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Fred Emil Katz writes from Baltimore:
"I have long been struck by the fact that Yiddish has an assortment of words for incompetent men, such as shlemiel, shmegege, and shlimazel, to name just a few. The culture that produced such epithets was one in which men might spend their entire adult lives pursuing a career of studying Torah while their wives raised the children, ran the household, and not infrequently found a way to make a living for the family. Now, I wonder, does Yiddish also have a word to describe such a down-to-earth, competent, tough-when-necessary woman?"
It does indeed. It's beryeh, a word that denotes a housewife who can manage to do 10 different things impeccably all at once. Such a woman is described by Sholom Aleichem's Tevye when he humorously says that his wife, Golde, is "such a wizard around the house that she can bake a noodle pudding from thin air, make soup from a fingernail, whip up a Sabbath meal from an empty cupboard, and put hungry children to sleep with a box on the ear."
Golde's powers, in Sholom Aleichem's original Tevye stories, were demonstrated by her ability to feed seven children with her husband's meager earnings, but there can be a wealthy beryeh, too, who manages to prepare a dinner party for 20 guests while making sure at the same time that the children are doing their homework, that the maid has remembered to change the sheets on the beds and that plumber is properly installing the new sink.
The word beryeh comes from Hebrew b'riyah, which means "a creature or human being," and is most commonly encountered in rabbinic literature in its plural form of b'riyot. As a plural it can be either masculine or feminine, but in the singular it is always feminine, as are all Hebrew nouns ending in –ah. Perhaps this is why, although Yiddish dictionaries define beryeh as "a super-efficient and competent person of either sex," it's a word that is almost always applied by Yiddish speakers to women. Its Yiddish use apparently derives from the rabbinic expression b'riyah nifla'ah, "a wondrous creature," of which beryeh represents a shortening; the longer form can still be found in Yiddish literature. Thus, for example, in I.L. Peretz's short story "Sholem Bayis," or "Domestic Harmony," the water carrier, Chaim, says to his beloved wife, Chana, "[Bist] a beryeh niflo'oh," which might be translated as, "What a fabulous woman you are!"
Sasha Englard of the Bronx wants to know the source of the word "schnorrer," which means "beggar" or "cadger." A friend of his, he writes, looked it up in a dictionary, where its etymology was given as "From Yiddish, from German schnurren (to purr, hum, or whir), from the sound of a beggar's musical instrument," and Mr. Englard wants to know whether I have any other thoughts on the matter.
I have one or two. The German verb schnorren, to beg, and its nominal form of Schnorrer, do in fact come from schnurren, which means "to make a rumbling or whirring sound." What kind of a musical instrument, you ask, makes such a sound? Well, a Schnurre in late medieval German was not actually a musical instrument. It was what is known in English as a whip top or whipping top: a large metal toy, weighing up to two pounds and sometimes standing as much as a foot high, that was set in motion by hand and kept spinning by being struck with a special whip. Whipping tops were a popular sport in 17th- and 18th-century Europe, one that demanded much skill and could be engaged in by either a single individual or a group, the idea being to keep the top spinning as long as possible, often in competition with another top. When spun on flat stone paving or (in winter) on ice, such heavy iron tops indeed made a loud rumbling or whirring sound. And because they were also commonly part of the repertoire of itinerant entertainers, who passed around the hat when their act was finished, schnurren came to mean, besides "whirring" or "rumbling," "asking for money" or "begging."
Is Mr. Englard's friend's dictionary mistaken, then? Not necessarily. Although German yields no more information, Dutch has the cognate verb of snorren, which also means to beg — and a snorrepijp is defined by my Dutch dictionary as "a children's horn that makes a whirring or whizzing sound and that was once used by itinerant beggars to announce their presence." Such instruments, known as "eunuch horns" or "onion horns' and having onion-skin-thin membranes that vibrated, were widely used in the 16th and 17th centuries and even had simple musical compositions written for them; historically, they were the direct ancestor of today's kazoo and mirliton, the latter being the technical term for the plastic-and-paper horns blown by children at birthday parties and by celebrating adults on New Year's Eve. And they also were used by itinerant entertainers and beggars, just as was the whipping top. Hence, our Jewish schnorrer.
That's something to remember the next time someone tries to schnor a few dollars from you. Tell him to go toot his kazoo someplace else.
Questions for Philologos can be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com.
This story "Of Domestic Sorceresses and Noisy Beggars" was written by Philologos.

