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- Research
- Open Access
Reproducibility of patient setup by surface image registration system in conformal radiotherapy of prostate cancer
© Krengli et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2009
- Received: 18 December 2008
- Accepted: 22 February 2009
- Published: 22 February 2009
The reproducibility of patient setup for radiotherapy is based on various methods including external markers, X-rays with planar or computerized image acquisition, and, more recently, surface matching imaging. We analyzed the setup reproducibility of 16 patients affected by prostate cancer who underwent conformal radiotherapy with curative intent by using a surface image registration system.
We analyzed the setup reproducibility of 16 patients affected by prostate cancer candidates for conformal radiotherapy by using a surface image registration system. At the initial setup, EPID images were compared with DRRs and a reference 3D surface image was obtained by the AlignRT system (Vision RT, London, UK). Surface images were acquired prior to every subsequent setup procedure. EPID acquisition was repeated when errors > 5 mm were reported.
The mean random and systematic errors were 1.2 ± 2.3 mm and 0.3 ± 3.0 mm along the X axis, 0.0 ± 1.4 mm and 0.5 ± 2.0 mm along the Y axis, and 2.0 ± 1.8 mm and -0.7 ± 2.4 mm along the Z axis respectively. The positioning error detected by AlignRT along the 3 axes X, Y, and Z exceeded the value of 5 mm in 14.1%, 2.0%, and 5.1% measurements and the value of 3 mm in 36.9%, 13.6% and 27.8% measurements, respectively. Correlation factors calculated by linear regression between the errors measured by AlignRT and EPID ranged from 0.77 to 0.92 with a mean of 0.85 and SD of 0.13. The setup measurements by surface imaging are highly reproducible and correlate with the setup errors detected by EPID.
Surface image registration system appears to be a simple, fast, non-invasive, and reproducible method to analyze the set-up alignment in 3DCRT of prostate cancer patients.
- Standard Deviation
- Intensity Modulate Radiation Therapy
- Clinical Target Volume
- Treatment Planning System
- Helical Tomotherapy
Accurate and repeatable patient setup is a pre-requisite for radiotherapy in order to limit the margin around the clinical target volume (CTV), i.e. the planning target volume (PTV), and consequently minimize the irradiation of healthy tissues responsible for early and late side effects. The reproducibility of external patient alignment is independent from the internal organ motion that can affect the position of the tumor with respect to the surrounding healthy tissues. Both aspects have to be taken into account as prescribed by the ICRU 62 document (ICRU62) that defined in this regard the setup margin and the internal margin around the CTV to obtain the final PTV.
For prostate cancer, as well as for other tumors, the optimization of the setup procedure as well as the definition of the internal organ motion has become of greater relevance over the last decade in relation to the implementation of highly conformal radiation techniques such as 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and charged particle therapy [1, 2].
The verification of patient setup can be performed by a number of methods of varying sophistication, including: using external markers; X-rays with planar or computerized image acquisition; and, more recently, surface matching imaging [3–6]. Of these methods, X-rays with planar (after implant of radio-opaque seeds) and computerized image acquisition are able to verify both patient setup and prostate position whereas surface matching imaging is directed to verify the patient setup only. The latter method has the potential advantage of being non invasive since no ionizing radiation is used. Moreover, a number of studies showed that the implementation of such technique allowed to obtain a high degree of precision for patient setup for breast and thoracic tumor locations [7–10].
In the present article, we analyzed the setup reproducibility of 16 patients affected by prostate cancer who underwent conformal radiotherapy with curative intent by using a surface image registration system.
The system for surface image registration installed in the Department of Radiotherapy at the University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità" in Novara, Italy is presented and the acceptance tests preliminary to clinical activity are described. Then the procedure for image acquisition in a clinical series of 16 cases of prostate radiation treatment is reported and the methods of data analysis are described.
Image acquisition system
Before starting the clinical activity, a test was performed in order to verify the performance of the system in terms of precision and reproducibility of the measures. An anthropomorphic phantom was positioned on the treatment table and aligned with the three laser system of the treatment room. The known shifts of the treatment table along the three axes was checked by the AlignRT with measurements for each axis X, Y, and Z. The system demonstrated high accuracy and reproducibility with measured errors of less than 1 mm. A quality assurance procedure was adopted for the AlignRT system by daily checks to calibrate the cameras to the coordinates of the linear accelerator using a dedicated calibration plate with a printed grid.
Clinical series
Sixteen patients aged from 61 to 78 years (median 73 years) were enrolled in the present study after obtaining informed consent following the rules of our institution. All patients were affected by prostate cancer with Gleason score ranging from 6 to 9 (median 7.5) and PSA level at diagnosis ranging from 2 to 75 ng/ml (median 12 ng/ml). The whole cohort had a body mass index (BMI) ranging from 19.5 to 29.1 (mean 23.7) and 4 patients with a BMI > 25 and were defined as overweight, following the definition adopted by the World Health Organization. Treatment consisted of 3D-conformal radiotherapy to a total dose of 70 – 76 Gy in 35 – 38 fractions of 2 Gy by a 6 coplanar conformal field technique over a period of 7 – 7 and a half weeks. The planning target volume (PTV) was obtained by a 10 mm expansion around the CTV except for the posterior margin where a 7 mm expansion was used towards the rectal wall. All patients were treated in supine position with partially filled bladder and empty rectum using a knee-ankle fixation device to facilitate setup reproducibility. Three skin tattoos, two lateral and one anterior, were marked for position verification by alignment to the 3 laser system. Simulation was performed by conventional simulator (Ximatron, Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and spiral computed tomography (CT)-scan (Lightspeed, General Electric, Milwaukee, WI, USA) obtaining 5 mm slice thickness images spaced from L4 to 2 cm below the ischeal tuberosities. The images with DICOM 3 format were transferred to the treatment planning system (TPS) Pinnacle (Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) by local network.
Image acquisition
Surface images were acquired during every setup procedure. When the error detected by the AlignRT system was > 5 mm, an EPID acquisition was obtained in order to verify the setup error along the three main axes (X: left-right, Y: anterior-posterior, Z: cranial-caudal). The tolerance threshold of 5 mm was chosen as it corresponded approximately to 2 standard deviations (SD) of the setup errors for prostate treatment detected in clinical practice at our institution by a previous study conducted comparing serial EPIDs with DRRs (SD on X axis = 2.2 mm, SD on Y axis = 1.7 mm, SD on Z axis = 2.6 mm) [12]. The errors along the 3 main axes calculated by means of Align RT were compared with the setup errors detected by the EPID images.
Rotational errors detected by the surface imaging system were not specifically analyzed in the present study and were neglected when < 1°.
Statistical analysis
Systematic and random errors were calculated using the van Herk's formula [13] and reported as mean and standard deviation (SD). The percentage of error correction was calculated with two threshold levels: > 3 mm and > 5 mm. The latter threshold level > 5 mm was adopted in clinical practice as action level. The correlation between the positioning errors measured by AlignRT and those determined by EPID was performed by linear regression method.
Systematic and random errors (mm) along the three main axes (X, Y, and Z) detected by AlignRT
Systematic error (mean ± SD)
Random error (mean ± SD)
1.2 ± 2.3
0.3 ± 2.9
0.0 ± 1.4
0.5 ± 2.0
2.0 ± 1.8
-0.7 ± 2.4
The correlation factor calculated by means of linear regression between the positioning errors measured by AlignRT and EPID images ranged from 0.77 to 0.92 with a mean of 0.85 ± 0.13.
A number of studies using video-surface imaging for patient setup verification have been published over the last few years [14, 3, 11, 7–9, 5, 10]. Most of them were performed on breast cancer and intra-thoracic tumors and showed that surface imaging is a reliable method for patient position verification and may improve the precision of setup for breast cancer patients and reduce the effects of respiratory motion [7, 9, 10]. In the present study, we applied a surface image registration system to verify the position of prostate cancer patients during radiotherapy. This technique aims to verify the patient position before each treatment session and not the prostate position inside the body that may change in relation with rectum and bladder filling. In this sense, a correct patient setup can reduce the so-called setup margin but not the internal margin as defined by the ICRU 62 document (ICRU 62).
To our knowledge, only one study investigating the use of surface imaging for analysis of the setup of patients affected by pelvic malignancies and in particular by prostate cancer has been reported in the literature thus far [3]. In this study, Ploeger et al. (2003) [3] analyzed the left-right translation error in 22 prostate patients by both portal vision and video surface imaging. They reported that the largest contribution to the measured set-up errors was due to the set-up error of the bony anatomy while the SD of movement of the skin with respect to bony anatomy was estimated to be 1.1 mm. Furthermore, they observed that the correlation between the video setup error and the portal setup error was higher than the correlation between the marker position and the portal setup error and that the use of video recorded images may be able to reduce the number of setup corrections.
The present study aimed at analyzing the reproducibility of patients' setup by using the video-surface imaging registration system AlignRT in a series of 16 patients who were affected by prostate carcinoma and were candidates for curative conformal radiotherapy. In this study, we used the acquisition at the time of the first session as a reference image since we had not a surface image system in the simulation room and we decided to avoid any possible error in the matching of the CT reconstruction data and the Align-RT data. The latter procedure could actually be critical in relation to a change of coordinate system from CT to surface imaging system as already observed by Bert et al. [7] (Bert 2006). The images obtained by the AlignRT system correlated well with EPID images as shown by the linear regression between the positioning errors measured by AlignRT and EPID images that ranged from 0.77 to 0.92 with a mean of 0.85 and SD of 0.13. The analysis of systematic and random errors showed that the mean largest systematic error was found on the Z axis and the highest SD was found in the X axis, similarly to what observed by Kupelian et al. [1] in a recent series of 74 cases treated with helical tomotherapy. Also other authors found that errors along the X axis may have a SD higher than that along the other directions [15, 3]. In particular, Ploeger et al. reported SD values of the systematic and random components of the set-up errors derived from the portal images in the left-right direction (X axis in our study) of 1.5 and 2.1 mm, respectively. Interestingly, they observed that when the set-up of the patients was retrospectively adjusted based on the video images, the SD of the systematic and random errors decreased to 1.1 and 1.3 mm, respectively. These values are slightly lower compared to the SD observed in the present series and to the values reported by Kupelian et al. [1] (Table 1). This difference may be related to the patient selection in terms of percentage of overweight cases and compliance to the procedure.
The distribution of positioning errors along the three main axes detected by the surface imaging system during all the treatment time span shows that the most frequent deviations from the threshold levels happened on the X axis (14%). Along the other axes, Y and Z, the errors greater than 5 mm, i.e. the action level used in clinical practice, occurred only in 2% and in 5% of cases respectively. This behavior may be related to the variations of patient profile mainly due to change in content of bowel and small intestine. As a matter of fact, we observed variations > 5 mm in the X axis in 3 out of 4 overweight patients. In this regard, Wong et al. [6] found a significantly larger shift in the lateral direction for the obese group in a series of 329 patients affected by prostate cancer. Although we did not specifically investigated this aspect because of the limited number of patients of our series, EPID might result more reliable than surface imaging in setup verification in overweight and obese patients.
