text:
A.M. Devine and Laurence D. Stephens, The Prosody of Greek Speech. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Pp. xviii + 565. $45.00. ISBN 0-19-508546-9.
Reviewed by Benjamin W. Fortson, IV, Harvard University (email@example.com).
Attempts to reconstruct the phonology of Ancient Greek, such as W. Sidney Allen's classic Vox Graeca (Cambridge, 1968), have generally tried to pinpoint the exact phonetics of the Greek sound inventory (e.g. what kind of e an eta was). DS's1 goal is different: their aim is to reconstruct the sound of Greek prosody.2 To this end, they employ a "rather different methodology", which they describe as "a sort of archaeological laboratory phonology.... The premise of the method is that, although different languages have different prosodic systems, prosodic structure does not by and large vary crosslinguistically in a random, unlimited and unpredictable fashion" (vii). This method has in fact been employed and refined by DS in articles and books stretching back a good twenty years,3 many of which adumbrate ideas that are here for the first time integrated into a comprehensive account of Greek prosody. The result is nothing short of a masterpiece. The authors proceed systematically from the smallest prosodic unit (the syllable) on up through the largest (the major phrase and utterance), devoting a chapter to each level of the prosodic hierarchy. The chapters typically adhere to the following format: First, DS provide background information for the prosodic unit in question, including extremely useful4 and copious typological data from a wide range of languages, and results from experimental studies in acoustics and phonetics. This sets the cross-linguistic and theoretical context for an examination of the relevant philological data: "In the second stage, we proceeded to devise ways of testing the Greek texts, inscriptions and musical remains for specific prosodic properties in the general context of the background material we had assembled, taking care to ensure the statistical significance of the results obtained" (viii). The marriage of theory and philology that DS strive for, where both disciplines are given roughly equal weight, is a significant advance over previous studies, and allows them -- so they claim -- to give an account of Greek prosody which is "in some respects almost as complete as available accounts of the prosody of many languages that can be investigated in vivo in the laboratory" (ibid.).
Due to the scope and complexity of the book, the following summary of the contents is necessarily superficial; after that, however, I shall examine in more detail some of DS's findings and methods. Chapter 1, "The Physiology of Prosody" (3-20), is an introduction to the anatomical basis of speech production, covering neurology, respiration, phonation, and the articulation of speech sounds. Chapter 2, "The Syllable" (21-84), concerns primarily the syllabification of consonant clusters, especially muta cum liquida (stop plus resonant, e.g., kr, gl, dm). The practice of comedy, where muta cum liquida is tautosyllabic (in contrast to tragedy and formal passages in comedy), reflects "the norm in colloquial Attic" (35). This is partially at variance with syllable divisions found in inscriptions, but these DS claim are due to the different syllabifications associated with the artificial slowing-down of speech that was used as a strategy "to align it with what is being written" (38). DS's conclusions here are necessarily speculative, but linguists who have used the orthographic practices as evidence for particular phonological properties of Greek should take careful note and proceed more cautiously than has perhaps been done in the past.5 In the remainder of Chapter 2, DS disprove the old claim that Greek poetry was sensitive to durational distinctions at the submoraic and segmental level, finding no statistical support for the metrical relevance of syllable onset length, intrinsic vowel and consonant duration (differences in the length of the same vowel/consonant in identical contexts), or contextual vowel duration (differences in the length of the same vowel/consonant in different contexts), and only limited evidence for a metrical distinction between C'C and C' syllables and between heavy and superheavy syllables. If these findings are upheld, then they represent a very important contribution to the study of Greek metrics, upsetting as they do a number of very old and tenacious theories.6
Chapter 3, "Rhythm" (85-156), presents and evaluates the data that can be, and have been, taken as evidence for forming conclusions about the rhythm of Greek speech at the level of the word. These sources of evidence fall into three types: phonological facts about the language, metrical texts, and musical settings. Among other things, DS posit an underlying rhythmic template onto which strings of syllables were mapped consisting of a long rhythmic unit followed by a short, and suggest various de- and re-footing rules that will be of interest to theoretical phonologists, particularly the claim that there was such an organizational principle independent of stress assignment and syllable structure. The musical testimony is treated in greater detail in Chapter 4, "Pitch" (157-194), which concerns itself with reconstructing the surface pitch patterns of Greek. In Hellenistic times, mismatches between accent and melody in songs are rare; unfortunately we have only conflicting evidence for the situation in the pre-Hellenistic age (166-7). The Hellenistic settings agree in showing a pre-acute rise and post-acute fall in musical pitch for medially-accented polysyllables; the interval of the fall is on average greater than the interval of the rise. This suggests a Mid-High-Low contour for such words (183f.). A particularly interesting finding is that the Delphic hymns show evidence for tonal effects of aspirated stops on following vowels. In a number of languages, the fundamental frequency of the beginning of a vowel following a voiceless aspirate is higher than after a voiceless unaspirated stop or a voiced stop, and it turns out indeed that in polysyllables of the type FILO/MAXON, whose first syllable is the preaccentual syllable and begins with a voiceless aspirate, the musical setting of the initial syllable is never more than a semitone lower than the pitch of the following stressed syllable (the peak) (179-80). It is nothing short of astonishing that such subtle information about ancient Greek phonetics is available to us; one merely needs to know where to look and how to devise the proper tests.7
The results of Chapters 3 and 4 are integrated into a comprehensive theory of the prosody of the word in Chapter 5, "Word Prosody" (195-223). The task that awaits the researcher here is to determine "what were the phonetic properties of rhythmically prominent syllables, in particular whether they were stressed; whether the system of rhythm correlates or interacts with that of the word accent, and if not, how the two systems could coexist without tending to neutralize each other; and what were the consequences for the Greek word prosodic system of the emergence of a stress accent in later Greek" (195). Most of this chapter is devoted to examining possible typological parallels to their analysis of Greek: a language with a pitch-accent coexisting with a foot-based system of rhythm independent of the pitch-accent. Japanese, they claim, provides such a parallel: it is also a language with a pitch-accent and a quantitative rhythm independent of the pitch-accent (213).
The remainder of the book leaves behind the realm of individual words and considers the prosody of words and phrases in their syntactic contexts. Chapter 6, "Connected Speech" (224-284), concerns sandhi-effects at word-boundary such as resyllabification, crasis, hiatus, elision, and prodelision. DS contribute many important observations on the syntactic domains of these phenomena that considerably expand our knowledge of the interaction between phonology and syntax in the language; I shall give a sample. The domain of both coda-to-onset and onset-to-coda resyllabification8 is less restricted in the freer styles of Euripides than in the stricter styles; this indicates that in colloquial speech, resyllabification was not limited to the same tight syntactically cohesive phrases as in more deliberate speech (240f.). The rate of R(-gemination after a short vowel (as inscriptionally ARGEMATA RRUMOIS IG I2.314.40) was found to be highest in more cohesive syntactic structures, especially those consisting of a prepositive nonlexical plus a lexical; and, as it is strongly avoided in tragic lyric, it would appear to have been a feature of colloquial Attic deemed more appropriate for comedy (249f.). The domain of elision is more difficult to establish since verse and inscriptions contradict each other: in prose inscriptions, for instance, elision of full lexical words is rare, whereas in verse there is no such constraint. For the situation in verse, DS note inter alia an attractive parallel from Kalmyk, where the domain of vowel harmony, normally the word, is extended artificially to the whole line in poetry. DS conclude (264) that elision was not confined to the minor phrase in fluent speech. Text editors should take note of the implications of these observations for evaluating emendations of various passages.9
Chapter 7, "The Appositive Group" (285-374), continues the discussion of the interface of phonology and syntax by investigating the prosodic properties of the appositive group (their term for the prosodic domain between the word and the minor phrase, consisting of a pre- or postpositive and a full lexical item). Apparent violations of Porson's, Knox's, Hermann's, and other bridges, as is well-known, typically involve a prepositive and a lexical word; as a prepositive was prosodically subordinate to the following host, the two words formed a single phonological word and are therefore not true exceptions to these bridges.10 DS examine the occurrences of all types of mono- and disyllabic prepositives at bridges, and combining it with evidence from inscriptions argue for the existence in Greek of the appositive group as a prosodic domain. The fact that certain kinds of prepositives are admitted before metrical bridges more readily in comedy than in tragedy is taken as evidence that in deliberate speech these appositives did not form a prosodic unit with the following word, but did in more relaxed fluent speech; this has parallels in other languages such as Madurese (310). DS point out that the formation of appositive groups is not only conditioned by the non-lexical in question (for which they are able to set up a categorial hierarchy, p. 340), but is also sensitive to syntactic characteristics of the potential host material, such as branchingness. For instance, in the early plays of Euripides, a heavy monosyllabic preposition may stand at Porson's bridge if it is in the discontinuous or head-interrupted configuration [N P N]PP (e.g. NERTE/RWN E)K DWMA/TWN Alc. 1073), but not if it flanks a branching NP, i.e. [P NP]PP (e.g. E)K TW=N FI/LWN H.F. 1234). Thus "head interrupted structure provides an easier environment for subordination than the head flanking structure in branching prepositional phrases" (335); what DS posit here would accord well with many other languages, where clitics cannot flank a branching phrase. Among the myriad topics covered in the rest of the chapter are the prosodic status of proclitics: DS argue rather strongly, based especially on the musical evidence, that proclitics were not atonic, contra most traditional theories on the subject.
A similar set of metrical, musical, and inscriptional inquiries form the material of Chapter 8, "The Minor Phrase" (376-408), and Chapter 9, "The Major Phrase and Utterance" (409-455), which concern the final -- and highest -- levels of prosodic organization. DS show, continuing some of the investigations of Chapter 6, that onset-to-coda resyllabification of clusters consisting of s plus stop is constrained; it was licensed within the minor phrase (e.g. between verb and another part of the verb phrase) but usually not interphrasally (between words belonging to two different constituents); in those cases of interphrasal resyllabification, one of the two phrases was most commonly non-branching (383), a fact fully expected from linguistic universals. The examination of both metrical and inscriptional evidence shows that verbs were phrased with the subject only by default, that is, only when the verb was not modified by other material (392). Chapter 8 also considers what phonetic properties that minor phrase had; this is best done again by examining the musical settings, which show, not surprisingly, that the first peak in the phrase is pitched highest, followed by a gradual decline in pitch (downtrend or catathesis) with secondary rises for later peaks within the phrase (408). Chapter 9 further examines catathesis, this time over the domain of whole sentences, in its cross-linguistic context. Chapter 10, "Topic and Focus" (456-497), concerns the phonetic realization of these syntactic categories in Greek, and allied phenomena. The Delphic hymns show pitch rise correlating with emphatic focus (479). A particularly welcome section concerns discontinuous phrases in Greek and the interaction of discontinuity and resyllabification; DS's results here should be extended by other researchers to Latin and the other ancient Indo-European languages (480f.). This final chapter is followed by a Bibliography (498-562) and Index (563-565).11
The careful, systematic, and penetrating evaluation of reams of philological data in the light of a highly sophisticated knowledge of phonetics and theoretical linguistics is the greatest contribution that this book has to offer. One is hard-pressed to think of questions that they did not ask. Where their treatment is shakier is in the handling of morphology and diachrony. As far as I can tell, in their stated attempt to reconstruct the prosody of Greek, DS never actually define what they mean by "Greek" -- an omission that leads to some infelicities that I will talk about below. Most of the book, it turns out, is concerned with 5th-century Attic, but there is an uncomfortably large inclusion of data from other dialects and from other time periods that is all lumped together with the Attic data; the whole tends then to get analyzed, rather monolithically, as of a piece. DS are of course fully aware that "Greek" refers to any of several spatially and temporally heterogeneous entities, but when treating more than one variety of Greek, one must be careful to qualify the domain over which one's conclusions are supposed to obtain.12
An instance of this is their analysis of the syllabification of muta cum liquida in Chapter 2. I shall treat this in some detail, not to be picky, but because an account that is more sensitive to chronological layering has long been needed for this particular issue, and leads to some unexpected findings. When they arrive at their conclusion that tautosyllabic muta cum liquida was the norm for colloquial Attic, DS mention that variation from this norm "is due to the influence of non-Attic verse; in Homer, for instance, internal muta cum liquida is usually heterosyllabic, with exceptions involving liquids rather than nasals" (35). This is the only hint we get from DS that there was a chronological difference in the way muta cum liquida was syllabified; they conspicuously omit any mention of correptio Attica (the shift in the scansion of muta cum liquida from Epic to Classical Attic). This lack of attention to chronology, while not damaging to their central claims, leads to a rather haphazard account of certain sound laws and other material. On pp. 39-41, DS invoke a body of "linguistic evidence ... almost all [of which] indicates unequivocally that the syllable divisions of normal speech are just those found in the metrical evidence" (39): the rhythm rule for formation of the comparative and superlative; three sound laws (Wheeler's Law, the neuter nouns law, and Vendryes's Law); and the reduplication of the perfect. As far as 5th-century Athens goes, Wheeler's Law (whereby originally oxytone dactyl-shaped words or word-final sequences retract the accent to the penult, e.g. POIKI/LOS < *POIKILO/S, cp. Sanskrit pe-alá- decorated') and the neuter nouns law (whereby neuters in -I/ON retracted the accent onto the antepenult if it was light, e.g. PUKTI/ON but QU/RION) are irrelevant, since both were Common Greek developments.
The rhythm rule and the reduplication rule for perfects, it turns out, are rather more difficult evidence than at first appearance, and none of the difficulties has, to my knowledge, been sufficiently discussed in the literature. The rhythm rule states that the comparative and superlative endings are -O/TEROS -O/TATOS after a heavy syllable, but -W/TEROS -W/TATOS after a light. DS note that for this rule, muta cum liquida is generally heterosyllabic, especially with core vocabulary (MAKRO/TEROS PUKNO/TEROS); but that "some marginal forms show variation across the corpus of Greek literary records", for which they cite BARUPOTMW/TATOS Eur. Phoen. 1345 vs. BARUPOTMO/TATOS Plu. TG 5, E)RUQRW/TEROS Pl. Tim. 83b vs. E)RUQRO/TEROS Anaxandr. 22, and EU)TEKNW/TATOS Eur. Hec. 581 vs. EU)TEKNO/TATOS Diod. Sic. 4.74. DS simply list these data without commentary, and it is not at all clear what conclusions are supposed to be drawn. First of all, when was the rule actually operative? Forms like MAKRO/TEROS PUKNO/TEROS fly in the face of the view that muta cum liquida was tautosyllabic in 5th-century Attic, if the forms are at all relevant to 5th-century Attic; the fact that they are "core vocabulary" means that they have probably been lexicalized and preserve evidence for earlier phonological features (MAKRO/TEROS, for instance, is already in Homer and scans with heterosyllabic muta cum liquida as is normal in epic). The "marginal forms" are the best evidence for synchronic rules, as the comparative and superlatives of uncommon words are going to be created on the spot using productive phonology and morphology. As these "marginal forms" show variation, we have to ask what the variation means. One first notices a difference in chronology: BARUPOTMW/TATOS E)RUQRW/TEROS EU)TEKNW/TATOS are between two and five centuries older than BARUPOTMO/TATOS E)RUQRO/TEROS EU)TEKNO/TATOS.13 This makes it look like Greek started out with heterosyllabic muta cum liquida (MAKRO/TEROS Homer), then tautosyllabic after correptio Attica (BARUPOTMW/TATOS), and later heterosyllabic again (BARUPOTMO/TATOS).14 If so, then the 5th-century forms like BARUPOTMW/TATOS may be evidence for tautosyllabic muta cum liquida, assuming the rhythm rule was operative at the time.15 However, these forms must be considered together with other unexpected comparatives and superlatives, and they are more frequent in the manuscripts than the handbooks tell us. Good manuscripts of Plato transmit E)MMETRW/TATOS at Leg. 11.926a, and of other authors forms such as E)LEUQERO/TEROS A)NIR(W/TATOS FILOKINDUNW/TATOS EU)DOCW/TATOS O(MOIW/TATOS I)SXPRW/TATOS; but all of these have been deemed to be faulty (see R. Kühner and F. Blass, Ausführliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache3 [Hannover, 1890] I1 558-9). Have these unsavory variants been rejected on good philological grounds, or simply because they do not agree with a prescribed rule in the grammar-books?16
Evidence for tautosyllabic muta cum liquida culled from the reduplication of the perfect -- a subject which has received much attention in recent theoretical literature17 -- should also not be invoked without some caveats. As is well known, the reduplicating syllable consists of the first consonant of the root plus -E- if the resultant reduplicating syllable would be light; otherwise the reduplicating syllable is simply E)- (e.g. PAI/W PE/-PAIKA but PTAI/W E)/-PTAIKA). "Lighter" muta cum liquida clusters are tautosyllabic, to judge by KLE/PTW KE/-KLOFA, TRE/FW TE/-TROFA, but "heavier" muta cum liquida clusters show both patterns (e.g. BLASTA/NW BE-BLA/STHKA and E)-BLA/STHKA).18 Other consonant clusters also show both patterns: KTA/OMAI KE/-KTHMAI but Ionic E)/-KTHMAI, PTH/SSW PE-PTHW/S Homer but Attic E)/-PTHXA. DS conclude from this that "[s]uch forms are evidence that resyllabification failed across the reduplication seam, not that these clusters were regularly assigned to the onset word medially in prehistoric Greek." If this be the explanation for KE/-KTHMAI etc., it then becomes ad hoc to conclude that KE/KLOFA etc. is due rather to tautosyllabicity of the cluster. If in the KE/KTHMAI cases, resyllabification of the cluster failed across the reduplication seam (certainly a possibility), then that is at variance with the scansion of these clusters in poetry (as heterosyllabic; see p. 32). It is also possible, though, that the KE/KTHMAI cases reflect a purely morphological, and not a morphophonological, process; some speakers appear to have overgeneralized Ce-reduplication (a morphological rule) at the expense of simple e-reduplication. This would have happened by their having failed to acquire the phonological rule that originally blocked application of Ce-reduplication before particular consonant clusters. Under this explanation of KE/KTHMAI etc., we do not run into conflict with the metrical evidence, as happened with the syllabification account -- and the metrical evidence is after all supposed to reflect the actual Attic syllabification more closely than anything else, according to DS's premises.
It appears that only Vendryes's Law (whereby properispomena retract the accent to the antepenult if the antepenult is light, e.g. E(/TOIMOS < E(TOI=MOS) unequivocally supports DS's position, as it is a specifically Attic rule, and apparently a fairly recent one (see p. 102). Forms like A)/GROIKOS A)/XREIOS from A)GROI=KOS A)XREI=OS do show that muta cum liquida, at the time Vendryes's Law operated, was tautosyllabic in Attic. As I noted at the outset of this discussion, none of the problems with the other evidence vitiates DS's claims; I merely wish to point out the delicacy with which such evidence, varying both chronologically and dialectally, needs to be handled.
Another unclarity that one encounters passim in PGS, and that I have already alluded to, is whether comedy is supposed to be the best witness to Attic pronunciation writ large, or just to colloquial, fluent, and rapid Attic pronunciation. Sometimes DS seem to be saying the former, as with the muta cum liquida cases, at other times the latter. If the former is their opinion, then by rights comedy should always reflect Attic phonetics better than tragedy; but a number of times it is rather tragedy that, by virtue of its stricter metrical rules, is claimed to evince particular prosodic phenomena most clearly. An example is Porson's Law, which prohibits a break between the first arsis and the following longum if the arsis is long (so | - # - u x || is not allowed, where # is word-boundary). DS support the claim that these syllables must have been too long in speech to be able to be mapped onto an arsis, and they argue that this extra duration is due to prepausal lengthening of the same sort that accounts for brevis in longo, and that is independently evidenced by musical settings. So far so good; however, if the contextual lengthening of long syllables was a phonetic fact of colloquial Greek, then it would be expected that comedy should have the strictest constraints on the mapping of such overlong syllables, not tragedy and the iambographers; yet Porson's Law is absent from comedy. To explain this distribution, DS claim that "it is probable that the constraint against full word boundary following a subordinated syllable is relaxed in the conversational speech styles on which the dialogue of comedy is based" (132, cp. also 280).19 This sounds fine on its own, but has the unfortunate result of contradicting the earlier claim that tragedy was not an accurate reflection of 5th-century Attic muta-cum-liquida syllabification. The only way I can see to salvage the argument is to say that, as in some other languages, muta cum liquida in Greek was heterosyllabic in deliberate speech (cp. note 5 above) but tautosyllabic in fast speech; then tragedy, rather than reflecting archaic or dialectal pronunciation, would mirror the syllabification in careful, and not rapid, speech. Then one could say that comedy represents on all counts more rapid speech. But this approach has problems of its own; Euripidean superlatives like BARUPOTMW/TATOS and EU)TEKNW/TATOS could not then represent both the heterosyllabic muta cum liquida of careful speech and evidence of tautosyllabic muta cum liquida at the same time, unless one wanted to claim an artificiality of his morphology and phonology rivaled only by Homer's.
My only other piece of criticism concerns the presentational style of the work. It is regrettable that a book of such great interdisciplinary interest and importance is so difficult to read. The prose is dense and often telegraphic; examples of the various phenomena are frequently given without commentary, leaving the reader to figure out how they exemplify what. DS assume a rather vast knowledge of both linguistics and Greek metrics on the part of the reader; I fear that its accessibility both to linguists who lack a strong Classical training,20 and to Classicists lacking linguistic training, will be impaired because of this. Instead of globally referring the reader at the outset to various standard reference works for definitions and explanations of the technical terms (x), it would have been far preferable to have provided a glossary, or to have at least systematically defined such terms as they appeared (which is only occasionally done). The long lists of cross-linguistic data, one of the book's major strengths, are not always fully integrated into the surrounding discussion, and often not even relevant; at times DS seem to indulge in sharing such information just out of the sheer pleasure of sharing it.21 I personally enjoy no-holds-barred narration of scientific and cross-linguistic trivia (in the word's most non-deprecatory sense), for it is all fascinating to me; but it can be distracting and make the import of the broader context-setting hazy. The main conclusions of each section are not sufficiently flagged or highlighted, often buried in a wealth of surrounding detail; chapter summaries are sometimes given, sometimes not.
In spite of these few negative remarks and niggling over aspects of the methodology, I must emphasize that I enjoyed reading this book more than almost any other in Linguistics or the Classics in the past several years, and it is a spectacular piece of scholarship. PGS should be read by every Classicist even remotely concerned with Ancient Greek as the living entity it once was; an initial investment of stamina will yield great rewards. The linguistic and experimental background should be tremendously eye-opening and mind-broadening, and the amassing of all this material in one place is a remarkable feat, for which we should be very grateful. It is worthwhile for Classicists to know, for instance, that a phenomenon exactly comparable to verse-final brevis in longo is known from Hausa verse; both the Greek and the Hausa facts are but two examples of a very common cross-linguistic tendency for word- and phrase-final syllables to be generally weaker than word-internally (79f.). PGS should likewise be read by every historical linguist; it is a model for how to glean detailed prosodic and structural information from the records of a dead language. Although the details of surface phonetic implementations may appear at first glance to be inconsequential for linguistic theory, it is precisely this level which encodes an enormous wealth of information about the underlying machinery of a language, and it is this level which is transmitted from generation to generation. The efforts that have culminated in this volume provide a nearly bottomless source of real advances and ideas that should spawn years of fruitful research.
[1] Abbreviations: DS = Devine and Stephens; PGS = The Prosody of Greek Speech. I would like to thank Mark Hale for discussing certain issues with me; needless to say, I alone am responsible for the views herein. [2] I shall use the term "prosody" in its linguistic, not metrical, sense, to denote the division of speech into intonation groups and their phonetic properties (stress, syllabification, pitch, etc.). [3] These are conveniently listed in a separate section (pp. 561-2) at the end of the general Bibliography. [4] DS are of course not the first to consider Greek in light of typological parallels (witness the works of W.S. Allen), but the cross-linguistic and other background material that they provide is far richer; indeed, in the Preface they state, "We hoped that a concise yet fairly comprehensive account of this material with its associated bibliography might serve as a convenient sourcebook for future students and researchers" (vii). For more discussion of this aspect of PGS see below. [5] Some details in this section raise a few questions. DS evaluate such common orthographic practices as doubling the first consonant of clusters (e.g. METESSTIN IG I2.26.8, DESSMWN IV.1484.218, EKKTOR CIG IV.xviii) as reflecting the syllable divisions of artificially slow rates of speech, in which coda consonants would get lengthened. This necessitates a different explanation for end-of-line divisions before consonant clusters like E.KTEI IG II2.949.2. One has to have some principled way of determining which of these orthographic practices were linguistically real. Does E.KTEI represent some other syllabification fact about artificially slow rates of speech, or is it merely due to an orthographic prohibition against dividing consonant clusters at line-end, whatever the rationale behind such a rule may have been (e.g., orthographic preservation of morpheme boundary)? [6] The tables at the end of the chapter (81-84) showing the relative percentages of types of line-final syllables may be misleading. They show, ostensibly, that for words of particular shapes, and for all words in the archaic pentameter, line-final -' is far less frequent than -'C or -'(C). For these statistics to mean anything, they would first have to be compared to the overall frequencies of these syllables word-finally, which it seems DS (uncharacteristically, I might add) have not done. Without that as a control, these tables lose their value. [7] I for one would be interested to see DS's test extended to voiced stops and unaspirated voiceless stops; is, for example, the rise in pitch from a preaccentual syllable beginning with a voiced consonant to the peak usually greater than a semitone? Cross-linguistically, voiced consonants can lower the fundamental frequency of the beginning of a following vowel. Perhaps DS conducted such a test already, but without conclusive results. [8] The first is what is responsible for the short scansion of final -'C before vowel (the final consonant becomes the onset of the following syllable: 'C.V > '.CV); the second is what is responsible for word-initial consonant clusters "making position" (so '.CCV > 'C.CV). [9] As for instance on p. 244: in tragedy, word-initial muta cum liquida seems only to be resyllabified (i.e., becomes heterosyllabic and makes position) when preceded by a right-linking nonlexical (e.g. DIA\ XRO/NOU Eur. I.A. 636, O( XRO/NOS Soph. fr. 832 Nauck); the resyllabification is therefore linguistically real, and DS rightly warn against emending these out of existence, as has sometimes been done. (It is curious that comedy does not have evidence for such resyllabification, if DS claim that comedy more accurately reflects the phonetics of colloquial Attic than does tragedy; see discussion further below.) [10] For the record, this was already recognized for Porson's bridge by J.G.J. Hermann in his 1800 edition of Euripides's Hecuba.
An interesting problem, not noted to my knowledge by DS, is the following. The last metron of the trimeter cannot be filled by a word of the shape - - u x; to explain this, DS posit a "heavy syllable prolongation rule", whereby in a word of the shape - - u x, the first of the two contiguous long syllables was lengthened, so that it became too long to be mapped onto the first arsis of the last metron (120). Now, as just noted above, common exceptions to Porson's Law include (long) proclitic followed by a trisyllable, so | # - # - u x ||. If the resultant proclitic + host sequence formed a new single "word", then this "word" ought to be identical to a word of the shape - - u x; but precisely such a word is forbidden from filling the last metron. On the assumption that DS's lengthening rule is correct (it need not be -- why should it affect specifically the first long syllable of a sequence - - u x ?), perhaps a proclitic, after forming a "word" with the following word, did not then undergo lengthening; the morpheme boundary may have still been salient (a view not all theoreticians would agree with). Alternatively, the admissibility of | # - # - u x || may be evidence of some other prosodic difference between words and otherwise identically-shaped "words" consisting of clitic + host.
[11] The Index is unfortunately too brief. [12] It is difficult to know what conclusions are to be drawn about "Greek" from a metrical constraint that is observed, say, only by Callimachus, or from the fact that Demosthenes studiously avoids sequences of more than two short syllables. DS for the most part put all of these idiosyncrasies on an equal footing, apparently under the supposition that they are pieces of one large puzzle. This approach need not be wrong; it should, however, be pointed out that such data are inherently ambiguous as to whether a given phenomenon was idiolectal or not. [13] Additional forms not found in DS may support this conclusion: earlier are EU)TEKNW/TATOS Eur. Hec. 620, E)RUQRW/TATON Pl. Epin. 987c, DUSPOTMW/TERON Men. Mis. p.119 Mein, and later are XALIKRO/TEROS Nic. Al. 59.613, BARUPOTMO/TEROS Plu. 2.989e and BARUPOTMO/TATOS Ph. 1.637. However, E)RUQRO/TERON Dromo 1 is already 4th-century. The papyri from the Ptolemaic period consistently use -O/TEROS -O/TATOS after muta cum liquida (Edwin Mayser, Grammatik der griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemäerzeit I2 [Berlin/Leipzig, 1938] 58). [14] In the history of Latin, a similar series of events appears to have taken place: in Plautus, muta cum liquida does not make position, but in the earlier history of Latin it must have been heterosyllabic to account for the -e- of consecrare, perpetrare, cerebrum, genetrix, and other words where the medial short vowel would have weakened to -i- if the syllable had been open (see M. Leumann, Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre [München, 1977] 83). [15] But on this topic, DS write, "The phonological lengthening [of -O- to -W-] was no longer operative at the time of the loss of digamma: KENO/TEROS STENO/TEROS; but this does not mean that such forms did not have some phonetic lengthening of the stem vowel; forms like STENW/TEROS are later analogical reformations" (104). Here it sounds like the rule no longer existed, if a form like STENW/TEROS came about through analogy and not through application of the rule; if that is true, then BARUPOTMW/TATOS and its ilk cannot be used as evidence for phonetic facts, since it would also have been produced by analogy. None of this is a likely analysis of the data: STENO/TEROS, as all the handbooks correctly tell us, was created and lexicalized while the digamma was still there (*STENFO/TEROS), and STENW/TEROS was innovated later by application of the rhythm rule for a stem that had become synchronically STEN-. [16] An additional complication is the merger of omicron and omega; this is evidenced orthographically as early as the 3rd century B.C. and confusion becomes rampant by the 2nd century for the Egyptian Greek of the papyri, although not for Attic until much later except in crude texts; see E. Sturtevant, The Pronunciation of Greek and Latin2 (Philadelphia, 1940) 47, and L. Threatte, The Grammar of Attic Inscriptions I: Phonology (Berlin/New York, 1980) 223-4. [17] See D. Steriade, Greek Prosodies and the Nature of Syllabification (diss. M.I.T., 1982), and "Greek accent: A case for preserving structure", Linguistic Inquiry 19:271f. [18] Two of DS's examples of reduplicating E)- in this section may actually be of a somewhat different nature: from BLA/PTW, BE/BLAFA and KATEBLAFOTES IG VII.303.51, and from GLU/FW, GE/GLUMMAI and E)CE/GLUMMAI. It is curious that the two forms in each pair with E)-reduplication have a preverb. One is reminded of Latin tango tetigi but contingo contigi, where the reduplicator in the perfect is omitted when preceded by a preverb. In the case of the Greek facts, one cannot speak of omission of the perfect reduplicator per se, of course, and perhaps the resemblance between the two cases is simply coincidental. It is again extremely desirable -- as with the comparative and superlative data -- that someone go through all the variant reduplicated forms with close attention to both chronology and dialect. [19] Compare W.S. Allen, on almost the identical topic (Accent and Rhythm [Cambridge, 1973] 312): "In comedy the natural dynamic patterns are in no way suppressed or distorted -- it is simply that the composition does not display the same care in ensuring that they shall be regular (and indeed to this extent unnatural)." [20] Especially in metrics, but also in the languages themselves; none of the sometimes lengthy quotes from the Greek grammarians is provided with a translation -- at most, occasionally, a paraphrase. [21] For example, Chapter 1 contains on the one hand some very basic introductory material, such as an outline of the classification of the Greek sounds; but we also learn, for instance, in a section on fundamental frequency, that "[d]uring normal speech, subglottal pressure changes at rates in the range of 3-8 cm H2O per second: the push in the stomach can produce an average rate of change of 25 cm H2O/s" (14). The reason for including this datum may understandably be lost on most readers.