subset: commoncrawl


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Advances in Consumer Research Volume 8, 1981 Pages 116-121
Jonathan Gutman, University of Southern California
Day, Shocker, and Srivastava (1979) have discussed a number of customer-oriented approaches for identifying product markets. This paper presents a means-end chain model for facilitating analyses of product markets using consumer judgements. The model is based on categorization processes which consumers use to create sets of substitutable products.
Day, Shocker, and Srivastava (1979) have discussed a number of customer-oriented approaches for identifying product markets. The approaches include decision sequence analysis, perceptual mapping, and several variations for obtaining direct consumer judgements of substitutability (free response data, direct grouping into categories, products by uses analysis, and substitution-in-use analysis).
Although these approaches differ, they share a number of related aspects. These aspects can all be embodied in a model of consumer categorization processes that relates "ends" in terms of consumer values to "means," which often are the products consumers consume. Such a model can provide a basis for increasing our understanding of how consumers cognitively define competitive sets of products.
This paper will briefly outline and point out the critical aspect each of these approaches. Then the model will be presented. Lastly, some examples of relevant research will be presented that suggest how the model facilitates research on product markets.
Decision Sequence Analysis
Bettman (1971) and Haines (1974) have discussed the use of protocols of consumer decision making which indicate the sequence in which various criteria are employed in reaching a final choice. The data are typically gathered by asking shoppers to verbalize their train of thought as they make actual shopping decisions. The critical aspect of this approach is the specification of attributes used in the choice process and the sequence in which they come into play.
Perceptual Mapping
Perceptual maps are created by a variety of techniques that create geometric representations of consumer's perceptions of product markets. Such maps require that the relevant product market be already defined before the start of the study. However, it is possible to create maps for "different levels of product competition to explore competitive relations at the level of product types, variants, or brands" (Day, Shocker, and Srivastava 1979 p.14).
Consumer Judgements of Substitutability
The Free Response approach (Green, Wind, and Jain 1973) allows the respondent to decide how similar brands must be before they can be considered as substitutes. Consumers are presented with target brands and asked to free associate the names of similar or substitute brands. Frequency and order of mention are used as indications of similarity.
Direct grouping into categories (see Gutman 1979, Gutman 4 Reynolds 1979, and Bourgeois, Haines, and Sommers 1979) involves asking consumers to directly assign products to categories based on their judgments as to their degree of substitutability. Products-by-uses analysis (Stefflre 1979, Myers 4 Tauber 1977) involves ascertaining which usage situations are similar by virtue of their evoking the same benefits. Competitive products are determined by their being appropriate in equivalent usage situations. Substitutability-in-use analysis (Srivastava, Shocker, and Day 1977) is a refinement of the above approach brought about by a three-stage approach to refine the set of usage situations to be used.
Each of the above approaches requires that we know something different about consumers' cognitive structure. Decision sequence analysis requires that we understand the hierarchical ordering of elements in consumers' cognitive structure. The use of perceptual mapping requires that we be capable of representing the levels of inclusiveness at which products may be represented within a consumer's cognitive structure. The free-response approach emphasizes the individual nature of consumers' categorical systems. The direct grouping approaches emphasize the need to understand equivalence ranges (when are products substitutable or how similar do they have to be to be substitutable). And the products-by-uses analysis suggests that all of the above aspects vary by circumstance or situation.
It is possible to develop a model of consumers' cognitive structure that will provide for representation of all of these aspects. Such a model offers a theoretical and conceptual structure for connecting consumers' values to their behavior (Rokeach 1968, Howard 1977, Vinson, Scott, and Lamont 1977). Models of this type can be subsumed under the rubric of means-end chains. Means are objects (viz., products) or activities that people engage in (viz., running, reading, etc.). Ends are valued states of being, such as happiness, security, accomplishment. A means-end chain is defined as consisting of an interconnected set of cognitive elements that allows a person to select objects or activities that enable him to achieve his desired end states.
Thus, the means-end chain permits us to focus on the basic aims consumers have in life while not losing sight of how these aims influence choices in specific situations. The process of categorization is proposed as the mechanism by which consumers organize thinking about specific product alternatives so as to create arrays of products which will be instrumental in helping them achieve their values. If this connection can be made, the bases consumers have for creating sets of substitutable products will be understood more thoroughly.
Categorization processes, then, represent ways people segment their environments into meaningful groups by creating equivalences among nonidentical stimuli. Thus, for example, the categories of paper towels, toothpaste, or coffee have meaning to people because the objects in these categories all have something in common.
This process of categorization takes place at many levels of inclusiveness, which refers to the degree of similarity among products in a category. Brands of paper towels grouped together would represent a category of low inclusiveness. If consumers distinguish between plain paper towels and those with a pattern, two product categories of lower inclusiveness would be created. If paper towels were grouped with paper napkins, cups, and tissues, a more inclusive category of "paper products" would be created.
Categorization as a Basis for Means-End Chain
Groups or categories of products (product classes, for example) have to be related systematically to the higher-level ends if the "chain" is to serve its instrumental purpose of enabling the person to achieve his or her values. This means that values have to be translated from their context at the more inclusive levels of the chain to the less inclusive levels where products are categorized into product classes, thus establishing sets of products which will be competitive (alternative satisfiers of the same ends).
The basis of this clustering is mutually determined by the object properties and value-determined criteria for goal instrumentality. This categorization process takes place at each level of the means-end chain as categories of greater inclusiveness are formed at higher and higher-levels of the means-end chain. For example, some consumers may treat the entire category of soft drinks as a single category of sugary substances that ought not to be consumed, while others regard them as tasty and delicious. Others may make a distinction between fruit drinks and carbonated drinks. Still others may make a distinction between drinks that are "fun to drink" (soft drinks) and those that are "good for you." Most consumers will be in agreement as to the identity of products--what is a soft drink and what isn't. Differences in consumer categorization are less at low levels of inclusiveness (where assignment to categories is based on product attributes) than at high levels of inclusiveness (where categories are based on function or value instrumentality). Consumers group products in different categories, depending on which features they emphasize and which features they ignore.
These categories are created by the application of a cognitive mechanism called a "distinction." Distinctions are dichotomies that represent the end points of dimensions along which products may be compared. If two products can be compared using a hot/cold distinction, this indicates that they may be compared by temperature although they may differ with respect to temperature. An array of products can be created by applying this distinction to any of a limitless number of products. However, many products may not be comparable on this distinction. If a consumer doesn't think of a chain saw, a dry cleaner, or a box of paperclips as being either hot or cold, then none of these objects would be part of the array. Other products, such as orange juice, coffee, tea, milk, water, corn flakes, oatmeal, etc., could be compared on this basis.
The resulting array can contain as many categories as products or just one category (if all products were thought to be the same temperature). The essential point is that the distinction being dichotomous has nothing to do with the nature of the array of products created by its application. A distinction is not an array of products--it is a dichotomous cognitive element in which the two parts of the dichotomy have some meaningful relation to one another. What is meaningful is a personal decision for each consumer to make.
Description of Means-End Chain Model
Two major events occur in the development of a means-end chain. One is the crystallization of values to the point where they become capable of articulation into goals or valued states. This event occurs at the top of the chain. At the bottom of the chain, individual products have to be arrayed into product classes to limit the complexity of the choice situation to acceptable levels. Products have to be given meaning in terms of the internal coding system established by the individual for making sense of the world (Olson and Muderrisoglu 1978).
These two issues define the basis for the model shown in Figure 1. The figure is divided into three parts: the means-ends chain, matrices, and inputs and outputs. The figure shows that the means-end chain is comprised of three levels of distinctions--values, benefits, and grouping. The focus of distinctions at the values and benefits levels is on what products can do for the consumer. Distinctions at the grouping level focus on properties of the product or evaluations of properties of products. Inputs to the system are products and situations; outputs are products chosen for final consideration. Matrices are intersections between inputs and means-end chain distinctions or between outputs from such matrices.
Situations encountered by consumers are assessed in terms of values to be sought in each. This occurs in the situations-by-values matrix and results in a set of relevant values emerging that will guide behavior in a given situation. These relevant values are arrayed in a matrix with potential benefits. Analysis of the instrumentality of the benefits for achieving relevant values results in a set of relevant benefits which guide the choice of product alternatives.
At the bottom of the figure, grouping level distinctions form a hierarchy wherein the identity and evaluation of product alternatives are determined at different levels of inclusiveness.
At the lowest levels of inclusiveness, products are grouped together in accordance with Howard's notion of semantic structure or Lunn's (1972) organization of ways of satisfying consumer needs by product types, product variants, and brands. Product types satisfy different needs beyond generic needs (tooth paste vs. tooth power; hot vs. cold cereal). Product variants are variations within types (with or without fluoride, presweetened vs. unsweetened). And brands represent minor differences within variants. Thus, brands as specific alternatives are at the bottom of the hierarchy; those are subsumed by product variants, and product variants are grouped by product type.
At the upper levels of the hierarchy, evaluative categories subsume identity categories. Thus, for cereal, nutritious vs. unnutritious or tastes good vs. doesn't taste good might subsume distinctions based more on physical properties of cereals. The distinctions at the top of the grouping hierarchy are implied by, or predicted from, the distinctions at the bottom of the hierarchy. Relevant benefit distinctions for the situation are applied to the hierarchy of grouping distinctions. This determines the level in the hierarchy at which a set of products would be selected for further processing--perhaps the level at which the relevant product market would be defined for that consumer. Products at this level of grouping would themselves be compared in the "relevant benefit distinctions by products" matrix. This comparison would result in a product to be chosen for that situation or a set of products from which a choice would have to be made on a nonvalues-related basis.
Values, Situations, and Value-Situation Matrices
Consumers obviously encounter many potential product-use situations. There are many ways of defining and describing such situational variables (Balk 1975). But for the level of analysis referred to in this context we will follow Fennell (1978), who defines a situational unit as corresponding "to the activities and conditions for which products are crested and marketed, such as doing the laundry, feeding the dog, having a headache."
Consumers have valued ends they are trying to achieve. And consumption situations provide them with an opportunity to achieve these values. Each consumer learns over time which choices in a given situation are instrumental to achieving values and which are not. Thus, consumers learn to perceive certain situations as opportunities for achieving certain of their values. The situations by values matrix is a means by which the accumulated experience of the consumer can be represented. It illustrates the process by which a particular set of values comes to guide the selection of benefits sought in a given consumption situation. All of a consumer's values can't be achieved in one situation, and, frequently, achieving some values means not achieving other values. This point of view is consistent with the conclusion that situational influence is a pervasive factor in consumer behavior (Belk 1975, p. 161).
Grouping-Level Distinctions
The grouping level is the level at which meaning is ascribed to products by grouping them together with other similar products and giving them a group label. Physical and surface properties of products are the bases for grouping products at the grouping level. As the most immediately perceived aspects of products, they serve to identify them in their most fundamental sense. Cars are to drive; refrigerators refrigerate; stoves cook; peas, green beans, carrots, etc., are all vegetables. It is possible to discriminate products more finely within each of these categories. There are many kinds of vegetables (root crops, green leafy, squash, etc.), many' ways of classifying cars, and many types of refrigerators.
Finer and finer discriminations within categories and broader and broader discriminations of subsuming categories (cars are a means of locomotion; vegetables are food; refrigerators are appliances) create product hierarchies. The number of levels in the hierarchy is a function of the knowledge of the consumer and his or her interest in maintaining a cognitive structure of varying amounts of complexity. Someone who doesn't like coffee would have a much flatter hierarchy of types of coffee than a coffee connoisseur would. Obviously, then, product markets would be defined differently for different types of consumers.
Distinctions at this level often have the form of logical negation, which means that one side of the dichotomy is "not" ("~" in Boolean algebra) what the other side "is." Soft drink vs. not a soft drink in effect creates one group of products--the other "group" representing all other objects not in the first group (e.g., fruit juice, water, elephants, etc.). Obviously, such a distinction could be applied to all objects, whereas "hot vs. cold" implies that objects be comparable along a temperature dimension. Distinctions in the form of logical negation create the simple identity groupings that are characteristic of the lower levels of the grouping hierarchy.
At low levels in the grouping hierarchy, distinctions serve to identify products; at higher levels within the grouping hierarchy, evaluative distinctions subsume those identity distinctions. At the lower levels, where identity is the focus, level of inclusiveness accounts for the level of a distinction within the hierarchy. Thus, in Figure 2, which shows one person's grouping hierarchy for breakfast beverages, soft drink subsumes colas, lemon-lime, and other flavors. At higher levels in the grouping hierarchy, the level of a distinction is determined by its ability to separate products into preferred and nonpreferred sets (see Tversky's (1972) theory of sequential choice). If "not easy to prepare" meant a product was not acceptable for use regardless of any other properties, it would be more functional to have it subsume "good for you"--"not good for you." However, if a consumer would be more likely not to consider a product if it were "not good for you," even if it were easier to prepare than "good for you," "not good for you" would be at a higher level in the hierarchy. The goal of categorizing products at the grouping level is to identify products and array them into sets based on their possession of attributes that imply the ability to provide desired benefits for the consumer.
The model presented above includes all the relevant aspects of the measures of consumer judgement that are used to measure product markets. It allows for the situational selection of relevant values that in turn select appropriate benefits to be sought in the consumption situation. Benefits, in turn, determine the level in the hierarchical structure at which products will be aggregated for further consideration. Thus, there are families of product markets at different levels of inclusiveness, each level of which is appropriate in different sets of circumstances. The criterion of substitutability of alternatives for defining product markets is consistent with the notion that values guide behavior and determine relevant objects for consideration in those situations.
The model also suggests that categorizing products at the values level leads to the development of a wider, more complete definition of relevant product markets than starling with the products themselves and trying to establish categories. Several studies the author has done bear on these issues. The first study (Gutman, 1978) involved eliciting distinctions from respondents and having them sort products into categories based on these distinctions. Twenty triads (sets of three cereals in this instance) were presented to each respondent, who was asked to indicate a way in which all three products could be compared. Then the respondent was to specify how two products are the same and different from the third. This allowed us to define the two poles or ends of the dimension defined by the distinction being made. Respondents were then asked to sort 23 brands of cereal into categories on the basis of their distinctions. They could use as many or few categories as desired.
Another group of respondents was asked to sort the cereals into categories without having been asked to elicit any distinctions they might have. After sorting the cereals, these respondents were asked to label the categories they had created.
The results indicated that it is difficult to get many distinctions from people. People don't have too many ways of thinking about products (at least for breakfast cereals which may not be too complex). The free sortings were different from the sortings based on the distinctions in that the former yielded sets of nominal categories rather than dimensional arrays. People tended to see products as organized wholes and didn't look for ways to link dissimilar products to each other.
This might suggest narrow product markets definitions where only highly similar products are considered as substitutes. If consumers are concrete and incapable of thinking abstractly about products, different types of products are not likely to be seen or thought of as alternatives.
It is possible to get consumers to operate at higher levels of inclusiveness, but they have to be "encouraged" to do so. Respondents can be asked to state their preferred poles for each distinction they elicit. Then they are asked why they prefer that pole (or that end of the dimension). The answer to the "why" question becomes the basis for asking another "why" question, and so on until the respondent can answer no further "why" questions. The results of such a procedure (referred to as laddering--see Bannister, (1970) are shown in Figure 3. The figure can be interpreted as providing a chain of implication between the distinctions at various levels in the hierarchy from means to ends.
Another study (Gutman and Reynolds 1979) focused on getting respondents to categorize products (drinks in this instance) at higher levels of inclusiveness. Here again, laddering was used to get distinctions at higher and higher levels of inclusiveness. A content analysis of distinctions at each level showed initial distinctions referred to the contents of the drinks or related to their immediately observable properties. Distinctions at higher levels referred to functions (what the drinks did to/for the person) or end states of being achieved through consumption of the drinks. An example of one respondent's hierarchy of responses to the laddering process is shown in Table l.
The sorting data consisting of a "persons-by-drinks" matrix, with category membership nominally coded within served as the basis for generating the distance data for input to POLYCON, a multidimensional scaling program (see Rosenberg and Kim, 1975 for the procedure used). Three maps are shown in Figure 4. They show the product space in two dimensions for sorts based on distinctions at the first, third, and fifth levels (as obtained through the laddering procedure). The changes in groupings of drinks can be readily seen. The juices, fruit drinks, and soft drinks show movement across levels. In effect, these figures represent cognitive maps of product markets at different levels of inclusiveness. One has to get the consumer to consider the benefits derived and values satisfied to develop the proper context for arraying products into meaningful groups. Otherwise, the analogy is similar to that of the problem with SIC codes in that grouping is based on properties other than those related to consumption.
The last study (Gutman 1980) shows some evidence of preferred ranges for equivalence in sorting products into categories. Consumers differ in terms of the limits of what they consider similar. Some people will accept a slight basis of comparability as enough to group two products together. Other people would only do so if the two products were highly similar. This tendency may be related to actual product market limits as well as to cognitive mappings of such product markets. If people are narrow and concrete in terms of what they consider equivalent, then their cognitive view of the world will restrict their breadth of their solutions in terms of searching for means to satisfy their ends.
The paper has presented a means-end chain model for facilitating the analysis of product markets based on consumer judgement. The levels represented in the model-extending from values to benefits to product attributes-provide for an integrated set of product groupings at different levels of inclusiveness. This family of product groupings should permit managers to relate levels of market aggregation to the criteria used by consumers at those levels. Furthermore, operating at the values level can provide the most comprehensive view of the market in terms of learning about competition from outside traditional market boundaries.
The model has the advantage of letting the consumer decide the criteria to be used in grouping products. It may exhibit the linkages between physical aspects of products (which may offer a misleading view of product markets from a consumer perspective), benefits provided by these products, and values consumers are striving for in their consumption of these products.
Bannister, Donald (1970), "Science Through the Looking Glass." in D. Bannister (Editor), Perspectives in Personal Construct Theory, London: Academic Press, 47-62.
Belk, Russell (1975), "Situational Variables and Consumer Behavior," Journal of Consumer Research, 2, 157-164.
Bettman, James R. (1971), "The Structure of Consumer Choice Processes," Journal of Marketing Research, 8, 465-471.
Bourgeois, Jacques, Haines, George R., and Summers, Montrose S. (1979), "Defining An Industry." Paper presented to the TIMS/ORSA Special Interest Conference on Market Measurement and Analysis, Stanford, CA., March 26.
Day, George S., Shocker, Allan O., and Srivastava, Rajendra, K. (1979), "Consumer-Oriented Approaches to Identifying Product-Markets," Journal of Marketing, 43, 8-19.
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Gutman, Jonathan (1978), "Uncovering the Distinctions People Make Versus The Use of Multi-Attribute Models: Do a Number of Little Truths Make Wisdom." In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference, New York: Advertising Research Foundation.
Gutman, Jonathan (1980), "Equivalence Range in Categorization," in Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. VII, Olson, Jerry C. (Editor). Ann Arbor: Association for Consumer Research, 411-416.
Gutman, Jonathan and Reynolds, Thomas (1979), "An Investigation of the Levels of Cognitive Abstraction Utilized by Consumers," in Research Under the Sun, Eighney, J. (Editor), Chicago: American Marketing Association.
Haines, George H. (1974), "Process Models of Consumer Decision Marketing," in Buyer/Consumer Information Processing, Hughes, G. D. and Ray, M. L. (Editors), Chapel Hill, NC.: University of North Carolina Press.
Howard, John A. (1977), Consumer Behavior: Application and Theory, New York: McGraw rim Book Company.
Myers, James H. and Tauber, Edward (1977), Market Structure Analysis, Chicago: American Marketing Association.
Rokeach, Milton J. (1968), Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values, San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Rosenberg, Symour and Lin, M. P. (1975), "The Method of Sorting as a Data-Gathering Procedure in Multivariate Research," Multivariate Behavioral Research, 10 (October), 489-502.
Srivastava, Rajendra, K., Shocker, Allan O., and Day, George S. (1978), "An Exploratory Study of Situational Effects on Product Market Definition," in Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. V, Hunt, R. Keith, (Editor), Ann Arbor: Association for Consumer Research, 32-38.
Stefflre, Volney (1979), "New Products: Organizational and Technical Problems and Opportunities," in Analytic Approaches to Product and Marketing Planning, Shocker, A. D. (Editor), Cambridge, MA: Marketing Science Institute, April Report 79-104, 415-480.
Tversky, Amos (1972), "Elimination by Aspects: A Theory of Choice," Psychological Review, 281-299.
Vinson, Donald E., Scott, Jerome E., and Lamont, L. H. (1977), "The Role of Personal Values in Marketing and Consumer Behavior," Journal of Marketing, 41 (April) 44-50.


