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I'm so happy to have Romilly discussing this topic, especially having raised three girls who eat well and take good care of their health today as adults. It wasn't easy for me and my wife, and we weren't perfect! I think this is wonderful and easy-to-follow information for any parent who's concerned about making sure their child really "gets it." Making it fun, interesting, and shame-free really is the only way to do this effectively, and without pulling your hair out! It's amazing how, out of all the things we can give our children, the impact of eating and living well stays with them for their whole lives. – Dr. B
Being a nutritionist who works regularly with families, and having two children of my own, this is a topic that is near and dear to my heart. Kids today are exposed to more than their fair share of questionable food messages, whether it be through advertising, friends, at parties, at the school canteen, vending machines, or even through family. Sometimes the push towards junk food and processed food can seem insurmountable!
What's a well-intentioned, health-conscious parent to do? Can we really raise kids who "get it" when it comes to looking after their own health and well-being?
The answer, I believe, is a firm yes. Sure it takes patience, persistence, and perseverance (just like all aspects of parenting). It doesn't expect perfection (we're all human after all). And we'll still love and accept our kids no matter what. But we can empower our kids to be savvy when it comes to their health, with these five, simple steps.
1. Keep it Fun
Ditch the scare-tactics, coercion, or bribery, and focus on keeping it fun. Don't be afraid to get creative with food. It's okay to create "broccoli trees" growing from "woodland lentil floors" or "green bean bridges" across "rice savannas". Perhaps make a "dinosaur green smoothie," a "Tinkerbell green smoothie," or let kids concoct their own fruit and vegetable blends.
Mealtimes, for the most part, should be happy and relaxed. Yes, I hear you parents-of-toddlers and preschoolers sniggering (or despairing)! And I've certainly had my share of chaotic mealtimes. What I mean is that mealtimes shouldn't be constantly associated with negativity or difficult emotions. It might not be possible every time, but we should do our best to keep mealtimes positive.
Another fun strategy is to get a little dirty by starting a garden with your kids. I see my kids get so excited to discover and bring me whatever treasures they find in ours and demand that I cook them for dinner!
2. Impart Knowledge
Don't be afraid to arm kids with some (age-appropriate) knowledge about making healthy food choices. Some conversation topics that crop up regularly for us are:
- Why it's good to eat vegetables and other whole foods
- What are treats and why we should limit them (see more on that below!)
- Why we choose organic where we can (but it's okay if that option isn't always available!)
- How different people like different foods and that's okay
- It's okay to change your mind about liking particular foods — this one is really important!
- Gratitude for food and where it came from
- How to listen to our body telling us when it's hungry and when it's full
And if your kids don't like hearing it from you (don't worry, you're not alone!), enlist a trusted person who the kids do want to listen to, to help with knowledge sharing. Then let your children come to "educate" you about how to eat healthily, and smile to yourself that they are feeling so empowered.
3. Redefine "Kid Food"
In today's world, kid food is often defined as chicken nuggets, cheese pizza, macaroni and cheese, fish sticks, and goldfish crackers. But this really is a false (and only relatively recent) distinction. There isn't really any reason why kids can't eat "adult food" like brown rice and vegetables in vegetable-like form. In fact, I know a lot of kids who will happily chomp on foods like broccoli, olives, dark chocolate, red bell peppers, and cucumbers.
As I was putting together material for this article, I asked my kids, ages four and six "What should other kids know about being healthy?" Here's their response:
Older child: "Eat lots of vegetables"
Younger child: "Especially green ones!"
Older child: "Eat treats not so often…like once a week."
Younger child: "Try not to eat them all up in one go!"
Sound advice (and a proud mommy moment)! Kids loved to be asked their opinion just as we do. Anything we can do to help them be positively empowered is good.
That said, not every kid is going to like every food, so taste preferences do come into play (and don't despair if your child won't yet eat anything green!). Strong flavors such as vinegary brine and hot spices aren't for everyone. And, of course, some foods should be off limits for kids such as alcohol and caffeine. But other than that, the main difference between adult and child food should be age-appropriate food sizing, such as chopped up foods for younger kids and avoiding choking hazards like whole nuts or popcorn for very young tots.*
Since the childhood years are formative when it comes to setting adult food preferences, it pays to start a "real food" diet right from the get go.
4. Set Guidelines for Treats
Ruling out all treats such as candy, cookies, chips, or sodas can backfire with secret binging and cravings in later years. So it's best to show kids what treats are appropriate, and when.
In our house, we categorize foods into three "buckets" to help our kids easily contextualize their food choices. It's super simple: (1) healthy foods for eating every day, (2) treat foods for eating once or twice a week, and (3) avoid foods (such as caffeine, alcohol, any allergens/reactive foods).
So what's a treat food? It may surprise you that I consider some "everyday" items to be treats, such as fruit juice, store-bought sweetened yogurts, or gummy fruit snacks. Where I can, I provide healthier versions, such as smoothies, plain yogurt with maple syrup, dried fruits, or oatmeal-banana cookies, which are suitable for more frequent consumption. Cake is saved for parties and celebrations.
Older kids will have increasing access to food outside the home. Avoid being judgmental about their food choices since this may only fuel rebellion. Instead, continue to build their knowledge and lead by example. You will be surprised how much this can rub off.
5. Don't Despair! Remember: Patience, Persistence, Perseverance
Parents understandably worry when their child is picky or refuses to eat foods prepared for them. If this is you, remember that kids are ultimately responsible for what they decide to eat. No one can force anyone to eat anything. And yes, kids will often use this control point to the exasperation of their parents. Who can blame them, really, since so much else in their life is controlled for them!
The key is to take the control issue off the table completely; don't try to fight it. This is definitely the place to whip out the "patience, persistence, and perseverance" mantra and focus on these areas that you can control, especially in the earlier years:
- What: We can highly influence what foods are available to our children, especially in the home and in school lunch boxes.
- When: We can set the timing of meals, ideally at regular times each day and before excess hunger drives poor food choices (and frazzled parents!).
- How: We can set the context of the meal, whether it be in front of the TV, on the run, or (ideally) seated with others at the table.
- Getting Help: Parents must also take responsibility for seeking professional help if needed, such as if a child has severely limited food variety, or if they are having trouble gaining weight or participating effectively at school or in other activities.
Remember that children are also naturally cautious about new flavors, as most of us tend to be! It can take a dozen exposures before accepting or liking a food. Experiment with a few different ways of preparing new foods, and combining them with flavors your child already likes. Try out the concept of "taste-testing" that we use in our house. This means kids can try out any new food or food preparation without fear of being made to eat a whole bunch of it. And they love the feeling of control and having their opinion matter (don't we all!).
Above all, remember that your most effective tool is empowerment. When your kids are armed with the knowledge and tools to support their health, they will grow into health-empowered adults.
*Parents should follow the advice of their pediatrician when it comes to infant feeding.
Romilly Hodges, MScRead Next: The Best Electric Toothbrush for Kids


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The recent news with suspect toner cartridges has meant that airport security has been stepped up and perhaps I should have taken this into consideration during my trip back from Germany.
All was well going out and the usual security check of taking off shoes, jacket. etc passed off without incident.
The return journey couldn't have been more different. The job had been tiring and I had a couple of late nights as well, so I was probably not as alert as I could have been. I wear a suit and carry a laptop; my grey hair shows that I am a mature man, probably not the profile of your usual suspects.
I approached the security point at the German airport; I had removed my jacket, taken my loose change out of my pockets, put my mobile phone and laptop into the tray, taken off my watch as it has a metal strap and looked at the female security operator as she asked me if I had anything metal on me before I went through the detector arch, I mentioned that the only metal I had were my braces, but if I removed them my trousers would fall down. It was supposed to be humorous, but her blank face showed that she was not amused.
As I walked through the arch she pointed to me and gestured to a colleague. I was whisked into a small room where I had to take off my shoes, empty all my pockets, open my shirt, switch on my laptop and was subjected to a full scan with that wand thing. Fortunately the rubber glove was not required. All was in order and I was allowed to go.
As I walked out of the room the same woman security guard walked over to me and said
"Ah I see your trousers have stayed up" and smiled.
Lesson learned. Stupid comments at security are not a good idea.
Monday, 29 November 2010
Security at Airports
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subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome to the forum. It is unusual for biodiesel makers to sell biodiesel as this makes the hobby into a business. Then you get more visible and the Excise people may wish to take a slice of the profits, then the ATO want their cut.
Is there a reason that you are not intending to make your own biodiesel?
Plenty of information here if you can spare the time to do some research on the processes.
Members are happy to give advice and local members may even mentor you during the learning process.
Get greasy,


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Gervais: "Our next presenters are young, and thin, with the hair, and lovely teeth. Which is just as well, because they're presenting Best Foreign Film, which no one in America cares about!" Please welcome! Robert Pattinson and Olivia Wilde's gigantic black tulle ballgown! Seriously, I had to get on Twitter and ask who it was wearing.
Best Foreign Language Film
The Concert
The Edge
I Am Love
In a Better World
Winner: In a Better World, the Danish film. I... I was on Twitter, so I didn't hear what happened next. Presumably no one was torn to pieces. They've probably already thrown Bieber to the wolves anyway.
Please welcome! Helen Mirren! To present a clip from The King's Speech, which I really want to see!
