scales. The MDI had a Cronbach α of .92. The perceived social support scale had a Cronbach α of .94. The comfort with disclosure of orientation scale had a Cronbach α of .71. The LGBT-friendly Campus Climate Score had a Cronbach α of .89.
Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Chicago, IL). A P value of .01 was considered significant.
Respondent characteristics
Six US osteopathic medical schools agreed to participate in the study resulting in a total sample size of 4112 students. A total of 1698 participants entered and started the online survey, resulting in a 41.3% response rate. From this total, 363 participants dropped out, with the majority prematurely exiting the survey once they reached the Klein Sexual Orientation scale. Therefore, 1334 participants completed the entire survey, resulting in a 32.4% completion rate. There were no significant participant characteristics (gender, age, race, religion, school attended, or year in school) that predicted failure to complete the survey.
Demographic characteristics of survey respondents
No. (%)
628 (47.1)
706 (52.9)
0 (0)
1 (0.1)
Under 18
1 (0.1)
611 (45.8)
669 (50.1)
48 (3.6)
6 (0.4)
Over 55
0 (0)
1047 (78.4)
256 (19.2)
32 (2.4)
843 (63.1)
No religion
234 (17.5)
Personal spirituality
117 (8.8)
30 (2.2)
28 (2.1)
26 (1.9)
24 (1.8)
18 (1.3)
15 (1.1)
School attended
Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine
422 (31.5)
Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific
261 (19.6)
A.T. Still University Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine
249 (18.7)
A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona
163 (12.2)
Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine
123 (9.2)
University of Pikeville-Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine
106 (7.9)
11 (0.8)
Year in school
1st year
410 (30.7)
2nd year
394 (29.5)
3rd year
272 (20.4)
4th year
253 (19.0)
6 (0.4)
Self-identified sexual orientation
Heterosexual only
1135 (85.0)
Heterosexual mostly
115 (8.6)
Heterosexual/gay-lesbian equally
19 (1.4)
Gay/lesbian mostly
25 (1.9)
Gay/lesbian only
41 (3.1)
Sexual orientation comparisons
Participant responses for the perceived social support scale
Response, No. (%)
Mean (SD)
Strongly disagree
Somewhat disagree
Somewhat agree
Strongly agree
The people close to me let me know that they care about me
13 (1.2)
11 (1.0)
16 (1.3)
214 (19.0)
875 (77.5)
4.7 (.66)
1 (0.5)
3 (1.5)
1 (0.5)
61 (30.8)
132 (66.7)
4.6 (.63)
I have someone in whose opinions I have confidence
12 (1.1)
3 (0.3)
19 (1.7)
110 (9.8)
981 (87.2)
4.8 (.57)
1 (0.5)
1 (0.5)
2 (1.0)
37 (18.7)
157 (79.3)
4.8 (.54)
I have someone that I feel I can trust completely
13 (1.2)
15 (1.3)
13 (1.2)
86 (7.6)
999 (88.7)
4.8 (.63)
3 (1.5)
3 (1.5)
5 (2.6)
41 (20.7)
146 (73.7)
4.6 (.75)
I have people around me who will help me to keep my spirits up
12 (1.1)
4 (0.4)
16 (1.4)
140 (12.4)
954 (84.7)
4.8 (.58)
1 (0.5)
1 (0.5)
4 (2.0)
48 (24.3)
144 (72.7)
4.7 (.59)
There are people in my life who make me feel good about myself
10 (0.9)
7 (0.6)
13 (1.2)
113 (10.0)
982 (87.3)
4.8 (.56)
1 (0.5)
0 (0)
5 (2.6)
46 (23.2)
146 (73.7)
4.7 (.57)
I have at least one friend or relative I want to be with when I am feeling down or discouraged
13 (1.2)
7 (0.6)
33 (2.9)
86 (7.6)
986 (87.7)
4.8 (.63)
1 (0.5)
7 (3.5)
5 (2.6)
30 (15.2)
155 (78.2)
4.7 (.74)
Participant responses to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) campus climate scale
Response, no. (%)
Do not know
LGBT Policy Inclusion
Does your campus prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation by including the words "sexual orientation" in its primary non-discrimination statement or Equal Employment Opportunity policy?
672 (62.1)
80 (7.4)
330 (30.5)
120 (61.5)
13 (6.7)
62 (31.8)
Does your campus include sexual orientation in public written statements about diversity and multiculturalism?
532 (49.4)
55 (5.1)
490 (45.5)
100 (51.3)
8 (4.1)
87 (44.6)
Does your campus prohibit discrimination based on gender identity or gender expression by including the words "gender identity" or "gender identity or expression" in its primary nondiscrimination statement or Equal Employment Opportunity policy?
572 (53.1)
45 (4.2)
460 (42.7)
80 (41.0)
19 (9.7)
96 (49.3)
Does your campus offer health insurance coverage to employees' same-sex partners?
