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Optical data link system, and methods of constructing and utilizing same
A high-speed two-way optical data link has both light-emitting and light-sensing units mounted adjacent one another in a single housing together with a timing and control unit providing all signals necessary for simultaneous transmissions and reception of data. Synchronization to a clock signal is achieved by use of edge detectors which reset to zero counters in the timing and control unit whenever a transition in data pulses is sensed. A pair of computers are linked using a program called "Crosstalk" which performs full parity checking of all data received by an associated computer. Both computers are live handshaking and asynchronous at all times.
This invention relates generally to optical data link systems, and more particularly to a high-speed, high data rate optical data link system for transmitting and receiving digital computer data, and the like, through free air as by an infrared light beam or other optical link.
It is known to provide integrated circuit chips for low-speed optical data links, such as in hand-held remote control units for video cassette recorders and similar appliances, and in toy ray guns used in tag games. Typically, these known data links are key pad encoders driving a light emitting diode directly, and processing light from the diode at the receiving end by an integrated circuit chip having a 40 Kilohertz carrier frequency and about a 2 or 3 Kilohertz modulated data rate at the most.
There is a need, however, for bidirectional optical data links between computers and for use with automotive test stands, hand-held data terminals, and the like. These links must, in addition to having a simultaneous bidirectional capability, operate at very high frequencies with a resulting data rate for greater than those obtained by known data links.
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 7, December 1977, in the name of Closs et al., entitled "WIRELESS CONNECTION BETWEEN A CONTROLLER AND A PLURALITY OF TERMINALS", discloses a system wherein infrared signal transmission is used for connecting a controller with a plurality of terminals in a single room. A downlink from controller to terminals is established by irradiating the room ceiling with an array of LEDs or lasers located in the controller. The diffusely reflected signal is then detected by the receivers in the terminals. An uplink from the terminals to the controller is similar where each terminal has its own array of light emitting diodes but operating on a different infrared wavelength to avoid channel interference in the case of baseband transmission. The two wavelengths are separated by an optical interference filter. As an alternative, the two channels may be separated by different carrier frequencies.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,515, issued in 1983, to de Neumann, entitled "PROCESSOR ARRANGEMENT", discloses a number of individual autonomous processor units wherein data communication between the individual processors takes place by means of radiated electromagnetic waves. All of the processors obtain the energy needed to operate them from a common emissive source. The information which the processor receives is obtained via an optical device and an associated receiver. Photodiodes are used and are arranged to operate in the appropriate part of the spectrum, and if required, would be infrared diodes.
The operation of the processors is synchronized by modulating the light emitted by the light source with a synchronization clock signal.
The device of U.S. Pat. No. 4,393,515, however, allocates a particular time slot for data transmission, and does not allow for simultaneous two-way communication over a link.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,553,267, issued in 1985, to Crimmins, entitled "INFRARED TELEPHONE EXTENSION MODULATION SYSTEM", discloses a portable telephone or other signaling system having a remote unit responsive to operator voice and control signals to modulate infrared emitting diodes. The modulation of the infrared diodes occurs with narrowband FM low duty cycle pulses. A modulated infrared emission is provided for remote signaling used in conjunction with complete network control to provide on-and off-hook control and network dialing functions all from a portable unit.
Again, the arrangement of the above patent fails to provide for simultaneous two-way communication over an optical data link.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,688,037, issued in 1987, to Krieg, entitled "ELECTROMAGNETIC COMMUNICATIONS AND SWITCHING SYSTEM", discloses a system for line-of-sight remote selection actuation of a wide variety of apparatuses. A sight couples the eyes of the operator and an array of control positions. The sight is mounted on the head of the operator and defines a line-of-sight for the operator. A processor is provided for converting the portions of the electromagnetic fields received by receiving antennas into the position orientation of receiving antennas with respect to radiating antennas. Using the sight, the operator selectively points to a desired control position and the processor determined which control position is being selected by determining the position and orientation of the operator's head, and thus the line-of-sight of the operator.
Although, this reference discloses a type of optical data link, it does not disclose a high speed, bidirectional computer interface for portable communication.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,867,628 and 3,967,111 issued in 1975 and 1976, respectively, to Brown disclose techniques for receiving pulsed light.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,996,476 issued in 1976 to Lazzara, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,774,039 issued in 1973 to Price disclose photoelectric apparatus capable of detecting reflected light. These assemblies, however, are not intended for use adjacent to an assembly emitting light in the same direction from which light is being received.
The "Optodata" 5200 system manufactured by Scientific Technologies Incorporated permits transmission of data via line-of-sight over an infrared beam to both stationery and moving targets, but requires two separate pairs of units, two at each end, for two-way communication. In addition, the second pair of units in a side-by-side arrangement must use different frequencies than the first pair of units. That is, each of the "Optodata" units, which use only a single frequency as a carrier, must be frequency matched to a paired unit and frequency mismatched to adjacent units.
The present invention provides a high-speed two-way optical data link which includes a divider chain that produces all timing and control signals for both transmitting and receiving functions. Synchronization is achieved by use of an oscillator to supply clock signals to the divider chain, and edge detector for sensing the transitions of the inputted data pulses and resetting all counters in the divider chain to the transitions so as to synchronize the system to the leading edge of the clock signals.
One embodiment uses discrete high-speed transistor-transistor logic (TTL) to incorporate a 24 Megahertz front-end oscillator which provides the system with data synchronization within 1/24 of a microsecond.
Another embodiment of the invention packages the timing and control logic in a housing together with light-emitting and sensing units to permit simultaneous and independent operation of both transmitter and receiver. The light-sensing unit uses a parabolic reflector and spaced placement of the light-emitting elements along a direction of light transmission to prevent extraneous light from reaching the light sensor. The light-emitting elements can permit an alignment angle of about 45.degree. at approximately 30 feet by suitable dimensioning of the light-emitting unit.
Yet another embodiment of the invention utilizes transceiver units according to the present invention to link a pair of computers using a program called "Crosstalk" which performs full parity checking of all data received. Both computers are live handshaking at all times, and they are asynchronous. The system requires no clock slaving between the computers.
A still further embodiment has a light-emitting assembly and a light-sensing assembly arranged coaxially of one another to obtain a more compact and more readily aimable unit. Note, focus is fixed by sensor and dish placement. Adjustment is facilitated by a swivel mounting base on the unit, with a light path through the light-emitting assembly to the light-sensing assembly being shielded from side reflected light, light echoes, and the like.
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram showing a transceiver constructed in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing details of a preferred embodiment of a transceiver as set forth in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic vertical sectional view showing a preferred manner of packaging an array of light-emitting diodes (LED's) and a photosensor for simultaneous transmission and receiving in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic sectional view showing the photosensor assembly of FIG. 3 in greater detail.
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic perspective view showing the LED's of FIG. 3 in greater detail.
FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic, front elevational view of a further embodiment of a high-speed two-way data link according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view partially in a cross section taken generally along the line 7--7 of FIG. 6.
Referring now more particularly to FIG. 1 of the drawings, apparatus for high-speed communication of data according to the present invention comprises a timing and control logic divider chain 10 for simultaneously producing timing and control signals in a transmitter circuit 12 and a receiver circuit 14. In the transmitter circuit 12, an oscillator 16 applies a synchronization clock carrier frequency signal S to a timing circuit 18. Transitions of data pulses received through an amplifier stage 20 are detected by an edge detector 22, and the circuit 12 is synchronized to a leading edge of the carrier frequency, or clock signal as a function of data transitions detected through a control logic circuit 24.
Two frequency shift key timebase carrier frequencies representing respectively a high and a low input data signal are produced in a frequency shift (FSK) time base 26 connected to timing circuit 18 and control logic circuit 24. These frequencies are encoded in a modulator 28 and fed to an output driver 30 for transmission by a light-emitting assembly 32. Output driver 30 is controlled by an enable/disable shut-down circuit 34 actuated by control logic circuit 24 and time base 26 so as to disable driver 30 when no data is received in circuit 12.
Receiver circuit 14 includes a timing circuit 36 connected to oscillator 16. A light-sensing assembly 38 receives incoming data signals and passes them through an amplifier stage 39 to an edge detector 40 which detects transitions in the data signals and synchronizes circuit 14 in control logic circuit 42 in a manner similar to edge detector 22. The received data signals are fed from detector 40 to a decode logic circuit 44 where they are decoded and passed, via a carrier detector 46, to a data output circuit 48 and out to a RS 232 level converter or driver chip 50.
Carrier detector 46 can direct a signal through an amplifier 52 to a light-emitting diode (LED) 54, and the like, to provide a visual indication for a carrier frequency signal and advising an operator (not shown) that the unit is operational when nothing is being transmitted to the receiver circuit 14.
Although the circuits of divider chain 10 can be constructed by any suitable, known semiconductor techniques, including complementary metal oxide semiconductor techniques (CMOS), a circuit for carrying out the present invention using transistor-transistor logic (TTL) is shown in FIG. 2 of the drawings.
Oscillator 16, which can be a 24 Megahertz front-end oscillator giving data synchronization within 1/24 of a microsecond, is connected to exclusive OR gates 56 and 58 forming the edge detectors 22 and 40, respectively. Inserted into one input of each gate 56 and 58 is a respective inverter 60 and 62 to invert a signal to an associated gate 22, 40 received either from data input amplifier 20 (FIG. 1) over a line 64, or from a photodiode 66 forming light sensing assembly 38.
Whenever the respective edge detectors 22 and 40 detect a transition in an incoming data pulse (that is, whenever a data pulse goes from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0) the associated gate 56, 58 outputs a signal which resets the counter 68 and 70, respectively, to zero so as to synchronize the transitions to the leading edge of a clock pulse from oscillator 16.
The time base 26 functions to reduce the carrier frequency to two reduced frequencies representing high and low, or 0 and 1, levels of data signals, respectively. When a 24 Megahertz oscillator is employed for oscillator 26, frequencies of 500 kilohertz and 250 kilohertz have been found satisfactory for the output of time base 26. A ratio of 2 to 1 is effective to minimize a phase beat frequency shift seen in reconstructed data, thereby maximizing use of the circuit at high frequencies.
Advantageously, output driver 30 will preferably, but not necessarily, be an infrared driver, as illustrated, and will drive an infrared light-emitting diode (LED) 72, and the like.
With single phase +12 to +15 volt operation, transmitter 12 current can range between 70 milliamperes and 100 milliamperes, and receiver and logic maximum current of <100 milliamperes. The total transmitter/receiver delay in such a system was measured as 4 microseconds.