As expected, the two different threshold values of 3 and 5 mm, considered in the present analysis (the threshold of 5 mm was adopted in clinical practice to correct the patient position), would have led to a different percentage of patient repositioning with a substantially higher correction rate for the action level of 3 mm (37%, 14%, and 28% for X, Y, and Z axis respectively) than for the action level of 5 mm (14%, 2%, and 5% for X, Y, and Z axis respectively). Based on these findings, the routinely daily use of surface imaging may lead to a reduction of the setup margin around the CTV, i.e. the PTV.
The results observed in this study in terms of setup error are substantially consistent with those reported by other authors using different setup control tools [4, 1, 6]. Kupelian et al. [1] in their series of 74 patients treated by helical tomotherapy found that setup errors > 5 mm occurred in 24% of fractions and this frequency increased to about 40% when setup errors > 3 mm were scored.
Since our study did not correlate surface images with CT images but only with EPID, we were not able to correlate our findings with the prostate itself but only with bony landmarks. Furthermore, we did not analyze other parameters that may affect the patient setup like rotation, intra-fraction motion, and breathing movements. These potential sources of errors could be studied by surface imaging system as suggested by Brahme et al. [5]. Rotational errors were not specifically analyzed in the present series but could be considered in a further study. Another interesting analysis could be performed by considering also non-rigid effects instead of analyzing only the shifts along the three main axes as a rigid relationship.
In conclusion, the data from our study show that the setup measurements by surface imaging are reproducible and are in accord with the setup errors detected by EPID. Although further studies on larger patients' cohorts are needed to validate such an approach, surface image registration system appears to be a simple, fast, non-invasive, and promising method to analyze the set-up alignment of the patient, that can be used to define and whenever possible minimize the setup margin, in 3DCRT for prostate cancer.
3DCRT: 3 dimensional conformal radiation therapy; CT: computed tomography; CTV: clinical target volume; DICOM: digital imaging and communications in medicine; DRR: digital reconstructed radiograph; EPID: electronic portal imaging device; Gy: Gray; IMRT: intensity modulated radiation therapy; MD: medical doctor; MRT: medical radiation technologist; PhD: physical doctor; PTV: planning target volume; ROI: region of interest; SD: standard deviation; TPS: treatment planning system; CI: confidence interval
This project was supported by a grant from the "Rete Oncologica Regionale" of Piedmont, Italy
Authors' Affiliations
- Kupelian PA, Lee C, Langen KM, Zeidan OA, Mañon RR, Willoughby TR, Meeks SL: Evaluation of image-guidance strategies in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 70: 1151-1157.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vargas C, Wagner M, Indelicato D, Fryer A, Horne D, Chellini A, McKenzie C, Lawlor P, Mahajan C, Li Z, Lin L, Keole S: Image Guidance Based on Prostate Position for Prostate Cancer Proton Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 71: 1322-1328.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ploeger LS, Frenay M, Betgen A, de Bois JA, Gilhuijs KG, van Herk M: Application of video imaging for improvement of patient set-up. Radiother Oncol 2003, 68: 277-284. 10.1016/S0167-8140(03)00230-5View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Trichter F, Ennis RD: Prostate localization using transabdominal ultrasound imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 56: 1225-1233. 10.1016/S0360-3016(03)00269-4View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Brahme A, Nyman P, Skatt B: 4D laser camera for accurate patient positioning, collision avoidance, image fusion and adaptive approaches during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Med Phys 2008, 35: 1670-1681. 10.1118/1.2889720View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wong JR, Gao Z, Uematsu M, Merrick S, Machernis NP, Chen T, Cheng CW: Interfractional Prostate Shifts: Review of 1870 Computed Tomography (CT) Scans Obtained During Image-Guided Radiotherapy Using CT-on-Rails for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 72: 1396-401.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bert C, Metheany KG, Doppke KP, Taghian AG, Powell SN, Chen GTY: Clinical experience with a 3D surface patient setup system for alignment of partial-breast irradiation patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 64: 1265-1274.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Spadea MF, Baroni G, Riboldi M, Tagaste B, Garibaldi C, Orecchia R, Pedotti A: Patient set-up verification by infrared optical localization and body surface sensing in breast radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol 2006, 79: 170-178. 10.1016/j.radonc.2006.02.011View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schöffel PJ, Harms W, Sroka-Perez G, Schlegel W, Karger CP: Accuracy of a commercial optical 3D surface imaging system for realignment of patients for radiotherapy of the thorax. Phys Med Biol 2007, 52: 3949-3963. 10.1088/0031-9155/52/13/019View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gierga DP, Riboldi M, Turcotte JC, Sharp GC, Jiang SB, Taghian AG, Chen GTY: Comparison of target registration errors for multiple image-guided techniques in accelerated partial breast irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 70: 1239-1246.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bert C, Metheany KG, Doppke K, Chen GTY: A phantom evaluation of a stereo-vision surface imaging system for radiotherapy setup. Med Phys 2005, 32: 2753-2762. 10.1118/1.1984263View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pagella S, Loi G, Krengli M: Study of set-up and internal margins (ICRU 62) for the delineation of the PTV in 3D conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer: preliminary results. Tumori 2003,6(suppl 1):S31.Google Scholar
- van Herk M, Remeijer P, Rasch C, Lebesque GV: The probability of correct target dosage: dose-population histograms for deriving treatment margins in radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000, 47: 1121-1135.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Johnson LS, Milliken BD, Hadley SW, Pelizzari CA, Haraf DJ, Chen GTY: Initial clinical experience with a video-based patient positioning system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999, 45: 205-213.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hurkmans CW, Remeijer P, Lebesque JV, Mijnheer BJ: Set-up verification using portal imaging: review of current clinical practice. Radiother Oncol 2001, 58: 105-120. 10.1016/S0167-8140(00)00260-7View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
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By: Oberst von Berauscht (Four Beers)
X-Men was the first in a new generation of superhero movies concentrating less on campy shtick and cartoonish storylines. These films began to put more focus on character development, and (strange as it may seem to an outside observer) costumed heroes with the ability to accomplish impossible feats were starting to be treated seriously (and taken seriously by audiences).
While Tim Burton's Batman was the first mainstream "super" movie to make this innovation a reality, his follow-up Batman Returns generated negative backlash from parental groups for its overtly dark themes. The result of this was a decade of increasingly cartoonish sequels and uninspired cash-in superhero movies from competing studios.
Fucking bat credit card?
As I've been assigned the task of reviewing the upcoming X-Men: First Class, (and because I've not actually seen any of the X-Men movies) I've decided to watch the entire trilogy in a single night, and provide an abbreviated review of each entry, with a bonus of X-Men Origins: Wolverine just to cover all bases. Oh, and as always, with copious amounts of yeast fermented beverage.
X-Men (2000) – Four Beers
Humanity is beginning to evolve, with more and more young people being born with physical mutations that allow them great powers. The film focuses on Rogue, a mutant teenager unsure of how to control her own abilities, and potentially dangerous to anyone who touches her. Ostracized by normal humans, she flees home only to encounter Wolverine, a mutant searching for his past. They form a bond quickly, and just as quickly find themselves under attack by cronies of Magneto, an evil mutant (with the power of magnetism) bent on humanity's destruction.
They are saved by Cyclops and Storm, members of the X-Men, a group of Mutants led by super-intelligent Charles Xavier. Xavier has organized a school for mutants designed to teach them how to function in society, stressing collaboration and peaceful relations with non-mutants. The X-Men set out to discover Magneto's motives, and to stop him from whatever it is he may be planning.
A Toast
Serving as an allegory for the way humanity mistreats people and things we don't understand, X-Men borrows from Red Scare-era political fear mongering and contemporary civil rights struggles. Director Bryan Singer intuitively understands the way mutants would be treated in the real world, and the way he spins the story is believable and emotionally felt.
Beer Two
If only the film's antagonistic non-mutants were fleshed out more, it would have left a stronger impression. Ultimately, they seem to be caricatures of conservative racists. Had more screen time been given to demonstrate the causes of this fear and hate, the metaphor would have been more strongly delivered.
There is nothing stereotypical about Cracker McMerica…
Beer Three
The movie seems uneven, mostly because it takes its time to develop Rogue and Wolverine's characters, both of which are complex and interesting, and then springs into an action heavy plotline. Unfortunately, many of the other major characters are left underused. Cyclops and Storm seem to be in this movie simply to make 'slosions. It is understandable that Fox didn't want to make a big-budget character study, but often you see Wolverine stab someone in a way that would kill any normal man, or others thrown into walls so hard it would shatter bone. Without knowing who they are, and without even knowing what they're capable of, the fights become boring. This lessens even the excuse that the film's action serves a commercial purpose.
Beer Four
"You know what happens when a toad gets struck by lightning?… The same thing that happens to everything else!"
This is the kind of writing that gives you cancer
Though some serious flaws bog it down at times, it leaves you interested enough to want more.
X2: X-Men United (2003)- Two Beers
The war between mutant and non-mutant continues, this time Stryker, a military scientist with a hatred for mutants, has devised a scheme to win White House support. He captures Cyclops and Xavier, and is using the latter's mind powers for his own benefit. The X-Men are forced to team up with nemesis, villain, and all-around bad guy Magneto to save mutant-kind. Has Magneto turned a corner? Or is he just biding his time before he welcomes the X-Men to die?
A Toast
X-Men and X2 are both films which are epic in scope, but in this rare sequel that betters the original, filmmaker Bryan Singer manages to juggle multiple storylines and an increasingly cluttered cast of characters deftly. The characters of Xavier, Wolverine, Rogue, Storm, Cyclops, Jean Grey, and others return, and each one is given something interesting to do. There are many small moments that build on their motivations and create depth, doing what the first film failed to do; foster an emotional response. Singer manages to do all this while telling a compelling story with plenty of action and moments of humor.
Beer Two
One of the most important mutants on the X-Men team, Cyclops still is given very little to do. And Pyro is given absolutely no reason for turning evil, other than as a means to further the plot. This isn't as big a problem as in the first film, as every other character is developed quite well, but the blemish is a noticeable one in an otherwise stellar film.
Not much more to tell here, damn near flawless movie.
Side Note: In this film, several lines of dialog tip you off to the likelihood that the metaphor of discrimination is specifically about gay rights, such as the moment where Iceman's Mother asks him if he has ever "tried to stop being a mutant". The next film takes that a step further.
The rest of this Article is continued at X-Men Trilogy: Part II