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Gold prices bounced to Rs 31,340 per 10 grams. It is a 29-month high by surging Rs 540 in the bullion market today. Silver ready took losses forward on easing demand from coin makers and Silver lost another Rs 220 to Rs 47,080 per kg. While silver week-based delivery recovered by Rs 680 to Rs 47,480 on speculative buying.
Bullion traders said that sentiment bolstered after gold gained overseas as the dollar weakened and the US economy grew less-than-expected in the second quarter, boosting demand for safe-haven assets.
Yesterday, Gold rose 1.2% to $1,357.50 an ounce in New York. Globally, Prices of Gold have climbed 2.8% this month.
They said that besides, persistent buying by jewellers following pick up in demand for ornaments at domestic spot market, supported the upside, they said.
In the national capital Delhi, 99.9% and 99.5% pure Gold soared Rs 540 each to Rs 31,340 and Rs 31,190 per 10 grams, respectively. A level last seen on 26th February 2014, when the gold had stood at Rs 31,530.
Sovereign, also shot up by Rs 300 to Rs 24,300 per piece of eight grams.
On the other hand, silver ready fell further by Rs 220 to Rs 47,080 per kg. While weekly-based delivery increased by Rs 680 to Rs 47,480 on speculative buying.
However, Silver coins continued to be traded at the previous level of Rs 76,000 for buying and Rs 77,000 for selling of 100 pieces.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Friday, May 10, 2013
This is for a couple challenges! Scrapmemory - using sketch and TBOPYeckar Mactepckar Memyapnc (first time entering)-also using sketch...........the sketches were almost identical just moved the pic over a little bit, worked for both! I layered and distressed the papers, added several of my new stamps, used some distressed cardboard, made the chevron's, added a trinket bulb from Prima, and added some vines that I stamped and cut out! I also used washi tape here and there, and wrote & cut out the LOVE title! If you click on pics they will enlarge, and hopefully you will see my "DRY EMBOSSING" on both sides of pic......that was tough to do!!! Hope you like it, and thanks so much for stoppin' by and takin' a peek1 Teresa*
6 comments:
this is an artwork. Very beautiful. Love every little detail in this LOReplyDelete
потрясающе! столько слоев и объема и все так гармонично! очень красиво!ReplyDelete
Completely stunning layout - and in one of my favourite colour combinations!ReplyDelete
Alison x
какая красивая и сложная страничка!!!ReplyDelete
Hi Teresa, pleased to meet you! I so look forward to work with you on our new team Vintage Udfordring, really love your style! This is an amazingly beautiful page that you´ve created, such fab colours, too. You´re more than welcome to come and visit me, too, if you like. Take care, IraReplyDelete
Интересно рассматривать... Сложно, фактурно! Спасибо что выбрали наше задание, удачи! Блог Скрап Мемори :-)))ReplyDelete
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We Believe You Are Important, How Can We Help?
Polymethylpentene Transparency enables clear viewing of the solutions inside Easy to read silk screened graduations Easy to grip comfortable handle Large spout for non-drip and effective pouring Autoclavable
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Extend Your Living Space Outdoors With A Custom Deck Addition.
Get outside and enjoy the scenery! Expand your home's living space by adding on a custom deck or deck system. Herr & Co. apply years of experience to planning and installing the ideal outdoor living space that creates a flow from your home to your yard. With custom features like pergolas, outdoor kitchens, terraces, and awnings, your space can be designed to fit your exact needs and lifestyle.
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Your vision informs a well-designed construction plan that we bring to life. We handle every aspect of the deck addition including securing permits, scheduling inspections, resolving any grading or foundation issues to ensure long-term optimal functioning of your deck, guiding you in selecting materials and features, and project managing any subcontractors required to complete the work. Check out our gallery for samples of decks and deck systems.