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ne of the most popular categories of websites in the world today are Games
websites. People just love to play computer games. For many enthusiasts, online
games are an obsession and they spend a lot of money downloading the latest
games from the Internet. Games development is a multi-million dollar business
that's highly competitive.
If you're a gamer and you love programming, this could be a lucrative business
for you. Most game programmers gradually develop their skills over a number
of years, creating small, simple games and gradually building on them. There
are training centers and universities that offer games development courses to
train people on the techniques and intricacies of programming games. As a Game
Developer, you will spend your hours researching popular games and developing
your own programs. You could approach the various computer games production
companies to sell them your ideas or prototypes or you could go all the way
and do the marketing and sales yourself. It would be difficult to go solo though,
because this is a business where even the best games can have a short life-span
before it's replaced by another. You will need to get financial backing to futher
develop your game(s) and to market and distribute your product.
If you leverage on the power of the Internet, you basically have to place your
product on a server and allow people to download a trial version of the game
which will expire after a pre-set timeframe. If the game is a good as you market
it to be, then you won't have to worry because people will be pay good money
to buy the full-version. This is a great money maker for the really talented
games developer who loves the challenge of making his best game even better.


text:
"I knew I was going to be the ringleader calling the shots of this show. These people are like pawns in my circus. … I get these women all f***** up and I love it."
That's Ashlee, the self-proclaimed boss bitch of "Big Rich Atlanta" on the Style network. She knows she's the villain of the show — and she's just fine with that. "People know what reality television is. We're here to entertain." As for what people will think of her? "My friends and family know who I am."
And she thinks you need to know who she is, too — because as far as she's concerned, she's "the only legit person on the whole show." The trust-fund baby has been looking down from on high since she was a kid — literally. "When I was a small child, I actually had my own office [in my grandfather's building]. He would put me at a desk on top of a desk so I could be above everybody."
Now Ashlee is living the high life in the tony Buckhead section of Atlanta: "I live in the most affluent high-rise. I'm in the middle of this town, I know this town, I run this town. I was Miss [Teen] Georgia, so I didn't mind going there and telling these girls that were wannabes what was up."
Not that anyone else in the cast measures up to Ashlee's pedigree: "Honestly, there's not but maybe a couple of people in this show that are in my society. I actually got to see people who are not what I'd consider rich, but they are rich in their society and their part of Atlanta …. Megan and Marcia are the only other Buckhead girls on my show."
Yes, she did call it "my show" — and she promises big things from it: "There are three things that will happen on this show that have never happened in the history of reality television, and in all three of them, I'm in some way or shape involved in. If people don't tune into this show, they don't appreciate reality television. Things will happen on this show that will never happen before, and I'd like to say that I was the mastermind behind it."
And if that's not enough, Ashlee says, "When you watch this show you'll see what happens when you f*** with the boss." So if you like your reality shows dripping with luxury, your villains blonder than blond, and your parties complete with cat fights and the occasional (real) grenade, you've got to tune in to "Big Rich Atlanta" on Style.