subset: commoncrawl


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Man arrested on suspicion of killing schoolgirl Lindsay Jo Rimer who vanished 22 years ago
Fresh DNA discovery earlier this year led police to arrest a 63-year-old man in connection with the teen's death
POLICE have arrested a 63-year-old man in connection with the 22-year-old murder of a schoolgirl.
Lindsay Jo Rimer was aged just 13 when she disappeared from Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire, on November 7 1994.
She was last seen buying cornflakes at 10.22pm in a shop in Hebden Bridge.
The tragic teen's decaying body was later found in April 1995 in Rochdale canal.
Officials confirmed she had been strangled to death.
West Yorkshire Police have now arrested a man in Bradford after discovering new DNA linked to the case earlier this year.
Lindsay's parents and siblings have been informed of the arrest.
Speaking at a press conference following the arrest, distraught mother Geri, 46, said: "My little girl deserves justice.
'THE PENDULUM IS SWINGING'Michael Barrymore swimming pool death is a still a murder investigation, say cold case cops
IN-K BAD TASTETwisted girlfriend who stabbed her partner to death with a steak knife shows off huge tattoo in tribute to him
SCHOOL STABBINGPupil stabbed Spanish teacher Ann Maguire to death 'after being told he couldn't drop the subject'
"My little girl does not deserve to be dead."
The mum, who divorced Lindsay's father following the death of their daughter, continued: "I made a vow when her body was found that I would not give up until the conclusion.
"We owe it to Lindsay."
"I miss her every day – we all do."
Detective Superintendent Simon Atkinson, of the Homicide and Major Enquiry Team, said: "A 63-year-old man from Bradford was arrested this afternoon on suspicion of the murder of the Hebden Bridge teenager."
"He is currently being questioned by detectives in police custody."
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Friday, February 22, 2013
The Japanese Canadian Post War Experience Conference
The Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre in Toronto is pleased to announce the Japanese Canadian Post War Experience Conference – the '40s, '50s, and '60s: Building a New Future, being held on April 6 and 7, 2013. This Conference is dedicated to sharing and preserving the history of the Japanese Canadian community during the post war years (1945-1967).
In 2010, the JCCC hosted the Japanese Canadian Experience Conference: the War Years. As a result, over 100 stories were collected from that Conference regarding the War Years, which have now been preserved here online at sedai.ca. Following that Conference, it was suggested that another conference be held to bring the community back together to discuss the difficult years following WWII. We believe this too was a very important era, especially in how the community took shape and developed into what it is today. For those individuals and families who were forced to either build a new future resettling east of the Rockies, or "repatriate" to Japan and start fresh in what was a foreign home to many Canadian-born Nikkei, this time period deserves to be discussed and the stories and memories preserved. For those who arrived in Canada for the first time following WWII, their successes in building a life, a family, and a home in a land where they faced discrimination and prejudice are a testimony to their incredible efforts, and are a vital part of the mosaic of the Japanese Canadian community.
As we continue to attract Storytellers, Sedai believes in the message that without as many different pieces of the community shared as possible, our history will be that much more limited and narrow – each individual is the only person who can tell their own individual experiences and perspectives. We hope that you will share your experiences with us at this Conference – please bring your children, grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and of course friends. Let's build a lasting history through preserving our stories, so that generations to come will have a first-hand understanding of the legacy of Canadian Nikkei.
Our 2010 Conference sold out with over 400 attendees – please register early to avoid disappointment!
For further information, please download the brochure and registration form below, or contact Elizabeth Fujita, Sedai Project Coordinator at: firstname.lastname@example.com or 416 441 2345 ext. 303
Also, follow us online at facebook.com/JCPostWarConference or on Twitter (@JCCCSedai)!


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Sony Ericsson Xperia and the HTC's wildfire S. which would you prefer? To make your questions more easily let's have a comparison between them so that you need to give less thought on which Smartphone would be your choice this season. Where there are variants in the Xperia category with Xperia X10, Mini, Mini-Pro, etc the HTC Wildfire S is the upgraded version of the HTC Wildfire which to make up for its low price had features not that impressive. So with the all new renovated HTC Wildfire S there are a lot of features that have been upgraded for consumer satisfaction.
Specifications Comparison of Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Vs HTC Wildfire S:
Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 comes with a memory of 1GB and an expandable memory upto 32 GB. HTC Wildfire S has a memory of upto 32 GB and as well as ROM, microSD card slot is available as well.
Sony Xperia has 384 MB of RAM, and HTC Wildfire S has 512 MB RAM which means it has better speed and multitasking capabilities.
Sony Ericsson Xperia comes with a 8 MP camera and secondary camera is present as well in Sony Xperia Arc series which is lacking in the initial Xperia Smartphone. HTC Wildfire S comes with a 5 MP camera and video recording of VGA quality but secondary camera is absent which is disappointing. It comes with auto focus LED flash.
Sony Ericsson Xperia Arc has got Android version 1.6 upgradable to 2.3 with a 1GHz Scorpion Processor. HTC Wildfire S comes with Android version 2.3 Gingerbread. So HTC comes with a better Operating System.
Sony Ericsson Xperia weighs 135 grams and HTC Wildfire S weighs just 105 grams and is lighter.
Dimensions of the Sony Ericsson Xperia are: 119x63x13mm. HTC Wildfire S has a dimension of: 101.3×59.4×12.4mm. HTC Wildfire S has got the slim sleekish look and is light weighted.
HTC Wildfire S comes with a lithium ion based battery with 1230mAH.
Sony Ericsson Xperia gives a talk time of 10 hours on 2G and 8 hours on 3G and HTC Wildfire S provides us with a talk time of 7 hours 10 minutes on 2G and 5 hour 50 minutes on 2G.
Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 is priced at $489 and HTC wildfire S (Unlocked) has been priced at $399 and is cheaper yet satisfactory.
So looking for the good things in HTC Wildfire S we can say that it is slim and light weighted, priced reasonably and has got a good outer casing and the negatives of this Smartphone include its sluggish processor, absence of secondary camera and poor VGA camera with low quality. This advantage can be taken by the Sony Ericsson Xperia which has got a good camera quality and video recording as well. The operating system of Xperia is version 1.6 though it can be upgraded to 2.3 version.
Looking comparatively at their price HTC is under budget and there is a large price difference between the two so price can be a very noticeable factor as well. Now it's your time to decide, whether you want to buy Wildfire S or Xperia X10. Tell your opinions in the comment field below.
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Employers should anticipate issues faced by aging employees
At present, Baby Boomers and Gen Xers are on their way to the retirement stage, though this does not mean that their ranks are disappearing in the workplace. United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor statistics data showed that the number of workers aged 55 years old and higher is expected to increase in the country within the next six years, while the number of younger workers are expected to decrease.
This news is good for business owners and members of the upper echelon of the company because workers of age have far more experience in the field, and their insights can lead to significant achievements for the company.
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Its that time of year where we are all getting itchy feet and need a change. Its time to have "BANGS". There is a fringe for everyone but here is a variety of shapes for round faces.
There are certain shapes to avoid, you can end up making your face rounder or even add to corners to end up looking more masculine.
A straight across "school girl" fringe will make your face rounder, accentuating cheek bones, so if you have no bones it will just show off cheek.
Try having a slightly softer edge to it, this creates a bit more femininity. Having longer sides to your fringe will also create a longer face shape.
A slightly sweepy fringe looks really pretty on a round face, make sure its heavy enough to give an impact and hold its shape.
Again keep the longer edges to your fringe to give a soft slope.
When you have a round face its great to have soft layering and your fringe blend into the rest of your haircut.
Im a huge fan of the Alexa Chung fringe, it's one that i've decided to go for this winter!
Over and Out


