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Lushlife's Interview about his week recording at Residencia Gorila
Musician, productor, rapper and dear friend Raj, better known as Lushlife in the music industry, stayed with us at Residencia Gorila. He arrived in the middle of a pronounced rain with a huge smile. The author of the song "Magnolia" came to Tulum to live a full-on work and embracing experience. After one week we chat with our man to listen from his own voice about his staying in Tulum.
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Residencia Gorila. What was your sensation when you first arrived to Residencia Gorila in Tulum?
Lushlife. I came to record on a whim; I didn't know any of the Residencia Gorila's team beyond email interaction, on the shuttle from Cancun I got a little bit anxious, it was raining very hard and I felt sad, I was anticipating coming to a sunny paradise and it was monsoon rain, but that was superseded by the human hospitability, I felt immediately welcomed.
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RG. How was the feeling of getting back to Tulum, since you were here some months ago, what was the difference?
I was here in Tulum for one day a few months ago with my ex-girlfriend at the moment where our relationship was crumbling, (so it wasn't that much of a paradise), no (laughs) it wasn't that much of a paradise. But I saw the place! I didn't know anything about Tulum, we were staying in Playa del Carmen and when we came here we walked around and went to dinner I knew it immediately it was the perfect place to record an EP. What is great about this trip versus the experience before is that the first time I was very much a tourist doing tourist things and now I really felt that the people in Residencia Gorila embraced me, suggested places to me and took me around to hang out as a local, I felt that I had a very authentic Tulum experience.
RG. What was your mission here as Lushlife?
For the last two and half years I've been working on my third album; it always takes me a long time with my albums. On the internet there's just this endless stream of content, but I still care so much about the album as a work of art and a representation of who I am at a certain point of my life that I spend a lot of time doing it, I don't care if nobody hears my name for two years. On the other hand my record company said "we've spent a lot of time and money on it, we don't just want to throw it out there while nobody is talking about you, lets record another small piece of five or six songs and we'll release that before the album ". So what I recorded here was an EP of six songs, collaboration with another musician from Austin, Texas, his name is Botany, he produced most of the music and I co-produced it, which help me focus on the lyrical composition. And what I end up writing was –I think– my most overtly political work with social commentary.
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RG. Tell us a little bit about yourself as Lushlife and as human being…
My name is Lushlife, I'm from Philadelphia, and besides playing music I like to ride my bike just go around the city although I have a car. I've been making rap records for the last 8 año. I grew up listening to and playing in jazz groups, I play piano classically and play the drums. I also started Dj'ing when I was very young. When people ask me "what do you do?" I say I'm a rapper, but really there's so much beyond this, through hip-hop I have a really broad musical experience, and on the last 3 years I can say its really paid off in a sense that I can play in Japan or record in Tulum, I feel blessed that I can make a living, and a really good one, as a musician.
RG. Can you describe a scene from Tulum that got to your memory?
There's two things with what I really connected, one is the natural beauty, having the sea right in front of Residencia Gorila and being able to walk to it, to a gem of beach that you only read on magazines. The first time I went swimming on the water, en totally calm blue turquoise water, was a very healing sensation, a very lasting one. And the other thing was the human connection that you make, like last night that we went to have dinner at Cenzontle and after went to Gitano for a few drink and just hang out with good music and a bit of dancing, Tulum also has that electric element of the night life.
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RG. Can you mention a meal that you enjoyed the most on this trip?
I thought I had pretty good fish tacos last time I was here at Zamas, but honestly the fish tacos in La Eufemia are way beyond, I'll say it on the record. Also the vegan tamales I had in town and the tapas in La Gloria de Don Pepe while watching the Champions Final was great. And having home cooked breakfast at Residencia Gorila; every single meal here has been great!
RG. Of all of your experience here in Residencia Gorila, in Tulum and on this trip, how would you sum it up?
I would say that the most important thing that I've realized for the independent artist and musician is that opportunities like these are extremely important. I'm lucky to have any kind of budget to do what I do, certainly I couldn't just be like I'm going to rent a multimillion-dollar studio and live on a hotel. Residencia Gorila was perfect was perfect because I realized there's people that foster and support people like me, that have the ideas and the space to bring artists and help us to create and to execute art in a setting like Tulum is unbelievable… I think Residencia Gorila is doing an awesome job!
COME VISIT Residencia Gorila, OUR ARTIST RESIDENCE AND STAY IN TULUM, AND FREE YOUR SPIRIT!
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Microbiology Research Associates Appoints New Director of Business Development
Acton, MA – Microbiology Research Associates (MRA) (http://www.mra-bact.com) recently announced that Kelly Hagen has joined the team to develop their growing portfolio of regional and national accounts further. Kelly Hagen comes with a wealth of knowledge and experience within the Industry. For the past five years, Kelly has been responsible for selling high-value chemistry development and manufacturing services for API, Intermediates and Raw Materials to C-Suite Level Executives and Scientists within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry.
Before her work in Business Development, Kelly spent ten years working in the pharmaceutical industry with positions at Sunovion, Novartis and Purdue Pharma.
Kelly holds a Bachelor of Arts in Communication Sciences Degree from the University of Connecticut.
Kelly comments "I am excited to start a new challenge with Microbiology Research Associates, the leader in the on-site environmental monitoring of hospital compounding pharmacies In the New England area and I look forward to working with the team to further develop the regional and national presence."
Darcy Sidwell, Vice President "Kelly brings a wealth of business development experience and will be an asset to our fast-growing Microbiology Testing and Consulting Laboratory Services Company."
Contact Information:
Microbiology Research Associates
Kelly Hagen
About Microbiology Research Associates:
Microbiology Research Associates (MRA), offers microbiology consulting, research and testing services to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, medical device, biotechnology, and health care industries. MRA is an FDA (No# 1000148174) and DEA (No# RB0486096) registered laboratory and has state of the art ISO 5 Cleanroom with Isolator.
Microbiology Research Associates

subset: commoncrawl


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Christopher H. Howard
Chris Howard is a strategically minded litigator who can and will take the appropriate case to trial. Chris's practice is diverse, with a wide range of clients including ports, hospitals, national restaurant chains, life and disability insurers, and medical, legal, accounting and other professionals.
Chris practices before federal and state courts and handles all forms of alternative dispute resolution. He has tried approximately 90 cases, mostly in multi-week jury trials, and has served as appellate counsel for over twenty reported appellate opinions. In addition to serving his clients in court, Chris is a frequent speaker on ethics and risk management topics for professionals and self-insured entities.
As the partner in charge of Schwabe's Seattle Office, Chris is skilled at marshaling the right resources to serve each client's needs.
Memberships & Awards
- Washington State Bar Association, Member
- Washington State Bar Association, Rules of Professional Conduct Committee (1996-1999), Interprofessional Committee (1990-1993)
- King County Bar Association, Professionalism Committee Member (2007-2008)
- Defense Research Institute, Member
- Washington State Defense Trial Lawyers Association, Member
- Washington State Society of Healthcare Attorneys, Member
- John L. Schwabe Client Service award (2013)
- Washington Super Lawyers award, Civil Litigation; Defense (2001, 2006-2018)
- Washington Super Lawyers award, Top 100 (2010-2012)
- Martindale-Hubbell®, AV Rating
Resources & Ideas
- 17 Schwabe, Williamson & Wyatt Attorneys Named to Washington Super Lawyers and Rising Stars List in 2018Super LawyersJune 21, 2018
- 12 of Schwabe's Washington attorneys recognized as being in the top 5 percent of their fieldJune 12, 2017
- Puget Sound Business Journal, November 25, 2016
- 14 of Schwabe's Washington attorneys recognized as being in the top 5 percent of their fieldJune 16, 2016
- March 6, 2013
Seminars & Speaking Engagements
- Endangered Species Act ConferenceJanuary 24, 2019
- December 16, 2016
- December 4-9, 2016
- November 11, 2016
- February 10, 2017
- February 9, 2017
- November 4, 2016
- King County Bar Association, December 10, 2012
- May 1, 2012
- August 1, 2011
Community Activities
Community Activities
- Seattle Symphony Orchestra, Corporate Giving Committee
- Seattle Johns Hopkins University Alumni Association, Member, Former Chapter President
- Stanford Law School Alumni Association, Seattle Regional Chapter, Co-chair
- Washington Lawyers for Sustainability
- Stanford Law SchoolJuris Doctor degree (1980)
- Johns Hopkins UniversityBachelor of Arts degree, Phi Beta Kappa, Omicron Delta Kappa, Pi Sigma Alpha honorary societies (1977)
Washington State Courts
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
United States District Court, Eastern District of Washington
United States District Court, Western District of Washington
United States Court of Federal Claims
Outside The Office
- Walking, sailing, snorkeling, bicycling, cross-country skiing and board games.


