text:
Weaker signals from the housing markets sent mortgage rates lower for the fifth week in a row, with Freddie Mac reporting that lenders were offering 30-year fixed home loans to solid borrowers at an average of 4.23%, down from 4.32% a week ago.
The rate is the lowest for Freddie Mac's weekly survey since November, and down from 4.53% at the beginning of the year.
The average for 15-year fixed mortgages fell as well, from 3.4% to 3.33%, Freddie Mac said Thursday. The start rates for variable home loans also fell.
An index of pending home sales fell 8.7% in December to its lowest level since October 2011, Freddie Mac's chief economist, Frank Nothaft, said in announcing the survey results.
"Fixed residential investment negatively contributed to GDP in the fourth quarter for the first time since the third quarter of 2010," Nothaft said.
"Also, the Institute for Supply Management reported a significant slowing in growth in the manufacturing industry in December than the market consensus forecast."
Freddie Mac asks lenders across the country each week about the terms being offered on popular types of home loans to borrowers with good credit scores, 20% down payments and sufficient income and assets to pay their debts.
The borrowers would pay less than 1% in upfront lender fees and discount points. The survey does not include the cost of third-party services that borrowers usually pay for, such as appraisals and title insurance.
US 30 Year Mortgage Rate data by YCharts


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Kicker Robbie Gould has been released by the Bears,
The Chicago Bears have released veteran kicker Robbie Gould, the team announced.
Gould's release was first reported by ESPN's Adam Schefter.
Gould signed with the Bears in 2005 and has played in the last 11 seasons for Chicago, making the Pro Bowl in 2006.
"Thank you to the Bears organization, teammates, coaches, and fans. Once a Bear, always a Bear," Gould said on Twitter.
Gould is coming off a season in which he completed 33 of 39 field goals and 28 of 29 extra points. He is the team's all-time leading scorer with 1,207 points and field goals made with 276.
Gould, 34, was set to make $3 million in base salary this season, and has already been paid a $500,000 bonus for being on the roster on the first day of the league year.
• Waiver wire: Who's signing where after roster cuts?
There are no other kickers currently listed on the Bears depth chart, but according to multiple media reports, the team will sign Connor Barth. Barth was cut by the New Orleans Saints over the weekend and played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2015.
Chicago opens the regular season on Sept. 11 against the Houston Texans.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In 2011, researchers in Israel published the first study evaluating the effect of cannabis on patients with Crohn's disease. All patients stated that consuming cannabis had a positive effect, ameliorating disease activity and reducing the need for other conventional medications. The researchers hypothesized that the observed beneficial effect in this study may be due to the anti-inflammatory properties of cannabis, but additional effects of cannabinoids may also play a role.
Treatment of Crohn's Disease with Cannabis: an Observational Study


text:
About CEB and Colombo City
Enacted by the Ceylon Electricity Board Act No. 17 of 1969, and regulated by the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka, Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) is the licensee which is responsible for generating, transmitting, distribution and sale of electrical energy in majority the geography of Sri Lanka. While being the sole licensee for transmission it is also the licensee for bulk of the power generation in the country. Further, through four licenses for distribution and sale of electricity, it covers the entire geography of the country including the perimeter sea up to the border.
The four distribution licensee areas are managed as four regions by CEB under four Additional General Managers. These regions are sub divided into operating units demarcated geographically (as Provinces) and manned by Deputy General Managers.
The Colombo City Division is geographically the smallest of these Provinces. Its operating area is the City limits of Colombo which coincides exactly with that of the Colombo Municipal Council.
The functions of Colombo City Province of CEB extend to operating all electricity distribution utilities within the City of Colombo including the 132 kV cable networks that feed the City. The nature of the network is such that all such utilities cater the needs of Colombo City almost exclusively. The other specialty of the Colombo City Province is that the entirety of its medium voltage distribution network as well as majority of the low voltage network is underground. Having been vested with maintaining and operating the internal installations of key Government Institution buildings in the City, the Province is virtually a complete power distribution utility.


text:
Las maras se extienden más allá de su espacio y propósito de origen. Hoy, estas agrupaciones no solo controlan parte del corredor migratorio entre América Central y Estados Unidos, sino que han logrado construir un orden paralegal capaz de atraer a miles de jóvenes carentes de referencias simbólicas…
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Jan. 21, 2010
NORTHRIDGE, Calif. -
An award ceremony created by student-athletes to recognize campus individuals on their success in intercollegiate athletics, the inaugural NESPY (Northridge Excellence in Sports Performance Yearly Awards) Awards will take place on January 31, 2010.
Admission to this red carpet event will begin at 6:00 p.m. at the Northridge Center located at the University Student Union on the campus of Cal State Northridge, with a portraits ceremony scheduled to take place at 6:30 p.m.
With the voice of the Matadors, Bill Courtland serving as the Master of Ceremonies, a number of awards will be handed out to various student-athletes, teams, and staff members for their success and achievements earned throughout the 2009 season.
Organized by the Student-Athlete Advisory Council (SAAC), the NESPY's are open to all members of the campus community, their friends, families, and supporters of Northridge Athletics.
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Parking is $6 in Lot G-3, for additional information contact Karen Mariglia at 818/ 677-2660 or by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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To me, being a paranormal investigator is very much like being an actress, and I play the part, dance the dance, and sing the song with my dark muse, Hysteria, as we travel the states in search of new patients to put in our asylum.
And I take my best friend, Crystal Vines, with me as well.
I mean, someone has to hold my hand when the lights go out and things start to move.
Last night, we traveled to Hill View Manor for a 10-hour investigation. Now neither of us like to work with a lot of equipment, but we do carry around flashlights, a tape recorder, and a notebook wherever we go. Crystal usually talks to the spirits and works with the EVPs, while I tend to photograph the building and scribble down poetry and notes for research. In fact, this is how Hysteria started in the first place. She was a collection of scribbles and pictures that I put in my notebook while looking for ghosts, but then she became very much alive...and we've been inseparable ever since.
Which is kind of funny because it's the same situation with me and Crystal. We originally became friends after investigating Moundsville Prison together and since that night, we've been attached at the hip, looking for ghosts and going on adventures. And the best part about our friendship, is that there's no denying that when the two of us are together that things start to happen. Things that don't always make sense.
Kind of like last night.
Neither of us had a good feeling about the basement, but yet we spent a lot of time there, sitting in a completely pitch-black room that was used as overflow for the patient's belongings when they died. It was filled with suitcases, photographs, clothing, old mattresses, stretchers, doctor notes, sheet music…you name it. We each found a chair, sat down and took a couple deep breaths. Then we turned off the lights.
10,000 + people died in Hill View Manor.
They were embalmed within the building and buried in the cemetery out back, sometimes 3-4 bodies deep. These people—these patients—had nowhere to go but Hill View for they were mentally unstable, in critical care, or homeless. And they were standing all around me, and all around Crystal, in that room.
You see, the funny thing about darkness is that once you adjust to it, it's its own kind of light. You can still see, and what you see is a different kind of blackness. Shadows moved in front of me, Crystal had a conversation with a male patient who communicated with us through a series of knocks and flashes of light, and then when the activity started to still, we went next door to the boiler room, where we met George.
Now George used to be a maintenance worker at the manor, and his blood runs black and gold for the Steelers. Sounds great right? For me, yeah. I'm a Steeler fan. For Crystal, not so much. You see, Crystal is from Louisiana and a die-hard Saints fan. George did not like that. Was definitely not a fan. We chatted him up for a little bit, walking in and out of the boiler room, before we simply stopped and listened for about 15-20 minutes.
Everything was quiet for a while, but then George started to come around again.
I invited him to sit next to me, and within moments, something brushed my hand. I jumped and went to motion for Crystal to take a picture but couldn't see her. Something tall, and something very black, stood in front of me, blocking my vision of her for about 5-10 seconds before it disappeared. My jaw about hit the ground and Crystal started to laugh.
Yes, she laughs at the activity.
I scream.
Crystal has been investigating since 2006 and she said that in that short amount of time when we invited George to come out and sit with us, that she's never experienced a cold spot as intense as what we felt. A breeze blew down the hallway--enough to move my hair--and something touched her hand as well.
Can I prove any of that to you? No. And I can't because the second I tried to take a picture of the black mass that stood in front of Crystal, my phone shut off (it was 53% when we walked down there).
The rest of the building was pretty quiet that night but the two of us still roamed the church, the embalming room, the graveyard, and the patient's rooms. We sang "The Itsy-Bitsy Spider" to one patient, took a nap in the family room, and then walked down a disturbingly-wonderful hallway where a little boy's spirit remains. As neither of us are big fans of ghost children, we decided to leave him and his toys behind.
But why Stephanie? Why would you not play with the ghost boy?
Well, he was dubbed the Angel of Death, only appearing to patient's days before they passed away. The patients would rant and rave about a little boy that would come visit them in their rooms, and frankly people, I don't need any more nightmares.
I already have Hysteria.
Cut me a break.
Overall, as a fan of haunts and abandoned buildings—especially hospitals—I was very impressed and loved the feel of the place. The building itself was beautiful, and the rooms and curtains that surrounded the beds, were pure magic for a horror writer. There were several times where I even stopped before going into a room full of white, moth-eaten curtains and thought, Stephanie….this is why people die in horror movies. You yell at them when they walk in these places, remember? And then I naturally put on my brave face and went in.
Because when you investigate, you act.
You become someone that's not afraid to push through barriers and try to find answers.
You become someone that is daring, courageous and willing to take a risk.
It's a performance.
And probably my favorite one to act out.
***Interested in meeting Hysteria for yourself? Find her here!


