text:
Recent African origin of modern humans
In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, also called the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA), recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH), replacement hypothesis or recent African origin model (RAO), is the dominant model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens). According to this model, modern humans originated in Africa and started to disperse through the world roughly 50,000 to 100,000 years ago.
Recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa was cited as the scientific consensus as of the mid-2000s.[1][2] The major competing hypothesis of "recent single origin" has been the multiregional origin of modern humans, which envisions a wave of Homo sapiens migrating earlier from Africa and interbreeding with local Homo erectus populations in multiple regions of the globe.[3][4] In the 2010s, the discovery of evidence of archaic admixture in populations outside of Africa has complicated the picture.[5]
As of 2011, it appears likely that there were two waves of migration out of Africa, the first taking place between 130,000–115,000 years ago via northern Africa,[6][7][8][9] which appears to have mostly died out or retreated (although there is some evidence of a presence of modern humans in China about 80,000 years ago,[10] and a second via the so-called Southern Route, following the southern coastline of Asia, which led to the lasting colonization of Eurasia and Australia by around 50,000 years ago. Europe was populated by an early offshoot which settled the Near East and Europe (post-Toba hypothesis).[11][12]
African origins of Homo sapiens
Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa by about 200,000 years ago. The trend in cranial expansion and the acheulean elaboration of stone tool technologies which occurred between 400,000 years ago and the second interglacial period in the Middle Pleistocene (around 250,000 years ago) provide evidence for a transition from Homo erectus to H. sapiens.[13] In the Recent African Origin (RAO) scenario, migration within and out of Africa eventually replaced the earlier dispersed H. erectus.
Homo sapiens idaltu, found at site Middle Awash in Ethiopia, lived about 160,000 years ago.[14]
Beginning about 100,000 years ago, evidence of more sophisticated technology and artwork begins to emerge and by 50,000 years ago, fully modern behaviour becomes more prominent. Stone tools show regular patterns that are reproduced or duplicated with more precision while tools made of bone and antler appear for the first time.[15][16]
Fossil finds outside Africa
Fossils of early Homo sapiens were found in Qafzeh cave in Israel and have been dated to 80,000 to 100,000 years ago.[17] A fossil of a modern human dated to 54,700 years ago was found in Manot Cave in Israel, named Manot 1,[18][19] though the dating was questioned by Groucutt et al. (2015).[20] Fossils from Lake Mungo, Australia, have been dated to about 42,000 years ago.[21][22] The Tianyuan cave remains in China's Liujiang region have a probable date range between 38,000 and 42,000 years ago. The Tianyuan specimens are most similar in morphology to Minatogawa Man, modern humans dated between 17,000 and 19,000 years ago and found on Okinawa Island, Japan.[23][24]
Dispersals out of Africa
Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa by about 200,000 years ago. The accepted theory is that there were two dispersals from African populations,[11][26] an early one via northern Africa which left traces in some human populations,[27] and a second one which populated the entire world.
The first dispersal took place between 130,000–115,000 years ago via northern Africa, but died out or retreated.[6][7][8][9] Chinese researchers question this extinction, claiming that modern humans were present in China already 80,000 years ago.[10]
A second dispersal took place via the so-called Southern Route, either before[28] or after[11][12] the Toba event, which happened between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago.[28] This dispersal followed the southern coastline of Asia, crossing about 250 kilometres (155 mi) of sea, and colonized Australia by around 50,000 years ago. According to this theory, Europe was populated either by a migration out of India, which was repopulated from southeast Asia after the Toba-event (pre-Toba hypothesis), or by an early offshoot which settled the Near East and Europe (post-Toba hypothesis).[11][12]
Early northern Africa dispersal
The early northern Africa dispersal took place between 130,000–115,000 years ago. The discovery of stone tools in the United Arab Emirates in 2011 indicated the presence of modern humans between 100,000 and 125,000 years ago,[6] leading to a resurgence of the "long-neglected" North African route.[7][29][8][9]
Fossils of early Homo sapiens were found in Qafzeh cave in Israel and have been dated to 80,000 to 100,000 years ago. These humans seem to have either become extinct or retreated back to Africa 70,000 to 80,000 years ago, possibly replaced by southbound Neanderthals escaping the colder regions of ice age Europe.[30] Hua Liu et al. analyzed autosomal microsatellite markers dating to about 56,000 years ago. They interpret the paleontological fossil as an isolated early offshoot that retracted back to Africa.[17]
According to Kuhlwilm et al. (2016), Neanderthals received gene flow from modern humans around 100,000 years ago, from humans which split off from other modern humans around 200,000 years ago.[31][32] They asserted that "the ancestors of Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains and early modern humans met and interbred, possibly in the Near East, many thousands of years earlier than previously thought."[31] According to co-author Ilan Gronau, "This actually complements archaeological evidence of the presence of early modern humans out of Africa around and before 100 ka by providing the first genetic evidence of such populations."[32]
Chinese research questions the extinction of this early dispersal. Shen et al. (2002) have dated Liujang Man to 111,000 to 139,000 years before the present.[33] Liu et al. (2015) claim that modern human teeth have been found in China dating to at least 80,000 years ago.[10]
Southern Route dispersal
Coastal route
By some 70,000 years ago, a part of the bearers of mitochondrial haplogroup L3 migrated from East Africa into the Near East. It has been estimated that from a population of 2,000 to 5,000 individuals in Africa,[34] only a small group, possibly as few as 150 to 1,000 people, crossed the Red Sea.[35]
The group that crossed the Red Sea travelled along the coastal route around the coast of Arabia and Persia until reaching India, which appears to be the first major settling point.[36] Spencer Wells in The Journey of Man (2002) argued for the route along the southern coastline of Asia, across about 250 kilometres (155 mi), reaching Australia by around 50,000 years ago.
Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide, but 50,000 years ago sea levels were 70 m (230 ft) lower (owing to glaciation) and the water was much narrower. Though the straits were never completely closed, they were narrow enough and there may have been islands in between to have enabled crossing using simple rafts.[37][38] Shell middens 125,000 years old have been found in Eritrea,[39] indicating the diet of early humans included seafood obtained by beachcombing.
Dating: pre-or post-Toba
The dating of the Southern Dispersal is a matter of dispute.[28] It may have happened either pre- or post-Toba, a catastrophic volcanic eruption that took place between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago at the site of present-day Lake Toba. Stone tools discovered below the layers of ash disposed in India may point to a pre-Toba dispersal, but the exact source of these tools is disputed.[28]
An indication for post-Toba is haplo-group L3, that originated before the dispersal of humans out of Africa, and can be dated to 60,000–70,000 years ago, "suggesting that humanity left Africa a few thousand years after Toba."[28] Yet, new research showing slower than previously thought genetic mutations in human DNA was published in 2012, indicating a revised dating for the migration of between 90,000 and 130,000 years ago.[40]
Peopling of Europe
According to Martin Meredith, members of one branch of Homo sapiens left Africa at some point between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago, and over time these humans replaced other populations of the genus Homo such as Neanderthals and Homo erectus.[41]
According to Macaulay et al. (2005) an early offshoot from the southern disposal with haplogroup N followed the Nile from East Africa, heading northwards and crossing into Asia through the Sinai.[11] This group then branched in several directions, some moving into Europe and others heading east into Asia.[11] This hypothesis is supported by the relatively late date of the arrival of modern humans in Europe as well as by both archaeological and DNA evidence.[11]
Based on an analysis of 55 complete human mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) of hunter-gatherers, Posth et al. (2016) argue for a "rapid single dispersal of all non-Africans less than 55,000 years ago."[12]
Multiple dispersals
Several authors have argued for multiple dispersals.[12][20] Spencer Wells, in The Journey of Man (2002) describes two waves of migration, first the southern coastal route, then a northern migration into Europe[42] at circa 45,000 years ago.[note 1] This possibility is ruled out by Macauly et al. (2005)[44] and Posth et al. (2016),[12] arguing for a single coastal dispersal.
Genetic reconstruction
Mitochondrial haplogroups
Within Africa
The first lineage to branch off from Mitochondrial Eve is L0. This haplogroup is found in high proportions among the San of Southern Africa, the Sandawe of East Africa. It is also found among the Mbuti people.[45][46]
These groups branched off early in human history and have remained relatively genetically isolated since then. Haplogroups L1, L2 and L3 are descendants of L1-6 and are largely confined to Africa. The macro haplogroups M and N, which are the lineages of the rest of the world outside Africa, descend from L3. L3 is about 84,000 years old, and haplogroup M and N are almost identical in age at about 63,000 years old.[47] The relationship between such gene trees and demographic history is still debated when applied to dispersals.[20]
Of all the lineages present in Africa, only the female descendants of one lineage, mtDNA haplogroup L3, are found outside Africa. If there had been several migrations, one would expect descendants of more than one lineage to be found outside Africa. L3's female descendants, the M and N haplogroup lineages, are found in very low frequencies in Africa (although haplogroup M1 populations are very ancient and diversified in North and Northeast Africa) and appear to be more recent arrivals. A possible explanation is that these mutations occurred in East Africa shortly before the exodus and became the dominant haplogroups after the exodus from Africa through the founder effect. Alternatively, the mutations may have arisen shortly after the exodus from Africa.
