text:
CA Technologies' recently appointed CEO, Michael Gregoire, has vowed to make the company an innovator in the software-as-a-service (SaaS) market and has asked his customers to upgrade to the latest releases in order to make the transition as smooth as possible.
Speaking at CA's annual conference in Las Vegas this week, Gregoire, who had previously been CEO at SaaS giant Taleo, said that he would be offering all customers a free professional services audit over the next year to help identify where those operating on old software releases could be operating more efficiently.
Gregoire opened his keynote at the conference by saying that CA's SaaS platform will be available behind a company's firewall, on CA's private cloud, or in the true public cloud – but that the transition from a distributed environment wasn't going to be an easy one to make.
"When you take a look at the technology landscape we are at a pivot point. We saw the transition from mainframe to distributed, and now we are all experiencing this transition from distributed to the cloud," said Gregoire.
"The transition from mainframe to distributed was rather slow and we could see it, we could predict it. It was difficult but we understood it. I think we are going to see a different pivot point as we move from distributed to the cloud. It's not going to be a graceful transition. It's going to be hard, it's going to be violent. This is something CIOs are dealing with all day, every day."
Gregoire was keen to break away from CA's traditional pitch of selling mainframe and data centre software to legacy customers, and convince those at the conference that CA was able to transform into an agile and innovative company that could organically develop applications that are deliverable via the cloud.
He was keen to iterate that CA's cloud products could be deployed however the customer sees fit – private, public, hybrid – and that they could be easily integrated with other vendor's offerings to allow for easy data mining. However, Gregoire's main push during the keynote appeared to be getting customers off the company's old software releases.
"We need to have SaaS products in place and we need to get in a position where you can get these new products and you are not working on old releases. We are a making a very heavy investment in this. Over time you are going to see a migration of all of our products that we can put into this environment [SaaS] because it's just a better way to engineer," said Gregoire.
"One of the things I want to be crystal clear about is expectations. We are going to ramp up the organic engineering in our company. I think we have got some of the best engineers in the world, I want to get these products out quicker, I want to use the SaaS platform to do it."
Gregoire announced that CA would be offering all customers an audit by its professional services unit to establish how customers could get off the old releases of their software. He said: "At no cost to you we are going to get our professional services organisation contact you and do an inventory of the products you have – to understand if they are configured to drive the maximum amount of value."
"My number one pet peeve about the software industry – is old releases. If we are going to drive this organic engine, and innovate, and bring new products to market. We have to get you off of old releases. This is a big problem. You don't like old release, I don't like old releases. I want to tackle it."
He added: "I think the innovation curve is going to be so dramatic over the next few years that we are going to miss an opportunity to really be your partner and drive business value if we can't get you onto these new releases."
Computerworld UK spoke to Clive Longbottom, analyst for Quocirca, who said that although CA's new CEO has a challenge ahead in reforming the company, he stands a good chance.
"Gregoire talks a good story and seems enthusiastic enough. He's right that CA has a good arsenal. The trouble is the arsenal ranges from obsidian knives through to blunderbusses, to advanced lasers," said Longbottom.
"He has to rationalise the products, modernise the messages, cull or change the mindset of the channel. And most of all, he has to sort out the multiple power bases that exist within CA itself"
He added: "However, if anyone can do it, Gregoire looks and sounds as if he could be the one."


text:
They say all publicity is good publicity.
But a Turner Prize-winning artist has a rather different view of things, having gone on the rampage with an axe following a string of poor reviews.
Douglas Gordon, director of Neck Of The Woods, which is showing at the Manchester International Festival (MIF) attacked the walls of the city's HOME theatre after the third performance of the play on Saturday night. He then signed his name on the wall alongside the indentations, as well as dating it.
Needless to say, the festival and venue were not impressed.
MIF CEO and artistic director Alex Poots said: "We understand that one of our artists acted in a wholly inappropriate way after the opening of Neck Of The Woods, causing slight damage to the fabric of HOME's new building. This is totally unacceptable and the artist involved will be paying for repairs. MIF and the artist have contacted staff who were present and our co-commissioning partners at HOME to apologise... We do not support or condone reckless, inappropriate or intimidating behaviour and will work with our co-commissioning partners and artistic and producing teams to ensure that this doesn't happen again."
The play, based on Little Red Riding Hood, features the eponymous hero being saved from the belly of a wolf by a woodcutter: hence the axe being readily available as a stage prop. The Guardianhad said the play was "all style and no fangs" and was "humourless and sedate", while The Telegraph, describing it as a "vanity project", said that the script "simply isn't very good."