Referring now more particularly to FIG. 3 of the drawings, a two-way optical data link 110 in accordance with the present invention comprises a housing 112 defining a hollow interior divided by a wall 114 into adjacent compartment 116 and 118. Disposed in compartment 116 together with a timing and control logic system 120, which can be similar to system 10, is a light sensing assembly 122, equivalent to assembly 38, arranged for receiving light from a source (not shown) spaced in a given direction from housing 112. This direction would be expanded as seen in FIG. 3. Disposed in the compartment 118 is a light-emitting assembly 124 arranged for directing light in the same direction, upwardly as shown, as light sensing assembly 122 receives light. The light sensing assembly 122 is shielded from light emitted by assembly 124 in a manner to become clear below.
Referring to FIG. 4, light sensing assembly 122 includes a parabolic reflector 126 mounted on housing 112 so as to face outwardly therefrom, as forming a concave surface 128 defining a focal point 130 oriented in the direction of light reception. Mounted on reflector 126 at a focal point 130 is, for example, an infrared photodiode 132, equivalent to photodiode 66, for detecting incoming light rays r reflected from surface 128 of the reflector 126 toward focal point 130.
The distance, or focal length, between point 130 and the surface 128 of reflector 126 can be, for example, 1/4 of an inch.
As seen in FIG. 3, the light-emitting assembly 124 comprises a sleeve or tube 134 open at an end 136 arranged adjacent assembly 122, and closed at the opposed end by a base plate 138 on which are arranged one or more light-emitting diodes 140. Four infrared diodes, each equivalent to diode 72, are illustrated in FIG. 5 so as to be in spaced relation to assembly 122 in the light-emitting direction. By proper dimensioning of tube 134, and placement of diodes 140 on base plate 138, each diode 140 can provide an alignment angle .alpha. of 45.degree. at about 30 feet distance from housing 112.
Although not illustrated, housing 112 can be provided with a standard pin base for facilitating mounting of unit 110 on an associated computer (not shown) and the like. A 25-pin base configuration has been found suitable.
Unit 110 is very compact, with dimensions of 2".times.3".times.4" being obtainable for housing 112. Data rates as high as 300K bits per second are possible without data synchronization. A unit 110 is highly immune to ambient light and heat interference, and can transmit and receive over, for example, about 10 meters distance. A unit 110 can be used with automotive test and diagnostic systems, hand-held data logging systems, portable PC's and terminals, office local area networks (LAN), or any application where direct wire transfer of large volumes of data are impossible or hazardous.
A high-speed two-way data link according to the present invention has been used asynchronously with a like unit in live handshaking operation, i.e., continuous two-way communication-between two "IBM" XT computers (not shown) running at, for example, 9600 baud. A program called "Crosstalk" was used with each computer to accomplish parity checking on data received by each computer.
A unit 110 is capable of being interfaced with other digital equipment by transistor-transistor logic (TTL), complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) techniques, and serial communication standards RS 232 and RS 422.
FIGS. 6 and 7 of the drawings illustrate a more compact and readily focusable apparatus 210 according to the present invention, comprising a housing 212 having arranged therein a light-sensing assembly 214, which can be constructed from a reflector and photodiode in the manner of light-sensing assembly 122, and a light-emitting assembly 216. Also disposed within housing 212 is a timing and control circuit 218 which can be constructed in the identical manner as divider chain 10.
As can be seen from FIGS. 6 and 7, assemblies 214 and 216 are arranged coaxially of one another for transmitting and receiving light in a common direction along a common axis.
The housing 212 includes a conically-shaped casing 220 forming a chamber 222 arranged diverging to an open rim 224 for permitting light R being received to pass into the chamber 222 of casing 220. The light-sensing assembly 214 is disposed within chamber 222 of the casing 220, and is arranged for sensing light R being received, while circuit 218 is placed in the casing 220 rearwardly of assembly 214.
Housing 212 further includes an annular member 226 defining an axis a--a and mounted on casing 220 at the open rim 224 thereof and extending away from the casing 220 in a direction of emitted light E. Mounted on a base 228 of annular member 226 are a plurality of light sources 230, ten being shown disposed symmetrically about the base 228 of annular member 226. Light sources 230 can be similar to, for example, LED's 132 (FIG. 4).
A front portion 231 of annular member 226 can be constructed in the manner of a lens from suitable transparent materials by known techniques, with it being possible to leave the front of member 226 open if desired. Advantageously, side walls of the front portion 231 can converge away from base 228, with the latter being configured accordingly, in order to focus light sources 230 at an optimum distance.
A hollow cylinder 232, constructed from an opaque material or suitably coated, has a longitudinal axis I--I disposed coaxially with axis a--a of and generally coextensive with annular member 226 for defining a shielded light path P through the annular member 226 and into the chamber 222 of casing 220. Cylinder 232 thus forms a narrow channel input to light-sensing assembly 214 which cuts down on side reflections, echoes, and the like created by light-emitting assembly 216.
Housing 212 is mounted on a suitable support 5 as by a swivel base 234 attached to casing 220 as by a U-shaped bracket 236 and a swivel joint 238 to pivotally mount casing 220 on base 234 and to permit adjustment of casing 220 and annular member 226 relative to a cooperating apparatus 210 for facilitating aiming of light-sensing assembly 214 and light-emitting assembly 216 on the cooperating apparatus 210. Focusing is made easier by the coaxial alignment of the assemblies 214 and 216, which eliminates parallax problems. Base 234 can be provided with a slide 240, and the like, to facilitate mounting of apparatus 210 on a support S.
For example, a seven conductor cable 242 extends from the timing and control circuit 218 for selective connection of same, for example, to digital processor circuiting (not shown) in a known manner.
The above description should be considered exemplary and that of preferred embodiments only. The true spirit and scope of the present invention should be determined by reference to the appended claims. It is desired to include within the appended claims all modifications and variations of the invention which come within the proper scope of the invention.
1. Apparatus for high speed communication of data, comprising, in combination:
- (a) oscillator means for producing a synchronization clock signal;
- (b) timing and control means connected to and receiving clock signals from the oscillator means for producing timing and control signals, and including divider circuit first means for producing simultaneous transmitting and receiving timing and control signals;
- (c) synchronization means connected to the timing and control means for synchronizing the same to the clock signal of the oscillator means;
- said divider change circuit means includes a second transmitter circuit means for producing two frequency shift key time base carrier frequency representing respectively a high and low input data signal;
- said timing and control means further includes a second receiver circuit means, with each first and second transmitter circuit means and said first and second receiver circuit means including at least one counter;
- wherein said synchronization means includes edge detector means connected to said at least one counter of the timing and control means for receiving data signal and clearing said at least one counter on detection of transitions of the data received between high and low states;
- wherein said oscillator means includes a 24 Megahertz front-end oscillator;
- at least one light-emitting diode means connected to the transmitter circuit for transmitting light;
- at least one photosensor means connected to the receiver circuit for receiver circuit for receiving light;
- said diode means and photosensor means being arranged adjacent one another and directed substantially in a common direction.
2. Apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein:
- said photosensor means includes a parabolic reflector forming a concave surface defining a focal point;
- said concave surface being arrangeable for receiving light to be sensed; and
- a photodetector disposed at the focal point of the reflector.
3. Apparatus as defined in claim 2, wherein:
- said light-emitting diode means includes a plurality of diodes, each arranged for defining an alignment angle of approximately 45.degree. at approximately 30 feet from said diode means.
4. Apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein:
- said synchronization means includes edge detector means connected to said timing and control means for receiving data signals and synchronizing said timing and control means to said oscillator means on detection of transitions of the data received between high and low states.
5. Apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein:
- said oscillator means includes a 24 Megahertz front-end oscillator.
6. Apparatus as defined in claim 1, further including:
- a housing; and
- light-emitting means and light-sensing means arranged into said housing adjacent one another and each connected to said timing and control means for respectively transmitting light to and receiving light from an associated apparatus spaced from said housing;
- said light-sensing means being arranged shielded from said light-emitting means.
7. A method of using a high-speed two-way data link as defined in claim 1, comprising the steps of:
- (a) arranging two computers in a line-of-sight relationship;
- (b) providing each said computer with a data link as defined in claim 1, each data link continually communicating with the other data link asynchronously; and
- (c) parity checking data communicated.
8. A method as set forth in claim 7, wherein:
- said step of parity checking includes the step of programming each computer to perform a parity check on data received.
9. Apparatus for the simultaneous and independent transmission and reception of signals over an optical data link, comprising in combination;
- (a) a housing;
- (b) light-sensing means arranged on said housing for receiving light from a source spaced in a given direction from said housing; and
- (c) light-emitting means arranged on said housing adjacent said light-sensing means for directing light substantially in the same given direction as the light-sensing means receives light, said light-sensing means being arranged shielded from light from said light-emitting means;
- said light-sensing means includes a parabolic reflector mounted on said housing and forming a concave surface defining a focal point, and a photodetector disposed at said focal point of said reflector.
10. Apparatus as defined in claim 9, wherein:
- said light-emitting means includes at least one light-emitting diode arranged in said housing in spaced relation to said light-sensing means in said given direction for providing an alignment angle of approximately 45.degree. at approximately 30 feet distance from said housing.
11. Apparatus as defined in claim 9, wherein:
- said housing includes swivel base means for permitting mounting of said housing on a support; and
- casing means supporting said light-sensing means and light-emitting means and pivotally connected to said swivel base means for being adjusted to aim said light-sensing means and light emitting means at a cooperating apparatus.
12. Apparatus as defined in claim 9, wherein:
- said light-emitting means and said light-sensing means are arranged substantially coaxially to one another.
13. Apparatus as defined in claim 12, wherein:
- said housing inlcudes conically-shaped casing means forming a chamber arranged diverging to an open rim for permitting light being received to pass into said chamber of said casing means;
- said light-sensing means being disposed within said chamber of said casing means and arranged for receiving light being received.
14. Apparatus as defined in claim 13, wherein:
- said housing further includes an annular member defining an axis and mounted on said casing means at the open rim thereof, and arranged extending away from said casing means in a direction of light transmission and reception; and
- said light-emitting means including a plurality of light sources disposed substantially symmetrically around said annular member.
15. Apparatus as defined in claim 14, wherein:
- said housing further includes hollow cylinder means having a longitudinal axis, and disposed coaxially with said axis of and generally coextensive with said annular member for defining a shielded light path through said annular member and into said chamber of said casing means.
16. Apparatus as defined in claim 15, wherein:
- said housing further includes swivel base means for permitting mounting of said housing on a support, with said casing means being pivotally mounted on said swivel base means and arranged for being adjusted to focus said light-emitting means and light-sensing means on a cooperating apparatus.
Referenced Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
|November 1973
|February 1975
|June 29, 1976
|December 7, 1976
|July 15, 1980
|October 1982
|July 12, 1983
|de Neumann
|July 12, 1983
|April 10, 1984
|April 10, 1984
|November 12, 1985
|April 22, 1986
|August 5, 1986
|August 12, 1986
|August 18, 1987
|November 3, 1987
|February 23, 1988
|February 28, 1989
|July 11, 1989
|August 8, 1989
Foreign Patent Documents
|December 1979
|September 1982
|March 1987
|January 1984
Other references
- IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin; vol. 20, #7 Dec. 1977; Closs et al.
Patent History
Type: Grant
Filed: Sep 6, 1988
Date of Patent: Oct 22, 1991
Inventor: Thomas E. Wilmoth (Howell, MI)
Primary Examiner: Reinhard J. Eisenzopf
Assistant Examiner: L. Pascal
Attorneys: Irving M. Weiner, Robert M. Petrik, Joseph P. Carrier
Application Number: 7/240,514
International Classification: H04B 1024;


