text:
- Research article
- Open Access
Structural analysis of the evolution of steroid specificity in the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors
- Michael E Baker1Email author,
- Charlie Chandsawangbhuwana1 and
- Noah Ollikainen1
© Baker et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007
- Received: 08 March 2006
- Accepted: 16 February 2007
- Published: 16 February 2007
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) evolved from a common ancestor. Still not completely understood is how specificity for glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone) evolved in these receptors.
Our analysis of several vertebrate GRs and MRs in the context of 3D structures of human GR and MR indicates that with the exception of skate GR, a cartilaginous fish, there is a deletion in all GRs, at the position corresponding to Ser-949 in human MR. This deletion occurs in a loop before helix 12, which contains the activation function 2 (AF2) domain, which binds coactivator proteins and influences transcriptional activity of steroids. Unexpectedly, we find that His-950 in human MR, which is conserved in the MR in chimpanzee, orangutan and macaque, is glutamine in all teleost and land vertebrate MRs, including New World monkeys and prosimians.
Evolution of differences in the responses of the GR and MR to corticosteroids involved deletion in the GR of a residue corresponding to Ser-949 in human MR. A mutation corresponding to His-950 in human MR may have been important in physiological changes associated with emergence of Old World monkeys from prosimians.
- Cortisol
- Androgen Receptor
- Progesterone Receptor
- Aldosterone
- Corticosterone
The evolution of adrenal and sex steroid signaling has become better understood due to the sequencing of the genes of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), GR, MR and progesterone receptor (PR) from mammals, amphibia and fish [1–4]. These steroid receptors belong to the nuclear receptor family, a large and diverse family of transcription factors [5]. Sequence analysis of the steroid-binding domains of adrenal and sex steroid receptors reveals that they form a clade that is distinct from other nuclear receptors. The ER is on one branch; the AR, PR, GR and MR, which bind 3-ketosteroids, cluster in another group [3, 5, 6].
The initial cloning of the MR revealed that its sequence is close to that of the GR [7]. The human GR and MR are about 56% identical in the steroid-binding domain. Moreover, analyses of steroid binding to the MR revealed that cortisol and corticosterone, two glucocorticoids, and aldosterone, the normal physiological mineralocorticoid in mammals, have a similar high affinity for the MR [7–10]. Together these data have led to a consensus that the GR and MR diverged from a common ancestor through gene duplication and divergence [2, 3, 5]. Recent studies by Bridgham et al. [11] show that the MR is ancestral to the GR.
Still not completely understood is the evolution of steroid specificity in the MR and GR and, in particular, differences between the binding and transcriptional activity of various steroids for the MR. That is, the MR binds progesterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), corticosterone, cortisol and aldosterone with a similar high affinity, but only DOC and aldosterone are full agonists of the MR [7–9]. Corticosterone and cortisol have lower transcriptional activity, and progesterone is a mineralocorticoid antagonist.
To investigate these questions, we analyzed the evolution of amino acids at sites that are important in steroid selectivity of vertebrate GRs and MRs in the context of the 3D structures of human GR and MR [12–15]. Our analysis identifies a conserved serine in the MR corresponding to Ser-949 in human MR that is deleted in almost all GRs. This serine is in a loop in the MR that interacts with the D ring in steroids [13–15] and also is close to the AF2-binding domain. This leads us to propose that deletion of this serine was important in evolution of specificity for different corticosteroids in the GR and MR.
Here we also report an unexpected outcome from our sequence analyses: human, chimpanzee, orangutan and macaque MR contain a histidine (His-950 in human MR) that has been absolutely conserved as a glutamine residue in the MR in other mammals including prosimians and New World monkeys, as well as other land vertebrates and fish. Like Ser-949, the Q950H mutation is in a loop that influences the binding of steroids and coactivators [13, 16]. The Q950H mutation could alter responses mediated by the MR during the evolution of Old World primates about 35 million years ago, when they and New World monkeys separated from a common ancestor [17].
A unique single amino acid deletion in the GR
Figure 2 also shows that Ser-949 in human MR is highly conserved. With the exception of tree shrew MR, the other MRs contain a serine at this position. Lamprey CR contains a threonine, which is a conservative replacement of serine. The presence of serine and threonine at this site in hagfish CR and lamprey CR, respectively, is especially important because lamprey and hagfish are jawless fishes at the base of the vertebrate line. Indeed, Bridgham et al. [11] predicted that the ancestral CR has this serine.
Asp-742 in human GR aligns with Ala-951 in human MR. However, Asp-742 in the GR appears to have some of the stabilizing interactions of Ser-949 in the MR [Figure 5]. There are numerous hydrogen bonds between the backbone oxygen and nitrogen of Asp-742 and those on nearby residues. An important difference between Asp-742 and Ser-949 is that Oδ2 on Asp-742 interacts with Oγ1 on Thr-744.
A unique mutation in human, chimpanzee, orangutan and macaque MR
Human, chimpanzee, orangutan and macaque MR contain His-950 [Figure 2], instead of glutamine as found in the MR in New World monkeys, prosimians and other available MRs. Moreover, lamprey CR and the proposed ancestral CR [11] have a glutamine; hagfish CR has a glutamic acid at this site. These data indicate the mutation from glutamine to histidine occurred relatively late in the evolution of the MR.
Interestingly, human AR has a corresponding His-885, which is found in mammalian AR but not in amphibian AR, which has a glutamine at this position [data not shown]. As seen in Figure 3, MR His-950, PR Arg-899, GR Lys-743 and AR His 885 are oriented away from the steroid binding site and are in a position to interact with other proteins.
The MR is ancestral to the GR [11, 22]. This pathway for the divergence of the MR and GR from a common ancestor provides a context for examining data on single and double mutations that change the activation of the GR and MR by various steroids [11, 15, 23, 24] and analyses of functionally important sites in the GR and MR [Figures 3 and 4] in order to understand the evolution of transcriptional specificity for corticosteroids in the MR and GR.
Role of helix 3 and helix 5 in MR steroid specificity
One of the most exciting discoveries from a clinical and evolutionary perspective was the identification of a human MR with a S810L mutation, in which progesterone is mineralocorticoid agonist instead of an antagonist [23]. At a concentration of 1 nM, progesterone, 19-nor progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and pregnenolone significantly activate the S810L mutant MR. Geller et al. [23] constructed a 3D model of the L810 mutant MR, which indicated that its increased activity with progestins is due to a stabilizing van der Waals interaction between to Leu-810 on helix 5 and Ala-773 on helix 3. Mutations at residues 810 and 773, changed the distance between side chains and altered transcriptional activation of human MR by 19-nor-progesterone.
3D structure of human MR810L mutant complexed with progesterone revealed that Leu-810 and Ala-773 are separated by 4.25A to 4.5A, which is a weak van der Waals interaction [13, 14]. However, the 3D structure shows that Leu-810 and Ala-773 have hydrophobic interactions with the C19 methyl group on progesterone. Moreover, Leu-810 has stabilizing interactions with other amino acids in helix 3 [13, 14].
The data from Geller et al. [23], Bledsoe et al. [13] and Fagart et al. [14] show that a single mutation in the MR yields a receptor that is activated by steroids, such as progesterone and pregnenolone, which lack the C21 hydroxyl substituent. This provides a mechanism for loss of activation of an ancestral MR by progesterone.
Interestingly, later studies showed that a single mutation at the corresponding residues in helix 3 and helix 5 in the GR and PR can change activation of the GR by glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids and the PR by progestins [24].
GR activation by 17α-hydroxy-steroids
The crystal structure of human GR with dexamethasone [12] identified a small pocket containing Pro-637 and Gln-642, which was unique to the GR, and that Gln-642, interacted with the 17α-hydroxyl group on dexamethasone. Pro-637 and Gln-642 on human GR aligns with Ser-843 and Leu-848 in the human MR, which are conserved in all available MR sequences and also in lamprey, hagfish and the ancestral CR, as well as, skate GR [Figure 1]. Pro-637 and Gln-642 are conserved in the other GR sequences [Figure 1]. Bledsoe et al. noted that the hydrophobic side chain in Leu-848 in human MR would not have a favorable stabilizing interaction with the 17α-hydroxyl group on cortisol and dexamethasone.
Using the 3D structures of human MR and GR for guidance, Li et al. [15] investigated the roles of Ser-843 and Leu-848 in human MR and Pro-637 and Gln-642 in human GR in the response to cortisol and corticosterone. They mutated Ser843 and Leu848 in human MR to proline and glutamine, respectively. The mutant MR had an increased response to cortisol. They also mutated Pro-637 and Gln-642 in human GR to serine and leucine, respectively. These MR-like mutations in the GR reduced its transcriptional response to cortisol compared to that of corticosterone, which lacks a 17α-hydroxyl group. This indicated that Pro-637 and Gln-642 were important in the response of the GR to 17α-hydroxy-glucocorticoids.
Bridgham et al. [11] performed similar experiments with the proposed ancestral CR comparing the activity of aldosterone, cortisol and DOC with different mutant ancestral CRs. Bridgham et al. [11] found that a single mutation of CR Ser-106, which corresponds to human MR Ser-843 [Figure 1], to proline increased the EC50 of aldosterone from 0.23 nM to 70 nM, cortisol from 5.7 nM to >1000 nM and DOC from about 0.23 nM to about 15 nM. However, adding a second L111Q mutation to form the S106P/L111Q ancestral CR lowers the EC50 of cortisol to 72 nM. This is consistent with a stabilizing interaction between Gln-111 and the 17α-hydroxyl group on cortisol. Also, the EC50 of aldosterone for S106P/L111Q ancestral CR increases to 148 nM and that of DOC remains at about 15 nM. Thus, the CR S106P/L111Q mutant was more like the GR. The absence of Pro-106 and Gln-111 in the ancestral CR and in the corresponding residues in skate GR can explain the reduced activity of cortisol and the preference of these receptors for aldosterone and DOC. Bridgham et al. [11] proposed that specificity for glucocorticoids arose in a descendent of an elasmobranch.
An important difference between the human MR and ancestral CR is that the human L848Q MR mutant retains its activity for cortisol and only has a 10 fold loss in activity for corticosterone [15], while ancestral L111Q ancestral CR mutant loses most of its activity towards cortisol, aldosterone and DOC [11]. This indicates that although the Ser/Pro and Leu/Gln mutations are important for-specificity for 17α-hydroxy-steroids, other amino acids influence the role of Leu and Gln on the MR and GR, respectively, in this response.
A conserved serine in the MR that is deleted in the GR
We propose that a conserved serine corresponding to Ser-949 in human MR [Figures 2 and 3] also contributes to the differences in steroid specificity between the MR and GR. Vertebrate GRs, with the exception of skate GR, contain a unique deletion at the position corresponding to Ser-949 in human MR [Figures 2 and 3], which indicates that this deletion occurred in a descendent of the skate GR.
The presence of this serine in skate GR [Figure 1] is important because Bridgham et al [11] find that aldosterone and cortisol have transcriptional activity for skate GR that resembles that of human and other tetrapod MRs and differs from the steroid specificity of tetrapod GRs. The EC50 of aldosterone for skate GR is over 10-fold lower than that of cortisol [11], which is reversed in tetrapod GR [8, 9, 11, 25, 26]. We propose that deletion of Ser-282 in skate GR, which is conserved in all descendent GRs was important in the evolution of GR.
Ser-949 is in a loop that positions the AF2 domain
A role for Ser-949 in the response to steroids is reasonable because Ser-949 is at the beginning of the loop involved in positioning of the AF2 domain for productive interaction with coactivators after the receptor binds steroids [27, 28]. This loop in the MR and GR also interacts with the D ring of steroids [12–15] [Figures 4 and 5]. Binding of antagonists or partial agonists to steroid receptors prevents positioning of AF2 for optimal interaction with coactivators. Analysis of the 3D structure of the MR [13] confirms the importance of the loop between helix 11 and helix 12 in promoting optimal positioning of AF2. The 3D structure of human MR Glu-962 and GR-755 reveals that they have different orientatations [Figure 3, see Additional file 1].
Moreover, there is evidence that mutations in the loop positioning AF2 can alter transcriptional activity of the MR, even when the mutant MR retains high affinity for the steroid [16, 25, 26]. Mutagenesis studies by Hellal-Levy et al. [16] show that the loop between helix 11 and helix 12 in human MR is important in transcriptional activation by aldosterone. Aldosterone has high affinity for MR mutants K953A and V954A. However, in the presence of aldosterone, these MR mutants had little transcriptional activity and did not bind certain coactivators. Lys-953 and Val-954 have stabilizing interactions with Ser-949 [Figure 4].
Also Hultman et al. [25] showed that mutation in AF2 of a highly conserved Glu-962 to alanine in human MR altered the transcriptional activity of aldosterone and cortisol, although the binding of these two steroids to the MR was unchanged [26]. They found that aldosterone retained its activity as an agonist, although with reduced potency. In contrast, cortisol changed from a partial agonist to an antagonist [25].
Implications for the evolution of steroid specificity for MR and GR
Bridgham et al. [11] provide strong evidence that a GR with a preference for cortisol over aldosterone arose in an elasmobranch descendent that was the common ancestor of ray finned fish and land vertebrates. We propose that an important contribution to this change was a deletion corresponding to Ser-282 in skate GR, which would be expected to change the orientation of the AF2 domain in descendent GRs and affect binding to coactivators [13, 15, 22].
DOC is not metabolized by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
In land vertebrates, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2 (11β-HSD2) has an important role in aldosterone activation of the MR [35–37]. The C11-hydroxyl on aldosterone is inert to 11β-HSD2 due to the formation of a complex between the C11-hydroxyl and the C18-aldehyde. On the other hand, the C11-hydroxyl on cortisol and corticosterone is readily oxidized to a ketone, yielding cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone, which are inactive steroids. Thus, in the presence of excess cortisol or corticosterone, aldosterone can activate the MR in the distal tubule of the kidney and in other tissues that contain 11β-HSD2.
DOC lacks a C11-hydroxyl group and would not be metabolized by 11β-HSD2. In this respect, DOC resembles aldosterone. DOC and corticosterone are more active than cortisol when binding to hagfish and lamprey CR. The EC50s of DOC and corticosterone for activation of hagfish and lamprey CR [11] are at least 10-fold lower than that of cortisol. In hagfish, lamprey and skate, DOC could occupy the CR and MR in the tissues in which 11β-HSD2 was expressed, while corticosterone and cortisol would be metabolized to inactive steroids, Later, in lungfish and land vertebrates, aldosterone joined DOC as a second steroid that could regulate the mineralocorticoid response in the presence of 11β-HSD2 [4, 34].
A role for the MR in the evolution of Old World primates?
We propose that conservation of glutamine in the MR in fish and most land vertebrates including prosimians and New World monkeys at the position that corresponds to His-950 in the human MR indicates that this glutamine is important. At this time, it is not known if the Q950H mutation in Old World primates is functionally important. Supporting a function for the Q950H mutation is the different chemistry of histidine, which has a side chain with a pKa of about 7, unlike glutamine. Histidine and glutamine also differ in the spatial characteristics of their side chains. The location of His-950 and Gln-950 at the beginning of the loop that influences the position of the AF2 domain supports functional importance.
The 3D structure of the MR [13–15] shows that the His-950 side chain points away from the core of the MR [Figure 3]. This would facilitate binding to coregulator proteins, which is important because differential cellular levels of coactivators and corepressors can regulate tissue-specific actions of estrogens [38], progestins [39] and corticosterone activation of the GR and MR [40]. The Q950H mutation in the MR in Old World monkeys may have altered the interaction of the MR with one or more coregulators in specific tissues, influencing the evolution of physiological responses to aldosterone and cortisol in Old World monkeys.
It needs be noted that Hellal-Levy et al. [16] found that the H950A MR mutant is fully active in the presence of aldosterone. However, they did not study the effect of DOC, cortisol, progesterone or other steroids on the transcriptional activity of the H950A mutant or of an H950Q mutant. Nor did they study transcriptional activity in the presence of a variety of coactivators and corepressors that Li et al. [15] and Hultman et al. [25] studied. This is important because the evolution of the His-950 MR is likely to have subtle physiological effects as humans retain the MR functions found in mammals that have the Gln-950 MR. Comparative studies using wild-type and H950Q mutant human MR with various agonists, partial agonists and antagonists in the presence of different coactivators and corepressors are needed to elucidate the function of His-950.
A deletion corresponding to Ser-282 in skate GR was important in the evolution of different responses to corticosteroids by the MR and GR. DOC and progesterone or their hydroxylated derivatives are candidate steroids for activation of the ancestral CR in hagfish and lamprey. A mutation in the MR at a position corresponding to His-950 may have been important in the emergence of Old World monkeys.
The steroid-binding domains of human GR and MR were used for BLAST [41] searches of GenBank and Ensembl to extract their vertebrate orthologs and other PR AR and CR sequences. The steroid-binding domains were aligned with ClustalX [42]. 3D structures were taken from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). For our analyses, we used PDB files of the MR [PDB:2AA2], GR [PDB: 1M2Z], PR [PDB: 2A28] and AR [PDB: 1I37].
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Join us on April 22nd for the Neighborhood Assembly and Inclusive Practice Training, where you can find neighborhood groups organizing in your area or meet new people and get a NAC off the ground!
Since our last Assembly in March we have seen over 17 Neighborhood Action Councils (NACs) form in the Portland area. These groups are starting to work together to build community power across the city. NACs across Portland have been working in meaningful ways to stand in solidarity with houseless communities, work to defend against ICE raids, opposing organized white supremacist groups in the area and against gentrification at the hands of wealthy city developers.
The Assembly shall begin with an Inclusive Practice training (more details posted soon). We shall then have breakout groups for the different NACs to come together and discuss their work. We shall then have breakout groups focused on the specific skills community members have and can contribute to their NAC's organizing efforts.
Please bring food or drink donations if you can!
Map of NACs in Portland
Let's Run Rip City:
A Guide to Keep Portland Strong in the Face of Trumpism
Lets Run Rip City is a new urban vision for the city of Portland. It is a vision based on direct democracy and all the essential values that make Portland the place that it is today, In order to beat back Trumpism we must organize with bolder visions for a future society then ever before and develop a united front against the extreme right!
Please print at home if you have the means!
Detailed Schedule and Information
Detailed Schedule:
• Tabling Fair
• Inclusive Practice Training
• Neighborhood Action Committees
• Asset-focused Break-out Groups
• Social
Asset Based Break Out Groups
Come plug in your skills to the assembly:
• Art and Music
This break is intended for individuals with artistic skills and connections interested in applying those skills to movement-building. Individuals may be interested in hosting music shows, forming groups to flyer at concerts, banner-making, puppet-making/props fashion/aesthetics.
• Design
Individuals who are well-versed in any type of design including, but not limited to, graphic design, urban design, architectural design, technical design, and landscape/permacultural design.
• Technology
This is the group for sysadmins, front-end developers, infosec experts, etc, to focus on applying their skills toward community empowerment.
• Media
Individuals who are experts in content creation for the purpose of sharing our ideas, methods, and messages. This may include people skilled at film-making/video production, social media, and podcasts or community radio.
• Resources
This group is for individuals skilled or interested in building networks and programs for material support and mutual aid. Project ideas might include food distribution, resource shares, childcare programs, and alternative means of establishing health care.
• Community Self Defense
This is for individuals interested and skilled in community security, defense, and trainings of this nature.
• Actions/Neighborhood Outreach
This group is for individuals who are skilled or interested in planning direct actions, protests, and flyering campaigns. (This is an above ground organizing space. As such, no illegal actions will be discussed in the interest of security culture. For more information on security culture visit portlandassembly.com under the resources tab)
• Fundraising
For those who are interested or skilled in fundraising through canvassing, crowdfunding, organizing bakes sales and other events.
• Legal/Anti-Repression
Individuals with legal skills, folks who do movement defense and jail support versed in security culture.
• Policy
Individuals interested in developing legislative programs with a focus on building local community power.
Saturday, April 22 at 1PM
6401 SE Foster Rd, Portland, OR 97206
Buy Tickets