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Daily Smartphone News: Meet the Samsung Galaxy S8, Qualcomm Vision, Phone Glass
Social media is filled with smartphone news today! Read our daily smartphone news roundup to learn about the new Samsung Galaxy S8 and an interesting look at Qualcomm, too. These are the leading smartphone news stories on social media in the past twenty four hours. Check out our daily smartphone news and also some special… Read More »


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One of the benefits of membership of the BIR is affiliation to the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA).
This is only available to BIR members.
To get regular email updates from IRPA sign up here.
If you are not a member of BIR, you can join here
Copyright © British Institute of Radiology 2019 Registered Charity Number: 215869
Web design by Mentor Digital
The British Institute of Radiology website uses cookies to provide you with essential online features. If you continue to use our site without changing your browser settings, we'll assume you are happy to receive cookies. Please read our Cookie policy for more information.


text:
Mia is used to feeling overlooked: her perfect older sister gets all the attention at home, and the popular clique at school are basically experts at ignoring her. So when it's time for the annual Student Council chocolate rose sale, Mia is prepared to feel even worse. Because even though anyone can buy and send roses to their crushes and friends, the same (popular) people always end up with roses while everyone else gets left out.
Except a twist of fate puts Mia in charge of selling the roses this year—and that means things are going to change. With a little creativity, Mia makes sure the kids who usually leave empty-handed suddenly find themselves the object of someone's affection. But her scheme starts to unravel when she realizes that being a secret matchmaker isn't easy—and neither is being in the spotlight.
My thoughts:
First, I love this cover. Just adore it. It's the kind of cover that makes you want to open the book, so I was excited to read this. And I wasn't disappointed at all.
Mia gets a really brilliant idea to buy roses for the kids in her class who don't ever get roses. All she wants is to make people feel good because she knows what it's like to feel left out or not quite as good as someone else, including her older sister. I loved Mia immediately for this.
But there's a problem with Mia's plan. Everyone wants to know who sent the roses, and since Mia is the one who sold them, everyone interrogates her. Mia tries to dodge their questions and pretends she doesn't know who sent them. But sending the roses leads to Mia playing Cupid. Kids are asking her for help talking to their crushes and getting made over. Mia's not sure how everyone came to think she knows about matchmaking and she's not exactly happy about it. Especially since Mia can't even admit to herself that she has a crush of her own.
Things begin to get out of control for Mia and she's not sure if she can fix it. What started out as a nice gesture becomes a heap of trouble for Mia.
I really loved Mia. I think she had great intentions, so when things started going wrong for her, I felt awful for her. The poor girl was only trying to be nice. But let's face it. Middle school is tough! There's plenty of drama to go around.
I couldn't put this book down, and as soon as I finished it, my daughter claimed it for herself. This is a great middle grade read that I highly recommend.
Want your YA, NA, or MG book featured on my blog? Contact me here and we'll set it up.


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The popcorn sale is a way for a Scout to support their way through various activities during the year. Money raised during the annual sale helps support the local units and the Scouting program in the Bay Area Council, including council operations. There are three options to sell popcorn: Show-n-sell, take order sales, and online sales to friends and family.
Trails-End Popcorn Ordering System & Sales
Free shipping on online sales (NEW!)
Trails-End App (NEW!)
Popcorn Kick-off Show 'n Sell orders due Show 'n Sell distribution Show 'n Sell payments due Take Orders due Take Order distribution Prize Orders & Scholarships due Final payment due
August 6 & 8, 2019 (Pick your date.) August 28, 2019 (Updated March 13, 2019)
September 14, 2019
October 15, 2019
November 2, 2019
November 13, 2019
SHOW & SELL (ALL DISTRICTS), 8 a.m. - Noon, Location TBD
TAKE ORDER (ALL DISTRICTS), 8 a.m. - Noon, Location TBD
Coming soon.
Contact your council or district representatives:
Council, Pam Frisbee, firstname.lastname@example.com
Coastal, firstname.lastname@example.com
Cradle of Texas, email@example.com
Northern Star, Lester Tarver, email@example.com
Thunderbird, Warren Reed, email@example.com
• Increase your unit income.• Pay for a year of Scouting programs.• Scouts learn valuable lessons such as earning your own way, salesmanship and teamwork.• Scouts can earn incentives such as prizes and scholarships.• The popcorn sale helps support your local council, including council operations.
There are three options to sell popcorn: traditional take order sales, sell online to friends and family out of town, and show-and-sell:
1. Show-n-Sell
Scouts have popcorn in hand to show and sell to customers. Dens, packs or troops can request permission to sell in front of a retail store or chartered organization. Show-n-Sell orders are due by August 28, 2019.
2. Take Order Sales
Take order sales are the most traditional way to sell popcorn. Scouts go door-to-door with the take order form received from your leader after the unit kick off. Customers choose the product(s) he or she wishes to buy and writes the order on the order form. Scouts should collect the money when the popcorn is ordered (checks should be made out to the unit). Popcorn will be picked up by units on November 2, 2019.
3. Online Popcorn Sales
Selling online is the best way to sell to friends and family who live far away. Online sales count toward Scout rewards including the scholarship program. Participants can send emails to friends and family asking them to purchase products online. The email includes a link allowing them to begin shopping right away. Customers can pay with a credit card, and the products are shipped directly to the customer. The advantages of online sales are that the Scout doesn't have to collect money or deliver products.
2019 Council prizes (Coming soon)
2019 Popcorn Leader's Guide (Coming soon)
2019 Popcorn Order form (Coming soon)
How to - store front sales
How to sell online
Goal poster - unit
Goal poster - Scout
Kick-off Power Point
Military donations
Scout advancement
Scout sales tips & script
Scout business cards
Scout door hangers
Scout thank you cards
Show and Sell Store front request letter
Show and Sell Store agreement letter
Show and Sell Council approved unit letter
Trails-End training videos
Trails-End Scout resources (scroll down)
Tails-End unit resources (Scroll down)
Trails-End Scholarship form
Unit kick-off check list
Unit - Plan your Scout program


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Fenn's Tree Care undertakes work from residential gardens, private estates, schools, commercial premises, golf courses and housing associations.
We also provide complete tree care from regular maintenance to specialist tree felling; our services include but are not limited to:
Pruning is an important part of tree maintenance as it includes a range of pruning types:
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To balance the canopy but keep the tree in its natural shape.
To direct growth away from a building, open up a view.
To remove dead wood or branches that is at risk or repairs a torn limb.
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1. Reduce the risk of storm damage
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5. Improving air flow through the canopy
Cleaning the canopy removes any dead, diseased, rubbing and broken branches along with any suckers / new shoots.
This removes the lower branches back to the trunk to allow more light into the area and to prevent branches obstructing paths, drives, roads etc.
Pollarding can be used to maintain a tree to a specific height or keep control of a tree that has been improperly located in a restricted soil space.
The removal of any dead or dying trees that have been identified as being at high risk or those trees that have become potential hazards.
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Copy Machines De Soto KS :: How to Corp Office
Companies and organizations featured in the De Soto Copy Machines section usually offer copier repair, printer cartridges and copy paper alongside the full suite of Copy Machines to local and, in some cases, national clients.
To see full contact details, company information, and overviews of the products and services they offer, click on the company links below.
IKON Office Solutions
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Also commonly referred to as office equipment, copiers or photocopiers, De Soto based Copy Machines provide B2B clients with a wide range of specialist services and products which often include multifunction printers, printer scanner copiers & color laser printers.
Click on a link to contact one of the companies and organizations listed above, or click here to search for Copy Machines in another part of Kansas.


text:
Sign up
Would you like to receive special discounts and first access to new styles and colors? Sign up to our email list, then! We promise not to sell your information to anyone, and we also won't bombard your inbox - we'll only send you an email if we are offering some kind of sale or discount, or if we have brand new styles/colors available.