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This Challenge seeks creative ideas from the general public to use commonly available devices to help confirm whether states are complying with treaties or international arrangements addressing weapons and nonproliferation.
This is an Ideation Challenge with a guaranteed award for at least one submitted solution.
Treaties or international arrangements addressing weapons, nonproliferation and confidence building measures are generally known as "arms control." They are diplomatic tools that governments use to regulate weapons (especially weapons of mass destruction), or to increase transparency, predictability and stability. These treaties or international arrangements support mutual security and stability in general, however, in some situations one or more parties may be motivated to violate these arms control provisions, commonly understood as "cheating." This Challenge seeks creative ideas from the general public to use commonly available devices to support arms control transparency efforts.
This is an Ideation Challenge, which has the following unique features:
After the Challenge deadline, the Seeker will complete the review process and make a decision with regards to the Winning Solution(s).All Solvers that submitted a proposal will be notified on the status of their submissions; however, no detailed evaluation of individual submissions will be provided.
What is an InnoCentive Ideation™ Challenge?
An InnoCentive Ideation™ Challenge is a broad question formulated to obtain access to new ideas, similar to a global brainstorm for producing a breakthrough idea or market survey which may include ideas for a new product line, a new commercial application for a current product, or even a viral marketing idea to recruit new customers. Ideation™ Challenge submissions are typically about two written pages, and Seekers receive a non-exclusive, perpetual license to use all submissions.
In an Ideation™ Challenge, Solvers may:
Solvers should not reveal any confidential information in their submissions. Often the Ideation™ Challenge will be followed by one or more of the other three Challenge types to further develop the ideas and gain Intellectual Property protection when the concept has been well-defined.


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Move hives and supers with ease. This 2-person hive carrier is a life saver. It makes lifting heavy supers a breeze and takes the pressure of lifting off of your back. Constructed of heavy-duty galvanized steel tubing that will stand up to years of use!
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Promo Dudes | Admaster Creations
is a family owned business and has been in the Promotional Products industry since 1948. We currently have salespeople in 4 states (MI, OH, NE, & ME). Throughout the years, we have worked with small and large companies. Some of our clients have been doing business with Admaster continually since 1951! Admaster has also been instrumental in developing and managing nation-wide co-op programs for such clients as Cooper Tire, Champion Spark Plug, Pabst Brewing, and Cub Cadet to name a few. Jim Thomson has been with Admaster since 1969 and became the President in 1980 when he purchased the corporation from his father. Jim has been active in the industry on both the regional (MichiganPPA) and national (PPA International) level and has received the MAS (Master Advertising Specialist) designation. Jim also served 4 years as President of MiPPA, has completed two 3-year terms on the MiPPA Board, and has been a paid instructor at many educational programs for the industry on a national level as well as being a guest lecturer at various colleges. Brett Thomson, Jim's son, has been with the corporation since 2000, but you might say that he has "grown up" in the business. Brett has earned his CAS (Certified Advertising Specialist) designation and is Vice President of Admaster. Brett handles a combination of outside sales and inside administrative tasks. His enthusiasm and willingness to serve you, our customer, has been appreciated by his clients. Bernice Smith has been with Admaster since 1981. She takes care of the order entry, tracking of your order through the manufacturing process, shipping, invoicing, and posting payments for Admaster. Bernice does everything! We are very blessed to have her with us. Over the years, Admaster has aquired other companies in the Promotional Products industry: Advertisers Publishing Company (1990), Morrissey & Associates (1992), Ad-Opt Advertising Specialties, Inc. (2000), AdVision (2001), Corporate Promotions & Gifts, LLC (2004), Promotion Specialists (2004), Quality Promotional Products (2005), CM Promotions (2005), New South Promotions (2006), and in June of 2002, we became a franchisee of Adventures In Advertising. United as one team, our salespeople and Admaster are dedicated to providing unsurpassed customer service and quality promotions. We appreciate your business and pledge our continued support to your success.


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[U.S.A], May 18 (ANI): United States President Donald Trump has given an offer to North Korea to adopt denuclearisation and get rewarded with protection.
As per media reports, Trump who had been a long supporter of denuclearisation of North Korea, said that in return of abandoning nuclear weapons, the United States would provide it with protection against any kind of attacks.
He further said that the upcoming US-North Korea is bound to happen as scheduled refuting reports about North Korea to cancel the summit due to on-going military deals between the US and South Korea.
Earlier North Korea had argued its need of nuclear weapons to secure itself.
Trump also suggested that China might be influencing the decisions of North Korea citing that North Korean leader Kim Jong Un had visited China immediately after Secretary of State Mike Pompeo came back.
The United States, Japan, South Korea, and China had together called for denuclearisation of North Korea. Following that, North Korea dismantled its nuclear site Pyyungg-ri.
Now the United States and North Korea are scheduled to hold a bilateral summit on June 12 in Singapore. Talks regarding denuclearisation are expected to take place in the summit. (ANI)


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Arran Activities
Arran is one big outdoor adventure playground with something for everyone to enjoy. Whether you are on your own or travelling in a big group the island will have something to suite all tastes and budgets. Below is only a small sample of what the island has to offer.
Arran boasts seven excellent golf courses and a driving range. There is a golf pass which enables you to play all 7 courses and is valid for a 12 month period. This makes Arran the perfect place for a relaxing week and the chance to play a different course every day.
Arran has a beautiful coastline with many interesting and different types of beaches to explore. The seals gaze at you from the rocks as you walk along the white sand. Keep your eyes open for otters in the early morning and evening.
Whether its gentle beach strolls, woodland walks, gorge walking or hiking in the mountains Arran accommodates visitors of all skill levels. The Isle of Arran coastal way is a continuous 100km path around the island, which is divided into seven different walks.
Arran's mountains and crags have climbing routes suitable for all levels from beginners to those looking to challenge themselves. The Arran Adventure Company has a climbing sessions for those needing some tuition.
Either in the sea or at Auchrannie Leisure Centre which boasts an excellent pool plus children's pool, sauna, steam rooms or just take a book to read by the pool.
Pony Trekking
Get out and about and experience the beautiful Arran countryside from the saddle, with guided hacks for visitors of all abilities. Pony trekking is available at Sannox and Blackwaterfoot.
The calm sheltered waters of the Firth of Clyde mean you can sail a yacht in practically any weather. With a number of small islands to visit, secluded bays to explore and centuries of history to discover the area around Arran has always been popular with sailors.
For those wanting to see the stunning Arran coastline up close, why not try sea kayaking, there can be no better way to explore the coast. This is a must for all serious wildlife enthusiasts and is a great way to get close to otters, seals and porpoise in their natural habitat. Seals and porpoises will often accompany you explore the coast.
With miles of winding costal roads and challenging mountain tracks Arran must be a cycling enthusiast's idea of heaven. For those who rise to Arran's many challenges the rewards are spectacular, with views that no photograph can do justice.
Flying Fever is a British Hang gliding and Paragliding school and has been based on the Isle of Arran for over 20 years. Arran has over 30 flying sites taking all wind direction and is is an ideal place to learn to fly or to try a tandem flight with an instructor.
Arran Adventure Company
For those wanting more structured activities, with perhaps a little coaching the Arran Adventure Company (01770 302244) is the place to visit. They offer cycle hire, climbing, abseiling, gorge walking, power boating, kayaking expeditions, and archery and paintball wars for those of you who want to go mad.
The Arran Mountain Festival in May, Arran Folk Festival early June, Brodick Highland Games along with the many golf tournaments, fell races and sailing events means they is often something interesting going on.


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Rom Micronex NX1 MT6572 – Android: 4.4.2
Version: m12v12_dx_630_huangzong_fwvga_ms
Description: lokyee72_cwet_kk_m12-user 4.4.2 KOT49H eng.yanhb.1499422220 test-keys
Release: ALPS.KK1.MP7.V1
Brand: lmkj – KOT49H
Rom stock fix logo, logo screen freeze, remove virus, unbrick…
Gapps include – No Rooted
Language support: Multilang
LCD: ili9806g_ytc rm68172_shengshi
Rom Micronex NX1 MT6572:
Links download for membership only
How to flash rom using SP Flash Tool
- Befor flashing a new ROM, please make a backup of your device
- Download, SP Flash Tool from Links download for membership only
- Unpack FlashTools, and Click on Flash_tool.exe
- Select "scatter-Loading" and search MT6xxx_Android_scatter.txt in ROM
- Wait file to be added into Flash Tool, select "Download Only" or if upgrade "Firmware upgrade"
- Click Download Button
- Turn off your phone, remove the battery (if the battery is removable) and replace it after some seconds (and don't turn on the phone).
- and connect your phone into the computer via USB data cable.
- The process will start and a red progress bar will appear after color purple, yellow.
- Wait for flashing process to complete
- And green circles display, Finish !
- Reboot device
- If there was no cache or userdata inside the ROM folder, you might need to factory reset device from recovery after flash


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Sabres & Witchery RPG
Paperback, 101 Pages
Price: $9.30
Prints in 3-5 business days
Sabres & Witchery is a 18th Century supernatural horror roleplayiong game based on the Swords & Wizardry (Whitebox) fantasy role playing rules. The classes are the Fighter, the Magus, the Scoundrel, the Woodsman and the Hunter (a Witchfinder or Vampire Hunter type). Inspired by movies like The Brotherhood of the Wolf, The Brothers Grimm, Solomon Kane and Captain Kronos Vampire Hunter, this game pits the PCs against monsters of myth & legend in a dark European setting.
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Product Details
- Copyright
- Simon Washbourne (Standard Copyright License)
- Edition
- Second
- Publisher
- Beyond Belief Games
- Published
- April 28, 2013
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 101
- Binding
- Perfect-bound Paperback
- Interior Ink
- Black & white
- Weight
- 0.44 lbs.
- Dimensions (inches)
- 5.83 wide x 8.26 tall
- Product ID
- 20994192
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This page tells you everything you need to know about applying for a council home, from joining the housing register to the documents you require.
Please note: you do need to secure an appointment; these are issued on the following days Monday, Wednesday and Friday only. Appointments cannot be booked in advance and will only be issued on the day on a first come first basis.