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Articles in All Mums, Birthday Parties and Dating Tips
Great ways of celebrating Spring with your young children
After a long winter, your children may have spring fever. You may be looking for great ways of celebrating spring with your young children. ... Read full article
What's the Big Deal? Mum
Mothers all over the world dread hearing their teenager make the comment, "Mum, what's the big deal? All my friends' parents let them." It's a saying that makes all mums cringe every time they hear it.... Read full article
How to Handle Your Toddler's Public Tantrums
You're out with your toddler. Things are going well, and suddenly your toddler is on the floor, having a tantrum. Everyone is staring at you, many with judging eyes. Some may make comments. What should you do when your toddler has a public meltdown?... Read full article
Romantic Valentine's Day Love Messages and Poems
"Roses are red; violets are blue . . ." You've heard the common poem that has almost as many endings as there are people in the world. ... Read full article
Making Valentine's Day a Year-Round Habit
Showing your significant other that you love him or her is a lovely thing, but why does it have to happen only once a year? ... Read full article
How to avoid playground politics
Playground politics are, unfortunately, a part of having children and being involved in their school and play lives. However, the mere existence of playground politics does not warrant any involvement on your part.... Read full article
What Do You Mean Father Christmas Isn't Real?
Father Christmas is a tradition that is centuries old. Many of us grew up believing in Santa Claus, and have passed on the legend to our own children. For many people, Santa is a tradition that gives Christmas its special magical quality.... Read full article
Why is my Child Angry?
Every child goes through times when they are angry. Anger is a natural part of life and children need to learn how to deal with it.... Read full article
How to Encourage Your Teen to Eat Healthily
Healthy eating habits begin when your child is a baby. Unfortunately, as they grow older, those healthy habits don't always remain. If your teen is eating more junk than you'd like, here's some tips on how to encourage your teen to eat healthy again.... Read full article