Southern Route and haplogroups M and N
Results from mtDNA collected from aboriginal Malaysians called Orang Asli and the creation of a phylogentic tree indicate that the hapologroups M and N share characteristics with original African groups from approximately 85,000 years ago and share characteristics with sub-haplogroups among coastal southeast Asian regions, such as Australasia, the Indian Subcontinent, and throughout continental Asia, which had dispersed and separated from its African origins approximately 65,000 years ago. This southern coastal dispersion would have occurred before the dispersion through the Levant approximately 45,000 years ago.[11] This hypothesis attempts to explain why haplogroup N is predominant in Europe and why haplogroup M is absent in Europe. Evidence of the coastal migration is hypothesized to have been destroyed by the rise in sea levels during the Holocene epoch.[48][49] Alternatively, a small European founder population that initially expressed both haplogroup M and N could have lost haplogroup M through random genetic drift resulting from a bottleneck (i.e. a founder effect).
The group that crossed the Red Sea travelled along the coastal route around the coast of Arabia and Persia until reaching India, which appears to be the first major settling point.[36] Haplogroup M is found in high frequencies along the southern coastal regions of Pakistan and India and it has the greatest diversity in India, indicating that it is here where the mutation may have occurred.[36] Sixty percent of the Indian population belong to Haplogroup M.
The indigenous people of the Andaman Islands also belong to the M lineage. The Andamanese are thought to be offshoots of some of the earliest inhabitants in Asia because of their long isolation from mainland Asia. They are evidence of the coastal route of early settlers that extends from India along the coasts of Thailand and Indonesia all the way to Papua New Guinea. Since M is found in high frequencies in highlanders from New Guinea as well, and both the Andamanese and New Guineans have dark skin and Afro-textured hair, some scientists think they are all part of the same wave of migrants who departed across the Red Sea ~60,000 years ago in the Great Coastal Migration.
From Arabia to India the proportion of haplogroup M increases eastwards: in eastern India, M outnumbers N by a ratio of 3:1. However, crossing over into East Asia, haplogroup N reappears as the dominant lineage. M is predominant in South East Asia but amongst Indigenous Australians N reemerges as the more common lineage. This discontinuous distribution of Haplogroup N from Europe to Australia can be explained by founder effects and population bottlenecks.[50]
Autosomal DNA
A 2002 study of African, European, and Asian populations found greater genetic diversity among Africans than among Eurasians, and that genetic diversity among Eurasians is largely a subset of that among Africans, supporting the out of Africa model.[51]
Conversely, a large-scale study by Coop et al. (2009) found evidence for natural selection in autosomal DNA outside of Africa. The study distinguishes non-African sweeps (notably KITLG variants associated with skin color), West-Eurasian sweeps (SLC24A5) and East-Asian sweeps (MC1R, relevant to skin color). Based on this evidence, the study concluded that human populations encountered novel selective pressures as they expanded out of Africa.[52]
MC1R and its relation to skin color had already been discussed by Harding et al. (2000).[53] According to this study, Papua New Guineans continued to be exposed to selection for dark skin color so that, although these groups are distinct from Africans at other loci, the allele for dark skin color shared by contemporary Africans, Andamanese and New Guineans is an archaism. By contrast, Endicott et al. (2003) suggest convergent evolution.[54]
Pathogenic load
Another promising route towards reconstructing human genetic genealogy is via the JC virus (JCV), a type of human polyomavirus which is carried by 70-90% of humans and which is usually transmitted vertically, from parents to offspring, suggesting codivergence with human populations. For this reason, JCV has been used as a genetic marker for human evolution and migration.[55]
However, this method does not appear to be reliable for the migration out of Africa, as in contrast to human genetics, JCV strains associated with African populations are not basal. From this Shackelton et al. (2006) conclude that either a basal African strain of JCV has become extinct, or that the original infection with JCV post-dates the migration from Africa. [56]
Admixture of archaic and modern humans
Evidence for archaic human species (descended from Homo heidelbergensis) having interbred with modern humans outside of Africa was discovered in the 2010s. This concerns primarily Neanderthal admixture in all modern populations except for Sub-Saharan Africans, but evidence has also been presented for Denisova hominin admixture in Australasia (i.e. in Melanesians, Aboriginal Australians and some Negritos).[57] The rate of admixture has been found to be relatively low (1–10%), and the result is still open to revision, as the presence of archaic markers has also been suggested as being due to shared ancestral traits rather than interbreeding.[58]
In 2011, evidence was presented that for archaic admixture in some Sub-Saharan African populations (Biaka Pygmies and San), derived from archaic hominins that broke away from the modern human lineage around 700,000 years.[59] After a survey for the introgressive haplotypes across Sub-Saharan populations, it was suggested that the admixture event happened with archaic hominins that possibly once inhabited Central Africa.[59]
Stone tools
In addition to genetic analysis, Petraglia et al. also examines the small stone tools (microlithic materials) from Indian subcontinent and explains the expansion of population based on the reconstruction of paleoenvironment. He proposed that the stone tools could be traced back to 35 ka in South Asia, and the new technology might be influenced by environmental change and population pressure.[60]
History of the theory
Classical paleoanthropology
The cladistic relationship of humans with the African apes was suggested by Charles Darwin after studying the behaviour of African apes, one of which was displayed at the London Zoo.[61] The anatomist Thomas Huxley had also supported the hypothesis and suggested that African apes have a close evolutionary relationship with humans.[62] These views were however opposed by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel, who was a proponent of the Out of Asia theory. Haeckel argued that humans were more closely related to the primates of Southeast Asia and rejected Darwin's hypothesis of Africa.[63][64]
In the Descent of Man, Darwin speculated that humans had descended from apes which still had small brains but walked upright, freeing their hands for uses which favoured intelligence. Further, he thought such apes were African:[65]
In each great region of the world the living mammals are closely related to the extinct species of the same region. It is, therefore, probable that Africa was formerly inhabited by extinct apes closely allied to the gorilla and chimpanzee; and as these two species are now man's nearest allies, it is somewhat more probable that our early progenitors lived on the African continent than elsewhere. But it is useless to speculate on this subject, for an ape nearly as large as a man, namely the Dryopithecus of Lartet, which was closely allied to the anthropomorphous Hylobates, existed in Europe during the Upper Miocene period; and since so remote a period the earth has certainly undergone many great revolutions, and there has been ample time for migration on the largest scale.— Charles Darwin, Descent of Man[66]
The prediction was insightful, because in 1871 there were hardly any human fossils of ancient hominins available. Almost fifty years later, Darwin's speculation was supported when anthropologists began finding numerous fossils of ancient small-brained hominins in several areas of Africa (list of hominina fossils).
The hypothesis of recent (as opposed to archaic) African origin develops in the 20th century. The "Recent African origin" of modern humans means "single origin" (monogenism) and has been used in various contexts as an antonym to polygenism. The debate in anthropology had swung in favour of monogenism by the mid-20th century. Isolated proponents of polygenism held forth in the mid-20th century, such as Carleton Coon, who hypothesized as late as 1962 that H. sapiens arose five times from H. erectus in five places.[67]
Multiregional origin hypothesis
The historical alternative to the recent origin model is the multiregional origin of modern humans, initially proposed by Milford Wolpoff in the 1980s.
This view proposes that the derivation of anatomically modern human populations from H. erectus at the beginning of the Pleistocene 1.8 million years BP has taken place within a single, continuous worldwide population. The hypothesis necessarily rejects the assumption of an infertility barrier between ancient Eurasian and African populations of Homo.