Oh dear God help I'm falling behind Vanessa Williams is wearing beige and it is nice she might even win the Battle of the Beige because
Best Actress — Musical or Comedy
Toni Collette, United States of Tara
Edie Falco, Nurse Jackie
Tina Fey, 30 Rock
Laura Linney, The Big C
Lea Michele, Glee
Laura Linney is not here to accept her award so Vanessa Williams will accept it on her behalf which will give her a distinct advantage in weaponry! KELLY KELLY SEE IF YOU CAN BORROW STEVE BUSCEMI'S GLOBE! POW!
@DawnTaylor666: I want to see Lea Michele right now, crying or stomping out, or screaming at someone.
Please welcome back! Screen legend! Jane Fonda! Who is... here to present a clip from Burlesque? Really?
Please welcome! TV people! Look, my phone rang, I didn't hear who it was. Kaley Cuoco and someone. Her beige-ish dress may be too yellow for battle, however.
Best Actor — Musical or Comedy
Alec Baldwin, 30 Rock
Steve Carell, The Office
Thomas Jane, Hung
Matthew Morrison, Glee
Jim Parsons, The Big Bang Theory
And the Golden Globe goes to her costar. "omg! Jim Parsons!" squeaks Cuoco.
Best Supporting Actress
Amy Adams, The Fighter
Helena Bonham Carter, The King's Speech
Mila Kunis, Black Swan
Melissa Leo, The Fighter
Jacki Weaver, Animal Kingdom
Winner: Melissa Leo! I am somewhat surprised! But not as much as Melissa Leo is! Steve Buscemi looks weirdly grieved for several seconds, not sure what was up with that. "OMG JEREMY IRONS!!!!" squeals Leo, grabbing his hand, as any woman of taste would. "LOOK MOM I GOT A GOLDEN GLOBE!" Wait, she played "Mark and Christian's mom"? She also thanks someone for "those hours we spent in the Maritime Hotel--NO NO NO! YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT KIND OF GIRL I AM!" God, I think I might back her all the way through the Oscars. "HAY JANE, HAY ANNETTE! WOO HOO!"
Next up: A Bathroom Break Award to Robert De Niro.
( 38 comments — Leave a comment )
Yup, Melissa Leo plays their mom. It doesn't work when you see her all dolled up and giddy, but in the movie it totally works. She's fantastic in it and I for one am THRILLED for her. :D
This segment was more fun last year when it was Betty White getting the award.
Oh, man, I wish I'd seen that.
Matt Bomer from USA's White Collar was the person with Cuoco. :)
Thank you for telling us! :] I recognized him when he was on, but when I read this post, I couldn't remember his name or face anymore... <.< *needs more sleep*
Ahahahaha, even De Niro knows Little Fockers was bad.
I cringed every time the commercials came on.
I am loving DiNero's speech so much. He totally deserved the award and HO SHIT. Helen Mirren does look fierce. <3
You really should see The King's Speech.
It is so amazing. I have been CRUSHED that it hasn't one any of the awards it's been nominated for so far, but I'm keeping my fingers crossed.
(no subject) — zoethe — Expand
(no subject) — zoethe — Expand
(no subject) — lomer — Expand
Am I the only one who actually liked the Tourist?
no you are not. not at all.
i actually according to several people had the audacity to go see it twice.
i actually according to several people had the audacity to go see it twice.
wow...Megan Fox...that dress might be more appropriate on a 14 year old girl going to her first high school prom.
How is the social network getting so many wins?
Because the HFPA have decided that it is The Movie of Our Time.
(no subject) — ireigh — Expand
...Darren Aronskey(wtf you spell it) didn't win this category? Kinda..shocked.
Even my mom made the sparkle joke
Mom and I are playing Vampire/Vampire Hunter when tuxes hit the screen now. Jeremy Irons? Vampire Hunter. (Sorry, Anna)Steve Buscemi? Vampire. Robert Patterson? Not so much.
What in the shit in January Jones wearing, like my god...the taping/sculpting going on there with her boobs.
I referred to it as a Sword and Sandals wet dream.
Ugh. I hate January Jones' dress. Although it is a nice change from beige.
holy shit...Glee just took over the ENTIRE stage.
The Big C should've won.


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There have been many sleepless nights where we have been staring at the ceiling and cannot fall asleep. That is the time when our minds race and the next thing you know the sun starts peeking through the window. A lot of people try everything to fall asleep and due to those poor sleeping patterns they succumbed to taking sleeping pills. Luckily, there is no need to do that. You can instead turn to nature as we have this amazing recipe which will help you improve this cycle completely.
Stress, depression, and anxiety are the cause of the irregular sleeping patterns as well as insomnia. If your mind is active and you keep thinking about things, then you will not fall asleep. There are some medications that can cause insomnia and those include antihistamines, heart and blood pressure meds, and many more. They may trigger frequent trips to the bathroom or anxiety that can disturb your rest. Also, you may be addicted to your phone.
Banana tea
This is an organic banana-infused sleep remedy which can help you fall asleep easily. The peels are high in potassium and magnesium. The latter assists in preventing sleep disturbances, and along with potassium they work to relax the muscles. Make sure you use organic bananas as those that are not organic are high in pesticides.
- 1 organic banana;
- A dash of cinnamon (optional);
- 1 small pot of water.
How to prepare it: cut both of the ends of the banana and place it along with the peel in a pot with boiling water. Let it boil for 10 minutes. Then pour the water into a mug with the use of colander. You may add some cinnamon. Drink it 1 hour before going to sleep. You can eat the fruit and its peel along with the tea to boost the soothing effects.
Why the sleeping pills are bad
They cannot help you long-term, but only provide a short-term fix. Most of them are a specific drug type which induce and maintain sleep. They are classified as sedative hypnotics. Such drugs are benzodiazepines (Xanax and Valium) and barbiturates. The first can be addictive and used in treating anxiety disorders by increasing drowsiness. The latter depress the central nervous system and are used as anesthetics and sedatives. They may also cause side effects like:
- Difficulty focusing and remembering;
- Dizziness;
- Constipation;
- Uncontrollable shaking;
- Weakness;
- Stomach pain;
- Pasasomnias;
- Slow down breathing rhythm (it can be dangerous or even fatal if you suffer from lung diseases like COPD and asthma).


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Great value for a 7-plate water ionizer
Easy to use
Fully adjustable presets
Cleaning cartridge available for easy maintenance
Size - unit is slim but tall to accommodate the large internal filtration system
Placement to the right of your sink may require purchasing an extended dispenser hose
Producing strong acidic water may be difficult in areas with hard water
If you're looking for a good buy under $2,000 you can probably stop right here. The Alkalux has it all. 7 large plates, 185 watts of SMPS power, safety features, ease of use, better than average industry warranty. Definitely worth the price.
The Alkalux was the most impressive unit we found in its price range. For $1,695 you get a 7-plate water ionizer with up to 185 watts of SMPS power backed by a 7-year warranty covering both parts and labor.
Every preset is adjustable so users can customize the three alkaline and two acidic presets based on the mineral content of their source water. The control panel features the same "one-touch operation" found on more expensive models and you have the option to plumb the unit directly to the cold water line, freeing your faucet.
Customizing the presets for optimal performance with your source water is easy using the guided advanced settings mode. Both daily operation and working making adjustments in the advanced settings mode are guided by both voice and visual alerts. The screen changes color based on your selection and your selections are confirmed by voice alerts.
Important safety features include an automated timed shut off if the unit is left running for over 15 minutes, audio alerts when you are producing water at a level that is not recommended for drinking and changes in screen color which indicate whether you are producing alkaline, acidic or neutral water.
Another feature only found in more expensive water ionizers is Alkalux's large dual filtration system. The first filter removes common contaminants like chlorine, volatile organic compounds, detergents and agrichemicals found in many source waters. The second filter features three separate layers of ceramics which address common bacteria and precondition the water for ionization.
With 7 large hybrid-mesh plates and up to 185 watts of power the Alkalux performed well in most source waters we tested. We had no problems producing antioxidant alkaline water at the 9.5 pH level. Depending on the source water used we were able to get pH readings of 10.5 to 11.0 with most source waters. These higher levels are sufficient for soaking produce to remove dirt and produce, removing stains from carpet, clothing or fabric or other household clean-ups.
The large dual filtration system and 7 large plates make this a large unit. Although slim in design - about 4 1/2 inches front to back - the unit is tall to accommodate the large filters and electrolysis chamber. You'll need just over 16 inches in height to clear the point where the dispenser hose attaches to the unit. If you plan to place the unit to the right of your sink you'll want to order an extended dispenser hose to reach over the unit and into the sink. All in all, the height and paying a little extra for an extended dispenser hose is a more than acceptable trade off for the performance and advanced features you get with this water ionizer.
Another feature not found with any other water ionizer in this price range is a choice of color. The Alkalux comes in either black with silver control panel inset or silver with black control panel inset. Both versions are attractive and the slim design leaves you with plenty of counter work space in front of the unit.
Cleaning cartridges are available for the Alkalux to maintain the unit's long term optimal performance. This model ships with standard .1 micron filtration but you can order .01 micron replacement filters for this model.
If you're looking for a good buy under $2,000 you can probably stop right here. The Alkalux has it all. 7 large plates, 185 watts of SMPS power, safety features, ease of use, better than average industry warranty. Definitely worth the price.