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Memory Management In Microsoft .NET Framework
This article features a review discussing the function of memory management in Microsoft .NET framework in detail.
Microsoft .NET framework memory management is taken care of by the Common Language Runtime, CLR system. It is a great feature as it takes care of memory management in Microsoft Dot Net framework and relieves the programmers from the duty of memory management which includes allocating and freeing up the memory. Thus, we see that memory is allocated to the instantiations of .NET objects in a close manner from the managed heap, a pool of memory managed by the CLR.
Till the time there is a reference to an object, either a direct reference to an object or through a graph of objects, it is believed to be in use by the Common Language R. When there is no reference to an object, and it cannot be reached or used, it becomes garbage. However, it still holds on to the memory allocated to it. Note that the Microsoft .NET framework memory management system consists of a garbage collector that runs on periodical basis on a different thread from the application's thread, which specifies all the unusable objects and get back the memory allocated to them.
Garbage Collector (GC) in Microsoft .NET framework can be defined as a non-deterministic, compacting, mark-and-sweep garbage collector. It is in running state only when a definite amount of memory has already been used or the system is under pressure for memory. The Garbage Collector which is used for memory management in Microsoft .NET framework is actually a generational one. The objects are being assigned a generation and the newly formed objects come under Generation 0. The objects which successfully overcome garbage collection are named as Generation 1, and those objects of Generation 1 that successfully survive another Garbage collection are known as Generation 2 objects.
The Microsoft .NET framework utilizes objects till the Generation 2 objects and the objects belonging to the higher generation objects are garbage collected less frequently as compared to the objects belonging to lower generations. It helps in enhancing the efficiency of garbage collection, as older objects are more likely to have a superior lifetime than the newer objects. Therefore by removing the older objects from the scope of a collection run, there would be lesser number of objects which required checking and compacting in process of memory management in Microsoft Dot Net framework.