The hypothesis was controversially debated during the late 1980s and the 1990s.[68] The now-current terminology of "recent-origin" and "Out of Africa" became current in the context of this debate, over the course of the 1990s.[69]
Originally seen as an antithetical alternative to the recent origin model, the multiregional hypothesis in its original "strong" form is now obsolete, while its various modified weaker variants have in essence become variants of a view of "recent origin" combined with archaic admixture.[70] Stringer (2014) distinguishes the original or "classic" Multiregional model as having existed from 1984 (its formulation) until 2003, to a "weak" post-2003 variant that has "shifted close to that of the Assimilation Model".[71][72]
In the 1980s Allan Wilson together with Rebecca L. Cann and Mark Stoneking worked on genetic dating of the matrilineal most recent common ancestor of modern human populations (dubbed "Mitochondrial Eve"). In his efforts to identify informative genetic markers for tracking human evolutionary history, he started to focus on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), passed from mother to child. This DNA material is important because it mutates quickly, thus making it easy to plot changes over relatively short time spans. With his discovery that human mtDNA is genetically much less diverse than chimpanzee mtDNA, Wilson concluded that modern human populations had diverged recently from a single population while older human species such as Neandertals and Homo erectus had become extinct.[73]
With the advent of archaeogenetics in the 1990s, the dating of mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplogroups became possible with some confidence. By 1999, estimates cited ranged around 150,000 years for the mt-MRCA, and 60,000 to 70,000 years for the migration out of Africa.[74]
During 2000–2003, there was an active controversy surrounding the mitochondrial DNA of "Mungo Man 3" (LM3) and its possible bearing on the multiregional hypothesis. LM3 was found to have more than the expected number of sequence differences when compared to modern human DNA (CRS).[75] Comparison of the mitochondrial DNA with that of ancient and modern aborigines led to the conclusion that Mungo Man fell outside the range of genetic variation seen in Aboriginal Australians, and was used to support the multiregional origin hypothesis. A reanalysis on LM3 and other ancient specimens from the area published in 2016 showed it to be akin to modern Aboriginal Australian sequences, inconsistent with the results of the earlier study.[76]
See also
- Archaeogenetics of the Near East
- Behavioral modernity
- Coastal migration
- Dawn of Humanity (2015 PBS film)
- Early human migrations
- Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
- Genetic history of Europe
- Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Genetic history of Italy
- Genetic history of North Africa
- Genetic history of the British Isles
- Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula
- Hofmeyr Skull
- Human timeline
- Identical ancestors point
- Indo-Aryan migration theory
- Sahara pump theory
- The Incredible Human Journey
- Timeline of human evolution
Informational notes
- ↑ Kay Young McChesney: "Wells (2003) divided the descendants of men who left Africa into a genealogical tree with 11 lineages. Each genetic marker represents a single-point mutation (SNP) at a specific place in the genome. First, genetic evidence suggests that a small band with the marker M168 migrated out of Africa along the coasts of the Arabian Peninsula and India, through Indonesia, and reached Australia very early, between 60,000 and 50,000 years ago. This very early migration into Australia is also supported by Rasmussen et al. (2011). Second, a group bearing the marker M89 moved out of northeastern Africa into the Middle East 45,000 years ago. From there, the M89 group split into two groups. One group that developed the marker M9 went into Asia about 40,000 years ago. The Asian (M9) group split three ways: into Central Asia (M45), 35,000 years ago; into India (M20), 30,000 years ago; and into China (M122), 10,000 years ago. The Central Asian (M45) group split into two groups: toward Europe (M173), 30,000 years ago and toward Siberia (M242), 20,000 years ago. Finally, the Siberian group (M242) went on to populate North and South America (M3), about 10,000 years ago.[43]
- ↑ Liu H, Prugnolle F, Manica A, Balloux F; Prugnolle; Manica; Balloux (August 2006). "A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 79 (2): 230–7. doi:10.1086/505436. PMC 1559480. PMID 16826514.
Currently available genetic and archaeological evidence is supportive of a recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa. However, this is where the consensus on human settlement history ends, and considerable uncertainty clouds any more detailed aspect of human colonization history.
- ↑ Stringer C (June 2003). "Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6941): 692–3, 695. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..692S. doi:10.1038/423692a. PMID 12802315.
- ↑ Robert Jurmain; Lynn Kilgore; Wenda Trevathan (20 March 2008). Essentials of Physical Anthropology. Cengage Learning. pp. 266–. ISBN 978-0-495-50939-4. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
- ↑ Wolpoff MH, Hawks J, Caspari R; Hawks; Caspari (May 2000). "Multiregional, not multiple origins". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 112 (1): 129–36. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<129::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10766948.
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- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Macaulay 2005.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Posth, Cosimo (2016). "Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe". Current Biology. Dienekes' Anthroplogy Bog, mtDNA from 55 hunter-gatherers across 35,000 years in Europe
- ↑ Eric Delson; Ian Tattersall; John A. Van Couvering (2000). Encyclopedia of human evolution and prehistory. Taylor & Francis. p. 677–. ISBN 978-0-8153-1696-1. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
- ↑ White TD, Asfaw B, DeGusta D, Gilbert H, Richards GD, Suwa G, Howell FC; Asfaw; Degusta; Gilbert; Richards; Suwa; Howell (June 2003). "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6941): 742–7. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W. doi:10.1038/nature01669. PMID 12802332.
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- 1 2 Liu H, Prugnolle F, Manica A, Balloux F; Prugnolle; Manica; Balloux (August 2006). "A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 79 (2): 230–7. doi:10.1086/505436. PMC 1559480. PMID 16826514.
- ↑ Hershkovitz 2015.
- ↑ Israel Hershkovitz et al. "Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans". Nature, published online January 28, 2015; doi: 10.1038/nature14134 "55,000-Year-Old Skull Fossil Sheds New Light on Human Migration out of Africa". Science News. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- 1 2 3 Groucutt 2015.
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- ↑ Literature: Göran Burenhult: Die ersten Menschen, Weltbild Verlag, 2000. ISBN 3-8289-0741-5
- ↑ Beyin 2011.
- ↑ Two pronged AMH colonization of Eurasia. Or not
- 1 2 3 4 5 Appenzeller 2015.
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- ↑ Finlayson 2009, p. 68.
- 1 2 Kuhlwilm 2016.
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- ↑ Shen 2002.
- ↑ Zhivotovsky; Rosenberg, NA; Feldman, MW; et al. (2003). "Features of Evolution and Expansion of Modern Humans, Inferred from Genomewide Microsatellite Markers". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (5): 1171–86. doi:10.1086/375120. PMC 1180270. PMID 12690579.
- ↑ Stix, Gary (2008). "The Migration History of Humans: DNA Study Traces Human Origins Across the Continents". Retrieved 14 June 2011.
- 1 2 3 Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Parik J, Hudjashov G, Kaldma K, Serk P, Karmin M, Behar DM, Gilbert MT, Endicott P, Mastana S, Papiha SS, Skorecki K, Torroni A, Villems R (August 2004). "Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans". BMC Genet. 5: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-5-26. PMC 516768. PMID 15339343.
- ↑ Fernandes et. al (June 2006). "Absence of post-Miocene Red Sea land bridges: biogeographic implications". Journal of Biogeography. 33 (6): 961–966. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01478.x.
- ↑ Beyin, Amanuel (February 2011). "Upper Pleistocene Human Dispersals out of Africa: A Review of the Current State of the Debate". International Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2011 (615094): 1–17. doi:10.4061/2011/615094.
- ↑ Walter RC, Buffler RT, Bruggemann JH, Guillaume MM, Berhe SM, Negassi B, Libsekal Y, Cheng H, Edwards RL, von Cosel R, Néraudeau D, Gagnon M (May 2000). "Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the last interglacial". Nature. 405 (6782): 65–9. doi:10.1038/35011048. PMID 10811218.
- ↑ Catherine Brahic (24 November 2012). "Our True Dawn". New Scientist. Reed Business Information (2892): 34–7. ISSN 0262-4079.
- ↑ Meredith 2011.
- ↑ Wells 2002.
- ↑ Young McChesney 2015.
- ↑ Macauly 2005.
- ↑ Gonder MK, Mortensen HM, Reed FA, de Sousa A, Tishkoff SA; Mortensen; Reed; De Sousa; Tishkoff (March 2007). "Whole-mtDNA genome sequence analysis of ancient African lineages". Mol. Biol. Evol. 24 (3): 757–68. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl209. PMID 17194802.
- ↑ Chen YS, Olckers A, Schurr TG, Kogelnik AM, Huoponen K, Wallace DC; Olckers; Schurr; Kogelnik; Huoponen; Wallace (April 2000). "mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe-and their genetic relationships to other African populations". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66 (4): 1362–83. doi:10.1086/302848. PMC 1288201. PMID 10739760.
- ↑ Macaulay, V; Hill, C; Achilli, A; Rengo, C; Clarke, D; Meehan, W; Blackburn, J; Semino, O; Scozzari, R; et al. (2005). "Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes". Science. 308 (5724): 1034–6. doi:10.1126/science.1109792. PMID 15890885.
- ↑ Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal, by Dr. Marta Mirazón Lahr, et al.
- ↑ "A single origin, several dispersal hypothesis". Biomedcentral.com. 29 October 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
- ↑ Ingman M, Gyllensten U (July 2003). "Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines". Genome Res. 13 (7): 1600–6. doi:10.1101/gr.686603. PMC 403733. PMID 12840039.
- ↑ Yu, Ning; et al. (May 2002). "Larger Genetic Differences Within Africans Than Between Africans and Eurasians". Genetics. Genetics Society of America. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
- ↑ Coop G, Pickrell, Novembre, Kudaravalli, Li, Absher, Myers, Cavalli-Sforza, Feldman, Pritchard (June 2009). Schierup MH, ed. "The role of geography in human adaptation". PLoS Genet. 5 (6): e1000500. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000500. PMC 2685456. PMID 19503611.; summary in Kliman (ed.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology (2016), p. 451
- ↑ Harding, et al. 2000, p. 1355
- ↑ Endicott P, Gilbert MT, Stringer C, Lalueza-Fox C, Willerslev E, Hansen AJ, Cooper A (January 2003). "The genetic origins of the Andaman Islanders". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72 (1): 178–84. doi:10.1086/345487. PMC 378623. PMID 12478481.
- ↑ Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith, K. Ann Horsburgh, DNA for Archaeologists, Routledge (2016).
- ↑ L. A. Shackelton et al., "JC Virus Evolution and Its Association with Human Populations" Journal of Virology, Vol. 80, No. 20 (Oct. 2006), doi:10.1128/JVI.00441-06.
- ↑ Rasmussen, M.; Guo, X.; Wang, Y.; Lohmueller, K.E.; Rasmussen, S.; Albrechtsen, A.; et al. (2011). "An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia". Science. 334 (6052): 94–98. doi:10.1126/science.1211177.