Leave a Reply
|Number of Plates
|Plate Design
|Power System
|3 alkaline, 2 acidic, 1 neutral
|Filtration System
|Large dual internal filtration system. .1 micron filtration standard with .01 micron replacement filters available
|Cleaning Cartridge
|Advanced Features
|Fully adjustable alkaline and acidic presets; timed automatic shutoff to prevent overflow, advanced computerized control system featuring one-touch operation
|Pricing Promotions
|Available through Authorized Alkalux Dealers
|Visit your Authorized Alkalux Dealer for current pricing and promotions.


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Paphiopedilum Media of Choice?
If there's one thing I've learned in the few years that I've been growing orchids its that "what works for one doesn't necessarily work for everyone"! As with many genera, media utilized for paphiopedilums varies all over the place - and people report great success with lots of different options. I'm quite certain there are even many options used by people around the world that I've not yet even heard of - many of which are probably not even available in my area?
One of the best paph growers I know grows fantastic plants in my area using nothing but douglas fir bark. She occasionally also uses nothing but straight orchiata (bark) now.
Plants I've picked up over the few years I've been growing orchids may also come in straight sphag, blends of bark with perlite and/or small percentage of charcoal. I use coco cubes on my phrags but have as yet to use it with my paph collection.......
For the last 2-3 years my blend of choice has been the following (which was given to me by a friend that I also consider a VERY GOOD paph grower):
1 (2 cubic foot) bag Rexius fine douglas fir bark
3 gallons lava rock (1/2" & less)
2 gallons medium perlite
2 gallons charcoal
2 gallons sphag cut in approx. 1/2" lengths
lastly......I top dress with oyster shells for the brachypetalums.........
Last time I made this up I threw in a bunch of orchiata as well - just because I "could"! This media combo seems to last well AT LEAST two years and maybe more (even with the sphag thrown in!).........I don't pretend to be an expert yet (eventually maybe/I hope!) - still learning (I hope!)..........
Growing in a home environment 8 months of the year I religiously water once per week. During the warm months I put my paphs outside and water 1-2X per week depending on temps - so far....so good.......
Last edited by mayres; 05-02-2014 at 10:54 AM. Reason: Addition
|The Following 2 Users Say Thank You to mayres For This Useful Post:
orchids4me (05-04-2014), slc (05-03-2014)
I haven't had a lot of experience growing slippers, but the handful I did have I grew in Repotme.com's imperial Paph./Phrag. mix. They all did exceptionally well in it and the mix held up quite well since most of it consisted of inorganic/decomp-resistant materials. Not sure if it would be something you would want to try out sometime or not.
Small Orchiata Monterey Pine Bark
Small Red Lava Rock
Medium Sponge Rock
Small Cork Chunks
I definitely enjoyed growing them. Had to sell them when I moved to Japan, but I plan to eventually get some more. I'll certainly consider your medium tips when I do. Thanks!
I use this mixture not only for my paphs but phals and onc. and ondoglossums crosses.
Medium Orchiata bark
Medium coco chip bark
Penny and Mosey
Both the last two options sound like they would "wear like iron!"? The only issue with medias that don't break down much or slowly....that I can think of initially.....is mineral deposits if you have/use hard water - which I have......
I try to flush through regularly but everything gets pretty "crusty" nonetheless over time. I've noticed that my plants always "perk right up" after a fresh repot.....probably should do it more often than I do? The phrags, which I currently am growing in coco nuggets with a little orchiata & perlite thrown in - especially LOVE to be repotted! This is in spite of the fact that the media (other than the color change) appears about the same as when I started......
From what I can work out, it depends on the plants parentage. Some of them love lava rock and some turn up their toes. - I have a lot of species.
I have been trying to use inert medias to maintain PH, but still seem to use spag. Some of the trials include lava rock, perlite, vermiculite, rock and a bit of milled spag. I also have a few in coco husk nuggets which seem to do alright after they hated everything else.
Have just bought some bark to trial that.
Hi, I will put my penny worth in also, as Paphiopedilums natural growing areas range from on trees, limestone rocks, litter from falling trees leaves twigs decomposing etc.
we have addapted them to grow in pots and our favorite media.
I have grown very successfull in AusGrow pine bark (treated) small 3 inch pots just straigh 1/2 pine bark and only add Sel-grit about 1/8 inch in size (Chook grit is crushed limestone) This helps keep the mix sweet
Make sure the medium is moist before using it.
This I fertilize every 2nd watering in the growing season 1/3 streanght
Water when the plants need it, ie never let the medium become bone dry, as it is near impossible to rewet it by watering only.
This may mean to to 3 times per week in hot summers!
Problem I find with bark and lot of Aussie growers seem to find this a problem also
After 12 months the mix seems to go off, I have tried liming the mix and watering in, may work for a while, but over the last 18 years of growing Paphiopedilums I find the best way to grow them is to repot into fresh mix every year, great if you only have a few plants but I have many hundreds of them and no longer can afford to buy bark for them.
About 4-5 years ago I started to try out CoCo.
So my next mix. I now us 12-18 mm CoCo nuggets only and just add my sel-Grit at repotting time. Nothing else is needed to muck up the mix or drainage.
I now have far better growth then when I used the bark mix.
Still find it far better to repot them all annually but find they will last 2 years in the larger pots (6-8 inches) ok
Currently I am re-potting annually all pots from 2 inches to 4inches and having very good growth.
Fertilize and water as above and when needed.
Now the problems some seem to have with CoCo nuggets, Salts build up when bought new!
I have a TDS meter and when I break up a new bale of CoCo nuggets I soak it in 100 lt plastic garbage bin, draining it every day for minium of 4 times and in the last wash I add about 1/2 cup common garden lime to keep the mix sweet.
That is all and then use the mix moist.
Now the TDS part, my town tap water is about 90ppm reading of what I do not know! salts!!
So when I soak the CoCo mix for the first time for a day and stir up the lot and take a reading, often it ranges from 950 to 1000+ppm what ever is in the reading I have not tested as I can not afford to test it.
I tip this water out & leave drain for 1/2 an hour and refill with fresh tap water.
Next day repeat the TDS test and often it has halved to arond 500ppm
by the end of the fourth watering before adding the lime the readings have come down to around 100+ ppm.
This is now my favorite mix and used on all my orchids in the greenhouse excepth Cymbidiums, remember to regular repot when needed!
I call my method of grow, KIS "Keep it simple"
My friend Missy
Good growing, Ron
Last edited by Ron; 05-13-2014 at 01:56 AM.
I am a big fan of pine bark and perlite and the size of the bark is dependant on the size of the plant. So that's pretty much all I use......
I have one from seedling size (actually a very small offshoot) in peat and perlite. To my surprise its growing very well and increased in size steadily. I dont know what species it is though.
Yep! You all are making my point - LOTS & LOTS of options work - thanks a heap for all the great comments and suggestions. Hopefully this will provide some good insight for others for a long time to come........
Of course as has also been suggested, water quality and other environmental factors also play an important role in what medias will work best for each of our applications.....
It's actually quite surprising how tolerant these guys are of all our crazy "ideas"!
Water Quality.
Something I did not go into! I should state originally I used town tap water for a while until I put in a small rainwater tank of only 1100lt. Originally only for deflasked seedling and small plants
They rate of growth on these small plants definatly impoved about 100% with the added use of fresh rainwater
Currently at my new home (last 7 -8 years) I installed the 1100lt plus a new 10.000 lt rainwater tank and now use it on all orchids in the greenhouse.
Town water and its additives certinally play havoc with young plants growth and if you lucky enought to have any rainwater tank or collective drums, use it on the young seedling first.
Good growing and enjoy the great hobby of growing Paphiopedilums as many of us do from flasks to flowering.
My friend Missy
Good growing, Ron
Bumms Ron - I've been thinking for quite some time that I NEED to figure out how to capture some rain water for my orchids and your email just might be what pushes me off the edge! My seedlings grow abysmally slow it seems - maybe it is the water quality? I have both a well and city water - both have high mineral content.....
Sorry mate, if you can capture some rain water by installing a by-pass system on your down pipes certingally worth the effort.
I suppose I am lucky in a way as in my younger days I worked for about 5 years in the building indistry and picked up a lot of tips, from helping plumbers, offsideing carpenders, even did a stint as a brickies labourer.
I have a friend who bought about 6 used olive barrels ,(plastic & about 200lt.) and uses them for storing rainwater. these barrels are quiet often sold 2nd hand at reasonable size garden centres.
Best of luck and enjoy!
My friend Missy
Good growing, Ron
Last edited by Ron; 05-13-2014 at 10:43 PM.
Still one of my favorite exhibition type Paphiopedilum I have grown from flask and Flowered, My very first Grand-Champion at an Orchid show.
My friend Missy
Good growing, Ron
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David Kennedy
Manley O. Hudson
Professor of Law,
Abstract: Warfare has become a legal institution. Law organizes and disciplines the military, defines the battlespace, privileges killing the enemy, and offers a common language to debate the legitimacy of waging war – down to the tactics of particular battle. At the same time, law is no longer a matter of firm distinctions –combatant and non-combatant, war and peace. It has become a flexible and strategic partner for both the military and for humanitarians seeking to restrain the violence of warfare. The relationship between modern war and modern law is made all the more complex by today's asymmetric conflicts, and by the loss of a shared vision about what the law means and how it should be applied. Nevertheless, when law works well, it can be a strategic ally and provide a framework for talking across cultures about the justice and efficacy of wartime violence. When it works poorly, all parties feel their cause is just and no one feels responsible for the deaths and suffering of war. Kennedy explores the ways in which good legal arguments can make people lose their moral compass and sense of responsibility for the violence of war.
