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After Cantor recovered from a stint in the insane asylum for mental breakdowns suffered while trying to prove some (we now know) intractable problems in set theory, he had a stroll with his good friend and colleague Dedekind. Dedekind asked Cantor what he pictured in his mind when he thought of sets. Dedekind remarked that when he thought about a set, he pictured a clear bag containing objects inside which are the set's elements. Cantor responded that when he thought about a set, he pictured an abyss.
In a previous post I remarked that some abstract objects occupy space and have relevant properties of concrete material objects and thus there may not be any philosophical (epistemological or otherwise) problems in dealing with them such as knowing them or having them cause and be caused by physical phenomenon. In mathematics, we have pure sets built from the null set from iterative or otherwise "mental operations." The old joke that the mathematical universe is an entire infinite universe begotten from nothing (the contents of the null set) is illustrative of the counter-intuitiveness of this idea.
Thus, as the story goes, from the null set, we have everything we need for mathematics. But since these objects of math are all purely abstract without concrete properties (as opposed to abstract objects with concrete elements) which may take part in the causal epistemological chain, how do we know them if e.g., the causal theory of knowledge is correct? If mathematics is built on such foundations, we cannot appeal to impure sets such as sets built on singletons of everyday objects to resolve these epistemological lacunae. Mathematics foundationally built in such a way thus may be metaphysically and epistemologically counter-intuitive to many precisely because of the knowledge problem or some other problems with causally inert properties of pure sets or the begetting of things from nothing. Metaphysically, it is problematic as the old joke suggests, it is a infinitely high house of cards built on top the foundations of an abyss. I want to ask here if there is another alternative system that is built on firmer and more intuitive metaphysical foundations.
Now consider the classical Chinese conception of numbers. Many philosophers of the school of names and the neo-Taoist school inspired by the I-Ching (such as Wang Bi) thought that from some object, we may, by some mental operation, form the class (they did not have a modern notion of set obviously but did have a notion of what we would term 'class') containing that object. Now we have two objects, namely the object and its singleton class. One can go on forming more and more objects this way until one has all the objects needed for one's numbers and thus to furnish one's mathematical universe. This would generate the positive integers instead of the natural numbers including zero as modern mathematics would have it. There is something to be said about the Chinese system; it is iterative like the modern conception of numbers but it starts off from one (the singleton set of some concrete object) instead of zero (the null set). This system is ontologically well-founded on something as opposed to nothing and is concrete "from the start." Specifically, what the Taoist founds his theory of numbers on, the original object on which all his classes are built on, is just the Tao.
More formally, we have according to the Taoist conception: Tao, {Tao}, {Tao, {Tao}}, {Tao, {Tao}, {Tao, {Tao}}}. Now, either the Tao or {Tao} may be arbitrarily designated as the number one.
Let's say that we choose the former. One is unlike the other numbers in that 1. it is not a class (set). 2. for all numbers n other than one contains n elements while one, not being a set contains no elements.
Or one can designate the Tao's singleton {Tao} as the number one. But then all subsequent numbers will contain the Tao which is not a number to generate all successive numbers.
Alternatively, one may have 1=Tao, 2={Tao}, 3={Tao, {Tao}}.
This last interpretation seems to be the one Wang Bi favored.
Significantly, as Wang Bi makes the point in both his Yijing and Laozi commentaries, in this sense "one" is not a number but that which makes possible all numbers and functions. In the latter (commentary to Laozi 39), Wang defines "one" as "the beginning of numbers and the ultimate of things." In the former (commentary to Appended Remarks, Part I), he writes, "In the amplification of the numbers of heaven and earth [in Yijing divination] … 'one' is not used. Because it is not used, use [of the others] is made possible; because it is not a number, numbers are made complete. This indeed is the great ultimate of change."
However, here, each number will contain n-1 elements instead of the Von Neumann formulation of modern mathematics which has for each number n, n elements.
Thus Chinese mathematics can be impure and would have no problems with the epistemological problem of knowing abstract objects built on the singleton of some concrete object. Everything that can be proven in the modern system of mathematics can be proven in the Chinese system per Lowenheim-Skolem theorem or one of its corollary theorems (since the two number systems are equinumorous and isomorphic). Zero thus is redundant for mathematics. There remains only orthographic problems of how to write numbers and mathematical formula down and the technique the classical Chinese used was to use a non referential "placeholder" in place of '0' or the cipher.
But this system is just as counter-intuitive as the modern for there are problems of its own. If I start off from the singleton set containing my computer and you start off from the singleton set containing your right foot, we would have two different notions of the numbers one and thus all subsequent numbers built on it. But 1=1 is true and it is necessarily true. Modern mathematics does not have this problem because it is easy to prove that there is one and only one null set and thus it and all numbers built on it are identical.
We may be able to obstruct this problem by introducing a single "arbitrary object" which can stand in for any object and starting from the singleton of it and define it as the number one. However, is this arbitrary object concrete or abstract? It might make sense to say of an arbitrary object that it is concrete or abstract with causal properties. I don't know. But if concrete where is this object? It may not have a specific location but since it could "stand in" for any concrete object, it may make some sense to ascribe to it causal properties even if it may be abstract much as the singletons of concrete objects. Kit Fine has defended arbitrary objects has having such common properties of concrete objects.
Alternatively, as pointed out above, Wang Bi and some of the other classical Chinese philosophers thought that the original object which one is is just the Tao, which in turn is itself not strictly definable and may be a ineffable "primitive" (I guess maybe like the term 'nothing' or perhaps 'arbitrary object') or its singleton. The Tao certainly seems to have causal properties and may certainly be said to influence causally the world on their conception whatever it may be.
Still, the Chinese system may not wholly escape some of the counter-intuitiveness associated modern math. It is only slightly less counter-intuitive than the modern system because instead of begetting the whole mathematical universe from nothing, it begets it from one thing. An infinitely high house of cards is built on the flimsiest of foundations instead of on an abyss.


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Daniel Erickson the lead writer for Star Wars: The Old Republic says that we won't likely see multi-platform MMOs soon. I agree and don't expect this to happen in the next ten years. I believe that we also will not likely see consoles with a keyboard and mouse in the distant future.
At Comic-Con James Ohlen is quoted as saying that Star Wars: The Old Republic will last "for decades". Erickson clears this up saying that Ohlen was simply making a joke. Read the interview for more from Daniel Erickson.
Pre-orders for Battlefield 3 compared to Battlefield 2 are up 2,302%. Pre-orders for Modern Warfare 3 up 321% against Black Ops.
Milla Jovovich confirmed for Resident Evil: Retribution. It is releasing on September 14, 2012.
Just as a heads up folks, this Friday (August 12th) Final Destination 5 is opening in theaters. Also a week from Friday (August 19th) Conan the Barbarian.
DarthHater discusses "morality gear" (gear based on alignment) in Star Wars: The Old Republic.
Destructoid has photos from Quake-Con.
Download the Sith Lords Restored Content Mod for Knights of the Old Republic II.
World of Tanks now allows free two-player platoons. An extra map was added along with new tanks and game fixes. Read the patch notes.

subset: commoncrawl


text: My book manuscript in progress, To Make the Wounded Whole: The Political Culture of African American AIDS Activism traces the evolution of black politics in post-Civil Rights America through African Americans' fight against AIDS. Scholarship to date has not focused on ways that African Americans fought to mobilize black communities against the disease. Without an understanding of African American AIDS activism, however, black communities appear as passive, powerless victims of the epidemic, or as prejudiced people who failed to take "ownership" of a disease associated with gay men and drug users. Examining the period from 1985 to 2003, I argue that African American AIDS activists borrowed tactics from earlier black freedom struggles to highlight the inequities underlying the epidemic in black America. These activists also reshaped the boundaries of African American identity as they located queer sexuality in prevailing notions of blackness and addressed AIDS in their communities as part of the epidemic in the larger African diaspora. The project establishes a genealogy of American AIDS activism rooted in black politics, in contrast to other histories, which focus on white gay and lesbian organizing. Altogether, these stories demonstrate that AIDS occasioned not the "breakdown" of black politics, but their reimagining.