Gordon, from Glasgow, won the Turner Prize in 1996, becoming the first video artist to win the award, and went on to win a string of international awards.
We'd say his latest play is probably headed for the chop.
(Image: Shutterstock)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
Welcome to the Flask extensions registry. Here you can find a list of packages that extend Flask. This list is moderated and updated on a regular basis. If you want your package to show up here, follow the guide on creating extensions.
Simple and extensible administrative interface framework for Flask
Flask-Ask makes it easy to write Amazon Echo apps with Flask and the Alexa Skills Kit.
Integrates the webassets library with Flask, adding support for merging, minifying and compiling CSS and Javascript files.
An extension that generates an index page for your Flask application automatically
Bcrypt support for hashing passwords
This is an approved extension.
Adds cache support to your Flask application.
Celery integration for Flask
Class based views for Flask.
Cross Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) for flask
Adds CouchDB support to Flask.
This is an approved extension.
Adds CouchDBKit support to Flask.
Creole parser filters for Flask.
This is an approved extension.
This is an approved extension.
Flask-Dashed provides tools for building simple and extensible admin interfaces.
A port of the Django debug toolbar to Flask
Adds Exceptional support to Flask applications
This is an approved extension.
The Flask-fillin extension provides simple utilities for testing your forms in Flask application..
Provides flat static pages to a Flask application, based on text files as opposed to a relational database.
This is an approved extension.
FluidDB access for Flask.
Flask integration of gae_mini_profiler for Google App Engine.
Adds support for the Genshi templating language to Flask applications.
This is an approved extension.
Small extension for Flask to make using Gravatar easy.
Sets Flask configuration defaults for Heroku-esque environment variables
Flask-HTMLBuilder is an extension that allows flexible and easy Python-only generation of HTML snippets and full HTML documents using a robust syntax.
A small Flask extension that makes it easy to use LessCSS with your Flask application.
Add Lettuce support for Flask
Adds Ratelimiting support to Flask. Supports a configurable storage backend with implementations for in-memory, redis and memcache.
Flask-Login provides user session management for Flask. It handles the common tasks of logging in, logging out, and remembering your users' sessions over extended periods of time.
This is an approved extension.
Makes sending mails from Flask applications very easy and has also support for unittesting.
This is an approved extension.
Allows for Mako templates to be used instead of Jinja2
SQLAlchemy database migrations for Flask applications using Alembic. The database operations are provided as command line arguments for Flask-Script.
This is an approved extension.
Add Flask support for MongoDB using MongoAlchemy.
Flask extension to better integrate MongoKit into Flask
Adds OAuth support to Flask.
Adds OpenID support to Flask.
Integrates Flask and the peewee orm
A full-text search engine using Pony ORM and Whoosh.
Identity management for Flask.
Flask-PyMongo bridges Flask and PyMongo.
Provides metrics on SQL queries (using SQLAlchemy) executed for each request.
Flask-Raptor provides support for adding raptors to Flask instances.
Build REST APIs following the JSONAPI specification with a powerful data layer system.
Flask-RESTful provides the building blocks for creating a great REST API.
This is an approved extension.
Flask-Restless provides simple generation of ReSTful APIs for database models defined using Flask-SQLAlchemy. The generated APIs send and receive messages in JSON format.
This is an approved extension.
The Flask-Script extension provides support for writing external scripts in Flask. It uses argparse to parse command line arguments.
This is an approved extension.
SeaSurf is a Flask extension for preventing cross-site request forgery (CSRF).
This is an approved extension.
Flask-Security is an opinionated Flask extension which adds basic security and authentication features to your Flask apps quickly and easily.
Flask-Shelve bridges Flask and the Python standard library `shelve` module, for very simple (slow) no-dependency key-value storage.
Flask integration for Sijax, a Python/jQuery library that makes AJAX easy to use
Flask-snow enables easy access to the REST API in the ServiceNow ITSM platform with the help of the pysnow library. Additionally, it supports OAuth for a seamless authentication / authorization experience.
Add SQLAlchemy support to Flask with automatic configuration and helpers to simplify common web use cases. Major features include:
This is an approved extension.
This is an approved extension.
Automatically minifies, combines, and versions your static CSS and JavaScript assets. Like Django-Compressor for Flask.
Add Stormpath user management, authentication, and authorization to Flask.
The Flask-Testing extension provides unit testing utilities for Flask.
This is an approved extension.
Flask-Themes makes it easy for your application to support a wide range of appearances.
This is an approved extension.