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Rental prices in general terms are not being increased from last year's. Thanks to the less than favourable euro/pound exchange rate, many companies found it hard to sell self-catering holidays in France last year. If the exchange rate remains similar, there should be plenty of availability again in the shoulder months of May, June and September, with discounts on offer – don't be afraid to ask.
Brittany and Normandy will be the best bets for availability and deals – rental rates there are far lower than in southern France, anyway. If you do want to head south, bear in mind that a villa with a pool in the Languedoc is likely to cost around a quarter less than a place of a similar standard in Provence.
Our selection
VFB Holidays (01452 716831; www.vfbholidays.co.uk) is a reliable, long-established France specialist, with 350 carefully selected, rigorously inspected properties on its books – the website has detailed information on them.
Tots to Travel (0845 269 4126; www.totstotravel.co.uk) is my tip for families with young children. Its 170 French rentals are thoroughly vetted to ensure they are ideal for families, and copious detail on properties' baby and child-orientated facilities can be found on the website. There are lots of affordable gîte clusters, with shared pools and play barns.
Holiday Rentals (www.holiday-rentals.co.uk) is the site to go to if you are after as big a choice as possible. It advertises more than 46,000 French properties and has excellent search facilities and reviews of many properties posted by guests. (You book direct with owners – though prices can be lower, that means there's more risk involved.)
The Hoseasons Group's central website, www.cottages4you.co.uk, is the main shop-window for self-catering properties of a company that until recently was called the Holiday Cottages Group. It holds 2,200 French properties, more than any other operator or agency.
Other options
Other Hoseasons Group brands relevant to France are French Country Cottages (0845 268 0796; www.french-country-cottages.co.uk), for atmospheric properties across the country, and Welcome Cottages (0845 268 0816; www.welcomecottages.com), for a more mid-range selection. (Confusingly, some but not all of these brands' properties are on www.cottages4you.co.uk) There's also Bowhills (0845 268 8666; www.bowhills.co.uk), a long-standing French specialist that is now part of the Hoseasons empire. It has added properties in Alsace, the Alps and Ile de France regions.
Access Travel (01942 888844; www.access-travel.co.uk) has wheelchair-accessible gîtes.
Bespoke France (01530 417052; www.bespokefrance.co.uk) is a new company that will source and book gîtes, villas and apartments suitable for those with disabilities and reduced mobility.
Brittany Ferries (0871 244 0744; www.brittanyferries.co.uk) has a big choice of gîtes and cottages in north-western France, to book in combination with travel on the company's ferries; good search options on its website.
French Affair (020 7381 8519; www.frenchaffair.com) has villas and cottages, the majority with pools, in Provence, Languedoc, the Pays Basque, Atlantic Coast, Dordogne and Lot.
Holiday In France (01225 310623; www.holidayinfrance.co.uk) has more than 200 characterful properties across France; detailed plans on the website.
Inntravel (01653 617000; www.inntravel.co.uk) has a small selection of rural properties in southern France.
Interhome (020 8246 4100; www.interhome.co.uk) features a vast hotchpotch selection of apartments, houses and villas; many have 10 per cent discounts for bookings made nine months ahead.
James Villa Holidays (0800 074 0122; www.jamesvillas.co.uk) has villas with pools, most self-contained, some in complexes, across a number of regions.
Just France (020 8246 4101; www.justfrance.co.uk) is a French specialist arm of Interhome – more than 350 quality, characterful properties, with best choices in the Dordogne, Burgundy and Brittany.
Pure France (0871 288 4198; www.purefrance.com) All properties with private pools; strong in the Languedoc.
VillaCentre (01799 532123; www.villacentre.co.uk) has places in Brittany, Provence/Côte d'Azur.
Villas Worldwide (01756 751777; www.world-villa.co.uk) features some 500 French properties, most with pools, otherwise near a beach; strongest in Brittany.
Wake Up In France (01484 680855; www.wakeupinfrance.co.uk) offers apartments, gîtes, villas and holiday villages. Good choice in the Vendée; has expanded into the Rhône Alps.
Regional specialists
These companies should all have local knowledge and you should be able to speak to a member of staff who has visited any property you are interested in renting.
Our selection
Brittany Travel (0345 230 1380; www.brittany.co.uk) has 180 inspected Breton properties. The website documents each in detail, and has good search facilities, highlighting properties with pools, those that are close to the beach, inexpensive, etc.
Gascony Secret (0844 800 1637; www.gascony-secret.com) is my first choice for a rental in the ancient south-west region of Gascony. Its small but alluring portfolio includes a number of tempting large farmhouses and châteaux – ask about reduced prices for under- occupancy outside high season.
Simply Perigord (0033 553 545431; www.simply-perigord.com) should be top of your list for something special in the Dordogne. It offers 65 appealing rentals there, from cottages to châteaux. New on its books is a historic chartreuse, sleeping up to 20 and in 180 acres of grounds.
Alternative Aquitaine (01395 576655; www.alternative-aquitaine.co.uk) focuses on lettings for all budgets near the south-west coast. Excellent detail on properties on the website includes clear comfort ratings; places that were reckoned by previous clients to offer particularly good value for money are highlighted.
Vintage Travel (01954 261431; www.vintagetravel.co.uk) is a good bet for characterful farmhouses and villas, all with private pools, in unspoilt parts of south-west France and the Vaucluse.
Other options
Country Cousins (020 7284 0996; www.countrycousins.co.uk) is a Roussillon specialist.
Joie de Vivre Holidays (0161 408 3917; www.jdvholidays.com) covers Provence, Côte d'Azur and Languedoc rentals, which are well presented on the website.
Normandie Vacances (0113 256 4373; www.normandy-holidays.co.uk) has carefully selected gîtes in Normandy, plus breaks in safari- park lodges in the Pays d'Auge.
Provence Holiday Houses (0033 490 056036; www.provenceholidayhouses.com) covers the Luberon and Alpilles.
Susan Paradise (01395 597759; www.susanparadise.co.uk) has places in the Côte d'Azur (good choice of affordable lets), Provence and Brittany. The website's "holiday ideas" section highlights properties that are "chic but cheap", have table tennis, lovely views, etc.
Luxury specialists
Our selection
With 44 very upmarket rentals dotted across the country, Private Properties Abroad (01423 330533; www.ppaproperties.com) would be my first point of reference for a money-no-object château.
Dominique's Villas (020 7738 8772; www.dominiquesvillas.co.uk) has been going for a quarter of a century. Its 170 French rentals include a mouth-watering selection of châteaux, manors and top-end villas, virtually all with pools, across the main regions. Recent previous bookers get five per cent discount.
CV Travel (020 7401 1044; www.cvtravel.co.uk) is a leading villa specialist, with a big choice of classy villas and very smart farmhouse conversions in Provence and the Côte d'Azur, plus a smattering in the Dordogne, Corsica and, new for 2011, Biarritz.
Other options
Elysian Holidays (01580 766599; www.elysianholidays.co.uk) has tempting properties in the Dordogne and several other regions.
Quality Villas (01442 870055; www.qualityvillas.com) has the lion's share of its villas on the Côte d'Azur.
Serendipity Rentals (02920 786477; www.serendipityrentals.com) offers Dordogne houses.
Special Villas (07808 727735; www.specialvillas.com) has villas near Bordeaux.
The following companies offer luxury rentals chiefly in Provence and the Côte d'Azur: Abercrombie & Kent Villas (0845 618 2205; www.akvillas.com); Balfour France (020 7367 0960; www.balfourfrance.com); Palmer and Parker (01494 815411; www.palmerparker.com); SJ Villas (020 7801 4010; www.sjvillas.co.uk); The Villa Book (020 7917 6830; www.thevillabook.com); Villas of Distinction (0808 234 5158; www.villasofdistinction.com); Wimco (0870 850 1144; www.wimco.com).
Booking independently
Many thousands of properties are advertised by owners on the following websites (note that information is provided by, and your contract will be with, the owner): www.bvdirect.co.uk; www.cheznous.com; www.frenchconnections.co.uk; www.holidayfrancedirect.co.uk (a Brittany Ferries brand – bookers get preferential fares on its ferries); www.holidaylettings.co.uk; and www.ownersdirect.co.uk.
Niche options: www.gites-de-france.com – the official Gîtes de France website, with good search options; www.simplychateau.com – good source of rentable châteaux; www.oneoffplaces.co.uk – properties that are special in some way; www.childfriendlycottages.co.uk – properties that make a point of welcoming families with children under five.
Many companies listed elsewhere in our booking guide offer accommodation on this lovely Mediterranean island. But you're better off turning to one of the specialists below.
Our selection
Corsican Places (0845 330 2345; www.corsica.co.uk) is the leading specialist. It features a big choice of quality villas with private pools, apartments and hotels, mostly close to the coast, and has its own charter flights from May to early October – from Stansted to Calvi. As well as full packages, accommodation-only bookings are possible.
DirectCorsica (www.directcorsica.com) has a good selection of apartments, villas and hotels, offered at competitive rates and well presented on the excellent website, which is a useful source of information on flights, ferries and all things Corsican.
Other options
Other companies offering lots of appealing self-catering properties and hotels, often in the island's dramatic interior as well as by the coast, are: Corsican Affair (020 7385 8438; www.corsicanaffair.co.uk); Simply Travel (0871 231 4050; www.simplytravel.co.uk); Simpson Travel (020 8392 5858; www.simpsontravel.com); VFB Holidays (01452 716831; www.vfbholidays.co.uk). Coastline (0844 557 1020; www.coastline.co.uk) offers upmarket villas.
Hotel holidays
Our selection
VFB Holidays' (01452 716831; www.vfbholidays.co.uk) France à la Carte hotel programme stands out. Hotels are picked with great care, especially for the quality of food – accommodation is always on a half-board basis. The website has lists of guests' "best reviewed hotels" – for cuisine, location, value for money, etc. Eight properties are new this year, including Les Glycines in Les Eyzies, one of the best places to stay in the Dordogne.
Inntravel (01653 617000; www.inntravel.co.uk), which features tempting, hand-picked country inns offering good food, is good for short breaks in northern France.
Kirker Holidays (020 7593 2283; www.kirkerholidays.com) is strongly recommended for city and southern France breaks – many hotels featured are expensive, but there are some affordable, high-quality gems.
French Expressions (01752 878040; www.expressionsholidays.co.uk) is an excellent choice, particularly for complex multi-centre itineraries. It uses about 90 of France's top hotels – from grand seaside piles to classy auberges and châteaux.
i-escape (www.i-escape.com) offers detailed, insightful reviews of dozens of typically small-scale and chic places to stay in France.
Other options
A number of cross-Channel operators can put together packaged travel/hotel breaks – Brittany Ferries, for example, offers a big selection of hotels to suit all budgets. The same is true of Eurostar and some airlines, such as British Airways, easyJet (see www.easyjetholidays.com) and Jet2.com (see www.jet2holidays.com). You will often save money by booking a package.
Castaways (01737 812255; www.castaways.co.uk) offers châteaux and luxury hotels.
Cresta Holidays (0844 879 8036; www.crestaholidays.co.uk) has a broad, multifaceted short-breaks programme to France, with a dedicated brochure to the country.
Disneyland Paris (0844 800 8111; www.disneylandparis.com) has theme-park packages with Disney hotels and cheaper non-Disney properties nearby.
Real Provence (0033 490 056052; www.real-provence.com) is a specialist in that region.
For big selections of hotels for accommodation-only bookings or touring holidays in France, consider Drive-Alive (www.drive-alive.co.uk), Great Escapes (0845 330 2084; www.greatescapes.co.uk) and Leisure Direction Travel (0844 576 5504; www.leisuredirection.co.uk).
Booking independently
Useful sources: www.relaischateaux.com for luxury hotels; www.logishotels.com for traditional, mid-priced auberges; www.relaisdusilence.com for tranquil hotels; www.accorhotels.com and www.louvrehotels.com for budget and mid-range hotel chains; www.memorablehotels.co.uk for independent reviews of 200 characterful French hotels; www.sawdays.co.uk, especially for its b & b recommendations; www.gites-de-france.com for Gîtes de France registered b & bs.