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Why is it that when you have 100 little pieces of something it always feels better than having 1 large piece? I'm talking specifically about dessert of course. Put a whole piece of cheesecake in front of me and in about 1.2 seconds I'll feel really guilty I ate the whole thing, not only because I ate it in record time, but because I feel like I just polished off the whole cake. But...put 5 bite size pieces of cheesecake in front of me and I'll be asking you for more. I don't have the answer to this on going mystery, and to be honest I'd like to keep it that way frankly just for these little delights. I don't need to start feeling guilty after I eat the whole batch (cut into bite size pieces of course). I saw this recipe on Tyler's Ultimate on the Food Network one day and have made them countless times. So incredibly easy to make, and a definite crowd pleaser. This is one of those recipes that looks like you spent more time than you actually did when in reality you probably will spend more time eating them than preparing them. So plus-es all around for this recipe, you gotta try it!
Tyler's Ultimate Lemon Blueberry Cheesecake Bars
original recipe here
For the base:
- Butter, for greasing
- 2 tablespoons sugar
- 1/8 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 9 graham crackers
- 1/2 stick unsalted butter, melted
For the filling:
- 16 ounces cream cheese, room temperature
- 2 eggs
- 2 lemons, zested and juiced
- About 1/2 cup sugar, eyeball it
- 1 1/2 cups fresh blueberries
- Powdered sugar, for dusting
Preheat oven to 325 degrees F.
For the base:
Grease the bottom of a 9 by 9-inch baking pan with butter. Then place parchment paper over the top, pressing down at the corners. In a food processor, process the sugar, cinnamon and graham crackers until you have the texture of bread crumbs. Add the melted butter and pulse a couple of times to fully incorporate. Pour into the lined baking pan and gently pat down with the base of a glass. Bake in the oven for 12 minutes until golden. When done set aside to cool.
For the filling:
Add cream cheese, eggs, lemon zest, lemon juice and sugar to the food processor and mix until well combined. It should have a smooth consistency. Pour onto the cooled base and then cover with blueberries. They will sink slightly but should still be half exposed -- as the cake bakes they will sink a little more and break down.
Bake in the oven for 35 minutes or until the center only slightly jiggles. Remove from the oven and cool completely before refrigerating for at least 3 hours. Once set, remove from pan using the parchment lining and slice into 10 rectangular bars. (bite-size pieces if your serving it to a large crowd or if you don't want that guilty voice screaming at you the rest of the week) ;) Dust with powdered sugar.
p.s. sorry for the low quality pics, I have a point-and-shoot camera and it was the middle of the night when I made this batch, promise they look tastier in person ;)


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Fill Out You March Madness Beer Championship Bracket for a Chance to Win!
By Matt Goldstein
The first annual March Madness Beer Championship Bracket Tournament will be hosting a contest for the best bracket from our fans. Fill out a bracket, choose the winning beers for each round and enter for a chance to win a case of craft beer. What kind of beer you ask? Well it will be one of your favorites craft beers, trust us. We will be selecting the winners after rigorous taste testing so it is your job to guess which beers will win the taste tests and which beer will become the eventual champion. Don't forget to pick some upsets; this is March Madness after all. Download your bracket below, fill it out and email it back to us at firstname.lastname@example.com . The deadline to have your bracket entered for a chance to win is on St. Patty's Day, March 17th at 11:59 am EST. That's exactly one minute before the 2011 NCAA March Madness Division I College Basketball tournament begins. Click the link below and fill out your March Madness Bracket now! Must be 21 to enter.
2011 March Madness Beer Championship Tournament Bracket
The 2011 March Madness Championship Beer Rankings!
March Madness Beer Championship Update
Introducing Our 64 Beer March Madness Tournament!


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Our kitten Montgomery was five days old when he came to us. He was an abandoned kitten and the only survivor in his litter. At eight days of age he began to have diarrheas that would not clear up. When it came time to wean him we started him on your Babycat recipe, which he enjoyed. He gained weight and grew, but the diarrhea continued. He was treated for parasites. We fed him Forti-flora, pumpkin, and bovine colostrum. Nothing seemed to help him.
Our veterinarian thought a hypoallergenic diet may help. The Z/D turned his stool almost clear. He rapidly lost weight and we nearly lost him. Luckily, back on the Babycat he recovered, but the diarrhea continued. We changed his food to Natural Balance Duck and Pea, which seemed to help for a while; he even produced the occasional solid stool. His anus, however, remained sore and very swollen. He still required several baths each day. We tried another food called Precise. After months of Duck and Pea he ate it with enthusiasm. While the two foods were mixed together, he improved, but as soon as he was solely on the new food, the diarrhea returned worse than ever.
We didn't know what to do. Should we put him back on the Natural Balance or try something else? I stood in the cat food aisle of the Pet Valu where I work and had a long conversation with the good friend who had initially taken Montgomery in. We decided to try him on the Royal Canin Kitten Spayed/Neutered. We began feeding it to him that night. We took the old food away and only gave him the new. The next morning he was much better. There was very little mass and he did not require a bath. Each day he has continued to improve. Today is day nine. Day nine on the new food, day nine without needing a bath. His anus was healing and the swelling continues to go down. He almost looks normal. We attribute his recovery to the very high fibre content in Kitten Spayed/Neutered. We are absolutely amazed.
Montgomery is just over seven and one half months of age now. He is looking forward to having his photograph taken with Santa Claus at the veterinarian's office and to his first Christmas.
Yours truly,
Vicky, Abi and Montgomery


text:
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Easy to use and install, the Level Mount DC37SJ is designed to fit any 10-40" Flat Panel TV up to 70 lbs. This single arm unit pans up to 30°; extends up to 6.5", tilts up to15° and swivels to position the screen for an optimal viewing experience. Everything needed for mounting is included in the box: A built in bubble level, stud finder with battery, medium extension arms and mounting hardware. $20 value for FREE!
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|Related articles
|more on FOLLOW sets email@example.com (1992-06-26)
|Re: more on FOLLOW sets firstname.lastname@example.com (1992-06-26)
|firstname.lastname@example.com (Debora Weber-Wulff)
|Free University of Berlin
|Fri, 26 Jun 1992 08:12:56 GMT
|LR(1), parse
I've been thinking a lot about follow sets since the recent posting (and
since I'm trying to build a parser generator myself :-) and I am puzzled
by a question. Just to recaptitulate (and to see if I have really
understood why follow sets are needed):
Let's say we have the following item set in the set of LR(0) items:
Ii: A -> B.T
A -> B. where A is a nonterminal, T a terminal, B either.
We could just happily reduce A -> B here and continue parsing. But the
construction of the follow set for A can give rise to the following - if T
is in the follow for A, then we have a shift-reduce conflict: we could
either shift the T, or reduce A -> B. So the grammar is not SLR(1), and we
either use other methods or fiddle with the grammar.
My question: Why bother? Why not define the action at this point to be the
reduction and ignore the shift possibility? What goes wrong? One objection
might be when the lookahead is neither in the follow of A nor equal to T,
we can generate an error here instead of at the next step, after reduction
and upon finding no shift that is defined. But this doesn't seem to be all
that important.
So those of you who are "in the know": why follow?
Debora Weber-Wulff email@example.com
Institut fuer Informatik +49 30 89691 124
Nestorstr. 8-9
D-W-1000 Berlin 31
Return to the
comp.compilers page.
Search the comp.compilers archives again.


text:
This section contains 346 words
(approx. 1 page at 400 words per page)
The Baobab Leaves Summary
Mema is at peace and Sundiata spends his days hunting for food. He and his siblings are fully grown and Sogolon is getting older and feeble. Sundiata's sister Kolonkan sees some merchants from Mali in the market. She runs in excitement to tell her mother and brings the merchants back to the palace, where Sundiata is just returning from a hunt.
The merchants are none other than Sundiata's relatives, seeking for him to return and save Mali. They relate the tale of Mali's destruction and the war that rages there. They salute him as king and Sundiata decides now is the time to head back home. He is already king.
Sogolon dies in the night and Sundiata asks the king Moussa Tounkara if he may bury her in Mema. The king is angry that Sundiata will leave Mema. He...
(read more from the The Baobab Leaves Summary)
This section contains 346 words
(approx. 1 page at 400 words per page)