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Keep 'em Happy!
In February 4.8 million people lost their jobs. However, 4.3 million people secured new ones. Despite the recent recession, companies are still hiring. Because so many are looking for work, hiring managers discover that finding candidates is easy. Having an ample pool of candidates from which to choose does have a drawback though. Howard Glickberg, the principal owner of Fairway Market in Manhattan, brought up an interesting point in an article I read recently: "What you have to be afraid of is hiring someone who can't find something better at the time, and when they find something better they leave you." (See http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/06/business/economy/06hire.html?_r=1&emc=eta1)
This statement is true all the time but holds greater concern when more candidates will settle for a less desirable position they are likely to abandon. How do you hold on to employees who are just settling until greener pastures open up elsewhere?
As a search consultant I've learned this basic truth: Happy employees stay longer!
The question is how do companies ensure their candidates will be happy?
The answer is actually pretty simple. Hire employees who will be a cultural fit with your managers! Hire employees who will exist in harmony with their colleagues! Often hiring managers mistakenly hire based solely on the skills presented in the candidate's resume.
I recently worked with a manufacturing company who struggled with underperforming and unhappy employees. I behaviorally assessed all the employees, both top and bottom performers, across different shifts.
I discovered that the under-performing employees' personalities were vastly different than the top performers. I also discovered that the under-performing employees could easily be moved to a shift and a manager that better suited their behaviors.
For example, I discovered that very outgoing and sociable employees did not work well in night shifts when fewer colleagues were present. Their personality didn't suit it. The very self-sufficient, independent, quiet employees, those who didn't require social interaction, however thrived on this shift. Shifting the more extroverted candidates to managers and shifts that better matched their personality solved the problem.
My fees are contingent upon the candidate remaining at an organization for a set length of time. Obviously then I want my candidates to be a good cultural fit or else I don't get paid! Utilizing behavioral assessments to ensure my candidates match well with the company culture, greatly improved my retention rating.


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"If I Had It My Way" Friday
August 21, 2015
Every week I come across articles that I wish every member of The Church at West Franklin would read. They include articles that teach, encourage, challenge, and help as Christ-followers. So, instead of thinking "I wish I could get the members to read this" I am going to post my weekly favorites to this site on Fridays. In other words, "If I had it my way, West Franklin peeps would read these." Thus the title "'If I Had It My Way' Friday." Consider Friday a day to come and get some pastoral (web) recommendations on what I believe will help you in your walk with Christ.
Twenty Five Really Weird Things Said to Pastors and Other Church Leaders by Thom Rainer
Few people are truly aware of the constant requests, complaints, and criticisms pastors and other church leaders receive. I must admit, however, I was surprised when I asked church leaders on Twitter to share some of the more unusual comments they have received. I was first surprised at how many responded. But I was most surprised at the really strange things people tell pastors and other church leaders.
Many of the comments related to using the Bible too much or to being too evangelistic. I should make those a blog post by themselves.
Do All Infants Go to Heaven? by Sam Storms
Recent revelatory videos about the practices of Planned Parenthood have stirred many to ask about the eternal destiny of these precious unborn babies. So are those who die in infancy lost? The same question applies to those who live beyond infancy but, because of mental disability or some other handicap, are incapable of moral discernment, deliberation, or volition.
This is more than a theoretical issue designed for speculation. It touches one of the most emotionally and spiritually unsettling experiences in all of life: the loss of a young child.
The view I embrace is that all those who die in infancy, as well as those so mentally incapacitated they're incapable of making an informed choice, are among the elect of God, chosen for salvation before the world began. The evidence for this view is scant, but significant.
4 Verses That Transformed My Evangelism by Tico Rice
What's going on in history is that God is reaching out to people so that they'll reach out for him. The reason your neighbor lives where she does is so that she'll be reached with the gospel. Why did God want a Christian—you—to be in your particular workplace? So you can bless your boss and workers by working hard and honestly? Of course and amen. But first and foremost, he put you there so others might hear the good news.


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BSB Media is producing The Second Derivative Tour in the northeast of this (dy)namic musical! "Calculus: The Musical" is a 50-minute comic "review" of the concepts and history of Calculus. Using musical parodies that span genres from light opera to hip-hop, the quest for the instantaneous rate of change and the area under the curve comes to life--through song!
To bring "Calculus: The Musical!" to your school, email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Public Show!!
April 10th in New York, NY! Limited number of tickets available, RSVP to firstname.lastname@example.com with your name and the number of tickets. Then just pay $10 at the door!
More About the show and it's development: Matheatre.com
Listen to the songs: icanhasmath.bandcamp.com
The Actors
Kate Berman - Regional: Two Gentlemen of Verona, DISJECTA Oregon; Woyzeck Musical Deathmetal, Kentucky Repertory Theater; Speaking Daggers, Shakespeare on the Sound. New York: Ms. Bovary, Augmented Seventh. University: Grusha, Caucasian Chalk Circle; Mary, Merrily We Roll Along; Big Stone, Eurydice; Clytemnestra, Iphigenia at Aulis. Film: Kvetch, A.C. Cinefest Best Supporting Actress. Kate is a graduate of Yale University.
Joshua Nicholson has been a huge fan of math since he first learned 2 + 2. Besides singing about math, he does voice-over work for commercials and cartoons. He is president and co-founder of Essentially Awesome, Inc., producing storybook apps for kids. He also released an album of music for kids called "Animals", performing as Mr. Jotz. Favorite stage roles: Mr. Howell in Gilligan's Island: The Musical and Clown 1 in The 39 Steps.
Current Bookings
Email email@example.com to book!
March 2014
March 14, 2014 - Central Connecticut State University
March 25, 2014 - Ursinius College
March 28, 2014 - Staten Island Tech High School
April 2014
April 10, 2014 - Open To The Public! In NYC! Email firstname.lastname@example.com
April 23, 2014 - Fairfield University
May 2014
May 16, 2014 - Floral Park Memorial High School
May 27, 2014 - Union-Endicott High School
May 29, 2014 - Fayetteville-Manlius High School
May 30, 2014 - Brentwood High School
Take a look at Kate Berman and Joshua Nicholson in action!
All photos by Jason Bruffy (c)


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The adidas Real Madrid Football for men will withstand countless shooting drills to keep you prepped up for match day. Injected molded rubber enhances durability and keeps the ball rolling for practice games to come. Real Madrid crest and Adidas logo double up the star value when you kick off to unleash your skills.
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Carl Edwards captured the pole for the Sprint All-Star race at Charlotte Motor Speedway.
CONCORD, N.C. — Carl Edwards captured the pole for the Sprint All-Star race at Charlotte Motor Speedway, paying tribute to the late Dick Trickle along the way.
Edwards, the 2011 winner in the exhibition event, completed three laps and a four-tire pit stop Friday night in 1 minute, 51.297 seconds.
Kurt Busch will start alongside Edwards on the front row Saturday night. Greg Biffle, Kyle Busch and Joe Logano round out the top five.
Edwards had Trickle's name written just above his window, a tribute to the 71-year-old former NASCAR driver who died Thursday of what authorities said was a self-inflicted gunshot wound in Boger City, N.C.
Edwards said many of his crew members are from Wisconsin, where Trickle grew up and became a famous short-track driver.
"We felt like we needed to do something to honor him," Edwards said. "I don't know that I deserved to have his name above my window."
For the first time since 2000, NASCAR waived the pit-road speed limit, allowing drivers to enter and leave the pits at high rates of speed.
"This was awesome," Edwards said. "I vote that we do this at every race track."
Not all agreed.
Judging the speed needed to stop in the pit stall threw off some drivers.
Defending All-Star race champion Jimmie Johnson was among a handful of drivers who skidded past his pit stop when his breaks locked up. He was forced to back up, losing valuable time.
"I didn't have the car under control in the breaking zone," said Johnson, who'll start 18th.
Kevin Harvick's pit stop was even worse. He overshot his pit stall and didn't back up far enough before his crew jumped the wall and began working on a tire change with his car still slightly over the line. His time was disallowed and he'll start at the back of the field Saturday night.
Dale Earnhardt Jr. was in second place after 16 cars but a loose lug nut cost him a 5-second penalty and dropped him out of the top 10.
Saturday night's All-Star race encompasses 90 laps, including four 20-lap segments leading up to a final 10-lap shootout for $1 million.
NASCAR has installed new rules to discourage drivers from sandbagging.
Last year's champion Jimmie Johnson won the first segment and hung back in the pack for the other three segments knowing he'd secured a top four starting spot in the final 10-lap shootout. That strategy worked well for Johnson, who jumped out to a big lead on the 10-lap shootout and cruised to an easy — and uneventful — victory.
This year's segment winners aren't guaranteed a top four spot, and drivers will enter a mandatory pit stop prior to the 10-lap final segment based on their average finish in the first four segments.
Kyle Busch called last year's rules "stupid" and said he encouraged NASCAR to change them.
"I think the rules are right this year," Busch said. "Last year, you're exactly right, you win a segment and you roll in the back. We all knew that and that was the strategy you have to play. Jimmie (Johnson) played it the best obviously. For this year, that's entirely out the window."
Track owner Bruton Smith also added some incentive by offering an additional $1 million incentive if a driver can win all four segments and the 10-lap shootout, meaning it's conceivable a driver could take home $2 million.
Busch estimated the odds of a driver accomplishing that feat are about "300 to one."
The top two finishers in the Sprint Showdown and the winner of the fan vote will fill out the 22-car field.
Danica Patrick is among those hoping to drive her way into the field.
There have been some rumblings from fans that NASCAR clarified its rule so that the fan vote winner doesn't have to finish on the lead lap of the Sprint Showdown to qualify for the All-Star race as a way to ensure Patrick gets in.
"From my understanding that was a mistake on NASCAR's part earlier in the week," Patrick said. "So, outside of that I have absolutely no idea what the rules are from the past or what they're going to be or what they've been. It's all new to me."
After Friday qualifying; race Saturday
At Charlotte Motor Speedway
Concord, N.C.
Lap length: 1.5 miles
(Car number in parentheses)
1. (99) Carl Edwards, Ford, 145.556 mph.
2. (78) Kurt Busch, Chevrolet, 144.068.
3. (16) Greg Biffle, Ford, 143.737.
4. (18) Kyle Busch, Toyota, 143.676.
5. (22) Joey Logano, Ford, 143.374.
6. (15) Clint Bowyer, Toyota, 142.612.
7. (11) Denny Hamlin, Toyota, 142.456.
8. (55) Mark Martin, Toyota, 142.104.
9. (5) Kasey Kahne, Chevrolet, 142.064.
10. (24) Jeff Gordon, Chevrolet, 141.688.
11. (39) Ryan Newman, Chevrolet, 141.218.
12. (2) Brad Keselowski, Ford, 140.883.
13. (14) Tony Stewart, Chevrolet, 140.407.
14. (34) David Ragan, Ford, 139.407.
15. (88) Dale Earnhardt Jr., Chevrolet, 138.237.
16. (20) Matt Kenseth, Toyota, 134.943.
17. (9) Marcos Ambrose, Ford, 132.727.
18. (48) Jimmie Johnson, Chevrolet, 130.16.
19. (29) Kevin Harvick, Chevrolet.