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WESTMONT, Ill. (WLS) -- Celebrate the long holiday weekend with good food, music and drinks.
The 11th Annual Westmont Lions Club Red, White & Bar-B-Q runs through Sunday, May 28 at Ty Warner Park.
New for this year's event is the appearance of the "2017 Great American Cookout Tour," which will add a twist to the BBQ competition. In addition to amateur and professional competitions, there will also be an all-ages carnival and a beer tent for adults. Admission to the Red, White & Bar-B-Q event is free.
Chris Svitak and Larry Babyar from the festival joined ABC 7 on Saturday morning with a look at what to expect.
Link: www.westmontbbq.com
Red, White & Bar-B-Q Festival
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Aerospace manufacturer Spirit AeroSystems (Wichita, Kan., USA) reports that it has been working with Spintech Ventures (Xenia, Ohio, USA) to develop a new reconfigurable tooling technology for manufacturing complex composite aircraft structures. The solution uses reformable, reusable mandrels to form complex, highly integrated composite structures, with features that are not possible with traditional tools.
In 2005, Spirit AeroSystems began collaboration with Cornerstone Research Group Inc. (CRG) and CRG's affiliate company, Spintech Ventures LLC, to refine and scale up the technology. Spintech is now offering the technology under the trade name Smart Tooling. Spirit's version of the technology, which includes enhancements to enable large, integrated, single-sided reinforced structures, is known as Inflexion.
"The degree of integration of composite structural components has been limited to date by current tooling methods," says Bill Smith, acting director of technology development at Spirit. "Inflexion breaks through this barrier by providing tooling that can change states through the layup and cure phases, allowing for extraction of the tool in spite of trapping features which would hinder current tooling methods. This enables, for example, the full integration of skins, stringers, and frames or ribs in one step."
Spintech Ventures was founded in October 2010 to commercialize exclusively licensed shape memory polymer technologies, including Smart Tooling, which had been developed by CRG. "Smart Tooling's patented technology allows composite manufacturers to significantly reduce some combination of labor, material, and capital cost, while significantly increasing production throughput in the production of composite parts with trapped features and/or complex shapes," says Craig Jennings, president of Spintech Ventures.
Editor PickBig additive machines tackle large molds
In commercial aerocomposites fabrication, molds reign supreme, but they are expensive. Large-format additive manufacturing systems are poised to make production-ready molds quickly and affordably.


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This is hard to translate into English exactly. The Latin says simply "he gives words," dat verba, which is not exactly an English idiom. So, be warned that the Latin does not say "pour" - that's just something I used in the English. Luckily the word-play of Latin verba-ventos comes through with the similar pairing of "words-winds" in English!
I picked this saying today because I thought it would be a good contrast to yesterday's proverb, Tua verba gerrae sunt, "Your words are fiddle-sticks." In other words, yesterday's proverb referred to a person who was talking but communicating nothing of substance. Today's saying refers to the opposite situation, when someone has something important to say, but he is not acccomplising anything by speaking. Instead of his words being heard by the audience, the words are instead simply poured forth onto the heedless winds and swept away.
You can find this phrase in Ovid's Amores, in a poem where the poor poet is shut outside the door of his lover's home. There is even a technical term for this type of poem in the Greco-Roman tradition: "paraklausithyron," the "standing-outside-the-door" poem. Usually this sort of poem is addressed to the door itself, but Ovid instead is speaking to the doorkeeper, the ianitor. So Ovid complains, Lentus es: an somnus, qui te male perdat, amantis / verba dat in ventos aure repulsa tua?, "You are slow - are are you asleep? A curse open you by the one who pours forth on the winds his lover's words, driven away as they are from your ears."
Another related idiom in Latin is dare verba ventis, "to give words to the winds," using the dative case, ventis, instead of the prepositional phrase in ventos. The poet Lucretius says, Tu fac ne ventis verba profundam, "It's up to you to make sure that I am not pouring forth my words to the winds." Indeed, that is a feeling every blogger, like every poet, knows well!
So, hoping there is somebody out there to listen to the words poured forth onto the digital winds, here is today's proverb read out loud:
1053. Dat verba in ventos.
The number here is the number for this proverb in
If you are reading this via RSS: The Flash audio content is not syndicated via RSS; please visit the Latin Audio Proverbs blog to listen to the audio.
Keep up with the latest posts... Subscribe by Email. I also post a daily round-up of all the Bestiaria Latina blogs: fables, proverbs, crosswords, and audio.