- ↑ Sánchez-Quinto, F.; Botigué, L.R.; Civit, S.; Arenas, C.; Ávila-Arcos, M.C.; Bustamante, C.D.; et al. (2012). "North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals". PLoS ONE. 7 (10): e47765. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. PMC 3474783. PMID 23082212.
- 1 2 Hammer, M.F.; Woerner, A.E.; Mendez, F.L.; Watkins, J.C.; Wall, J.D. (2011). "Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (37): 15123–15128. doi:10.1073/pnas.1109300108. PMC 3174671. PMID 21896735.
- ↑ Petraglia, M.; Clarkson, C.; Boivin, N.; Haslam, M.; Korisettar, R.; Chaubey, G.; Arnold, L. (2009). "Population increase and environmental deterioration correspond with microlithic innovations in South Asia ca. 35,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (30): 12261–12266. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810842106.
- ↑ Peter Lafreniere (22 September 2010). Adaptive Origins: Evolution and Human Development. Taylor & Francis. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8058-6012-2. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
- ↑ Robinson D, Ash PM (2010). The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-01315-X.
- ↑ Palmer D (2006). Prehistoric Past Revealed: The Four Billion Year History of Life on Earth. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 43. ISBN 0-520-24827-9.
- ↑ Regal B (2004). Human evolution: a guide to the debates. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. pp. 73–75. ISBN 1-85109-418-0.
- ↑ Bowler 2003, p. 213
- ↑ "The descent of man Chapter 6 – On the Affinities and Genealogy of Man". Darwin-online.org.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
- ↑ Jackson JP Jr (2001). ""In Ways Unacademical": The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races" (pdf). Journal of the History of Biology. 34 (2): 247–285. doi:10.1023/A:1010366015968.
- ↑ Stringer, C. B.; Andrews, P. (1988). "Genetic and fossil evidence for the origin of modern humans". Science. 239 (4845): 1263–1268. doi:10.1126/science.3125610. PMID 3125610. Stringer, C.; Bräuer, G. (1994). "Methods, misreading, and bias". American Anthropologist. 96 (2): 416–424. doi:10.1525/aa.1994.96.2.02a00080. Stringer, C. B. (1992). "Replacement, continuity and the origin of Homo sapiens". In: Continuity or replacement? Controversies in Homo sapiens evolution. F. H. Smith (ed). Rotterdam: Balkema. pp. 9-24. Bräuer, G., & Stringer, C. (1997). "Models, polarization, and perspectives on modern human origins". In: Conceptual issues in modern human origins research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. pp. 191-201.
- ↑ Liu Wu in Zhisheng, Weijian Zhou (eds.), Quaternary Geology VSP (1997), p. 24.
- ↑ Stringer, C. (2001). "Modern human origins—distinguishing the models". Afr. Archaeol. Rev. 18: 67–75.
- ↑ Stringer, C (2002). "Modern human origins: progress and prospects". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 357 (1420): 563–579. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.1057.
- ↑ Stringer, C. (2014). "Why we are not all multiregionalists now". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 29 (5): 248–251. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2014.03.001.
- ↑ "Allan Wilson: Revolutionary Evolutionist". New Zealanders Heroes.
- ↑ Wallace, D; Brown, MD; Lott, MT (1999). "Mitochondrial DNA variation in human evolution and disease". Gene. 238 (1): 211–30. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00295-4. PMID 10570998. "evidence that our species arose in Africa about 150 000 years before present (YBP), migrated out of Africa into Asia about 60 000 to 70 000 YBP and into Europe about 40 000 to 50 000 YBP, and migrated from Asia and possibly Europe to the Americas about 20 000 to 30 000 YBP."
- ↑ Adcock GJ, Dennis ES, Easteal S, Huttley GA, Jarmiin LS, Peacock WJ, Thorne A (2001). "Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins". PNAS. 98 (2): 537–542. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.537. PMC 14622. PMID 11209053.
- ↑ Heupink TH, Subramanian S, Wright JL, Endicott P, Carrington Westaway M, Huynen L, Parson W, Millar C, Willerslev E, Lambert DM (2016). "Ancient mtDNA sequences from the First Australians revisited". PNAS. 98 (2): 537–542. doi:10.1073/pnas.1521066113.
- Appenzeller, Tim (2012). "Human migrations: Eastern odyssey. Humans had spread across Asia by 50,000 years ago. Everything else about our original exodus from Africa is up for debate.". Nature. 485 (7396).
- Beyin, Amanuel (2011). "Upper Pleistocene Human Dispersals out of Africa: A Review of the Current State of the Debate". International Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2011: 615094.
- Finlayson, Clive (2011). The humans who went extinct: why Neanderthals died out and we survived. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-923918-4.
- Groucutt, Huw S.; et al. (2015). "Rethinking the dispersal of Homo sapiens out of Africa". Evolutionary Anthropology. Wiley. pp. 149–164, July/August 2015.
- Hershkovitz, Israel; Marder, Ofer; Ayalon, Avner; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Yasur, Gal; Boaretto, Elisabetta; Caracuta, Valentina; Alex, Bridget; et al. (2015). "Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans". Nature. Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1038/nature14134. PMID 25629628.
- Kuhlwilm, Martin; et al. (2016), "Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals", Nature, 530: 429–433, doi:10.1038/nature16544
- Liu, Wu; Martinón-Torres, María; Cai, Yan-jun; Xing, Song; Tong, Hao-wen; Pei, Shu-wen; Sier, Mark Jan; Wu, Xiao-hong; Edwards, R. Lawrence (2015). "The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature15696.
- Macaulay, Vincent; Hill, Catherine; Achilli, Alessandro; Rengo, Chiara; Clarke, Douglas; Meehan, William; Blackburn, James; Semino, Ornella; Scozzari, Rosaria; Cruciani, Fulvio; Taha, Adi; Shaari, Norazila Kassim; Raja, Joseph Maripa; Ismail, Patimah; Zainuddin, Zafarina; Goodwin, William; Bulbeck, David; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Torroni, Antonio; Richards, Martin (13 May 2005). "Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes". Science. 308 (5724): 1034–1036. doi:10.1126/science.1109792.
- Meredith, Martin (2011). Born in Africa: The Quest for the Origins of Human Life. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-58648-663-2.
- Shen, G.; Wang; Wang; Zhao; Collerson; Zhou; Tobias (2002). "U-Series dating of Liujiang hominid site in Guangxi, Southern China". J. Hum. Evol. 43 (6): 817–29. doi:10.1006/jhev.2002.0601. PMID 12473485.
- Young McChesney, Kai (2015), "Teaching Diversity. The Science You Need to Know to Explain Why Race Is Not Biological", SAGE open, doi:10.1177/2158244015611712
Further reading
- Stringer, Chris (2011). The Origin of Our Species. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-1-84614-140-9.
- Wells, Spencer (2006). Deep ancestry: inside the Genographic Project. Washington, D.C: National Geographic. ISBN 0-7922-6215-8.
- Wade, N. (2006). Before the Dawn : Recovering the Lost History of Our Ancestors. Penguin Press HC, The. ISBN 1-59420-079-3.
- Sykes, Bryan (2004). The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry. Corgi Adult. ISBN 0-552-15218-8.
- Wells, Spencer (2003). The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0-8129-7146-9.
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica, Human Evolution
- Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).
- Dienekes'Anthropology Blogspot (up-to-date reviews of recent genetic research)


text:
Tony Parker gets T'd up after encounter with a former teammate.
Tony Parker scores a game-high 32 points to lead the Spurs to a Game 7 win over the Mavericks.
* indicates tie
* indicates tie
From blocks and steals to 3-pointers, check out the stats from Game 7 with our interactive box score.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Heavy Mobile Equipment Repair Inspector
- Employer
- USAJobs
- Location
- Washington D.C.
- Posted
- Feb 15, 2019
- Closes
- Feb 15, 2019
- Function
- Administrative
- Industry
- Government and Public Services, Federal
- Career Level
- Experienced (Non-Manager)
- Hours
- Full Time
Occasional travel - The business travel requirement is 15%.
Relocation expenses reimbursed No
- Current Department of Army Civilian Employees
- Current Permanent Department of Defense (DOD) Civilian Employee (non-Army)
- Executive Order (E.O.) 12721
- Interagency Career Transition Assistance Plan
- Military Spouses, under Executive Order (E.O.) 13473
- Non-Appropriated Fund Instrumentality (NAFI)
- Non-Department of Defense (DoD) Transfer
- Office of Personnel Management (OPM) Interchange Agreement Eligible
- People with Disabilities, Schedule A
- Postal Service/Peace Corps and Other Unique Authorities
- Priority Placement Program (PPP), Program S (Military Spouse) registrant
- Reinstatement
- Veterans Employment Opportunity Act (VEOA) of 1998
Experience refers to paid and unpaid experience, including volunteer work done through National Service programs (e.g., Peace Corps, AmeriCorps) and other organizations (e.g., professional; philanthropic; religious; spiritual; community; student; social). You will receive credit for all qualifying experience, including volunteer experience.
There is no specific length of training or experience required. However, you must be able to demonstrate, through experience shown in your written application materials that you possess the sufficient knowledge, skills, and abilities to successfully perform the work of this position without more than normal supervision.