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Horticulture Resources & Links
Find many useful online publications & self-search tools. Extension's Gardening Information website is also filled with many publications about a variety of gardening and landscaping topics including a self-directed diagnostic tool. The Yard & Garden New has current pest and garden alerts and timely information.
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subset: commoncrawl


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How should monetary and fiscal policy be set to create economic growth without increasing public debt? This column disagrees with the 'European view' supporting austerity and agrees with the 'Krugman view' that fiscal stimulus is required to address high unemployment. However, there is a need to think beyond current orthodoxy if monetary and fiscal policies are to be properly coordinated for this purpose in current circumstances. In the case of periphery countries, macroeconomic policies need to focus not only on reducing unemployment but should be more ambitious and aim to address both 'high unemployment' and 'high debt' simultaneously. This column recommends a macroeconomic policy combination that could achieve this objective. After punishing austerity, periphery economies need to be reflated: it is time to debate and to develop a new approach.
Each new day brings new statistical evidence illustrating the continuing economic malaise and the renewed downturn in periphery countries. Unemployment rates in those countries vary between 14% and 25%. IMF analyses of fiscal multipliers suggest that the contraction in Europe will be deeper than earlier anticipated. Even so, it seems that austerity is to be continued. It is becoming clearer, therefore, that current macroeconomic policy settings are inappropriate for the new era of high public debt burdens and high unemployment.
Krugman's analysis
In a recently syndicated article, 'Reducing Unemployment Way Back to Prosperity' (2013), Paul Krugman convincingly argues that countries that have adopted austerity have continued to perform relatively poorly. Roberto Tamborini (EconoMonitor, 2013) provides compelling statistical evidence in this regard.
These comparisons between Europe and the United States demonstrate that the current European macroeconomic strategy — agreed earlier by governments, the European Central Bank and the IMF — is misguided. Rather than solving problems, current policies are contributing to a deepening downward momentum and to the maintenance of on-going debt burdens of periphery countries. The naively conceived European 'austerity' experiment is proving to be a colossal mistake.
If the current economic downturn in periphery countries is not addressed urgently by major macroeconomic policy changes then the financial crisis will deepen and become more widespread.
Paul Krugman argues that; 'It is time to put the deficit obsession aside and get back to dealing with the real problem — unacceptably high unemployment'. Here, however, in respect of periphery countries, there is potential for a further major blunder if policy makers are not very careful. This is so because there are two main problems facing periphery countries — high debt and high unemployment — and they are both of such magnitude that they need to be solved simultaneously. Addressing the unemployment problem by bond financed fiscal stimulus would further exacerbate the 'debt' problem. That approach would represent a further colossal policy mistake.
As there is more than one policy objective and more than one policy instrument involved, periphery governments need to avoid a classical macroeconomic problem: 'policy dissociation'. Avoiding policy dissociation will ensure consistency, the avoidance of discordant policies, the rejection of policy combinations where different policy instruments are pulling policy targets in different directions, and the avoidance of situations where action with one policy instrument to correct problem A compounds problem B. Such discordant policies serve to deepen, rather than resolve, the underlying economic problems. For example, an attempt to resolve the problem of 'high debt' by forgetting about the unemployment problem, or the potential for either high inflation or deep deflation, would represent a major policy blunder. So too would an attempt now to 'lower unemployment' by forgetting about the high debt problem and adopting bond financed fiscal stimulus.
Orthodoxy and policy principles
In a new book, 'How to Solve the European Economic Crisis; Challenging orthodoxy and creating new policy paradigms' (available on Amazon), I identify a range of current policy orthodoxies that are failing to resolve the major economic problems confronting various nations. These include the belief that monetisation of the budget deficit is evil and will lead to hyperinflation; the belief that more quantitative easing will provide economic stimulus; the belief that central banks should necessarily be 'independent'; the belief that budget deficits per se increase public debt; the belief that real wages must necessarily be cut to reduce unemployment; and the belief that austerity and massive unemployment are necessary to reduce wages.
The book sets out 24 policy principles that could be used to guide future policy developments in Europe. These principles include: the need to end attempts to solve debt problems by adding even more debt; the need to achieve close coordination between all arms of macroeconomic policy, particularly monetary and fiscal policy; the need to avoid policy dissociation; the need to address 'competitiveness' problems by deploying prices, incomes, competition and labour market policies, rather than by relying on austerity; the need to reject uniform and 'one-size-fits-all' policy strategies when divergences among countries are large and underlying problems differ; the need for debt forgiveness to avoid worst case scenarios, and the need to move beyond 'defensive' monetary policies that aim merely to buy more time.
The policy recommendation
The central policy proposal in the book involves the financing of on-going budget deficits not by creating even more public debt but by using new money now being channelled pointlessly into commercial bank reserve accounts. Once fiscal stimulus is delivered in this way, sterilization could be used, if needed, to ensure there would be no adverse inflationary consequences.
The implication in the book is that policy authorities who called for large scale fiscal stimulus to address the global financial crisis failed to ask themselves a fundamental question: how were these deficits to be financed in a way that would not contribute to an explosion in public debt? Furthermore, however, many of those same authorities a year or two later abandoned their support for large scale fiscal stimulus and agreed with 'austerity' policies. Now the schizophrenia is deepening, as some authorities are calling on countries to avoid front loaded austerity. What has happened to 'coherency, consistency and continuity'? Which of these strategies is appropriate to generate economic recovery? It is not adequate to simply take a two-way, or a three-way, bet!
Under the plan proposed in the book, economic stimulus could be delivered to turn economies around: rising public debt could be stopped in its tracks. The German/northern taxpayers would receive immediate relief to their future tax burdens.
In his Cass Business School Lecture delivered on 6 February Lord Adair Turner has also expressed concern in relation to the UK and argues that we should cease treating overt money finance as a taboo subject.
No more quantitative easing
In relation to Japan and the United States in particular, it is argued — following the largest monetary expansion in modern history and record low interest rates — that further quantitative easing is unnecessary and likely to prove counter-productive. Further quantitative easing aimed at lowering longer-term interest rates will distort the yield curve; interfere with risk reward profiles and resource allocation; lower the incomes and consumption of those dependent on interest receipts; cause temporary asset and share price price booms; encourage risk-taking; lower the home country exchange rate and raise exchange rates in other countries, destabilising financial markets and policy-making and creating 'currency wars'; and, sow the seeds for a later destabilising financial crisis that will develop if monetary authorities are forced to sell securities to fight inflation or address the high risk building up on their balance sheets.
The book suggests that the authorities have failed to ask a very basic question: if there is a need to create new money to address declining activity and high unemployment, how is the new money best deployed to stimulate consumption demand and economic activity without raising public debt?
The book argues for much closer coordination between monetary and fiscal policies in the new circumstances of high public debt and high unemployment. As all arms of macroeconomic policy need to be harnessed, it is appropriate that governments and Ministries of Finance (and not independent central banks) — that is, those charged with wide-ranging policy responsibilities — take the lead role in planning, coordinating and sequencing the strategic policy responses in a timely manner. The proposal applies whether or not periphery countries remain inside or leave the monetary union.
Krugman, Paul (2013), 'Reducing unemployment way back to prosperity', Canberra Times, 4 February.
Tamborini, Robero (2013), 'Italian Austerity in the Polls', EconoMonitor, February 4.
Turner, Adair (2013), 'Debt, Money and Mephistopheles: How Do We Get Out Of This Mess', Cass Business School Lecture, 6th February
Wood, Richard (2012), 'How to Solve the European Economic Crisis: Challenging orthodoxy and creating new policy paradigms', Amazon Book Site, December.