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Where do you live? What style sends your heart racing? Will the space where your new metal garden furniture is placed be used for family gatherings or a private place for you to relax at the end of the day? What is your budget? Considering these questions will help guide you in the direction for the best outdoor furniture selection that is right for you! Metal is one of the oldest and most revered materials associated with the production of garden furniture. It continues to be an innovative and stunning choice today. It is extremely durable, versatile in terms of design preferences, and provides so many options for finish applications ranging from gracefully subtle to really bold and high tech. No matter what your needs and price range, there is a type of metal frame for you. If you live near the coastline, sea salt and humidity are factors which will affect your decision. Stainless steel is usually high end in terms of price and quality and is a near perfect choice for environmental conditions near the ocean. Aluminum and wrought iron can be considered as well but be aware that they must be finished properly and maintained to prevents pitting and rusting.
On the other hand, if you live in the Midwest where metal garden furniture must be able to withstand cold, snow, wind, and rain, there are some great advantages to wrought iron and some types of aluminum. The weight keeps the furniture stable and the inherent properties of the metal make them strong and less susceptible to winter damage such as cracking and breaking.
If you will be moving furniture around periodically, whether it be for an outdoor garden party, or a poolside gathering, it is important to consider the weight of the metal. In this case, aluminum furniture, made with tubular extrusions, while still gaining the benefit of more durability than other materials, might be a better choice than the heavier wrought iron pieces. Wrought iron garden furniture should not be confused with cast iron furniture. They each serve very different aesthetic goals as well as functional qualities. Similarly, garden furniture made with mild steel should never be confused with stainless steel. Likewise extruded aluminum is very different from cast aluminum. All of these metals and processes will produce different results in terms of style, function, and costs. More on design, style, and other important facts for each of these materials can be found by reading the articles in this series for each of the above mentioned metals.
For those with an eclectic mindset or looking for something different in metal garden furniture there are many new mixed media choices blending the best of two worlds. Metal bases and frames mixed with wood, stone, tile, resin, and glass offer some of the most exciting pairings in new outdoor furniture design today.


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The sitter has been traditionally identified as Charlotte Amelia (1649 - 1722), daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels; she married the Hungarian patriot Francis Rákóczi II, Prince of Transylvania. From 1713 until her death she lived in Paris. Recently an identification of the sitter as the Marquise de Soucarière has been suggested.
Key facts
Artist dates
1656 - 1746
Full title
Princess Rákóczi
Date made
probably 1720
Medium and support
Oil on canvas
136.5 x 104.1 cm
Acquisition credit
Bought, 1924
Inventory number
Location in Gallery


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I'm not backing down
I will stand my ground
Lifting high the name of Jesus
Holding out Your light
To a world in need
Living out the love of Jesus
And though the battles rage
Your blessing still will come
To the ends of the earth we will go
To the ends of the earth we will go
Fill us with power
Fill us with power
For the truth of Your word we will stand
For the truth of Your word we will stand
Give us Your courage
Give us Your courage
Be our strength and song
Till the battles won
Nothing is impossible for You
Stretch Your hand to save
You will never fail
Nothing is impossible for You
Would You breathe on us
Would You breathe on us
Would You breathe on us
Would You breathe on us
It just reminds me that as I go out on to the streets of the West End, I'm not going in my own power. I don't have to depend on myself to be good enough to save people. I can trust that as I go, I go with God's power in me. Using me and fueling me to be his light on these streets. Here's what Romans 8:5 says in The Message version:
"Those who think they can do it on their own end up obsessed with measuring their own moral muscle but never get around to exercising it in real life. Those who trust God's action in them find that God's Spirit is in them—living and breathing God!"The same Spirit that raised Christ from the dead walks the streets of Ibiza with me every night. My prayer is that I would go out in HIS power, and awaken people from the spiritual death that they've been living in.


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This section contains 829 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
Emperor of America Summary & Study Guide Description
Emperor of America Summary & Study Guide includes comprehensive information and analysis to help you understand the book. This study guide contains the following sections:
This detailed literature summary also contains Literary Precedents on Emperor of America by Richard Condon.
Preview of Emperor of America Summary:
Emperor of America, Condon presInents a typically bleak picture of American life and politics. This tale of "the owners of the country" details how they use the United States to satisfy their rapacious greed. The most evil of the wealthy owners of America is Wambly Keifetz, who uses a nuclear bomb to destroy Washington, D.C., and nearly every government official. His scheme is to leave the American people with only one choice for a leader, Caesare "Chay" Appleton, a war hero.
Since the age of five, Chay has been in military schools and then the army, rendering him extraordinarily naive about how civilian society functions.
He is motivated by greed and easily manipulated by Keifetz, who promises him a big pension, Chay's one clear goal in life.
Keifetz uses television to manipulate the American people. Throughout the novel, Condon asserts that Americans live...
This section contains 829 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)


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Dams releasing water in anticipation of coming rains
MANILA, Philippines – Several majors dams in Luzon have kept their gates open in anticipation of more rains to be dumped by a tropical storm that was again enhancing the southwest monsoon.
Angat dam has a water level of 215.19 meters, more than five meters above the normal high water level of 210 meters, Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (Pagasa) said in its latest report Monday.
It has three gates opening a total of 1.5 meters to gradually release water that had accumulated due to incessant rains the previous week, Roy Badilla, Pagasa Hydrologist said in a phone interview.
Angat had not opened any gates at that time in order to prevent aggravating the already severe flooding situation in several areas of Bulacan, Badilla said.
He added that only scattered and light rains have been monitored in the upstream areas of Bulacan.
Ipo dam, which is downstream from Angat dam, has three gates opened. Its water level was 100.3 meters, just half a meter below the 100.8 normal high water level.
Ambuklao has two gates opening 1.5 meters and releasing 244 cubic meters per second of water. Its water level was 751.38 meters, around half a meter below the normal high water level (NHWL) of 752 meters.
Binga dam which sits downstream from Ambuklao has three gates opening 2.5 meters and releasing 344 cubic meters per second of water. Its water level was 574.74 meters, below the NHWL of 575 meters.
San Roque dam, which was receiving water from Ambuklao and Binga, has one gate open half a meter and was releasing 330 cubic meters per second of water. Its water level was 280.32 meters, above the NHWL of 280 meters.
The water level in these dams are gradually being lowered ahead of anticipated rains so they would not have to release water at the same time as the rains, Badilla said.
Click here for more weather related news."
Subscribe to INQUIRER PLUS to get access to The Philippine Daily Inquirer & other 70+ titles, share up to 5 gadgets, listen to the news, download as early as 4am & share articles on social media. Call 896 6000.


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Soon after President Obama decided to to mark the death of Osama bin Laden with a Thursday visit to the World Trade Center site in New York City, he invited George W. Bush to join him. While the former president "appreciated the invite," says Bush spokesman David Sherzer, he declined, having "chosen in his post-presidency to remain largely out of the spotlight." Is that really why Bush turned down the joint appearance at Ground Zero? Here, five theories:
1. Bush is simply classy and gracious
I take Bush at his word, that he thinks the country is best served by seeing only one president at a time like this, says Patrick Edaburn at The Moderate Voice. And that's "a classy decision." Letting Obama take centerstage certainly fits "how gracious Dubya has been in retirement," says Allahpundit at Hot Air. "Needless to say, it was also gracious of The One to invite" Bush.
2. He feared being insulted to his face
"At first blush, this might seem as a bit ungracious of Bush," says Jay Tea at Wizbang. But it's probably a smart move. Remember how Obama managed to "insult and deride" the Supreme Court, Rep. Paul Ryan (R-Wisc.), and Donald Trump when they were sitting right in front of him? Who's to say he wouldn't "take a few more swipes" at Bush, too?
3. The former president doesn't want to help Obama's re-election
If Obama had wanted a "photo-op" with Bush, the right time was the announcement of bin Laden's death, says Dana Pretzer at Scared Monkeys. But there's no reason for Bush to join in an event that will certainly create moving video for an Obama re-election commercial.
4. He didn't want the inevitable comparisons to Obama
Funny, earlier this week "the bloviators on Fox were whining that President Obama wasn't sharing the glory with Bush," says Libby Spencer at The Impolitic. Well, now Obama has tried. And I bet a "big part of the reason Bush declined was he knew he would look very small standing next to the man who actually got bin Laden."
5. Bush is saving his fire for Sept. 11
Whatever his reasons, Bush was "gracious and right" to turn down Obama's invitation, says Jonathan Capehart in The Washington Post. Bush is, of course, celebrating bin Laden's death "in his own way, out of public view this time." But "what he should do on Sept. 11, 2011, isn't even a question." On the 10th anniversary of the attacks, Bush must mark the occasion publicly. And he will.