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KNUTSFORD is set to benefit from a jobs boost after it was announced that a town business will play a key role in building the UK's new nuclear power plant.
Nuclear engineering firm AMEC, based at Booths Park in Knutsford, is one of the key partners in EDF's nuclear new build programme – the first of its kind in the country in almost 20 years.
Earlier this week, it was announced the Government and EDF Energy reached a commercial agreement on the key terms of a proposed investment contract for the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station in Somerset.
Following the news of the deal, AMEC said it expects to create up to 300 jobs in the north west before the building programme ends with a 'fair portion' of the vacancies to be allocated to the Knutsford office.
Frank Stokes, of AMEC, said: "We currently have well over 100 people working on the UK new build programme in both the UK and France, and we expect this figure to increase significantly as the programme develops."
As well as creating jobs at its Knutsford office, AMEC's Birchwood base in Warrington will also benefit from the job boost.
Frank added: "AMEC looks forward to continuing its role in EDF's nuclear new build programme, providing project and engineering support both in the UK and France.
"As a global nuclear engineering company, with a history in the industry stretching back almost 60 years, AMEC will play a key role in helping ensure that this programme comes to fruition."
The Hinkley Point C plant will be the first new nuclear power station to be built since Sizewell B, which started generating electricity in 1995.
It will begin the process of replacing the existing fleet of nuclear stations, most of which are due to close in the 2020s.
What do you think about the jobs boost for Knutsford? Leave a comment below.


text: For those of you looking for a one-of-a-kind cake topper, we offer you Aimee Empey of Boston-based Paper, Gowns, and Glory. Aimee sculpts custom bride and groom toppers out of Japanese, Italian, recycled, and handmade papers, using special archival glue to prevent yellowing over time. The process starts by sending Amy a photo of you and your fiancé, along with a description or photo of what you'll be wearing on your wedding day. Aimee then works her magic to create a miniature recreation that will last forever. Custom toppers start at $450; visit papergownsandglory.com to order. And see more cake toppers in our Cake Gallery. —Carly Totten


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Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell 3D on the 3DS follows Sam Fisher as he is sent behind enemy lines in the Korean Peninsula to prevent World War III, by investigating the responsible party that sunk the USS Clarence E Walsh, U.S.'s most advanced cruiser. Through his investigation, Sam learns that the key parties who are planning to use the Masse Kernels to launch WWIII are war comrade Douglas Shetland, Displace International, and Admiral Otomo, the Third Echelon Information Self Defense Force (I-SDF) contact. The cutting edge hardware of the new Nintendo 3DS allows Splinter Cell fans to play in immersive 3D and ability to interact with the game like never before.
Super Gamer Dude
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell 3D is a remake for the 3DS of a previous game for last-generation consoles (GameCube, Xbox, PS2). Despite widespread acclaim for its predecessor, Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory, the remake for the 3DS received largely negative reviews. Accused of just being a downgraded port to the 3DS, complaints were mostly made because of lack of replay value and poor gameplay due to unclear objectives and unintelligent AI.
Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory was, by all accounts, at the absolute top of the spy/stealth game genre. With an excellent enemy AI system, graphics and playing options, a spin-off for a next-generation console should have been something to look forward to.
Unfortunately, most players were unimpressed by Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell 3D. IGN described the game as "pretty watered-down" in their official review, and the aggregate ratings website Metacritic gave it a paltry 53/100.
The biggest complaint is the enemy AI. In other Splinter Cell titles, this was one of the defining characteristics of the series; those games were marked by a smart AI that made the game challenging and addictive. The AI in Splinter Cell 3D, unfortunately, falls short of the mark. You can sometimes leave bodies in the open without being detected, and you can occasionally be detected when it says you're hidden. It seems a step down from previous titles, despite having better technology than previously accessible.
Splinter Cell 3D's graphics aren't terrible, but they aren't very good either. It's hard to play if you're in a well-lit area, and that's due to how dark the game is overall. Usually, 3DS games are known for their brightness. A good point of the graphics system for this game is the use of the 3D feature; unlike other games that overuse it feel like their giving you a headache, Splinter Cell 3D just gives a more realistic sense of playing in third-person perspective.
The campaign in this game will last seven or eight hours, but after that you probably won't play the game again. With that in mind, it's difficult to justify the price of the game, especially when the previous title on last-generation consoles was so much better in general. Gameplay can be engaging and pretty fun, despite being marked by the faulty AI mentioned earlier.
Controls are mostly good, and will feel completely intuitive to any veteran shooter player. Getting the controls right has been hard for developers making this type of shooting game on a handheld device, so it's good to see the direction this is going in.
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell 3D isn't an absolutely terrible game, but it is a huge letdown to the potential it had. The original version of the game is much better, and despite some good points with the controls/graphical interface, Splinter Cell 3D falls drastically short of the bar set for enemy AI by earlier titles in the same series. In fact, compared to Chaos Theory, the AI is laughable. If you're a hardcore fan of the series, you should pick this up for a fun and fast play with some decent elements. If you're not, though, you shouldn't waste your money. Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell 3D simply can't compare to other titles in the series or other, last dark and disappointing, games on the 3DS.
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Dec 5 (Reuters) - AbbVie said on Wednesday it had halted enrollment for a late stage trial of Rova-T as a second-line therapy for advanced small-cell lung cancer, following recommendations made by an independent data monitoring committee.
The committee's recommendations were based on shorter overall survival in the Rova-T arm, compared with the topotecan control arm, the company said. (Reporting by Soundarya J in Bengaluru; Editing by Anil D'Silva)


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Just when you thought homemade soft pretzels couldn't get any better, they do! Sourdough Soft Pretzels have a wonderful flavor and chewy bite.
Today the members of the #BreadBakers group are sharing our favorite pretzel recipes.
I've made soft pretzels several times over the last year or so and didn't really plan on posting another pretzel recipe just yet. But I recently made some terrific Sourdough Soft Pretzels which I baked in a 185 year old wood-fired oven and wanted to share it with you.
Don't worry, you don't need a wood-fired oven to make these pretzels!
You can read more about my adventures in wood-oven baking here. For a baking-geek like me these days are always so much fun.
Every time I'm invited for a baking day I bring a loaf of sourdough bread to bake and I also take the opportunity to test a few new recipes in the oven. I've baked Pear Upside Down Gingerbread Cake, Sourdough Rye Crispbread and Apple Cinnamon Galette in the oven, with varying degrees of success.
Because soft pretzels like to bake at a fairly hot temperature, I decided to try them in the wood-fired oven.
My sourdough starter has been wonderfully active lately and I've been making all sorts of new recipes that go well beyond a loaf of bread, including Sourdough Donuts & Sourdough Focaccia. So I thought, why not use the starter to make the pretzel dough?
This is a 2 day recipe because I don't use any commercial yeast in the dough, just the starter. But the vast majority of the time is hands-off.
I like to start the dough in the afternoon/evening of day 1 and then roll the pretzels the next morning. Because it is a soft dough, it's easiest to roll while it's still cold.
Watch the video in my Sourdough Focaccia post to see how to turn the dough on the first day. It's exactly the same process with the pretzel dough.
If you work on this schedule you'll have fresh hot pretzels by early afternoon. The baked pretzels freeze really well. Just pop them in the oven to re-warm before eating.
We ate these Sourdough Soft Pretzels with my Jalapeño Cheddar Dip, only this time instead of a fresh jalapeño I made the sauce with chopped up Pickled Jalapeños. YUMMMMMY!
So here you go, my favorite new pretzel recipe!
Watch the recipe video to see how to make Sourdough Soft Pretzels.
Sourdough Soft Pretzels
- 1 1/4 cups (12 oz, 355 ml) warm water
- 1 cup (7.5 oz, 205g) active sourdough starter
- 1 1/2 tsp salt
- 1 Tbsp granulated sugar
- 3 1/2 cups (13 oz, 420g) unbleached all-purpose flour
- 2 quarts (2 liters) water
- 1/3 cup (2.5 oz, 75 g) baking soda
- 1 egg white, lightly whisked
- salt and seeds for garnish
- Combine the water, starter, salt and sugar in a mixer with the paddle attached (or mix by hand).
- With the mixer running on low add 2 cups of the flour and mix to form a smooth batter. Switch to the dough hook and add the remaining flour. Knead on medium low speed for 10 minutes (speed 3 on my stand mixer). The dough will clear the bowl and cling to the hook after kneading.
- Scrape the dough into a lightly oiled bowl, turning once to coat. Cover the bowl and set aside at room temperature for 4-5 hours.
- Every hour repeat the following procedure: Uncover the bowl, lift one side of the dough over into the middle of the dough. Repeat with the other three sides of the dough then flip the dough over. (Watch the video in this post to see how to folding is done.)
- After 4-5 hours put the dough in the refrigerator overnight.
Make the Pretzels (Day 2)
- Remove the dough from the refrigerator. Line 2 baking sheets with parchment paper and coat the parchment paper with vegetable oil.
- Turn the cold dough out onto a floured surface and divide into 12 equal pieces. Shape each piece into a rope. Using flat hands, roll the dough back and forth moving your hands in opposite directions from the middle of the rope towards either end. If the dough gets sticky dip your hands in flour and continue. The dough should stick to the surface just a little so that the friction will allow you to pull the dough into a long rope. The longer and thinner the rope the more open the pretzel shape will be. Try to get the rope to about 20"-24"
- To form a pretzel lift the dough rope on either end and allow the middle to sit on the surface, forming a "U" shape. Twist the ends of the rope together 2x and fold the twist over and rest on the center of the "U". Lift the pretzel by the two top loops and place on the oiled parchment paper.
- Cover the tray with oiled plastic wrap and set aside to for 1 hour to bring the dough to room temperature.
- Combine the 2 quarts of water and baking soda in a large pot and bring it to a boil. Preheat the oven to 450°F convection or 475°F regular.
- Drop the pretzels into the boiling water for 10 seconds, flip and boil another 10 seconds. (I can fit about 3 at a time in my pot, don't overcrowd the pan). Set the boiled pretzels back onto the baking sheets (lined with oiled parchment).
- Brush each pretzel with egg white and sprinkle with coarse salt and/or seeds of your choice. Bake until puffed and golden brown, about 15 minutes. Turn the sheets halfway through baking so they brown evenly.
- They're best eaten warm from the oven. They also freeze really well.
This is a 2 day recipe because there is no commercial yeast in the dough, but most of the time is hands-off.
Thanks for Stacy from Food Lust People Love for hosting today's event. Here are some more great pretzel recipes from my fellow BreadBakers:
- Authentic German Pretzels from Sara's Tasty Buds
- Ballpark Pretzels from Karen's Kitchen Stories
- Beer Pretzels from Passion Kneaded
- Buttery Pretzels from Ambrosia
- Cheddar Garlic Soft Pretzels from Palatable Pastime
- Cheese Jalapeño Stuffed Pretzel Rolls from Herbivore Cucina
- Cinnamon Sugar Pretzel Bites from Cook's Hideout
- Cinnamon Sugar Soft Pretzels from Hostess At Heart
- Double Soda Pretzels from Food Lust People Love
- German Pretzel Rolls from All That's Left Are The Crumbs
- Honey Mustard Snack Pretzels from Cindy's Recipes and Writings
- Pretzel Dogs from Sneha's Recipe
- Pretzel Sticks from A Day in the Life on the Farm
- Saffron Pretzel Rolls from The Schizo Chef
- Soft Whole Wheat Pretzels from What Smells So Good?
- Sourdough Soft Pretzels from Baking Sense
- Whole Wheat Pretzel Bites from I camp in my kitchen
#BreadBakers is a group of bread loving bakers who get together once a month to bake bread with a common ingredient or theme. Follow our Pinterest board right here. Links are also updated each month on this home page.
We take turns hosting each month and choosing the theme/ingredient.