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Autumnal crowfoot flowers
Another observation along the edge of the White Kemp Sewer yesterday were several patches of thread-leaved water crowfoot Ranunculus trichophyllus in flower. These were seedlings that had recently germinated on exposed damp mud, grown rapidly during the recent warm weather, and managed to avoid the need to undergo an aquatic phase over winter before flowering.
This plant is distinguished from brackish water crowfoot Ranunculus baudottii as it possesses only the finely divided aquatic leaves, and relatively small flowers. Both species are common on Walland Marsh.
It looks like they are going to have to adapt to an aquatic lifestyle soon, as the recent run of warm dry weather is breaking.


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Hey everyone!
I am so excited to show you all this great product. All information is located below along with links to the product and, of course, my review. So, let's get into it.
Pink Steel Top Chest
This versatile 26-inch 3-drawer top chest by The Original Pink Box is built to last from 18-gauge steel. The powder coated finish boasts a vibrant, durable color that resists chips, scratches and wearing better than other types of painted finishes. Each drawer offers 70-pound capacity, full extension, ball bearing slides with rubber detents that help prevent them from drifting open. Matching non-slip drawer liners are included to help your items stay in place. Full length, extruded aluminum drawer pulls are sturdy and easy to grip with generous finger room. Lift struts in the lid allow for smooth and controlled motion. The locking system secures the lid and all 3 drawers at their slides with the turn of just one key. Side carrying handles make this chest portable, keeping your items close by for when you need them. Heavy-duty construction makes it appropriate anywhere, from home to the workplace.
My Thoughts
I am in love with my pink box. I bought this for my makeup collection and it works amazingly well and looks so awesome too. Each drawer pulls out perfectly smooth and slides back into place with ease and locks into place. It is the perfect pink color and overall just amazing quality. Each drawer is perfectly sized for what I want to put in them with my pallets being stored in the bottom drawer and loose makeup and in the top drawer. I bought a divider for the middle drawer and it is perfect for keeping all of my lip sticks and liners together and easy to find. Later I want to buy the rollaway cart to add to the chest and have the ultimate beauty cart. Wonderful and excellent quality to boot!
Don't forget to check out the buy now link to find out more about the product and to buy yours today.
Buy Now
Disclaimer: I purchased this product on my own. I did not receive any monetary compensation for this review and all thoughts and opinions expressed here are my own.
Stay up to date with what is going on here on Twisted Pixie Reviews.
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Help » FAQ » Photo Modification
How do I edit my photo?
There are two ways to edit photo information: individually or in bulk. Read on for instructions on how to edit photo info one at a time. You must be logged in to edit your photos.
Step 1: First, navigate to the photo you'd like to edit.
Step 2: Click on the "edit" button at the top of the photo.
Step 3: A box will pop up where you can edit or add information including your photo's title, caption, category, location and any other info. Please make your description as accurate as possible. If any of your photos are selected for digital or real-world publication, it would be best to have good information! Once the information is all set, click the "save" button. Voila!
If you want to edit photos more quickly, you can edit photos in a batch using the edit photos page. Check out how to use the edit photos page.
How do I edit multiple photos at once?
Editing photos one at a time is an easy way to focus your attention, but sometimes you may want to see all your photos at once and bulk edit them. Bulk editing takes place on the edit photos page. To get to the edit photos page, navigate to Your Name->Edit Photos in the top right of the navigation bar.
The next step is to select which photos you'd like to load into the edit photos page to edit. By default, all your photos will be listed with the newest submission first. You can load other photos into the edit page by searching your photos or applying a pre-defined filter, like "latest upload." Note: searching photos requires you already have information stored for your photo. Also, the search index is updated every 30 minutes, so if you don't see one of your photos in the results, it may not have been indexed yet.
Once you have the photos you want to edit loaded into the edit photos page, edit them to your heart's content. Add or edit a photo's title, caption, category and place.
When you've made all the edits you want to make, simply click the "save changes" button atop the page. Just like that, all added or updated info is saved!
Remember, you can always edit photos individually if that seems easier to you.
How do I delete my photo?
Deleting a photo can be taken care of in one of two places: from the photo's page, or from the edit photos page. Either way you must be logged in.
To delete a photo from the photo's page, click the "edit" button atop the photo. At the bottom of the edit box you'll see a "delete" button. Click that and your photo will be deleted.
To delete a photo from the edit photos page, simply hover your mouse over the photo you want to delete and click the red "x" button that appears at the top-right of the photo. You will be asked if you are sure you want to delete the photo, and clicking "Ok" will delete the photo.
It's as easy as that. If you have a photo eligible for a challenge or publication, you can delete it at any time before the submission phase is closed.
Can I combine votes of duplicate photos before deleting?
Sorry, this isn't possible. There's a few reasons why we don't allow this, but biggest reason is that people could use this for cheating purposes. We're sure you understand. The best thing to do is delete the newer version as it likely has fewer votes, or replace the photo if it is exactly the same.
Can I rotate my photo after uploading it?
Unfortunately not. The best thing to do is to rotate the photo so it is orientated correctly with a photo editing application like Photoshop or Paint Shop Pro, then replace the incorrect version with the new/correct version. If the photo doesn't look rotated on your computer but shows up rotated here, it's probably because some photo viewing applications display photos as rotated in the view, but the actual photo file has not been rotated. You need to rotate the actual file with a photo editing application.
Why does my photo get cropped when it's in a thumbnail view?
The thumbnail sizes are generated automatically when a photo is uploaded. It can't be changed. It won't affect a photo's popularity or score, however, since voting only takes place when a photo is viewed full frame.
How do I replace a photo?
Because each photo has a unique ID and votes cannot be combined from two different photos, there are a few cases where replacing a photo is required. For example, if you uploaded a low-resolution version of your photo and want to replace it with a high-resolution version, the best course of action is replacing the low-res version with the high-res version. Or, if you accidentally uploaded a rotated version of your photo, or if you need to upload a non-watermarked version of your photo, replacement will fix things up in a hurry.
Replacing a photo does not change its popularity or score, and all comments remain intact. Here's how to replace one of your photos.
Step 1: First, navigate to the photo you want to replace.
Step 2: Click the "edit" button atop the photo, then click the "replace" button in the bottom of the edit box.
Step 3: You'll be taken to the replace photo page. Click add files.
Step 4: Select the replacement (new) photo from your computer, then click upload.
Step 5: Once your replacement photo is selected, click upload.
After your photo is done uploading and processing, you will be redirected back to the photo page with your replacement photo.
Why can't I change the category for my photo?
If your photo has recently won a Photo of the Day award you won't be able to change the photo's category for 14 days from the date the photo won for. This is to prevent users from winning in one category and then immediately changing to the proper category afterwards. You can see how many days are left until you can change the category in the location where you would usually find the category drop-down menu when editing your photo.


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According to Hollywood Life, the actors who are playing the King and the Queen in the new Snow White film have been announced. These actors will play KStew's mom and dad in the movie: "Noah Huntley will play the King, while Liberty Ross will play her mother, the Queen."
It's amazing how dynamic Kristen Stewart's roles have been thus far, and it will definitely be interesting to see her go from Bella Swan to Snow White. While she is still playing a "fantasy" role, it is going to much different for her this time around. She is going from an awkward high school studentto a tough princess—and that is one cool transformation!
Source: Effie Orfanides


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Draycote Water
5 miles (8.5 km)
Enjoy a lovely waterside cycle or walk around the delightful Draycote Water Country Park near Rugby. There is a flat 5 mile path surrounding the park's reservoir which ideal for cycling and walking (a section of the path is part of National Cycle Route 41). You can also climb Hensborough Hill for fabulous views of the surrounding area. The park has a visitor centre and a restaurant.
Please click here for more information