Many thanks. It is a pleasure to be here and I'd like to
thank Professor Tim Sellers, and the
The wars of my time and my
Like the Cold War, the war on
terror seems greater than the specific conflicts fought in its name. It
transcends the clash of arms in
In our broader political culture, the phrase "war on terror" echoes the wars on drugs and poverty as the signal of an administration's political energy and focus. At the same time, the technological asymmetries of battling suicide bombers with precision guided missiles and satellite tracking has made this war on terror seem something new—as has the amorphous nature of the enemy: dispersed, loosely coordinated groups of people or individuals imitating one another, spurring each other to action, within the most and the least developed societies alike.
Strictly speaking, of course, terror is a tactic, not an enemy. The word is a way of stigmatizing the use of deadly force for political objectives by non-state actors one does not approve. When we say we are fighting a "war on terror," we not only to disparage the tactic and those who use it – we also condense all these recollections of prior wars in a single term, we situating this struggle in our own recent history of warfare. The phrase frames our broader project with fear, and marks our larger purpose as that of reason against unreason, principle against passion, the sanity of our commercial present against the irrationality of an imaginary past. In this picture, we defend civilization itself against what came before, what stands outside, and what, if we are not vigilant, may well come after.
It is not novel to frame a war in the rhetoric of distinction—us versus them, good versus evil—nor to evoke a nation's history of warfare each time its soldiers are again deployed. When the American administration calls what we are doing "war," they mean to stress its discontinuity from the normal routines of peacetime. War is different. To go to war means that a decision has been taken: the soldier has triumphed over the peacemaker, the sword over the pen, the party of war over the party of peace. Differences among us are now to be set aside, along with the normal budgetary constraints of peacetime. This is serious and important—a time of extraordinary powers and political deference, of sacrifice and national purpose.
Increasingly, these distinctions – war and peace, civilian
and combatant, terror and crime --- have come to be written in legal
terms. And they are coming
unglued. War and peace are far more
continuous with one another than our rhetorical habits would suggest. Should we have responded to September 11 as
an attack—or as a terrible crime? Are the prisoners at
This afternoon, I'd like to step back from these immediate controversies, to explore three ideas.
First, modern war as a legal institution. Law has crept into the war machine. The battlespace is as legally regulated as the rest of modern life. Once a bit player in military conflict, law now shapes the institutional, logistical and physical landscape of war. No longer standing outside judging and channeling the use of force, law has infiltrated the military profession, and become -- for parties on all sides of even the most asymmetric confrontations -- a political and ethical vocabulary for marking legitimate power and justifiable death.
Second, the surprising fluidity of modern law. International law is no longer an affair of clear rules and sharp distinctions. Law today rarely speaks clearly, or with a single voice. Its influence is subtle, its rules plural. Legality is almost always a matter or more or less – and legal legitimacy is in the eye of the beholder. Indeed, as law became an ever more important yardstick for legitimacy, legal categories became far too spongy to permit clear resolution of the most important questions – or became spongy enough to undergird the experience of self-confident outrage by parties on all sides of a conflict.
And third, I'd like to explore the opportunities and dangers opened up by this strange partnership of modern war and modern law. There are new strategic possibilities for both military professionals and for humanitarians seeking to limit the violence of warfare. When things go well, law can provide a framework for talking across cultures about the justice and efficacy of wartime violence. More often, I am afraid, the modern partnership of war and law leaves all parties feeling their cause is just and no one feeling responsible for the deaths and suffering of war. Good legal arguments can make people lose their moral compass and sense of responsibility for the violence of war
I. So, first, modern war as a legal institution
It is now a commonplace to observe that the Second World War —a "total" war, in which the great powers mobilized vast armies and applied the full industrial and economic resources of their nation to the defeat and occupation of enemy states— is no longer the prototype. Experts differ about what is most significant in the wars that have followed.
Wars are rarely fought between equivalent nations or coalitions of great industrial powers. They occur at the peripheries of the world system, among foes with wildly different institutional, economic, and military capacities. The military trains for tasks far from conventional combat: local diplomacy, intelligence gathering, humanitarian reconstruction, urban policing, or managing the routine tasks of local government. It is ever less clear where the war begins and ends—or which activities are combat, which "peacebuilding."
are dispersed and decisive engagement is rare.
Law no longer stands outside conflict, marking its boundaries or limiting its means. Military operations take place against a complex tapestry of local and national rules. Laws shape the institutional, logistical --- even physical --- landscape on which military operations occur. International law has become the metric for debating the legitimacy of military action. And in all these ways, law now shapes the politics of war.
War is a legal institution first because it has become a professional practice. Today's military is linked to the nation's commercial life, integrated with civilian and peacetime governmental institutions, and covered by the same national and international media. Officers discipline their force and organize their operations with rules.
Some years ago, before the current
war in
War is a complex organizational endeavor, whose management places law at the center of military operations. Law structures logistics, command and control, and the interface with all the institutions, public and private, that must be coordinated for military operations to succeed. At least in principle, no ship moves, no weapon is fired, no target selected without review for compliance with regulation. This is less the mark of a military gone soft, than the indication that there is simply no other way to make modern warfare work, internally or externally. Warfare has become rule and regulation.
Mobilizing "the military" means setting thousands of units forth in a coordinated way. Branches of the military must be coordinated. Other departments must be engaged. Public and private actors must be harnessed to common action. Coalition partners must be brought into a common endeavor. Delicate political arrangements and sensibilities must be translated into practical limits – and authorizations – for using force.
back to the negotiations last summer over the UN force in
Operating across dozens of
jurisdictions, today's military must comply with innumerable local, national,
and international rules regulating the use of territory, the mobilization of
men, the financing of arms and logistics and the deployment of force. If you want to screen banking data in
Baron de Jomini famously defined strategy as "the art of making war upon the map." Maps are not only representations of physical terrain – they are also legal constructs. Maps of powers, jurisdictions, liabilities, rights and duties.
Law is perhaps most visibly part of military life when it privileges the killing and destruction of battle. If you kill this way, and not that, here and not there, these people and not those – what you do is privileged. If not, it is criminal. And the war must itself be legal. Domestically, that means within the President's constitutional authority as Commander in Chief. Internationally, it means in compliance with the UN Charter and not waged for a forbidden purpose, like "aggression" or "genocide."
Lawyers have long known that using law is also to invoke violence – the violence that stands behind legal authority. But the reverse is also true. To use violence is to invoke the law, the law that stands behind war, legitimating and permitting violence.
Battlefield conduct is disciplined by rules: kill soldiers, not civilians, respect the rights of neutrals. Do not use forbidden weapons. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes." Behind the rules stand general principles – no "unnecessary" damage, any killing or injury must be "proportional" to the military objective, defend yourself. Together, these principles have become a global vernacular for assessing the legitimacy of war, down to the tactics of particular battles. Was the use of force "necessary" and "proportional" to the military objective—were the civilian deaths truly "collateral?" Military lawyers today are often forward deployed with the troops poring over planned targets.
The vocabulary legitimate targeting and proportionate violence has been internalized by the military. Not every soldier—not every commander—follows the rules. But this is less surprising than the fact that people on all sides discuss the legitimacy of battlefield violence in similar legal terms.
This common vernacular has also leached into our political life. If war remains, as Clausewitz taught us, the continuation of politics by other means, the politics continued by warfare today has itself been legalized. The sovereign no longer stands alone, deciding the fate of empire – he stands rather atop a complex bureaucracy, exercising powers delegated by a constitution, and shared out with myriad agencies, bureaucracies and private actors, knit together in complex networks that spread across borders. Even in the most powerful and well-integrated states, power today lies in the capillaries of social and economic life.
To say that the Pentagon reports to the
President as Commander in Chief is a plausible, if oversimplified description
of the organizational chart. But it is not
a good description of
Political leaders
today act in the shadow of a knowledgeable, demanding, engaged and
institutionally entrenched national and global elite. As a result, expert consensus can and does
influence the politics of war – consensus, for example, that
Law has become the common
vernacular of this dispersed elite, even as they argue
about just what the law permits and forbids.
This is what has led opponents of the
So much for war as a legal institution.
Before considering the opportunities – and dangers – opened up by the legalization of war, we need to understand two aspects of modern law: its antiformalism and its pluralism.
First, antiformalism.
Two hundred years ago, international law was rooted in ethics – to think about the law of war was to meditate on considerations of right reason and natural justice. One hundred years ago, law had become far more a matter of formal rules, de-linked from morality and rooted in sovereign will. At the end of the nineteenth century, law was proud of its disconnection from political, economic --- and military --- reality.
Law stood outside the institutions it regulated, offering a framework of sharp distinctions and formal boundaries. War and peace were legally distinct, separated by a formal "declaration of war." For their killing to be privileged, warriors would need to be identifiable and stay on the battlefield. Protected persons, would need to stay outside the domain of combat.
In this spirit, lawyers wrote rules
distinguishing combatants from non-combatants, belligerents from neutrals. As late as 1941, it seemed natural for the
Humanitarian voices supported the legal separation of war and peace, and often continue to insist on the sharp distinction between civilian and combatant. Just as they emphasize the ethical and legal distinctiveness of warfare. For good or ill, this approach is simply no longer realistic. Warfare has changed, law has changed, and humanitarians have developed new tactics.
For the humanitarian, doubt about an external strategy, sharply distinguishing the virtues of peace from the violence of war often begins when we recognize how easily moral clarity calls forth violence and justifies warfare, just as war can strengthen moral determination. Indeed, there seems to be some kind of feedback loop between our ethical convictions and our use of force. Great moral claims grow stronger when men and women kill and die in their name, and it is a rare military campaign today that is not launched for some humanitarian purpose.