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Market Schedule
Contact Us
What is on Sunny's mind
We are back for a New Summer Season 2019.
Now at Summit Farmers Market,
Montclair Farmers Market,
Hastings & Chappaqua Farmers Market.
Go to our Event Page for Details.
Welcome to
Kimchi Culture is a family run company dedicated to the cultural values and practices of Kimchi Making.
Our commitment goes beyond the commercial goals of delivering quality Kimchi to our customers.
We hope to create a community of Kimchi lovers who will participate and share in a new paradigm of Kimchi Culture by exploring new kimchi recipes, science of fermentation, and ways to care for each other as our Korean ancestors have tried to do so in the past.
What is KIMCHI?
Kimchi is a fermented vegetable food that is served as basic and essential part of every Korean meal.
Kimchi can be made with any fresh vegetables, but the probiotic benefit from fermentation is best optimized with Napa cabbage Kimchi. Napa cabbage seems to sustain fermentation most effectively for a long period of time. This is an important fact to consider because probiotics are produced as long as fermentation is active. Winter Napa cabbage Kimchi can last as long as 6 months to even one year if preserved properly.
Whole Cabbage Kimchi by Kimchi Culture, Inc.
Because we know and understand
the science and craftmanship of Kimchi.
One of the reasons why Kimchi is considered as superfood is because of its alkalinity. You can find the benefits of alkaline food on our Health page, but the importance of alkaline diet for your health can never be emphasized enough. Here is an important fact. Ingredients used for Kimchi are high in alkalinity to begin with, but alkalinity in Kimchi is formed through optimal fermentation. If a Kimchi maker does not understand the principle and the science of Kimchi, it cannot produce Kimchi as it was originally designed.
Proper fermentation for Napa Cabbage in particular requires careful washing and salting process. Spice adds taste, but successful fermentation is determined by complex salting, washing, draining process. This not only decides the success of probiotic activity but also taste. The special effervescent taste is produced as a result of probiotic activity. When fermenting or probiotic activity stops, then Kimchi starts the process of decaying and it will not taste pleasant.
Kimchi Culture experimented with various Kimchi-making practices in different regions in Korea and studied many scholarly articles about Kimchi fermentation to present
our Kimchi Products confidently.
Our Kimchi-Making is Handcrafted.
"Food is Medicine."
There is a Korean proverb that says,
"Food is medicine."
Food is like a living organism that transfers
not only the nutritional values but
carries the message of love and care
of those who make it.
Perhaps this is the reason why we crave for
the comfort of homemade food prepared by
our loved ones in times of need.
We are mindful of
the emotional and
spiritual value that
food carries and
we make our food with lots of care and blessings.


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by Mike
I have asked my friends, any tips on looking for a good coffee service company?
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Online Coffee Store.
Singapore Cafes Guide AR
With Augmented Reality, you can "see" literally if the coffee machine can fit into your office or F&B outlet.Posted by Ebenezer Heng on Monday, July 13, 2015
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Learn more about ESPRO UltraLight in Singapore
The best filter Coffee Machine in Singapore
SkillsFuture Series: Using Chatbots for Customer engagement


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The History of Air Conditioning
The first air conditioning systems were used for industrial as well as comfort air conditioning. Eastman Kodak installed the first air conditioning system in 1891 in Rochester, New York for the storage of photographic films.
The first domestic air conditioning system was installed in a house in Frankfurt in 1894. The widespread development of air conditioning is attributed to the American scientist and industrialist Willis Carrier who designed a central air conditioning plant using air washer in 1904
The ADK Kooling Air Conditioning Department specialise in the design, installation and maintenance of commercial / domestic air conditioning systems. ADK is a London based air conditioning contractor, providing high quality air conditioning solutions, services and maintenance across London
Our team of specialists can assist you through every stage of the process. Our air conditioning services include:
- consultation and system design,
- air conditioning installation to commissioning,
- air conditioning maintenance.
- air conditioning repair
Our One-Stop Service approach allows our clients to relax and be at ease with a contractor that they can trust.
If you have an existing system our team can provide you with regular maintenance, reactive repairs, and air conditioning inspections (legally required as of 2007 for systems with rated cooling outputs over 12kW).
To find out more, or to request a quotation you can call our team of specialists on 0208 8318900 or email us.


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Joyce Levine, nationally acclaimed Astrological Consultant, astrology lecturer, and astrological author, provides individuals with information to help them make informed life decisions. Clients receive valuable insight and advice into their personal and professional lives.
By evaluating an individual's birth chart (also known as a natal chart, or more commonly an astrology chart), Joyce can determine whether it's a good time to make an investment, start a new business, or change jobs or career direction. Through a psychological perspective, she leads clients toward developing a clearer awareness into their own personality traits, both positive and negative.
Joyce's unique approach combines the science of Astrology and its planetary influences with a keen intuitive sense. Non-judgmentally, she identifies innate characteristics and needs that drive motivation, fear, conflict, and struggle. Her astrological insights have been described as "remarkably accurate." She has helped thousands of astrology clients reach their potential by guiding them past personality tendencies that might otherwise work against them and teaching them how to compensate for their weaknesses and maximize their strengths.
Joyce's career as an Astrological Consultant spans more than
30 years. She is the Chair
of the NCGR National Council for Geocosmic Research and is the
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In 2012 Joyce
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service in the
An accomplished media personality, Joyce
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She is currently a
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Joyce is active on the astrology speaker's circuit and addresses professional associations, civic and college groups and other business organizations. She also facilitates Workshops for Creative Living, which focuses on balancing goals and achievements with spiritual development, and teaches astrology privately and in group astrology settings.
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Astrologer. 30 years
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CD's, Reports


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Do your best to forget that Mi Cocina is a Dallas import when eating at the new Friendship Heights location (... those 11 margs will help). Already a Lone Star legend, this Tex-Mexer rocks vibrant Mexican art installations, accordion doors opening to the street, and a 90-person courtyard.
This Stretchy Ice Cream Is Made With Wine & Cheese
Soft corn tortillas burst with diced, grilled fajita beef and are served "Street Style", which in Chevy Chase means not getting your car valeted.
This Tex-Mex staple is a combo of a rolled cheese taco, beef taco, and cheese enchilada called "Roberto's", and, like Clemente, is a serious heavy hitter.
They don't scrimp on the flavor, but they do shrimp on it, specifically with this ceviche of mangos, avocado, cilantro and jicama.
The aged rib-eye beef will be what's for dinner. Also, it'll be paired with bean soup, guacamole, and pico.
And since it's located in luxe-shopping district The Collection, expect to see cougars taking a break from their busy lives of drinking at home with one of 13 different signature drinks, like this classic marg, or a frozen one topped with house-made sangria called the Mambo Taxi. Have (number) five yourself!


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Retail Clerk (Part-Time) – Manistee MI
Manistee, MI
Posted on May 11, 2019
Short URL: https://www.mynorth.com/job/853270
About Retail Clerk (Part-Time) – Manistee MI
Currently, Meijer is looking for friendly team members to work in a clean and safe environment focusing on efficiency, productivity and growth.
Openings available in all departments! Some of the departments include:
Grocery Department
Utility Clerk
General Merchandise Department
What to expect: 10% Team Member discount * paid training * job diversity * weekly paycheck * flexible schedules * health coverage options * opportunities for promotion.
Those interested in a career opportunity are asked to complete an on-line application. Although pay rates vary based on the position, all positions provide basic health insurance benefits for the team member.
Qualifications vary dependent on position.
Job at a Glance
About Meijer
More jobs at Meijer