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Hello My Name Is...
Selma Davis
I moved to Beaufort in 1991, a month after graduating from the College of Charleston. I entered the workforce in the dental field and had the fortune of working with Dr. Charles Kresch, a dental implant pioneer and the Beaufort County School Board chairman. It was his his influence and idealism regarding public education that motivated me to enroll in the Masters of Arts in Teaching cohort at USC-Beaufort. After earning my degree and Early Childhood and Elementary certifications, I began teaching third grade in Jasper County. The following school year, I made the move to Beaufort County. During the next 11 years, under the leadership of a visionary administrator, I taught all grade levels, some in multi-aged classrooms, and was groomed to become the coordinator of our school's Primary Years Program, the earliest of the International Baccalaureate's three levels. In 2009, I transferred to Robert Smalls Middle School to lead their faculty and staff to Middle Years Program authorization where I held the role of coordinator for four years. As well, I taught a reading intervention program for two years with great success. My final two years teaching middle school was again in reading intervention at Beaufort Middle. Presently, I find myself at Beaufort High where I support teachers and students as an Instructional Coach and tutor.
In 2012, I completed a Masters of Educational Administration program from the University of South Carolina, thereby rounding out my educational experience and now hold an additional certification in Elementary Administration. I feel very fortunate to have had experience with students from all grade levels as well as from the classroom to the front office.
I strive to teach by example.
Character is higher than intellect.
-Ralph Waldo Emerson


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Starbucks barista learns sign language to serve deaf customer better
Those who can't hear either well or at all face many challenges, and among them is the ease with which they can communicate with others.
A Virginia Starbucks employee recently let a deaf male patron know she is doing what she can to lessen that difficulty.
On Friday, the cashier handed store regular Ibby Piracha a note reading, "I've been learning ASL just so you can have the same experience as everyone else."
Oh, I gotta love this place. Starbucks woman cashier, she wrote it to me and she knew I am deaf. I am surprised she...Posted by Ibby Piracha on Friday, February 19, 2016
Piracha was absolutely stunned by the kindness, and shared a photo of the message on Facebook.
He commented, "Oh, I gotta love this place...I am surprised she learning sign language... I am so blessed with her...Please share this post to everyone."
Thousands have done exactly as Piracha requested, and the post is rapidly making its way across social media.
More from AOL.com:
Newly appointed deputy sheriff gets engaged on same day as her graduation
A job at Charles Schwab could depend on a messed-up breakfast order
There's a house in Taiwan that's built completely upside down


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|From the West Unto the East, pastel, 13 x 14 inches ©2009 Barbara Benedetti Newton
Outside the kitchen door of the home my father built, the place I lived with my parents and siblings until I was twenty-one years old, there was an Italian prune tree. My father planted it there. It was one of the constants in my life.
Every September the ripening fruit coupled with the excitement of starting another school year. It was a source of food where I could eat my fill. I learned lessons of patience through eating green, unripe prunes and paying the price. After I left home to attend art school, a visit to my parents, especially at the end of summer, was also a reconnect to our prune tree.
As an adult with a family of my own, Mama saved bags of prunes for us. When my father was in his final days, I gave him a haircut outside in the summer sun beside the prune tree as he listened to me talk about Heaven. A few years after Daddy died, Mama hired someone to cut the prune tree down. I'm still trying to get over it. But, now I know it was the one thing that helped me cut my ties to the house on "M" Street when Mama moved to assisted living.
A few shoots sprang up from the roots and my husband saved several. For many years Daddy's prune tree lived on and produced in abundance in my own yard. Four years after my mother passed away, with a Bob Dylan tune in my head; I painted "From the West unto the East." It is a painting of our prune tree. It is about life and death, change and adjustment. It is about being released or releasing yourself. This painting is in my private collection.
This painting is scheduled to be included in an upcoming book. The publisher asked about the story behind the painting. Thought it might be interesting to you.


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Bridging the Gender Gap – a New Approach to Shattering the Glass Ceiling
Presented by Deborah Rocco
Watch the recording, on-demand, below.
Presented by Training Magazine. Despite strong efforts in many organizations, women continue to be poorly represented in top leadership roles worldwide. This means many businesses are failing to reap the well-documented "gender dividend." So what are all these well-meaning companies doing wrong?
Chances are, they are looking at "advancing women leaders" as a development issue, or perhaps as a hiring-and-promoting challenge — when, in fact, it's a culture change issue. Advancing women into leadership roles successfully requires bringing together all stakeholders (and both genders) in a concerted change effort, with support and energy from top leadership. The organization must change, to bridge the gender gap and make the very best use of all its talent, thereby gaining a competitive advantage.
In this webinar, you will learn:
- The gender dividend: the business advantage of developing women leaders in the organization.
- Why addressing this challenge as a change effort that brings many stakeholders together is essential to success.
- How your change management initiative can succeed in bridging the gender gap to include everyone.
- How to use your talent management strategy as a key lever.
- Some specific skills women leaders need to be effective in positions of power.
About Deborah Rocco
Deborah has over 20 years of experience helping individuals and organizations realize their full potential. As a senior Human Resources leader in the telecommunications, biopharmaceutical, and healthcare industries, she has a depth of knowledge and experience in organizational effectiveness, team collaboration, and change management. Over the past 15+ years, Deborah has led large teams of learning professionals and technical experts responsible for the design and delivery of leadership development, OD, culture, and training initiatives at MediaOne Group, AT&T Broadband, Comcast, Amylin Pharmaceutical, and Scripps Health. Deborah holds an M.Ed in Human Resource Management, and a Bachelor's Degree in Social Work, and is a trained Integral Coach. She is certified in a number of assessment instruments including the MBTI, Birkman and PDI 360 instruments.
- Duration : 1 hour
- Register Here
Related Insights
What's Holding Women Back?
Recent studies on women in leadership come to some pretty hair-raising conclusions. What practical steps can be taken to advance women in the workplace? Beth O'Neill offers a few ideas.
by Beth O'Neill


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Dr Colin Jones
Dr Colin Jones
Dr Colin Jones is Senior Lecturer in Entrepreneurship at the University of Tasmania's School of Management.
An experienced entrepreneur, he co-ordinates the Entrepreneurship major and teaches the Graduate Certificate of Commercialisation.
Colin Jones shares his expertise on the challenges of starting a project and avoiding mistakes with Queen's Young Leaders
Did you like this?
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Cool iPhone accessories - Artwizz iPhone MirrorFilm
There are new "cool iPhone accessories" to discover almost everyday as the iPhone accessories producers and manufacturers are non-stop designing,
manufacturing and introducing their all time best selling cool iphone accessories to feed the iPhone user market that hunger for coolest iphone accessories!
This round our cool iPhone accessories reviews is introducing the "Artwizz iPhone MirrorFilm or iphone reflective film". It's a cool iPhone accessories that really look great and affordable to have.
Artwizz iPhone MirrorFilm basically is an external layer of adhensive accessories that contact directly to iPhone device surface. Artwizz iPhone MirrorFilm also know as code name - reflective film and both provide same effect - that's mirror or reflective effect!
Artwizz's MirrorFilm for iPhone considered the popular mirror-finish or chrome-finish effect iPhone accessories in the market. What make it special is because it's a very thin adhensive layer of material that combining protection and a feature we haven't yet seen in a thin film-based screen proetction cover for the touch screen. This amazing Artwizz iPhone MirrorFilm only cost approximate $10. It's covers the iPhone surface -- but not for iPhone ear speaker and the Home button.
This is how the thin film work - When the iPhone's display is turned off, the entire surface appears to be like a mirror - When the display is in On mode, the display can be clearly seen and used as usual, it's slightly dimmed according to some user's feedback, this might not true and it's depend on where we test it - i.e. indoor or outdoor environment might be very different. This magical thin layer of Artiwzz iPhone MirrorFilm does not retard the iPhone's operability when it's put on to the iPhone touch screen and no remnant upon removal (if you have to remove it).
When the display is power on, the display can be clearly seen and used as usual (see Right picture). When the display is on Off mode, the display transforms into a mirror! (see Left picture)
The Artwizz MirrorFilm for iPhone package come with 1 piece of iPhone MirrorFilm; compatible to Apple iPhone (front surface only).
With the Artwizz iPhone MirrorFilm as your cool iPhone accessories you will have to check the devide more frequent than before - because the reflective film can be your mirror any time and any where. It's a super perfect companion for people who have to live with mirror.
However, there's one obvious different between iPhone relective film or iPhone MirrorFilm with Reflective Case - thick, bulky and very strong plastic feeling. (See below details from the Label)
Coming next....The Mirrored Chrome-Finish iphone Case