Flask-Uploads allows your application to flexibly and efficiently handle file uploading and serving the uploaded files. You can create different sets of uploads - one for document attachments, one for photos, etc.
This is an approved extension.
This is an approved extension.
Provides a clean, simple URL routing framework for growing Flask Applications.
Make PDF with WeasyPrint in your Flask app.
Utilities for testing Flask applications with WebTest.
Flask-WTF offers simple integration with WTForms. This integration includes optional CSRF handling for greater security.
This is an approved extension.
Adds XML-RPC support to Flask.
This is an approved extension.
Flask-Zen allows you to use PyZen via Flask-Script commands.
Use the ZODB with Flask
This is an approved extension.
Freezes a Flask application into a set of static files. The result can be hosted without any server-side software other than a traditional web server.
This is an approved extension.


text:
- Frontier letter
- Open Access
Geochemistry of continental subduction-zone fluids
- Yong-Fei Zheng1Email author and
- Joerg Hermann2
© Zheng and Hermann; licensee Springer. 2014
- Received: 11 December 2013
- Accepted: 29 July 2014
- Published: 18 August 2014
The composition of continental subduction-zone fluids varies dramatically from dilute aqueous solutions at subsolidus conditions to hydrous silicate melts at supersolidus conditions, with variable concentrations of fluid-mobile incompatible trace elements. At ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic conditions, supercritical fluids may occur with variable compositions. The water component of these fluids primarily derives from structural hydroxyl and molecular water in hydrous and nominally anhydrous minerals at UHP conditions. While the breakdown of hydrous minerals is the predominant water source for fluid activity in the subduction factory, water released from nominally anhydrous minerals provides an additional water source. These different sources of water may accumulate to induce partial melting of UHP metamorphic rocks on and above their wet solidii. Silica is the dominant solute in the deep fluids, followed by aluminum and alkalis. Trace element abundances are low in metamorphic fluids at subsolidus conditions, but become significantly elevated in anatectic melts at supersolidus conditions. The compositions of dissolved and residual minerals are a function of pressure-temperature and whole-rock composition, which exert a strong control on the trace element signature of liberated fluids. The trace element patterns of migmatic leucosomes in UHP rocks and multiphase solid inclusions in UHP minerals exhibit strong enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and moderate enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREE) but depletion of high field strength elements (HFSE) and heavy rare earth elements (HREE), demonstrating their crystallization from anatectic melts of crustal protoliths. Interaction of the anatectic melts with the mantle wedge peridotite leads to modal metasomatism with the generation of new mineral phases as well as cryptic metasomatism that is only manifested by the enrichment of fluid-mobile incompatible trace elements in orogenic peridotites. Partial melting of the metasomatic mantle domains gives rise to a variety of mafic igneous rocks in collisional orogens and their adjacent active continental margins. The study of such metasomatic processes and products is of great importance to understanding of the mass transfer at the slab-mantle interface in subduction channels. Therefore, the property and behavior of subduction-zone fluids are a key for understanding of the crust-mantle interaction at convergent plate margins.
- Water
- Subduction factory
- Metamorphic fluids
- Anatectic melts
- Major elements
- Trace elements
Continental subduction zones are generally marked by the occurrence of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) eclogite-facies metamorphic rocks (e.g., Chopin 2003; Liou et al. 2009; Zheng 2012; Hermann and Rubatto 2014). These rocks contain important records of physical and chemical changes that occur at the slab-mantle interface in deep subduction channel. While arc volcanics above oceanic subduction zones are common and indirectly record the composition of oceanic subduction-zone fluids and their action on the mantle wedge (Stern 2002), so far, no arc volcanics have been found above continental subduction zones (e.g., Rumble et al. 2003; Zheng 2009, 2012). This provides evidence for a difference in the nature of crust-mantle interactions between the two types of subduction zones. Traditionally, the composition of oceanic subduction-zone fluids has been deciphered from the composition of arc volcanics (e.g., Tatsumi and Eggins 1995). These rocks exhibit enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE) relative to the primitive mantle and thus are generally attributed to slab dehydration and element transport at mantle depths of 80 to 130 km. However, the direct study of high-pressure (HP) blueschist- and eclogite-facies metamorphic rocks exhumed from subducted oceanic crust only provides information about the mass transfer at shallow depths of <80 km (e.g., Agard et al. 2009). On the other hand, UHP eclogite-facies metamorphic rocks are prominent in continental subduction zones, providing us with an excellent target to directly study subduction-zone fluids at subarc depths of >80 km (e.g., Zheng, 2009, 2012).