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Ceremony held for transfer of USS Colorado teak decking to USO Center
The USS Colorado (BB-45) battleship, decommissioned and sold for scrap decades ago, has a new home at the USO Northwest SeaTac Center, as its teak decking will now serve as the new center's entry floor.
Donated by Boeing, the flooring arrived at the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport on Friday (Feb. 7).
"The Boeing Company has been the guardian of this precious USS Colorado teak decking for the last 54 years. We are overjoyed to transfer the guardianship to the USO for the next 50+ years. We honor the USS Colorado sailors and marines by never forgetting their sacrifice on behalf of our country and our freedom," said Pamela Valdez, Boeing KC-46A Tanker Support & Training IPT and USONW Board Member.
United States Navy Petty Officer 1st Class William McKenna carried the ceremonial piece of teak decking from the Boeing Development Center to the location of the new USONW SeaTac Center on the airport's mezzanine level.
"We are very excited the Boeing Company has chosen the USO Northwest to be the recipient of this great piece of history," said Executive Director Don Leingang. "Our organization truly understands the significance of this donation and is honored to be the new caretaker of this teakwood planking for as long as the USO exists at SeaTac Airport."
The decking and McKenna was escorted by Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Color Guard through a flag line provided by the Patriot Guard Riders, active-duty service members and USONW volunteers.
"I am in awe of the fact thousands of guests every year will be able to stand on the same decking used by WWII sailors fighting for our country on the high seas," said SeaTac Center Manager Bill Baker.
Two years after the USS Colorado had been sold for scrap; Boeing purchased the teak decking, then installed it on cafeteria walls in 1961. Upon completion of the new USO Northwest Center, the decking will cover 1,500 square feet.
Among the spectators at the ceremony were two WWII crewmembers of the USS Colorado, and family members as well: Whittaker 'Moose' Hernion, Larry Clements with his wife Marjory and son Ron, and Sherri Lee, daughter of a crewmember. Crewmember Frank Weber was also going to attend, but the icy conditions prevented his travel from Oregon.
Here are some photos from the event:
And more info and photos from Pam Fernald, who was also at the event:
It was an honor to attend this ceremony and be in the company of 2 of the original members from the Colorado.
I thought the ceremony for this teak flooring from the USS Colorado was very sobering and evoked many emotions from attendees. Hearing the details that were shared had me thinking what a great history lesson this would have been for school kids to have attended.
"Among the spectators at the ceremony were two WWII crewmembers of the USS Colorado, and family members as well: Whittaker 'Moose' Hernion, Larry Clements with his wife Marjory and son Ron, and Sherri Lee, daughter of a crewmember…"
I wanted to add that the nicknames of both gentlemen were noted. Mr. Clements was an electrician on the ship and his nickname was ' Sparky.' Everyone got a chuckle out of that. 'Moose' is 97. Sheri Lee, whose father was an original crewmember and has passed away, was there with her father's American flag.
When The Boeing Company originally purchased the teak decking, it was installed on the walls in the Developmental Center cafeteria. I'm a 38 year Boeing employee (retired) and when I was hired in 1964, the first location I worked in was the Developmental Center. I remember eating in that cafeteria, but didn't realize the significance of teak planks on the wall.
I found a couple of photos of the USS Colorado and you can see the teak planking on the deck.
About USO Northwest
USO Northwest serves more than 500,000 active-duty military and their families annually throughout Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington State, and is an important part of the USO (United Service Organizations), a historic non-profit organization lifting the spirits of America's troops and their families millions of times each year at hundreds of places worldwide.
USO Northwest provides a touch of home through its centers at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport and Joint Base Lewis-McChord, its USONW Mobile Canteen RV, and innovative programs and services. It also provides critical support to those who need it most, including military deploying overseas and arriving home, military families, wounded warriors and their families, and the families of the fallen.
USO Northwest is not a government agency, but a private, nonprofit organization relying on the generosity of volunteers and donors. USO Northwest also is supported through the Combined Federal Campaign (CFC-15348). To join us in this patriotic mission, and to learn more about USO Northwest, please visit usonw.org.
About Enduring Support Campaign
The USO Northwest facilities must be remodeled and expanded to sustain the level of USO service and programs for years to come. The current USONW Sea-Tac Center is less than 3,500 square-feet and serves 10,000 military personnel a month. It has been in use for an extended period of time with little or no renovation or refurbishment. With an increased usage of 400 percent since 2005, it is critical the center be upgraded and maintained.
Through a partnership with the Port of Seattle, the Enduring Support Campaign will build out 7,000 square-feet of vacated space allowing for a larger USONW footprint to address increased service needs as well as greater visibility and access within Sea-Tac International Airport.
Enhancements in the areas of food services, sleeping accommodations, shower facilities and separate family relaxation areas are high priorities. For more information, visit www.usonw.org/campaign.


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As with most debt, people are looking to simplify, simplify, simplify. This typically means combining debt to one low-interest payment. The answer for most college and postgraduate students is a student loan debt consolidation. The whole enterprise of student loan debt consolidation is wide and varied. A great many lending institutions, both private and federal, are out there waiting to lend a hand and a great deal of money.
When considering student loan debt consolidation, it would be wise to take it step by step. A very simple and useful first step would be in the direction of your college advisor's or financial aid administrator's office. You can begin the process by first finding out if student loan debt consolidation is in your best interest, and if so, where and how to start.
Qualifications for student loan debt consolidation must be the first consideration. There are some basic guidelines to follow:
1. Students NOT enrolled more than half-time, or students out of school for 3-6 months.
2. Students in grace period (up to 6 months after leaving school), or with existing loans in deferment or default status.
3. Students with no previous consolidation loans.
Of course, there are exceptions and instances where these general qualifications for student loan debt consolidation will not apply, especially in the case of some postgraduate programs.
When applying for a consolidation loan, another basic consideration is to weigh the differences between federal (a.k.a. direct) consolidation loans as opposed to private consolidation loans. These two types of student loan debt consolidation programs differ mainly in terms of interest rates and credit ratings.
Federal student loan debt consolidation requires that the applicant have at least one Direct or Federal loan outstanding, such as a Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL). Currently, the interest rate on federal loans is based on the average of the loans being consolidated. Once the interest rate is calculated it is fixed for the life of the loan.
Private student loan debt consolidation interest rates can range from the current prime lending rate to whatever the loan institution sees fit, based on credit rating. Those who apply for this kind of loan must have a good credit rating or provide a cosigner with one.
Student loan debt consolidation will take a degree (forgive the pun) of due diligence and patience to complete. But in some cases it may decrease your student loan payments up to half and simplify your life by even more. The length of consolidation loans can span from 10-25 years, with extended plans available from 15-30 years. On the bright side, the interest paid on most student loans and/or student loan debt consolidation is tax deductible.
In the "big picture" of life an education is a priceless commodity. Knowledge is power and with that power great things can be accomplished.


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Hi crafty friends 🙂 It's time for a new challenge at SugarPea Designs and of course there's a great sketch and adorable inspiration photo too:
Of course I had to use the little cat from the Going Places set for this one! I also used the Zig Zag Stitched Circles, Stitched Flags and Countryside Charm Patterned Paper Collection. I hope you'll join us this week! Did you know you can win a gift certificate to the online store of up to $50?!?!