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Westchester Hot Water Heater Installation, Repairs and Service
If your home water heater needs a repair or you are in need of an installation of a new Westchester hot water heater, our professional New York plumbing contractors can help you with all of your water heater needs in Westchester County. Almost all components on a water heater can be fixed or replaced except for the tank. Once the tank rusts through, there is no way to repair it, replacement is the only solution. At Aqueduct Services, we service all water heating problems in Westchester.
With demand for water heaters, the manufacturers provide different specifications. Some companies are beginning to publish energy factor ratings for these products and this information should make for easier comparisons. Our Westchester plumber is here to help you select the best water heater for your home and can provide you with all the information necessary to help you make the best choice.
Why Get A Tankless Water Heater For Your New York Home
Tankless water heaters are also known as instant water heaters. These units make sense for Westchester And County homeowners. Vacation homes in New York can be very desirable with a tankless water heater.
Tankless water heaters in Westchester County conserve energy. Traditional water heaters have a tank that is constantly filled with water. The traditional water heater provides hot water in your home by constantly heating the water in the tank to maintain it at a set temperature. Tankless water heaters work differently. Tankless units heat water by activating a set of coils that become hot when the unit is turned on. As the water passes over the coils, it is heated. The temperature set on the control determines how hot the water will be when it comes out of the tap and, thus, how hot the coils become and how quickly the water moves across the coils. Tankless water heaters conserve energy by only heating the amount of water needed at a given moment and by heating the water only when it is needed.
Tankless water heaters are perfect for vacation and second homes in Westchester County. When you are not staying in a second home or a vacation home, it is always wise to turn off any appliances and utilities not in use. This saves money and protects your property. Use of tankless water heaters in these second homes eliminates the risk of a leaking water heater tank, eliminates the cost of leaving the water heater running when the house is not in use, and eliminates the long wait when you do use the house while the gallons and gallons of water in the tank reach the desired temperature
Our Westchester Water Heater Services Include:
Recent Articles
- Westchester Home Generators & Your Home
- Westchester Plumbing Concerns Best Left In The Hands Of The Pros


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According to Cuprinol, who might possibly have an interest in the result, the average Briton spends five months of their life in the garden shed. Of course, these days it's bound to be more than just a shed that this average Briton – surely a man rather than a woman – is "just popping down" to. Anything from a modular garden room, custom Dutch barn or Finnish log cabin down to the humble British overlap 4' x 5' does the trick. But what exactly is its trick? A den, a repository of all things that a man needs, or might one day come in useful, like that 40 foot roll of speaker cable that has been inexplicably and cruelly banished from the home? A retreat from the world? A refuge from domestic order? Solitary confinement of the type that all writers from George Bernard Shaw to Roald Dahl crave? (Shaw put his shed on a rotating platform so that he could keep it permanently in the sun.) Who knows? But it is one of life's enduring institutions.
• This article was amended on 11 April 2012. The original subheading referred to five days of average Britons' lives being spent in a shed. This has been corrected.


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I am so grateful for other food sites, like Splendid Table, that post amazing and inspiring recipes. These recipes are often the catalyst for my kitchen adventures. The Baja-Style Cauliflower Tacos are phenomenal. They have the perfect amount of heat; slight crunch from the panko/coconut breading, and a soft earthy flavor of the cauliflower.
While I did not make the slaw in the recipe, I opted for a similar one with a pre-made chipotle-tomato dressing. I also served the tacos with this delicious Tomato Rice.
I also changed the process of where I added the spice – I put most of the spice in the breading mix, leaving the coconut milk plain. The downside to this was if the breading fell off, the cauliflower was a bit more bland.
- 1 c unsweetened shredded coconut
- 1 c panko bread crumbs
- 1 tsp garlic powder
- 1 tsp ground cumin
- 1/4 tsp cayenne
- 1 tsp salt
- 1 c canned unsweetened coconut milk
- 1/2 head cauliflower (1 pound), trimmed and cut into 1-inch pieces
- Corn tortillas, warmed
1. Pre-heat oven to 450 degrees. Mix coconut, panko and spices in a bowl, set aside.
2. Whisk coconut milk. Dip the cauliflower into coconut milk mixture; coat well.
3. Once cauliflower is coated with coconut milk, roll in the seasoned panko/coconut topping. Place on a baking sheet.
4. Bake for 20-25 minutes, turning cauliflower pieces halfway through.


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Rockledge, FL Location
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A good book which will tell you all about the brook in its historic bad times on the Brook is worth a read, its called 'The Chatham Scandal' by Brian Joyce.
Charles Dickens lived in the Brook as a boy, between 1821 to 1823, aged between 9 and 11. He lived at 18 St. Mary's Place, The Brook. The house was pulled down in 1943.I think the house was somewhere near where the Taxi rank/Bus access ramp is now, near the corner of the Brook and Military road.
A couple of photos I took showing the last remaining houses along The Brook.


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Dover to Dorking Robust Ramble
187 km / 116 miles
Kent, Surrey
The Dover to Dorking Robust Ramble roughly follows an unusual straight line feature on the maps of Kent and Surrey made by the railway line from Dover, through Ashford to Redhill, Reigate, Dorking and that continues on to Guildford. Mention is made where walks run adjacent to stations. It was devised by Colin Bridge, Local Footpaths Officer for the Ramblers' Association in Thanet. This walk was inspired after he experienced the Sussex Border Path and follows its useful format of day sections with an optional different return. For those not able to complete the walk as one, long-distance path, it may be done in sections on several occasions. This also allows the walker to use their own transport and stay in one place for several nights. On this LDWA website the east-west option only is described and the online mapping relates to this direction.
The route's own website (link below) has detailed route descriptions for both directions, enabling the circular walks of the full daisy-chain route, in total over 200 miles of walking in 52 sections.
From Dover the east-west route crosses the Kent Downs AONB and takes lower ground to cross the Low Weald, often in the river valleys of the East Stour, Beult, Medway, Eden and Mole, ending with hillier sections in the Surrey hills to reach Dorking. The larger towns are avoided except for station access and the route passes around Ashford, Paddock Wood and Edenbridge, and uses the riverside route along the Medway through Tonbridge.
You can use the interactive controls to zoom in and out and to move around the map, or click on a path or a marker for more info.(interactive map help)
© OpenStreetMap contributors under Open Database Licence.
Rights of way data from selected Local Authorities.
Large scale digital mapping is provided by John Thorn.
At high zoom levels the route is indicative only.
Accommodation within 5 Km of this Path:
Connected Paths:
Click to show 12 more Other Paths


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Big, historic day today at Peak Rail, Derbyshire: The first through mainline steam engine to reach Rowsley station, near Bakewell, arrived in style hauling a train of 11 passenger coaches, for The Railway Touring Company. It was the first through train from the south to travel over the line since it has been preserved and rejoined to the national network.
The train, which set off this morning from Kings Cross, was hauled by ex-British Railways Britannia class 'Pacific' steam locomotive No. 70013 "Oliver Cromwell" and made a fine sight on such a beautiful day. This photo is one of several which you will find on my website at www.scenicbritain.co.uk which include also the first use of the restored turntable at Rowsley, before the engine was re-coaled and watered ready for it's return journey to London.