The transfer of crustal components in the form of fluids at subduction zones occurs in several steps, and the agents of mass transfer vary with time and space (e.g., Bebout 2007; Zheng 2012). While aqueous solutions are primarily responsible for extraction of water-soluble incompatible elements such as LILE from subducting crustal rocks (e.g., Hacker 2008; Bebout 2014), hydrous melts play a dominant role in mobilizing water-insoluble incompatible elements such as LREE from the subducting rocks (e.g., Hermann et al. 2006a; Zheng et al. 2011a). The nature of subduction-zone fluids is dictated by dehydration and melting of crustal rocks under different physicochemical conditions. The mobile agents migrate in pervasive and channelized ways at the slab-mantle interface, resulting in geochemical modification of both slab crust and wedge mantle rocks (e.g., Zheng 2012; Bebout 2013). Although we are not able to directly sample pristine fluids from deeply subducted crustal rocks, working backwards from metamorphic, anatectic and magmatic products in UHP metamorphic terranes provides insights into the geochemical property and behavior of subduction-zone fluids at the subarc depths. This overview outlines our present understanding of continental subduction-zone fluids and their implications for chemical geodynamics (Additional file 1 presents the glossary for the subduction factory).
Water in subduction-zone rocks
Water is a key component of subduction-zone rocks and is present as two species: (1) molecular water (H2O) and (2) structural hydroxyl (OH). The structural hydroxyl occurs in hydrous minerals and the point defects of nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs). While hydrous minerals are the major carrier of water in subducted crustal rocks, NAMs carry trace amounts of water into the mantle. In HP to UHP metamorphic rocks, the molecular water occurs not only in the volume defects of minerals as microscale to nanoscale fluid inclusions, but also at the surface defects of mineral grains at grain boundaries and crystal fractures. Pore fluids are a major source of molecular water at subsolidus metamorphic conditions in metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks, but it is scarce in metaintrusive rocks (Zheng, 2009, 2012). There would be the transformation between structural OH and molecular H2O with P-T changes in HP to UHP metamorphic rocks.
With subduction of crustal rocks to mantle depths, the majority of water is released in the form of molecular water through breakdown of hydrous minerals. Significant amounts of structural hydroxyl and molecular water are also dissolved into NAMs with increasing pressure (Zheng 2009). The maximum solubility of water in the NAMs is achieved at the maximum pressure during subduction to mantle depths (Chen et al. 2011; Gong et al. 2013). During the exhumation of deeply subducted crustal rocks, on the other hand, the water in the NAMs is exsolved due to its decreased solubility with decreasing pressure (Zheng 2009). The liberated water may result in the formation of retrograde hydrous minerals in UHP rocks (Zheng et al. 2003). If exhumation occurs at elevated temperatures, the hydrous UHP minerals such as phengite may break down during decompression, resulting in local anatexis of the UHP rocks (Gao et al. 2012, 2013; Chen et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2013).
Subduction-zone fluids are categorized into three types in terms of their H2O contents (e.g., Hermann et al. 2006a; Zheng et al. 2011a): (1) aqueous solution, which contains less than 30 wt. % of solutes; (2) hydrous silicate melt, which contains less than 35 wt. % of dissolved water; and (3) supercritical fluid, which exhibits the complete miscibility between aqueous solution and hydrous melt with variable proportions between the two fluid phases. The aqueous solution and the hydrous melt become progressively miscible with increasing pressure, eventually giving rise to a supercritical fluid above the second critical endpoint at UHP conditions (Manning 2004; Hermann et al. 2006a; Mibe et al. 2011; Adam et al. 2014). In this region, the amount of solutes in the supercritical fluid varies gradually as a function of pressure and temperature (Hack et al. 2007), with a variety of compositions between aqueous solution and hydrous melt (Zheng et al. 2011a; Hermann and Rubatto 2014). On the other hand, the solvus between aqueous solution and hydrous melt might be encountered during decompression of the supercritical fluid, resulting in the separation into aqueous solutions and hydrous melts (Zheng et al. 2011a). This may result in the precipitation of mineral phases depending on the relative solubilties of components before and after the phase separation. The phase separation of supercritical fluids has been directly observed in sophisticated in situ laboratory experiments (Kawamoto et al. 2012). Field-based studies suggested that some multiphase solid inclusions (MSI) may be crystallized from the separated hydrous melts (Ferrando et al. 2005; Frezzotti et al. 2007; Gao et al. 2012), whereas metamorphic zircon and rutile in metamorphic veins inside UHP eclogites may be grown from the separated aqueous solutions (Xia et al. 2010; Zheng et al. 2011b).