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"Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, Fourth Edition "sparks interest among non-science readers by encouraging them to connect basic biology concepts to real-world issues that are relevant to their own lives. As an award winning teacher, author Michael Johnson demystifies the scientific process and the concepts of human biology using a narrative style to tell a story with a reader-friendly approach. Liposuction, antioxidants, and the black market for bones are just a few of the timely topics that are woven throughout each chapter to engage readers in learning the basics of human biology. Michael Johnson's jargon-free writing style and expanded coverage of current issues are supported by dozens of exciting new illustrations and photos that further engage reader interest, while unique "Try It Yourself" boxes and the accompanying InterActive Physiology(R) for Human Biology CD-ROM promote active learning. Human Biology, Science, and Society, The Chemistry of Living Things, Structure and Function of Cells, From Cells to Organ Systems, The Skeletal System, The Muscular System, Blood, Heart and Blood Vessels, The Immune System and Mechanisms of Defense, The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases, The Nervous System: Integration and Control, Sensory Mechanisms, The Endocrine System, The Digestive System, The Urinary System, Reproductive Systems, Cell Reproduction and Differentiation, Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation, Genetics and Inheritance, DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering, Development and Aging, Evolutionand the Origins of Life, Ecosystems and Populations, Human Impacts, Biodiversity, and Environmental Issues. For all readers interested in demystifying the scientific process and the concepts of human biology using a narrative style to tell a story with a reader-friendly approach.Johnson, Michael D. is the author of 'Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues', published 2007 under ISBN 9780805394269 and ISBN 0805394265.[read more]
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If we talk about Content Management, we mainly mean the ability to create content and publish it to the web and other channels like mobile apps, POS, Google Glass or smart TVs. Your CMS will most likely also contain some form of sign-off workflow, although many of the simpler ones don't. For a CMS that can be used for global communication, some form of translation management might be included: the ability to write content in one language and eventually publish in others. (this typically includes workflow for a review process as well as some export/import functionality or calls to cloud APIs that handle the assignment to translation software and the humans – or machines – that perform the translation). But that is pretty much where the management part stops. So what else needs to be managed? Let's start by looking at what management means. Wikipedia tells us that
"Management in business and organizations is the function that coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively"Google simply states that
For instance, these days there is ample talk about content strategy. Is any CMS able to manage your content strategy? Do you have a CMS that even allows you to define a strategy? How about managing the creation and lifecycle of content? A CMS that manages a publishing calendar? Automatically assigns content to be written to the next available resource? Or a CMS that, based on the analytics of existing content and the stated goals of your website (or app) automatically creates new tasks for content that needs to be written?
|Editorial Calendar App in Magnolia 5
Imagine a CMS that detects how 3% of your visitors are looking for "management self help" on your site, but no article exists to satisfy their need. Shouldn't it create a new item in your task box, or in your editorial calendar to ask for it to be written?
How about a CMS that realizes that a particular article isn't accessible anymore? Or that a certain SEO-heavy landing page uses outdated terminology? Shouldn't it notify you?
As you can see, once you start thinking about what could be done, you realize that Content Management still has a long way to go. Luckily, some systems allow you to add functionality in the form of modules or apps onto an open platform. It will be exciting to see the kind of "content management apps" we'll see in the future. What is the "management" part you miss most in today's content or experience management systems? Feel free to leave a comment or come to the Magnolia Conference 2014 and discuss your ideas with us.
Sign up in the upper right corner of this page now to never miss any of my blog posts.


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Every Week we bring you the best in Boston Nightlife News! Boston Nightclub News is giving away 50 Tiesto Tickets for Tonight's show at the Tsongas Arena! Don't forget the Monday October 5th the Paradise is hosting Boston's Nightlife Awards! Presented and sponsored by Dirty Water TV! Tiesto - TONIGHT! 25 pairs of tickets For FREE - So you want to See the Worlds #1 DJ? Boston Nightclub News wants you to be our guest to tonights show! We have 25 pairs of tickets for the first 25 loyal subscribers to email us ! Email us - email@example.com Your name will be at the will call window - bring photo ID to claim your pair of tickets courtesy of Boston Nightclub News! WINNERS WILL BE NOTIFIED BY EMAIL ! Tiesto Tonight @ Tsongas Boston Nightlife Awards! Monday @ The Paradise CLICK HERE for more information! A great night out for the service industry! ENJOY! CLICK HERE to VOTE! Boston Nightlife … [Read more...]
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Filed Under: BOSTON NIGHTCLUB NEWS, Boston Nightlife & Nightclub News, Featured, Nightclub DJ's, Nightclubs, Nightlife Awards, Orchid Nightclub Saugus, PATRIOTS TAILGATE PARTIES Tagged With: BOSTON CLUBS, BOSTON NIGHTLIFE, BOSTON NIGHTLIFE AWARDS, DIRTY WATER TV BOSTON, FELT FEMALE FEATURE WEDNESDAYS, FRIDAY NIGHT IN BOSTON, FUTURE CLASSIC, NIGHTLIFE BOSTON, ORCHID FRIDAY, SATURDAY NIGHT IN BOSTON


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Lynbrook, NY, U.S.A.
AbeBooks' uniqueness is our network of independent booksellers who work with us to provide the most diverse selection of rare, used and out-of-print books on the Internet. It is these sellers, with their experience, commitment and love of the used and out-of-print book business who help all our buyers find that treasure they've been looking for.
All books available today on a first ORDERED/first sold basis, be sure to include your credit card info with your order for quick fulfillment.(Orders are processed first, before inquires even read, so order and put instructions e.g. "ship only if hardcover" into note.
Credit Cards only, VISA, MC, AMEX. (You can call-in or fax-in your CC if the internet concerns you.)
US Shipping: Average book: $4.75 1st book, .75 addtl. Heavy/Large/HiValue $6.95 RUSH.. Overnight & Priority available.
Intl Shippi...[More Information]
Shipping costs are based on books weighing 2.2 LB, or 1 KG. If your book order is heavy or oversized, we may contact you to let you know extra shipping is required.


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Arrival at Colombo Airport for meet and greet by Aitken Spence Travels guide and transfer to your accommodation for check-in at the Hotel.
After breakfast do a city tour of Colombo. Vibrant, bustling and colourful Colombo offers a stunning contrast to the rest of the country. Here skyscrapers grow out of historic colonial era districts near the port yet this modern metropolis never loses its old world charm. Visit the famous Pettah bazaar, Hindu and Buddhist temples such as the Gangarama and Sri Kailawasanathan Swami Devasthanam Kovil, and some of the city's residential areas such as Cinnamon Gardens, where you find prestigious addresses such as the Prime Minister's Office, Independence Hall, Colombo Town Hall and the National Museum as well as the stately homes of the affluent. Afterwards proceed to Dambulla.
Begin on a high with a climb to the fifth century Sigiriya fortress, which sits atop a rock that dramatically rises almost 200 metres above the rainforest King Kashyapa built a citadel at the top of this giant boulder known as the 'Lion Rock', which was the innermost stronghold of a vast fortified city. In time it came to be abandoned and forgotten, covered by dense overgrowth until the British encountered it and began a painstaking archaeological exploration. Today, the terraced gardens and cisterns, the moat, the 'Mirror Wall' and the fragile frescoes of the 'heavenly maidens' among the other remnants of this once thriving city offer only a tantalising indication of what once stood here. Pass through the lion's 'belly' and climb to the top via a spiral staircase that snakes its way around the rock. From the summit, enjoy breathtaking views over the surrounding landscape and beyond into horizon. In the afternoon, discover the well-preserved ruins of the ancient city of Polonnaruwa. Built about 1,000 years ago, it features a large artificial lake, which is still in use and feeds a network of irrigation canals, the remains of a royal palace and a number of temples and administrative buildings. Admire the Gal Viharaya with its four statues of the Buddha carved out of rock, the Audience Hall, the Lotus Bath and the statue of King Parakramabahu. Contemplate also the Shiva Temple, the Lankathilake, the Watadage, the Galpotha and much, much more.
Continue to the Golden Temple of Dambulla to explore this 2,000-year-old sacred pilgrimage site carved deep inside a mountain. This awe-inspiring complex of five caves is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that features thousands of metres of painted walls and ceiling, and contains more than 150 images of the Lord Buddha as well as a few of deities and Sri Lankan kings. Each cave dates from a different era and tells its own story, with defining aspects such as a colossal 14-metre Buddha statue carved out of the rock or a frescoed ceiling with more than 1,500 images of Buddha. Enjoy a scentful start to the day with a visit to a spice and herb gardens in Matale. Sri Lankan spices such as turmeric, nutmeg, cardamom, cinnamon and lemon grass are considered among the best in the world. Witness a cookery demonstration and learn about the culinary and therapeutic values of these products. Proceed to Kandy for a visit to the Peradeniya Royal Botanical Gardens, whose origins can be traced back to the 14th century. The British, always keen gardeners, gave them a structure and introduced a variety of plants and flowers, creating the blooming fields of orchids and fragrant spices you see today… there's even a tree planted by King George and Queen Mary in 1901. While to stroll along the 'Avenue of Palms' that opens onto the Great Lawn with its solitary giant Java willow tree is a spine-tingling sensation.
Kandy renowned for its beautiful lakeside location, framed by lush hills, and an all-pervasive divinity but the jewel in its ever-resplendent crown is surely the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic. This stunning complex, the holiest of all for Sri Lankan Buddhists, was built in the 16th century solely for the purpose of housing a relic of one of the Lord Buddha's canine teeth. The tooth relic is ritually cleansed every week by monks and the scented waters they use are considered holy. Situated on the banks of Kandy Lake, the innermost section where temple itself is located is surrounded by a moat and wall. Other notable structures include the Golden Canopy, the New Palace and the Royal Palace, the old courthouse, the Queen's Bathing House, the National Museum and the sanctuary. Contemplate in peace the magnificent period architecture and experience the tranquillity of the atmosphere. Cap off the day with a night at a dramatic cultural show, which features 12 folk and traditional dances accompanied by ceremonial drums and a drum orchestra. And prepare for a sizzling fire walking performance that will have you on the edge of your seat.
Savour Sri Lanka's most famous product with a visit to a tea plantation and factory. Observe the tea production process from the picking of the leaves to their grading and selection, and finally the manufacture of dried tea leaves for drinking. Cap off this experience with a tasting of genuine Ceylon tea in the factory. Continue to Nuwara Eliya, the picturesque lakeside town that is Sri Lanka's proud 'tea capital' and which is also known as 'Little England' because of the preponderance of tidy bungalows with rose lawns, not to mention a Victoria Park, a racecourse and an 18-hole golf course that is considered one of the best in south Asia. It was in the hills around Nuwara Eliya, which means 'City of Light', where the British introduced tea production to Sri Lanka in the mid-19th century thus creating the highly regarded variety known as Ceylon, the name by which they called the island. Other attractions near this charming relic of empire include the evocatively named Lovers' Leap waterfall and Sri Lanka's highest mountain, the 2,500-metre Pidurutalagala,
Drive in a south-easterly direction passing through tea plantations, verdant landscapes – including a nature reserve –and remote highland towns such as Ella. Continue towards the temple of Buduruwagala, near where more than 1,000 years ago seven statues of Buddha and other revered figures were carved into a rock. At 15 metres, the middle sculpture is the tallest Buddha statue in the island. The carvings are a few hundred metres from the temple and are approached through a clearing in the jungle. Begin the descent from the central highlands and continue to Yala National Park for a Jeep safari. Over the next three to four hours, explore this vast natural wilderness, which goes all the way to the sea, giving it a scenic ocean frontage and a truly wild and exotic aura. It features terrains of grassy plains, deciduous forests and sand dunes, which combine to make ideal habitats for thousands of species in Yala. The park is home to hundreds of elephants, boars, buffalo, sloth bears, deer, crocodiles and the endangered Sri Lankan leopard.
Breakfast at the hotel is followed by a scenic drive to Galle with the waves of the Indian Ocean crashing against south coast for much of the route. Straddling a beautiful bay, Galle is a multicultural city with a rich colonial heritage, having been colonised by the Portuguese, Dutch and British. The Dutch-built fort is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and it features a labyrinth of tightly packed alleys and lanes of historic homes and buildings. The bastions along the fortified sea wall still stand guard against the fury of the ocean while the picturesque Dutch Reformed Church and a magnificent Meera Mosque add a more spiritual element to this timeless monument. Galle is renowned throughout Sri Lanka for the quality of the handmade lace and ebony carvings produced by local craftsmen. Continue north along the coast to Kosgoda, which is famed for its turtle hatchery. Several species of turtles, including the endangered hawksbill are protected in this refuge. The turtles' eggs are the most vulnerable as they are left uncovered on beaches all around the coast. These eggs are brought to the hatchery by fishermen. View the huge tanks filled with new born but lively hatchlings. After being fed, the hatchlings are taken to the sea and released when they are a few days old.
After breakfast at the hotel, transfer to Colombo Airport to connect with your outward flight.
Explore Sri Lanka high and low with this fascinating round-trip starting in the capital, Colombo, and taking an inland loop that covers all the main historic, cultural and natural attractions of this magical island. Discover a world of lush landscapes, picturesque lakeside cities, historic temples and ancient citadels. Meet some of the friendliest and gentlest creatures in the animal kingdom and breathe in the fragrances of Sri Lanka at herb and spice gardens. Enjoy, too, cultural shows and spiritual experiences over nine unforgettable days travelling across the earthly paradise. Groups vary in size but are typically made up of about 6-10 travellers.
|Period of departure (EXCEPT 15/08/2018)
|Sharing twin / double
|Single supplement
|Half - board supplement
|15 Jan. 2018 – 30 Oct 2018
|Superior 4*
|Deluxe 5*
|Hotel 4*/resort
|Hotel 5*/resort
|Ozo Colombo or similar
|Cinnamon Lakeside or similar
|Dambulla / Habarana
|The Paradise Resort or similar
|Cinnamon Lodge or similar
|Ozo Kandy or similar
|The Grand Kandyan or similar
|Nuwara Eliya
|The Blackpool or similar
|Araliya Green Hills or similar
|Mandara Rosen or similar
|Jetwing Yala or similar
|Turyaa Kalutara or similar
|Heritance Ahungalla or similar
Comfortable and light clothing is the most suitable for travelling in Sri Lanka. Visitors should not wear sleeveless shirts, shorts, short skirts or skimpy clothing when visiting temples, religious or official buildings. Shoes should be removed before entering a temple or private house. Sun protection, sun glasses, a hat and mosquito repellent can be very useful during your stay. Clients arriving in early morning flights will be transferred to the Gateway Hotel to wait in a comfortable environment until the last tour participant has arrivedINQUIRE NOW CONTACT US