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Yay for checking another thing off your list!! Would love to see more pix from the wedding!
#5: Create a wedding album – 30 before 30 list
The worst procrastination of my adult life? Creating a custom photo album from my wedding. Comma Mister and I celebrated our eighth wedding anniversary this year. And still, no wedding album… even though the project has appeared on my New Year's resolutions (I prefer to call them goals) list EVERY year. For the past eight years.
You'd think that since I was able to make time to, oh let's say, run a marathon, complete a master's degree and spend countless hours researching crap on the internet, I'd have a day or so of my life to put together a wedding album. Nope. Not me. Until now! I committed to tackling this project for my 30 before 30 list. And I'm happy to say I finished it with almost a year to spare.
Comma Mister and I were married in a time before digital photography, or at least before it was good enough to actually use for anything. We also got married on the cheap, so our barely there budget was just enough for a photographer but not for the wedding album. We walked away from the agreement with 200 proofs and 10 enlargements.
Six months later I had sketched out the photo sequence and layout on a piece of notebook paper, along with my plan for which book and matting pages to purchase from a photo supply company in Seattle.
Fast forward five years and I still hadn't touched the project. Plus, I had decided it would be better to have a printed photo book, so the first task was scanning and editing all 200 photos. After that tiring job, I was so weary I didn't go back to the project for three years. Seriously, what is my problem? 🙂
Finally, I had a day to myself and knocked out the whole project in about four hours!* Wedding album at last.
So without further I do ado, I present, the wedding album.
* I used Photoworks for the layout and printing. I've previously created photo books with Photoworks, Shutterfly, MyPublisher and Snapfish, but I think I like Photoworks the best. While their web-based layout software is painfully slow and sometimes the photo quality or vibrancy could be better, I really like the variety of custom templates and book finishes. (It would be fun to do a comparison with the same order, as it's difficult to measure projects that are so different.) Photoworks has a special 25% off photo books in July with coupon code JULYBOOKS. (No, I don't get a referral.)
2 Comments
Yay!! Congrats for checking this off. What a huge project!! You should be proud 🙂
We also got married i before digital photography was the way to go (what a difference 7 years makes, geez…) It would be soo much easier these days 🙂
I love the getaway car – adorable!


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Tamagotchi Growth Charts
Tamagotchi v4.5 Growth Chart
Tamagotchi v5 Growth Chart
Disclaimer: I do not own the rights to any of these charts. The Credit should be given to the rightful owners... I only have these here for your convenience. If I used yours and you did not want me to, email me and I will remove it immediately. Thanks


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About the Book About the Author
Unusual for its "dog's eye" perspective on an important moment in American history, this is a spirited adventure tale that brings the days of the Alaskan Gold Rush vividly to life.
Jack London (1876-1916), whose life symbolized the power of will, was the most successful writer in America in the early 20th Century. His vigorous stories of men and animals against the environment, and survival against hardships were drawn mainly from his own experience. An illegitimate child, London passed his childhood in poverty in the Oakland slums. At the age of 17, he ventured to sea on a sealing ship. The turning point of his life was a thirty-day imprisonment that was so degrading it made him decide to turn to education and pursue a career in writing. His years in the Klondike searching for gold left their mark in his best short stories; among them, The Call of the Wild and White Fang. His novel, The Sea-Wolf, was based on his experiences at sea. His work embraced the concepts of unconfined individualism and Darwinism in its exploration of the laws of nature. He retired to his ranch near Sonoma, where he died at age 40.
Editorial Reviews
"To this day Jack London is the most widely read American writer in the world."—E. L. Doctorow, New York Times Book Review
"No other popular writer of his time did any better writing than you will find in The Call of the Wild,"—H. L. Mencken.


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Singapore's Strategic Foray Into The Space Industry
I have been a huge movie buff since I was seven years old, and I was excited to be able to attend the Singapore premiere of the new 3D science fiction film, "Gravity," by Alfonso Cuarón which stars Sandra Bullock and George Clooney as surviving astronauts from a space shuttle that has been destroyed by renegade space debris. The film has been receiving rave reviews and sparking off a wave of public interest in the space industry. This interest coincides with the recent successes of the industry, such as the successful launches of the Epsilon rocket by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and Falcon 9 by Elon Musk's Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (Space X), and the docking of the Orbital Sciences Cygnus spacecraft at the International Space Station (ISS). Intrigued, I decided to investigate this phenomenon and unravel the motivating factors behind the Singapore government's decision to venture into the lucrative US$300 billion space industry.
Singapore's foray into space industry
Singapore's first foray into the space industry started in 1995 when Nanyang Technological University (NTU) started a satellite program under the School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. NTU saw its first success in 1999 when the communication sub-system, Merlion Communications Package, designed by NTU was used in the launch of the British satellite, UoSAT-12, which was developed and designed by the Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) . In 1997, Singapore's defence research body, Defence Science Organisation (DSO) National Laboratories, began its research work on micro-satellites. These two research bodies will eventually collaborate and help to propel Singapore into prominence. On April 20, 2011, Singapore joined Indonesia and Malaysia to become one of the first Southeast Asian countries to successfully deploy its indigenous satellite, X-Sat, which weighed just 105kg and cost approximately SG$40 million to develop.
By 2011, the global space economy grew to US$290 billion with a compounded average growth rate (CAGR) of 8% since 2006. With a decline in domestic disc media and computer parts manufacturing, Singapore plans to leverage on the emerging space industry to revitalize the market by building upon its existing capabilities in electronics, precision engineering, and aerospace. Utilizing the nation's favorable political, economic, social, and technological environment, the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB) managed to woo global players in satellite imagery, communication satellite operators, and communications equipment manufacturers to establish regional presences in the country. In August 2012, the Singapore government established the Office for Space Technology and Industry (OSTIn) to consolidate its efforts to develop the nation's space industry.
To combat strong global competitors from nations such as China and India, OSTIn plans to concentrate on the niche market segment by initially focusing on developing satellites to support high speed Internet connections and high-resolution imagery. As part of its mandate, OSTIn also plans to forge international collaborations in space initiatives, to develop the human capital to support the industry, and to champion domestic players to setup and expand their operations by providing favorable political and economic incentives. Initial response to Singapore's space endeavor has been encouraging. Singapore start-up, IN.Genius, has signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the Singapore Science Centre Board and the Singapore Space and Technology Association to develop a space science program with the eventual goal of sending a Singaporean astronaut into space by Singapore's 50th National Day in 2015. The National University of Singapore (NUS) plans to better NTU's 2011 feat by developing the first 50kg micro-satellite using low-cast, lightweight hyper-spectral imaging technology. In addition, ST Electronics, a leading Information Communications Technologies (ICT) system provider in the region, plans to design and develop the nation's first commercial satellite that is scheduled to be launched in 2015.
Despite initial favorable signs, critics are skeptical of the long-term success of the space industry in Singapore due to the market dominance of Western firms and the high costs of market entry. Traditionally, space programs have been spearheaded and funded by government agencies. When the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced the retirement of its space shuttle program in 2011, some industry commentators proclaimed the end of the space age. However, crowd funding is slowly changing the market paradigm by "democratizing" the participation of space exploration.
Crowd Funding For Space Exploration
Kickstarter has become the leading platform for individuals and companies to gather investment funds for a wide variety of space projects, such as a full size rocket motor for the Hermes Spacecraft by STAR Systems (104% funded at US$20,843), and SkyCube, a nano-satellite, for individuals to take Earth images and tweet them from space (141% funded at US$116,890). The crowd funding trend for space projects reached a new height on June 30, 2013 when Planetary Resources Inc., an asteroid mining venture, successfully gathered US$1.5 million to fund ARKYD, the first publicly operated space telescope, which is scheduled to be launched in 2015. The ARKYD telescope is an orbiting space telescope that will be used by the company to identify potential targets for their mining projects. The telescope can also be publicly accessed by non-profit science centers and universities for educational and research purposes. The project features a range of benefits for funders, ranging from digital images of funders with the Earth as the background and tours of the Planetary facilities to participating in the rocket launch event and signing on the spacecraft before its launch.
As Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong said, "We predict too much for the next year and yet far too little for the next 10." Although SkyCube and ARKYD represent great initial steps towards public funding for space projects, it is not going to replace billion-dollar international space programs that require the support and funding of government bodies. Failed crowd funding projects include Golden Spike Company's human lunar missions, and HyperV Technologies Corp's space railroad. Critics have also pointed out that crowd-funded space projects might send the wrong messages to private investors. The notion of crowd funds as "free money" is misguided as tremendous effort is involved in launching successful funding campaigns and maintaining the continued satisfaction levels of its huge community of funders. Successful crowd funding campaigns are able to articulate its business case effectively to its funders (how the money is used and what funders are going to get at different investment amounts), and withstand public scrutiny and criticism.
Personally, I am excited at the future prospects of the space industry, and I am hoping that my dream to travel to outer space might be realized in the distant future. Skeptics might question the feasibility of such a dream and the continued pursuit of space exploration when there are so many unsolved challenges on Earth. In one of my favorite anime, "Uchuu Kyodai" (Space Brothers), Soichi Noguchi eloquently states:
"When you see something from a new perspective, such as from above, you may discover a new solution.
We are not sending humans into space solely to travel to distant planets.
We are giving ourselves a new view of our problems on Earth, and the opportunity to find a new solution.
I believe that is the real reason that we venture into space."