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Subscribe To Big Brother 15 Live Feed Spoilers: Who Won The Veto And Was It Used? Updates
I've already subscribed
Last night's episode of Big Brother caught us up a bit on what happened during the Head of Household/Jury-return competition, which saw one houseguest crowned HoH and another earn a second chance. Before we get to the live feed spoilers, let's talk about that for a second. I know a lot of people wanted to see Candice or Jessie return to the house. Candice got a raw deal because for some reason most of the house didn't like her. I still don't completely understand why. Jessie turned into the ultimate underdog among the other houseguests, and I assume that's why people wanted to see her return. But of the four jurors with the most potential to stand any chance of reentering the game and not being instantly sent out the following week, I'd say Judd and Helen were the top two, with Judd coming out ahead.
Ok, with Elissa as Head of Household, all four jurors would have probably lasted more than a week in the house, since she wouldn't have targeted any of them. But Candice was too disliked to stand much chance of hanging around, and the only thing we probably would have had to look forward to from her return was watching the houseguests treat her badly for another week or two. No thanks. As much as I would have wanted to believe in an amazing comeback for her, the reality of the situation is, we would've probably have seen an encore of what the game was like for her before. And as much as Jessie might have stirred things up if she came back in, no one would have trusted her. I'd have given her two weeks also. Judd, on the other hand, who knows? We're starting to see him work his way back into the fold, and there's not a whole lot of talk about getting him out. At least, not in the obvious way, which is to say that the houseguests haven't united in an effort to send him packing simply because they don't think he "deserves" to be here. I think deep down they all know Judd got the shaft, getting sent out on a double eviction, with no time to campaign to save himself. If Judd's a target, it'll be due to his associations with Elissa, and that brings us to the live feed spoilers…
If you don't want to know who won the Veto, read no further! Live Feed Spoilers ahead!
So it was looking like Elissa was targeting Aaryn, but her decision to put McCrae on the block hinted that she was also toying with the idea of backdooring Amanda. And that theory wasn't lost on Amanda and McCrae going into the Veto competition. I was hoping that Elissa would have clued us into that during last night's episode, but that didn't really happen, so maybe we'll get more strategic insight from her on Wednesday night. In the meantime, it's been difficult to know what she's really thinking as she refuses to outright tell anyone what she's going to do. And i don't blame her for that. People talk about everything here, and her vagueness has had the entire house scrambling for days now. So points to Elissa for that. At this point, I'm thinking her prime targets were Aaryn and Amanda. If Aaryn won the Veto, Amanda would go up and Elissa would've wanted her to leave.
It was becoming clear to the other houseguests that Amanda was the only person who couldn't win the Veto. Because, of course, if she did with the Veto, she could take McCrae off, and she's safe from eviction as well. Of course, Amanda won the Veto. The competition had something to do with the Zingbot, and/or Baby Zingbot's first birthday. Amanda pulled out her first win of the season when she needed it most, leaving the rest of the house and Elissa to fret over what will happen next.
We still don't actually know, as the Veto Ceremony hasn't happened yet. It's expected to happen today. Amanda will presumably use the Veto to save McCrae, and Elissa will put up someone in her place. Right now, it's looking like Andy. Amanda was trying hard to get GinaMarie put up. And knowing that if she tried to convince Elissa to do it, she'd probably do the obvious, Amanda did some scheming to try a less direct route, using reverse psychology and at one point sending Aaryn up to Elissa with orders to act cocky, like she knows she has the votes to stay no matter what, between GinaMarie, Amanda and McCrae. But Aaryn didn't really do that. Instead she went to Elissa and talked about how GM couldn't be trusted, which I'm not really sure is what Amanda wanted her to do. I think Aaryn chickened out in trying the "Haha, you'll never get me out" route. Or maybe I misread that whole situation. Either way, it didn't seem to have any impact on anything and neither did Judd trying to convince Elissa to put up GinaMarie. In Judd's case, I think he was tricked into supporting a GM nom because Andy and McCranda had him convinced they were on the outs or something. It's getting hard to keep up with what Amanda's trying to make happen here.
Right now, I'm thinking Andy will go up, but there's still a chance it could be GinaMarie. As for who will go home, it's anyone's guess. Last night, Andy, GinaMarie, Judd and Spencer agreed that if any of them in their newly founded "Exterminator" alliance goes up, they vote to evict Aaryn. But will they actually do it? Judd will evict Aaryn because he and Elissa seem to be on good terms, and because Aaryn was the one who sent him out of the house. Spencer would probably evict her because he sees the numbers in this "Exterminator" alliance, and because McCranda is weaker without Aaryn. GinaMarie has been pretty convincing about her willingness to evict Aaryn, but she may just be saying this to keep herself safe, in case she's put up next to her. And Andy, who knows? Will he really feel safe without the support of McCranda? If he goes against them by evicting Aaryn, they might turn on him. But of all four "Exterimators," Andy's loyalty seems the likeliest to be moot here, as it's looking like Elissa will put Andy up. She's talking about that with him as I type this, and while it's not a done deal, it sounds pretty locked up. We'll post an update when the Veto ceremony happens!
UPDATE - As expected, Amanda used the Veto on McCrae. Andy was put up in McCrae's place and right now it looks like the house expects Aaryn to leave. Aaryn seems aware of that and from what I've seen, is accepting of it. But there are still three days until eviction and anything can happen.


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Between the 1380sf and 1700sf unit show rooms, I prefer the larger one. The living space does not seem so claustrophobic.
They have also a wet and dry kitchen and a maid's quarters.
Unfortunately, the master-bedroom has a disproportionate sized walk-in wardrobe and bathroom which is a lot of wasted space.
The other 2 rooms seem decent sized, one of them has an en-suite bathroom.
The master bedroom gives you that really cramped feeling, probably due to the built-in wardrobes which took up much of the width of the room.
and just like the larger units, it has a wet "asian" kitchen for that rough oily cooking style. Being long and narrow, the ID for the living and dining area incorporated a lot of glass which deceived us into believing that it is rather spacious.


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Review for "Greek fire and its contribution to Byzantine might" from Amazon.co.uk2014-07-17 20:34
5.0 out of 5 stars A good read! 20 May 2014
By C. Paris
Format:Kindle Edition|Verified Purchase
A great insight into another aspect of Greek history with a superb translation into English. I would recommend this book to anyone with a love of ancient and / or Byzantine history.
More on the book here.
More on the book here.


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Creative People: Why Are You So LAZY?!
I woke up at 1:30pm today with this thought:
Am I lazy or…?
A lot of us judge ourselves by how productive we are in our day-to-day lives. This is a big problem for creative types.
(And by creative types, I mean YOU. Not the you you are now, but the latent creative you who is lying-in-waiting.
Why? Because a lot of us are day-dreaming, imagining or just thinking.
And not producing.
Do you know that some of the greatest artists from the Renaissance (da Vinci, for one) were known to sit in front of a blank wall, just staring, for an entire month before putting down one blob of paint?
They did absolutely nothing.
Or, did they?
I was having a downer day a couple days ago. I wasn't writing, even though I had woken up early, did some morning reading, had a nutritious breakfast, taken a walk…
I had done everything right to be able to write.
Yet, nothing happened.
The problem is that unlike da Vinci and other great artists, it's difficult for me to be ok with doing nothing.
That's a BIG problem that I believe a lot of artists and creative types have; we beat ourselves up when we're not using our time wisely.
Luckily, a friend of mine from Norway talked me down. She reminded me of something so crucial to the creative process that it's almost funny that I wasn't able to see it for myself.
Alex, your head is working hard – therefore it is almost painful to sit down to write. Give it time. It's coming!
She gave me this amazing gift: that thinking is a form of doing!
This whole time I've been beating myself up for not doing enough when, in reality, I have been doing plenty!
As the poet, Rilke, says (paraphrased) in one of his works, the creative process is just that–a process; there's a gestation period, just like in pregnancy. You don't just pop out great works–or babies. You've got to spend time preparing your mind, just like the farmer prepares the soil.
Ok, big paraphrase.
I would argue that if you've got burning desire and you're not using your time effectively–i.e., you're distracting yourself with whatever–relax. Take a break. Go outside. Take a walk. Breathe. Do something FUN!
It's not that you're lazy; it's just that you've not yet learned to dance with the creative process.
We can't force the creative process.
One of the things I've done, and hated myself for doing, is having had the time to do creative stuff, but then not done anything productive–and then felt horrible for it. Instead of enjoying my day, I wasted it brooding and doing nothing.
(You see how that's different from sitting and doing nothing?)
Did you catch that? You see how these values and beliefs about productivity are embedded in our subconscious? They are in mine. I'm just learning to break free. (The first step is simply to notice them; only then can you root them out!)
Now, you may need to get some kind of job. The starving artist thing is not much fun. And, unnecessary.
So, go!
Stop beating yourself up!
Stop calling yourself lazy!
That's not helping!
Go meet up with some of your friends.
Have an evening out.
Get outside and clear your head.
Call up a great friend.
Watch a movie.
Go for a bike ride.
Make love.
Unwind a little.
Then, when you least expect it,
and the calling to create comes–
and it will come–
grab on!!!


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This one will make your hair stand on end
A Wisconsin judge ruled last October there is probable cause to believe that Fr. Ryan Erickson shot Mr. O'Connell and James Ellison on February 5, 2002 and had been molesting a teenage boy. Authorities think Fr. Erickson shot Mr. O'Connell for confronting him about the abuse and that Mr. Ellison was shot when he came to see what the shooting was about.
Fr. Erickson killed himself on December 19, 2004, some days after police questioned him.
The lawsuit says it wants accountability from the bishops. You can read the rest by checking the newspaper article. Sorry to report this tragic news story.
As we know, our Church needs our prayers for restoration. Oremus.


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03-22-2017 12:41 PM - edited 03-22-2017 02:09 PM
With latest CDH 5.9.1 Hue has been upgraded to 3.11 version.
That version has some strange malfunction. When you go to Workflows -> Dashboards -> Workflows -> (choose specific workflow) -> Actions, strange error message is shown "There are no actions to be shown." where list of job steps should be located.
This ticket describes a similar issue.
Does anyone know of a quickfix/workaround or if Hue has plans to fix in the near future?
In addition, the Rerun button no longer works. When I click on it it does not do anything. Any ideas?