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On the Valentine day, the gifts for boys is suitable as the personality of your boyfriend throughout the valentine week. First and final gift for male and female is red colour rose is very important. Without of the red colour rose the valentine's gift is incomplete for a boyfriend. In this event on the 14 February in 2016, the valentine days gift is very difficult …Read More »
New York
Latest Fashion Of Shirts In Winter For Teen Age Boys 2016
The latest fashion for boys to wear shirts in the winter seasons for the boy on the new year 2016. The new year has changed the fashion with the difference of the new fashions. This winter the fashion in January and February is much better than past years. The teens are like to wear charming dresses. Most of the designers …Read More »
New Year 2016 Fashion Dresses For Women Winter Collections
New Year 2016 Fashion Dresses For Women Winter Collections. The new year party dresses for women with graceful colours styles and designs of the latest fashion in winter for women.[1] New Year 2016 Fashion Dresses For Women On The New Year Eve. These dresses can be worn in any new year celebration in any part of the world. All of these dresses makes …Read More »
Latest Women's Christmas Sweatshirts Styles And Trends 2016
The latest women's christmas sweatshirts and jersey designs and styles in USA, UK, Australia, and All countries where Christmas are celebrated can be worn. These beautiful women's Christmas sweatshirts wear by the model tells about the latest fashion of Christmas sweater shirts.[1] There are a lot of different style and designs for women's Christmas sweatshirts. In this article, I have described the women's Christmas …Read More »
Latest Very Attractive Women Santa Claus Costume On Christmas
Latest Very Attractive Women Santa Claus Costume On Christmas. There are many style and trends to celebrate the Christmas for Christians on the 25 December. In this December, there are a lot of girls which are celebrating Christmas. On the ocean of new year, it is very smart and good looking choice for girls. Therefore, I recommended you to wear latest …Read More »
Latest New York Fashion Week For Streets Fashion 2016
Latest New York Fashion Week For Streets Fashion 2016 and Fashion week for street fashion in the big apple town fashion week. For winter weekends in Courchevel, poplar or Gstaad, look to a replacement line of luxurious après-ski boots with dressmaking twists victimisation sheepskin, fur, auriferous animal skin and adornment. Chic, attractive Kate bryophyte is that the final wild kid …Read More »
Top Most Beautiful Muslim Couples Islamic Weddings Pictures
The Islamic couples with the wedding in such a way they married with respect to Islamic law and regulations are very simple and unusual. This assortment of a hundred and fifty Most Romantic Muslim Couples Moslem photograph can merely expand your mind that however romantic the bride and groom will look on the Moslem wedding.We collected these photos of Moslem weddings(زفاف …Read More »
Attractive Beautiful Watches Trends And Styles For Men 2015
Watches are used to watch the time. But today mobile phone technology has decreased the need of watches. Today, watches are just for fashion. It increases the boldness and beauty of any men. Watches should be attractive, anyone who look at the watch, stunningly asks you how much it expensive. Mostly watches are not more expensive but look expensive. There …Read More »
Latest Hand Bags For Ladies 2015 Which you Can Buy Anywhere
Hand bags are need of every women. She put their each and every thing in hand bags. Hand bags latest collection and trends are coming up. Hand bag colours tells others about your personality. Hand bags are very expensive or more cheap. In markets you can easily find out a perfect hand bag in very cheap price. Salesman tries to …Read More »
There Is 5 Key Pieces Your Fall Wardrobe Needs Right Now
So long, summer is come to end. It's time to put away those crop tops and get your wardrobe ready for a season of crisp evenings and afternoon apple-picking excursions. This Artical is written by GWENDOLYN RAHN and described here. To help you prepare for fall's festivities, InStyle's Executive Style Correspondent Dana Avidan Cohn teamed up with the experts …Read More »