162 (15.0)
32 (3.0)
881 (82.0)
15 (7.8)
18 (9.3)
160 (82.9)
Does your campus include LGBT issues and concerns and/or representations of LGBT people in the following: grievance procedures, housing guidelines, admission application materials, health-care forms, alumni materials/publications?
440 (40.9)
31 (2.9)
604 (56.2)
59 (30.4)
23 (11.9)
112 (57.7)
LGBT Support and Institutional Commitment
Does your campus provide training for health-center staff to increase their sensitivity to the special healthcare needs of LGBT individuals?
309 (28.7)
58 (5.4)
710 (65.9)
54 (28.0)
27 (14.0)
112 (58.0)
Does your campus have an LGBT concerns office or an LGBT student resource center (ie an institutionally funded space specifically for LGBT, gender, and sexuality education and/or support services)?
277 (25.7)
193 (18.0)
604 (56.3)
25 (12.8)
80 (41.0)
90 (46.2)
Does your campus have a Safe Zone, Safe Space and/or Ally program (ie an ongoing network of visible people on campus who identify openly as allies/advocates for LGBT people and concerns)?
487 (45.1)
98 (9.1)
494 (45.8)
95 (49.2)
28 (14.5)
70 (36.3)
LGBT Academic Life
Does your campus integrate LGBT issues into existing courses when appropriate?
633 (58.9)
99 (9.2)
343 (31.9)
113 (58.5)
39 (20.2)
41 (21.3)
Does your campus have a significant number of LGB-inclusive books and periodicals on sexual orientation topics in the campus library/libraries?
109 (10.1)
99 (9.2)
869 (80.7)
20 (10.3)
40 (20.6)
134 (69.1)
LGBT Student Life
Does your campus regularly offer activities and events to increase awareness of the experiences and concerns of lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals?
520 (48.3)
178 (16.5)
379 (35.2)
78 (40.0)
57 (29.2)
60 (30.8)
Does your campus regularly hold social events specifically for LGBT students?
259 (24.0)
296 (27.5)
523 (48.5)
37 (19.1)
83 (42.8)
74 (38.1)
Does your campus have a college/university-recognized organization for LGBT students and allies?
582 (54.1)
109 (10.1)
385 (35.8)
104 (53.3)
40 (20.5)
51 (26.2)
Does your campus have any student organizations that primarily serve the needs of underrepresented and/or multicultural LGBT populations (eg LGBT Latinos/Latinas, international LGBT students, LGBT students with disabilities)?
363 (33.7)
181 (16.8)
534 (49.5)
52 (26.8)
70 (36.1)
72 (37.1)
Does your campus have any student organizations that primarily serve the social and/or recreational needs of LGBT students (eg gay social fraternity, lesbian volleyball club, gay coed lacrosse club)?
217 (20.2)
264 (24.6)
594 (55.2)
27 (14.0)
88 (45.6)
78 (40.4)
Does your campus have any academically focused LGBT student organizations (eg LGBT Medical Association, LGBT Public Relations Organization, Out Lawyers Association)?
270 (25.1)
216 (20.1)
591 (54.8)
36 (18.7)
84 (43.5)
73 (37.8)
LGBT Counseling and Health
Does your campus offer support groups for LGBT individuals in the process of coming out and for other LGBT issues/concerns?
287 (26.7)
91 (8.5)
697 (64.8)
36 (18.5)
64 (32.8)
95 (48.7)
Does your campus offer individual counseling for students that is sensitive and affirming for (supportive) LGBT issues/concerns?
497 (46.1)
37 (3.5)
543 (50.4)
93 (48.4)
21 (10.9)
78 (40.7)
Does your campus provide training for health-center staff to increase their sensitivity to the special healthcare needs of LGBT individuals?
309 (28.7)
58 (5.4)
710 (65.9)
54 (28.0)
27 (14.0)
112 (58.0)
Associations Between Survey Responses
A negative correlation was found between levels of perceived social support and levels of depression, where students with higher levels of perceived social support displayed lower levels of depression (r = -.33, P < .001). A positive correlation was found between comfort with disclosure of orientation and levels of depression, where students who reported higher discomfort with disclosure of orientation also had higher levels of depression (r = .22, P < .001). A slight negative correlation was found between comfort with disclosure of orientation and the campus climate (r = -.12, P < .001). Students who rated the campus as non-inclusive also reported discomfort with disclosure of their orientation.
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between sexual orientation and gender identity in regard to depression, levels of perceived social support, comfort with disclosure of orientation, and the LGBT campus climate in osteopathic medical schools. Results suggested that LGB students had higher levels of depression, slightly lower levels of perceived social support, and more discomfort with disclosure of orientation. A majority of students rated the campus climate as noninclusive. These results are consistent with other studies that showed LGB individuals were more likely to be exposed to negative interactions, including discrimination, harassment, isolation, and low social support [27, 28].