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A few weeks ago, my wife and I visited my sister and she made us a few cups of espresso, cappuccino, and cafe latte with her new Nespresso D290C Concept Automatic Espresso Machine. I must admit the coffee was great. My wife loved the machine and decided that we should have one also. I was hesitant about buying it, since I saw it as ongoing money leak. Unlike normal coffee, Nespresso uses coffee capsule that can only be used once — and they cost 52 cents each!
We started to look around and a brand new Nespresso D290C Concept retail for $499 — definitely, too expensive for a coffee machine. So my wife shopped around on eBay and Craigslist for a while (watch out for scammers on Craigslist!). Finally, we found a local seller who was willing to part with his relatively new D290 for $180, so that he could upgrade to the latest and greatest, Nespresso Lattissima ($799, yikes). He even threw in 40 capsules to start us off (that's over $20 value). As a result, we now own a relatively new Nespresso machine. I think we got a good deal too.
Although the coffee is great, these capsules go very fast. I am used to drinking cheap Costco coffee where I can brew a whole pot at a time, so it's a big change to drink only one small cup. Ironically, the one small cup probably costs more than a whole pot of traditional coffee. Anyway, it happened this past weekend. We went out to a Nespresso store and came home with 200 capsules — yes, that's over $100 worth of coffee! Hopefully, these will last us a few months.
Anyway, I am going to try to be an optimist here and tell myself that my wife will be drinking about a dollar worth of Nespresso coffee instead of spending $4 on a Starbuck Caramel Macchiato.
Here is a video of one kind refill nespresso cups. It can work….Re-use
Re-use the pod!
These pods are made of aluminum and it is not exactly green to just throw them out. However, because they are made of aluminum they are easy to reuse and work very well at least a second time around. If you are a real recycle freak you might even try a third trial. Here is what you do:
1. Once you have stack several used capsules get a container to empty the coffee into. (If you like you can use this for compost)
2. There will be a series of holes that are made at the top of the capsule also there will be three very small created at the bottom. This is part of the process of running it through the machine.
3. Poke a hole through the top using a small infant's spoon or a small spatula and scrape out the coffee and remove the thin aluminum foil that surrounds the top to the edge till all you have is a small capsule cup.
4. Place all your capsules in a container of soapy water then clean them out and rinse thoroughly and let dry out.
5. These can all be conveniently stacked till you are ready to use them.
6. To use them again you will need to cut a small piece of aluminum foil, just enough to wrap around the top edge.
7. Pack the capsule tight with the espresso (finely ground), tea or whatever with a small infant's spoon or spatula then place the aluminum foil across the top and fold it over the edges so it stays on the capsule.
8. Just drop it in the machine like you normally would and the reusing will create the same exact pattern on top as the other capsules you normally use plus another three new tiny holes at the bottom.
This works perfectly and you can use whatever coffee or tea you like.
Check out Nextpod, plastic single use capsules you can fill yourself.
Not a bad idea! The Nespresso coffee is good, but a bit expensive.
I have a Nespresso Essenza in my office that I call the "Paperwork Buster". There really is no better machine on the market for the workplace. ZERO waste. Keep the pods in your desk, fill up the water tank in the breakroom. If you don't like straight espresso, add a little caramel or vanilla to it. The machine makes so much crema that after a little syrup it's like a super powerful, mini latte. You won't even miss the milk.
Highly recommend one for this particular usage to anyone…
I am no longer buying lattes, just "Americano" now; but those still cost $2.00. Perhaps it's time to get out the old stove-top espresso maker from the 1970s.
I think a good quality espresso machine is a great investment for someone who is burning $4 each morning on a latte. However, the machine you're describing sounds like a loss-leader to me… just like ultra-cheap printers that require exorbitantly priced ink.
I would be more inclined to buy a good ~$200 pump-driven machine that accepts ground coffee that you purchase from any coffee shop.
Pinyo – they make refillable pods for those machines, might be worth looking into!
I used to work for a consulting company, and one of our customers – who shall remain nameless – was a coffee company which used to offer the espresso machines for free to organizations, because they would quickly make a huge profit on the capsules… this purchase is a money pit for sure…
I had an expresso machine for a while – but got similar results with frother & old-fashioned It. expresso pot – now the caffeine is too much for me, anyway!
In the office, the company provided this kind of machine for I.T people like me to stay motivated (e.g it actually means stay longer in the office). I reckon I would never buy one unless I start full time-blogging*laughs*. I wonder how many years it will last?
https://www.bettercoffee.com/miva/merchant.mvc has good prices and QUALITY coffee pods (for the Senseo); an initial search didn't yield results for your capsules, but you might email them and ask.
When you have a favorite "vice" just work the system for the best deal/quality 😉
My office has a machine like this that I use because it is free. We used to get 10 tokens a week (which made 10 cups of coffee) but that proved to be too much of a hassle so now we get to drink as much coffee as we want. It makes decent stuff.
What I find really interesting about these is that many people have their own tips and tricks that make the coffee "taste better." The taste they are trying to emulate? Starbucks.
I picked up a senseo when the company offered them for $15, it came with a ton of free pods, they lasted 2 weeks! It's nice to have just in case, I keep a bag of decaf on hand for guests, but we switched back to our brewed just as soon as the pods ran out. I did see Amazon had a gadget that was a "reusable" pod. It didn't have great reviews & I drink at least half a pot a day LOL, so that's a lot of messing around. Maybe they have something for the Nespresso? I do miss a good espresso.
I visited my friend who had one of these, and was impressed with the coffee, but annoyed by the idea that you have to keep buying the capsules made by that brand. We went with a traditional espresso machine when we got one, so can use any type of coffee we want.


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An article published in the journal "Nature" describes a research about Teleocrater rhadinus, a carnivorous reptile that lived in the Triassic period, about 245 million years ago. A team led by Sterling Nesbitt of Virginia Tech studied specimens of this ancient cousin of the dinosaurs found in 2015 noting its similarities to crocodiles. However, this species and its other close relatives are the oldest of the group that originated dinosaurs and birds and this could greatly change the ideas about the early stages of their evolution.
Teleocrater rhadinus is a species that have been known for a long time since the first fossils were discovered in 1933 in Tanzania by paleontologist F. Rex Parringon. Unfortunately those were partial specimens and for decades paleontologists had an all too common problem having to try to classify this species without knowing some important features due to the lack of several bones. The result was that only in the '50s these fossils were given a name following the study by Alan J. Charig.
The situation changed only in 2015 with the discovery of new specimens in the same area of the first ones. Thanks to those new bones that include some lacking in the first specimens such as those of the ankles, it was possible for Sterling Nesbitt and his team to finish Charig's work. The continuity between the two studies, even if separated by 60 years, is recognized by the fact that Charig is credited among the authors of the one published in "Nature".
The researchers were able to establish that Teleocrater rhadinus is one of the oldest members of the group of archosaurs, which includes crocodiles, dinosaurs and birds. This could substantially change the ideas about the first dinosaurs and their relatives because so far generally paleontologists thought that they were bipedal chicken-sized creatures. Having established that a dinosaur cousin looked more like a crocodile and had a length between 2 and 3 meters (between 7 and 10 feet) is a surprising result.
Some other species of reptiles that lived in the Triassic in various parts of the world were studied in recent years as well and paleontologists had various problems in classifying them. Sterling Nesbitt himself studied one of these species, called Dongusuchus efremovi: for years this animal was excluded from the group of archosaurs but has now been included in the new group of archosaurs that includes Teleocrater rhadinus.
The discovery of various species of reptiles from the Triassic shows that at the time there was a difference among the ancestors of crocodiles, birds and dinosaurs. For a long time the scarcity of fossils from that era had forced paleontologists to resort to speculation regarding that phase of the evolution of archosaurs but now things are changing.
The study of Teleocrater rhadinus is not finished because the researchers intend to go to Tanzania to look for other fossils of this animal and perhaps of other species. Each new bone can potentially provide new important information to better understand the evolution of various groups of reptiles and the relationships between different species.