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Looking to make it simpler to deploy multiple software-defined networks (SDNs) across a common fabric of routers and switches, Corsa Technology today unveiled a programmable platform that can support throughput rates of up to 2.4 terabits.
Corsa Technology CEO Bruce Gregory says the Corsa DP2000 series is designed primarily for metro and wide area network (WAN) deployments that make use of network virtualization techniques to maximize investments in modern networking infrastructure. That approach not only offloads processing from existing routers, it automates the management of network virtualization at Layer 2 of the network stack. In contrast, a network overlay used to provide the same capability winds up introducing too much latency into the network to make network virtualization across a WAN worthwhile.
While the concept of network virtualization has been around in the data center for a while, Gregory says the Corsa DP2000 series marks the first time network virtualization is being brought to the edge of the network. The capability to pool those network resources should also serve as a catalyst for many IT organizations to embrace software-defined networking (SDNs) beyond just the data center, says Gregory.
It won't be too long before the physical network as it was once known becomes a giant software-defined abstraction, assuming, of course, that the network hardware needed to accomplish that goal without adversely affecting application performance is available.
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Learning Mentor
- Recruiter
- Location
- Penge
- Salary
- £23,577 (FTE) + Pension (LGPS), Health Cash Plan, Benefits
- Posted
- 30 May 2018
- Closing date
- 15 Jun 2018
- Ref
- Contact
- Harris Primary Academy Crystal Palace
- Industry
- Schools, Primary teaching, Age 5-7, Age 7-11, Nursery & Early years, Reception/Foundation, Special & additional needs, School support, Advisor & Consultant
- Job level
- Experienced (non manager)
- Hours
- Full time
- Contract
- Contract
- Listing type
- Job vacancy
We are looking for an experienced Learning Mentor to work daily, starting as soon as possible. The position is term-time only (39 weeks) on a fixed-term contract until 31.08.2019.
Harris Primary Academy Crystal Palace is a vibrant, multicultural school on the borders of Bromley and Lewisham with a clear vision for the future. We are a warm and welcoming two form entry school where the children feel happy and safe. Our school focus is on teaching and learning through an exciting curriculum. We are an inclusive school and strive to support all children to reach their potential.
We are looking for people who:
- Have had experience working in primary school setting
- Have good skills in literacy and numeracy
- Are able to help children make good progress across the curriculum age range
- Have worked with children with a range of additional needs
- Are flexible and reliable and able to use their initiative
- Work well as part of a team
We offer you:
- A supportive team
- High quality support and CPD
- An exciting, well organized and vibrant environment in which to work.
- A fantastic community of parents and children
- Enthusiastic staff, committed to raising standards
For more information, please download the Candidate Information Pack above, or contact the school on 020 8778 4742.
Applications are also welcomed from experienced teaching assistants interested to train as a teacher through our Harris School Direct Programme: more information is available here think-train-to-teach.
Harris academies are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and expect all staff and volunteers to share this commitment. All offers of employment are subject to an Enhanced DBS check, and where applicable, a prohibition from teaching check will be completed for all applicants. In line with our commitments to safeguarding, the Harris Federation uses preferred agencies and is unable to work with any agencies where Terms of Business have not been agreed by both parties prior to an engagement.


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Church of Holy Sophia in Practice
Sophia is one of the names for the Wisdom of God
"Happy is the one who finds Wisdom.... Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace. She is a tree of life to those who lay hold of her; those who hold her fast are called happy" (Proverbs 3:13, 17-18).
To donate to our church, please see the PayPal button at the services offered page.
How did the rose ever open its heart, and give to the world all its beauty? It felt the encouragement of light against its being; otherwise we all remain too frightened. --Hafiz
For energetic healing, Amina and Diane may work together.
***We also provide links to other spiritual centers that we highly recommend. A short description with a link is below. Be sure to return to us after your journey to these wonferful sites!
is a wonderful spiritual center in Ohio offering many opportunites and retreats to deepen one's heart and spiritual life.
Creation Spirituality Communities
offers a network of individuals and communities that encourage those who seek to live more deeply into the wisdom of creation.
Fox Institute for Creation Spirituality
offers Interfaith Wisdom, Cosmology, & Creativity in a communityof engaged learners and innovative teachers
is dedicated to the empowerment of all people Spiritually, so they may find God in their hearts. We help people form sacred unions.
Spiritual Director
Interfaith Chaplain
Trained Retreat Guide
Reiki Master
Cartomancy Certificate
Ordained Sufi Healing Cherag
Ordained Old Catholic Priest
Healing Touch Practitioner Apprentice
Diane Miles
Spiritual Director
Interfaith Chaplain
Trained Retreat Guide
Certified Massage Therapist
Registered Nurse, BSN
Ordained Old Catholic Bishop
Reiki Master
Healing Touch Practitioner Apprentice
Trained Spiritual Reader, Counselor, Teacher, and Guide __________________________
Copyright 2012 Sophia in Practice. All rights reserved. Logo designed by Brian Francisco Wong. Photos by Cathy Cade. Models are actual clients who volunteered to be in the photos.


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It all started innocently enough. My friend Becky, the fabulous @hellohahanarf on Twitter, tweeted this picture and her need to own it.
I took one look at it and knew that I could whip that up in nothing flat. Once upon time, back in the stone age of my high school years, I used to do quite a lot of cross stitch so I told Becky that I could do it for her. I hadn't done any stitchery in years but this was so simple I probably could have done it without a pattern and just the picture for reference.
But where's the fun in that?
As I lay falling asleep one night, my brain gifted me with the perfect design ideas – ones that would make the whole thing more perfect for Becky. See, she loves sunflowers and daisies. So why not replace that generic floral accent with ones that will make Becky happy every time she sees them? And then I thought about fonts and how the word 'lady' should clearly be in a fancy font. I tucked these ideas away and went to sleep. The next morning I created this:
The great thing about the internet having been invented since I'd done any real needlework is that there are now websites that will take an image like the one above and translate it into a cross stitch pattern for you. It will also give you all the colors you need to make the pattern. I used this website to produce a pattern I could use to stitch the piece. I had some issues with it and I'm not sure I'd use the same site again but I'll get to that later. Anyway, it took my design and gave me this:
I didn't particularly like the way that it gave me multi-color lettering when the original image had black lettering but I figured I could fudge it as I sewed and still get a serviceable look. I trotted off to JoAnn Fabrics with my pattern in hand to purchase embroidery floss, aida cloth, and a hoop. I ended up choosing 22 count aida as opposed to something larger like 14 count. I knew that I would end up with a smaller piece (which was very good in the end) and a finer look if I went for the larger square count.
Then I came home and set to work.
The piece of aida cloth that was in the package was pretty large. I knew that if I centered the project on the whole piece of cloth I would end up wasting a large portion of it. So I cut the cloth in half and then centered the design on one of the resulting pieces. (To center a design, fold the cloth in quarters and mark where the creases cross. Then find the center point of your design – easy with a numbered grid – and start stitching.)
After a couple of days of work, I had the lettering complete.
It took me quite awhile to fudge the lettering pattern enough to get uniform letters. This resulted in A LOT of mistakes and I hope Becky forgives my errors. They were made with love! But it means that every singe 'e' in it is just a little bit different. OY.
The flowers were more time consuming. The first problem was that working from the pattern blown up on my computer screen became problematic after about 3 colors. It just got too confusing. Luckily, we have reams of graph paper around here so I pulled some out and started using it to graph out the patterns I needed for the flowers. It was kind of a painstaking and time consuming process and this is one of the reasons I might not use that pattern site again. If I could find one that would produce a pattern with symbols that would be a HECK of a lot easier.
However, once I had it all graphed out, things moved along more quickly.
I admit, those daisies are a wee bit off. But they don't look half bad when you take in the whole thing from more than a foot away.
Given that it's been at least 20 years since I did this sort of thing, I'm really, really pleased with how it came out. There are plenty of mistakes it in and I had to pick out and redo at least one section but in the end, it's not so bad. Plus, it's way better than the original design (I think) and it is really perfect for Becky. The finished design fits rather nicely into an 8×10 frame. I honestly had no idea it would be that big but that's how it worked out so I'm rather glad I didn't choose the 14 count aida!
I have another piece of cloth and TONS of floss left so I could easily make another one should anyone want it!