In the current study, LGB students were 2.2 times more likely to be depressed then heterosexual students. Previous research findings show that LGBT individuals are at increased risk for psychosocial problems, including depression, suicide, and other psychiatric disorders [5–11]. Since research has suggested a link between psychosocial health and academic success [13, 14], osteopathic medical schools should consider implementing support systems for LGBT students at the institutional level.
In general, the osteopathic medical students who responded to our survey had relatively high levels of perceived social support, regardless of sexual orientation. However, due to effect size, self-identified LGB students were more likely to indicate lower levels of perceived social support compared with heterosexual only students. Previous research has shown the importance of social support in the proper identity formation of LGB individuals and that those exposed to negative social interactions are much more likely to experience barriers in regard to self-acceptance [29–31]. Another study has suggested a strong link between low social support and psychosocial problems, such as depression, in minority populations [32]. In support of this previous research, our study also displayed a moderate correlation between social support and depression. This suggests the existence of a vulnerable subset within the population: LGB osteopathic medical students with low perceived social support. These students are likely to be at the highest risk for depression. However, contrary to these findings, our study seemed to indicate that even though LGB osteopathic medical students reported high levels of social support, they were still at an increased risk of being depressed. As such, it appears that regardless of perceived levels of social support, LGB osteopathic medical students display decreased psychosocial health. This is of practical importance since previous research has suggested a link between psychosocial health and academic success [13, 14]. These findings suggest that the relationship between depression, social support and minority status in osteopathic medical students may be mitigated by other factors; future research is needed to examine this area more closely.
In the current study, LGB students were 3.9 times more likely to report discomfort with disclosure of orientation compared with heterosexual only students. These findings support results from previous research [18, 33]. For example, Rankin reported that 60% of lesbian, gay, and bisexual undergraduate students remained closeted due to fear of discrimination [33]. In studies of medical students, many LGB students reported discomfort with being open about their sexual orientation [5] and an overwhelming majority did not disclose their orientation during the application process [18]. In the current study, there was a correlation between comfort with disclosure of orientation and depression, where students who reported higher discomfort also had higher levels of depression. Perhaps implementing an inclusive environment at medical schools, in which diversity is embraced, may address this problem.
LGB students were more likely to rate the campus climate as noninclusive in regard to LGBT issues, and those who rated the campus as noninclusive also reported discomfort with disclosure of their orientation. In a study by Rankin, almost 74% of lesbian, gay, and bisexual students rated their campus as noninclusive [32]. Other studies have shown that students who viewed their campus as more hostile in regard to LGBT issues were more likely to not disclose their sexual orientation [18, 33].
Finally, due to the lack of transgender respondents, no comparisons could be made in regard to this population. This further highlights the invisibility of the transgender population in both medical education and research. The potential cause of this invisibility, be it due to underrepresentation in the osteopathic medical profession or discomfort with disclosure, should be examined in future research.
Results from the current study point to the important role that the campus culture can play during osteopathic medical training. The campus culture consists of the overarching environment that students are exposed to on a day-to-day basis and a positive culture would involve having LGBT-friendly institutional policies, grievance procedures, and equal opportunity measures. Osteopathic medical schools should considering creating a more LGBT-inclusive campus environment. Improving the campus climate may be one way of addressing LGB students' significantly higher levels of depression and discomfort with disclosure of orientation. Some suggestions for improving the campus climate include: having a non-discrimination policy/statement that includes sex, sexual orientation and gender expression; offering insurance coverage to employees' same-sex partners; the presence of a professional staff member who promotes diversity and increases campus awareness (including LGBT) as part of their job description.
The current study had several limitations. The sample contained students from only 6 osteopathic medical schools, making the results limited to the particular geographic locations of each of the schools. In general, osteopathic medical schools from the southern and eastern regions of the United States were underrepresented, potentially skewing the study results. Further, previous research has suggested that social desirability bias often limits the disclosure of negative views, such as depression or low social support [34]. This reluctance to disclose negative views may explain the high percentage of respondents in the current study who indicated high social support.
Overall, the current study indicated that a relationship existed between sexual orientation and levels of depression, perceived social support, comfort with disclosure of orientation, and the LGBT campus climate in osteopathic students. Based on these results, osteopathic medical schools should consider closely examining their campus culture, in order to ensure that a positive and inclusive environment exists for all students. By embracing diversity in osteopathic medical education, it may be possible to create multicultural physicians who can competently and compassionately practice osteopathic medicine.
The authors would like to extend their deepest gratitude to the following individuals for their support throughout this process: Deborah Goggin, MA, ELS, for editing the manuscript and providing invaluable insight and feedback; the deans from the 6 osteopathic medical schools for disseminating the survey link to their students; and finally the students who participated in this study for taking the time to complete the survey. This work was funded by a medical education grant from the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. Funding allowed dissemination of and incentives for the survey materials.
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Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.


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