During the subduction of crustal rocks, the aqueous solution is generated not only by the prograde breakdown of hydrous minerals such as amphibole, biotite, chlorite, lawsonite, muscovite, serpentine, and zoisite with increasing pressure and temperature (e.g., Schmidt and Poli 2003; Rupke et al. 2004, Spandler and Pirard 2013) but also by the exsolution of molecular water and structural hydroxyl from NAMs (Zheng 2009). While some of these hydrous minerals may be present in small amounts in HP to UHP eclogites, some UHP eclogites may contain neither of these hydrous minerals. Instead, they contain hundreds to thousands of parts per million (ppm) H2O within NAMs such as garnet and pyroxene, not only as structural OH in point defects (Katayama and Nakashima 2003; Xia et al. 2005; Katayama et al. 2006; Chen et al. 2007; Sheng et al. 2007; Zhao et al. 2007a) but also as molecular H2O in surface and volume defects (Su et al. 2002; Xiao et al. 2002; Fu et al. 2003; Gao et al. 2007; Ni et al., 2008; Zhang et al. 2008; Meng et al. 2009; Mukherjee and Sachan 2009). Analyses of the total water in NAMs yield the maximum water contents of about 2,500 ppm and about 3,500 ppm, respectively, in garnet and omphacite at UHP conditions (Chen et al. 2011; Gong et al. 2013). At pressures of the mantle transition zone, 1.4 to 1.5 wt % H2O may occur in ringwoodite included in a diamond (Pearson et al. 2014).
The release of fluids is a key to physicochemical processes at the slab-mantle interface in subduction channels. As illustrated in Figure 1, this primarily depends on the thermal structure of subduction zones. As documented by phase equilibrium calculations (Peacock and Wang, 1999; Kerrick and Connolly 2001a, 2001b), hot subduction at high geotherms of >15°C/km results in significant dehydration at shallow depths of <60 km, with abundant occurrences of greenschist- to amphibolite-facies metamorphic rocks but rare occurrences of arc volcanics above such hot subduction zones. In the extreme case, partial melting of subducting seafloor sediment is significant at upper amphibolite- to granulite-facies conditions, but the pressure is too low to induce partial melting of the mantle wedge. In contrast, cold subduction at low geotherms of 5 to 10°C/km leads to insignificant dehydration at the shallow depths, with significant occurrences of HP blueschist- to eclogite-facies metamorphic rocks and arc volcanics above such cold subduction zones (Peacock and Wang 1999). It is the cold subduction that leads to the insignificant dehydration at the shallow depths but the significant dehydration and anatexis at the subarc depths >80 km. Continental subduction generally takes place at low geotherms, yielding UHP metamorphic rocks that provide direct samples for the study of subduction-zone fluids at the subarc depths.
Composition of continental subduction-zone fluids
Experimental constraints
The solute composition of subduction-zone fluids is a function of the following three variables: (1) element solubility, (2) temperature, and (3) pressure. The amount of water in fluids is inversely correlated with that of solutes and thus also changes as a strong function of pressure and temperature. The major solutes are Si, Al, and alkalis (Na, K) with minor amounts of Ca, Fe, and Mg (Hermann et al. 2013). While Al is not significantly fractionated during partial melting, the aqueous solution preferentially dissolves Si and is characterized by a positive spike in alkalis. The aqueous solution and the hydrous melt have different capacities of dissolving and transporting trace elements during subduction-zone processes (e.g., Hermann et al. 2006a; Zheng et al. 2011a).
Although mineral assemblages in the crustal rocks of mafic to felsic compositions are very different at low pressures, they converge to a common paragenesis at UHP conditions that is composed of coesite, garnet, clinopyroxene, phengite, and kyanite and accessory rutile, zircon, apatite, and allanite or monazite (e.g., Schmidt et al. 2004a; Hermann et al. 2006a; Schertl and O'Brien 2013). The proportions of these UHP metamorphic minerals are a function of whole-rock composition and P-T conditions, which exert a primary control on the trace element composition of coexisting fluid phases. LILE are primarily controlled by phengite, and therefore, in K-rich rocks containing high amounts of phengite, LILE are not necessarily enriched in the aqueous solution with respect to the dehydrated residue (Figure 2). In K-poor rocks, on the other hand, phengite may completely break down and thus no longer be a host mineral for LILE. In this case, the liberated fluids are highly enriched in LILE with respect to the dehydrated residue.