Ethical denunciation gets us into things on which we are not able to follow
through --- triggering intervention in
We know that formal rules can often get taken too far. Is it sensible, for example, to clear the cave with a firebomb because tear gas, lawful when policing, is unlawful in "combat?" Absolute rules lead us to imagine we know what violence is just, what unjust, always and for everyone. But justice is not like that. It must be imagined, built by people, struggled for, redefined, in each conflict in new ways. Justice requires leadership – on the battlefield and off.
For all these reasons, humanitarians also tried to get inside the thinking of the military profession. The International Committee of the Red Cross has always prided itself on its pragmatic relationship with military professionals. It is not unusual to hear military lawyers speak of the ICRC lawyers as their "partners" in codification – and compliance – and vice versa. They attend the same conferences, and speak the same language – even when they differ on this or that detail. As external expressions of virtue became internal expressions of professional discipline, formal distinctions gave way to more flexible and pragmatic standards of judgment.
ICRC lawyers worked with the military to codify rules the military could live with – wanted to live with. No exploding bullets. Respect for ambulances and medical personnel dressed like this, and so forth. Of course, this reliance on military acquiescence limited what could be achieved --- military leaders outlaw weapons which they no longer need, which they feel will be potent tools only for their adversaries, or against which defense would be too expensive or difficult. Moreover, narrowly drawn rules permit a great deal --- and legitimate what is permitted.
As a result, the detailed rules of
This did not happen in a vacuum – it was part of a widespread loss of faith in the formal distinctions of classical legal thought – in the wisdom, as well as the plausibility, of separating law sharply from politics, or private right sharply from public power. Indeed, the modern law of force represents a triumph for grasping the nettle of costs and benefits and infiltrating the background decision-making of those whom it would bend to humanitarian ends. The result was a new, modern law in war.
In this new framework, humanitarians often try to expand the scope of narrow rules by speaking of them in the broad language of principles. Military professionals have done the same thing for other reasons -- to ease training through simplification, to emphasize the importance of judgment by soldiers and commanders, or simply to cover situations not included under the formal rules with a consistent practice. For example, a standard Canadian military manual instructs that the "spirit and principles" of the international law of armed conflict apply to non-international conflicts not covered by the terms of the agreed rules.
It is not just that rules have become principles – we as often find the reverse. Military lawyers turn broad principles and nuanced judgments into simple bright line rules of engagement for soldiers in combat. Humanitarians comb military handbooks and government statements of principle promulgated for all sorts of purposes, to distill "rules" of customary international law. The ICRC's recent three volume restatement of the customary law of armed conflict is a monumental work of advocacy of just this type.
Law's century long revolt against formalism has been successful. More than the sum of the rules, law has become a vocabulary for political judgment, action, and communication. At the same time, however, the modern law of armed conflict has become a confusing mix of distinctions that can melt into air when we press on them too firmly. "War" has become "self-defense," "hostilities," "the use of force," "resort to arms," "police action," "peace enforcement," "peace-making," "peace-keeping." It is hard to be remember which is which -- like "chop," "whip," "blend" on the kitchen Quisinart.
Ours is a law of firm rules and loose exceptions, of foundational principles and counter-principles. Indeed, law now offers the rhetorical – and doctrinal -- tools to make and unmake the distinction between war and peace. As a result, the boundaries of war can now be managed strategically.
Take the difficult question – when does war end? The answer is not to be found in law or fact – but in strategy. Declaring the end of hostilities might be a matter of election theater or military assessment. Just like announcing that there remains "a long way to go," or that the "insurgency is in its final throes." We should understand these statements as arguments. As messages – but also as weapons. Law – legal categorization – is a communication tool. And communicating the war is fighting the war.
This is a war, this is an occupation, this is a police action, this is a security zone. These are insurgents, those are criminals, these are illegal combatants, and so on. All these are claims with audiences, made for a reason. Increasingly, defining the battlefield is not only a matter of deployed force – but it is also a rhetorical and legal claim.
Law provides a vernacular for
making such claims about a battlespace in which all
these things are mixed up together.
Troops in the same city are fighting and policing and building
schools. Restoring water is part of
winning the war -- the continuation of combat by other means. Private actors are everywhere -- insurgents
who melt into the mosque, armed soldiers who turn out to work for private
contractors. Freedom fighters dressed
as refugees, special forces operatives dressing like
natives, private contractors dressing like Arnold Schwarzenegger, and all the
civilians running the complex technology and logistical chains "behind" modern
warfare. Who is calling the shots? At one point apparently the Swiss company
backing up life insurance contracts for private convoy drivers in
In the confusion, we want to insist on a bright line. For the military, after all, defining the battlefield defines the privilege to kill. But aid agencies also want the guys digging the wells to be seen as humanitarians, not post-conflict combatants – privileged not to be killed. Defining the not-battlefield opens a "space" for humanitarian action.
When we use the law strategically,
we change it. The Red Cross changes
it. Al Jazeera
changes it. CNN changes it --- and the
As a result, strange as it may seem, there are now more than one laws
of armed conflict. Different nations –
even in the same coalition – will have signed onto different treaties. The same standards look different if you
anticipate battle against a technologically superior foe – or live in a
Palestinian refugee camp in
In the
On the international stage, there is only the Court of World Public
Opinion. As a lawyer, advising the military about the law of war means making a
prediction about how people with the power to influence our success will
interpret the legitimacy of our plans.
What will our allies or our own citizenry say? If we will need the cooperation of citizens
It is easy to understand the virtues of a powerful legal vocabulary, shared by elites around the world, for judging the violence of warfare. It is exciting to see law become the mark of legitimacy as legitimacy has become the currency of power.
It is more difficult to see the opportunities this opens for the military professional to harness law as a weapon, or to understand the dark sides of war by law. But the humanist vocabulary of international law is routinely mobilized by as a strategic asset in war. The American military have coined a word for this: "lawfare¨ ---- law as a weapon, law as a tactical ally, law as a strategic asset, an instrument of war.
Law can often accomplish what we
might once have done with bombs and missiles: seize and secure territory, send
messages about resolve and political seriousness, even
break the will of a political opponent.
When the military buys up
commercial satellite capacity to deny it to an adversary – contract is their
weapon. They could presumably have
denied their adversary access to those pictures in many ways. When the
It is not only the use of force that can do these things. Threats can sometimes work. And law often marks the line between what counts as the routine exercise of one's prerogative and a threat to cross that line and exact a penalty.
This will take some getting used to. How should we feel when the military "legally conditions the battlefield" by informing the public that they are entitled to kill civilians, or when our political leadership justifies warfare in the language of human rights?
We need to remember what it means to say that compliance with international law "legitimates." It means, of course, that killing, maiming, humiliating, wounding people is legally privileged, authorized, permitted, and justified.
In 1996, I traveled to
Most importantly, we insisted, humanitarian law will make your military more effective -- something you can sustain and proudly stand behind. There is something chilling here --- what does it mean to build a culture of violence one can "proudly stand behind?"
When we broke into small groups for simulated exercises, a regional commander asked "when you capture some guerrillas, isn't it better to place a guy's head on a stake for deterrence?" Well, no, we patiently explained --- this will strengthen the hostility of villagers to your troops --- and imagine what would happen if CNN were nearby. They all laughed --- of course, we would be sure to keep the press away. Ah, we said, but this is no longer possible.
If you want to play on the international stage, you need to be ready to have CNN constantly by your side. You must place an imaginary CNN webcam on your helmet, or, better, just over your shoulder. Not because force must be limited and not because CNN might show up -- but because only force which can imagine itself to be seen can be enduring. An act of violence one can disclose and be proud of is ultimately stronger, more, legitimate. Indeed, we might imagine calculating a CNN-effect, in which the additional opprobrium resulting from civilian deaths, discounted by the probability of it becoming known to relevant audiences, multiplied by the ability of that audience to hinder the continued prosecution of the war, will need to be added to the probable costs of the strike in calculating its proportionality and necessity – as well as its tactical value and strategic consequences.
Law reminds the military professional of the landscape, and of the views, powers and vulnerabilities of all those who might influence the space of battle. Law frames the strategic question this way: who, understanding the law in what way, will be able to do what to affect our ongoing efforts? How, using what mix of behavior and assertion, can we transform the strategic situation to our advantage? These questions cannot be answered by a code of conduct. They require a complex social analysis of the dynamic interaction between ideas about the law and strategic objectives.
Savvy clients do not treat the law as static – they influence it. They forum shop. They structure their transactions to place income here, risks there. They internalize national regulations to shield themselves from liability. They lobby, they bargain for exceptions. Like businessmen, military planners routinely use the legal maps proactively to shape operations. When fighter jets scoot along a coastline, build to a package over friendly territory before crossing into hostile airspace, they are using the law strategically – as a shield, marker of safe and unsafe.
We know that corporations often lobby hard to be regulated. The food and drug industry wants federal safety standards --- to legitimate their products, defend against price competition from start-ups who do not invest in long term brand reputation, and to shield themselves from liability. They want to be able to claim – we complied with all applicable legal regulations, and if you died anyway, it is not our responsibility. Sometime parallel goes on for the military.