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The Dining Room opens tonight at The Rochester Repertory Theatre.
Meet the cast!
Julie Baska — Following recent befuddling events in town, Julie suddenly finds herself mildly paranoid, convinced Rod Serling or perhaps Allen Funt are stocking her. She is glad to have found sanctuary at the Rep where she can be found indulging in massive amounts of aroma therapy and ceremonially offering her banished compatriot fruity girly drinks.
Jerry Casper — I ate it… I didn't know it was Prop food!
I'm sorry!
So… does styrofoam cause cancer?
Alicia Frarck — Comes to us, having recently transformed from cutlery herself. "I wanted to do the Dining Room because I felt at home here! Won't you Be Our Guest?"
Mary McPhee — When Mary heard she had to play 11 different characters in this play, she said aloud to no one, "Hmmm, this will be just like last Tuesday. And Friday, or was it Sunday?"
Greg Miller — After 25 years in the jungle, where he lived on a volcano with a friendly tribe of peaceful natives that sang, danced and told wondrous tales around the campfire, he and the friendly folk that became his family had to flee their beautiful home when it erupted in a flaming molten gout of doom and destruction, narrowly escaping fates worse than death.


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Microsoft Corporation develops, licenses, and supports software, services, and hardware devices. Its Windows division offers Windows operating system; Windows Services suite of applications and Web services, including Outlook.com and SkyDrive; Surface RT and Pro devices; and PC accessories. The company's Server and Tools division provides server software, cloud-based services, and solutions; and training and certification to developers and information technology professionals, as well as builds standalone and software development lifecycle tools for software architects, developers, testers, and project managers.
Microsoft solutions that CreekPointe can deliver:
- Windows Server Operating Systems
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- Office 365
Contact us now to see how CreekPointe services can boost your business' performance through better technology.
Why CreekPointe for Microsoft?
- Experienced Team
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Microsoft Resources
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Bacon. Candied. Spicy. Crunchy from caramelized sugar. Spicy from the chili powder. Salty. Sweet. Droool. You must make these. They are similar to Bacon CRACK-ers. Which are also amazing. So good. I could eat a whole batch, all by myself. Just. As. Is.
I have used them to top a salad, so if that makes you feel better you should do that. Because that is also so so good.
Spicy Candied Bacon1 pound Bacon
1/2 cup brown sugar
1/2-1 teaspoon cayenne, Hatch Green Chile powder, or Thai ground chilies
Black pepper, optional
- Heat oven to 375 degrees.
- Mix the brown sugar and spices together.
- Coat the bacon with the mixture, pressing it into the bacon slices.
- Line a rimmed baking sheet with parchment or foil.
- Place bacon on the baking sheet, or on a rack in the baking sheet.
- Bake for ten minutes, then turn the bacon.
- Sprinkle bacon with more brown sugar as needed.
- Bake for ten more minutes or until bacon is cooked through.
- Cool completely.


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Librarian Relations Manager
Thomson Reuters
3 Times Square
New York, NY 10036
Phone: 646-223-8880
Kim Hurley serves as a key customer contact for law librarians in the Northeast: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania (except Pittsburgh), Rhode Island, and Vermont.
Kim plays an important role in customer initiatives, including moderating customer events, delivering in-firm topical seminars, customizing individual training sessions, providing educational webinars, and participating in new product development focus groups. She also represents Thomson Reuters in professional librarian associations.
During her 25 years with the company, Kim has served in various roles in the Sales and Account Management division. She has deep ties to the New York librarian community in large law firms, corporations, and law schools, and has strengthened those relationships by providing excellent customer service over the years.
Kim is based in New York City and will continue her commitment to support librarians and their research and management needs in the large law firms.
Kim received her J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center, M.L.S. from Queens College, The City University of New York, and A.B. in Government from Smith College.


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TED talks have taken off like wildfire in recent years. Some of them have been indisputably great, with various experts weighing in on everything from creationism to the magic of Google to astronomical doomsday scenarios. Many, many others TED talks are simply tedious. Some are mind-numbingly absurd. Here is the best example of the worst of the TED talks that I know of.
Now, this is not a formal TED talk. It's part of an independent series of talks know as TEDx, licensed through the TED organization in the spirit of TED talks to share ideas worth spreading. Randy Powell is certainly spreading something. (Manure on a farmer's field comes to mind.)
It's nice that TED allows people to share the intellectual joy of the talks with their little licensing scheme, but they are going to have to find a way to vet talks at least a little better. Powell's talk is nothing more than 10 minutes of nonsense, which he claims to have inherited from another crank named Marko Rodin, and subsequently developed over the past twenty years. What a terrible waste of two decades.
I had considered trying to critique this talk point by point. After studying it as carefully as I was able, I am speechless. There is nothing coherent enough to critique. And yet, the crowd seems to be enthralled by the blithering nonsense.
I try to avoid posting about junk science out of the fear that adding one more link, even if it's associated with a negative review, can help in a small way to propagate the junk further. In this case, there's no real danger. This talk is so ridiculous that I'm pretty sure it's harmless, provided you don't mind throwing away ten minutes of your time.
One benefit to posting it is to help you see what sciency gibberish looks like. I hope that readers of this blog will never applaud someone for spouting strings of jargony nonsense, like the poor fools at the Charlotte TEDx talk did.
Friday, June 01, 2012
The Ugly Side of TED talks
Posted by Buzz Skyline at 6/01/2012 04:38:00 PM
5 comments:
What he didn't say: "Your drain will never clog again, your grass will cut itself (and with a tweak of one variable, it will even bag itself), your car will not only run forever on one tank of gas but it will never need an oil and filter change, cancer will actually increase your IQ, and Revelation will finally make sense (as opposed to sounding like Jesus on acid)."ReplyDelete
Argh! I thought the button said "Preview"; instead, it published my previous comment. What was going to add was, "If this guy wasn't serious, this would have been the perfect April 1st posting."ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJune 4, 2012 at 11:10 AM
He is mentally ill. He exhibits many of the characteristics of a person who is having a manic episode during a period psychotic thinking. He is not attached to reality at all. He show grandiosity with all the "I" statements.ReplyDelete
He is mentally ill. He exhibits many of the characteristics of a person who is having a manic episode during a period of psychotic thinking. He is not attached to reality at all. He shows grandiosity with all the "I" statements.(typos fixed)ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 27, 2015 at 11:03 PM
Bunch of idiots here...ReplyDelete


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Things to do: Week 3 of Module 2
- Go back to the list of things to do in previous weeks and make sure you have covered what has been listed as things to attend to.
- Look at the notes for this week's readings. We are taking an introductory look at computer games and their place/role in learning, something that many of you have been thinking about already. The main thing is to keep notes, log your thoughts. Some of the ideas won't look "like" the focus you are working on. Trust me. You will find it really handy to be across these materials.
- You are all working on your first task, locating papers and related resources. This is a time to think about your search skills. If you think you have your skills all worked out you might find a look at Dan Russell's tips. He works for Google. He is a search guru. There are links on the page to his site and the video, if you have timei s worth a watch.
- Please put any questions you think are generic on the Slack site. I know it may seem that your question is useful only to you. You can't know that and my bet is that it will be useful to at least two or three others. Also getting into conversations with your colleagues in the course is an excellent thing to do.
page revision: 6, last edited: 03 Apr 2017 23:13


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Clip: Peer into the found footage space travel of "EUROPA REPORT"Movies/TV,News Samuel Zimmerman
The docu-style sci-fi tale EUROPA REPORT concerns a crew of astronauts journeying to the titular moon, believed to hold the possibility (however minuscule) for life. Science-heavy and told sternly, you can get a feel for its impressive visuals and onboard camera aesthetic in this latest clip.
Praised for its apparent realism, EUROPA REPORT has some beautiful stuff going on visually, while telling a confined, psychologically exhausting (for the crew, the film falters often) story. Here, Karolina Wydra takes her first steps onto oneo of Jupiter's moons. EUROPA REPORT is On Demand June 27 and in limited theatrical release August 2.


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Please help an EF n00b design his database. I have several companies that produce several products, so there's a many-to-many relationship between companies and products. I have an intermediate table, Company_Product, that relates them.
Each company/product combination has a unique SKU. For example Acme widgets have SKU 123, but Omega widgets have SKU 456. I added the SKU as a field in the Company_Product intermediate table.
EF generated a model with a 1:* relationship between the company and Company_Product tables, and a 1:* relationship between the product and Company_Product tables. I really want a : relationship between company and product. But, most importantly, there's no way to access the SKU directly from the model.
Do I need to put the SKU in its own table and write a join, or is there a better way?