Garnet is a major host of HREE, resulting in depletion of HREE in aqueous solutions and hydrous melts (Figure 2). The major hosts for LREE, Th, and partly U are allanite and monazite. As allanite and monazite preferentially incorporate Th over U (Klimm et al. 2008; Skora and Blundy 2012; Stepanov et al. 2012), the coexisting fluid is characterized by a relative enrichment of U over Th (Figure 2). Significant enrichment of Th is only possible by allanite/monazite dissolution in hydrous melts (Hermann 2002; Klimm et al. 2008; Stepanov et al. 2012). On the other hand, U is a water-soluble element and very susceptible to dissolution from crustal rocks into aqueous solutions. Thus, the Th/U ratios of subduction-zone fluids may provide a distinction between the aqueous solutions and the hydrous melts at the slab-mantle interface in the subduction channel.
Rutile is a major host of high-field-strength elements (HFSE) such as Ti, Nb, and Ta. Zircon hosts Zr, Hf and some U, and apatite is the main host for P (e.g., Hermann 2002; Hermann and Rubatto 2009). Rutile preferentially incorporates Ta over Nb during hydration melting (Schmidt et al. 2004b; Xiong et al. 2011a), with Nb/Ta partition coefficients DNb/Ta < 1. In contrast, low-Mg amphibole, biotite, and phengite preferentially incorporate Nb over Ta during dehydration melting (Tiepolo et al. 2000; Green and Adam 2003; Stepanov and Hermann 2013), with Nb/Ta partition coefficients DNb/Ta > 1. Thus, subduction-zone fluids with elevated Nb/Ta ratios can form either by the breakdown of these hydrous minerals or by the presence of residual rutile in UHP eclogites. These results demonstrate that metamorphic dehydration and partial melting at the subarc depths may cause significant fractionation of trace elements with similar geochemical characteristics.
Because hydrous minerals host a wide range of trace elements, their presence and stability are a crucial factor in dictating the redistribution of elements during dehydration and melting at deep subduction zones. So are nominally anhydrous minor and accessory minerals. However, the stability of these minerals is highly influenced by temperature-pressure, fluid property, and fluid/rock ratio. As an accessory phase in the residue, for instance, monazite can be exhausted at elevated fluid/rock ratios at 800 to 900°C (Skora and Blundy 2010). Because the solubility of essential mineral structural components such as Ce in monazite increases exponentially with increasing temperature, only small amounts of anatectic melts are required to completely exhaust the accessory phase at temperatures >1,000°C (Stepanov et al. 2012). On the other hand, the dissolution of zircon into aqueous fluids can be significantly enhanced by the contemporaneous dissolution of Na-Al silicate components (Wilke et al. 2012). Therefore, the composition of subduction-zone fluids is dictated by the property of chemical reactions with passing rocks, which exerts substantial influence on the mobility of HFSE during subduction-zone metamorphism. Since supercritical fluids become available at UHP eclogite-facies conditions (Figure 1), the dissolution and transport of fluid-immobile incompatible trace elements are possible at the slab-mantle interface in the subduction channel (Zheng et al. 2011a).
Natural constraints
Due to the long journey from at least 100-km depth to the Earth's surface, direct samples of deep subduction-zone fluids are not preserved in UHP metamorphic rocks. Nevertheless, metamorphic veins and migmatic leucosomes within UHP rocks can be used to retrieve information about the composition of deep fluids. Advanced micro-analytical methods are applied to acquire the geochemical composition of metamorphic and anatectic veins in UHP metamorphic terranes (Zheng et al. 2008; Chen et al., 2012a,2012b; Guo et al. 2012; Yu et al. 2012; Song et al. 2014). This leads to a better understanding of the role of fluids for mass transfer at the slab-mantle interface in subduction channels. In addition, tiny MSI that are trapped within refractory minerals in UHP rocks may derive from anatectic melts (Ferrando et al. 2005; Malaspina et al. 2006; Gao et al. 2012, 2013; Liu et al. 2013), providing insights into the property and composition of deep subduction-zone fluids.