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Ignatian Spirituality with Hugo Adan Fernandez
In this podcast on Tuesday 13th September 2016, The Peckham Well New Monastic Community (of the parish of St Lukes Church) met with Hugo Adan Fernandez to explore Ignatian Spiritualty. Hugo became a Christian through the work of the Jesuits in the 1980s in the difficult times of Franko. Drawing on the life of St Ignatius, Hugo explores the implications […]» Read more


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I have a couple of new positions available in the Red Rock Consulting SQL Services team:
- SQL Server Support DBA. (Sydney)
Senior SQL Server support DBA required to join our support team. Our Support roles are technically demanding, requiring time/change/technical management of operational SQL Server support across potentially thousands of instances of SQL Server. Technically you will know SQL Server 2000 inside out, and have made clear in-roads into skilling up with SQL Server 2005 (we are managing several hundred 2005 instances in various capacities). Though most of this work will be done from our Sydney support centre, with the travel and onsite time typically low, clear customer communication skills are essential.
SQL Server Consultant (Sydney or Melbourne or Auckland)
Technically brilliant, customer facing, SQL Server consultant required. We are looking someone who knows their stuff from a SQL Server perspective, and is as comfortable and confident defining project scopes, writing business facing documentation and discussing project barriers with client management, as with partitioning tables and optimising query plans. We require someone who can turn business requirements into technical solutions. We have customers everywhere so expect to travel quite frequently around Australia, New Zealand and Asia.
About Us
Redrock is a successful consulting company with around 250 consultants. As an organisation we do SQL Server, Oracle and People soft. Red Rock is owned by the public company UXC (www.uxc.com.au). We have offices in Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland & Wellington.
Our customer focus is medium to large organisations using SQL Server in mission critical roles. Our client list contains many Australian and New Zealand household names across all industries. Our purpose is to deliver specialist experience to organisations with existing DBA teams, and to those who have trusted us with the management of their database environment. As such we do a lot to ensure our staff are highly trained in SQL Server, with in-depth internal training sessions happening on a weekly basis for example. If SQL Server is your thing, I have tried to make this a great place to be.
If you are keen, or know someone who is keen, please feel free to send me a CV: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Podiatrists diagnose and treat conditions of the foot, ankle, and related structures of the leg. Feet are complex anatomical structures that are instrumental to overall health and well-being and require expert care.
Podiatrists specialize in care for your feet. Be sure you're seeing a qualified health-care professional to treat your feet look for the letters "DPM" after his or her name.
Services Include:
• Diabetic foot care
• Corrective Shoe Assessment


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The Maya civilization and cities: a resource page
To the foreigner, the words 'Maya' and 'Mayan' conjure up images of archeological ruins and a lost society and culture. Currently, the word 'Chiapas' brings to mind rebellion, Sub Commandante Marcos and a sense of confusion.
What many do not understand is the relationship between the historical Maya and today's living expression of that culture in the form of many Indigenous groups. What is also not clearly understood is that the so called Chiapas crisis is not a recent conflict, but in fact a modern expression of issues and conflicts that reach back over 400 years.
The Maya Insight Series by Luis Dumois
Luis Dumois is a student of the Maya, their history, culture and artifacts, and in a series of Articles and Photo Essays, will be exploring these themes.
- Map of the Maya Era
- The Maya Civilization Time-line
- The Cities of the Maya
- Maya Numerals & Calendar
- Historical Conflict Part 1
- Historical Conflict Part 2
- References & URLs
- A day at Labná
Other Articles
- The Ancient Maya - A Commercial Empire.
- An Exploration of Trade & Commerce During the Mayan Period
- Chaya - The Mayan Miracle Plant
- Cenote Daydreams
The Spanish and the Maya - First Contacts
- Primary Sources of Maya History Part OneBooks and chronicles
- Primary Sources of Maya History Part TwoOther documents
- Primary Sources of Maya History Part Three - Maya Hieroglyphs, Maya Calendrics, and Pseudo-science
- Primary Sources of Maya History Part Four - The Maya Calendar and the Correlation Problem
- Primary Sources of Maya History Part Five - Dynastic History and Wars of Conquest
- The Quetzalcoatl "Trinity"
- Jeronimo de Aguilar
- Hernan Cortes
- The Books of Chilam Balam Part One - Maya Hieroglyphic Writing
- The Books of Chilam Balam Part Two - The Americanization of Christianity
Galleries - a visual exploration of Mayan sites
- Mayan cities of Tikal and Tulum
- Mayan city of Palenque
- Mayan cities of Uxmal and Kabah
- Mayan cities of Sayil and Labná