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Dear Andy Seaborne. Thank you for your response. I incorporated them in the wiki-version of the rdf:text document. The version is at * http://www.w3.org/2007/OWL/wiki/index.php?title=InternationalizedStringSpec&oldid=18720 The diff to the original document is: * http://www.w3.org/2007/OWL/wiki/index.php?title=InternationalizedStringSpec&diff=18720&oldid=17905 I further made a few changes (details are given in the email) at * http://www.w3.org/2007/OWL/wiki/index.php?title=InternationalizedStringSpec&oldid=18758 Those changes can be tracked at * http://www.w3.org/2007/OWL/wiki/index.php?title=InternationalizedStringSpec&action=history Please note this email only reflects my personal opinion. It's not a formal working group response. Please let me know whether or not you are satisfied with this response to your comment. I'm glad to have further discussions about any remaining issues. Regards Jie ================ Several notes on the changes: (1) Since there are several RDF serializations. The suggested sentence (and current wiki wording): "However, note that the RDF syntax and semantics remain unchanged and that in an RDF/XML serialization such literals MUST be serialized using the existing RDF/XML syntax for plain literals with language tags [5]. " may be changed to "However, note that the RDF syntax and semantics remain unchanged and that in an existing RDF serialization that has built-in support for language tagging such literals MUST be serialized using the respective existing RDF syntax for plain literals with language tags [5]. Note: These existing RDF serializations include, but not necessarily limited to, RDF/XML, N-Triples, N3 and Turtle." (2) Please note that, in 3.2, abbreviations are required, and always required for rdf:text, but are not required for xs:string. This corresponds to the point you raised that developers may wish not to convert xs:string into plain literals. The original document implies eager abbreviations to the both datatypes. More discussion can be found inline. On Mon, Jan 19, 2009 at 9:07 AM, Seaborne, Andy <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: >> -----Original Message----- >> From: firstname.lastname@example.com [mailto:email@example.com] On Behalf Of Jie Bao >> Sent: 14 January 2009 17:22 >> To: Seaborne, Andy >> Cc: Sandro Hawke; Axel Polleres; Boris Motik; W3C OWL Working Group >> Subject: Response to Andy Seaborne's comments on rdf:text >> >> Hi Andy >> >> Thank you for your comment [1] on rdf:text [2]. Here is some my >> personal opinion on the issues you described. Other authors of the >> document may have further comments. > > Noted - your message was not a formal working group response. > >> >> Summary: In short, I believe your concern in mainly on the >> compatibility between rdf:text and the current specifications >> including RDF and SPARQL. I agree that rdf:text should not change the >> current specifications, explicitly or implied, nor have an impact on >> the behavior of existing tools that are designed to handle RDF. The >> wording of rdf:text should be changed to make this position clear. On >> the other hand, other syntaxes of OWL and RIF, without legacy issues, >> should be required to use rdf:text. > > In discussions on public-rdf-text, it's clear that it was not the intention behind the rdf:text draft to change RDF. Our issues stem from the fact that the text of the document, not the intent, can create visible change in RDF (as we jointly established in discussions there). > I wish the current wording conveys correctly for the intent. >> =========== >> >> "Issue 1: systems that do understand rdf:text may represent >> information in RDF in two different ways that other RDF systems not >> upgraded to rdf:text will interpret in two different ways." >> >> I agree with your proposal that an RDF/XML implementation must >> abbreviate "xyz@lang"^^rdf:text into "xyz"@lang. In fact, Sandro had >> similar thoughts in a previous mail [3], which matches my belief so >> well that I quote it below > > Just to be clear here [3] suggests using "SHOULD NOT" > """ > rdf:text SHOULD NOT be used in > any RDF syntax which has built-in support for language tagging > """ > And in our suggestions, it is "MUST NOT". > The current writing implied "MUST NOT" for RDF/XML. My suggestion (1) will extend it to other syntaxes as well. > Our aim is that rdf:text does not appear in RDF serialized forms anywhere. We can do this for the case of OWL/RIF system => RDF => OWL/RIF system, where the original data originates outside of RDF, with the changes we suggested. > Agreed. > The other case of RDF=>OWL/RIF system=>RDF, where the original data is created in RDF, is more problematic and can only rely on the "SHOULD" provision of introducing new vocabulary into the RDF namespace. > I'm not clear on "introducing new vocabulary into the RDF namespace". Do you mean rdf:text or another new vocabulary? > A statement in the rdf:text document to stress that rdf:text SHOULD NOT be used in RDF data would be helpful. > Do you mean MUST NOT? I agree that it should be the case in existing RDF syntaxes. However, we should not forbid the use of rdf:text in other future RDF syntaxes that have no alternative language tagging mechanism. >> >> "For simplicity of implementation, I think RDF serializations should >> mandate use of one style of language tagging or the other. In order to >> handle legacy syntaxes which were created before rdf:text and so could >> not pick, I think we should probably say rdf:text SHOULD NOT be used in >> any RDF syntax which has built-in support for language tagging (in order >> to avoid all the problems you name, below). >> >> That is, in RDF/XML, N-Triples, N3, and Turtle, one SHOULD NOT use >> rdf:text. (Happily, this aligns with rdf-syntax saying "Any other names >> are not defined and SHOULD generate a warning when encountered, but >> should otherwise behave normally.") Meanwhile, the various RIF syntaxes >> and the newer OWL syntaxes do not directly support language tagging, so >> one has to use rdf:text. Perhaps a Turtle 1.1 would remove type-a >> language tagging and mandate rdf:text instead. Similarly, APIs are free >> to pick one or the other (or some other, equivalent) approach, but >> should probably just provide one, and certainly not distinguish between >> the two." > > We don't support the sentiment of that rdf:text is a replacement in RDF and that other forms are legacy. This has not been discussed in the full semantic web community. > I believe the use of "legacy" in this context is only informal. The current rdf:text spec does not imply the deprecation of existing language tagging mechanism in RDF. > This could all be avoided if there were a direct mapping from "text"@lang to the value space, just using rdf:text as the URI for the datatype but not coupled to the lexical Shouldn't the mapping be taken care of by the RDF specification? In RDF Semantics ( http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/#gddenot), intepretation of plain literal with languag tags are defined as: if E is a plain literal "aaa"@ttt in V then I(E) = <aaa, ttt> There would not be a need in rdf:text to duplicate the definition. >presentation. In that case, there is no need for rdf:text in abstract syntax of RDF and the >special rules on interpretation of it's lexical form. > I don't think rdf:text is in the abstract syntax of RDF anyway. In OWL 2/RIF abstract syntax, it would be useful to have rdf:text as a datatype in the lexical definition, since there are new syntaxes for them (e.g., the Manchester Syntax) which may not have existing language tagging support. >> >> Thus, I propose to >> * make the two changes you suggested for this issue > > Thank you. > >> * add the following text to the end of the 1st paragraph of section 3. >> >> > RDF's plain literal with language tags, including but not necessarily >> limited to other OWL and RIF syntaxes, MUST use rdf:text as the >> datatype for internationalized strings> > > We do not agree with this. It is speculation on what some future language goals might be or what the experience with rdf:text will be. We also note that language tags in RDF come form the use of xml:lang in XML so this text would need to apply to XML syntaxes as well. > I agree that it maybe premature to add such a sentence. > > By the way: > I don't know if anyone else has pointed this out but internationalized text in RDF includes XML literals. Language tags are only part of the picture and incomplete (for bidi text). > Thanks for bringing this up. In addition to "Some text@en"^^rdf:text (case 1) and "Some text"@en (case 2), there are at least two other ways in RDF/XML saying: case 3: <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">Some text</rdfs:label> case 4: <rdfs:label rdf:parseType="Literal"> Some text </rdfs:label> XML literals are (informally) "more expressive" in handling internationalized string. For example, it is possible to have nested statements about language membership, e.g.,: <rdfs:label rdf:parseType="Literal"> Some text et cetera </rdfs:label> I agree language tags, and the rdf:text effort as it is for now, do not cover such usage situations. Maybe a note should be added to remind readers the alternative XML literal approach. However, in some situations, it may be possible to allow the equivalence between rdf:text and XML literals. One may follow the example in RDF on optional equivalence treatment of xsd:string and rdf:XMLLiteral: "Note: RDF applications may use additional equivalence relations, such as that which relates an xsd:string with an rdf:XMLLiteral corresponding to a single text node of the same string." (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/#section-XMLLiteral) Similarly, an application may use equivalence relations among case 1-4. I added an editor's note at the end of section 3.2 For reference purpose: * XML Language Identification, http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-lang-tag >> ================= >> >> "Issue 2: The treatment of xs:string is at odds with the current RDF >> specifications." >> >> I agree that in RDF the equivalence of "xyz" and "xyz"^^xs:string is >> semantically, but syntactical. Thus, the abbreviation suggested in the >> rdf:text spec should not imply that it introduces this change to the >> RDF syntax spec. > > Agreed - the way to avoid a change is to have only one way of abbreviating "text"^^rdf:text. If there are two, then observations without the entailments from XSD1a and XSD1b will see a difference. > >> In stead, in addition to your suggestions, we can add >> a note in 3.2 saying that >> >> <Note: the abbreviation of a literal of datatype xs:string is a >> consequence of the semantic equivalence of the abbreviated and >> original forms of the literal, as described by the RDF semantics [RDF >> Semantics]. > > > I don't understand the meaning here - abbreviation is the process of transforming literals of datatype rdf:text isn't it? In 3.2 two abbreviations are mentioned, rdf:text => languag tagged plain literal, and xs:string => plain literal with no language tag. The note above refers to the xs:string => plain abbreviation. Since, the equivalence of "text"^^xs:string and "text" can be semantically followed from RDF entailment rules xsd 1a and xsd 1a (http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/#DtypeRules), I believe in rdf:text there is no need to specify this abbreviation. A note would be sufficient. My suggestions are : a) Remove "Furthermore, literals of the form "text"^^xs:string can be abbreviated as "text"" b) Add: "Note: Literals of the form "text"^^xs:string are semantically equivalent to plain literals of the form "text", as described by the RDF semantics [RDF Semantics]. Such equivalence may be used to abbreviate xs:string literals. c) Remove "abbreviatedXSDStringLiteral" from the abbreviation grammar in Section 3.2. >I assume in OWL that no literals of datatype xs:string would be present as they have a rdf:text form. Or can there be two representations? Since all OWL reasoners are required to support the xsd:string datatype (http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/#Datatypes1), OWL 2 should continue this support for back compatibility. It would be possible for an OWL 2 ontology to use both xs:string and rdf:text. > > Read without qualification, your text implies "text"^^xs:string be transformed to "text" which is observable in RDF. > Yes > I have just noticed: > Sec 3.2 : rdf:text doc: > """ > form "text"^^xs:string can be abbreviated as "text". > """ > From > [[ > This specification defines a convenient representation for rdf:text and xs:string literals. In particular, literals of the form "text@lang"^^rdf:text where "lang" is not empty can be abbreviated as "text"@lang; furthermore, literals of the form "text"^^xs:string can be abbreviated as "text". > ]] > > Is this a typo? > > From context, having just mentioned literals of form "text@lang"^^rdf:text, and lang not empty, did you mean "text@"^^rdf:text where lang is empty i.e. pairs ("text" , "" ). Otherwise the text does not cover the ("text" , "" ) case. > You are right, the sentence "In particular, literals of the form "text@lang"^^rdf:text where "lang" is not empty can be abbreviated as "text"@lang" can be extended with: and "text@"^^rdf:text, i.e., when the language tag is empty, can be abbreviated as "text". > "text"^^xs:string and "text" are not interchange in RDF. Feedback to us is that application developers editing data expect their original form to be preserved, not converted from xs:string to plain literal or vice versa, even if semantically equivalent. > This concern is addressed in the new wiki version, in which the abbreviation of xs:string literals is optional. > (Personal note: the interactions of plain literals without language tag and literals of datatype xs:string have been a source of confusion to real applications and their developers - my experience is that the design in the RDF specs is less than ideal but it is something we have to work with especially given the significant amount of deployed RDF applications.) > >> >> Please let me know if the suggested changes sufficiently address your >> concerns. I'm happy to further exchange ideas with you, and thank >> again for your constructive comments. > > We believe our changes are sufficient. The additional text you suggest goes beyond that and we will review it - maybe that would be better in context of the next revision of the document. > > If it would be helpful and you would like us to look at an unpublished draft, maybe as it is finalized on the wiki, then do let us know when it is in a suitable state to review. > Please review the current wiki version with url given at the beginning of the email. > Andy > >> >> [1] http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-owl- >> comments/2009Jan/0001.html >> [2] http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-rdf-text-20081202/ >> [3] http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf- >> text/2008OctDec/0028.html >> >> -- >> Jie >> http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~baojie > -- Jie http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~baojieReceived on Thursday, 5 March 2009 03:16:11 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 6 January 2015 19:53:42 UTC