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Creating an engaging classroom environment for middle school students can be challenging. Developmentally, middle school students are at a unique age- one where they often crave the power to make decisions for themselves, yet still need scaffolding and direct instruction in order to make these …Continue Reading Seeing a combination of personalized learning components at Wilson Middle School
When I picture a high school, I think of long hallways, rows and rows of lockers, fluorescent overhead lights, bells and announcements signaling when it's time to quickly pack your bag and shuffle out into the throng of teenagers caught up in a river of …Continue Reading Four elements of personalized learning visible at Natick High School
The Massachusetts Personalized Learning Edtech Consortium (MAPLE) Learning Tour of Brown Elementary School provided an exciting peek into what's possible for personalizing learning at the elementary level. Our group was welcomed by Principal Kirk Downing and Third Grade master teacher and early adopter Jed Stefanowicz. The …Continue Reading Brown Elementary School provides a peek into personalizing learning at the elementary level
I was online last night with the MassCUE Professional Development Committee when I was asked by a committee member to help him explain, using clear bullet points, for his district and school leaders why they should apply for cohort 2 of the Leadership in Blended …Continue Reading MassCUE Leadership in Blended & Digital Learning Program – Massachusetts School Leaders, apply by February 17th!
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Food & Drink
Tomatoes worth the wait this year
Gardeners await that first red-ripe summer tomato as eagerly as Great Britain awaited its new heir to the throne.
We anxiously watch for those little green balls to ripen into the glorious redness that shouts juicy and delicious. The backyard tomato far outranks the taste of any supermarket variety, and that's why we devour bushels of them when they arrive.
This year's tomato crop ranges from pretty to pitiful, depending on where your garden is located. Some people with patio tomato plants are noting that their tomatoes aren't ripening fast, or some tomatoes are dying on the vines. But many experienced growers are faring much better.
Madison County farmer Bill Best said tomatoes as a rule are late this year because of the cold and wet spring. "This includes the high tunnel tomatoes as well since we also had so much cloudy weather. Our high tunnel tomatoes were two weeks late this year and our blueberries were ten days later than last year. However, both tomatoes and blueberries have produced heavily," said Best, who is director of the Sustainable Mountain Agriculture Center in Berea.
Barbara Napier, owner of Snug Hollow Farm bed and breakfast in Estill County, said her tomato crop is the best she has ever had. Napier, who grows the tomatoes that she serves to guests, said the rains came just at the right time, when the plants needed the water. "These particular tomatoes were planted late. The early ones got rained out and we just redid the whole garden and it's just perfect."
Napier grows only a few heirloom tomatoes that so many consumers desire. "They are wonderful but they don't produce a lot. Restaurants, like the one we have here, have to have Fantastic (the variety) ones that hold up and produce."
According to Brook Elliott of the Appalachian Heirloom Seed Conservancy in Richmond, an heirloom is basically defined as an open-pollinated plant variety (one that has been naturally fertilized by wind, insects, birds, or mammals) that has been grown for at least 50 years.
If you buy an heirloom tomato at the farmers market this summer, you'll want to save the seeds, and try your luck at growing fabulous tomatoes yourself.
"We need to save heirloom tomato seeds in order to continue having a supply of good flavored and nutritious tomatoes," Best said. "Modern plant breeding continues to give us tomatoes that ship well and have a long shelf life, but taste and nutrition leave much to be desired. Even the older, and sometimes excellent, hybrids are slowly being phased out. Heirlooms will insure that we always have flavor, nutrition, and genetics on our side."
The standard way for seed saving is to let the tomato ripen fully, Best said. Then quarter them, cut out the core, and put them in a bucket to ferment for several days, stirring some each day. When the seeds have loosened from the pulp, you can then pour water in the bucket and let the pulp run over the sides. The tomato seeds will sink to the bottom. They can then be poured into a fine mesh strainer to allow the water to run off and then put on waxed paper to dry under a slow moving fan. Once dry, they can be put into airtight containers for saving.
Best's new book, Saving Seeds, Preserving Taste (Ohio University Press, $22.95) includes an introduction to heritage and heirloom seed saving, and it's also about the cultural traditions associated with seed saving. "Over the years I have given many talks about the importance of seed saving. Six years ago I gave a talk at the Appalachian Studies Conference at Maryville College in Tennessee at which time I was asked to put my ideas in book form to be published by the Ohio University Press. I assumed I could do it in a year or so, but it took six years, hundreds of hours, and thousands of miles. I wanted to do a thorough job and visited and interviewed a lot of people," Best said.
The summer tomato deserves its own celebration, and Winston's Restaurant, a teaching facility for Sullivan University's National Center for Hospitality Studies in Louisville, is doing so with a dining event.
Chef John Castro celebrates the local tomato harvest with three dinners, Aug. 8 to 10. The menu features Kir royale with heirloom tomato; stuffed shrimp with pork and shallots, wrapped in a won ton skin and served with fresh salsa; chilled ghost gazpacho with red onion and tomato; braised beef short rib finished with marsala tomato sauce; and doughnut filled with raspberry tomato jam.
Here is Castro's recipe for ghost gazpacho.
Ghost gazpacho
2 cups water
2 cups sugar
2 cups white vinegar
1 quart good quality sour cream
3 medium cucumbers, peeled and partially split lengthwise, ¼ inch thick slices.
1 red onion, cut in quarters and sliced ½ inch thick
5 to 7 large very ripe heirloom tomatoes, cut into ½ inch or larger chunks
Salt and pepper, to taste
Mix water, sugar and vinegar, and stir until dissolved. Stir in sour cream and reserve. Combine all the vegetables, salt and pepper. Let set out for 1 hour, then chill. This needs to be done 2 or 3 days in advance as the ingredients need to marinate. This will be strained and used as the broth.
For the garnish, you may use any of the following or whatever you are growing: cucumbers, scallions, tomatoes, radishes, carrots, celery, peppers, chilies, green beans. The shapes and sizes can vary as the produce will vary. Other vegetables may be used but might require blanching and chilling to use. Makes 8 servings.
Here are two of Napier's vegetarian recipes she serves at Snug Hollow bed and breakfast.
"This is everybody's favorite. This is a perfect dish for those home canned tomatoes. Don't forget the butter — it is the secret ingredient," she said.
Homemade tomato soup
2 tablespoons oil
1 clove garlic, minced
1/2 small onion, chopped
1 stalk celery, chopped
1 tablespoon nutritional yeast
1 tablespoon tamari sauce
2 quarts home canned tomatoes
Salt and pepper
1 teaspoon oregano
1 teaspoon basil (fresh if possible)
2 cups milk or light cream (may substitute your choice)
1 tablespoon butter
1 cup brown rice (optional)
Heat oil in saucepan and sauté garlic, onion and celery. Add nutritional yeast and tamari, stirring to blend.
Add tomatoes, salt, pepper, oregano and basil. Cook over low heat to boiling. Remove from heat and purée in blender. Return to heat and stir in milk or cream and butter. You may add a dollop of pesto to each bowl of this creamy soup or stir in a little brown rice for a more substantial soup. Sprinkle with favorite cheese if desired.
"We serve this beautiful dish by layering the items on the plate. Begin with the squash, add layer of onions and a healthy portion of pasta on top. Finish this with some Romano or feta cheese, if you like. Great way to get that bumper crop of squash eaten," Napier said.
Summer garden pasta
Spaghetti, enough for 6 servings
Garlic-flavored oil (see note)
1/2 cup fresh pesto
1/2 cup homemade red sauce of your choice
Red pepper flakes
Salt and pepper
1 medium onion, sliced
2 cups chopped fresh tomatoes
Yellow and zucchini squash, cut into 1/2-inch rounds
2 tablespoons tamari, optional
Cheese, optional
Boil a pot of water and cook spaghetti until al dente.
Pour a little garlicky oil in large skillet over low heat. Add drained pasta. Add pesto and red sauce, and mix carefully. Add pepper flakes, salt and pepper.
If you have a large skillet and can move the pasta to the side, do so and drop tomatoes in hot oil. Stir carefully just until hot, and mix with pasta. Heat in another skillet, if needed.
Place onions in heavy skillet with small amount of olive oil. Add tamari, if using. Cook onions on low heat until nicely browned, stirring occasionally. Steam or roast squash. Layer ingredients on a plate and serve.
Note: Napier makes garlicky oil by adding a few cloves of garlic to 1 cup flavorful olive oil and whir it in a food processor until well blended.


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...I've been doing hairstyling for Olympians and their families. Specifically the US Olympic team and their moms and sisters and aunts, etc. who are all so thrilled to be pampered that it's a feel-good place to be. As an added bonus, it's located in a relaxing day-spa type room filled with other Judy's, some I've never met before and some who are already dear friends. It's like one big pajama party. But with sore feet. I admit I'm not used to standing in one spot for 5 hours at a stretch as the various clients come and go from my chair. But I am enjoying hearing stories of the family behind the athletes, as well as the athletes themselves.
I'd show you photos of the space and the work we're doing, but out of respect for the families' privacy and comfort we're not taking pix. I guess it's truly a retreat for them and a place to get away from cameras.
Anyway, happy Valentine's everyone... going to put my feet up!
Sunday, February 14, 2010
Posted by liz dungate at 7:58 PM
Labels: athletes, family, hairstyling, Olympics
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Rugby's greatest prize, the Webb Ellis Cup, will visit Goldington Road in August as part of the Rugby World Cup Trophy Tour.
Launching on June 10 – 100 days before the opening match – the Rugby World Cup Trophy Tour will travel through Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, Wales and England before arriving at Twickenham Stadium on September 18 ahead of the opening ceremony.
As part of the tour, Bedford Blues will welcome the Webb Ellis Cup between 8pm and 10pm in the Blues Marquee for all supporters to view and take a selfie on stage from 8.30pm.
The club will host an informal gathering – with bars open, food available and music from 7pm – as the most recognisable trophy in rugby arrives in Bedford.
The event is non-ticketed and open to all, but there is a maximum capacity in the marquee which will be stewarded throughout the night.
Bedford Blues chairman Geoff Irvine said: "We are delighted to be hosting the Rugby World Cup Trophy Tour and believe it is a great opportunity for supporters and children alike in Bedford to see this special trophy in the build-up to this year's exciting tournament.
"It's free to come in and see the trophy and hopefully inspire the next generation. A lot of work has gone into this year's competition and we are pleased to give Blues fans the chance to see the Webb Ellis Cup first hand."
With three matches just down the road at Stadium:MK and plenty of Blues fans already registered with 'The Pack' as Rugby World Cup volunteers, there is set to be a great buzz around the region come September.
The trophy's journey throughout the UK and Ireland aims to engage fans and give them the opportunity to build unforgettable memories as part of their own Rugby World Cup 2015 story.
Rugby is at the heart of the tour, engaging with over 100 clubs, organisations and rugby festivals, from grassroots to elite.
In addition, host cities, match venues, community and legacy programmes, sports events, stakeholder visits, and iconic landmarks will feature as part of the tour, with over 300 events scheduled.
Rugby World Cup Trophy Tour information can be viewed at rugbyworldcup.com/trophy-tour – full details on the locations and events will updated in the coming months.