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Callao Plaza Suites
Callao Plaza Suites brings to you a series of trendy apartments with fully equipped kitchen and daily housekeeping services. The building is under security services 24hs a day everyday, and the facilities also entail gym, outdoors swimming pool and personalized attention meeting the guest's needs. Whether for work or pleasure, your stay at Callao Plaza Suites will be 100% enjoyment. Callao Plaza Suites is located in Recoleta neighborhood, surrounded by embassies and historical buildings. It's across the street from the renowned Palacio Pizzurno and Plaza Rodriguez Peña, and just a block away from the famous Santa Fe Avenue.
Avenida Callao 930, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
It is very easy to access the building as is located on the main Avenue. We are 45 minutes away from Ezeiza International airport. We can get you a transfer service from and to the airport. Please send us your inquiry.
Parking service has an additional cost u$d 10 per day. It's upon request.
Children under 2 years, stay free of charge when using existing beds. Additional cots, u$d 15 per night. Maximum capacity of babycots in a room is 1. There is no capacity for extra beds.


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photo by Israel Martínez
Monday 9.11.2015 at 19:00 at LANDMARK, Bergen Kunsthal
ISRAEL MARTINÈZ: SONORO RUGIR (RESOUNDING ROAR). Audiovisual work by Israel Martínez, presenting a mix of pieces by the artist and collaborators plus some excerpts of texts around Mexico's sociopolitical present. With collaborations by Adela Goldbard, Antena Collective, Chantal Peñalosa, Diego Martínez, Elmer Mendoza, Erick Ruiz Arellano, Félix Blume, Gerardo Montes de Oca, Leonardo Da Jandra, Sandra Sánchez, Sergio González Rodríguez, Tito Rivas and Verónica Gerber Bicecci.
When becoming space, the power over a territory spreads like a map. Having maps is knowing about the organization of space: a joint focus on realities and possibilities of domain. To observe above things, through them, inside them and beyond them, concerns the strategic thinking. Sergio González Rodríguez
The work of Israel Martínez (Guadalajara, Mexico 1979) reflects upon several social topics through sound, music and their relation to images. He has produced video installations, site-specific projects, actions, interventions and graphic works. He has also made multi-channel sound installations and composed a music between electroacoustic and spatiality. In 2007 he received a Distinction Award of Prix Ars Electronica. In 2012 he was resident at the DAAD's Artists-in-Berlin Program, and at Vienna's MuseumsQuartier in 2014. Some of his works have been acquired by two of the most important collections in Latin America: Jumex and MUAC/UNAM. His aural work is published and distributed worldwide by labels such as Sub Rosa, Aagoo, Musica Moderna and Abolipop. Since 2008 he teaches seminars and workshops focused on sound in a contemporary context. He's also co-founder of the multimedia platform Suplex and the music label Abolipop Records. www.israelm.com
EKATERINA SHAROVA: SOCIALLY ENGAGED ART WITHOUT SOCIETY. Have the recent explosive artistic strategies really made a change in Russia? What were the mechanisms of including the Russian actionist performances into the contemporary art museum in the West, and then, in Russia? Pierre Bourdieu in his essay "On Television" (1996) argues, "Television, which claims to record reality, creates it instead. We are getting closer and closer to the point where the social world is primarily described – and in the sense prescribed – by television". Do we really know enough about the social world beyond the screen? How critical can one be to the manipulation mechanisms of the media? What place do the unheard voices take here? These are some of the questions to be discussed at the meeting.
Ekaterina Sharova is an art historian and curator based in Arkhangelsk (Russia) and Oslo (Norway). Ekaterina received her MA in Art History from University of Oslo, after her literature, philosophy and pedagogy studies in Russia, Norway and Italy. She invited some of the key figures in contemporary Russian art and music scene to Norway, such as Pussy Riot (with the First Supper Symposium, 2013 and 2014), Petr Pavlensky (Forrådt, 2013), did screening of the first film about P183 (with Ø-ZONE group, 2014), booked musician Noize MC (Barents Spektakel, 2015). Most of them were outside of Russia for the first or second time. She is interested in questions of media and representation, art in public space, power and popular culture. Grassroot groups, culture of discussion, decentralization, communication between the center(s) and periphery in Russia are important for her current research. She established art groups Ø-ZONE (Oslo) and Arctic Art Institute (Arkhangelsk-Murmansk-Saint Petersburg). Ekaterina has been writing for Klassekampen, Billedkunst, colta.ru, etc.
BRANDON LABELLE: THIS WEAKNESS THAT I AM .The figure of despair, the figure of illegality, the figure whose body is withdrawn, the figure toward which I must turn, the figure of vacancy and of urgency, the figure without papers, the figure that has nowhere else to go, the figure from afar, and who suddenly comes close, the fragile figure, and the one from which these ideas follow, to disappear, to reappear, the figure of a future resistance, of hope and of misery, the figure that forces another citizenry.
Brandon LaBelle is an artist, writer and theorist working with sound culture, voice, and questions of agency. He develops and presents artistic projects and performances within a range of international contexts, often working collaboratively and in public. Recent projects include "Sixth Housing Estate", South London Gallery, London (2015), "Civic Center", La Casa Encendida, Madrid (2014), and "Hobo College", Marrakech Biennial parallel project (2014). He is the author of Lexicon of the Mouth: Poetics and Politics of Voice and the Oral Imaginary (2014), Diary of an Imaginary Egyptian (2012), Acoustic Territories: Sound Culture and Everyday Life (2010), and Background Noise: Perspectives on Sound Art (2006).


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Dear readers,
Bellingham Review is pleased to announce that we are now officially accepting electronic submissions via Submishmash. http://bhreview.submishmash.com/submit
This is part of our transition to accepting only electronic manuscripts. We hope to have made the switch to only electonic submissions by the beginning of the next academic year, 2012-2013.
As much as we appreciate the beauty of story, essay, or poem captured on a clean, crisp piece of paper, we 've decided to go digital because of the ease of the online submission process. Thanks Submishmash!
We hope that all of our readers enjoy this new, streamlined submission process. As an editor, I can say that I look forward to reading your digital submissions. If you have any questions regarding the submission process, please review the submission guidelines available on our website, or feel free to send me an email at email@example.com


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KARACHI- In the wake of the Karachi airport attack on June 8 that claimed over two dozen lives, the authorities have now decided to bring administrative changes in the Airport Security Force (ASF) setup.
Under the proposed setup, a retired general will be an administrative official of the ASF. The administrator's deputy will be a brigadier ranked officer.
Sources revealed that the new director general of the ASF would be appointed from the army in the next 24 hours. Once the new administrative changes come into effect, experts from the armed forces will provide training to the ASF sky marshal regarding the use of advanced weapons.


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Though the sun may follow dawn of day,
Though the evening leads the dew,
As a cry does follow newborn babes,
I will follow only You.
Though the moon may lead the sea to shore,
Though old may follow new,
As the heavens tell the stars to shine,
I will follow only You.
Though lightning leads the thunder's blow,
Though rain leads colors' hue,
As watered ground leads seeds to life,
I will follow only You.
As feathered flocks will follow south,
As the eagle follows few,
As the universe must heed Your voice,
I will follow only You.
This poem may NOT be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means including mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the author, R'chelle Cyrus-Hughes.


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Dear Parish Family,
I am regularly amazed at man's capacity to call evil good and to call good evil. I'm not surprised that it happens — after all, our fallen nature frequently drives us to justify some things for which there is no justification. I'm just amazed at how good at it some people are.
For those of us who desire to do good and to walk in the way of peace, we must be diligent to not be lead astray by those who sugar-coat lies and make them sound sweet. In our age, this has become a major industry with professional working around the clock to sway our opinions and shape our desires.
In the midst of the cacophony of modern life, Christ alone leads us to the fullness of truth. Christ tells us, "For this I was born and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth. Everyone who belongs to the truth listens to my voice. "
Let us strive always to hear Christ's call and to live in the truth, which is the path to everlasting life.
Dcn. Richard


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My month started off with taking notes for two days straight as Secretary for the SCB (Society for Conservation Biology) Board of Governors annual meeting. It was a packed and productive meeting where we moved the dial forward on our policy vision and our global Society's implementation plan. Some very exciting things spinning up in the Society! Now, I'm headed off to NACCB where I was invited to present in a symposium organized by Nick Haddad and Meade Krosby on communicating about landscape connectivity. My month is wonderfully preoccupied with SCB doings and so I'm grateful that my USAID doings are mostly focused on wrapping up projects and general maintenance. But in the back of my mind and in snatches of time here and there, I get to start plotting out the next research initiatives for my climate change team. What do we need to know more about or improve upon for our climate change policy and programming for development in sub-Saharan Africa? More on that in August!
July '16: SCB month
Filed under: Uncategorized


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A year of exciting activities have been lined up to mark a school's 50th anniversary.
St Joseph's Catholic Lower School in Bedford opened its doors for the first time on September 6, 1965.
Earlier this month, the school hosted a special anniversary assembly to mark the achievement with each class receiving a special balloon and a statue for their classroom.
During the celebration assembly headteacher at the Chester Road School, Lisa Sumpter, introduced Esther Anstee and Mick Lyons, who joined the school as pupils on its first day in 1965. They were joined for a picture by four year old Carys Woodburn, who started school this month and Caitlin McLoughlin, 14, who joined the reception class 10 years ago.