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Company Overview
Drax Technology has it's foundations as far back as the early nineties. Today we are one of the UK's leading independent providers of integrated fire detection and alarm management solutions, operating in a wide range of market sectors.
Our products are available through original equipment manufacturers and a national distribution network of accredited partners and resellers, all of whom have been selected for their considerable experience in the fire alarm, security and allied industries. With personnel trained by Drax Technology and a commitment to delivering the highest levels of service and support, they ensure that customers are provided with the best possible alarm management solution.
Our R&D and engineering teams are constantly improving the products we manufacture. Our ethos is one of evolution rather than revolution and this strategy ensures sophisticated, user friendly, reliable products are always delivered to our customers. Drax Technology has always remained close to the electronic fire detection and alarm industry and works with some of the world's largest product manufacturers. These strong relationships and an awareness of the innovative and rapidly changing connectivity solutions available, help us supply a unique range of interface products and alarm management software to provide a complete solution.
The needs of our many customers are not ignored either as our experienced sales, marketing and product management specialist spend time listening and understanding the customer's requirements. The increasingly legislative environment we all live in is also carefully considered when designing new products to help reduce the workload for our customers.


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Tensions remain high in Indonesia, where opponents of the nation's Christian governor -- he is part of the nation's minority Chinese population -- held a massive rally calling for the arrest of Basuki "Ahok" Tjahaja and his trial on charges of blasphemy.
Obviously, many journalists believe that a story like this requires lots of vague adjectives in front of the word "Muslims."
In this case, the opponents of Ahok are "conservative Muslims" and the Muslims who support him are "moderate Muslims." What does this mean? Who knows, other than the fact that the conservatives are (you knew this was coming) mad about the growing presence of LGBTQ activists in public life.
Here is the key passage in an update from the Associated Press:
The crowds massed in the area of the national monument formed a sea of white that spilled into surrounding streets while gridlocked motorists sat on the sidewalks. Some held huge banners calling Ahok a blasphemer who should be jailed while others chanted and prayed. The blasphemy controversy erupted in September when a video circulated online in which Ahok criticized detractors who argued the Quran prohibits Muslims from having a non-Muslim leader.
It has challenged the image of Indonesia, the world's most populous Muslim nation, as practicing a moderate form of Islam and has shaken the government of Jokowi, who accused unnamed political actors of trying to undermine him.
Recently, I criticized a Washington Post story about these events in the incredibly complex culture of Indonesia because it didn't include quotes from non-Muslims. As Ira "Global Wire" Rifkin noted at that time: "Tremendous hole in this piece: What about non-Muslim Indonesians? There are many Hindus in Java, Christian Chinese, Sikhs and others living there."
The problem with the recent AP coverage of this dispute is that it offers a different kind of simplicity -- by (a) dealing with these clashes as a matter of politics, alone, and (b) by failing to interview representatives of some of the largest and most powerful Muslim organizations in Indonesia.
Once again, readers are being handed press coverage that pits "conservative" Muslims who are concerned about morality and religion against "moderate" Muslims who, it would appear, are only trying to protect their political turf.
So who is missing? To be specific, it's crucial that AP reporters on the ground in Indonesia are not quoting leaders of the massive Muhammadiyah network or representatives of Nahdlatul Ulama, one of the world's largest Muslim organizations. That superhero at the top of this post? He's a popular symbol of Nahdlatul Ulama.
To get a sense of what these groups are about, let's back up a year and look at part of a New York Times piece about Nahdlatul Ulama and its efforts, through an online documentary, to fight the theological teachings of the Islamic State:
The challenge ... comes from Indonesia, which has the world's largest Muslim population but which lies thousands of miles away from the Islamic State's base in the Middle East.
"The spread of a shallow understanding of Islam renders this situation critical, as highly vocal elements within the Muslim population at large -- extremist groups -- justify their harsh and often savage behavior by claiming to act in accord with God's commands, although they are grievously mistaken," said A. Mustofa Bisri, the spiritual leader of the group, Nahdlatul Ulama, an Indonesian Muslim organization that claims more than 50 million members.
"According to the Sunni view of Islam," he said, "every aspect and expression of religion should be imbued with love and compassion, and foster the perfection of human nature."
This message of tolerance is at the heart of the group's campaign against jihadism, which will be carried out online, and in hotel conference rooms and convention centers from North America to Europe to Asia.
The crucial point in this article is that Nahdlatul Ulama is making its case against radicalized forms of Islam, and ISIS in particular, in terms of theology and the actual practice of Islamic faith in daily life.
An earlier AP report on this topic contained the same hole as the AP story I began with in this post, in terms of throwing labels at this conflict ("hardline" Muslims get lots of attention in this case) instead of quotes from religious groups on both sides of this theological and, yes, political debate in Indonesia. Here is that article, as it appears in Time magazine and here is the crucial passage:
The furor over Ahok, sparked by his criticism of detractors who argued the Quran prohibits Muslims from having a non-Muslim leader, has highlighted religious and racial fault lines in Indonesia, the world's most populous nation, and the growing challenge from proponents of Shariah law to its secular system of government.
For Chinese Indonesians, the controversy has awakened painful memories of the mass protests that ousted late dictator Suharto during the 1998 Asian financial crisis. Boiling resentment against immigrant Chinese tycoons who profited from ties to Suharto and his famously corrupt family spilled over into mob attacks on Chinese property and people, killing many. Nearly two decades later, Jakarta's Chinatown is still scarred by the burned out shells of buildings torched in the chaos.
Later there is this:
When Ahok in 2012 became the first Chinese to be elected deputy governor of Jakarta, and the first Christian in half a century, it was seen as a sign of the pluralistic tolerance fostered by the moderate form of Islam practiced in Indonesia.
But his rise to governor in 2014 to replace political ally Joko "Jokowi" Widodo after his election as president was unpalatable to hard-liners. With the support of moderates that hope to gain from Ahok's fall, they have elevated their agenda to the national stage, and revealed that intolerant interpretations of Islam adapted from the Middle East have made greater inroads than believed.
I am trying to come up with some comparisons in American life to illustrate what is happening here, in terms of journalism. This would be like covering a dispute among American Protestants without interviewing anyone from the National Council of Churches or the National Association of Evangelicals, or reporting an article about a dispute over Judaism in public life without quotes from the American Jewish Committee.
In other words, where are AP's quotes from the religious leaders who are, for millions in the mainstream, at the heart of Islamic life in Indonesia?
Just asking.
As always, it pays to remember that there is more to life than politics -- especially when people are arguing about morality and religion, as well as politics. #Really