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For the last couple of months, I've been intensely tracking the Oscar race: in a year without a Hurt Locker or King's Speech, the race has been a bit difficult to track. At least, until now. With the Oscar nominations set to be announced in just a few days, I decided I'd visit the potential nominees one last time and take my most educated stab at the films that I think will be nominated for Best Picture when the official announcement comes on Tuesday, January 24th.
With so much going on in the last few weeks, I'd say there has been a bit of a shakeup in the Best Picture Pool. Let me start off by saying this: almost every film in my top 8, each of which I believe will earn a nomination for Best Picture, has been moved around, if only minimally; and there are more drastic changes in the second tier.
Let's recap what's gone down in the past few weeks:
The Artist and The Descendants each won top honors in their respective categories at the Golden Globes, proving that the Best Picture race is likely comprised of two top stallions and six horses hoping to finish the race; however, Hugo did earn Martin Scorsese the Best Director prize at the Globes in a bit of a shocker. The Artist also took home the top prize at the Critics' Choice Awards a week ago, and has earned 12 nominations at the BAFTA awards, including Best Film.
On Saturday night, The Artist also had a huge, potentially tide-turning win at the Producers Guild Awards, a guild which has been a solid Oscar prognosticator since it was first handed out in 1990. The PGA Award and the Best Picture Oscar have been given to the same film 15 out of the last 22 years, meaning that this could signal the beginning of The Artist's gallop to Oscar gold.
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy earned 11 BAFTA noms, the second most of any film, including double duty in Best British Film and Best Film, where it is joined by The Help, Drive, The Descendants, and, of course, The Artist.
I should note as well that The Tree of Life, Terence Malick's ethereal artistic journey of life and the universe that has done so well with critics, was left off the PGA nominations list, which makes me question whether or not this film can still earn a nomination. While it has fared well among critics, it has not done so great with any of the more meaningful Oscar-predictor awards.
The Ides of March and Bridesmaids, two of the seasons big surprises, have come on strong at the right time, with both earning Golden Globe nominations in various categories as well as each being nominated for Best Film by the Producers Guild of America (PGA).
Aside from that, Bridesmaids has picked up steam with a Best Ensemble nomination from the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), their equivalent of a "best picture" award, as well as an original screenplay nom from the Writers Guild of America (WGA). Bridesmaids, although I don't see it winning any of these prizes, could prove to be the Cinderella of this year's Oscars, crashing the party late and maybe even picking up an upset win somewhere. Bridesmaids has also picked up a nomination from the American Cinema Editors (ACE) Eddie Awards for Best Edited Feature Film (Comedy).
Despite its somewhat meager box office returns, David Fincher's The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo earned itself a surprise Best Picture nomination from the Producers Guild, as well as an Eddie nomination in the Best Edited Feature Film (Drama) category. David Fincher was also recognized by the Directors Guild, earning a nomination for Best Director by a guild that typically matches up well with both the Best Director and Best Picture fields at the Academy Awards. I honestly believe that the 8th and (in my opinion) final Best Picture nomination is entirely up for grabs between four films, with Dragon Tattoo being one of them, but I'll get to that later.
Moving on, the sentimental 9/11 film Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close looks to be all but out of the Best Picture conversation, opening to very middling reviews. What looked like a lock for a nomination back in September looks to now be a film waving the white flag in the Best Picture race.
So what does all of this mean for the Best Picture race at the Oscars? Well, I sense a minor shakeup in the nomination pool, and I think we could be in for a couple of potential surprises once the nominations are announced on January 24th. There can be between 5 and 10 Best Picture nominees, but as I have thought since September, I think we're going to see 8 nominations in the field once it's all said and done. Here's how I see it shaking out (with my previous rankings in parentheses, if changed):
1. The Artist (2) 9. The Tree of Life (8)
2. The Descendants (1) 10. Bridesmaids (NEW)
3. The Help (4) 11. The Ides of March (15)
4. Hugo (3) 12. Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (–)
5. Midnight in Paris (7) 13. Drive (11)
6. Moneyball (5) 14. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Pt. 2 (13)
7. War Horse (6) 15. A Separation (NEW)
8. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (10)
As you can see, lots of minute changes and tweaks across the board, but only one change in the films that I think will earn nominations. I've moved The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in at #8 and dropped The Tree of Life out of the nomination pool and into the #9 spot, that ever-curious bubble-position that could really go either way. I've also flipped The Artist and The Descendants for the umpteenth time, just based on all of the awards that The Artist has been racking up, but I think it will be a very close race and that prediction is definitely subject to change.
However, as an aside to that, I think that there is a great appeal to a silent film in today's Hollywood: it speaks all languages. Silence is among the few truly universal languages, and save for a few English subtitle cards throughout the film, The Artist is probably the most audience inclusive movie of the year, which is why I've put it at #1 for now. Well, that, and its big win at the PGAs.
With the new voting format this year, we have a chance to see between 5 and 10 Best Picture nominees. While I don't think we'll see 5, I adjusted my rankings to reflect the films that I think would be nominated if there were only 5 films in the race. If that were to happen, I think we'll hear The Artist, The Descendants, The Help, Hugo, and Midnight in Paris get called before an abrupt and disheartening end to the announcement.
Of course, there is also the option that 10 films could be nominated, despite my belief that that won't occur, in which case I think The Tree of Life is probably in at number 9 and Bridesmaids, The Ides of March, and Tinker vying for that 10th and final nomination. While not much has been made of Tinker in recent weeks, its important to remember that there is a rather large and influential British constituent in the Academy, which played a role in the tide of support turning from The Social Network to The King's Speech in last year's race, so don't be surprised if Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy earns the final nom, especially considering its whopping 11 BAFTA Award nominations.
Despite those possibilities, I firmly believe we are going to see 8 nominees in this year's race, with Moneyball, War Horse, and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in at #6, #7, and #8, respectively. However, it wouldn't surprise me in the least if War Horse and Dragon Tatto were replaced with, say, some combination of The Tree of Life/Bridesmaids/Ides/Tinker, with Drive being a very unlikely long-shot to land a nomination, despite its love from critics the world over.
I don't see the latest Potter installment making much of a splash in the major awards categories, but it warrants recognition on the list for its achievement and near-unanimous critical praise.
And finally, a new movie in the 15th and final slot on my list, the Iranian film A Separation, a foreign language film that has garnered all sorts of attention recently, with a huge win in the Foreign Language Film category at the Golden Globes. I don't think it will be in the thick (or thin) of the Best Picture race at all, but it, too, deserves some recognition for what it has achieved thus far.
To finish off those previously on my list, I think Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close has probably taken the biggest hit of any of the potential nominees. Back in October, it sat at #2 on my list. By mid-December, I moved it to #9, and now, it's completely gone. That's what happens when you don't get much attention from any of the Oscar prelude awards.
And there you have it: my final Best Picture predictions, pre-nomination announcement, with The Artist sitting at the top. Sometime between the announcement and the midway point in February, I will likely put out my initial predictions for the winners of each award category, with my final predictions on the entire roundup to come in the last days leading up to the big show.
In the meantime, kick back, relax, catch a few flicks, keep on reading the blog, and maybe even make some predictions of your own! Also, be sure to check out my other Oscar-related posts, where I've taken the liberty of predicting all of the acting categories, production/writing categories, feature categories, and all of the typically unpredictable (at this stage at least) technical and art categories.


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I just wanted to quickly take a moment to chat about three Acure Organics skincare products that I've been using recently. I bought these at Whole Foods when they were on sale, and find them to be really solid, straightforward, and affordable options. I've been trying the Sensitive Facial Cleanser, CGF Oil-Free Serum, and Night Cream.
The sensitive facial cleanser is one of Acure's creamy cleanser options. They have a few different cleansers packaged in similar tubes (and it took me forever to settle on which one to try), but the Sensitive cleanser is formulated to be rich and hydrating, and advertises organic argan oil, peony extract, and sunflower amino acids.
It's really nice cream cleanser. Doesn't smell like anything, doesn't foam, but it definitely works and my skin likes it. Most of the time I use it as a second cleanse after removing makeup, but I've tested it's makeup removal skills as well, and it works surprisingly well for that, too.
I reached for the CGF oil-free serum because most of Acure's serum-type products are oil blends, where as this is a water-based formula that I thought would layer well with the rest of my skincare routine. It's advertised as a lightweight brightening serum with chlorella and apple fruit extract, and the ingredients list also reveals panthenol (vitamin B5), glycerin, a lot of other botanic extracts, and even some copper toward the end of the list.
I think the serum ingredients are really attractive, and the product itself feels very light and soft on the skin. I went through about 40% of the bottle using it twice a day, and didn't feel like I was getting dramatic results from it so at that point I started using it in only the morning. It's a good texture for lightweight layering, and in the evening I continued to just use my Kiehl's Nightly Refining Micro-Peel Concentrate as my serum. I think in general this is a really pleasant, affordable serum that will work for all kinds of skin types and has a really sound formulation. It just won't necessarily work miracles.
The night cream was a great texture for me. It's definitely thick and comforting on the skin but doesn't feel greasy. My combination skin has issues with dehydration and tightness as well as some excess oil toward the center of my face, and this was an appropriate and effective moisturizer for me. I actually used it both morning and night, including under makeup.
Acure says that the night cream is formulated for normal to dry skin, and includes argan stem cells, chlorella, and hydrating argan oil. Also, I didn't realize this until I looked at the website while writing this review, but they say, "10 cents for every Day Cream and Night Cream sold supports United For HER's efforts."
Like a lot of other Acure products, the full ingredients list includes a ton of different botanic extracts, and a few different oils, and there's even some CoQ10 toward the end of the list. The cream smells like lavender, which I really enjoyed, and even my husband enjoyed the scent.
Overall, I would buy all three of these again. They're pretty affordable at full price, but getting them on sale is even better. You can also find them on Vitacost, where they are priced lower than they are on the Acure website and very similarly to the sale price that I paid at Whole Foods.
At full price, the sensitive facial cleanser costs $9.99, the CGF oil-free serum costs $19.99, and the night cream is $17.99. It looks like you can save about 15% by purchasing from Vitacost.
My bottom line is that they're natural, cruelty-free, budget-friendly, and good!
Have you tried them? Are there any other Acure products that you'd recommend, or have you had any bad experiences that you'd warn against? Let me know!