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Dan Sigler
Dan Sigler was never formally trained as an artist, but has gradually developed his medium and style throughout his life. He has always had an interest in vintage architectural objects and their use, as well as in physically building things. The idea of taking discarded objects and presenting them in a new and appealing way led Dan to create constructions and three-dimensional paintings that connect nostalgic memories of things past with the present in order to provide the thought of a hopeful future.
Dan continues to be amazed at how his projects, once begun, tend to design and build themselves. Each starts with one simple idea or mental picture, and becomes his partner in its own creation. "If my art makes people remember and smile, then it has fulfilled its mission", Dan says. Each of his constructions are handmade and one of a kind.
While Dan resides in Indiana, he creates his work at his studio in the Saugatuck-Douglas area. He has exhibited his work around Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, including Grand Rapids' ArtPrize competition.


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Aden Earthworks Maintenance Crews take pride in maintaining commercial properties with knowledge and respect. We've been providing the Toronto and GTA community with lawn and garden care services since 2003. We have experience servicing factories, high-rise condominiums, apartment buildings, industrial properties, office and retail spaces.
Maintenance agreements are developed to suit your property needs, we can provide our outstanding service on a weekly basis.
- Lawn cutting and mowing
- Garden care
- Planting, fertilization, mulching, weeding, edging, flower planting, tree replacement, shrub replacement, shrub repair
- Mulching of clippings
- Debris removal
- Seasonal clean-ups for spring and fall
- Plant and flowerbed maintenance
- Lawn and professional arborist tree care
- Horticulturist expert assessments
- Pruning
- Bordering and edging, trimming of borders
- Hedge and shrubbery maintenance
- Lawn aeration
- Fertilization
Our process
We take a custom approach to all our clients, we typically meet with property managers, superintendents, and property owners to assess property requirements and requests, we then put together a quote for tender based on your individual needs and budget.
Why us?
- One-on-one project management and supervision
- We are a value leader in our industry and in our area, you'll be getting the best quality service for your money
- We are based in the GTA and our crews cover a wide geographical area
- Our staff is knowledgeable, experienced, and approachable
- We're a one-stop shop for a variety of services, check out our other offerings and pick and choose them to save on your outdoor spaces: landscape design, construction, seasonal planters, winter services, and horticultural services.
At each step of the way Aden exceeded expectations and left a wonderful product that we hope to enjoy for years.
The crew was very friendly and nice to deal with.
Nothing but the best!
The guys were patient, i gave them specific request and they did everything perfectly.
I was very pleased with the finish product. My neighbour liked it so much, she copied it. I would recommend Aden for floral arrangement with a different twist.
I just leave it to Ben and his crew and my lawn is the envy of my block. His crews just show up on a regular basis and make my lawn look like paradise.
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AE's employees were all pleasant people to have around my home, and were fast workers and knowledgeable about plants and gardens. The job was done on budget and on time and we love the finished result.
Thanks to their creativity my background went from ordinary to a work of art. Service was exceptional.
The crew that worked on my yard was professional, knowledgable, courteous and they created the perfect garden retreat. I would highly recommend them to anyone wanting to upgrade or redesign their garden.
The project was completed in a timely and careful manner and came in UNDER budget! We have no hesitation in recommending this company to anyone.


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Marty Wehner
Music Teacher
Marty Wehner, Middle School Music Teacher, has taught at Prospect Sierra for 10 years. Marty is ORFF certified and directs the Avis orchestra, recording band and AfterSchool beginning instruments program. He loves performing with students, and performs and records professionally in the Bay Area music community. He can be caught this September performing with Wayne Shorter at the Monterey Jazz Festival. Marty loves hiking, camping and spending as much time as possible with his wife and three children!


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shirt, scarf and skirt from jessica buurman // jumper from sheinside // shoes from persunmall
So this is going to be a looong blog post, you know how sometimes you just have the sudden urge to write everything down? Well, I'm feeling it right now, and it's very rare so let's jump right into this! Quite a lot has been going on lately and I'm pretty sure a lot of you can relate: preparations for exams, coursework, everything students go through.
However... I managed to steal some time to watch Pretty Little Liars whilst doing my textiles coursework... and I kind of regret it because I am addicted to it. I didn't really expect it to be amazeballs but the storyline is so intriguing... not to mention that the English teacher Ezra Fitz (played by Ian Harding) is the definitely of eye candy, just his smile is enough to melt everyone's heart.
Anyway, enough about Pretty Little Liars, I'm only midway through season 1 and I'm talking about it non stop! (Do not spoil it for me, I'm warning ya!) So, let's move onto the outfit here. I'm wearing this polyester shirt with a peculiar cut-out collar that's in pleather material, it just adds that umph to a classic white shirt, I think I would get so much wear out of it because it's a wardrobe staple that goes with anything. I layered on a mint green jumper which is relatively thin to give a nice shade of pastel colour to the outfit, I'm also wearing a simple woollen black skirt, that is actually my first ever plain black skirt! To finish it off I have on a pair of ankle boots with a cut-out heel that surprises everyone when they see it!
Jessica Buurman's skirt: http://www.shopjessicabuurman.com/shore-back-zip-skirts-p-7662.html
Persunmall's boots: http://www.persunmall.com/p/simple-design-high-street-boot-with-velvet-p-17631.html?refer_id=26782
I thought I'd feature this phone case here because the shades Fitz (Pretty Little Liars reference, oh gosh I need to stop) so well with my outfit! The pastel colour is one of my favourite colour scheme and it reminds me of spring, which I am really looking forward to!
If you don't know already, this design is the world's most stylish bunny Fifi Lapin. This cute little creature captures everyone's heart, and this oddly adorable design of her in a tea cup and saucer outfit had me in awe! It fits my iPhone 4 snugly so I don't have to worry about my phone back being scratched. The phone case isn't bulky at all so it still feels normal when you hold it in your hand.
I got this phone case from Iconemesis and they have a range of iPhone 4-5S cases designed by artists such as Gemma Correll and Cat Sims. So make sure to check them out!
Fifi Lapin phone case: http://iconemesis.co.uk/product/teacup-by-fifi-lapin/
Mannie x


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In their affidavits submitted in the Supreme Court, the Uttarakhand Government and the Union Environment Ministry seem to push for hydroelectric power projects (HEPs) in the State. Work on HEPs on the Alaknanda and the Bhagirathi basins was stalled after the August, 2013 order of the Supreme Court.
From the list of 24 projects that were to be reviewed, according to the Supreme Court order, the discussion in the Supreme Court has now come down to six projects – NTPC's Lata Tapovan (171 MW), GMR's Alaknanda Badrinath (300 MW), NHPC's Kotlibhel 1A (195 MW), THDC's Jhellum Tamak (108 MW), and Bhyundar Ganga (24.3 MW) and Khirao Ganga (4 MW) of Super Hydro Electric Power.
In its December 16, 2014 order, the Supreme Court asked that the Environment Ministry to see if the six projects, work on which is stalled after the 2013 disaster, had adequate clearances before the June, 2013 disaster. Based on the order, the Environment Ministry formed a committee of four experts to review the clearances of the six projects.
The committee concluded that "the six projects may not be taken up as they have potential of causing significant impacts on the bio-diversity, riverine system, wildlife and other fragile eco-systems in the areas where these projects are located... As such entire process of according clearances to these processes warrants review."
However, the affidavit submitted in the Supreme Court in February, this year, by the Environment Ministry mentioned only that part of the report which stated the status of clearances. "... the Committee has observed that whatever was mandated in the procedural and substantive requirement of the law for environment clearance, forest clearance, and consent to establish, these projects have not been found deficient in such respect except for wildlife clearances which have not been accorded so far," the ministry's affidavit stated.
The Supreme Court has asked the ministry to file its final affidavit on Thursday, March 12.
The Uttarakhand government, which has written several letters to the Centre requesting it to allow construction of HEPs in the State, also submitted an affidavit in the Supreme Court, in February, this year.
The affidavit pushes for HEPs by mentioning economy and development-related reasons. In the affidavit the State government has quoted from reports that delink the 2013 disaster and the construction of HEPs in the State.
A report by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and the Central Water Commission (CWC) mentioned that there was "no link, direct or indirect, between the developments of hydroelectric projects with the Uttarakhand tragedy."
Though in its December affidavit submitted in the Supreme Court, the Environment Ministry dismissed the CEA-CWC report, the State government had used the CEA-CWC report as a support to push forward their agenda of hydroelectric power generation.
Source- The Hindu


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wheatpenny Bio
Hi! I'm Jeff, but most people around here know me as wheatpenny. (when I first started collecting coins back in the mid-70s, I used to order bulk lots of assorted US coins, and they were always overloaded with wheat pennies, and so before too long I accumulated several thousand of them). I'm a Senior Moderator here at Renderosity. I use 3dsMax, Wings3d, Paint Shop Pro, Poser, Daz Studio, Shade, Bryce, Carrara, and a few others. I'm 53 and I live in York, Pennsylvania with my wife and 2 kids Cindy, and Jeff Jr - ages 29 and 26. I'm originally from California, but I left there in 1983 when I became a hobo, and met my wife quite by chance in 1984 when I stopped here to spend the winter. I'm a dual US/Australian citizen. I speak English Spanish, German, and can read French, Russian, Greek, Ancient Greek, Anglo-Saxon, and Latin. I completed my PhD in Linguistics (with a minor in Egyptology) in 2007. I also have a BA in Spanish and an MA in Modern Languages. I'm a liberal Quaker with a bit of Sufi spirituality thrown in.