text:
I am not sure if I have lost my readership. I first took a very long hiatus, then had to go into treatment when I went off my medication again.
Since then, I've published my poetry book, and the owner of a new bookstore in Old Town Salinas has told me she'll put my poetry books and children's books in her store on consignment. She said also that she might like if I do a poetry reading on her grand opening.
Related articles
- Publishing a Poetry Book (theworldofwilma.wordpress.com)


text:
Central America
Central America, southernmost region of North America, lying between Mexico and South America and comprising Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Belize. (Geologists and physical geographers sometimes extend the northern boundary to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico.)
Central America makes up most of the tapering isthmus that separates the Pacific Ocean, to the west, from the Caribbean Sea. It extends in an arc roughly 1,140 miles (1,835 km) long from the northwest to the southeast. At its narrowest point the isthmus is only about 30 miles (50 km) wide, and there is no location in Central America that is more distant than 125 miles (200 km) from the sea.
Humid swamps and lowlands extend along both the west and east coasts, but four-fifths of Central America is either hilly or mountainous. The western band of Pacific coastal lowland is narrow and overshadowed by mountain ranges, and, except in Nicaragua and Honduras, the eastern plains along the Caribbean are also narrow. Elevation steadily increases west of the Caribbean lowlands, until, toward the Pacific Coast, plateau highlands culminate in mountain ridges and some 40 volcanic cones, some of which attain elevations of more than 12,000 feet (3,700 metres). Some of Central America's volcanoes erupt violently from time to time, and earthquakes frequently occur in the region. The weathered volcanic lavas produce a fertile soil, however, and the highlands of the volcanic zones have consequently become highly productive agricultural zones and areas of dense population.
The climates of Central America are essentially tropical, tempered by proximity to the sea, by elevation, by latitude, and by local topography; in consequence, they may vary substantially over short distances. Elevation mitigates the climatic effects of Central America's tropical latitude so that average temperatures in the highlands are much lower than those in the coastal lowlands. Rainfall occurs primarily during the summer and is heaviest between May and November. January through March are the driest months. In general, the Caribbean side receives about twice as much rain as the Pacific region.
Central America's natural vegetation is varied. Tropical rainforests occupy the eastern lowlands, while evergreen forests clothe the lower slopes along the Pacific coast, and pine and oak forests grow at somewhat higher elevations. Much of Central America's timberland, however, has been cleared by slash-and-burn cultivators, who move on when the soil is exhausted. This extensive form of cultivation has become less sustainable as fallow periods are shortened in response to rising demographic pressures and as the forest soils lose their ability to recuperate. The Central American forests are relatively sparsely populated with mammals, generously populated with reptiles, and extremely rich in birds and insects. Monkeys, tree frogs, iguanas, and snakes are abundant.
Central America can be roughly divided into a less populous Caribbean half and a slightly more congested Pacific coastal slope, separated by a sequence of relatively densely settled highland regions. The region's rate of population increase is one of the highest in the world, though infant mortality is high and life expectancy is generally low (less so in Costa Rica and Panama). Spanish is the dominant language of Central America and the official language in six of the countries; English is the lingua franca of much of the Caribbean coast and the official language of Belize. Many Indian languages are also spoken throughout the region.
Roman Catholicism is the professed religion of four out of five Central Americans; almost all others adhere to various Protestant faiths. In the more remote areas (principally inhabited by Indians), traditional religious practices and Roman Catholicism coexist. By the 21st century, Evangelical Protestantism made substantial inroads into traditionally Roman Catholic communities.
At least two-thirds of Central Americans are of mixed ancestry. Until the beginning of the 19th century, immigration was officially limited to citizens of Spain, and the Spanish were thus the only significant European contributors to the ethnic mixture of the area. Three-fifths of the people of Central America are of mixed European and Indian descent (called Ladinos in Guatemala and mestizos elsewhere), and one-fifth are Indian. Smaller communities of mulattoes (people of mixed European and African descent), zambos (mixed Indian and African descent), descendants of Europeans, and descendants of Chinese, South Asian, and African indentured labourers make up the remainder. Most of the region's Indian population is in Guatemala (the Maya, making up more than two-fifths of that country's total population). Many of the remaining Indians live in adjoining Honduras and El Salvador; elsewhere, only in Belize are Indians a significant element (about one-tenth) of the population.
From the mid-19th century Central America's economy was based on the production of coffee and bananas for export. Cotton, sugar, and beef were exported in increasing amounts after World War II. Corn (maize), beans, and squash traditionally have been grown as staple foods. Vigorous economic growth during the 1960s and '70s was followed by national indebtedness and low or negative economic growth rates in the 1980s. Throughout the 1980s and into the '90s, armed conflict, civil wars, high inflation, and poor social conditions contributed to a deteriorating economy, and most countries had to seek foreign aid from the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund. The civil unrest of the 1980s displaced up to 1,000,000 people, including an estimated 500,000 Salvadorans who entered the United States. Tens of thousands of others migrated to Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and other countries in the region. Near the end of the 1990s, the region's economies rebounded, and the privatization of companies and utilities, along with the spread of free trade, aided growth (however, Nicaragua's economy still suffers, and Honduras was set back by Hurricane Mitch in 1998). By the end of the 20th century, Central America's governments had attempted to revitalize the economy by fostering the diversification and expansion of nontraditional exports and free-trade zones, and assembly plants (maquiladoras) were established to encourage the expansion and decentralization of manufacturing.
Growing diversification in the economies of the region, however, has not provided a more equitable distribution of wealth. Manufacturing is sharply hampered by Central America's limited mineral and energy resources and by the restricted size of its market. Much industrial employment is in the form of cottage industries, and artisans outnumber factory workers. The processing of food, beverages, and tobacco and the making of textiles, clothing, shoes, furniture, and leather are the main industries. Agriculture still employs a larger proportion of workers than any other sector—except in Panama, where services, largely related to the Panama Canal, are of major economic importance. Tourism has increased mainly in Belize, Guatemala, and Costa Rica.
By 2001 Ecuador and El Salvador had adopted the U.S. dollar as their monetary unit, and it was an accepted form of currency in Panama and Guatemala. The main trading partners outside the region are the United States, Canada, and countries in western Europe. By the mid-2000s, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica had entered into the Central America–Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) with the United States.
This article covers the history of the area from prehistoric and pre-Columbian times to the present. Additional information on the region's physical and human geography can be found in articles on the individual countries of the region (see Belize; Guatemala; El Salvador; Honduras; Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama). Area 201,594 square miles (522,129 square km). Pop. (2006 est.) 40,338,000.
Pre-Columbian Central America
Central America, an archaeological bridge connecting North and South America, was, before the arrival of the Europeans, home to various nomadic and sedentary cultures. Mayan civilization occupied much of the northwestern part of the isthmus, from Chiapas and Yucatán, now part of southern Mexico, through Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and El Salvador and into Nicaragua. Although the Maya were the most advanced pre-Columbian civilization in the hemisphere, they were never unified. Unlike the Aztec and Inca empires, their autonomous city-states remained independent, presaging the political fragmentation that would characterize Central America to the present day. What unity existed was cultural rather than political. In addition to the Maya, other Indian cultures occupied Central America, bringing influences from both North and South America.
There is scant evidence of human life in Central America before 8000 bce. Primitive human habitation in the region before that date is likely, perhaps as early as 40,000 bce, but civilized society did not emerge until the 2nd millennium bce. Between 4000 and 1000 bce, people of the region made the transition from hunting and foraging to plant cultivation. Pottery in the Parita Bay region of Panama, dating from about 2130 bce, reflected South American cultural influence, which eventually reached as far north as Guatemala and Chiapas. Mexican influence in Chiapas dates from at least 1500 bce, and thereafter it extended as far south as Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Central America thus became a meeting ground for Mesoamerican, South American, and Caribbean peoples. After 1000 bce, organized sedentary farming communities became numerous, and active commerce and communications developed among them. Although cassava (manioc) and other tubers were important to Indians of the Caribbean coast, corn (maize) was the primary staple food of most Central Americans, accompanied by a wide variety of beans, squash, and other vegetables and fruits.
The Olmec culture and other Mexican influences substantially affected the development of Mayan civilization, while central Mexican Nahuatl influence challenged the Maya and stretched along the Pacific coast, notable especially among the Pipil of El Salvador and the Chorotega and Nicarao of Nicaragua. In Panama and Costa Rica, South American Chibcha influence was prevalent, while Caribbean cultural patterns penetrated the coastal plain from Panama to Honduras. Fugitives from the European conquistadores in the Caribbean increased this influence considerably at the close of the 15th century. The Miskito, Sumo, Rama, and other tribes on the Nicaraguan and Honduran Caribbean shores have survived to the present.