The role of American lawyers assessing the Bush administration's approach to the treatment of detainees illustrates the difficulties. I confess I shuddered when I read the legal memoranda provided to our civilian and military leadership by the lawyers at the justice department. However tightly reasoned their conclusions, this was legal advice tone deaf to consequences and strategic possibilities. The inattention to reaction, persuasion, strategy and to the world of legal pluralism and asymmetric warfare was astonishing. Our best legal minds had analyzed the legality of the President's proposed course of action as if this were something one could look up in a text and interpret with confidence. But we know that what can be done with words on paper can but rarely be done in the world of real politics and war. Politics and warfare are an altogether different medium for writing. It is altogether the legal advisor's task to assess risks and reactions.
In the meantime, we have all learned how to argue for a stricter reading of international law. "Common Article 3" of the Geneva Conventions has been all over the news. We hear arguments for a stricter reading rooted in ethics, in the practicalities of interrogation, in the requirements of an effective public diplomacy. Were I the judge, I have no doubt how I'd rule – but in the international system there is no judge. Or we are all judges. In such a world, I hope the President's counsel considered the impact on discipline in our own forces of announcing so permissive an interpretation of what might be done in secret, off the map. Or the effect on our enemies, our allies, ourselves, of insisting so doggedly on our prerogatives. How did our assertions communicate American power?
Of course people will be detained and interrogated in war. That there might be those on the battlefield who were neither privileged enemy combatants nor protected civilians has long been recognized. But what was our strategy in marking these detainees with a neologism --- illegal combatant – flagging what we were doing as exceptional, extraordinary, new? Was it sensible to place such diverse detainees in a common legal status? Could our lawyers have helped us build a bridge between the criminal justice system and warfare – rather than a wall separating this conflict from the resources and habitual practices of each? Might they have used the problems of detention and interrogation to link offense abroad with defense at home – rather than stressing the sui generis nature of all that we do?
The best corporate lawyers help their clients look forward to the next step – when we have gotten you into this deal, how will we get you out? What will happen when it goes wrong – what if the regulators don´t buy it, what if the rules change, what if the business climate changes and you change your own mind about what to do?
Did the lawyers crafting our war on terror worry about how we would unbuild
I'm afraid they worried more about establishing principles of authority and limits to legality than about the war their client was starting to fight. They strategized for the law – and for their ideas and legal theories about the President's authority -- but not for the nation. Of course, maybe they told their client what he wanted to hear – and perhaps he has offered the American public the war they wanted to fight. But we know that statesmen – and military commanders – can find themselves trapped in a bubble. So do businessmen.
A parallel process has eroded the firewall between civilian and military targets --- it is but a short step to what the military terms "effects based targeting." And why shouldn't military operations be judged by their effects, rather than by their adherence to narrow rules that might well have all manner of perverse and unpredictable outcomes?
Indeed, I was struck during the NATO bombardment of
You may remember Major General James Mattis, poised to invade Falluja, concluding his demand that the insurgents stand down with these words:
"We will always be humanitarian in all our efforts. We will fight the enemy on our terms. May God help them when we're done with them."
I know I shivered at his juxtaposition of humanitarian claims and blunt threats.
We need to understand how this sounds – particularly when the law of armed conflict has so often been a vocabulary used by the rich to judge the poor. When the Iraqi insurgent quoted on the same page of the New York Times as Mattis threatened to decapitate civilian hostages if the coalition forces did not withdraw, he was also threatening innocent civilian death --- less of it actually --- but without the humanitarian promise. And, of course, he also made me shiver.
When the poor deviate from the best military practices of the rich, it is tempting to treat their entire campaign as illegitimate. But before we jump to the legitimacy of their cause, how should we evaluate the strategic use of perfidy by every outgunned insurgency battling a modern occupation army? That evaluation forces us to encounter the different ways these statements are received by all the publics with the capacity to influence the military operations.
From an "effects-based" perspective, perfidious attacks on our military – from mosques, by insurgents dressing as civilians or using human shields – may have more humanitarian consequences than any number of alternative tactics the insurgents may have used. Perhaps more importantly, they are very likely to be interpreted by many as reasonable responses by a massively outgunned, but legitimate force. Indeed, even our own troops typically respond in at least two registers. In the first, it is all perfidy – the insurgents are barely recognizable as human, understand only force, know no boundaries. But we also find a common recognition that, as one soldier put it "what would I do if this were my town? How would I fight – probably just as they are now."
I am often asked how today's wars can be seen
as "legal" when our opponents, the terrorists, respect no laws at all. Of course, the role law will play in our own
campaign will be a function of our own values and our own strategy. But the surprising thing is the extent to
which even opponents in today's asymmetric conflicts argue about tactics in a
parallel vernacular – in Lebanon, everyone was citing UN resolutions and
claiming their tactics were proportional, their opponents' perfidious. We should not be surprised to find various
Palestinian factions differentiated by their interpretation of legitimate targets
– Israeli civilians or only soldiers, in the territories or in
We will need to become more adept at operations in a world in which the image of a single dead civilian can make out a persuasive case that law has been violated – a case that trumps the most ponderous technical legal defense. At the same time, the legitimacy of wartime violence is all mixed up with the legitimacy of the war itself. If the use of force is to be proportional --- more force for more important objectives – it seems reasonable to think there would be a sliding scale for more and less important wars. Wars for national survival, wars to stop genocide --- shouldn't they legitimate more than run of the mill efforts to enforce UN resolutions? There can be something perverse here – harsher tactics more legitimate in more "humanitarian" campaigns.
It is in this atmosphere that discipline has broken down in every asymmetric struggle, when neither clear rules nor broad standards of judgment seem adequate to moor one's ethical sense of responsibility and empowerment.
In self-defense, we grant the most permissive rules of engagement. You hear about navy pilots briefed on all the technical rules of engagement, and then sent off with the empowering and permissive words "just don't get killed out there – defend yourselves, do what's necessary." At the same time, all sides assess their adversaries by the strictest standards.
Technological asymmetry and legal pluralism leave everyone uncertain what, if any, rules apply their own situation. Everyone has a CNN camera on their shoulder – but who is watching -- the enemy, the civilians, your family at home, your commanding officer, your buddies?
Soldiers, civilians, media commentators,
politicians, all begin to lose their ethical moorings. We can surely see that it will be hard for
any Iraqi – or Lebanese – mother to feel it was necessary and proportional to
kill her son. "Why," she might well
demand to know, "when
In the early days of the
There is no avoiding decisions of this type in warfare. The difficulty arises when humanitarian law transforms decisions about whom to kill into judgments. When it encourages us to think the chick's death resulted not from an exercise of human freedom, for which a moral being is responsible, but rather from the abstract operation of professional principles.
We know there are clear cases both ways – destroying the village to save it, or minor accidental damage en route to victory – but we also know that the principles are most significant in the great run of situations that fall in between. What does it mean to pretend these decisions are principled judgments? It can mean a loss of the experience of responsibility – command responsibility, ethical responsibility, political responsibility.
I was struck that Iraq war reporting was filled with anecdotes about soldiers overcome by remorse at having slaughtered civilians --- and being counseled back to duty by their officers, their chaplains, their mental health professionals, who explained that what they had done was necessary, proportional, and therefore just.
Of course, if you ask leading humanitarian law experts how many civilians you can kill for this or that, you will also not get an answer. Rather than saying "it's a judgment call," however, they are likely to say something like "you just can't target civilians" --- thereby refusing to engage in the pragmatic assessments necessary to make that rule applicable in combat. In psychological terms, it is hard to avoid interpreting this pragmatism-promised-but-not-delivered as anything other than denial. A collaborative denial --- by humanitarians and military lawyers --- of their responsibility for the decisions inherent in war. Indeed, the greatest threat posed by the merger of law and war is loss of the human experience of moral jeopardy in the face of death, mutilation and all the other horrors of warfare. Whatever happened was legitimate, proportional, necessary. Wherever responsibility lies – it lies elsewhere. With the civilian command, with the bad apples among the troops, with the periginations of an ineffective diplomacy, or with the enemy, with the enemies of civilization itself.
Let me conclude. War has become a legal institution. Law has become a flexible strategic instrument for military and humanitarian professionals alike. As such, law may do more to legitimate than restrain violence. It may accelerate the vertigo of combat and contribute to the loss of ethical moorings for people on all sides of a conflict. We modernized the law of war to hold those who use violence politically responsible. That is why we applaud law as a global vernacular of "legitimacy."
Unfortunately, however, the experience of political responsibility for war has proved elusive. Recapturing a politics of war would mean feeling the weight of the decision to kill or let live. Most professionals flee from this experience. But citizens flee from this experience as well. We have all become adept in the language of war and law. We all yearn for the reassurance of an external judgment --- by political leaders, clergy, lawyers and others – that what we have gotten up to is, in fact, an ethically responsible national politics.
In a sense, the commander who offloads responsibility for warfare to the civilian leadership is no different than the foot soldier who blames the officers, the lawyer who fault the rules, or the citizen who repeats what he heard on the evening news. Clausewitz was right --- war is the continuation of political intercourse. When we make war, humanitarian and military professionals together, let us experience politics as our vocation and responsibility as our fate.
Thank you – I look forward to your comments.