Minimum Qualifications (Screen Out Element): Ability to do the work of an Heavy Mobile Equipment Repair Inspector without more than normal supervision. To meet the screen out element, applicants should document experience or show the ability to do the following: maintaining, troubleshooting, repairing, and inspecting heavy mobile equipment to include utilizing, repairing, replacing, installing, or making adjustments to mobile equipment components and parts; utilizing technical manuals for repairs; and conducting various operational tests to perform final inspection. Failure to meet this Screen Out Element will result in an ineligible rating.
- Ability To Inspect
- Ability to Interpret Instructions, Specification, etc. (includes blueprint reading)
- Ability To Use and Maintain Tools and Equipment
- Knowledge of Equipment Assembly, Installation, Repair, etc.
- Technical Practices (theoretical, precise, artistic)
- Trouble Shooting
- Use of Measuring Instruments
Physical effort: Work requires frequent standing, bending, reaching, stretching, climbing, and crouching. Works on top of, under, or in tight compartments of equipment in cramped and awkward positions. Frequently lifts and carries items weighing up to 40 pounds and often exerts similar effort in pushing, pulling, and positioning part assemblies and equipment. Occasionally lifts heavier items with the assistance of other workers or with lifting devices such as jacks, hoists, and cranes. Work is sometimes performed from ladders or work platforms at varying heights.
Working Conditions: Work is performed inside and occasionally outside. The employee must frequently stand on hard surfaces for long periods of time. Employee may be exposed to drafts, dirt, grease, oils, and vehicle exhaust fumes. Subject to burns, cuts, scrapes, bruises, and strains.
This job does not have an education qualification requirement.
- Male applicants born after December 31, 1959, must complete a Pre-Employment Certification Statement for Selective Service Registration.
- You will be required to provide proof of U.S. Citizenship.
- Two year trial/probationary period may be required.
- Direct deposit of pay is required.
- This is a Career Program (CP) 17 position.
- Selection is subject to restrictions resulting from Department of Defense referral system for displaced employees.
- If you have retired from federal service and you are interested in employment as a reemployed annuitant, see the information in the Reemployed Annuitant information sheet.
- Multiple positions may be filled from this announcement.
- Salary includes applicable locality pay or Local Market Supplement.
You will be evaluated for this job based on how well you meet the qualifications above.
Once the announcement has closed, a review of your application package (resume, supporting documents, and responses to the questionnaire) will be used to determine whether you meet the qualification requirements listed on this announcement. If you are minimally qualified, your résumé and supporting documentation will be compared against your responses to the assessment questionnaire to determine your level of experience. If, after reviewing your résumé and/or supporting documentation, a determination is made that you have inflated your qualifications and/or experience, you may lose consideration for this position. Please follow all instructions carefully when applying, errors or omissions may affect your eligibility.
You should list any relevant performance appraisals and incentive awards in your resume as that information may be taken into consideration during the selection process. If selected, you may be required to provide supporting documentation.
Interagency Career Transition Assistance Program (ICTAP). If you are a Federal employee in the competitive service and your agency has notified you in writing that you are a displaced employee eligible for ICTAP consideration, you may receive selection priority for this position. To receive selection priority, you must: (1) meet ICTAP eligibility criteria (2) be rated well-qualified for the position and; (3) submit the appropriate documentation to support your ICTAP eligibility. To be considered well-qualified and receive selection priority applicants must satisfy all qualification requirements for the position and receive a score of 90 or above. Additional information about the program is on OPM's Career Transition Resources website.
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text:
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A Superlambanana silhouetted against the stark white of the Liverpool Museum. Photographing the collection of Superlambananas outside the museum made...
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text:
During one of my countless hours spent exploring #edtech on Pinterest this summer, I came across an app that has found a spot on my "must-have" list. This app is called Remind101 and it is a means of communicating to parents and students via texts or e-mails- for free!
So what makes this app so special you might wonder. Well the beauty of Remind101 is that you can stay in touch with parents without giving out your personal phone number or e-mail. Your number is never revealed to your parents and/or students, and their number also remains anonymous to you. I also like that once I send out a message, they are not able to reply to it (if they try they get a bounce back message reminding them of this).
Remind101 is super easy to set-up and should take no longer then 2 minutes. You can set up your class on their site http://www.remind101.com and share your newly generated Remind101 number with your parents in a jiffy! (Personally, I just use their app for everything).
Best of all, you can schedule your messages to go out at a later time. If you are anything like me, if you don't do it when you think of it…. then your great thought is lost forever!
Here is a helpful video to help you get started (although it is so easy you won't need it!): http://vimeo.com/28086897
Also here is a Freebie! This is the document I sent home to my parents so that they could opt into my messages. Remind101 Doc Remind101 PDF
Related articles
- EdTech Resources Every Teacher Should Know About (mszuluaga.wordpress.com)


text:
Friday, May 04, 2012
May the fourth be with you
There has to be a name for this kind of thing, that is, a situation where the speaker says one word and you hear another word. And I don't mean "mishearing." I mean intentionally choosing a like word that layers meaning. Like in the movie Ten Things I Hate About You when the character hedges her way around admitting that she flashed someone she says, "I dazzled him with my wits."
Is it simply a pun?
I feel like linguists likely have some more technical term.
Anyway, it's May the fourth, and may the force be with you.
Amusing tidbit: I have just enough religious call and response drilled into me that whenever I hear may the force be with you I have to stop myself from automatically spouting off and also with you. I can't be the only person with this problem.


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BDSM Momm
March 14, 2011
Guided Masturbation
Hi there. Do you like stroking your hard cock for your phonesex Mistress? Well I hope so because one of my very favorite types of calls are those where I am a teasing Masturbatrix. You can gently rub your flaccid cock as my smooth voice melts you. Soon you'll be hard and ready for my masturbation instructions. Even though it has been your cock for as long as you can remember when you do a mistress phonesex call with me it suddenly becomes mine. That means you have to listen very carefully to just how I want you to lube it up and jerk it for me. I may have you edge while you listen to my southern voice, yes jerk right to the edge of sweet orgasm and then stop. You'll whimper but you'll obey. I might have you take your hands off of the cock completely and give some much needed attention to your heavy cum filled balls. It will be wonderful to hear you stroking for me and begging for release though, don't you think? Mistress Liz Mistress Phonesex 1-888-938-7382 $1.99 per min. US and Canada ,$2.50 to connect. $2.99 International International Callers Call: 714-422-2402
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July 29, 2015
MILF Dominatrix
Domination and I are one in the same. Although I am a sweet and loving ABDL mommy, I have a dark fetish hiding beneath that peaches and cream exterior… I would love to get into some domination phone sex with a nice little sissy to be my submissive for the night! I have a whole bunch of tricks up my sleeve, and I need someone bold enough to let me use and abuse them in all of the fun ways I can think up! Perhaps I'll start by handcuffing you to the bed so you can't squirm… Feet too! Can't have you trying any funny business. I've got whips and feather boas, anal beads and huge strap ons in my bag of fun! I can't wait to spend the night humiliating you and making you lick my boots! It's a side of mommy that not many people are lucky enough to experience, but you will and I know you like it! Now bend over so mommy can push this toy into your tight ass. XOXO, Barb 888 – 430 – 2010
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August 23, 2015
MILF Needs Sissy
You read it right! This sexy MILF is in need of a submissive sissy slut to obey my every command! Don't worry, as long as you are an obedient and attentive little sissy, mommy will take such good care of you. I will of course need you to tend to my every need without batting an eye… If you do give me any trouble, I will be forced to whip your little behind with a riding crop or a leather belt and leave some nice red welts there so you don't forget what happens when you disobey me! I will need my meals cooked, you will not be permitted to wear clothing unless I have chosen something for you to wear. Which could be anything from a sexy little leather something, down to a lacy dress! I am in charge here, and I know that after that first punishment, you will not ever back talk me again. XOXO, Barb 888 – 938 – 7382
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October 4, 2015
Naughty Sissy Gets Punished
My little sissy slut has a problem: he just can't resist touching himself. Every time I go to change his diaper, it's wet with his piss and cum! No matter how often I let him fuck mommy, he just won't stop! I finally decided that I'd had enough and that if he plays with himself after wetting his diaper again, he would have to be punished. So, I bought my sissy a chastity belt—it's just a nice little tube with a lock on it, little enough to keep his tiny sissy pee-pee soft without hurting him too much. I was assured that it would do the trick and make my sissy want to fuck mommy more than ever. When I found him touching himself today, I pulled him over my knee and spanked him hard with my bare hand until he came. Then I cleaned him up and showed him his new punishment. When he saw the chastity tube he started to get hard again, so I had to cane his little cock until he was soft. Then I put his bruised little pee-pee into the tube and locked it on him nice and tight. I don't think he understood what it was for right away, but I knew he would soon enough. When I put him to bed tonight, I stayed outside his door and waited. Soon enough, I started to hear noises, I listened to him try to play with himself through the tube, and groaning when he