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"Switching Techniques" provide you with a deeper view of: what is Switch and Switching, what are the different types of switching available, their advantages and disadvantages. This report contains theory related to switching along with illustrated diagrams; those diagrams will help you to clearly understand and differentiate between various switching techniques
we are provided with a little time to complete this report and we have just studied this course is also a matter of fact. Despite of all these reasons we have tried our level best to prepare this report in such fashion; that it become more comprehend and easily understandable to all of those who utilize this report.
Aims and objectives:
To define the switching, its structure, basic elements and functionality.
We have a problem to connect multiple devices to make one to one communication possible (each device must connect with every other device attached). Solution is to install either mesh topology (point to point connection between each pair of devices) or use star topology (use a central device for that purpose). These techniques are impractical or wasteful when applied to very large network. The no. and length of links require too much infrastructure and majority of those links would be idle for most of the time.
Consider a network having six devices A, B, C, D, E, and F. if device A has a point to point links to devices B, C, D, E, and F then whenever only A and B are connected, the links connecting A to each of other devices are idle and wasted.
Multipoint connection topology such Bus is also rolled out because the distance between devices and total no. of devices increase beyond capacities of media and equipment.
For all of the above stated problems the better solution recommended is use of switch called switching. A switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes called switches. Switches are hardware and/or software devices capable of creating temporary connections between two or more devices linked to the switch but not to each other. In a switched network some of these nodes are connected to the communication devices. Other are used only for routing. The communicating devices are labeled A, B, C, D, and so on and switches I, II, III, IV and so on. Each switch is connected to multiple links and is used to complete the connection between them two at a time
The two primary functions a packet switch must provide are
1. Routing of cells from the switch inputs to the correct outputs;
2. Resolving contention by means of store-and-forward buffering.
We shall show how the routing function is implemented for a 2×2 switch, often referred to as a β-element. In a larger switch the routing function is typically synthesized by a network of β-elements. The smoothing buffers required for contention resolution are placed within that network, according to the switch architecture.
The structure of a β-element is depicted in the diagram.
It consists of decision logic which operates on the cell headers, a latch to hold the result of that decision for the duration of the cell, delay lines to synchronize the cell contents with the decision, and the 2×2 cross-connect itself. The cross-connect is a dual multiplexer which can be set in either a "bar" or a "cross" state; that is, each input can be routed to either output, with the other input correspondingly routed to the other output.
The complexity of a β-element depends entirely on the requirements from its decision-making circuitry. For some switch architectures, the element state is determined only by the cell activity bit; for others, the decision may involve as much processing as determining the two cells' destinations from the virtual circuit numbers in the cell headers, possibly involving binary lookup tables. Whatever the case, the element is sufficiently simple so that many can be incorporated into a single VLSI chip.
Broadband interconnection of networks which carry all types of information depends heavily on the feasibility of implementing real-time packet switching fabrics. Such switches route arriving packets on the basis of information contained in each packet header. Because of the high data rates involved, routing decision-making logic must be implemented entirely in hardware; software processing would be grossly incapable of keeping pace with the high rate of packet arrivals. The implementation normally requires custom-design VLSI circuitry to maintain physical compactness.
In discussing packet switch interconnections, we shall henceforth assume that the arriving packets are of fixed time length. Such fixed-length packets are also referred to as cells.
Two primary functions are supported by the N-input, N-output switch (subsequently referred to as an N×N switch): (1) routing of each applied fixed-length cell to its correct destination port, and (2) resolving the contention which arises when several simultaneously arriving cells are headed to a common output port. We are implicitly assuming that the destination port number is included in the cell header. In reality, a cell header usually contains more high-level information, such as a virtual path number and/or a virtual connection number; the relation between these numbers and the switch ports is determined during the call setup phase.
Since packet switching is involved, output port contention is resolved by means of store-and-forward buffering: arriving packets which cannot be immediately delivered because of a contention are stored in a buffer (or buffers) within the switch, their delivery being deferred according to a buffer servicing discipline. The purpose of the buffers is to smooth out the statistical fluctuation in the arrival patterns, so that even in a case of a peak cell arrival rate followed by a quiet period, the output is a smooth continuum of cells. The various switch architectures are differentiated primarily by their buffer servicing policies.
Aims and objectives:
To briefly describe the techniques of switching.
Switching Methods
Three important methods of switching are: circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching.
Aims and objectives:
To describe the circuit switching techniques, space division and time division switches.
Circuit switching
It creates a direct physical connection between two devices such as phones and computers. For example instead of point to point connections between the three computers on the left (A, B, and C) to the four computers on right (D, E, F, and G) requiring 12 links, we can use 4 switches to reduce the no. and total length of the links.
In circuit switching, dedicated physical connection is established between the sender and receiver and maintain for entire conversation. For example a PSTN uses a circuit switching, when you make a call a physical link between the two lines is dedicated during entire conversation. When one phone hangs up, the connection is terminated and circuit is released. A computer network performs circuit switching in same way. Before any two computers can transfer data, a dedicated circuit must be established between the two. The sending machine request the connection to the destination, after which the destination machine signals that it is ready to accept data. The data is then sent from source to destination, and destination sends acknowledgements back to source. When the conversation ends source sends a signal to the destination, indicating that connection is no longer needed, and disconnects itself.
A circuit is a device with n inputs and m outputs that creates a temporary connection between an input link and an output link. The number of inputs does not have to match the number of outputs.
A circuit switch
An nxn folded switch can connect n lines in full duplex mode for example it can connect n telephone in such a way that each phone can connected to every other telephone.
The major advantage of circuit switching is that the dedicated transmission channel the machine establishes provides a guaranteed data rate. This is important for time critical applications as audio and video. Also, once circuit is established, there is virtually no channel access delay, since the channel is always available, it does not need to request again.
Circuit switching has its disadvantages. One is that it is often an un-efficient use of transmission medium. Because the connection is dedicated even when it is idle, no other device can use that channel. Dedicated channels require more bandwidth then non dedicated channels, so transmission media can be expensive.
Circuit switching today can use either of two technologies i.e. space division switches and time division switches.
Space Division Switches
The Space division switching technology is originally designed for analog network as we previously have discussed a PSTN. Now days it is used for both digital and analog networks. In space division switching paths in circuit are separate by use of space (Spatial separation).
Crossbar Switches
A crossbar switches based on the number of cross points it can connects n inputs to m outputs in a grid, using electronic micro switches (transistor) at each cross point.
The major limitation of this design is the number of cross points required. Connecting n inputs to m outputs using a crossbar switch requires n x m cross points. If to connect 100 inputs to 1000 outputs requires a crossbar with 100,000 cross points. This factor makes the crossbar impartial because it makes the size of the crossbar huge. Such a switch is also inefficient because statistics show that, in practical, fewer than 25% of the cross points are in use at a given time. The rest are idle.
Multistage Switches
The problem with crossbar switch is of the cross points as the input and output devices attached, and if the input and out point device increases the cross points also increased
And very fewer cross points are in use and the rest are idle, so for the solution of this limitation of the cross bar switch is to use multistage switches, which combine crossbar switches in such away that there are several stages becomes. In multistage switching, device are linked to switches that, in turn, are linked to a hierarchy of
Other switches
The design of a multistage depends on the number of stages and the number of switches required (or desired) in each stage. Normally, the middle stages have fewer switches than do the first and last stages.
Suppose we want a multistage switch of making the 15-by-15 crossbar switch. Assume that we have decided on three-stage design that uses three switches in the first and final stages and two switches in the middle stage. Because there are three of them, each of the first stage switched has inputs fro one-third of the input devices, giving them five each (5X3=15).
Here each of the first-stage switches must have an output to each of the intermediate switches. There are two intermediate switches; therefore, each first-stage switch has two outputs. Each third-stage switch must have from each of the intermediate switches; two intermediate switches mean two inputs. The intermediate switches must be connect to the three switches of the first-stage and also with the three switches of the final-stage, by this way there must be three inputs and also three outputs each.
Multiple paths
Multistage switches provide several options for connecting each pair of linked devices, for two ways traffic can move from an input to an output using the switch designed in the given example above
A pathway is stabled between input line 4 and output line 9.In this instance, the path uses the lower intermediate switch and that switch's center output line to reach the last-stages connected to Line 9.
In the Second form as above shown that a path way between the same input line 4 and the same output line 9 using the upper intermediate switch .Here the number of cross points in a 15-by-15 single-stage crossbar switches with the 15-by-15 multistage switch that we already discussed in above example. In the single-stage switch, we need (15 x 15) 225 Cross points. In the multistage switch, we need
1. Three first-stage switches, each with 10 cross points (5x2), for a total of 30 cross points at the first stage.
2. Two second-stage switches, each with 9 cross points (3x3), for a total of 18 cross points at the second stage.
3. Three third-stage switches, each with 10 cross points (5x2), for a total of 30 cross points at the last stage.
The total number of cross points required by our multistage switch is (30+18+30) 78. In this example, the multistage switch requires only 35% as many cross points s the single-stage switch.
The major problem with the crossbar switching is number of cross points as the input and output devices are increased but
The reduction in the number of cross points results in a phenomenon called Blocking during period of heavy traffic.
Blocking refers to times when one input cannot be connected to an output because there is no path available between them-all of the possible intermediate switches are occupied.
The advantage of single-stage is that in the single-stage switch blocking does not occur. Because every combination of input and output has its own cross points, there is always a path. (Suppose in the situation of two inputs trying to communicate the same output don't count. that path is not blocked; the output is merely busy)
But in case of multistage switch as already described in the above example, However, Only two of the first five inputs can use the switch at a time, only two of the second five inputs can use the switch at a time, and so on the. Small number of outputs at the middle stage further increases the restriction on the number of available links.
In a very large system, suppose 10,000 inputs and outputs, the number of stages can increase to cut down the number of cross points required. As the number of stages increases, however, possible blocking increases as well. As a common example many people having experienced blocking on the public telephone system in the wake of natural disaster when calls being to check on or reassure relatives far outnumber the ordinary load of the system. In those cases, it is about impossible to communicate. Under normal circumstances, however, blocking is not usually a problem. In countries that can afford it, the number of switches between lines is calculated to make blocking unlikely. The formula for finding this number is based on statistical analysis.
Time-Division Switches
Time division switching is an other most popular technique in switching, that is achieved by time division Multiplexing. There are two popular methods used in time-division Multiplexing: the time-slot interchange and the TDM bus.
Time-slot Interchange (TSI)
Suppose a system connecting four input lines to four output lines. Imagine that each input lines wants to send data to an output lines with their respective devices
1 3 2 4 3 1 4 2
Data are output in the same order as they are input. Data from 1 go 1, from 2 go to 2, from 3 go to 3, and from 4 go to 4. We insert a device called a time-slot interchange (TSI) into the link. A TSI change the ordering of the slots based on the desired connections. In this case, it changes the order of data from A, B, C, D to C, D, A, B. Now,
When the demultiplexer separates the slots, it passes them to the proper outputs.
A TSI consists of random access memory (RAM) with several memory locations. The size of each location is the same as the size of a single time slot. The number of locations is the same as the number of inputs (in most cases, the number of inputs and outputs are equal). The RAM fills up with incoming data from time slots in the order received. Slot are then sent out in an order based on the decisions of a control unit.
TDM bus