Emergence of the Maya
After 500 bce an advanced Mayan civilization emerged in the highlands of Guatemala and El Salvador. A large population developed at the city of Kaminaljuyú, on the outskirts of present-day Guatemala City, and other Mayan cities arose from Chiapas southeastward to Nicaragua. Early in the 1st millennium ce, Classic Maya civilization arose in the Petén region of northern Guatemala, as well as in Belize and Honduras; this probably was the result of migration from the highlands, although Pre-Classic Mayan cultures had also developed in this lowland region contemporaneously with such highland centres as Kaminaljuyú. Large new cities arose at Uaxactún, Tikal, Quiriguá, Copán, and elsewhere, characterized by great stone temples, pyramids, and markets. Although the highlands remained heavily populated, these lowland cities became the centres for a higher civilization. Overcrowding, famine, climatic change, or major geologic catastrophes may have contributed to migration, but contact between the highland and lowland peoples continued as merchants carried cultural, economic, and social traits from one place to another. Tazumal, for example, in western El Salvador, was influenced by Copán, the Mayan scientific centre in northwestern Honduras. Influence from as far away as Teotihuacán in the present-day Valley of Mexico and El Tajín in Veracruz also continued.
The lowland Mayan cities were located in an area that the Europeans thought of as uninhabitable because of the hot, humid climate and the accompanying insects and diseases. But the Maya developed the highest culture of pre-Columbian America, which reached its height between 600 and 900 ce. Maya priests made discoveries in astronomy and mathematics comparable to similar advancements in ancient Egypt. They developed an advanced system of writing, and their hieroglyphs on stone monuments (stelae), erected throughout the Maya lands, recorded their history. Brilliant Mayan artistic and scientific achievements in ceramics, sculpture, weaving, and painting, some of which were more advanced than European accomplishments of the same era, all showed remarkable artistic sensitivity. They developed an accurate calendar and complex systems of agricultural and water management. The Maya could not match their European counterparts in technology, however. Their architectural works were also less impressive than those of ancient and medieval European civilizations. The Maya were unable to develop energy-saving machines, the wheel being employed on children's toys but not adapted to any practical application. Animals were not domesticated, and all work was done by human hand labour directed by an elite group.
Decline of the Maya
Mayan civilization began to decay after 900 ce, perhaps because of overpopulation, deforestation, and stresses in the social structure. A number of important cities emerged in the late Classic period, mostly on the periphery of the classic Mayan region, in present-day Chiapas and Yucatán. The peoples of these cities, much influenced by invaders from central Mexico, built striking stone architectural monuments, but their scientific and artistic achievements were less remarkable than the earlier advances of the Classic period, and their economies remained underdeveloped. In the meantime, internal civil war and intervention from central Mexico sapped Mayan strength and vitality.
By the time of the Spanish conquest, Mayan civilization was thoroughly in decline, yet the Maya resisted subjugation longer than either the Aztecs of Mexico or the Incas of Peru. Returning to northern Guatemala, where they established the city of Tayasal as a place of refuge, some Maya maintained their autonomy until 1697. Not far away, the Lacandón Maya defied pacification throughout the Hispanic period, resisting from remote jungle and mountain refuges along the Usumacinta River. Disease and social disruption, brought with the Spanish conquest, annihilated a large part of the native population during the 16th century. Although estimates of the pre-Columbian population of Central America vary widely, it is generally agreed that the region's population did not again reach its pre-Columbian level until the 20th century.
The Spanish conquest
Rodrigo de Bastidas was first to establish Spain's claim to the isthmus, sailing along the Darién coast in March 1501, but he made no settlement. A year later Christopher Columbus, on his fourth voyage, sailed along the Caribbean coast from the Bay of Honduras to Panama, accumulating much information and a little gold but again making no settlement. Other navigators from Spain followed, some seizing natives as slaves, and in 1509 Fernando V, the king of Spain, granted concessions for colonization of the region to Alonso de Ojeda and Diego de Nicuesa. Both suffered staggering losses from disease, shipwrecks, and hostile natives. Remnants of these expeditions—under the leadership of a stowaway, Vasco Núñez de Balboa, who had earlier been with Bastidas—survived at Santa María la Antigua del Darién, on the Gulf of Urubá near the present-day Colombia-Panama border. Balboa turned the survivors into a disciplined and productive colony in 1510. Crossing the isthmus, Balboa discovered the "South Sea" (Pacific Ocean) in 1513 and claimed for Spain all the lands it touched. Balboa cultivated good Indian relations, made extensive explorations, and found enough gold and pearls to make Castilla del Oro, as it was called, the first profitable colony in the New World. However, the explorations took their toll on the Indians of the region, however, many of whom were wiped out by European diseases.
Appointment of Pedrarias
The king relieved Balboa with a trusted general, Pedro Arias Dávila (known as Pedrarias), although he allowed Balboa to continue his explorations on the Pacific coast. Pedrarias, however, distrusted the ambitious Balboa and, accusing him of treason, had him beheaded in 1517. Pedrarias expanded the colony but was responsible for enslaving and murdering the Indian population, despite royal orders for more humane treatment. In 1519 he established Panama City on the Pacific coast and moved the capital there in 1524, abandoning the hot, humid Darién.
Pedrarias sent a kinsman, Gil González Dávila, to explore northward, and he found civilization on the shores of Lake Nicaragua. The jealous Pedrarias forced him to flee to Santo Domingo before a Spanish colony could be planted, however, and instead sent Francisco Hernández de Córdoba in 1524, who established Granada on Lake Nicaragua and León not far from Lake Managua. But when Córdoba attempted to set up a kingdom independent of Panama, Pedrarias came to Nicaragua himself and put Córdoba to death after a year of civil war.
While Pedrarias and Córdoba conquered lower Central America, the conqueror of Mexico, Hernán Cortés, looked southward. In 1524 he sent Cristóbal de Olid by sea to Honduras and Pedro de Alvarado overland to conquer Guatemala. Olid founded the port of Triunfo de la Cruz but immediately declared himself independent of Cortés, a common practice among the conquistadores. Accompanied by a large force of Indian warriors from central Mexico and preceded by a smallpox epidemic, Alvarado faced little opposition until he reached Guatemala. There he allied with the Cakchiquel Maya against the rival Quiché. He allegedly defeated the Quiché chief, Tecúm-Umán, in hand-to-hand combat at Xelajú, near present-day Quezaltenango. Alvarado went on to conquer the Pipil of El Salvador in the same year, but a bloody rebellion by the Cakchiquel took four more years to quell.
In Honduras a three-way struggle developed between the forces of Pedrarias, Cortés, and González, who had returned to Central America to press Pedrarias's claim to Nicaragua. The discovery of gold in Honduras made the struggle more intense. Cortés first sent Francisco de Las Casas to relieve the rebellious Olid but then marched to Honduras himself to reprimand Olid. Before he arrived, however, Las Casas and González had united against Olid and put him to death. Cortés's difficult trip to Honduras thus turned out to be unnecessary, but, before leaving, he consolidated his control of the Honduran coast with the establishment of Puerto Natividad (renamed Puerto Cortés in 1869). The loyal Alvarado consolidated Cortés's control over Honduras as well as Guatemala and El Salvador, confronting the forces of Pedrarias, with whom rivalry continued for years.
Alvarado went on to participate in the conquests of Peru and of northern Mexico while retaining his governorship of Guatemala. Uniquely, upon his death in 1541 in Jalisco, his widow, Beatriz de la Cueva, succeeded him as governor of Guatemala, chosen by leading officials in the Guatemalan capital upon news of Alvarado's death. The rule of Doña Beatriz, however, lasted but two days, for she died when a massive flood and mud slide destroyed the city on Sept. 10, 1541. Construction of a new capital, Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala (present-day Antigua, Guat.), began a few miles away in 1543.
Further conquest of the Indians
Indian resistance delayed the conquest of Costa Rica until 1561, when Juan de Cavallón led a successful colonization expedition there. Although none of his settlements in the Nicoya Bay region survived, he and his men began the permanent Spanish occupation of Costa Rica. A year later Juan Vásquez de Coronado took over as governor of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, and in 1564 he established Cartago as the seat of government in the central valley of Costa Rica, where a small but industrious population developed.
Spanish domination of Central America was achieved by relatively few Spanish military forces but at a great cost in Indian lives. Remote areas, however, especially in northern Guatemala and along the Caribbean coast, remained outside Spanish control throughout the colonial period, eventually allowing Great Britain to colonize Belize and the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua.
Yet the conquest was not entirely military. A Dominican friar, Bartolomé de Las Casas, made a notable effort to ameliorate treatment of the Indians in Central America. The brutality of the Spanish conquest had repelled Las Casas in the Caribbean. After his Dominican monasteries in Nicaragua and Guatemala failed to bring better treatment to the Indians, he went to a province of northern Guatemala to pacify it without military force. His experiment in this province, which he called the Verapaz, was only partially successful, but it served as the basis for his arguments to the Spanish crown against abuse of the Indians. The resulting New Laws of 1542 began the suppression of the encomienda system of exploitation of Indian labour.