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Last year Samsung has launched Samsung Galaxy J2 in Indian market priced at Rs 8,490($129). Now launched it' s successor Samsung Galaxy J2 2016 priced at Rs. 9,750 slated to go on sale both on/off line from 10th July 2016 in Black, Gold, and Silver colour option. Samsung Galaxy J2 2016 with Airtel double data plane for 6 month comes at Rs 4,500.
The all new Samsung Galaxy J2 2016 supports Dual-SIM, Micro SIM with 4G LTE, NFC, 3G (HSPA+), Wi-Fi, Micro-USB 2.0, Bluetooth 4.0, and A-GPS/ GLONASS offers you a 5-inch HD TFT display with resolution (720×1280 pixels) deliver crystal clearer images with deep contrast with wide-angle viewing in any condition even under bright sunlight.
Samsung Galaxy J2 2016 runs on Android 6.0 Marshmallow OS powered by a 1.5GHz quad-core Exynos 3475 processor with 1.5GB RAM perfect for multi-tasking offers faster browsing, superior gaming environment and allows you enjoy millions of apps from Google play store while 8GB internal memory 32GB external memory offers plenty of space to store your data.
Samsung Galaxy J2 2016 sporting a 8-MP Primary autofocus camera with LED flash, and a 5-MP front-facing camera with Wide Selfie, Palm Selfie, Animated GIF, Beauty Face Features, and Rear-cam Selfie allows you to take perfect selfies in high-resolution packed with a 2600 mAh battery with Ultra Power Saving Mode offers you 20 hours of talk time in 3G and web browsing up to 11 hours(3G), up to 11 hours(LTE) and up to 15 hours(Wi-fi) measures 142.40 x 71.10 x 8.00mm. and weight 160gm. It also includes new UDS (Ultra Data Saving), Turbo Speed Technology (TST) and S Bike mode.
Rear More About:- Samsung Galaxy J7 Price in India, Release date, Specifications, features
Samsung Galaxy J2 2016 FEATURES:-
- Dual-SIM Support with 4G LTE
- 5"-Inch HD Display
- Android 6.0 Marshmallow with TouchWiz UI on top
- Fastest 1.2GHz quad-core processor
- Huge 128GB expandable memory
- Camera 8-mp Rear + 5-MP Front
- Active noise cancellation with dedicated mic
- 2600 mAh battery
- Turbo Speed Technology (TST)
- UDS (Ultra Data Saving) and S Bike mode
Read More About:- Samsung Galaxy J5 Price in India, Release date, Specifications, features
Samsung Galaxy J2 2016 SPECIFICATIONS:-
- Network LTE/HSPA/GSM
- Speed LTE Cat4 (150/50Mbps), 3G: HSPA+ 42.2/5.76Mbps
- Processor 1.5GHz quad-core Exynos 3475 processor
- Display 5-inch HD TFT display with resolution (720×1280 pixels)
- Android 6.0 Marsmallow with TouchWiz UI on top
- MEMORY 8GB Internal memory + micro SD slot (up to 32GB)
- Rear Camera: 8-MP AutoFocus with LED Flash
- Front Camera : 5-MP with Wide Selfie, Rear-cam Selfie, Beauty Face Features
- Connectivity Wi-Fi: 802.11 a/b/g/n, Bluetooth: 4.0(BLE), ANT+
- Sensor Accelerometer, Proximity, Geo-magnetic, RGB ambient light, Hall Sensor
- Video H.263, H.264(AVC), MPEG4, VP8, VC-1, Sorenson Spark, MP43, WMV7, WMV8
- Playback : FHD(1920*1080) @ 30fps
- Audio Codec: MP3, AAC/AAC+/eAAC+, WMA, AMR-NB/WB, FLAC, Vorbis(OGG), WAV
- Google Mobile Service Chrome, Drive, Photos, Gmail, Google, Google+, Google Settings, Hangouts, Maps, Play Books, Play Games, Play Newsstand, Play Movie & TV, Play Music, Play Store, Voice Search, YouTube
- Battery 2600 mAh with Ultra power saving mode
- Web browsing up to 12 hours
- Dimension 136.5x69x8.4mm
- Weight 156gm
- Colours Black, Gold, and Silver colours
- Release date 8th 2016
- availability 10th July 2016
- Samsung Galaxy J2 2016 price in USA Approx. $130
- Samsung Galaxy J2 2016 Price in India Rs 9,750
Read More About:- Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime 4G Price, Review, Release date, Specifications, Features
At last few honest word, Samsung Galaxy J2 2016 is the best budget 4G smartphone from Samsung. What you think? Please be open to give your view.


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Sports Games
Tags: pool games
Not your average pool game. Line the balls up in order then you have to hit something, all while being timed.
Controls: W,A,S,D: Move, E,Q: Change Weapons, Mouse: Aim + Shoot
Game developed by gamesheep.com • Played 18123 times.
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Funds set up for Border Patrol agents
Supporters of jailed men have 3 ways to financially help their families
Monica Ramos embraces her husband, former U.S. Border Patrol agent Ignacio Ramos, two days before he was sentenced to 11 years in prison (Courtesy El Paso Times)
Funds for donations have been set up on behalf of the families of two Border Patrol agents jailed for their actions in the shooting and wounding of a Mexican drug smuggler who was granted full immunity to testify against them.
The funds are meant to benefit agents Jose Alonso Compean and Ignacio "Nacho" Ramos, who were sentenced to 12 years and 11 years, respectively, in October and reported to prison Jan. 17.
Supporters of the men believe they were wrongly convicted and the sentences handed down far too stiff. Calls from members of Congress and countless Americans for President Bush to pardon the two former agents thus far have been unsuccessful. While efforts continue, supporters of the two men have established funds for people to help their families while they are incarcerated as well as to help pay legal bills.
A labor union, the National Border Patrol Council, is soliciting donations on its website.
"All donations that are designated for Agents Ramos and Compean will be used to fund their legal defense and assist their families in their hour of need," the site states.
"Donations to the fund can be made by check payable to 'BPA Legal Defense & Relief Fund.' Checks should be mailed to: BPA Legal Defense & Relief Fund, P.O. Box 47208, Tampa, FL 33647."
A separate website run by Ramos' family also seeks donations from supporters.
A statement on the site says: "The Ramos family has been burdened for 19 months without Nacho's pay. Nacho has a wife three young children. They have to sell their house after spending their life savings on the court case. His father-in-law, Joe, has also spent his retirement at age 64 on the case. Please donate – and it goes 100 percent directly to the family account."
Near the bottom of the page is a link to donate via Paypal and contact information for Joe Loya, Ramos' father-in-law.
Compean's family does not have a comparable website or donation drive. However, Friends of the Border Patrol, a nonprofit organization, is collecting funds for Compean's family and legal expenses.
"We've started a fund, of which money donated goes specifically to assist the Compean family who was devastated by this malicious prosecution and lost their home, furniture, and so much more," the site states. "Though never asking for anything, they are appreciative of everyone's generosity and support. In this way, you can directly help a family who needs it most but is far too humble to ask."
As WND has reported, a federal jury convicted Compean, 28, and Ramos, 37, in March after a two-week trial on charges of causing serious bodily injury, assault with a deadly weapon, discharge of a firearm in relation to a crime of violence and a civil rights violation.
Ramos is an eight-year veteran of the U.S. Naval Reserve and a former nominee for Border Patrol Agent of the Year.
According to the agents, Ramos responded Feb. 17, 2005, to a request for back-up from Compean, who noticed a suspicious van near the levee road along the Rio Grande River near the Texas town of Fabens, about 40 miles east of El Paso. A third agent also joined the pursuit.
Illegal-alien drug smuggler Osbaldo Aldrete-Davila stopped the van on a levee, jumped out and started running toward the river. When he reached the other side of the levee, he was met by Compean who had anticipated the smuggler's attempt to get back to Mexico.
"We both yelled out for him to stop, but he wouldn't stop, and he just kept running," Ramos told California's Inland Valley Daily Bulletin.
"At some point during the time where I'm crossing the canal, I hear shots being fired," Ramos said. "Later, I see Compean on the ground, but I keep running after the smuggler."
At that point, Ramos said, Aldrete-Davila turned toward him, pointing what looked like a gun.
"I shot," Ramos said. "But I didn't think he was hit, because he kept running into the brush and then disappeared into it. Later, we all watched as he jumped into a van waiting for him. He seemed fine. It didn't look like he had been hit at all."
The U.S. government filed charges against Ramos and Compean after giving full immunity to Aldrete-Davila and paying for his medical treatment at an El Paso hospital.
The U.S. Attorney's Office for the Western District of Texas issued a statement in September arguing "the defendants were prosecuted because they had fired their weapons at a man who had attempted to surrender by holding his open hands in the air, at which time Agent Compean attempted to hit the man with the butt of Compean's shotgun, causing the man to run in fear of what the agents would do to him next."
The statement said, "Although both agents saw that the man was not armed, the agents fired at least 15 rounds at him while he was running away from them, hitting him once."
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The Disney Channel has announced that they plan to include a character who is raised by two mothers in the next season of "Good Luck Charlie." I have honestly never seen the show, but I wholeheartedly support the decision. I was reading a Daily Mail article, however, where all of the top-rated comments are critical. What are your thoughts?
Miley Cyrus praises The Disney Channel for plans to introduce a lesbian couple to TV show Good Luck Charlie | Mail Online