The input and output lines are connected to a high speed bus though input output gates(micro switches). Each input gate is closed during one of the four times slot. During the same time slots only one output gate is also closed. The pair of gates allows a burst of data to be transferred from one specific input line to one specific output line using the bus. The control unit open and close the gates according to switching need. For example in the figure at first time slot the input gate 1 and output gate three 3 will be closed. During the second time slot, input gate 2 and output gate 4 will be closed and so on. A folded TDM bus can be made with duplex lines (input and output) and dual gates.
Aims and objectives:
To define the message switching technique .
Message switching is best known by the descriptive term store and forward. Message switching is unlike circuit switching in that it does not establish a dedicate path between two communication devices. Instead, each message is treated as an independent unit and includes its own destination and source address. Each complete message is then transmitted from device through the internetworks. Each intermediate device receives the message, store it until the next device is ready to receive it, and then forward it to next device. For this reason, a message switching network is sometimes refer to as store and forward network. In message switching message are stored and relayed from secondary switches(disk), while in packet switching the packets are stored and forward from primary storage(RAM).
Message switches can be programmed with information about the most efficient routes, as well as information regarding neighboring switches that can be used to forward message to their ultimate destination. Because of this information and varying conditions of network, message switching system typically route message through network along varying paths.
One example of store and forward system is email. An email message is forwarded as complete unit from server to server until it reaches its correct destination.
Advantages of message switching includes following:
· It provides efficient traffic management. By assigning priorities to the message to be switched, you can ensure that high priority message get through in timely fashion, rather then being delayed by general traffic.
· It reduces network traffic congestion. The intermediate devices (the message switches) are able to store message until a communication channel become available, rather then choking the network by trying to transmit every thing in real time.
· Its uses of data channels is more efficient then that of circuit switching. With message switching the network device share the data channel, this increase the efficiency because more of the available bandwidth can be used.
· It provides asynchronous communication across time zones.
On the other hand, the delay introduced by storing and forwarding complete message makes the message switching unsuitable for real time applications such as audio and video. For these applications especially video conferencing you required circuit switching. Another disadvantage of message switching is that it can be costly enough to equip intermediate devices with enough storage capacity to store potentially long messages.
Aims and objectives:
To define the packet switching technique and its further types.
Packet Switching
Circuit switching was design for voice communication. For example in a telephone conversation once a connection is established it remains established for the entire conversation. Circuit switching creates a temporary or permanent dedicated links that are appropriate for this type of communication. Circuit switching is not well suited for data and other non voice transmission. Non-voice transmission tend to be bursty, means data come in sudden streams with idle gaps between them. When circuit switched links are used for data transmission, the line is often idle and its facilities wasted.
Second weakness of circuit switched link for data transmission is in its data rate. A circuit switched link creates the equivalent of single cable two devices and assume a single data rate for both devices. That limits the flexibility and usefulness of circuit switched connection for networks interconnecting a variety of digital devices.
Third, the circuit switching is inflexible. Once a circuit has been established, that circuit is the path taken by all parts of transmission. Whether or not it remains the most efficient or available.
Finally, we can not prioritize the data. Circuit switching sees all transmissions as equal. A better solution for data transmission is packet switching. Packet switching provides the advantages of both circuit switching and message switching and avoids the main disadvantages of both. In packet switching, messages are broken into packets, each of which includes a header with source destination and intermediate node information. Individual packets may not always follow the same route; this is called independent routing. Independent routing offers two advantages:
· Bandwidth can be managed by splitting data onto different routes in a busy circuit.
· If a certain link in network goes down during transmission, the remaining packet can be sent through different route.
The main difference in packet and message switching is that the packet switching restricts the packets to a maximum length. This length is short enough to allow the switching devices to store the packet data in memory without writing it to disk. Packet switching works more efficiently then message switching.
Two popular approaches to packet switching are: datagram and virtual circuit.
In the datagram service, each packet entering the network is treated as a self contained entity with no relationship to other packets. Each packet is received and forwarded in the way just outlined. This service is used for the transfer of short, single packet messages.
For a message containing multiple packets a virtual call service is normally selected. Before any information associated with a call is sent, the source DTE sends a special call request packet to its local PSE containing, in addition to its required physical destination the DTE network address, a reference number called the virtual circuit identifier (VCI). This is noted by the PSE and the packet is forwarded through the network as before. At the destination PSE, a second VCI is assigned to the call request before it is forwarded to the destination DTE. Then, assuming the call is accepted, an appropriate response packet is returned to the calling DTE. At this point, a virtual circuit is said to exist between the two DTEs. The information transfer phase is then entered and all subsequent data packets relating to this call are assigned the same VCI numbers on each interface link to the network. In this way, both source and destination DTEs can readily distinguish between packets arriving on the same link but related to different calls. This might appear similar to a connection established through a circuit switched network but it's purely a logical connection. The class of the service supported by the virtual circuit is very high, since error and flow control are provided at the packet level.
Normally, a virtual circuit is cleared at the end of the call. However, it is possible for the virtual circuit to be left permanently established, so that a user who needs to communicate frequently with another user doesn't have to set up a virtual circuit for each call. This is known as a permanent virtual circuit. The user is charged for this facility and for the quantity of the data transferred.
In datagram approach to packet switching, each packet is treated independently from all others. Even when one packet represents just one piece of multipacket transmission, the network treat it as it is existed alone. Packets in this technology are referred as datagrams.
Figure shows how datagram approach can be used to deliver four packets from station A to station X. In this example, all four packets (or datagrams) belongs to same message but may go by different paths to reach its destination
This approach can cause the datagrams of a transmission to arrive at their destination out of order. It is the responsibility of transport layer in most protocols to reorder the datagrams before passing them on destination port.
The link joining each pair of nodes can contain multiple channels. Each of these channels is capable, in turn, of carrying datagrams either from several different sources or from one source. Multiplexing can be done using TDM or FDM
In above figures, devices A and B are sending dataqgrams to devices X and Y. Some is carrying two packets from different sources in same direction. The link on the right, however. Is carrying datagrams in two directions.
In a virtual circuit approach to packet switching the relationship between all packets belonging to a message or session is preserved. A single route is chosen between sender and receiver at the beginning of session. When the data are sent, all packets of the transmission travel one after another along that route.
Virtual circuit transmission is implemented in two formats: switched virtual circuit (svc) and permanent virtual circuit (pvc).
Switched Virtual Circuit (SVS)
The switched virtual circuit format is comparable conceptually to dialup lines in circuit switching. In this method, a virtual circuit is created whenever it's needed and exists only for the duration of the specific exchange. For example, imagine station A wants to send four packets to station X. first, a request the establishment of connection to X. once the connection is in place, the packets are send one after another and in sequential order.
When the last packet has been received and, if necessary, acknowledged, the connection is released and virtual circuit ceases to exist.
Only one single route exists for the duration of transmission, although the network could pick an alternative route in response to failure or congestion. Each time that A wishes to communicate with X, a new route is established. The route may be the same each time or it may differ in response to varying network conditions.
PVC are comparable to leased lines in circuit switching. In this method the same virtual circuit is provided between two users on continuous basis. This circuit is dedicated to specific users. No one else can use it and, because it's always in place, it can be used without connection establishment and connection termination. Where as two SVC users may get a different loop every time they request a connection, two PVC users always get the same loop.
A Public Data Network (PDN) is a network established and operated by a national administration authority specifically for transmission of data.
There are two main types of PDN: packet switched and circuit switched. Let us first outline the differences between the two types of these networks.
In a circuit switched data network each connection established results in a physical communication channel being setup through the network from the calling to the called subscriber equipment. This connection is then used exclusively by the two subscribers for the duration of the call. The main feature of such a connection is that it provides a fixed data rate channel, and both subscribers must operate at this rate.
In packet switched data networks all data to be transmitted is first assembled into one or more message units, called packets, by the source DTE. These packets include both the source and the destination DTE network addresses. They are then passed by the source DTE to its local Packet Switching Exchange (PSE). On receipt of each packet, the PSE inspects the destination address contained in the packet. Each PSE contains a routing directory specifying the outgoing links to be used for each network address. On receipt of each packet, the PSE forwards the packet on the appropriate link at the maximum available bit rate. As each packet is received at each intermediate PSE along the route, it is forwarded on the appropriate link interspersed with other packets being forwarded on that link. At the destination PSE, determined by the destination address within the packet, the packet is finally passed to the destination DTE.
To prevent unpredictably long delays and ensure that the network has a reliably fast transit time, a maximum length is allowed for each packet. It is for this reason that a message submitted to the transport layer within the DTE may first have to be divided by the transport protocol entity into a number of smaller packet units before transmission. In turn, they will be reassembled into a single message at the destination DTE.
In packet switched data networks error and flow control procedures are applied on each link by the network PSEs. Consequently, the class of service provided by a packet switched network is much higher than provided by a circuit switched network.
Aims and objectives:
Case discussion of ATM switching and other new advents in switching techniques and refrences.
The following document is an introduction to switching on ATM networks. The document includes a general introduction to the ATM switch element, its requirements and performance issues. Several queueing methods, which aim to allow the switch to achieve the requirements are discussed. The Knockout switch element is introduced as an example of switch element architecture.
The bandwidth requirements for data traffic within commercial organizations have been increasing steadily for some time, both in the local area networks and in the wide area networks. Workstations have been used to introduce multimedia applications to the desktop, including components of voice, video and image, besides growing amounts of data. This development requires networks of greater bandwidth than commonly present today with the capability of handling multiservice traffic on the same network.
The asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is being developed as a high speed networking technique for public networks capable of supporting many classes of traffic. ATM also uses the advantage of the new VLSI and fiber optic techniques recently developed.
ATM is a high-speed, packet-switching technique that uses short fixed length packets called cells. Fixed length cells simplify the design of an ATM switch at the high switching speeds involved. The selection of a short fixed length cell reduces the delay and most significantly the jitter (variance of delay) for delay-sensitive services such as voice and video. ATM is capable of supporting a wide range of traffic types such as voice, video, image and various data traffic.
In the following document I will introduce the basis of switching requirements in ATM broadband networks and introduce ATM switching solutions.
Various switching architectures were developed in the past for different application such as voice and data, based on modes like STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode) and packet switching.
The switching architectures that were previously developed for STM and for conventional packet switching like X.25 are not directly applicable for broadband ATM.
Three major factors have a large impact on the implementation of the ATM switching architecture:
The ATM cell has a fixed length (of 48 bytes) payload and a fixed length header (5 bytes) with limited header functionality allow to implementation of different optimal switching architectures, queueing functions for example. Some of the switching techniques have been realized, or are in stage of implementation.
A growing number of ATM switches are commercially available and installed by public operations to offer a public, wide are a broadband service, sometimes called ATM Central Office. Other switches are deployed by private users and are used in an internal high speed telecommunication needs, often called ATM LAN.
In the description of ATM switching in the following introduction the attention will be paid to the "transport" part of the switch and not to the "control" part.
The transport network is defined as all the physical means which are responsible to the current transportation of the information from the ATM inlet to the ATM outlet. The transport network in the ATM network mainly performs functions located in the user plan of the ATM protocol reference model.