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This page links to comments/issues raised on the list during Last Call (June 20 - July 11) of the XML-Signature XPath Filter 2.0. It includes substantive issues, not necessarily the welcome editorial suggestions and corrections.
A style sheet declaration is used to not render issues that are considered 'done'. Minority positions are also rendered as such. (Some issues which are considered done may not be rendered as such in order to draw attention to them for the Director review.) The source of an issue need not be its first instance, it also might reference a cogent description or WG poll. Also, this document may not capture editorial tweaks and errors that were easily and quickly remedied.
Resolutions are expressed as {email,minutes} » (resulting) draft
|In 3.4 "Any time a node is encountered that is in any evaluated node set S, update Z ..." I think this is incorrect. The flag Z must be updated for each node of the input node set.
|Reagle: Text changed to reflect Boyer's proposal.
|Should we also support XPointer expressions?
|Reagle: we would have to recycle; I'm not sure of the merit; and there is no stable/mature XPointer reference.
|Scott Cantor
|Should use string instead of NOTATION
|Reagle: fixed.
Last revised by Reagle $Date: 2002/09/23 18:03:33 $


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Sunday, 18 August 2013
stills: biscuit tins & beads
1. i received this tin from the lovely Allison
2. and inside was an assortment of treasures (thank you Al)
3. these delicious (and guilt-free) bickies were baked (from the petite kitchen cookbook)
4. i got to wear my new Pearl and Elspeth dress and Christina Lowry Designs beads (i shall share more pics shortly)
5. cards and gifts.. yesterday was our 6th anniversary
6. enjoying Mollie Makes magazine
14 comments:
Happy Anniversary Zara...lucky you the tin is gorgeous!ReplyDelete
happy anniversary!ReplyDelete
love that doll house as china cabinet!!! so many doll house temptations...
I just love biscuit tins! A little too much i think judging by how many there are in my pantry... They're so versatile though.Happy Anniversary to you :)ReplyDelete
Sophie xo
P.S. I'm a fellow Mollie Makes lover! Wouldn't you just love to live in between those pages!
What a sweet, sweet card Zara. I hope you had a happy day together. I popped over and saw your dress in all it's glory. Same little birdie on the teatowel cushion you sent me. Karma I was so pleased to see the blue wren on your dress like he made his way back to you! I can't wait to see you wearing it.ReplyDelete
- Anonymous2:39 am, August 19, 2013
Sweet little spoils honey. Happy Anniversary. XReplyDelete
you are most welcome my dear....you chose the perfect biscuits to fill that tin!. Al xReplyDelete
I just bought Petite Kitchens winter journal too...I love it! Happy anniversary too my dear! xxReplyDelete
So much cuteness! Always love a tin full of goodies! And happy anniversary!ReplyDelete
Sophie x
It's been a while...so glad to be back - and I love your new blog header xReplyDelete
Love your tin Zara and the pretties inside,looks like you've had a wonderful week.ReplyDelete
Loving your Blog...I get so excited when i find a new blog that is a good read AND inspirational....bestest from your latest follower....Daisy j xReplyDelete
Happy Anniversary! Love all your treasures. Al is such an awesome lady. Love your necklace too. You have seen my black one now I have necklace envy after seeing yours! xoReplyDelete
What a gorgeous tin from a gorgeous Allison:) And of course the gorgeous clever Annie and the Pearl & Elspeth dress. Blogging is feeling mighty close to my heart these days and I love seeing people I know via blogging and IRL on my bloggy sticky beaking mornings. I feel all warm and fuzzy:) xxReplyDelete
what a beautiful collection of images! biscuits sound delicious and the treasures inside the tin are a real delight. xxReplyDelete