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- 3D Printing and Intellectual Property Rights in Canada
- May 12, 2015 | Authors: Kathleen Lemieux; Tracey L. Mosley
- Law Firm: Borden Ladner Gervais LLP - Ottawa Office
- In December of 2014, no less than the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) demonstrated how far 3D printing, a decades-old technology, had advanced when a 3D printer on the International Space Station (ISS) was used to print a ratchet wrench utilizing a design file transmitted from earth to the ISS printer.
A resulting celebratory statement by Niki Werkheiser, the ISS 3D printer program manager at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama was published at http://www.nasa.gov/mission&under;pages/station/research/news/3Dratchet&under;wrench/.
"In less than a week, the ratchet was designed, approved by safety and other NASA reviewers, and the file was sent to space where the printer made the wrench in four hours."
Printing the ratchet wrench was experimental only and the wrench will not be used on the ISS but the experiment is directional in that astronauts on space missions might one day be able to design and manufacture purpose-specific tools as needed, with Ms. Werkheiser commenting that, "We even may be able to make objects that previously couldn't even be launched to space."
The success of the NASA experiment delighted both the ISS astronauts and space exploration fans but for those in the intellectual property field it points out the challenges in defining and protecting rights in 3D design and printing.
What is 3D Printing and What is its Purpose?
At its simplest, 3D printing is the production of objects utilizing a printer that brings an object into existence by laying down successive layers of materials (typically plastic or metal). The size, form and shape of the object being printed is defined in a Standard Tessellation Language (STL) software file. STL files are commonly referred to as "3D models" or "printable models".
3D printing is effectively a type of computer-aided (CAD) manufacturing. An object complete in its own right can be printed, or individual parts for other objects can be printed. Objects can be printed for utilitarian use, such as tools, or they can be printed for fun or artistic purposes, such as toys or a sculpture.
Completed objects can be printed in one colour or multi-colour.
3D printing spurs creativity and can reduce manufacturing, shipping and warehousing costs, given that manufacturers can make small runs of goods and even direct manufacture to geographic areas of need by simply sending an STL file to a specific printer across town or across the planet.
3D printers are no longer accessible only by commercial printers or manufacturers. In Canada, 3D printers can be purchased by small businesses, start-ups and even householders and they are increasingly being acquired by public libraries for use by the general public. This widespread accessibility provides tremendous opportunities for innovation in design, manufacture and utilization of objects, but as is typical of a technology that has rescaled from commercial use limited by cost and complex technology to affordable "push-button" consumer access, applying traditional IP rights to the design and printing of the resulting 3D object is a challenge.
Are There Trademark Rights or Copyrights That Arise in 3D Printing?
Trademark Rights
In seeking to register or enforce rights in a trademark, the mark must be associated with specific goods or services. The World Intellectual Property Office (WIPO) and the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO) recognize "3D printers" as a good to which a trademark can be associated. CIPO also recognizes "3D printer software" and WIPO recognizes "computer software for three dimensional simulation for use in design and development of industrial products" as acceptable language for the software associated with 3D printers.
So far, neither WIPO nor CIPO appears to insist on the purpose of 3D printer software being stated, that is, one is not required to claim, for example, "3D printer software for printing toys," although WIPO's definition speaks to "industrial products". The open-ended definition for 3D software utilized by CIPO benefits commercial 3D software designers who prefer a singular trademark or brand for their business as they develop new software over time without having to keep filing new trademark applications identifying a field or use for the object designed, created and printed by the 3D printer with the assistance of 3D software.
Equally, however, 3D software designers may wish to have unique brands for different software offerings. For example, a designer may have a specific brand for offering 3D software to institutional clients such as libraries and a different brand for 3D software offered to commercial customers.
Currently, words and text such as trademarks cannot be printed in label form on an object created by 3D printing although objects printed can include representations of words in raised text, themselves forming an integral part of the object printed. Accordingly, trademark owners should be aware that their trademarks could be printed in 3D form for unauthorized display or promotion. Also, manufacturers may find their products counterfeited using 3D print technology and then packaged or labeled using the manufacturer's trademark.
Manufacturers of branded goods who wish to license production of a product to others using 3D printing methods should ensure any license agreement includes specific provisions about trademark use.
Provisions may include the manner in which the trademark may be applied to the product or its labeling or packaging. Effort should be made to ensure product labeling stating who actually "made" the product does not confuse consumers as to who owns the trademark.
In Canada, trademark licenses should contain provisions which allow the trademark owner to exercise control over the character and quality of the goods offered by the licensee. Careful thought should be given to terms which may allow 3D software to be altered. The creation of a new or different product than the one claimed in a trademark registration could raise doubts about the trademark owner's exercise of control over the character or quality of the goods/products in question.
Trademark owners should carefully scrutinize potential licensees of 3D software to ensure that they are not counterfeiters.
3D printing also raises interesting questions about the protection copyright may provide to objects printed with the assistance of 3D printers. As is the case with any work that is the subject of copyright, making unauthorized copies of works that are physical objects and that are protected by copyright constitutes copyright infringement, regardless of the tools or methods used to create the objects. However, in the case of objects produced by a 3D printer, the first question may be whether the object may even be protected by copyright or some other more suitable form of intellectual property right.
Copyright covers the form or expression of an idea. Copyright may subsist in works produced in the artistic, literary, musical, or dramatic domains (including performer's performance, sound recordings and communication signals, for example) as long as such works are original works. Since original, useful articles created or printed by 3D printers may also have particularly appealing visual features, a product produced or printed by a 3D printer could conceivably be protected as an artistic work under the Copyright Act or possibly as an industrial design under the Industrial Design Act, which applies to aesthetic features of functional articles.
Whether products created by 3D printers are purely artistic or whether they have some visual design features that are appealing to the eye, copyright will only apply if the work is original within the meaning of the Copyright Act. This requirement will play a significant role in assessing whether copyright protection is available, where the product produced is a useful article. Similarly, the Industrial Design Act may apply to an article that is useful, if the features applied to the useful article are not dictated solely by a utilitarian function.
Since some physical products created by 3D printers will have features that are dictated by a utilitarian function, such products will not be eligible for protection under the Industrial Design Act; similarly, such artistic works that are dominated by their utilitarian functions may not satisfy the test for originality, a necessary requirement for copyright protection. As such, many objects created by 3D printers may not be eligible for copyright or industrial design protection in Canada - although the associated design files may be. In such a case, copying a design file (as long as there are copyrightable elements within the file) without permission may result in copyright infringement. Regardless of whether a design file associated with a physical product may be the subject of copyright or not, the copyright associated with the design file per se, may not restrict or prevent the production of a purely useful product that is represented by the design file in question and such production may not result in copyright infringement.
Since 3D printing involves many elements that may be the subject of different intellectual property rights (the physical object produced as well as digital design files that represent an object), and since physical objects produced by 3D printers may be dominated by their useful function(s), establishing what rights apply to physical objects as well as to associated design files, may be just as challenging as establishing that rights have been infringed, that a particular physical product is counterfeit, or even whether certain rights may or should be licensed and how they should be licensed.
3D printing will drive commercial and education benefits, that can't be foreseen, on this planet or beyond. Hopefully, Canadian law can keep up.


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The roses are blooming
I am assuming
You've seen them
So vivid
You can almost hear them
Bees they are grooming
When they lose their petals
we use their seeds
to make rose hips and drink rose hips tea
But that is in
winter and it
is still early May…
I hope the roses are blooming
Where you are to me;
My dear, unimmune to the moon;
So clear
like shorn raindrops
on yet roses…
A cute man!
Adventures, in Catamarans
Sleek, and smooth sea side entertainment…
Reach me?
A hand from Torino
to Londino
Wherefore art
thou Romeo?
His hips,
so soft
Let's save him
and for later
lonely water:
your twelve daughters
have ached and pined
for the cute man
from Torino
just about the kindest
gentlest most empathetic
Italian you could ever meet
who doesn't smoke
let alone on the toilet…
Tell him
Hello if…
View original post 20 more words