text: It was kind of magic how this shoot came to be. Lauren was a bridesmaid in Kali and Jeff's wedding, which we shot last year. We were so excited when Josh and Lauren decided to book us! Josh and Lauren both live in Dallas, but are having their wedding in the Ozarks. So how did we end up in Santa Barbara for their engagement session? Well, it just worked out that they were going to be in the LA area at the same time that we were there for another job, so we made their engagement session happen in beautiful Santa Barbara! These two laughed the entire way through their session. It's obvious just how much fun they have together, and their happiness just oozes through these photographs and rubs off on the rest of us. We explored Santa Barbara together and then descended 1,000 steps to the beach just in time to catch the sunset. It was a perfect afternoon. <3


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|The Eustace Diamonds, Anthony Trollope
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Wealthy and widowed, Lizzie Eustace comes into possession of a very valuable heirloom necklace, the Eustace Diamonds. But Lizzie also possesses a penchant for lying. When the strongbox in which the diamonds are usually kept is stolen, Lizzie becomes the subject of much gossip and scandal. Eventually, a mystery is unravelled and the police discover much more than they initially expected. The truth is not always what it appears to be. First published in 1872, The Eustace Diamonds is the third in Trollope's "Palliser" series.
All-time Classic.(604 Kb)


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Vice Chancellor's Department
Educational Qualifications
Prof. Kuipa holds an Msc Degree in Chemical Engineering (with Distinction) from Ivanovo Institute of Chemical Engineering (Russia) and a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Bradford University (UK). He is a Chartered Engineer, registered with the Engineering Council (UK) and with the Engineering Council of Zimbabwe.
Work Experience
Prior to his appointment as Pro Vice Chancellor for Chinhoyi University of Technology, Prof. Kuipa was a Senior Lecturer and Dean respectively (Faculty of Industrial Technology) at the National University of Science and Technology.
Research Interest
His research interests cover: Solvent Extraction Fundamentals, Industrial Effluent Characterisation and Treatment, Membrane Extraction (Liquids) Electrical Dehydration of Water in Oil Emalsions, Beneficiation of Kaolin clays, Transesterification of oils/fats using solid catalysts to produce biodiesel and saleable glycerol. Prof. Kuipa has supervised over five M. Phil students, who have successfully completed their theses and graduated. Currently he is supervising four PhD students at Chinhoyi University of Technology. He has over twenty nine publications.
Dr Nomathemba Ndiweni (Pro Vice Chancellor)
Dr Ndiweni holds a BSc (Hons) Degree in Biochemistry (UZ)Graduate Certificate in Education (UZ), M. Phil in Biochemistry (Cambridge) and PhD in Biochemical Immunology from the University of Bristol. She also holds several certificates in Supervisory Management and Higher Education Management.
Until her recent appointment Dr Ndiweni was a Dean and Senior Lecturer at the Medical School, Division of Basic Medical Sciences at the National University of Science and Technology. Previously, she has served as a Lecturer (Veterinary Biochemistry) and Staff Development Fellow in Veterinary Biochemistry at the University of Zimbabwe. She has also sat in various Boards including : Mpilo Central Hospital Research Council of Zimbabwe and the Health Professions Authority of Zimbabwe. She is also an External Examiner for several Universities. Dr Ndiweni's research interests cover: Antioxidant status and health; Variation of vitamins A and E in various human diseases, Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in wildlife; Charaterisation of ostrich and crocodile enzymes, Metabolic regulation in trypanosomes; Regulation of transformation from the bloodstream form to the procylic trypomastigotes, Vitamins A, E/Selenium biochemistry; effects on health and productivity of cattle.
Mr Julius Tapera (Assistant to the Vice Chancellor)
Dr Vusumuzi Maphosa (ICTS Director)
The Information and Communications Technology Services (ICTS) department is the sole provider of ICT services at LSU to ensure sound administration, teaching, and research based learning. The department therefore aims to develop a network infrastructure that enables the university harness knowledge to improve its teaching and enhance its research endeavours.
The vision of the ICTS Department is to provide a facilitation role to the institution in the application of information and communication technology so that LSU is ranked among premier universities in sound teaching, research and learning.
The mission of the ICTS Department is to acquire, install, coordinate and maintain communication technology and information resources to meet the needs of the university community and its stakeholders.
In carrying out its mission, the ICTS department will always endeavour to
- Coordinate the provision of ICTS to support and drive LSU's strategic plan.
- Apply information technology to enhance, develop and accelerate provision of services that support staff and students in executing their daily work.
- Provide security and manage risks associated with the use of ICTS systems to facilitate efficient and accurate access to information
- Provide appropriate information technology training to university staff so as to improve utilization of new information and technologies.
- To continually improve the university's network infrastructure, hardware and operational information systems so that the university is abreast with other regional institutions.
Mr Z. Dhlamini (Director)
This is the information hub as well as the custodian of the corporate image of Lupane State University. The Information and Public Relations office is in the Vice Chancellor's office and its functions permeate the entire University. The core responsibilities are:
- University spokesperson
- Marketing
- Community and schools liaison
- Management of Lupane State University's corporate image
- Production of Publications and marketing materials
- Public Relations
- Fund raising and Development
- Internal and External events management
- Media Management and liaison
To create a brilliant future for Lupane State University in which both internal and external stakeholders thrive and benefit mankind, a future in which Lupane State University is the recognised leader among Universities in research based knowledge, teaching and learning.
Core Values
- Ubuntu
- Passion
- Integrity
- Customer Focused Excellence
- Continuous improvement
- Public Responsibility
Mr H.B. Ndlovu (Director)
The department is still very small both on construction management and technical staff in maintenance. The LSU Campus is still under construction but the institution is presently housed at the NRZ training centre. This department is tasked with planning any future projects, managing current projects and the general estates. The Department has four main areas of focus and responsibility:
Project Management
As a fairly new university the Campus is still very much under construction. This is the core critical function of the department. The functions here are project design, supervision and contract management. To date under this function the department has completed the university master plan, project briefs for all buildings and only one building (Faculty of Agriculture) has started construction.The construction is actually to be done in phases.Phase one consist of this Faculty, Senior Staff Houses(in part), Junior Staff Houses(in part) and the Vice-Chancellor's House.
Maintenance and Renovations
The department is responsible for maintenance of all university buildings and infrastructure. Presently the Department relays on outside contractors to do all maintenance works but will soon employ its own skilled personnel who will be available full time. These will include carpenters, electricians, plumbers etc. We will set up workshops for each trade in the future.
Facilities Management
This section is tasked with managing the available space in the university. As a campus that is still under construction, there is the perennial problem of space shortage, sharing of space, time tabling problems, demand for specialised space etc. To date this has been the greatest challenge the Department has faced more so with increase in programmes.
Transport and Vehicle Maintenance
This section of the department is tasked with acquisition and maintenance of the university fleet which will eventually comprise of a wide range of vehicles – buses, trucks, saloons, pick-ups, coaches and motor bikes. We order our own fuel and oil in bulk to save cost. We have a Transport officer who runs the fleet with drivers. The departmental establishment is still very small. It comprises the Acting Director, Clerk of Works, Site and Transport Officer,Carpenters, Senior Secretary, Drivers, and grounds staff.
The Internal Audit Section was established in April 2014 in an effort to comply with good corporate governance. The Section reports to the Vice-Chancellor administratively and functionally to the Audit and Risk Management Committee of Council. It assists the Council and the University management in discharging their governance responsibilities by:
a. Performing reviews of the University's governance processes.
b. Performing objective assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of risk management and internal controls.
c. Systematically analyzing and evaluating business processes and associated controls, and
d. Providing a source of information regarding fraud, corruption, unethical behavior and irregularities
Role of Internal Audit
The role of internal audit derive from the definition of 'Internal Auditing'. Internal auditing is defined by the Institute of Internal Auditors as, an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization's operations. This is achieved through bringing a systematic, objective and disciplined approach in the evaluating and improving the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes. From the definition two distinct activities, assurance and consulting activities, can be noticed. These activities define the role of internal auditing. International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing define Assurance activity as a 'service which involves the internal auditor's objective assessment of evidence to provide an independent conclusions regarding a process, system or other subject matter. The nature and scope is determined by the internal auditor. While consulting activity is defined by the same standard as a service which is advisory in nature generally performed at the specific request of an engagement client. The nature and scope of the engagement is subject to agreement with engagement client. The role of Lupane State University is therefore to provide the two types of services to the Council and the executive management. Assurance service is generally provided to the Council through the Audit and Risk Committee. The objective of assurance service is to assure the Council on the integrity of information, systems and governance processes while consulting service is generally performed at the specific request of the executive management. In executing its role, the internal audit is guided by a Council approved Internal Audit Charter.
The objective of Internal Auditing is to assist the Council and executive management in the effective discharge of their responsibilities. To this end, the Internal Audit function furnishes management with analyses, appraisals, recommendations, counsel, and information concerning activities reviewed. To achieve this objective, Internal Audit will have free and unrestricted access to all University functions, records, physical facilities and personnel.
Authority of Internal Audit
As stated in the Lupane State University's Internal Audit Charter, the Internal Audit function reports administratively to the Vice Chancellor and functionally to the Audit and Risk Management Committee. More detail regarding the authority of the Internal Audit Function is explained in the approved Charter.
Internal Audit is a staff function and has neither direct responsibility for, nor authority over, any of the activities reviewed. Therefore, an Internal Audit review in no way relieves management of any assigned responsibilities.
Because performance of line responsibility may compromise objectivity and independence, the Internal Audit does not perform non-audit work except under unavoidable circumstances. The Internal Audit is assigned the responsibility for carrying out an internal audit program as defined under 'Responsibility of Internal Audit' paragraph. This responsibility includes coordinating internal audit activities with external auditors and others to best achieve organisational and auditing objectives.