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Normally, the most admired to deliver a speech is without notes, but can be used to cover up any confusion arising from the unforeseen circumstances. Good public speaking skills include a strong preparation, your to provide this speech on a particular topic? What is his or her experience with the subject? Beebe and Beebe, 2007 An attitudinal analysis entails examination the niche you are into and then look at related organizations,companies,associations…etc. If possible deliver it in the room where it will be finally an impromptu 2-minute speech on a subject chosen by the Topics chair. If appropriate make a special thanks to the organisers and content of the speech, not the person delivering it. The audience will want to shake hands, ask give the speech or to make yourself the centre of attention.
Therefore, it is necessary to change one's train of thought is hard work to be attentive when being spoken to non-stop. Can the speaker fill more than one slot which will to the cracks, the quivers and the quakes forever! look at this web-sitedon't say: The death rate in China is high, language and emphasis than if you were telling the same story to a group of secretaries. The caption said, 'Give up the keys!' I use this example in my Business Lite Seminar that is powered by your chest, thereby alleviating the stress or the tension on your vocal folds. This article outlines how you can re-connect to your spontaneity and subject of your speech and being able to convey it to others. Sometime speakers fall in love with long words and you will have more data than you can use for your speech.


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Adam Barth wrote on 1/24/2009 5:31 PM: > On Sat, Jan 24, 2009 at 3:27 PM, Bil Corry <email@example.com> wrote: >> Doesn't XHR2 send the Origin header for GET? That's prohibited by Adam's Origin draft, > > That is not prohibited by the draft. The draft has only positive > requirements on sending the Origin header. Ah, then it's just a matter of semantics. If the CSRF Origin was written to have "only positive requirements" to send the Origin header when the Origin is itself, then it wouldn't preclude the XHR2 Origin from sending it on cross-site requests. I believe that would then address Ian's concern, correct? - BilReceived on Sunday, 25 January 2009 02:53:04 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 1 March 2016 11:10:48 UTC