The control part of the switch is that which controls the transport network. It decide for instance, which inlet to connect to which outlet. The decision is based on incoming signaling information. The control network mainly performs functions located in the control plane of the ATM protocol reference model. The qulity of service parameters for the transport network are the cell loss rate, the error rate, cell delay and cell jitter .
ATM is connection oriented. All cells belong to a virtual connection pre-established by the transport network . All traffic is segmented into cells for transmission across the network. The sequence integrity of all the cells in the virtual connection is preserved across each ATM switch to simplify reconstruction of the original traffic at the destination (allows smaller total delay on the net). The ATM cell is 53 bytes long, built of 48 payload bytes and a 5 bytes header. Each cell's header contain a VCI (virtual channel identifier) that identifies the virtual connection to which the cell belongs.
The ATM switch has several main tasks:
VCI translation.
The established connection on the ATM network defines the virtual path through different switches across the network. The VCI is local to each switch port. As each cell travels across an ATM switch, the VCI is translated into a new value. The switch has to built the new cell header containing the new VCI (and possibly new VPI - virtual path identifier ) and calculate the new HEC value.
Switching - Cell transport from its input to its output.
The transportation of the information (cell) from an incoming logical ATM channel (inlet) to an outgoing logical ATM channel (outlet), is also the responsibility of the ATM switch. The logical ATM channel is characterized by two identifiers:
1. The physical inlet/outlet which is characterized by a physical port number.
2. The logical channel on the physical port which is identified by the VCI and/or the VPI.
In order to provide the switching function, both physical and logical identifiers of the incoming cell have to be related to physical and logical identifiers of the outgoing cell. Two functions have to be implemented in the ATM switching system.
The first function is the space switching function. The space switching function is the one which allows the connection between every input and every output. An important aspect of space switching is the internal routing. This means how the information is routed internally in the switch. The internal structure of the switch must allow connections between every input to every output.
The second function is time switching. Since ATM is working in an asynchronous mode, cells which had arrived in various time slots from the different inputs can be delivered from different outputs in different time slots (there is no time identifier in ATM as it is in STM). Since there is no pre-assigned time slot connection, a contention problem arises if more than two logical channels are connected to the same output at the same time slot. This problem in the ATM switch is solved by implementing a queueing function in the ATM switch system.
In this work the functions of routing and queueing will be discussed in more detail.
The ATM switch has to handle a minimum of several hundred thousand cells in a second at every switch port. A switch has to connect from a few ports to thousands of ports. In principle, a switch fabric can be implemented by a single switching element. But from practical reasons the switch fabric has to be built of basic switching building blocks - switching elements .
A switching element is the basic unit of the switch fabric. It can be implemented in a single integrated circuit element. At the input port (inlet) the routing information of the incoming cell is analyzed and the cell is then directed to the correct output port (outlet). In general the switching element consists of an interconnection network , and IC (input controller) for each incoming line and an OC (output controller) for each outgoing line. Arriving cells will be synchronized to the internal clock by the IC. The OC transport cells which have been received from the interconnection network toward the destination. The IC and OC are coupled by the interconnection network.
There are several switch element requirements to perform the switch functionality . A general structure of a switching element is in the figure below :
General model of switching element
An ATM network has to support a wide range of applications using various kinds of information in, a wide range of speeds from telecontrol to high quality video. These services define different requirements in terms of bit rate, behavior in time (constant bit rate or variable bit rate), semantic transparency (cell loss rate, bit error rate) and time transmission (over all delay, jitter). The ATM switch architectures have to be considered in these requirements.
Since ATM is defined to be connection oriented, after connection set-up a logical connection must be found between the logical inlet and the logical outlet.
Connection blocking is defined as the probability that not enough resources can be found to allow all the required physical connections between inlets and outlets at any time.
In an ATM switch it is possible that temporarily too many cells in the switch have to be transmitted through the same link (switch internal or external link). In optimal operational conditions there is an available entry in a queue to hold all the cells. But if the queue is currently full, another cell that will require the same queue will be lost.
The probability of a cell lost mast be kept in a specified limits to assure high semantic transparency. Typical values for cell loss in ATM are in the range of 10^(-8) to 10^(-10).
Some switching architectures are designed such that they will not suffer from cells competing for the same resources internally, but only at their inlets and/or outlets.
It is also possible that from some internal routing error a cell will be sent to the wrong logical connection. If such an error occurs, error impact is doubled by the fact that one destination will miss a cell and that a second destination will accept an additional cell. The switch element has to be designed so that cell insertion error probability will be about 1000 times better than a cell loss.
To allow support of different real time services in an ATM network, a maximal delay has to be guaranteed and a low values of jitter.
Typical delay values are between 10 and 1000 usec, with jitter of 100 nsec or less. The delay and the jitter in the cell are strongly related to the queueing in the switching element. A small queue will assure better delays but will increase the cell loss probability.
A large number of information rates have to be switched in the same ATM switch. The maximal bit rate which a future ATM switch has to be able to switch lies around 150 Mbit/sec. For such fast services, the switching element can be implemented as several switching elements in parallel. Or, several 150Mbit/sec switching elements can be multiplexed on a single link. That will require a switching rate in the order of Gbit/sec.
In classical connection oriented packet switching services, only point to point connections are available, because the information (cell) can be switched from one logical inlet to one logical outlet only. In future broadband networks broadcast and multicast services are required for different applications from electronic-mail to network TV services.
There are many queueing problems in an ATM switch because actually the ATM switch performs statistical multiplexing in the switch inputs and de-multiplexing in the switch outputs. Suppose two ATM cells arrived at two inlets at the same time and are aiming for the same outlet. Some arbitration mechanism and queue of waiting cells has to be implemented in the switch. There are several queueing possibilities. It is possible to add a queue at the switch element inputs, add a queue at the switch output, or add a queue between the inputs on the outputs of the switch.
The different possibilities are described briefly.
In this configuration the buffers are located at the input controller (IC). When using a first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer, a collision occurs if two or more head-of-the-queue cells compete simultaneously for the same output. Then all but one of the cells are blocked. The cells behind the blocking head-of-the-queue cell are also blocked even if they are destined for another available (currently not in use) output. In this method the switch interconnection network will transfer the the cell from the input buffer to the output buffer without internal conditions. Arbitration logic is needed to determine which of the cells held in different inlet buffers destined to the same output will be transferred in the interconnection network. The arbitration logic can be from very simple logic (e.g. simple round robin) to more complex arbitration methods (aiming to keep the same queue length in all the buffers).
To overcome this disadvantage, the FIFO buffer can be replaced by a random access memory (RAM). If the first cell in the queue is blocked, the next cell which is destined for an idle output (or internal switch interconnection network link) will be selected for transmission. The disadvantage of this solution is that a complex buffering control is required to find a cell destined to an idle connection and also to guarantee a correct cell sequence of cells destined for the same output.
The input buffer approach achieves the worst performance in the sense of the queue length required to achieve a given cell-loss rate in various switch loads in comparison to the other two queueing methods.
Input Buffering.
In this technique, the buffers are located at the OC of the switch element. The assumption is that many cells from the IC can cross the internal interconnection network and arrive to the outlets. This solution requires use of a very fast internal pass. In order to allow a non-blocking switch, the interconnection network and the output buffer have to be capable of handling N cells at one cell time (when N in the number of ICs).
When output buffers are in use, no arbitration has to be used. The control of the output is based on a simple FIFO logic.
Output Buffers.
In the central queueing approach, the queueing buffers are not dedicated to a single inlet (as in the input buffer approach) or to a single outlet (as in the output buffer approach), but shared between all inlets and outlets. Each coming cell will be directly stored in the central storing element. Every outlet will identify the cells destined to it in a FIFO discipline.
From the queueing point of view, this method is the most efficient and required the smallest total storage to allow minimal cell loss in heavy load conditions. Since the available memory on an integrated circuit switching element is limited, it is possible to achieve low cell-loss probabilities when using the central queueing approach.
The disadvantages of this approach are that very fast memory elements are required to allow all the coming cells and outgoing cells access to the memory ports at the same time, and big complexity in the queue management.
The realization of the three queueing approaches ( input buffer, output buffer, central queueing ) are very different. The differences are in three main aspects:
queue size
The size of the queue depends on the performance requirements of the system (cell loss ratio, load, delay) and the queueing method in use. The queue size is reflected in the number of cell buffers which are supported by the switching element.
memory speed
The access time of the queueing element depends on the queueing method in use, the number of inlets and the number of outlets of the switching element and the rate of the incoming and out going cells.
memory control
In order to control the queues of the switching element, additional control logic is required.
The following paragraphs describe the general structure of the Knockout switching element. The Knockout switch was first introduced by Yeh in 1987. The Knockout switch can grow to a large size by composing small entities, to create bigger switching element or as a switching fabric.
The Knockout switch is based on a the output buffering (queueing) approach. As mentioned before one of the disadvantages of the output queueing methods is the fast memory access required to achieve a small cell loss rate. The Knockout is trying to overcome this disadvantage.
The Knockout switch has N inlets and N outlets. The interconnection network is a matrix type. N broadcast buses, one of each inlet, connects to each of the inlets. Each outlet is connected to all inlets via a bus interface of N inputs, connected to each individual broadcast bus. This means that the interconnection network is non-blocking, and at the input of the bus interface there is no cell loss.
Knockout Switching Element
The bus structure has the major advantage that each bus is driven by only one inlet. This structure allows simple implementation and high bandwidths on the interconnection network.
At a bus interface, several cells may arrive simultaneously. All can (in the worst case) be destined to a single output. Therefore, the bus interface requires some kind of queueing. Since N cells can be destined to a bus interface at one cell time, the bus interface has to use very fast memory elements to guarantee zero cell loss. In order to simplify the implementation and reduce the required memory operation speed, a non-zero loss method is implemented. The is switch realized as an intelligent bus interface , which acts as a concentrator , with a non-zero cell loss probability.
At the top of the bus interface N filters are located, each one of them connected to one of the N inlet broadcast buses. The cell filters examine the address of the incoming cells. If the cell is destined to the outlet related to the bus interface the cell is passed to the concentrator .
The next part after the bus interface is the concentrator , which concentrates N inputs to L outputs (where L<= N). If in the same cell time, k cells are destined to the same outlet and k>L , a (L-k) cells will be lost in the concentrator . The concentrator itself is built of very simple building blocks. Those biulding blocks are basically a switch in which 2 inputs contend for a winner output. If only one cell is present at the input at a time, it will be selected as a winner output. If two cells are present at a time in the inputs, one cell is selected as a winner and the second one, the loser, it transferred to contend on the next stage.
The probability of losing a cell in the concentrator must not be larger than the probability of losing cells elsewhere in the switch element. Statistical calculations show that if L=12, a cell loss probability of 10^(-10) can be achieved for any load and any value of N.
The next stage in the Knockout switch is the output buffers . L dual port buffers are connected to the L concentrator outputs. In order to distribute the load on the output FIFOs (and reducing the total amount of memory required for each bus interface) a sifter stage is provide. The shifter guarantee that all L buffers are equally (uniformly) loaded and optimally used.
1. Data Communications, Computer Networks and OSI / F.Halsall
2.Computer Network / A.S.Tanenbaum
3.Data Network / U.D.Black
Reference books
1. MCSE: Networking Essentials
2. Data communications and Networking By: Behrouz A.. Forouzan.
3. ATM and Multiprotocol Networking (McGraw Hill Text) –
4. Building Switched Networks: Multilayer Switching, QoS, IP Multicast, Network Policy, and Service Level Agreements (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company)
5. The Switch Book: The Complete Guide to LAN Switching Technology (John Wiley & Sons) –
Reference sites
1. www.ITToolKit.com
2. www.2rad.com
3. www.interhack.com
4. www.lucent.com