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The Melancholy of Suzumiya Haruhi
Rating: [ 10/10 ]
As expected of the anime crowned the Fav anime series of 2006 @ anime-source.com . It is without a doubt a fantastic series. Indeed, one must not judge a book by its cover and dismiss Suzumiya Haruhi no yuutsu as a mere Lolita-school-life comedy and nothing more. Of all anime I have ever watched, this has the most unique plot and most unique (and outstanding) character.
And thus begins the legendary Haruhi-ism.
Who said sci-fi genres must always have big-guns, spaceships and big robots? Of all anime I have ever watched, this is definitely the only one to have profound discussions of Philosophy and Science Theories in a simple and seemingly typical school life environment. Not to forget the subtle romance and hilarious comedy aspects.
Story/Dev: 100%
This has got to be the most original series, be it in terms of concept or story line, ever. The way the story progress was rather unexpected for me, as I certainly didn't expect sci-fi elements in this seemingly normal school environment. I had fun watching the series and I'll have to say there is no boring moment, with every scene delivered excellently at the right dose: no overkill, redundant stuff or underdeveloped situations.
Why take life so seriously and lead life in such a boring manner when life itself is already so mundane? That is the message I get when watching SHnY, which I consider a refreshing outlook at life, in how Haruhi attempts to make an otherwise mundane school life interesting; or rather, an unorthodox perspective. Why unorthodox? Because while there are so many slice-of-life anime out there with their own concepts of expressing the theme of living life differently/interestingly, none are as unique or memorable as SHnY. Another notable factor about SHnY is how it maintains a certain air of innocence and fun throughout the series.
Then there's also the part about Haruhi being hailed as "God". True, there are lots of anime with the concept of "high-school protagonist with special powers", but SHnY certainly has taken that idea to a whole new level. In addition, while many find the idea of messing up the chronological idea annoying and confusing, I personally liked the idea. I presume they are trying to make some sort of reference to the Time traveling concept, which is rather innovative. (Especially in the Light Novel series, which complicates the matter by introducing alternate time lines and dimensions/worlds)
Characters/Dev: 100%
The main focus is obviously on Haruhi and Kyon, so not much emphasis is placed on the side cast (namely Koizumi, Mikuru and Nagato, who are in fact rather generic archetypes in anime). And it certainly was a great achievement in fleshing out the personality of Haruhi, who is crafted as being enthusiastic, hyper and bossy (tyrant) without being considered annoying. Throw in the sarcastic narration by Kyon as he comments on Haruhi's antics —- WIN! The gags between Haruhi's overzealous actions and Kyon's exasperated expressions are priceless. Indeed, the scenes are perfected by their seiyuu, with Hirano Aya bringing out Haruhi's hyper active voice and energetic personality paired with Sugita Tomokazu voicing out Kyon's sarcastic narration very well. To me, Haruhi has got to be most eccentric and the same time, most lovable character ever.
Animation/Graphics/Design: 95%
Animation is fluid and its quality (and effort put in by the production crew) is evident in the little actions and gestures by Haruhi, the occasional shocked reactions by Kyon, as well as the actions by some of the other characters. Most importantly, they manage to capture Haruhi's expressions very vividly: from her sparkling face to her sulking, to the annoyed face and so on. The again, this is KyoAni we're talking about: of course the art quality is fantastic!
Music: 90%
The music is splendid and the OP and ED are among my list of favorite anime themes. The background music used is also very suitable, giving the series a very cheerful, light and lively atmosphere. There's also the two insert clips played by Haruhi during their school concert, which showcase Hirano Aya's talent not just as a seiyuu, but also as a singer. (Though that has pretty much been shown already, in the OP/ED.) Of course, one must not forget the epic dance routine in the ED.
This one's a winner in every way. The way the series ends is also very memorable.
If possible, I highly recommend reading the Light Novel series along with watching the anime. (there are some aspects which aren't in the anime, while some scenes are shown in the anime, but not in the novel.)
Personal Overall Rating: an overwhelming 100%+++


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A wide swing of the banhammer happened on Guild Wars 2 this holiday weekend and Chris Whiteside, the lead producer at ArenaNet, announced the reason why on Reddit. Over 3,000 players were banned for taking advantage of an exploit discovered in the game.
The exploit in question allowed users to buy very rare and valuable karma weapons at low prices from a certain merchant and was being used by the 3000+ banned players so that they could buy the goods and then sell them to others at a huge profit. This, of course, caused the virtual economy to become unbalanced. So, the users were banned to send a clear message that exploiting bugs in the game will not be tolerated.
For the non-Guild Wars 2 players among you, karma is a secondary currency to gold in the game, which can only be earned via certain quests from NPC characters. This is what makes the weapons worth such a huge amount of gold.
It may seem harsh and unfair to some to ban so many players, but the ban only lasted 72 hours and was meant to act as a warning to others. Banning people for taking advantage of what is effectively a bug in the game can be controversial, and is sure to annoy some of those who received the ban. But by limiting it to 3 days in length, ArenaNet is sending the right message without permanently removing a significant number of players from this just released MMO.


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"Pearl" is the only composition the composer has ever written about a person. He has written works that tell stories about people. He has dedicated compositions to people. He has been inspired by people, but never composed anything that represents someone's personality the way "Pearl" does. Composed in October 2005, this work is the musical painting of the woman who would become the composer's wife almost two years later.
Each musical aspect of the two movements symbolizes a different characteristic of Pearl's personality. Woven into the music is her quiet, caring, devoted nature, her love for God, her passion for the things she believes in, her wisdom, her logical and analytical approach to life, and her care-free disregard for the pressures that force many other women to be less than true to themselves. All of these facets of Pearl are portrayed through symbolism, atmosphere, and mood.
The first movement is best described as "unfolding". In an unassuming way, the piece unfolds like a delicate blossom confidently moving from bud to full bloom. This "unfolding" represents the gradual discovery of the depth of a personality as a relationship grows. The second movement represents the patient waiting associated with allowing a relationship to grow and mature. The subtle use of silence is symbolic of this patience, and adds richness to the piece.
The debut performance of this remarkable composition formed part of the October 2008 Faculty Recital at Rice University, Houston, Texas.
"Pearl" is appropriate for college or professional level musicians. As a serious work, "Pearl" makes an excellent recital piece. The unusual brass trio instrumentation for this work is an added bonus and makes the piece ideal for integration in a brass quintet repertoire, as it provides a rest opportunity for the trombone and one of the trumpets.
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The Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA) is an independent, world class regulatory authority responsible for licensing, tariff setting and quality of service regulation of the electricity, water, and petroleum and natural gas sectors. EWURA has the following vacancies for which suitably qualified Tanzanian citizens are invited to apply.
Post Title: Zonal Electricity Inspector – 2 Posts
Duty Station: EWURA Zonal Offices
Reports to: Zonal Manager
Zonal Electricity Inspector will be responsible for monitoring all Electricity sector performance at the respective zone.
Main Duties and Responsibilities:
i) To participate in coordination of the process of overseeing effective and efficient application of provisions of the Electricity Act in order to ensure
environmental and safety aspects of electricity sector are in conformity with provision of the Act and good industry practices;
ii) To inspect electrical installations in buildings and any other electricity supply infrastructure to ensure compliance with applicable industry standards;
iii) To review performance and ethics of contractors and wiremen to identify malpractices in electrical installation activities;
iv) To inspect various premises under construction and submit inspection report for further recommendations to responsible authorities for action;
v) To participate in dispute resolutions of various customers' complaints;
vi) To inspect premises damaged by electrical accidents;
vii) To respond to any reported electrical emergency event;
viii) To conduct pre and post installation inspections of standby and own uses generators;
ix) To participate in pre licensing inspection of electrical facilities undertaken by the Directorate;
x) To assist in coordinating and preparation of the Annual Directorate report and Annual Sector report;
xi) To effectively supervise and guide staff member(s) reporting to the job position;
xii) To undertake any other duties as assigned by the supervisor.
Academic Qualifications and Experience
The ideal candidate for this position should have the following qualifications and experience:
i) Possession of University Degree in Electrical Engineering;
ii) Knowledge and Competence in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) application.
iii) Experience in using at least one power system analysis package or power system planning tool will be an added advantage;
iv) Possession of not less than four (4) years working experience in Electricity Industry.
Mode of Application
Application letter with Curriculum Vitae (CV) including e-mail address or day time contact telephone number, together with photocopies of certificates, one passport size photo and names and contacts of three referees should be addressed to reach the under-mentioned by 15th November 2016.
Only short listed candidate meeting the above criteria will be invited for interview. Lobbying and canvassing for employment will not be entertained and may work to the candidate's disadvantage.
Application letter should be addressed to: email@example.com
The Director General Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA)
7th Floor, LAPF Pensions Fund Towers,
Opposite Makumbusho, Kijitonyama
P O Box 72175