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March 1, 2016
Mommy caught pt 2
Continue pt 1– He was so gently rubbing my pussy and sliding his fingers inside of me. I then pulled him over to my breast and told him to suck. His mouth milking my breast and his fingers sliding in and out of my wet pussy was pushing me so close to the point of orgasm. But not yet I thought to myself, there was so much more I wanted to show him yet. I enjoyed the finger fucking and sucking so much I just let him continue for awhile. I stayed on that high so close to cumming but not yet ready. He was certainly looking happy to be helping mommy and filling his tummy full of mommy's milk too. When he finally pulled away from my breast looking so fulfilled. I told him that mommy had another very special treat for him, that not very many babies get to have. With joy in his eyes, I pushed his head between my legs and told him what to do. Tawny 888-430-2010
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May 25, 2017
Diaper Bondage Humiliation Phone Sex
Oh my, my, my look what we have here! a little Adult baby boy tied to his bed because he was a naughty little chronic masturbator wasn't he! From now on this is how I am going to put you in your crib! You're going to have the locking mittens on over your hands handcuffed above your pathetic little head! Your feet tied at the end of your crib in some very tight bondage rope! And then locking plastic panties on and a hood over your face! Whats that? your going to start to cry! see this is why I treat you like an adult baby if you act like a baby! Domme mommy Tawny Isn't going to give you what you want! And I know how bad your tinny wittle pee-pee needs to make cummies but guess what! Thats never going to happen at least not for a long time! Now What do we untie you and give you alot of water because I want you to force wet that diaper your little baby! Call me for some Diaper bondage phone sex! Tawny 888-430-2010 Or click HERE to chat with a phone sex mommy! #diaperbondage #adultbabyhumiliation #abdlphonesex
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April 20, 2018
Abdl Sitter Sex Talk Part 3
That's right – PINK PRINCESS Adult diapers! And they are nice and THICK too, to produce that cute little waddle. Of course, if you don't want to waddle when you walk …. you could always crawl! Then we will get you dressed in this cute little pink baby dress I bought just for you! See – it is short enough that it will show off your diapers whether you walk OR crawl. It also will make it easy for me to check and change your diapers – AND easy access for a spanking should you need one! I'll just slip it over your head and … Uhoh! Where did my adult baby girl go? Where is she? Peek! There she is!! Aww – it's the perfect length for everyone to know you are babysitter's little sissy baby girl today! We'll need something for your feet though, won't we? And Babysitter thought about that, too! Cute anklet socks with a ruffle and a pink bow to match your dress! Yay! And – white patent leather mary jane shoes with little bells. Now I'll always know where you are! Call me for some Abdl Phone Sex Jenna 888-430-2010 Or click HERE to chat with a phone Sex mommy #abdlsitter #abdlstory #abdlsextalk Click HERE to visit our Abdl Forum
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text:
Wednesday, March 3, 2010
Act One
I've had a life-long love affair with books and a somewhat dusty journalism degree, so when I set out to pen my first novel, I was certain I knew a thing or two about writing. Turns out, I really didn't.
When I studied novels in high school, we talked about POV--as in first person (I), second person (you), and third person (he or she). Sometimes, third person was also described as the omniscient narrator. We studied theme such as racism in To Kill a Mockingbird and symbolism in The Great Gatsby, so I thought I knew novels.
I had no idea that the POV character of a scene could only know what s/he could feel or experience or think. No head-hopping around the dinner table. No author intrusion, "If only Sally would have known what was about to happen next." Novels had to begin somewhere but we never discussed inciting incidents, and conflict equaled man/man, man/nature or man/self. I knew that movies/screenplays were organized into three acts, but I had no idea that books were often segmented that way.
According to Award-winning Author Susan May Warren, in her latest writing craft book, Deep and Wide Advanced Fiction Techniques for Making Your Characters Deeper and Your Plot Wider, these are the elements that should be woven into the plot and emotional journey of Act One:
--Home World/Glimpse of Hope
--Inciting Incident/Invitation to Change
--The Big Debate...Regret of the Missed Opportunity
--Need to Change...Which results in The Noble Quest
* If you have two or more POV characters, you'll need to chart the emotional journey for each one.
One of my wip's (work-in-progress), opens with the home world of my character, Sophie, a single mother, who is worried she'll be late for work--and possibly fired--but she's delayed because she's having an argument with her teenage daughter. I try to answer basic who/what/when/where/why questions about Sophie's life.
I offer Sophie a glimpse of hope as she dumps everything out of her purse onto a beautiful table she'd restored. She's able to take worn-out discarded things and make them beautiful. In time, and with God's help, she'll restore her family and her life.
The inciting incident sets the story in motion. Think, the news that the Civil War has started during the festivities at Twelve Oaks Plantation in Gone with the Wind. The inciting incident in my story happens when Sophie's car is involved in a collision with Paul, a good-looking, sweet-talking man. Now, she's not only lost her job, but her car is totaled as well.
Need to Change. Sophie's immediate needs are to find a job and obtain transportation. But her noble quest is to take care of her family, and not just financially. She needs to make sure her two daughters don't make the same mistakes that she made. They need to avoid becoming involved with irresponsible, charming playboys at all cost. Can she afford to stand on principles and turn down the temporary job Paul offers her?
I left out one element: The Big Debate/Regret of Missed Opportunity because I haven't made that clear. Now that I've got this checklist, I know what my first chapter still needs.
Take a look at your wip. Are all these elements woven into the first act of your novel?
~Roxanne Sherwood
Posted by Roxanne Sherwood at 9:18 PM
Labels: act one, fiction, plotting, Roxanne Sherwood
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text:
There once was a nasty piece of marble, narrow and long, very fragile, unsuitable and insufficient to contain a figure anatomically perfect.
The Consuls of the Wool, in Florence, in 1460, gave it first to Agostino di Duccio and six years later to Bernardo Rossellino but this artist, after having sketched the outline of a figure and ascertained the fragility of some ribs, She abandoned him.
After thirty years the same block of marble was given to 25-year old Michelangelo in 1501.
Michelangelo accepted the challenge of obtaining his David from that Bianco Carrara but not to be placed in the buttress of the dome by Brunelleschi but there in front of the Palazzo dei Priori (Palazzo Vecchio) and this was immediately supported by the bearer of Pier Soderini Justice.
Michelangelo found the fragile veins and stucco with lime mortar and marble dust and brought it back to its natural sanding.
From that piece of white marble Michelangelo does derive its David, symbol of the freedom of a people against tyranny and unique portrayal of the hero before delivering the stoning that will hit the giant Goliath.
David is the personification of a city like Florence, is the symbol of the Renaissance, which has its roots in the classical world, is the symbol of respect for the biblical tradition and the modern intellectual claims of new humanistic society.
Master creates his David already in its final position: there, on a pedestal above the last step, the left of the main door of the Palazzo Vecchio. David should be a warning to the rulers that inside that building will govern. That 's where Michelangelo gives the finishing touches on his marble to find the right light and proporzionarne vision direction to those who are about to enter the building. To a sculpture light is essential component.
It is for that place that designs its Author.
Source: Nella Pizzo, Past-Presidente Fidapa Firenze
Event organization: Maria Grazia Papuccio – President Section Fidapa Florence
The invitation:
We are pleased to invite you to the conference on artistic and universal value of DAVID OF MICHELANGELO
that will be held by: Cristina Acidini
President of the Academy of the fine arts of Florence
Tuesday, April 5, 2016, 16:30
Oblate Library – Via dell'Oriuolo, 24
to get there: from the Central Station (via Panzani) Ataf line C1; Stazione Leopolda line Ataf C2
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text:
Monthly Archives: February 2013
vintage find + fine tee
Local contest to support closet sensibility. http://seattletimes.com/html/living/2020148679_springfashionxml.html I "pop" tags all the time. A term made popular by local rap artist Macklemore. It is necessary when you are owner of a bootstrapping startup and want to look good. It's not that I don't want to mix my consignment finds with new clothes (that are thoughtfully and […]
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text:
Status: Closed
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
041230attr:remodelinggeneral contractors & building contractors
Sherwin-Williams Paint Stores have exceptional quality paint supplies, wallpaper, wood stains, concrete stains and sealer to bring your ideas to life. Painting Questions? Ask Sherwin-Williams. - Paint, Paint Supplies, Wallpaper, Interior/Exterior Paint, Wood Stains, Concrete Stains and Sealers - Sherwin-Williams Paint, Wallpaper and Stains, Purdy, Graco, 3M, Shurtape, H&C, Krylon, USG
College Hill Construction is located at the address 2852 Willamette St in Eugene, Oregon 97405. They can be contacted via phone at (541) 485-5858 for pricing, hours and directions. College Hill Construction specializes in Exterior Work, Estates, Furniture.
College Hill Construction has an annual sales volume of 0 - 500K. .For more information contact Micheal Delandfheer, Owner or go to...
Be the first OregonLive.com user to add photos or videos of College Hill Construction
College Hill Construction can be found at Willamette St 2852. The following is offered: Bathroom Remodeling. The entry is present with us since Sep 8, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 12, 2013. In Eugene there are 12 other Bathroom Remodeling. An overview can be found here.
We do good work.