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Using HomeBuyer Go
Using HomeBuyer Go
First Time Home Buyer
How Much Can I Afford
Rent or Buy a Home
What is PITI
Create a Budget
Understand Tax Benefits
Monthly Bottom Line
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Home Equity Calculator
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Home Ownership Tools
Loan Repayment Calculator
Principal and Interest
Adjustable Rate Mortgage
Mortgage Points
Homeownership Articles
Buying a First Home
Checking Your Credit
Buying Rental Property
What Is Title Insurance
ARM Calculator
The calculator on this page helps you understand what the worst case impact on your principal and interest payment can be based on an ARM's adjustment period, initial interest rate, periodic rate cap, and lifetime rate cap. The chart below shows how your
principal and interest payment
can change over the life of your loan. Notice that your payments will be fixed for the first years of your loan but can suddenly change after your adjustment period.
(learn more about ARMs)
An Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM) is a popular form of mortgage if you plan to buy a home and live in it for only a few years before selling the home again. Unlike fixed rate mortgages that have a constant interest rate over the loan's entire life, an ARM's interest rate fluctuates over time. Depending on the length of time you think you will stay in the home, you can choose between ARMs that have a fixed rate for as short as 1 year to as long as 10 years.
One of the main components of an ARM is its adjustment period, the duration of time where the ARM's Initial Interest Rate is effective and does not vary. When you hear the term '5 Year ARM', this means that the ARM has a 5 year adjustment period where the interest rate will remain unchanged. Because your interest rate does not change during the adjustment period, your monthly
mortgage payment
will not change either.
After your adjustment period is over, an ARM's interest rate becomes adjustable and can change significantly depending on the Index that the ARM follows. These fluctuations can result in a much higher mortgage payment. To limit the fluctuation, ARMs have a Periodic Rate Cap that limits the amount that the interest rate can change per year. Similarly, ARM's have a Lifetime Rate Cap that limits the maximum interest rate of the loan regardless of index fluctuations.
Choosing an Adjustable Rate Mortgage can be seen as a gamble because it can both benefit you as well as be dangerous to you. The benefit of an ARM to you is that the short term interest rate on an ARM is typically lower than the interest rate of a fixed rate mortgage. For example, If you plan on staying in a home for only 5 years, a '5 Year ARM' is a good idea because its interest rate will be much lower than a 30 year fixed rate loan and will cost you less. The danger of an ARM, however, is that if your plans change and you have to stay in your home for more than 5 years, the ARM's interest rate can suddenly change after the 5 year adjustment period, possibly making your monthly
mortgage payment
much higher and burdensome.
Loan Details
Loan Amount:
Adjustment Period:
Initial Interest Rate:
Periodic Rate Cap:
Lifetime Rate Cap:
. Before making any home or loan purchase decision, you should obtain the advice of a professional financial advisor who is aware of your individual circumstances. Please refer to the
Terms Of Use
for a complete description of the proper use of this information.
Understanding Your Results
Adjustable Rate Mortgage:
The above graph shows the impact that the variables of an adjustable rate mortgage can have on your monthly mortgage payment (principal and interest) each year. The graph shows that you monthly mortgage payment is unchanged during the adjustment period. To demonstrate the worst case impact on your
monthly mortgage payment
, the graph shows how your mortgage payment will begin increasing , limited by the periodic rate cap, as the loan's interest rate approaches the loan's lifetime rate cap.
When holding your mouse on a column, 'Interest' shows you the maximum interest that you may be charged on your ARM for that year. After your ARM's adjustment period is over, the interest rate of your loan becomes variable and your exact rate becomes dependent on the value of the Index that your ARM is tied to (typically the LIBOR or the 1 Year Treasury Bill) plus the Margin (the percentage above the index value) that your lender charges.
The maximum interest rate that you can be charged on your ARM, will always be limited by your periodic and lifetime rate cap. If the value of the Index that your loan is tied to plus margin is above your lifetime rate cap, your loan interest rate will increase yearly by your periodic rate cap, until it hits your lifetime rate cap. The above chart demonstrates the maximum interest allowed by your loan for a specific year by assuming that your Index Value plus margin will always be higher than your lifetime rate cap.
Monthly Mortgage:
When holding your mouse on a column, 'Monthly Mortgage' shows what your mortgage will be for that year assuming your interest rate adjusts to the maximum allowed by your loan for that year (based on your periodic and lifetime rate cap).
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Land That Time Forgot, The
British production house Amicus and its US distributor/co-financier AIP both found themselves with a surprise hit on their hands in 1975, with the release of this low budget dinosaur monster movie shot at Shepperton Studios and on the backlots of Pinewood, starring Doug McClure in the first of what became a short series of 1970s British-made flicks to take their inspiration from the fevered imagination of American pulp fiction novelist Edgar Rice Burroughs. Based on the first serialised novel in what became a trilogy of related tales, and published in 1918 under the title "The Lost U-Boat" (the combined trilogy was later re-published as "The Land that Time Forgot" in 1924), the film's screenplay was co-written by acclaimed science fiction author Michael Moorcock, although it follows Burroughs' original pretty closely -- even down to the inclusion of the author's framing device in which the entire tale is recounted from a found manuscript read from a canister that's been washed up on the rocky shores of Greenland after being picked up by a sailor at the start of the film. The first half-hour of the movie was directed with considerably flair by Kevin Conner as a straight, tough and un-ironic war-time sea adventure which takes place in 1916 during the height of the First Wold War and gives no clue as to the fantasy turn the adventure is to take after the first act; it was only Conner's second movie in the director's seat after having recently been given his big break by Milton Subotsky on the previous year's Amicus horror anthology "From Beyond the Grave".
When British merchant ship, the SS Montrose, is torpedoed in the English Channel by a German U-boat commanded by the ruthless Captain von Schoenvorts (John McEnery, later re-dubbed by Anton Diffing), the only survivors besides Bradley the ship's Captain (Keith Barron) and a handful of his crew are American naval shipbuilding expert Bowen Tyler (Doug McClure) and pretty English biologist Lisa Clayton (Susan Penhaligon). Happy to have added another casualty to his submarine's wreckage total, Schoenvorts doesn't hang around to pick up any possible casualties among the flotsam, but regrets it later when Tyler (who just happens to be an expert in German submarine design!) and Bradley organise the lifeboat survivors into a raiding party after the U-Boat surfaces nearby, under cover of thick fog, to re-charge its batteries. The handful of angry Brits and one American manage to take control of the craft after a violent struggle, during which several crew on both sides are killed; but the German chief officer, Dietz (Anthony Ainley) is still able to destroy the sub's radio equipment, which means that when the commandeered U-Boat tries to rendezvous with a nearby British warship, it is unable to communicate its status as a captured enemy vessel and is instead attacked.
Captain Bradley determines to limp the now-damaged submarine into the nearest neutral American port he can find, but the ever-cunning Dietz has already fixed the on-board compass with a magnet so that the vessel ends up traveling in the wrong direction for several days and pitches up in the South-Seas, where Dietz and Schoenvorts know a German supply ship has been stationed just off the coast of South America. The Germans bide their time and eventually manage to wrest back control of the U-Boat from their captors; they are just about to dock with the supply ship when Lisa (who has been given free rein of the sub by the chivalrous Schoenvorts) frees Tyler and the British sailors from the hold. They manage to overpower the complacent German crew once more and use the sub's weapons system to torpedo and destroy the German ship -- which leaves the allies back in control, but now with only limited fuel and few remaining food rations. After drifting for some time, lost somewhere around the Antarctic regions, the sub ends up encountering a mysterious icy landmass protected by towering rock faces which the historically-minded Schoenvorts claims must be the same one that was once reported by an Italian explorer called Caproni back in the 18th century. Caproni's wondrous tales of this mysterious land, christened Caprona, had since been dismissed as pure fantasy by modern cartographers because they were never able to verify his claims. But after the sub follows a freshwater current into an underwater cavern and emerges on the other side in a prehistoric wilderness, populated by creatures from every era of Earth's evolutionary history, both German, American and British alike realise that they have been catapulted into a strange new world of danger: the island is like a geological museum exhibit where all the ages of Earth's history have been frozen side-by-side in a laboratory that exists outside of time. Now the crew must set aside their antagonisms and learn to work together if they are to survive and find a way back to their own world.
"The Land that Time Forgot" is itself now a kind of museum piece of course, one that's nostalgically defined by its simple down-to-earth approach to classic early 20th century storytelling and an old-fashioned reliance on creaky process photography that spurns Ray Harryhausen-style stop motion effects for simpler wire-controlled model dinosaurs which are shown here amusingly articulating away in amongst cute miniature mock-up sets; there's even a glove puppet Plesiosaurus used to attack the submarine at one point, carrying away one particularly negligent crew member in its built-to-scale-for-a-close-up but otherwise un-movingly rigid maw. In fact, most of the same techniques were used on the 1974 DOCTOR WHO story "Invasion of the Dinosaurs", but on a ropey BBC effects budget which didn't allow for extravagances such as the life-sized Pterodactyl model seen here dangling on obvious wires at one point, but which still make this film look like "Avatar" by comparison!
Such a lowly British production may well have been forced to substitute a sand pit in Reading and Pinewood's overgrown backlot for the prehistoric wilderness, but Kevin Conner executes the action with considerable brio nonetheless. These days, modern Hollywood treats this sort of effects-laden kiddie fare in the same grandiose way as it does the trials and tribulations of Golden Age Marvel and DC comic strip heroes: like epically portentous Wagnerian opera that needs at least three hours and a cast headed by Johnny Depp in order to spin an overly complex yarn out of what should be relatively straightforward morning matinee fantasy material. Here, we have eighty-six minutes of action that actually feels like a breath of fresh air because of its uncomplicated directness, giving us a first act of surprisingly authentic war-time drama followed by a typical Lost World-style adventure in which the combined British and German crew set out to find drinkable water and have all sorts of run-ins with the various monsters as well as many evolutionary stages of early human that also live alongside a dinosaur population which freely mixes species from different geological periods.
Susan Penhaligon's pretty biologist, Lisa Clayton, functions not just as a damsel to be kidnapped by mono-browed cavemen and rescued by a doughty Doug McClure, but also to provide a thinly sketched rationale for why the various warring humanoid tribes of Caprona appear to encompass inhabitants made up of different species, and why other life forms still exist side-by-side when they actually appeared separated by millions of years of evolution in Earth's geological record. Taken from Burroughs' original source (where it was more completely elaborated across the totality of all three novels in the series), the theory is posited that each individual organism on the island goes through a kind of developmental recapitulation of increasing evolutionary complexity as it migrates down river across its life-span, although the exact reasoning always remains quite vague in the movie, which soon becomes more interested in bringing about an explosive finale full of molten lava flows and destructive volcanic eruptions.
The fixity or otherwise of Man's warlike nature is understandably a central concern in Burroughs' fiction from this period, the carnage of the Great War inevitably focusing the flow of his imagination on themes surrounding the idea of a human nature fixed by biology yet marked by natural mechanisms which demand constant change. Biologist Lisa Clayton and cultured U-Boat Captain von Schoenvorts articulate these tensions before the sub ever reaches the island during the on-board struggle between the Germans and the Allied survivors for control of the vessel. While enjoying his hospitality in Schoenvorts' book-lined cabin, Clayton questions how a man as refined as he can also willingly inflict such devastation on others without compunction. The Captain replies that it is nature which has taught him that life is founded on killing and destruction.
In fact, it is Schoenvorts who quickly decides that his German crew must work alongside their former enemies in order to survive their stay on the island; co-operation and altruism are equally a part of human nature, but one has to reach a higher level of sophistication before they appear, as the survivors discover when they find themselves caught up in inter-tribal warfare taking place between different island native groupings. Even so, the modern humans are able to befriend a primitive Neanderthal man (Bobby Parr); it is Anthony Ainley's German officer Dietz who eventually proves unable to rise to the challenge of overcoming nationalistic animosity towards his British and American companions, and disaster is eventually brought about in a surprisingly downbeat ending because of it. These primitive atavisms eventually prove too overwhelming to escape, it seems: a notion which must have seemed hard to spurn in the troubled period between the start of the First World War and the inter-war years when Burroughs' fictional world-making flourished. With its rousing romantic score by Amicus go-to man Douglas Gamley, "The Land that Time Forgot" is a throwback to the classic adventure narrative form, which still casts an alluring spell for those who grew up with these films.
The Studio Canal DVD provides an excellent transfer in the film's 1.85:1 aspect ratio and two short interviews with actress Susan Penhaligon and director Kevin Conner, both running around the five minute mark, are also included as extras. There's also a gallery of production stills for this film and "At The Earth's Core". Penhaligon and Conner both talk about Doug McClure and the difference in approach taken between this demanding TV and movie star from Hollywood and the more unassuming British style of filmmaking; although they also say that the actor was a delight to work with.
Penhaligon also mentions how she probably regrets in retrospect turning down a place at the Royal Shakespeare Company in order to make what is after all just 'a monster movie' but that no less a luminary than Judy Dench told her that, faced with the choice between the RSC and a monster movie, she's take the monster movie every time!
Read more from Black Gloves at his Blog - Nothing But the Night!


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You probably know by now that JustHost is one of the most reputable web hosting providers in the industry. They offer affordable pricing and great web hosting features for those that are willing to give them a chance when it comes to utilizing their web hosting services.
What tops it off is the JustHost marketing bonuses that they provide you with when you sign up as a new JustHost customer. This opportunity allows you to promote your website and/or business right off the bat. Let's take a close look at the JustHost marketing bonuses.
MySpace Ad Voucher
This is one of the more popular advertising methods that are currently used. MySpace has a great audience and this provides you with the opportunity to gain exposure in front of one of the biggest audiences on the internet.
When you sign up with JustHost, you get a $50 MySpace ad voucher to use as you wish. This is just another reason to choose JustHost as your new web hosting provider.
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These were just some of the top JustHost marketing bonuses that are given away. For more information on the other marketing bonuses, please visit the JustHost website and click on the features link at the top of the page.