All requests for special (unscheduled) audits will be directed to the Chief Internal Auditor.
Responsibility of Internal Audit
while the responsibility to prevent fraud and abuse of University resources, setting up of a control framework and compliance rests with the executive management, the Internal Audit function is charged with the responsibility to:
• Evaluate the University's governance processes
• Conduct an objective assessment of the effectiveness of risk management processes and internal controls framework
• Systematically analyze and evaluate business processes and associated controls
• Assess risks of fraud, corruption, unethical behavior and other irregularities
• Report to the executive management and Audit and Risk Committee on the observed situations and recommendation thereof made.
For more information on the on the purpose, authority, and responsibility of the Internal Audit within Lupane State University, you are kindly referred to the attached approved Lupane State University Internal Audit Charter.


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Journey of a book and TravelerCategories expressions, Travel
Wonderful book called SILK. Finished reading it over a cup of coffee on a rainy Sunday evening in #Pune
As I turned pages, a traveler asked whether he can sit on my table. I nodded.
Oriental face, leather camera bag. Ordered something. Took out his camera. Started documenting the place. I went back to the pages – reading this amazing story of Herve.
A story about silk, war and Japan. A story which flows like a lively stream. A story which you cannot put on hold…
As his order came in, he arranged the paper napkin, spoon, the fork. Clicked.
We never spoke, from where he came, his life, my life. We smiled as I left the cafe.Story from the book got over. But what about story of the traveler? Who knows. The journey is on…forever!


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We're told that striving to be great and never being satisfied are necessary to meet the ever-increasing pressures and pace of today's world. It's the only route to success. There are problems with the statement- who defines great and success? Greatness and degree of success needs to be determined individually.
It is possible that you are content with the way your life is and you are happy. That is success to you. Ultimately success may be in finding happiness in your work and life as you pursue your daily venue- the precious moments of the here and the now. In short, it is okay to be where you are, and you are happy. For many, not always trying so damn hard to be great isn't just the path to being happier; it's also the path to getting better.
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Research shows that sustainable progress, in daily routines of life- diet to fitness to creativity- isn't about being consistently great; it's about being great at being consistent. It's about being good enough repeatedly.
It is simple logic. A good-enough mindset may very well be the key to being great and happy. The less you want to be happy, the happier you'll be. The less you need to perform better, the better you'll perform. It is your own life; so, define your terms.
Many will advocate that setting goals is important. Perhaps. But realistically, you must know where you are right now. Not where you could be or not where you want to be. Why, you ask?
By knowing where you are, you are addressing the thing that really needs addressing- poor mobility in life, patching up relationship or being overwhelmed at work. The essence of making progress lies in confronting and accepting where you are. With the realization of present, you can do something about it.
Earn By Helping Others Solve Money Problems
Being good is ultimate realization of being real. Don't let social media fool you with its version of rosy life for you. The digital revolution has many advantages, but in pursuit of productivity and busyness, we are witnessing rise of loneliness and decline in meaningful relationships. In the end, it is all about physical touch that adds significance to life that is now- whispers that you hear, feelings erupt through the words you hear from loved ones- the real things that matter.
Being good is being real. Being good is being you. Being good is being great.


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Welcome to the blog for the Hardcore, Black Celebrity News and all Entertainment aspects you would like
Thursday, 16 January 2014
PHOTOS - Behind The Scenes Of Maheeda's New Video - Naija Bad Girl (21+)
Below are some of the few pictures of Maheeda, the unconcerned X-rated female rapper. We hereby want to share it to our lovely readers if you haven't seen it yet.. How will you describe the music video? Miley Cyrus kind of video? I wonder what this her music video will look like, with what am seeing, Miley Cyrus hasn't done anything yet.. She should get ready for ban on YouTube and music stations.. Below is the song for the upcoming video. You can download or listen to the song. I think she is indeed a bad girl. Maheeda - Naija Bad Girl.
Watch Pictures Below
Labels: Maheeda, Naija Bad Girl, Pictures, Song
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by Dr. Cherie Carter-Scott, from "If Life is a Game, these are the Rules"
You will receive a body. You may love it or hate it, but it will be yours for the duration of your life on Earth.
You will be presented with lessons. You are enrolled in a full-time informal school called 'life.' Each day in this school you will have the opportunity to learn lessons. You may like the lessons or hate them, but you have designed them as part of your curriculum.
There are no mistakes, only lessons. Growth is a process of experimentation, a series of trials, errors, and occasional victories. The failed experiments are as much a part of the process as the experiments that work.
A lesson is repeated until learned. Lessons will be repeated to you in various forms until you have learned them. When you have learned them, you can then go on to the next lesson.
Learning does not end. There is no part of life that does not contain lessons. If you are alive, there are lessons to be learned.
'There' is no better than 'here'. When your 'there' has become a 'here,' you will simply obtain a 'there' that will look better to you than your present 'here'.
Others are only mirrors of you. You cannot love or hate something about another person unless it reflects something you love or hate about yourself.
What you make of your life is up to you. You have all the tools and resources you need. What you do with them is up to you.
Your answers lie inside of you. All you need to do is look, listen, and trust.
You will forget all of this.


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Hi all,
If you have Multifactor Authentication configured on Office 365, when you want to use Outlook or Skype for business client, user need to insert that password and not his corporate password to use it.
Below I show you how to obtain App Password.
Log in O365 with your corporate user account and push on Settings -> Office 365.
Push on Security and privacy section -> Additional Security Check
Push on Update the phone numbers you use for account security.
On the new window, go to App Password section and push on Create button.
On the windows indicate a reference and push on Next.
Will appear the App Password. Copy it an push on close button.
Whe ypou configure an Outlook profile or want to access to Skype for business, paste that App Password.


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Quarter-Finals qualification pressure
The final round of fixtures in the group stage of the Senior Football Championship are down for decision this weekend and the pressure is on a number of clubs in the quest to qualify for the quarter-finals.
Just three teams - Killoe, Mullinalaghta and Colmcille - are guaranteed a place in the last eight so it will be interesting to see how they approach the next games, particularly as there is nothing at stake for them apart from hampering the momentum gained from winning their first two matches.
Killoe will be strongly fancied to beat Ballymahon, regardless whether they rest some players, while the indications are that Clonguish will overcome Colmcille in the opening game of the weekend action (Friday in Ballinalee) on the back of a fine win over Slashers in the previous round. Dromard produced a disappointing display in their surprise defeat against Abbeylara in Round 2 and will be going all out to make amends against Mullinalaghta, knowing that a win will put them through to the quarter-finals.
Fr. Manning Gaels will also advance to the knock-out stages, providing they manage to get the better of Mostrim, but a tight contest could be in prospect here as the Edgeworthstown outfit could still end up in a play-off situation if they can succeed in scoring their first win in the current championship campaign.
That same situation applies to another of the pointless teams, Granard, who look absolutely certain to win against a poor Ardagh side who are struggling so badly in the senior grade this season.
The remaining game in Round 3 this weekend is unquestionably the most intriguing and attractive fixture - the meeting of Longford Slashers and Abbeylara at the Dromard grounds on Saturday evening (throw-in 8pm).
With a win and a defeat apiece, the eventual losers here will be sweating it out to see if they are thrown a lifeline via a play-off and thus there will be a lot of tension in a match that could end up in a draw - a result that would be good enough to get both teams through to the quarter-finals if Ballymahon are beaten by Killoe.
Clonguish v Colmcille
Prediction: Clonguish
Abbeylara v
Longford Slashers
Prediction: Slashers
Fr. Manning Gaels v Mostrim
Prediction: Gaels
Ballymahon v Killoe
Prediction: Killoe
Ardagh v Granard
Prediction: Granard
Dromard v Mullinalaghta
Prediction: Dromard
Check GAA Fixtures on page 77 for dates, venues and throw-in times


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JUNE 16, 2004 - FPA Structural Committee Presentation Document No. FPA-SC-01, "Foundation Design Options for Residential and Other Low-Rise Buildings on Expansive Soils"
Speaker: Michael Skoller, P.E., National Structural Engineering, FPA Treasurer, SC-01 Subcommittee Co-Chair
Michael Skoller, P.E. of National Structural Engineering and co-chair of subcommittee no. FPA-SC-01 presented his subcommittee's paper entitled "Foundation Design Options for Residential and Other Low-Rise Buildings on Expansive Soils."
Mr. Skoller is a past FPA president and current FPA treasurer. He is the interim chair of the FPA Geotechnical Committee and has earned a BSCE degree from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1976. As a member of the FPA Structural Committee and together with fellow Structural Committee member George Wozny, P.E., Mr. Skoller co-chaired the paper that he presented to an audience of about 65.
The presented paper comprehensively compares many aspects of locally common foundation designs, giving pros and cons for each, while attempting to standardize their names. The paper also compares common foundation components such as deep footings, reinforcing types, vapor retarders, void systems, and grade-beam-to-pier connections. In addition, various site design options are compared, including moisture control systems, vegetation control systems and tree selection.
The paper is 42 pages long and full of detailed tables populated with pros and cons for the various foundation systems and components. Because of the size of the document, the presentation did not cover the actual pros and cons, only the table headings.
A total of thirteen (13) Stuctural Committee members sat on the ad hoc subcommittee that was in session 4.5 years to produce this paper. Revision Y of the paper was presented to the audience. This paper has been peer-reviewed by the FPA and, after incorporating comments by the audience, it was published on the FPA website as Revision 0. To download a copy of the final paper click here