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The Golden Lane Estate website is run by GLE residents (GLE website comms team) and supported by the Golden Lane Residents' Association.
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Before I even start, one thing needs to be made clear. I do not in any way regret coming here. I have made a life for myself here and love it. I'm happy. There are days I hate it and there are things I struggle with but I would not change where I am today for anything. That said, let's get started :)
Things I wish I knew before coming here
People will try to prepare you. You'll Google everything you can about Korea; speak to friends, strangers, read blogs. I remember looking at pictures and thinking 'wow, this will be my home'. But nothing you do can fully prepare you and that's part of the adventure. Depending on whether you come with EPIK, TALK, privately or to a hagwon (there are many options) your first few days will be different. If you have an orientation they will try to teach you in a week what we need months to learn. How to teach, survival Korean, how to deal with the culture shock. Again, although helpful these lessons cannot prepare you for actually being thrown into it all. There are many things I wish I knew before coming, although maybe learning this all has made my journey here that much more exciting. But here are some anyway...I wish I knew just how far I was placed from the girls I came over with - it's not the 30 minute train ride I was promised. I wish I knew exactly where I was placed BEFORE coming so I could do some research, get in touch with people and prepare myself. You might not have a coteacher and so translation in class is not always possible - cue your charade skills. I really wish I knew more Korean (I advise anyone thinking of coming over to seriously get the basics down). I wish I knew how hot the Summer would be :) I wish I had thought to change my plugs before coming as it was a lot harder than I thought it would be on this side. I know that nothing could have prepared me for coming here. It seems so obvious but the thing that I didn't seem to really have thought about at all was the language barrier and just how hard it is to communicate and find your way around, especially in the beginning. Some people are lucky and are placed in areas and schools where English is used more. That's not the case with me. So just be aware that it is possible to be placed in a situation where it all comes down to you and how well you can get your point across using little to no English ;)
I honestly think that if I HAD known exactly how it would be here (especially in the beginning) I may not have come. And what a pity that would have been. You are stronger than you think you are, and that's one of the biggest things I've learnt while being here. So maybe it's better to close your eyes, hold your breath and take a leap, hoping you land on your feet but never really knowing. Guess it's personal.
Impressions of Korea
Busy. Dirty. Smelly. Beautiful. Overwhelming. Friendly. Curious. Naive. Carbon copies. Proud. Stubborn. Different. Warm.
I sat down and typed the words that came to my mind when I think 'Korea'. Of course there are so many more that my hot and tired brain can't think of now but it's a good way to get my ideas out freely. I have found Korea to be the most exciting place. I've learnt so much about the people, about how things work here and really feel that although I came here to teach, I'm the one being taught. I don't even know how to put all my thoughts down so let me try break it up a bit.
1. People. Koreans can be so warm and inviting. This week alone I have had a teacher invite me to her house for dinner where she told me I can come anytime I want. Her mother-in-law is apparently very concerned about me and has told Mrs Baek to make sure she looks after me. My teachers always make sure I'm fed; they give me ice-cream when it's hot and let me have the last piece of fruit. They tell me I'm warm and have a nice smile. They apologise for not being able to talk to me. The local restaurant owner where we frequent always has a smile for us. Sometimes bus drivers seem really happy to help us and taxi drivers try hard to speak to you. People are curious; they want to know where you're from and what it's like there. Koreans in general have not traveled much and because they are not a diverse country, we are SO different to them and that makes them curious. Of course there's the bad side too; the men can be idiots, the people may stare, avoid you, shake their heads, get frustrated when you can't understand them or answer them. Again, they are a proud and stubborn people and so sometimes they struggle to let a foreigner in. You have to take it your stride.
A quick note on the foreigners: the people I've met so far are generally awesome!! We stick together here as outsiders and everyone is always so willing to lend a hand. My experience here would definitely not have been what it is without the friends I've made. One funny observation is that in general, small town foreigners seem to be a little more open and friendly because we understand what it's like to go days without seeing another English speaker. Big city people sometimes forget what that feels like (major generalisation here I know!!). One thing I can say is that I look forward to going back to the diversity of South Africa!
2. The culture. Culture shock did not really hit me all that hard until about a month ago. In the beginning everything is new and exciting and you get caught up in the adventure of it all. However once that wears off a bit, the reality is that you need to be able to live with this culture for a year. There are beautiful parts about it; the way the elderly are respected, how family is so important, the community of it all. But there are other things too like their being so head strong in their ways that any deviation is hard to accept. The patriarchy is hard to deal with...the spitting in the streets. The lack of emotional displays (although sometimes good) and their focus on education to the extent that many children never get a proper childhood but instead spend their lives in a classroom. The way they speak about you right in front of your face (more a language thing) and the excessive drinking and very public drunkenness. Fan death. Sitting and sleeping on the floor. Bowing and accepting things with 2 hands. The hierarchy meaning you always need to smile and wave and not complain. These cannot all be neatly separated into 'pros and cons'. They're just my observations.
3. The places. Korea can be beautiful. When you're in the cities, even one as small as Jecheon, they can be dull, smelly and ugly. But all you need to do is walk 20 minutes to the outskirts to enjoy the beauty of mountains and endless rice fields, rivers and lakes. I am lucky in that my drive to and from school each day is filled with green scenes and mountains because Jecheon is so 'rural'. But places like Seoul and Daejeon draw you in with their big lights and loud music - they are bustling with energy. Busan has it's pristine beaches and coastal vibes. The islands are awesome little getaways where the sea is calm and the beaches are hot. Cherry Blossoms and Apple trees. Temples are places of such serenity you cannot help but be taken in by them. Korea has so much to offer in terms of scenery and entertainment that it feels like I'll need years to fully be able to experience it all. I love that my city is big enough to provide me with everything I need but small enough to force me to explore.
4.Teaching. This is the main part of my life here and because I have no experience as a teacher other than in Korea, it's hard to compare the experiences and school systems between countries. Koreans place a huge amount of emphasis on education. Children are in school or hagwons or at tutors till all hours of the night. I'm lucky in that because my school is so far out, very few of my students attend hagwons and so still have the childish innocence and energy (although this also means their English level is very low). English classes are more of a time to entertain the children and drill very specific phrases rather than actual teaching. Some GETs (Guest English Teachers) are mere parrots, there for pronunciation. The school schedule changes and we're often only notified at the last minute. You are expected to be prepared at any moment for any change, be it a cancelled class or an added class. School dinners are an excuse for free food and booze, some norebang and a very drunk Principle to be taken home at the end of the night. The Principle is the silent head who is rarely seen and the Vice-Principle is who you need to suck up to. You should never argue or make a scene (also a cultural thing). Basically my motto as a GET in Korea is this: Smile and wave, don't complain and get shit done. Seems to be working just fine :)
5. Everything else. Transport is a breeze here. Everything runs on time, smoothly and safely. The food is amazing, although sometimes incredibly spicy and still alive. Dog is also not as common as people assume. Korean babies are the cutest thing in the world. Men carry their girlfriend's handbags. Everyone is on their phone/iPad/Galaxy tab when not actively doing something else. Things are not as cheap as I thought they would be here. This is something that seems to depend on where you're from but as a South African, some things (fruit, meat, alcohol - not beer, cleaning stuffs) are expensive. Utilities, transport, anything technological and often eating out can be cheaper. But all round it's very similar to the costs back home - I just have an awesome salary to spend now ;)
What do I miss? I'm tempted to say everything ;) My family and friends. My house. English. Being able to hop in my car and drive anywhere I want - I actually really just miss driving. Walking into a restaurant/shop/hair dresser/pharmacist/anything and being able to tell the person what I'm looking for and have them understand. Being in a shop and actually knowing what I'm buying or being able to ask for help. I miss my area, the shopping malls and night life. I miss diversity and always having opportunities to meet and communicate with new people. I miss just being able to tell someone I liked their meal or I'm sorry for bumping into them. I miss being a student more than anything in this world ;)
But I'm young, life is an adventure and I know I'll miss Korea too when I leave.
My goodness but this was an essay. 2 stickers to everyone who has read through to this point ;) But it needed to be said. I want to do another post on pros and cons of being here but that is for another time. I feel like every time I think of this post I'm going to think of more things I should have said but this is good enough for now.
6 months is a big mile stone for me. I never expected to make it this far and am so grateful for all the lessons I've learnt. I'm a much stronger person for this journey; I hope I won't take things for granted as much anymore and my eyes have been opened to so many things. I'm culturally and racially more sensitive and know myself a lot better now too.
It's been a ride, Korea. Here's to another 6 months of craziness!


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Samsung Galaxy J2 Pro smartphone launched in India and this device is said to be exclusively for India from the South Korean smartphone manufacturing giant Samsung. The device is the "pro" variant of the recently launched Galaxy J2 (2016) which is featuring the similar specs just like this one. The Smart Glow Notification is also there and it make the smartphone the second one to have with Smart Glow notification feature for various alerts.
The device is again the low budget device from Samsung that is having just double the memory unit in the name of advancements over its recently launched Galaxy J2 (2016). It is having the HD display and the 4G LTE as the main network carrier connectivity. But still the price after so many features falls in the low budget price range segment from Samsung that tells the story how important and tight is the low budget market and its competition.
Full Specifications –
The presence of accelerometer and proximity sensors make the device the best one in the budget price range segment. The device is having the 4G LTE as the top network carrier and it is also having all the basic but much needed connectivity features like; WiFi with Hotspot, GPS with A – GPS, Bluetooth, Radio and USB for the better connectivity. But the major feature is the Smart Glow Notification that provide the extra ordinary look to this device.
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In the memory unit you will find out the presence of the 2 GB of RAM on – slot which is good one than that its sibling is having. There presents the 16 GB of internal in – built storage capacity which is doubled from its sibling. Also there is presence of the microSD card slot that can be used to expand the in – built memory to 128 GB.
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It is having the dual SIM card slots and is having the dimensions of 142.4 x 71.1 x 8.0 mm that weighs around 138 grams. It sports the 5.0 – inch of the HD Super AMOLED capacitive touchscreen display having 296 ppi of the pixels density which provides the 1280 x 720 pixels of the screen resolutions to this device.
When it comes to the photography then it is featuring the 8 MP of the rear facing primary camera which is having the geo – tagging, auto – focus and LED Flash light feature and in the front there presents the 5 MP of the selfie shooter. There is nothing different at all in the camera unit of this device as it is similar to that of Galaxy J2 (2016).
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Samsung Galaxy J2 Pro specifications are mechanized by the the Quad – Core 1.5 GHz processor which is powered by the Spreadtrum SC8830 SoC and there is the Mali GPU present to take care of the graphics quality for this smartphone. From the day of its debut this device runs on the pre – loaded Android v6.0 – Marshmallow operating system out of the box.
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It is packed with the 2600 mAh of Li – Ion battery that will keep the lights on for the smartphone which is said to be available in Silver, Black and Gold colors. Also it comes with some other features like; Ultra data saving (UDS) mode powered by Opera Max, S bike mode and Turbo Speed Technology (TST).
Price –
So as you gone through specifications of Samsung Galaxy J2 Pro which are not having a great difference from that what comes with the Galaxy J2 (2016) and so as there in the Samsung Galaxy J2 Pro price, the price of the device is also slightly more with the double of memory from the sibling launched recently in India.
Price in USA is 150$
Price in Europe is 140€
Price in Britain (UK) is 120£
Price in India is 9,890 Indian Rupees
Price in Canada is 200 Canadian Dollars
Price in Australia is 205 Australian Dollars
Price in Malaysia is 515 Malaysian Ringgits
Price in Sri Lanka is 21,800 Sri Lankan Rupees
Price in Pakistan is 16,650 Pakistani Rupees
So what are your views about the Samsung Galaxy J2 Pro specifications and price, does this smartphone worth launching when there is already present the Galaxy J2 (2016).