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The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission has arrested and grilled Imo State Commissioner for Finance, Deacon Okafor Chike John and Accountant-General, Eche Ezenna George over alleged N1.15 billion contract scam.
The two officials were being detained as at press time for interrogation
But the anti-graft commission has recorded a breakthrough by tracing a huge chunk of the contract funds to some accounts in Lebanon.
The money laundering accounts are being linked to one or two government officials.
According to sources, the Commissioner and the Accountant-General were arrested and brought to Abuja for quizzing on Wednesday.
A brief on the investigation said: "The Commissioner and the AG were picked up yesterday and are currently being questioned at the commission's office in Abuja.
"They were arrested following petitions in respect of the over N1billion construction contract awarded JPROS International Limited for which the former Deputy Governor, Jude Agbaso was recently impeached.
"Investigation has revealed that due process was not followed and the contract value was paid to the contractor even before the commencement of the work."
But investigation revealed that a huge chunk of the contract sum had been traced by the EFCC to some accounts in Lebanon.
A reliable source said: "As a matter of fact, we have discovered some slush accounts in Lebanon where a part of the contract sum was lodged.
"This is a pure case of money laundering which we are already investigating. One of the accounts has been linked to a brother-in-law of a government functionary in the state.
"You can understand why the contractor is central to the ongoing probe of the N1billion. We will interact with more officials connected with the contract.
"Those who have no case to answer will be set free but others who abetted the alleged laundering of the contract sum will certainly face trial."
The Head of Media and Publicity of the EFCC, Mr. Wilson Uwujaren confirmed the arrest of the two officials.
Uwujaren said: "We have the two government officials with us; they are still being questioned by operatives from the relevant desks.
"The contractor was earlier interrogated before the government officials were invited."
Asked if the agency would interact with the recently-impeached Deputy Governor, Mr. Jude Agbaso, he added: "I won't be specific but more personalities would be invited."
Uwujaren was silent on whether the contractor was still in detention or had been released on administrative bail.
In the last two months, there had been feud in the state over the award of about N1.15billion contract to Messrs JPROS Nigeria Limited and Timik Construction Coy.
The contract was meant for the following projects: (a) Ware-house Orlu Road junction; (b) Odunze Aba Road; (c) Amaigbo Street to old Nekede Road; and (d) Dualization of Orlu Main Town.But the contract was greeted with alleged bribery scandal which led to the impeachment of Agbaso, who denied involvement in the scam.


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Only hotels in Apollo are listed below. Search for cheap and discounted hotel and motel rates in or near Apollo, PA for your personal leisure or group travel. Discover the best Apollo Pennsylvania hotel rooms. Review the Apollo hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. We also have a map of the Apollo hotels. Group booking? Search Apollo Group Hotel Deals
The Apollo center point is approximately 14 miles east of Oakmont Country Club and 14 miles northeast of Children's Hospital East.
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We advise you to arrive 15 minutes prior to your scheduled appointment time as we will need to review your paperwork and verify insurance coverage.
Since we've reserved a space for you, please be considerate if you are not able to make your appointment by notifying us at least 24 hours in advance. We'll be happy to reschedule your appointment.


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Hello Dolls!
That is right! I took a sneak peek into my Grandmother's makeup drawer. I was really interested in seeing what she used!
What I found surprised me! .. Well, kind of. I knew she wore lipstick, but I had no idea that she found foundation! It looks so natural on her! Just holy wow, that is a skilled woman! :P
I don't know all of the brands because the names were worn off of a lot of packaging, so you know she actually uses her stuff!
This was taken on my phone so sorry for the shoddyness of it!
As you can see she has 2 Covergirl compacts, then under it is a CoverGirl blusher. Then she uses an L.A. colors powder to set her makeup I am assuming. Now I didn't get the exact names or fiddle around trying to figure out whatever was. I am sorry that I don't have exact product names.
You can also tell that she has a CG Outlast Lip stain and 3 of their other stains that have that gloss you put on it. I had one years ago and oh my god it was horrid. Why? Because I was like 8 and it wouldn't come off! Haha these days I would welcome something like that.
She also had 4 lipsticks. Again, I couldn't find the brand names on these. I actually looked because I was curious. You can already tell that my Grandmother is an avid CoverGirl fan!
On this side you see that she has a makeup brush that has the remnants of something. (lol) A mascara, no idea the brand but I have never seen a tube like that before! She has some cortaid cream because she has very dry skin, her roll on deodorant, another container then she uses two shades of CoverGirl Clean foundation. You can also see that they both have different undertones, which I though was pretty neat.
I am sorry that I didn't get the exact names of everything in her drawer. I was over there for my wedding dress fitting, not to peak around her makeup drawer haha. I am sorry though! Next time I will get the names! :)
I hope you all enjoyed this post and seeing what my Grandma uses for makeup! She has very simple tastes and a lot of the time I've only ever realized she was wearing lipstick and blush, so it was a shock to me that she wore foundation and what not! Pft. She doesn't need it at all! :)
I hope you all are having a lovely day! <3


text: Kelly Jazvac works primarily in sculpture and installation. She has exhibited nationally and internationally, including recent projects at i8 Gallery, Reykjavik; Nuit Blanche, Toronto; Diaz Contemporary, Toronto; Blackwood Gallery, Mississauga; the Khyber ICA, Halifax; and Atelierhof Kreuzberg, Berlin. She is currently based in London where she teaches sculpture at the University of Western Ontario. Jazvac is represented by Diaz Contemporary, Toronto.


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SCORES of Zimbabweans travelling to Tanzania and Zambia are purchasing fake yellow fever certificates instead of administering the yellow fever vaccine, exposing the country to the deadly yellow fever epidemic, investigations have revealed.
Tanzanian and Zambian authorities require that all visitors must be vaccinated against yellow fever and be able to produce a valid yellow fever certificate together with their passport at all points of entry and exit.
This is to prevent the international spread of the disease by protecting countries from the risk of importing or spreading the yellow fever virus. It is also to protect individual travellers who may be exposed to yellow fever infection.
Yellow fever is a tropical viral disease affecting the liver and kidneys, causing fever and jaundice and is often fatal. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and is incurable.
Tanzania has seen an upsurge in Zimbabweans travelling to the port of Dar es Salaam to collect cars imported from Japan.
Vendors at the Lusaka Bus Intercity Station were openly selling yellow fever vaccination certificates to Zimbabweans who had disembarked from the bus for recess. The travellers, who were interviewed by the paper, said the yellow fever vaccine cost was high in the country forcing them to purchase the fake certificate for $5.
City pharmaceutical companies surveyed by the news crew were selling the vaccine shot for an average of $60 while city doctors charged about $10 to administer the vaccine.
Mr Peter Nkomo, who was en route to Dar es Salaam to collect a car shipped from Japan, said he chose to buy the fake yellow fever certificate instead of getting vaccinated to cut his expenses.
"The yellow fever vaccine is unaffordable back home, maybe if the Government subsidises it then we will buy the required vaccine but now we are improvising by buying the yellow fever certificates so that we can enter Tanzania otherwise if we do not the Tanzanian authorities will turn us away. Bus costs $100, which adds to $150 if you include other expenses that you encounter along the journey as the trip to Dar es Salaam takes two days. If you factor in the vaccine the travelling costs can easily sky rocket to $250," he said.
Mpilo Hospital clinical director Dr Wedu Ndebele said yellow fever was a lethal viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes and those that purchase yellow fever certificates fraudulently put their lives and the country at large at risk.
"If you purchase the yellow fever certificate through fraudulent means, you are endangering your health because in actuality your body system is not protected from the infection. Furthermore, once an infected person returns to the country with the infection the whole country is susceptible to infection because once a mosquito bites an infected person, and moves to another person, it will transmit the virus," Dr Ndebele said.
He added that like all viral diseases, yellow fever was incurable. Additionally, he encouraged all travellers to yellow fever-prone areas to administer the vaccine.
Another city doctor Amos Ndiweni said while Zimbabwe did not require one to produce the yellow fever certificate while returning from Zambia or Tanzania the possibility of being infected was still high.
"If you look at the Zimbabwe immigration rules they do not require Zambians and Tanzanians to produce a yellow fever vaccine certificate because WHO has determined that Tanzania is a low-risk area, so for one to catch yellow fever he has to be exposed and bitten by a lot of mosquitoes," said Dr Ndiweni.
He said if anyone in Zimbabwe were to be infected with yellow fever, the effects would be fatal for the whole country as we still have mosquitoes that have a potential of transferring the infection throughout the country.
"Yellow fever is incurable and those going to Tanzania should be inoculated, to protect the country against the potential scourge of yellow fever no matter how much the infection risks are said to be low," he said.
South Africa also requires all travellers journeying from yellow fever risk countries to show proof of yellow fever vaccination by means of a valid yellow fever certificate.
This also applies to those who have travelled to low-risk countries such as Somalia, Tanzania and Zambia or have transited through a yellow fever risk country.
The certificates, which are valid for 10 years, must be approved by the World Health Organisation, and should be administered at a yellow fever approved vaccination centre at least 10 days before departure to South Africa, as the vaccine only offers protection 10 days after administration.
Failure to produce a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate at a South African port of entry could lead to refusal of entry, or quarantine until the traveller's certificate becomes valid.
According to Centre for Disease Control and Prevention yellow fever virus has three transmission cycles: jungle (sylvatic), intermediate (savannah), and urban. The jungle (sylvatic) cycle involves transmission of the virus between non-human primates (monkeys) and mosquito species found in the forest canopy.
The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes from monkeys to humans when humans are visiting or working in the jungle. In Africa, an intermediate (savannah) cycle exists that involves transmission of the virus from mosquitoes to humans living or working in jungle border areas.
In this cycle, the virus can be transmitted from monkey to human or from human to human via mosquitoes. The urban cycle involves transmission of the virus between humans and urban mosquitoes. The virus is usually brought to the urban setting by a viremic human who was infected in the jungle or savannah.
About 200 000 cases of yellow fever occur annually, 90 percent of them in Africa. A dramatic resurgence of yellow fever has occurred since the 1980s in both sub-Saharan Africa and South America.