We have three employees. We use electrical, and plumbing sub contractors. Free estimates ,5% discount for Angie's Members. Call for a free estimate. Catch the wind ! License no#168229


text:
Me and my wife get drunk with friends and I am told, "You'll be having lucid dreams tonight," to which I reply, "I doubt it! I'm wasted now and I reckon I'll be sleeping like a log." We go home, make love, and fall asleep. During the night I get up and use the loo twice. The second time I return to bed and dream vividly...
Driving with kids. Hard to control the car. Telling kids to put their seatbelts on. Alfred jumping to the front making driving difficult and dangerous. I fling him to the backseat and tell him to strap himself. Lucidity fail: I don't even drive!
I sleep in a dormitory. Suddenly my bed has been taken over by a group of women. I tell them the bed belongs to me but somehow other residents convince me that the women were right and I am ousted. Lucidity fail.
I see a brown, hairy, and dirty-looking mammoth piddling like a human being. When the mammoth is done, it starts chasing two men and tries to spray them with its trunk. The men run away. Suddenly, it comes after me. I start running. I run up a steep road and realise I'm not going to make it. Suddenly, it dawns on me that I am dreaming...
To find out what happens in the DILD, go to the Lucid Dreams section and check out "Space Jam Land"
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Bladdered and Dreaming Vividly
Share your most awesome, bizarre or lifelike dreams of the non-lucid variety. Tell us about your weirdest nightmares and false awakenings.
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- Summerlander
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Bladdered and Dreaming Vividly
"Empty cognizance of one taste, suffused with knowing, is your unmistaken nature, the uncontrived original state. when not altering what is, allow it to be as it is, and the awakened state is right now spontaneously present."
- Padmasambhava
- Padmasambhava
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ShoreLife Bamboo Hooded Beach Robe/Poncho (Adult)
Get this for just £1.00
ShoreLife s Bamboo Beach Robe/Poncho Towel is the latest must have for those that love the water! They are the perfect companion for any water based sports allowing you to dry and get changed with ease. What makes our poncho towel so unique is the extra soft feel provided by the 70% bamboo fibre they are made from. Bamboo has many good qualities one being that it is a natural anti-bacterial and is hypoallergenic. Don't be without this beach essential. ShoreLife was created in the summer of 2016 on the UK s south coast, it was started by a couple of friends with a passion for good clothes, innovative new styles and materials. At ShoreLife we are lucky to be situated near to the stunning New Forest National Park and the Dorset coast line, using these as our inspiration for all of our products! Always remembering to Live-Ride-love!.
This was added to my products on 16-01-2018 14:36 by Circle One in the category Accessories > Clothing
Click here for more information or to purchase


text:
This article was written by Oilprice.com, the leading provider of energy news in the world.
The problem with emission-free hydrogen fuel is that the process of making it is definitely not emission-free.
Hydrogen-powered devices-–cars, mostly -run on hydrogen made from natural gas, a fossil fuel that produces greenhouse gas emissions.
That could be a major consideration for eco-conscious American consumers as more and more cars powered by hydrogen fuel cells come to market.
Not to worry, according to a team of scientists at Stanford University. The researchers have developed a low-cost, emission-free mechanism that uses a 1.5-volt battery to split water into its constituent elements of oxygen and hydrogen.
The team, led by Hongjie Dai, a Stanford professor of chemistry, uses an AAA "penlight" battery to split hydrogen from oxygen by running an electric current through two electrodes, a process called electrolysis. The electrodes are made of inexpensive iron and nickel, not costly catalysts made of precious metals.
"This is the first time anyone has used non-precious metal catalysts to split water at a voltage that low," Dai said. "It's quite remarkable." Dai's research team reported its findings in the Aug. 22 issue of the journal Nature Communications.
What's intriguing about hydrogen fuel cell technology is that it reverses the water-splitting process. To produce the electrical energy that powers the car, the cell gradually mixes its load of hydrogen gas with atmospheric oxygen. The only waste is water vapor, not the toxic gases of a combustion engine that relies on gasoline.
Vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells are already available for lease in Southern California, and more are on the way. Yet most won't operate as cleanly as advertised because they'll use fuel manufactured at plants that isolate hydrogen by combining steam and natural gas, which not only emits toxic carbon dioxide into the environment, but also uses up large amounts of energy.
Splitting water through electrolysis is a clean method of generating hydrogen, but it's expensive – or at least it was until Dai's team developed a method using inexpensive metals on its electrodes and demonstrated that the process can be expanded to an industrial scale.
"It's been a constant pursuit for decades to make low-cost electrocatalysts with high activity and long durability," Dai said. "When we found out that a nickel-based catalyst is as effective as platinum, it came as a complete surprise."
Besides being inexpensive, the use of nickel and nickel oxide greatly lowers the voltage needed to split water, which could save billions of dollars in electricity costs for hydrogen producers, according to Stanford graduate student Ming Gong, who discovered the new water-splitter method.
Gong, who co-authored the report, said his next chore is to improve the durability of the water-splitter. "The electrodes are fairly stable, but they do slowly decay over time," he said. "The current device would probably run for days, but weeks or months would be preferable. That goal is achievable based on my most recent results."


text:
First things first. This is a post election wrap- up. Not a post- apocalyptic wrap- up. Yeah, the GOP did well. After a change in Administrations, the minority party won a bunch of House seats in the following midterm election. Ho hum. Whoop ti- do. BFD. In itself, this is about as unusual as a piquant odor emanating from the dumpster behind a fish market.
Happened to Reagan: 27 seats in 82. To George HW Bush: 31 seats in 1990. Clinton: 54 seats in 1994. Would have happened to George W Bush if Nine Eleven hadn't gone down the year before. It's a natural contraction. Democracy's labor pains. Only the gestation period is a bit longer, the soreness more lingering and felt thousands of miles wider.
Like Newt Gingrich before him, John Boehner will discover that conducting the train is different than throwing bottles at the train. Fortunately for him, it's a train, not a bicycle and he can run right over the broken glass. Because there's about 2 billion dollars worth of it from untraceable sources lying on the tracks.
The GOP's biggest problem might have been inviting the Tea Party into their house. Its one thing to chuckle at the antics of the red headed stepchildren acting up at the backyard barbecue, and another entirely after they move in and you attempt to carry on a conversation with other adults while they persist on waving pitchforks and torches, poking and scorching the ceiling. "Could you keep it down to a dull roar, please? We're trying to watch 'Lobbyist Idol' here."
Admittedly the number of seats changing hands this time around was a bit high. North of 60. About fifteen percent of the total lower body. Erasing Democratic gains of 06 and 08 combined. But look at the bright side. Ummm. Unh, no. Not that. Wait. Ummm. Okay. Got some. The Democrats can book a smaller banquet room for their Freshman Class Induction Party. No more need to stock up on those 50 pound bags of Blue Dog Chow. Franking costs go way down with shorter Christmas card lists.
You could make a good argument the Tea Party is responsible for throwing one House of Congress into the GOP's column and another out of it. The wrestler's wife lost. Christine O'Donnell may not be a witch but neither is she a US Senator. Same with Sharron Angle, except for the witch part. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid was preordained to lose and to lose bad to any halfway decent opponent. But as luck would have it, he didn't face one.
The red tide seemed to congeal after hitting the Rockies. California, Oregon and Washington avoided the brunt of the anti- incumbent wave. Most likely due to the fact that the weather is nicer, giving Hope and Change a longer shelf life.
Don't be distracted by the parties incessantly trading bipartisan air kisses. Like the handshake before the first round of a prize- fight, it's simply a ritual and nobody expects any true civility. When the Administration says they want to work with Boehner and McConnell, they do. The way a five year old with a magnifying glass wants to work with ants. Same goes for Republicans. Sure, they're offering up an olive branch now, but be real careful; might just be a painted paralyzed asp with the anesthetic timed to wear off on January 8th.
Will Durst is a San Francisco based political humor columnist who frequently tells jokes. Out loud. On stage. Catch an example at Rooster T Feather's in Sunnyvale Nov 4- 7. roostertfeathers.com/ 408.732.7781. The Lark Theater in Larkspur on November 12th. 415.924.5111. The Bell Theater at Angelico's Restaurant in Redwood City on November 13th.


text:
History from 1995 - 1999
Black Hills CFS/FMS Support Group was founded in January 1995 by
Stephanie Wettestad, Tyke Secrest, , and Alice James. Affiliated with Rapid City Regional Hospital, the group is
sponsored by Dr. Cynthia Weaver.
Approximately 60 people attended our first meeting.
Support group brochures and logo were designed by Elaine Dodson and
Alice James.
Established a lending library and a database for membership
(maintained by Elaine Dodson).
The first newsletter was sent out to 80 people.
Joined several CFS and FMS national organizations and the Rapid
City Chamber of Commerce Health and Human Services Committee.
In 1995, three support group members, Donna Martin, Pat Howard and
Deb Brandt, were certified to teach the Arthritis Foundation's "The
Self-Help Course." Later Donna
and Deb were certified to train others to teach the class.
CFS/FMS Family Members/Loved Ones Support Group was formed in
January 1996. The group meets sporadically.
"Hope and Help: Living with CFS/FMS", our first CFS/FMS
Health Fair/Information Exchange Fair, was held in April 1996 with over 150
In 1996, Harold Deurloo was appointed to represent Black Hills CFS/FMS
Support Group on the Black Hills Arthritis Association's Board of Directors.