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Recent Posts
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- Using Trello to manage DMU Library's Under Review process for online resources renewals | Mitchley's DMU Blog on How do academic libraries value their electronic resources?
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Tag Archives: Library
DMU Library Online 2012
I blogged in July 2012 ago about attending a DMU in-house introductory training course on project management. I was keen to start to apply some of the knowledge gained from this course, so began to think how I could integrate … Continue reading
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Are the digital natives getting restless? Reflections on the 2011 UKSG Conference
Last week I was fortunate enough to represent DMU Library Services at an annual UKSG Conference for the third time. This year's event was held 'oop North' in Harrogate, a beautiful setting for a conference which I still believe to … Continue reading
Reflections on UKSG and NASIG 2010 Conferences
I will hopefully again be representing DMU Library Services at the 2011 UKSG Annual Conference. This year's conference is being held in Harrogate; I have never had the pleasure of visiting Harrogate before so I am looking forward to the … Continue reading


text: To collect materials for the achievement of his great Chrysostom edition (Eton, 1610-1612), Sir Henry Savile twice commissioned his amanuensis James Dalrymple to the French Royal Library (Bibliotheca Regia) in Paris: in 1603 and again with Samuel Slade in 1606. The two scribes made use of various ancient Greek manuscripts from the collections of Fontainebleau and of Queen Catherine de' Medici. Later, in 1610, Slade transcribed as well several manuscripts at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity of Halki near Constantinople, some of which came in the 1730's to the Bibliotheca Regia, together with the manuscripts acquired by François Sevin in the Levant. Finally, Savile enjoyed the cooperation of the French Jesuit Fronto Ducaeus (1558-1624), which called upon his network of learned friends services for the edition and furnished collations of manuscripts. Can we identify the sources these researchers drew on and determine their importance in the Savile's preparatory work now kept at the Bodleian Library ?


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No fewer than 700,000 children are living with cerebral palsy, consultant paeditrician, Prof Afolabi Lesi has said.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a physical disability that affects movement and posture. It is an umbrella term that refers to a group of disorders affecting a person's ability to move. CP is a permanent life-long condition, but generally does not worsen over time. It is due to damage to the developing brain either during pregnancy or shortly after birth.
CP affects people in different ways and can affect body movement, muscle control, muscle co-ordination, muscle tone, reflex, posture and balance.
Speaking during the maiden National Cerebral Palsy (CP) family forum organised by a CP initiative, Benola, Lesi, Dean of Clinical Sciences at the University of Lagos (UNILAG) described the condition as one of the commonest brain issues in a child in a developing country.
He said 60 to 80 per cent of such children would have co-morbidities such as seizures and intellectual disabilities, among others.
For every child affected by the illness, he said, there were five other people around the child who are affected in one way or the other.
He said drugs, infections, stress, nutrition and things taken during pregnancy and when the child is born till he or she becomes five years old go a long way to affect the development of a child's brain.
In his lecture on Cerebral palsy: the stigma, fears and reality, he said most cerebral palsy were caused before, around and after delivery. Some of the identified causes are: when the brain doesn't get air immediately after birth or when a child has difficulty in establishing breathing at birth. Other causes are jaundice and infections.
The neuro-developmental problems specialist said certain stigmas are associated with the condition. Such stigmas include high cost, long duration of care, the fear of recurrence and inappropriate labels such as, disabled.
He said it leads to denial of such child, neglect, malnourishment, social isolation and murder in extreme cases, adding that in reality, most causes are preventable.
"There is the need for a national policy and legislation for all neuro-developmental conditions," he said.
The founders of the initiative, Mr Femi and Mrs Alaba Gbadebo, said there is the need to help improve the lives of people with CP including provision of care, covering medical and living costs.
They said the initiative would become the lead supportive agency and a leading advocate for the rights of those living with the condition in Africa.
Gbadebo said the initiative had been working to establish a road map for early detection and better management.
A consultant clinical psychologist at the Lagos University TEaching Hospital (LUTH), Dr Charles Umeh said CP can't be cured in a child; rather, series of treatments will often improve the child's capabilities and quality of life.
According to him, there are experts to help manage the condition such as pediatricians, surgeons, occupational therapists, clinical psychologists and special need educators.
He noted that some CPs could be mild and others severe.
Several people shared their experiences with CP. Some of those who have CP, some, their siblings and some other parents all shared their experiences on how they were able to live with the condition.


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"Visibly minimizes the appearance of fine lines and age spots on your hands while adding radiant glow and evening skin tone.Contains rare African plant extracts that are clinically proven to block melanin production and reduce hyper-pigmentation. Advanced emulsion system imparts water-resistant, non-greasy softness."Based off of this claim I had fairly high hopes. I got this hand cream with my first Julep Maven box, and I really had no idea what to think of it at first. As far as what it claims to actually target, I can't comment on it. I do not have an issue with hyper-pigmentation, age spots, or even fine lines on my hands. I also don't have an issue with uneven skin tone, other than the freckles that I've had my whole life. I will be reviewing this simply as a hand cream, that boasts it's water-resistant and non-greasy formula.
First off, the smell. It's actually quite nice. In the beginning I found the scent very off putting, and didn't want much to do with it. I thought "well, it was basically free, might as well get some use out of it". With that I put it in my purse, and keep it in there as often I remember to put it back. The scent is hard to describe, I really haven't smelled anything like it before.
The product itself is easy to blend, and rub, into the skin. It's a light cream, but thick at the same time. I want to say that it is non-greasy, but I can't tell a lie! Truth is it's rather greasy when it's first applied, and then as it dries out it becomes less greasy. In the end I find myself wanting it to dry a little bit more to get rid of that last bit of grease. How many times can I say grease in a sentence?!
Next claim: Water-resistant. I suppose it is. How does one truly test this claim? Confused me, to be honest. Anyways I find my hands to be as soft as they were before I ran water on them. To clarify I did dab my hands with a towel after I wet them.
I love how it moisturizes my hands and cuticles, without it being too greasy. It's nice to keep in my purse with the bottle being small, but not too small. At 3 fl oz (89 mL) it's the perfect size to follow my everywhere I go for a quick hand fix.
Julep Maven price: $25.60
Regular customer: $32.00


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http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/interact.html#PointerEventsProperty >> When an element is not displayed (i.e., when the 'display' property on that element or one of its ancestors has a value of none), that element cannot be the target of pointer events. whilst this does not specifically mention focus, "cannot be the target of pointer events" probably would be expected to include focus. Erik or another, please confirm! cheers Jonathan ChetwyndReceived on Thursday, 24 June 2010 19:27:37 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Wednesday, 8 March 2017 09:47:21 UTC


text: Clinton's Dispatch and Bullet Small 320×200 Medium 640×401 Large 1024×641 Download TIFF Original 2400×1503 | (1.3 MB) Description Henry Clinton wrote a dispatch to Burgoyne and enclosed it in an elliptical silver bullet, small enough to be swallowed if necessary. Keywords American Revolutionary War, bullet, burgoyne, george clinton, Henry Clinton, silver Galleries American Revolution Miscellaneous Source: Benson John Lossing, ed. Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History (vol. 2) (New York, NY: Harper and Brothers, 1912)


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Earnings Disclosure
One question that listeners often ask about The PM Podcast™ is: "Do you make any money?". The answer is "Yes, we do." We sell advertising in the form of banner ads and we also join the affiliate programs of many of the tools that are listed.
This means that if you click on a link to visit the official website of a listed book, product or service, and then continue to buy it we may receive a commission. But please rest assured that our review of these products is in no way influenced by this.


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Foods have two functions, to supply energy and to build bodies. The body building parts of food are minerals, vitamins, and more especially, proteins, birds take in proteins in their food, digest them to amino acids which they absorb into their bodies. A bird's body contains great numbers of different proteins - some in muscle, others in skin, organs and other body parts. Feathers are largely made of protein called Keratin. Proteins came originally from the food. A bird needs a certain group of amino acids to build any particular protein. About twenty sorts of amino acids are found in foods. Some are easily obtained in adequate quantity but others may be scare or even absent from the protein of some foods.Although cereals such as canary seed, oats and millet have a protein content of 10%, the cereal protein is deficient in the amino acid Lysine that is needed to build bird protein. As a result, species that feed their young entirely on cereal grains must feed large quantities of grain to obtain enough Lysine, and the young may be slow in developing. The other amino acids in grain are wasted since they are out of proportion with the needed Lysine and cannot be stored in the bodies of birds for future use.
Animals' proteins generally have plenty of Lysine. Perhaps that is a reason why many seedeaters rear their young on insects (and generally eat plenty themselves in the molting season). A little animal protein will supplement the proteins in cereal seeds so that their amino acids can be better utilized. In other words a few insects enable a bird to get more nourishment from its seed."Oil seeds " generally have a different amino acid balance from cereals as a result; oil seeds tend to balance the diet of birds in the same way as animal protein foods. The best seeds for this purpose are Soya bean and peanut.
Soya bean must be cooked to make its amino acids available. Peanut meal must be freshly ground as the store meal tends to be infected with a dangerous fungus. Rapeseed is excellent also, but contains oil that has an adverse effect on thyroid glands of some birds. Sunflower, Hemp, Niger, Pea meal and bean meal are next in value. Linseed and cottonseed meal has good proteins, but contains mildly poisonous substances.
The animal protein supplied to small cage birds has traditionally been hard boiled egg. Its protein content is excellent; in fact, the white of the egg would supply all the amino acids needed by any bird. The yolk also has excellent protein, but unfortunately contain other substances, which can be injurious if eaten in excess. The same is true of dried milk. Meat, fish and cheese are first class sources of protein. The millet sprays are very useful in an aviary where small foreign birds are kept, but cannot be recommended as a staple diet for canaries.
Thistle or Niger a black long shaped seed is very useful in the early breeding season. It is stimulating very oily, and has the credit of preventing egg binding if given liberally to the hens during the early part of the year. It is useful at any time given in moderation; it is especially good for the birds when they are being prepared for show; it makes them strong and vigorous and keeps them fit.
Other seeds such as Gold of pleasure, teazle, and dandelions are more in the nature of tit-bits to be given just now and again for British birds and Finches. Crushed oats and groats are sometimes used by Crest breeders or to help in the growth of other heavy feathered varieties, but are very seldom used by breeders of the finer textured bird seed is not advisable to accustom the birds to a regular "mixed" diet.Plain canary should be made the staple, with a separate dish or box of mixed seeds as a change. Where a regular mixed diet is given there is generally a lot of wastage and this means wasted money.
Thistle or Niger seed should be fed canaries, especially Rollers, most of the year round. "Maw, Poppy", Thistle and Flax, Canary and rape, some Hemp and Lettuce seed are necessary as well.
Other foods used during the breeding season are egg and bread food but the Roller "cure all" is bread and milk with poppy or maw. If there are any ailing birds at all they should be put on this diet. The bread is scalded and allowed to stand several hours; in fact the longer it stands the better its recuperative properties. It has wonderful effect and will frequently pull round birds that would otherwise "go west". This is not to be recommended as a regular diet, but given occasionally to healthy birds as s change from the ordinary egg and bread diet; it includes them when ailing to partake more freely than if they had never tasted the mixture before.