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Engraved Cork Anti-Static Turntable Slipmat - 45 RPM Adapter, Speaker Cone, or 33.3 LP
I was raised on a Sunday morning breakfast and music ritual where the old man would spin a few carefully selected records from his college collection. I think this helped instill both a life-long love of music, and bacon. I've carried on the tradition with my own family, and would like to now share with you the cork slipmats I have designed for my beautiful vintage turntables.
Cork has long been trusted by vinyl enthusiasts as the preferred material to dampen the transmission of vibrations from the platter to the record, which are then picked up by tonearm and passed on through the speakers. A slipmat will help isolate the record from the hum of a motor and provide a smooth and safe surface to spin your beloved records on. Cork is also a poor conductor of electricity and can help reduce the pops and clicks of static caused by accumulated dust and lint. These slipmats not only help provide a great listening experience, but they also just look really awesome.
The cork slipmat comes packed in a high-quality inner sleeve used by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab for their MoFi Master recordings on LP and will ship in a kraft record mailer. All parts of the packaging are functional and reusable, so there is no waste.
Cork is a handsome and sustainable material that can be harvested for generations without harming the tree, so that's nice too.
Approximately 11.5" in diameter with a slim 1/16" profile to ensure the record and tonearm are making contact at just the right angle.
Handmade in Texas!
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The Hammacher Schlemmer 'Flying Hovercraft' is precisely what it appears to be. The machine has the unmatched ability to soar above the water at over 20 ft, in part due to the wings that surround the 1,000 lbs machine. These aerial capabilities are remarkable, and although similar versatile designs have been created, few have been to reach the same height, literally speaking.
Hammacher Schlemmer prides itself on innovation, promising to only produce the best, the only and the entirely unexpected. This Flying Hovercraft delivers this very trio with its powerful 130 hp generator and 60" propeller. And even at 70 mph, the vehicle promises its ability to conquer mud, grass, desert, ice, snow, wind, waves and saltwater, in part due to its vinyl and nylon underbelly.
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Health A-Z
Breast Cancer
More than 3 million Americans are being treated for cancer. 1.3 million individuals are newly diagnosed each year. According to the National Cancer Institute, 1 in 8 American women will develop breast cancer at some time in her life. The devastating disease we know as cancer today emerged gradually and then started rising at extraordinary rates as industrial societies become more dependent on technology instead of nature. Over 200 different diseases are now classified as cancer. Evidence from a rising group of cancer survivors shows us that using every part of our lifestyle to normalize cells that are out of control offers the best chance for success.
Cancer cells are normal cells that have been altered by a chemical or other enabler that allows the cell to survive and grow uncontrolled. Cancer cells have only one job....to survive. The immune system is the body's first line of defense against cancer. Cancer is opportunistic, meaning it invades the body when the immune defenses and overall health are low. It is necessary to promote an environment where cancer and degenerative disease cannot live. These diseases do not seem to grow or take hold where oxygen and minerals are high in the vital fluids. Liver health is also vital - the liver is the body's toxin cleanser and is crucial in immune health.top
Risk Factors
The largest breast cancer increase was in women who were born in the years after World War II, an era that ushered in massive amounts of new chemicals and drugs, such as potent antibiotics, hormone therapy, and processed foods into American life. Most were developed during the press of wartime, without the normal years of testing for long term health effects. After the war, a great many of these substances found their way into agriculture and household products. Most pesticides, household chemicals and common plastics did not exist before World War II. Man-made and environmental estrogens alone can stack the deck against women by increasing their estrogen levels hundreds of times. Only in the last five years has anyone realized how common synthetic estrogens are in today's world. Smoking and long term smoke exposure increase risk; women who work around electromagnetic fields have a 38% greater risk. Breast or prostate cancer in a woman's father's family doubles her risk.
Post-menopausal, overweight women have the highest risk of breast cancer, with 75% of all cases occurring in women over 40. If you are more than 25% above your ideal body weight, your risk increases. Fat cells store environmental estrogens, pesticides, organo-chlorine residues and other chemical toxins that cause cancer. Weight gain around age 30 increases the long-term risk of breast cancer, too. A 10-pound increase raises the risk by 23%, a 15-pound increase by 37%, and a 20-pound increase by 52%. Also at risk are women who have overly high, or imbalanced estrogen levels. Those who had their first period before age 12, those who did not go through menopause until after age 55, those who did not have a child before age 30, and those who did not carry a pregnancy full-term would all fall into this risk category. Women who eat a diet high in commercial meats and dairy products have a higher risk. Many food animals are injected with hormones that once ingested, lead to overall higher estrogen levels in the body. Long term synthetic estrogen and/or oral contraceptive use, and estrogen-containing pesticides are also a risk factor for breast cancer. Regular exercise is a key to fighting breast cancer because it favorably alters body chemistry to control fat retention which stores excess estrogen, and increases fat metabolism, which helps flush out excess and environmental estrogens. Try to limit your exposure to environmental estrogens.top
Natural Prevention
Preventative nutrition, hormonal balance, lifestyle management and immune system support are crucial for breast cancer prevention. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies and nutrient imbalance may lead to poor immune function. The immune system cannot defend the body properly when biochemistry is altered and as a result, cancers are able to invade the body. A low stress diet, rich in antioxidants and devoid of damaged fats, is essential to ensure optimal immunity. Note that if you are undergoing treatment for cancer in the form of chemotherapy or radiation, it is important to consult (online or in person) with a professional to determine the safe use of antioxidants and other vitamins/minerals.
While the achievement of hormonal balance may seem an arduous undertaking, if approached holistically, the results are not only effective, but safe as well. For both menstruating and peri/menopausal females, the ratio of estrogen to progesterone is critical to protect against breast cancer. A natural approach to hormone balance is very individual, but will involve avoiding commercial hormones in foods, processed phytoestrogens and chemically based estrogen mimickers or xenoestrogens. Using natural menstrual regulating approaches in place of birth control pills and limiting the use of antibiotics help limit breast cancer risk as well.
For women with a family history of breast cancer and/or a personal history of PMS, it is helpful to have your diet and hormones analyzed by a holistic practitioner (online or in person). A comprehensive 28 day female hormonal test is helpful to explore levels of salivary estrogen and progesterone. By optimizing the balance of female hormones and preventing estrogen excess, a woman is taking a very proactive approach to breast cancer prevention.
Maintaining a healthy weight and engaging in regular exercise, especially for perimenopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal females, plays a large role in prevention. An individualized diet that focuses on insulin regulation, blood glucose control and fatty acid balance is important to promote the achievement of ideal body fat and body weight. Consulting with a holistic practitioner (online or in person) is very helpful in determining your individual body fat goals.
Cancer treatment can be extremely difficult on the mind and body. Proper nutrition can help the body cope physically, biochemically and emotionally. Combinations of specific foods and nutrients can help produce feel good hormones and prevent depression during cancer treatment.top
Page L. Healthy Healing: A Guide to Self-Healing for Everyone Eleventh Edition. Traditional Wisdom, Inc; 2000.
Rister S. Healing Without Medication. Laguna Beach, CA: Basic Health Publications, Inc; 2003: 130-133.
Breast Cancer Prevention. National Cancer Institute. 2009. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/breast/Patient/page3#Keypoint5. Accessed on October 21, 2009.top