Metamorphic veins
Generally, there are two types of metamorphic veins in deeply subducted continental crust, which are mainly formed at subsolidus conditions: (1) felsic veins, which are primarily composed of variable abundances of felsic minerals such as quartz, feldspar, kyanite, and phengite with minor amounts of mafic minerals such as omphacite, garnet, zoisite, and amphibole (e.g., Franz et al. 2001; Li et al. 2001, Li et al. 2004; Zheng et al. 2007; Wu et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2012a; Sheng et al., 2012, 2013) and (2) mafic veins, which are usually composed of variable abundances of mafic minerals such as omphacite, epidote, zoisite, allanite, and garnet with minor amounts of felsic minerals such as quartz and kyanite (e.g., Gao et al. 2007; John et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2008; Spandler et al. 2011; Guo et al. 2012). In addition, the veins contain variable abundances of accessory minerals such as rutile, zircon, and apatite. Chemical reaction of the moving fluids with their host rocks scavenges various components into the fluids. This leads to different types of mineral parageneses for metamorphic veins in UHP metamorphic rocks. As a consequence, there is a significant variation in the composition of subduction-zone fluids, sometimes with survival of relict minerals from the fluid-scavenged rocks (e.g., Zheng et al. 2007; Sheng et al. 2012, 2013).
Available analyses on whole-rock geochemistry of metamorphic veins (Rubatto and Hermann 2003; Zhang et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2012a; Guo et al. 2012) provide evidence that many elements can be transported at least over short distances of a few meters. Because the formation of metamorphic veins is closely associated with the flow of aqueous solutions at subsolidus conditions, dissolution-reprecipitation reactions at appropriate fluid/rock ratios are necessary to produce various parageneses of vein-forming minerals. This is particularly so in view of the relatively low solubility of many major and trace elements in aqueous solutions (Figure 2), providing further evidence that dissolution-reprecipitation reactions are important for vein formation. Thus, the veins represent the material assemblages left behind from the passing fluid phase. As such, compositional data of metamorphic veins can be used to define the major element composition of metamorphic fluids by taking into account the solubility of vein minerals in aqueous solutions. Likewise, they can be used to approximate the trace element composition of metamorphic fluids by taking into account the partition coefficients between vein minerals and aqueous solutions.
Migmatic leucosomes and multiphase solid inclusions
In terms of their occurrence, composition, and age, migmatic leucosomes and MSI inside UHP metamorphic rocks can be inferred to represent the crystallized products of anatectic melts during continental collision, whereas restites are residues after partial melting and melt extraction. The majority of leucosomes and MSI have mineral parageneses similar to granitic rocks, suggesting their crystallization from felsic melts. Here, we refer the anatectic melts as the least evolved melts that are not completely separated from their parent rocks and thus experience the lowest extent of crystal fractionation (Li et al. 2013). In contrast, magmatic melts have evolved from different batches of anatectic melts, not only with complete separation from their parent rocks but also with significant crystal fractionation during their transport upward. Magmatic fluids are those exsolved from the magmatic melts during fractional crystallization at declined pressures. Studies of experimental petrology for dehydration melting of crustal rocks commonly produce melts with small ratios of melts to residued minerals. Such experimental melts are petrologically buffered by the multiphase assemblage of residued minerals under HP to UHP conditions. Therefore, they are petrologically more similar to the anatectic melts rather than the magmatic melts.
Restites provide complementary information to leucosomes on the composition of UHP melts. Garnet-rich rocks in the diamond-facies gneisses of the Kokchetav massif, Kazakhstan, display high MgO + FeO contents and depletion of SiO2 and alkalis. These restites formed at about 1,000°C and 5 GPa, have extreme depletion of LREE and Th, moderate depletion of LILE, enrichment of HREE, and highly variable Nb/Ta ratios, depending on whether residual phengite or residual rutile dominate the Nb/Ta in the restite (Stepanov et al. 2014). These data permit to constrain the composition of extracted melts as K-rich peraluminous granites with high LREE, strongly fractionated REE patterns, and moderate HREE and HFSE contents.
Action of subduction-zone fluids
Accessary mineral records of trace element transport
Many field-based studies have indicated that the assumption of HFSE immobility in fluids is not always valid at subduction-zone metamorphic conditions. For example, Ti minerals such as titanite, rutile, and ilmenite in Alpine eclogitic veins are precipitated from metamorphic fluids (e.g., Philippot and Selverstone 1991), and metamorphic rutile is common in quartz-dominated veins hosted by UHP eclogites in Dabie-Sulu (Xiao et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2008; Zheng et al. 2011b) and Chinese Tianshan (Gao et al. 2007; John et al. 2008). These observations suggest that metamorphic fluids can transport Ti at eclogite-facies conditions at least over short distances of a few meters. Combined with the generally low solubility of Ti in aqueous solutions (Figure 2), this indicates that dissolution-reprecipitation reactions must be involved in order to dissolve and transport the HFSE from host eclogites for rutile-bearing veining (Xia et al. 2010; Zheng et al. 2011a). While it is difficult to extract information about element solubilities from metamorphic and anatectic veins, important conclusions about trace element fractionation can be obtained from accessory minerals.