In January 1997, the Hot Line/Pen Pal list and the E-mail PenPal
list were established.
In 1997, Alice James, Support Group Leader, received the "Wind
Beneath Our Wings" outstanding performance award (sponsored by the Rapid
City Chamber of Commerce's Health and Human Services Committee) for
outstanding work with the Black Hills CFS/FMS Support Group.
In 1998, Black Hills CFS/FMS Support Group received 501c(3) tax
exempt status from the IRS and Articles of Incorporation for Non-Profit Status
by the Secretary of State of South Dakota.
Connie Pich and Black Hills CFS/FMS Support Group received national
recognition through an article, entitled "Educating South Dakota about
CFIDS and Fibromyalgia," published in the CFIDS Association of America's
magazine, The CFIDS Chronicle (March/April 1998 issue).
In October 1998, Black Hills CFS/FMS Support Group sponsored a successful
"CFS/FMS Mini-Health Fair" with 200 attending.
In January 1999, the support group participated in the 28th Medical
Group's Women's Health Fair and Conference at Ellsworth AFB
In March 1999, the support group received its first memorial
donation in memory of a loved one.
Average attendance at monthly support group meetings remains between 25-30.
Top of page


text:
Jim Tanner Takes the Reins at Profile
Jim Tanner is no stranger to the inner workings and business development success of Profile Products LLC. He has spent 18 years at the company, being part of its exceptional growth in providing in soil, water, and vegetation management solutions. The company has announced that Jim Tanner has been named President. In his new role, he will also continue to serve at the company's Chief Operating Off... »


text:
Unearth the light in his eyes
and her mysterious
resembling that of a beautiful
intricate box
made of gold filigree.
His electric soul
brings music to her heart
and she dances for him,
in his loneliest nights.
He dreams the warmth
from her skin
setting his heart afire.
He dreams
when the sun
shall set
off the burgundy's in her hair
and the golden,
that sets a flame
in her eyes.
A burning desire
that she keeps captive
in her heart.
The smell of everything "him"
indulges her heart.
She awaits breathlessly
the day to come,
that his strong hands;
in which feed her skin
and a desire burning
from inside her heart;
will yet touch her again
and over again.
Wrapped into his hands,
her heart is encompassed
by that Knight...♥
completed December 23, 2014, original date a little before this~ July Jennifer ♥


text: Here's a whole new way to eat cheesecake, if ever an excuse was needed: mini chocolate bites with a cream cheese filling. Surprisingly easy to make and rather impressive-looking, these bite-sized treats will settle sweet cravings as a snack or as a little indulgence after dinner. Glitzy sprinkles entirely optional.


text:
Back in April 08, I wrote about Artrosilium - one in a very long line of dodgy products aimed at the 5 million or so Britons who have arthitis or similar diseases. Despite having been slapped by Advertising Standards Authority in May 2004 and made the MHRA hitlist for unregistered medical products in 2003 and so not allowed to be sold in the UK, the product was still being sold via the website at www.artrosilium.co.uk.
(Incidentally, the parent company IntraMed Ltd has recently been slapped again by the ASA for another product Ginkgo Biloba in Sept 08)
I wrote again about the parent company IntraMed Ltd (and Artrosilium) with regards to their other dealings in the world of quack medicines.
In the time from then til now, the largest hit rate from search engines coming to this blog has been with searches relating to Artrosilium. My concern was that a product that had been identified by MHRA as not suitable for sale in UK was being sold in the UK via a .co.uk registered website and fellow arthritis sufferers were being suckered for more money in search of elusive long term pain relief.
With the help of Steve Rolles, I approached my local MP, who listened attentively and was immediately on side, and agreed to follow up the case.
The response I got at the time from Dawn Primarolo (Minister of State for Public Health) was helpful, but not as much as I'd hoped - mainly that because Artrosilium was being sold by a Swiss company and the payment was on a Swiss website (only the advertising was on a UK website) then there wasn't much they could do, although she did say:
...the internet service provider has been contacted in an effort to seek compliance with UK medicines regulatory requirements.However
The importation of medicines by individuals for their own personal use or for use by a family member is exempt from regulatory controls, and this includes purchases from the internet.
I'll hopefully be taking this up with my MP in the near future, as I don't think this situation is completely satisfactory, but nonetheless appreciated the help and replies from those in charge.
She also made me aware that another IntraMed Ltd product, www.themicrodoctor.co.uk is currently being investigated by MHRA so perhaps it's not so bad.
To my happy surprise, I clicked on the Artrosilium website today to find:
Thankyou for your interest in Artrosilium. This website is currently unavailable.
So hoorah. Providing it doesn't rear its head again, I'll claim that as a minor victor for this blog and for arthritis sufferers everywhere.


text:
Like Any Game Of Darts, We Don't Always Hit The Bull's-Eye, But We Mostly Hit The Board....
Saturday, February 21, 2009
Paying It Forward? Insurance Comapnies Call It "Paying It Back"
If it seems unfair that your own company can get back what it paid out of your settlement, despite the fact that you already pay premiums for this coverage, it's only because it is. In fact, a minority of states prohibit subrogation. But most states, including Ohio, allow it. Sometimes the amount of the reimbursement can be negotiated if there are compelling circumstances. But courtesy of a recent Ohio Supreme Court decision, a health insurance company is entitled to confiscate every penny of your settlement as reimbursement for bills it paid, even if it leaves you with nothing, as I've written about before.
What's more, under federal law, Medicare is entitled to be reimbursed as well if it paid any bills due to an injury and if you obtain a settlment or verdict. Dealing with Medicare to figure out what they paid, and how much they are requesting as reimbursement, is the equivalent of slamming your head against a concrete wall--repeatedly. Frequently, we settle our clients' claims, only to have to wait for months for Medicare to tell us how much they're claiming as reimbursement.
The truth is that we as plaintiffs' attorneys put back millions (and probably more accurately billions) every year into the Medicare coffers as a result of successfully pursuing injury claims. Although I and my clients would prefer not to have to do this, at least with respect to Medicare it serves the purpose of putting money back into a government program that serves society.
But when private insurance companies are getting millions back from their own insureds, who pay premuims for this coverage, or have earned it as a benefit through their employment, the only "benefit" is the abstract, company line insurance industry argument that recovering this money "keeps premiums and costs down."
To that I say "meadow muffins" (syn; see "horse hockey," "crap," "b.s."). If that's the case, why aren't our health insurance premuims going down? As small business owners who provide health care coverage for our employees, our health care premuims have NEVER gone down, and in fact, increase every year. And I'm sure I speak for everyone else on the planet on that score.
"Decreasing health insurance premuims." File that one with "jumbo shrimp," hot water heater," and countless other oxymorons...
1 comment:
- Joe Dunson said...
I agree with your analysis on public and private subrogation rights. State and Federal agency subrogation furthers the legitimate social policy of using public funds to generate the most value added for the most people. However, private subrogation does not effectuate any such policy. Private insurers engage in risk analysis before writing policies, and insureds pay premiums in exchange for coverage based on that analysis. Insureds pay for coverage and insurers bet that providing coverage will be cheaper than paying claims (and they can make money on the market). Why should insureds pay on the back end when insurers already realized their gain on the front end?
Keep up the good work and keep posting!
- March 2, 2009 at 3:13 PM


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when worked up into fun (or not so fun) projects?
Stashdash is a fun challenge organised by the KnitGirlllspodcast.
|Red cowl/scarf in Bendigo woollen mills vintage
Just like any fun challenge there are various goals – this year the choices included, 3k, 5k and for the organised dashers there was a 10k. The challenge includes WIP's so those in the know line up a whole lot of almost done projects for finishing during the 7 week challenge.
As a new comer this year I was very unprepared with only a couple of small projects on the needles at the beginning of the challenge, but a little crochet project put me in the running for the 5k so I just knitted through all the hours to make the goal a reality.
|I know you've seen this before - Pastel star blanket in Patons Big baby 4ply
The rules are simple, there are no restrictions on using old yarn or finishing old projects, any yarn in your possession is considered stash, no matter that it came into your possession during the challenge.
|The white collar - fluffly like a bunny - Bella baby angora mix - beautiful
I was pleased with my finish including finishing The Father's socks which pushed me over the finish line on the last day.
|Diamonds on a sock for The Father - Bendigo woollen mills Luxury 4ply Denim colour
|Red Vest - in Moda Vera Faith
I could have made the challenge a whole lot easier by working on tried and tested patterns instead of playing around with new designs.
Next year I may even be ready with several WIP's lined up at the starting line.
|Diamonds for Helen in Bendigo Woollen mills Luxury 4ply - Lake colour
13 - Projects completed – Diamonds were a huge part of it – Dad's Diamond socks, Diamonds for Helen shawl, Diamonds in a Hat, there were diamonds on a headband (or four), Moon beams, Holiday Affection, Pastel star blanket, Fluffy like a bunny collar, a red cable cowl, my new red vest, my socks with hearts, the second sand tracks scarf, and a headband featuring the cable design.
|All together here - lots of squishy yarn fun and no serious dent in the stash
Love me some yarny fun.
Hope your Wednesday is wonderful.


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