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No smoking or vaping
No smoking or vaping for patients
We have a no smoking, no vaping policy that applies to all patients, visitors and staff. Whether you are coming to us for a clinic appointment or a hospital stay, you must not smoke or vape anywhere inside our buildings or on our grounds.
It is routine for our staff to ask all patients if they smoke and to offer you options to help you be smokefree during your stay. If you let us know, we can provide clean nicotine products on the wards (e.g. patches, lozenges or gum).
We can also refer you to quit smoking organisations.
Did you know that smoking can slow down your healing? Being in hospital with access to recommended clean nicotine products and smokefree support may be a good time to start quitting altogether.
Click here if you want to go smokefree Once And For All
Vaping is not permitted
A wide range of information on vaping was reviewed by the Waikato DHB Pharmacy Service and it did not present any compelling reason to introduce support for vaping into the DHB's Smokefree Policy.
Vaping is less toxic than smoking cigarettes (unless you do both, in which case it may be more harmful). However the exact nature of the liquid products used in vaping is not known and is unregulated in New Zealand.
Same as with cigarettes, you are putting your vapour and its toxins into a space that is shared with other people.
Vaping can also be a gateway drug - something that normalises the use of drugs and encourages people to move to other more harmful or addictive drugs.


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19-year-old Seminole woman beaten to death (February 5, 2004)
Authorities are in Texas and Oklahoma to investigate the death of a 19-year-old member of the Seminole Nation. Casey Jo Pipestem was found in a creek bed in the Grapevine, Texas. Police believe her body had been dropped from a...
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Surgeon General puts emphasis on prevention (February 5, 2004)
The U.S. Surgeon General urged tribal leaders on Thursday to adopt more preventive health care efforts or face a new generation of unhealthy Native Americans. At a meeting of the United South and Eastern Tribes (USET), Dr. Richard Carmona called...
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Debate continues on housing near Nez Perce gravesite (February 5, 2004)
A decision on whether to allow a housing development near the gravesite of Old Chief Joseph, a Nez Perce leader, was delayed this week. Wallowa County commissioners debated an appeal filed by three tribes against the project. They say the...
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Anderson asks for prayers in new job as head of BIA (February 5, 2004)
HAPPY, HEALTHY, TERRIFIC: Bureau of Indian Affairs chief Dave Anderson leads tribal leaders through motivational cheer at United South and Eastern Tribes (USET) meeting. Dave Anderson doesn't mind telling people that he used to abuse alcohol and drugs. Or...
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Column: Lakota ceremony 'smelled exactly like pot' (February 5, 2004)
"Oglala Lakota medicine man Robert Cross stood in the snow outside the King Center at Metropolitan State College on Wednesday morning. He waved an eagle feather over a bowl of burning sage. "What I'm going to do," Cross said in...
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Navajo Nation chapters join lawsuit over drilling plan (February 5, 2004)
Three Navajo Nation chapters and a Navajo environmental group have joined a lawsuit challenging the approval of nearly 10,000 new oil and gas wells in northwestern New Mexico. In a lawsuit filed yesterday in federal court, Navajo leaders, local ranchers,...
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N.M. Indian museum hopes changes will boost attendance (February 5, 2004)
The New Mexico Museum of Indian Arts & Culture is hoping renovations and new galleries will bring the crowds back. The museum has raised $1 million of $1.4 million needed for the changes. The project includes a revamped lobby, five...
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Sac and Fox Treasurer: Okla. governor insults tribes (February 5, 2004)
"Gov. Brad Henry's compact negotiations with Oklahoma's 39 Indian tribes haven't been going very well. Henry has been attempting to establish new tobacco and gaming compacts. Henry's attempt at negotiations quickly evolved into a torturous, sometimes contentious process. That is...
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Editorial: Bush administration obsessed with Arctic oil (February 5, 2004)
The Bush administration has an unhealthy "obsession" with oil in the Arctic, The Seattle Post-Intelligencer says in an editorial. The paper says the 2005 budget is "a remarkable bit of fantasy" because it depends on oil revenues from the Arctic...
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Changes lower dropout rate on Mont. reservation (February 5, 2004)
Thanks to innovative changes, the dropout rate for public schools on the Northern Cheyenne Reservation has dropped from 17 percent to 6 percent in the last two years. The improvement is attributed to the creation of the Lame Deer Alternative...
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Tribal donations in Minn. mostly flow to Democrats (February 5, 2004)
When it comes to political contributions, Minnesota tribes donated overwhelmingly to Democrats, according to The St. Paul Pioneer Press. One fourth of the funds donated to Senate Democrats came from tribes. About 14 percent of donations to House Democrats were...
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Calif. judge delays Pechanga Tribe's disenrollment (February 5, 2004)
A California county judge has put a temporary stop on the pending disenrollment of 130 people from the Pechanga Band of Luiseno Indians. The ruling was not based on the legal claims of the group. Superior Court Judge Charles D....
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City urges review of Oneida Nation treaty rights case (February 5, 2004)
The U.S. Supreme Court has received all the briefs in a case challenging the Oneida Nation's treaty rights in New York. The tribe has secured two victories affirming the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua. The courts have ruled that the treaty...
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Thune gains endorsement from odd source: Russell Means (February 5, 2004)
American Indian Movement activist and actor Russell Means said he is supporting John Thune in the race against Sen. Tom Daschle (D-S.D.). Means, who has launched several failed political bids, met with Thune recently. He told The Rapid City Journal...
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Bill seeks study of Indian child welfare system in S.D. (February 5, 2004)
The South Dakota Senate Judiciary Committee passed a bill on Wednesday to create a commission that will study whether the state is complying with the Indian Child Welfare Act. The original version of SB211 would have written ICWA into state...
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Trial: Aquash heard Peltier brag about killing FBI agents (February 5, 2004)
The former common-law wife of American Indian Movement leader Dennis Banks implicated AIM leaders in the murder of her friend Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash. According to news reports, Darlene Nichols, also known as Ka-Mook Nichols, said Aquash was terrified of Banks...
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Court rules scientists can study Kennewick Man (February 5, 2004)
In a unanimous decision, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals on Wednesday said a group of scientists have a right to study the 9,300-year-old remains known as the Kennewick Man. The court rejected the Department of Interior's contention that the...
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Kerry criticizes cut to Indian small business program (February 5, 2004)
Sen. John F. Kerry (D-Mass.), the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, vowed to support full funding of the Native American Outreach program at the Small Business Administration, which President Bush proposed eliminating for the...
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Navajo vice president adresses lawmakers on Indian Day (February 5, 2004)
SANTA FE, New Mexico - Navajo Nation Vice President Frank Dayish, Jr. told legislators about the importance of water to the Navajo people and all Native Americans regarding the proposed Water Settlement Agreement and other issues such as healthcare, education,...
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Senate poison scare over, office buildings to reopen (February 5, 2004)
The Senate will start to reopen its three office buildings today. The Russell building will open at noon, followed by the Hart building on Friday morning. The Dirksen building, where a dangerous poison called ricin was found in the offices...
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