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When a business suffers from a burglary, it affects many people from owners to employees. An affordable and comprehensive business security solution from Total Protection can be customized to secure any business from warehouses to restaurants to retail locations.
Interested in seeing what goes on at your business when you or your managers are away? Want recorded and archived video in case of burglary or internal theft? Contact Total Protection and KNOW what is going on at your business using our camera systems to both record and allow you to view anytime, on site or off. You can have an extra set of eyes when you're not there using your internet connection. You can even view from your smart phone or tablet.


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Mother Earth Coffee comes from the finest coffee bean growing regions in the world. We source 100% Arabica specialty coffee beans. That's where our story of goodness starts. We practice direct trade, building and maintaining relationships with the farmers. Organic production methods maintain the quality. Small batch roasting ensures care and precision goes in every single cup we serve.
At Mother Earth Coffee, we strive to give all generations a reliable and responsible way to enjoy one of the world's favorite beverages. But we can't do it alone.
Bolivia, Kenya, and Guatemala represent only a handful of the farm origins from which we source our beans. It all starts by meeting the farmers on their own land. Mother Earth Coffee observes harvesting and processing to ensure we build relationships with those who hold the same high quality standards.
Direct trade means we purchase coffee crops straight from the farms at or above sustainable pricing. As the specialty coffee market grows, so does the value of the coffee crops we buy. This ultimately impacts the farmers, their families, and the communities they serve. Bypassing the middlemen of typical coffee import systems eliminates unnecessary costs. And that puts more money in the farmer's pocket.
Our practice of direct trade addresses one key issue—an assurance of consistent quality. With Mother Earth Coffee working in partnership with coffee farms, we ensure the product we buy is high quality, organic, and meets production requirements.
Direct trade is simple. It's responsible. It's all about being sustainable.
Mother Earth Coffee is roasted fresh daily in small batches. Our expert Roast Master observes the beans, with sight, smell, and feel, for consistency and evenness of the roast. Each batch roasted is cupped for quality. Every crop is different, so we strive to bring out the best in each bean.
Thinking small in roasting means we focus on quality. At Mother Earth Coffee, we are passionate about the coffee we make and share with you. We pour ourselves into every step of production before we ever pour a cup of coffee. And with every sip, there's down to earth goodness.


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Binary Options:
Binary Options is one of the forms of investment in which the investor purchases the asset and the profit and loss is dependent upon the value of the asset. Binary Options have only two possibilities 'Call' or 'Put'. When the investor predicts that the price of the asset will increase, this investment possibility is called 'Call Option'. And when the investor predicts that the price of asset will fall, this possibility is known as 'Put Option'.
Real binary reviews are scanned with the help of Financial Conduct Authority, support for GBP currency, localized customer service and broker reputation.
Types of Binary Trading UK:
There are different types of binary trading when it comes to Binary options UK.
- Up/Down and High/Low Binary Options:
This the simple type in which the investor simply predicts that in which direction the price will move with the duration of option. If the option reaches its expiry date, the price will rise or fall.
- Above/Below Option:
This option differs very slightly from the Up/down Option. It also deals with the expiration and prediction of rising and falling. The starting point of trading lies somewhere above or below the actual value of asset.
- Touch/ No touch Option:
This type is complicated to some extent. In this type, the investor or the broker set the price of asset, and if the real world price touches and goes through the barrier value, then this is called 'Touch Option'. If the price does not touch the barrier option, then it is 'No Touch Option' and any touch bets will be lost.
- In/ Out or Boundary Option:
This type of trade requires two fundamentals to be set by investors. One is the lower barrier and other is the higher barrier. The first option requires that the price value will stay between the two barriers. 'Out Option' will be applied if the price or value goes outside of either of the two barriers.
Assets that can be traded through Binary Options UK:
There is a variety of binary options and contracts available while Trading with Binary UK. You have different options with those you can trade with. These contracts are
Indices consist of Nasdaq, Dow Jones, FTSE, Nikkel and many more trading contracts.
B)- Forex:
Forex is the combination of all major currencies of the world. These currencies are United States Dollar(USD), Great British Pound(GBP), JPY, AUD and other major currencies to trade with.
C)- Commodities:
Commodities include gold, Silver, Oil, Corn, Coffee and many other commodities of life.
D)- Stocks:
Over 50 of the biggest and interesting companies and a variety of industries are available in Binary Trading asset lists. Google, Coca Cola and many banks are also among those companies and industries.
Binary Trading is all about trading the assets with good predication strategies. Good prediction strategies and trading strategies will result in profits and rise in the value of assets and will be very beneficial for investors and traders.


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Healthy Eating – Weight Loss
Eat To Live Now completely revised and updated – healthy eating! Click on the book to Purchase Hailed a "medical breakthrough" by Dr. Mehmet Oz, Eat To Live offers a highly effective, safe, and scientifically proven way to lose weight quickly. The Eat To Live 2011 revised edition includes lots of new success stories from readers of the original book, plus a brand new chapter highlighting Dr. Fuhrman's discovery of toxic hunger and the role of food addiction in weight issues. This new chapter provides novel and important insights into weight gain, and explains how and why a diet of high micronutrient quality leads to the sensation of true hunger and maintenance of a healthy weight. It instructs readers on how to leave behind the discomfort of toxic hunger, cravings, and addictions to unhealthy foods. Finally, a healthy eating weight loss option.


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Important Points To Keep In Mind Before Buying A Property
All set to buy a new home in Portland? You have choose the best place indeed! Buying a property in Portland is like a carrying a sense of pride and freedom that cannot be found anywhere else. Have you already found a home and intending to buy it? Wait! That property may seem like everything you have ever wanted but before taking the plunge in the real estate market, it is important to consider a few essential things. Sometimes we crave for something so badly that we forget to look into the details we should. Here are some useful tips that will help you understand:
Visit at various times of day
Perhaps the neighborhood that looked so quiet and peaceful during the day may become completely different at night. Perhaps there's a school in front and it is closed as the summer vacation is going on but once it reopens you may not be able to cope with the playground noise and excess traffic. Moreover, you need to take a close look at all the rooms and walls during the daytime. It will help you detect the construction errors and check out the things that are clearly visible under day light.
Talk to neighbors
Next, it is time to check out the condition of the neighborhood of the home you are intending to buy. Do you see a lot of trashes on the streets? Do you have friendly neighbors? These are some of the most essential things you need to consider. If possible try to talk to some of the neighbors and ask them about the problems they face in that area. This will help you get a pretty clear idea about the condition of the place where you are going to live. Remember, your home is a place where you will live with your spouse and kids, so it is essential to live in a neighborhood that is safe and healthy.
Ask for utility bills and consider the taxes
No matter how beautiful and attractive the home may look like, it is a must to know about the utility bills and water bills otherwise you may have to pay a large amount of electricity bills in the long run. Apart from that, pay close attention to the taxes of your home. Take a look at the most recent tax bills of the seller to get a general idea. Remember, no matter how cheap the home is, if the property tax amount is high, ultimately you will be spending a huge amount behind your home.
Considering the tips mentioned above will help you buy your dream property in Portland without getting into any hassle. Remember, to make it a successful venture, you need to seek the attention of a reputed real estate agent who knows everything about the place and has served a large number of satisfied clients for a long time.


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Gun control supporters urge Obama to bypass Congress on new measures
As Congress debates various gun control measures, President Obama is publicly putting the heat on Capitol Hill.
"The only way that we're going to be able to do everything that needs to be done is with the cooperation of Congress," he said Monday while hosting law enforcement officials from around the country.
But Supporters of tougher gun controls are growing increasingly worried lawmakers won't pass any substantial measures and have begun to focus their efforts elsewhere. A number of Obama allies across the country have called on public employee pension funds to divest of any holdings linked to the gun industry.
"City of Los Angeles pension funds should not go to profit companies that produce weapons designed to maximize carnage and death," Mayor Antonia Villaraigosa vowed.
Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel, a former Obama White House chief of staff, has made the same commitment and gone a step further. Emanuel has authored letters to Bank of America and TD Bank because they maintain multimillion-dollar lines of credit for major gun manufacturers. In the letters, Emanuel urges the banks to use their influence to "push" the manufacturers to go along with the president's tough new gun controls.
Lawrence Keane, general counsel for the National Shooting Sports Foundation, responded: "It's classic Rahm Emanuel Chicago politics -- try to bully and pressure our industry into somehow agreeing with the proposals that are being advanced by antigun mayors like him."
Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, sent his own letter Tuesday, telling the banks, "Should Mayor Emanuel's bullying campaign prove successful, I am confident that there are numerous financial institutions in Texas that would be eager to earn your business."
Other gun control supporters are urging the president to use the "enormous" powers of the Executive Branch in order to go around Congress if necessary. Richard Aborn, once head of the Brady Campaign to End Gun Violence and now president of the Citizens Crime Commission of New York, says the move may be necessary because lawmakers are under extreme pressure not to pass new restrictions.
"The NRA knows how to mobilize," Aborn says, adding, "Their rhetoric will be extreme to scare their membership and they will threaten to take down any member that votes for in the affirmative for gun control."
A number of groups are also suing the Environmental Protection Agency in an effort to force it to regulate ammunition that contains lead. To date, the EPA has declined, but critics say that's because of political pressure from gun rights groups. The Center for Biodiversity is a party to the lawsuit, and its Senior Counsel Bill Snape says the move is only logical.
"We've gotten the lead out of paint, gotten the lead out of gasoline but for some odd reason, the EPA decided that, no, with lead bullets - that's okay," he said.