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08 August 2007
Ripples in a pond
Likewise, in the blogosphere, there are many bloggers who have encouraged me, motivated me, whose writing has touched my own even though I've never met them.
One of those bloggers is Abby Lee, Girl With a One Track Mind. An anonymous blogger like me, although her subject matter is a far more interesting than mine will ever be. More entertaining, too. Or at least she was anonymous until a year ago, August 6, 2006, when Abby was outed by the British newspaper, The Sunday Times. What happened next is the stuff of an anon-blogger's nightmares. She lost her job, and suddenly every single person in the UK knew her real name and where she lived.
Since she blogs about her sexual exploits, and is a woman and unashamed of herself, she has spent a lot of the past year dealing with the male establishment verbally beating her up for her liberal views. Abby's brand of feminism is fearless and inspiring. A man writing the same blog would have been venerated, the subject of much "attaboy" back-slapping encouragement. That makes me incredibly sad.
Her writing, combined with one or two others, (notably Dooce and Abbypants) has encouraged me to be more open in my own blogging, given me the courage to write frankly about my battle with major depressive disorder.
When I started Well Behaved Women, it was a cry in the wilderness of the reddest of the red states, a way to protest the Idiot (Bush) Administration, a place where I could freely worry about the state of women's rights in America and talk about the tenuous thread that a woman's right to choose hangs by. It was rare in the beginning that I would talk about my own personal life. Politics, more politics, with a dose of politics tossed in was what I was writing about.
Somewhere along the way, that focus changed, and I began mentioning things in my life from time to time. And then in the last six months, it has been my life with a bit of politics on the side. I get more responses/comments, more hits on the blog when I'm writing about my own life, when I'm being deeply personal and baring things that I wouldn't talk about with a roomful of strangers than I do when I'm ranting about something stupid that President Idiot has done or said, or the Supreme Court further restricting civil rights. Writing about the depression, or trying to analyze something that has happened to me generates more interest than the government trying to look at your library records.
I'm going to refrain from commenting much on how that apathy also makes me sad, and how incredibly strange I think it is that random strangers are interested in the goings-on of a lunatic 30-something Ohioan, and get back to my point.
Without ground breakers like Dooce and Abby Lee, I wouldn't be here in the corner detailing my struggle to stay out of a ward. The ripples that spread out from blogs like theirs reach worldwide. Ideas sparked by a post written halfway around the world fill me with wonder at technology and the incredible age that we're living in. Unless I'm incredibly lucky, I will probably never meet Abby Lee. She has changed my life for the better, and while I'm deeply sorry for the pain that she's been through in the past year, her amazing writing has made me aspire to be a better writer. I am supremely grateful for that. So thanks, Abby. I feel privileged to have witnessed your journey, and can't wait to see what you do next.
1 comment:
I don't think I could ever be an anonymous blogger... I'm too open about myself with everyone, and am actually shocked when people say to me "I didn't know you were into that". Trust me, people are more into themselves than to notice your opinions.
So it turns out that I just don't care.
That, and I made a rule long long ago- never write anything online that you could never own up to in real life.
The internet is a public forum, and to go in conjunction with the hell I went through with my internet stalker this winter, it is up for grabs. You are never anonymous. Never. It is much easier to be honest about yourself to those around you than to hide yourself. Even if you communicate a small bit "I'm pro-choice", for example. That way it is either a) no surprise,or b) when confronted about it, you can easily say "well it isn't like I hid that from you..."
I think, personally, anonymous blogging is a bad idea. But then again, that's just my opinion. It is easier to hide a tree in the forest than to toss a blanket over it.
- 11:43


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Former MySpace Exec Talks L.A. Tech Scene
Like so many empires, MySpace came, conquered and collapsed into a wasteland. And Ted Dhanik was there, from the company's launch in 2003 to its quick descent when confronted with new-kid-on-the-block Facebook. In 2005, Dhanik became the social network's vice president of strategic marketing, charged with driving traffic to the site by obtaining exclusive content and developing promotion strategies.
Dhanik now fronts as president and chief executive of engage:BDR, a West Hollywood ad network that builds direct relationships with publishers and advertisers. The 38-year-old said L.A.'s tech scene has seen a boom in mobile marketing and offered advice for startups looking to monetize their products.
What do you see as the most exciting thing happening in online advertising right now in Los Angeles?
The advertisers that we're used to working with are now requesting mobile traffic mostly. The engagement is stronger and immersion rates are higher. Mobile is about 80 percent of our business now. I think it's going to continue to be closer to all of our demand mostly, probably by the end of this year.
What makes L.A.'s tech scene different from others?
I think L.A. tech has always been pretty good with monetizing pretty quickly. I think that's what different from Silicon Valley. You really have entrepreneurs who know how to make money quickly or monetize fast.
What do startups needs to focus on when looking to monetize their products?
What they need to focus on is delivering a great product. Retention is key because you can make a lot more money with one user than you can with 10 if you do it right because that one user can potentially stay and be engaged for a long time.
You were there when MySpace began and when it all fell apart. What happened?
MySpace never had a marketing strategy for traffic on the Web. Once you lost the user, you really lost them. We tried to build programs to keep them on, but if it had a media strategy, it would have been more controllable.
So taking what you learned from MySpace, what do you recommend startups do to sustain their brand once they've established themselves?
Invest in media. It's really just about buying traffic and having a strategy to buy nonorganic traffic. Organic traffic only takes you so far, and once that ships turns, you can't turn it around.
Staff reporter Melissah Yang can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow her on Twitter @MelissahYang for the latest in L.A. tech news.
For reprint and licensing requests for this article, CLICK HERE.
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Training Staff can be a real pain, Keeping good workers is even harder. Sometimes keeping bad workers is difficult for some reason. As if that makes any real sense. In this blog we will talk about some points that can help you maintain good workers, weed out the bad and make those who have potentially good workers become key players.
The truth that you must know is it all starts with you, the manager, the owner, the visonner. As the leader you need to be the example that all others need to follow. So you need to know your stuff.
Training!!! Training!!! Training!!! A great way to start is to take the Servsafe Food Manager's Safety protection course at Westchester Food Safety. Here you will cover 10 units and we will go into detail about the safety your food establishment and how you and your staff need to address certain issues, everything from temperature control, personal hygiene programs and HACCP plans. Food deliveries even how to clean and maintain your equipment.
According to the CDC Foodborne illness (sometimes called "foodborne disease," "foodborne infection," or "food poisoning) is a common, costly—yet preventable—public health problem. Each year, 1 in 6 Americans gets sick by consuming contaminated foods or beverages. Many different disease-causing microbes, or pathogens, can contaminate foods, so there are many different foodborne infections. In addition, poisonous chemicals, or other harmful substances can cause foodborne diseases if they are present in food.
According to the FDA While the American food supply is among the safest in the world, the Federal government estimates that there are about 48 million cases of foodborne illness annually—the equivalent of sickening 1 in 6 Americans each year. And each year these illnesses result in an estimated 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths.
Keeping your staff knowledgeable and yourself is key to protecting your customers, your reputation and your money. Understanding good procedures that will prevent your staff from making mistakes which can intern cause an illness/food borne illness.
In our section about Personal Hygiene we will cover these points:
– How foodhandlers can contaminate food
– How to wash hands properly and when it is required
– Requirements for proper hand care
– How to use gloves properly
– Requirements for personal cleanliness and proper attire
– Policies that should be implemented in the operation regarding eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing gum or tobacco
– Requirements for reporting illness and injury