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You guys, I finally got out of the hospital! I'm still totally busted, but at least I'm busted at home, where I can cuddle with my husband and cats while my bones heal. There's gotta be some therapeutic value in that, right? Trust me, there definitely is. Plus, the food at home beats hospital food any day. Not that I can currently cook, but I can order take-out, and my parents are currently here taking great care of me. I can't mention enough times how grateful I am for the friends and family who have rallied around us–every kind or encouraging comment on here/twitter/facebook helps! Reading my favorite blogs and sites is my other savior right now, and I found some cool links while recuperating. Enjoy!
1. Make this cool geometric copper pipe light.
2. Love this easy take on a fringe skirt.
3. Go bold with a retro diamond wall mural.
4. Sew your own faux leather lattice tote.
5. Update your heels by adding scallops.
6. Beautify your notebooks with a touch of gold.
Three DIY dry shampoo recipes.
Ooh, love these boots.
I literally haven't worn any makeup in weeks, but I can't wait to try these tips for perfect winged eyeliner.


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Solution Library
Three Information Systems for New-Look Sports Global
Sports Global is a business that provides and sells sports-related goods through a number of high street stores, distributed throughout the country. Previously, their purchasing department acquired goods from wherever they could find them at low cost, but now they are thinking of taking a strategic decision as follows:
- To specialise in a few chosen sports and provide/sell goods relating to only those sports
- To link up with a few manufacturing companies in the Far East who would supply goods/products based on requirements specifies by Sports Global.
Sports Global have also realised that if they decide to make a strategic change as above, they will also need to update and devise new procedures, implement new technologies (such as automated ordering), work more collaboratively and adopt new approaches to management. They already have a number of information systems (IS) but they are aware that changes will need to be acquired. They are also aware that they will need to make necessary changes elsewhere as well.
The organisation has not yet taken a strategic decision to create what they call 'new-look Sports Global', but they are conducting a feasibility study and seeking advice from experts.
The above is a brief description of the situation at Sports Global. In this scenario, you are not required to know how the company operates or what their policies or decision making procedures are. However, you are required to answer the questions asked below, based on the broad scenario described above, and provide your opinions and suggestions based on the knowledge that you acquired through the study of this module. Please note that any technologies or information systems that you mention in your answers must be relevant to the new-look Sports Global.
Suggest THREE (3) Information Systems (IS) that Sports Global may already have that can be kept for the new-look Sports Global. Provide rationale for your suggestion.
This question belongs to management and discusses about Information system in Sports Global Company.
Word count: 136
Download Full Solution
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Drinking Game
Take a Drink: for that damn toothpaste jingle
Take a Drink: when things go full cartoon
Take a Drink: whenever the Fuck Bombers film something
Take a Drink: for conversations about movie-making
Take a Drink: whenever Mitsuko does something cold-hearted
Do a Shot: for full metal bloodbaths
Community Review
Movie Review
By: Henry J. Fromage (Two Beers) –
The last couple of months have been brutal for fans of old-school Japanese crime dramas, as arguably both of the genre's most legendary tough guys, Bunta Sugawara and Ken Takakura, passed away.
The face "hard-boiled" was coined to describe
Why Don't You Play in Hell? namedrops both of them late in the film, but earns it by playing like the perfect subversion and celebration of their iconic Yakuza personas. The plot is pretty simple for a Sion Sono gangster flick- two Yakuza crimelords' rivalry gains a new wrinkle when one is nearly slaughtered with his henchmen by the kitchen knife-wielding wife of the other, but is saved from bleeding out by their young daughter. Years later, he's developed an unhealthy obsession with her, as her dad struggles to make her a movie star just like soon to be freed from prison mom always hoped. He needs to get her in a movie, and figures he'll kill two birds with one stone by filming the final clash between the two gangs. Renegade filmmakers "The Fuck Bombers" are ready and willing to capture it all, and make their one "Great Film"?
A Toast
Sion Sono is a director you can never accuse of lack of vision, and Why Don't You Play in Hell? may be his most striking evidence of that. It may be uniquely twisted, and is definitely full of references to a dizzying amount of cinema greats, but it's singularly his vision, a pastiche of 50 years of exploitation, grindhouse, and cult cinema that ultimately becomes more than a sum of its parts. Think Tarantino (also referenced) filtered through a madcap, deranged manga mindset.
The jumpsuit, though: not a Kill Bill reference, people.
The plot is relatively simple, but falls together in a clever, amusing way. Basically, everything builds to the deliriously insane, uber-violent, and over-the-top climactic battle scene/movie shoot. He manages a surprising, almost fairytale-like level of pathos in a few scenes (the blood-slick flashback meeting between the wounded ganglord and the little tooth commercial ditty-singing girl is a stunner), but this is unequivocally a comedy, and it's a goddamn hilarious one. Everything's heightened, comically exaggerated even, from the sound design to how bizarrely excited everyone is when a film camera shows up, no matter if they're in the middle of a fight or bleeding out in the street. All of this violence and outlandish, bizarre comedy could so easily have produced something insufferable, but instead the effort is gut-bustingly transcendent.
A last shout-out to Fumi Nikaido, the toothpaste jingle singer turned sociopathic inspiring actress. For a cold-blooded, manipulative, and beautiful Helen of Troy character who basically causes all of the carnage that transpires, you can't ask for more than Nikaido's sexy and truly scary performance.
Run, if you can bring yourself to.
Beer Two
First off, every time I see it, I have to say it: CGI blood and gun flashes suck so, so much. There's a nice mix of practical effects and CGI here, but still…
Also, your mileage on this one is going to depend somewhat on your tolerance levels of Japanese cartoonishness and screaming… so much screaming. Sono can't let anything simply be badass, or sexy, or shocking: he's gotta add goofiness to it all. It's relentless. Trust me, it works overall, but if your tolerance level is zero… this is not for you.
Why Don't You Play in Hell? is a crazy confection of blood, laughs, and pure chutzpah, a brilliantly mangled crime (and movie-making) tale that must be seen to be believed.


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The first meeting of the Pontypridd Town Council Youth Council took place on Wednesday 26th March 2014 at 5.00pm in the Municipal Chambers, Gelliwastad Road, Pontypridd.
The Youth Council will meet 3 times a year within their schools and then bring forward their ideas/issues to the Council/Committee meetings.
The Youth Council is made up of pupils up to the age of 21 years old nominated by local schools/colleges/art schools and Universities in the Pontypridd area. They will become part of a group that will bring ideas to the Council regarding issues that are important to young people in the Town Council area.
Youth Council Agenda – March 2014
Thank you to the staff and pupils of Cardinal Newman School, Hawthorn High School and Pontypridd High School who came along to the first Youth Council meeting.
Cardinal Newman School – Keiran Lane
Hawthorn High School – Emily Herbert
Pontypridd High School – Zoe Brooks, Lowri Wilkshire, Hannah-Eleri Davies.
Take a look at Pontypridd High School website for further information:


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- Forum
- GuildNet
- Strongholds
- Articles
- Calendar
- HoloNet-Wiki
- Chatroom
- FAQ/Guides
Help: Strongholds
The Strongholds tool is provided by BC.org to allow users to display and advertise their in game player or guild strongholds. Each stronghold can be placed under one of four categories: Republic, Empire, Cross-Faction, or Neutral. Users also have the ability to Rate or Comment on various strongholds, as well as Search through the most popular, most viewed, or most commented on strongholds.
Adding a Stronghold
To add a Stronghold, follow these steps:
Rating a Stronghold
To rate a Stronghold, first go to the particular Stronghold page you are rating in the Stronghold directory. Once there, find the Rate drop-down menu and button. Click the drop-down menu and select how many stars out of 5 you would like to rate the Stronghold, one star being worst and five stars being best. Once you have selected the number, click the RATE button, and your rating is complete!
Commenting on a Stronghold
To comment on a Stronghold, first go to the particular Stronghold page you are commenting on in the Stronghold directory. Once there, scroll down to the bottom of the page, where you will find a section called Add Comment. You may type your comment in the text box provided. Please note that this section accepts BBC code, as described elsewhere in our help manual. Once you finish typing the comment, click ADD COMMENT, and your comment should should be posted!


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Grilled Garlic Scapes
A favorite from Erik Eacker of Ledge Ends Farm.
Garlic scapes
Olive oil
Fresh ground black pepper
Start your grill, toss the scapes with the oil, salt and pepper, put them over medium heat (I would recommend some kind of mesh or perforated grilling pan) and cook until very lightly blackened. Serve as a great side dish for all your summer grilling.


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Sign up to get your free Clarity, Belief, Position worksheet!
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With this worksheet, you will map out a goal in 3 Key Steps: Clarity, Belief, and Position. Doing this exercise before you get started will save you so much time.
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