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I like it. well done Beata 😀
" The Devil wears Prada, but the Angels prefer to wear clothes from Brandon Maxwell. "
For Brandon Maxwell's S/S 2017 collection, the designer stays true to his mantra. Move forward, but never forget where you came from. With a resume highlighted by styling Lady Gaga, the young designer's strategy seems to be working.
See Brandon Maxwell | Spring Summer 2017 by Brandon Maxwell | Full Fashion Show
" Man, I feel like a woman." Shania Twain's girl-power anthem opened Brandon Maxwell's show. The models came out in the simple, straightforward, and well-executed attire that appeals to women of all ages. Each look came in his usual minimal palette including white, black, blush, and olive. "He knows exactly what women want," said more than a few women we overheard. Translation? The ultimate black gown to wear to not one but five events, for starters. And a white strapless dress with just the right amount of detail.
While Maxwell has celebrity dressing in the bag including Lady Gaga and Naomi Campbell, both perched front row, he already has a loyal clientele who are actually buying his collections. "We've had a lot of women buy the collection and they have not only bought the collection, but they've really come to me and supported me and I feel really excited by that," said Maxwell. "You have to have a connection with the customer and even if you can't be in the store every day, it's important to try and connect with them wherever you can. I try to be an open book and ask them questions about what they do and don't like. It doesn't offend me because I want to do better next time." Maxwell already counts chic women like Lynn Wyatt among his clientele, who just so happens to be one of the richest women in Texas. It helps that Maxwell is both charming and humble – women fall for him as much as his clothes.
Gaga sent a google of shirtless hunks with balloons spelling out his name to wish him luck on the show and even the models seemed particularly devoted to the designer. "It's so nice to go to a show and not have to be super serious and get to have fun," said mod du moment Dilone backstage. "I think we all really try to do our best for Brandon because we all love him so much."
Maxwell doesn't need to change things up or present a new "idea" each season – in just two short seasons, he has already landed a winning formula.
Simple straight forward classy chic lady clothes. Everything old is new again. Entrance makers to mob's. Long live 4 play silk. Dresses with sleeves & perfect palette. Silhouettes are commercial yet fashiony. Some old Hollywood glam…
My opinion;
" OMG ! This is a divine & glamour collection. "
<3 <3 <3
Do you like it too?


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High cholesterolPrevention
You can lower your cholesterol by eating a healthy, balanced diet that's low in saturated fat, exercising regularly, not smoking and cutting down on alcohol.
You can lower your cholesterol by eating a healthy, balanced diet that's low in saturated fat, exercising regularly, not smoking and cutting down on alcohol.
If you have an unhealthy diet high in fat, fatty plaques are much more likely to build up in your arteries.
There are 2 types of fat: saturated and unsaturated. You should avoid foods containing saturated fats, as they'll increase the levels of "bad cholesterol" (low-density lipoprotein, or LDL) in your blood.
Foods high in saturated fat include:
- meat pies
- sausages and fatty cuts of meat
- butter
- ghee – a type of butter often used in Indian cooking
- lard
- cream
- hard cheese
- cakes and biscuits
- food that contains coconut or palm oil
But it's not healthy to completely cut all types of fat from your diet. It's important to replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats.
They have been shown to increase levels of "good cholesterol" (high-density lipoprotein, or HDL) and reduce any blockages in your arteries.
Foods high in unsaturated fat include:
- oily fish – such as mackerel, salmon and sardines
- avocados
- nuts and seeds
- sunflower, rapeseed and olive oil
Read the facts about fat and how to eat less saturated fat for more information.
A low-fat diet that includes lots of fibre, such as wholegrain rice, bread and pasta, and plenty of fruit and vegetables has also been shown to help lower cholesterol.
Fruit and vegetables are full of vitamins, minerals and fibre, and help keep your body in good condition. Aim to eat 5 80g portions of fruit and vegetables every day.
Read more about healthy eating.
A chemical found in cigarettes called acrolein stops HDL transporting fatty deposits to the liver, leading to high cholesterol and narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis).
This means smoking is a major risk factor for both heart attacks and strokes.
If you decide to stop smoking, your GP can refer you to an NHS Stop Smoking service, which will provide you with dedicated help and advice about the best ways to give up smoking.
You can also call the NHS Stop Smoking Helpline on 0300 123 1044 (England only). The helpline staff can offer you free expert advice and encouragement.
If you're committed to giving up smoking but don't want to be referred to a stop smoking service, your GP should be able to prescribe medical treatment to help with any withdrawal symptoms you may experience after giving up.
Read more about treatments for quitting smoking.
Being active and exercising regularly will increase the levels of HDL in your body by stimulating the body to move fatty deposits to the liver so they can be broken down.
Exercise will also help you maintain a healthy weight and lose weight if you're overweight.
Being overweight can increase the amount of "bad cholesterol" in your blood.
Another benefit of regular physical activity is it'll help lower your blood pressure by keeping your heart and blood vessels in good condition.
Doing 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise every week is recommended to help lower your cholesterol.
Walking, swimming and cycling are good examples of this type of exercise.
Read more about the recommended physical activity guidelines for adults (aged 19 to 64) and the physical activity guidelines for older adults (aged 65 and over).
Page last reviewed: 29/07/2018
Next review due: 29/07/2021


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After months of preparation Banchory Beer Festival launched its first winter event, Beer @ the Barn, on Friday February 6.
Following two days of set up and much bale handling the festival opened its doors at Woodend Barn to a queuing public at 5pm and with the event sold out it was not long before the crowds were in and the many beers, ciders and gins were washing down locally produced snacks.
With beers from Alchemy, Eden Mill, Speyside, Barneys and Six degrees North Breweries there was plenty to choose from with the Milk Stout being a proving a favourite and many an interesting facial expression witnessed following a taste of the 11.5% Imperial stout!
Friday night's entertainment started with a performance from Aberdeen Student Anna Leyden that had many people speechless. It was topped off by tunes from up and coming Perthshire group the Mad Ferret Band, who took the venue by storm.
After a late night (early morning) clean-up, Woodend Barn was ready for round two, with the next sessions kicking off at midday on Saturday February 7.
The Saturday day session was a much more relaxed affair with many drinkers taking to the unique selection of ciders and in particular the Crazy Goat.
Entertainment was provided by a plethora of talented acoustic musicians from throughout the North East with Aboyne´s very own Comedian Andrew Sim closing the doors.
The Saturday evening session opened up with a noticeably more local and lively crowd in attendance, which also seemed to have a serious thirst for gin. The Warner Edwards Sloe gin and Rhubarb gin flew off the shelves.
Delicious food provided by Buchanan's Bistro was demolished rapidly, with the pies and sausage rolls from Sheridan's Butchers proving particularly popular.
A number of guests turned up specially to see Banchory favourite Loki perform and they definitely weren't disappointed.
Co-founder of Banchory Beer Festival Mungo Finlayson said: "If this was only the start of what Banchory Beer Festival has to offer then Deeside looks forward with great anticipation to future Banchory Beer Festival Events."
Beer @ the Barn was the second festival run by the Deeside group. The inaugural event was held last summer and saw huge support from locals. For more information visit www.banchorybeerfestival.com.


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Choose a country in the list to show prices and articles for that country
Our popular apron Oliver is available in many nice colors. Easy to adjust the neck ribbon with press buttons. Ribbon to tie in waist. Front pocket with two compartments. Width approx. 70 cm, length approx. 89 cm.
65/35% polyester/cotton210 gr/m2
Postal address
Box 1102, 501 11 Borås
Visiting address
Norra Däckvägen 2, 506 49 Borås
Customer service
+46 33 20 22 50 (Mon-Fri 8 am -4.30 pm)


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Whether you're a beginner or an experienced WordPress professional, Free Vanguard WordPress Theme was built with you in mind. Powerful and at the same time easy to use tools, make it easy for everyone to build a website. The build-in custom admin panel has all the options you'll ever need to customize your website in a few minutes, be it changing colors, adding a background image, fonts or setting image sizes, Nulled Vanguard WordPress Theme has got you covered.
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So this thing has been kicking around for about two or so months, but I haven't actually done anything yet here. Time to fix that.
So, yeah, SWTOR, yadda yadda, Sith, yadda yadda, Republic. You know the rest if you've played the game and read other blogs of this nature.
Just to explain the "Spawn of the Dread Master" joke: I absolutely adore the Dread Masters, and my Gunslinger suffered from this adoration by earning herself a re-name after my favourite of the bunch: Calphayus. My guild (and one of my friends) being as they are, one thing led to another, and now I have this joke.
The characters who you will see/red about most often are my Sniper and my Gunslinger, being as they are may two main characters. In fact, you're more likely to see the Sniper, as she owns "Data Entry" and so will head a great deal many of the blogposts.
To actually begin with, I'll start with some retroactive blog posts about certain events in-game over the last few weeks and months, as they're still worth talking about in my mind.
And so, I officially declare this blog "Open!"


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Required Documents
- Attested photocopy of SSC/O-Level detail marks sheet, certificate and/or equivalent certificate.
- Attested photocopy of HSSC/A Level detail marks sheet, certificateor equivalent certificate.
- Attested photocopy of DAE, if applicable.
- Attested photocopies of BA/BS/B.Sc/MA/MSc degree along with detailed marks sheets for Masters Programs (Equivalent Certificate required for Islamic Studies only)
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- Attested photocopy of GAT General and GAT subject result, where applicable
- Attested photocopies of other certificates, if applicable.
- Two recent passport size photographs.
- Attested Photocopies of CNIC and Father's CNIC.


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Career Plan Template
A Career plan template can be used as a sample while designing a career plan of an individual. This template can be used as guidance for developing an education and career expectation and adequately investing and planning for achieving the planned career. The details regarding the expenses and investments can be approximate but according to the career expectations.
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Category: Plan Templates