During the subduction and exhumation of crustal rocks, the new growth of metamorphic and anatectic zircons generally depends on the availability of fluids (Zheng 2009; Xia et al. 2013). Likewise, the growth of metamorphic and anatectic garnets is primarily dictated by the breakdown of hydrous minerals such as amphibole, biotite, epidote, lawsonite, phengite, and zoisite at subsolidus and supersolidus conditions, respectively (e.g., Baxter and Caddick 2013; Li et al. 2014; Zhou et al. 2014). All hydrous minerals are important hosts of given trace elements in HP to UHP metamorphic rocks, but with significant differences in trace element abundances. As a consequence, the newly grown zircon and garnet may acquire different concentrations of trace elements due to the breakdown of different hydrous minerals. So do the other minor and accessory minerals. Therefore, the stability of hydrous minerals at the subarc depths is a key not only to the metamorphic dehydration and partial melting but also to the partitioning of trace elements into the metamorphic and anatectic minerals.
Crust-mantle interaction in subduction channel
The mantle wedge above oceanic subduction channels usually belongs to the part of the asthenospheric mantle, which is hot (e.g., Stern 2002). In contrast, the mantle wedge above continental subduction channels commonly belongs to the part of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), which is cold (e.g., Zheng et al. 2013). This difference may be the reason why continental subduction zones generally have lower geotherms than the hot oceanic subduction zones. It is the low geotherms for HP blueschist- to eclogite-facies metamorphism (Figure 1) that results in the insignificant release of aqueous solutions during the subduction of crustal rocks at shallow depths of <80 km (Kerrick and Connolly 2001a, 2001b). As a consequence, there is insignificant loss of fluid-mobile incompatible trace elements from low-T/HP eclogites (Spandler et al. 2003, 2004; Miller et al. 2007; Xiao et al. 2012, 2013). In this regard, naturally exposed HP eclogite-facies rocks cannot serve as the target to investigate the fluid-assisted element mobility at subarc depths of 80 to 130 km, because they would be exhumed before attending the UHP metamorphic conditions (Agard et al. 2009). Instead, UHP eclogite-facies rocks are a sound target for this purpose. As such, the liberation of fluids at mantle depths of >80 km is a key to supra-subduction-channel (SSC) arc volcanism.
Orogenic peridotites are common in many UHP terranes (Brueckner and Medaris 2000; Nimis and Morten 2000; Zhang et al. 2000), providing us with an excellent target to study the reaction of subduction-zone fluids with the mantle wedge at the slab-mantle interface in subduction channels (Scambelluri et al. 2007; Zheng 2012). According to the occurrence of crustal derivatives in the orogenic peridotites, two types of crustal metasomatism may take place at mantle depths (Zheng 2012). One is modal metasomatism that is indicated by the presence of new mineral phases such as serpentine, chlorite, amphibole, phlogopite, apatite, carbonate, sulfide, titanite, ilmenite, and zircon, which are absent in primitive and depleted mantle sources. The metasomatic products may occur in serpentinized to chloritized peridotites or in pyroxenites and hornblendites. The new mineral phases are mineralogically and geochemically distinguishable from primary peridotite minerals. The other is cryptic metasomatism that is indicated by the absence of such new mineral phases but the enrichment of fluid-mobile incompatible trace elements such as LILE and LREE relative to HFSE and HREE. In the extreme case, only enrichment of highly incompatible water-soluble trace elements (e.g., LILE) occurs in orogenic peridotites, similar to the product of fluid metasomatism in forearc settings above oceanic subduction zones.
In association with variable occurrences of new mineral phases, variable enrichment of LILE and LREE in orogenic peridotites is prominent due to the crustal metasomatism (Brueckner et al. 2002; Malaspina et al. 2006, 2009; Scambelluri et al. 2006; Zhao et al. 2007b; Zhang et al. 2011). Both newly grown and relict zircon domains have been observed in orogenic peridotites (Katayama et al. 2003; Song et al. 2005; Zhang et al. 2005, 2011; Hermann et al. 2006b; Zheng et al. 2006, 2008; Liati and Gebauer 2009; Xiong et al. 2011b). This indicates that both the chemical transport of dissolved Zr and the physical transport of crustal zircon xenocrysts by either metamorphic fluids or anatectic melts have taken place at the slab-mantle interface in subduction channels (Zheng 2012). While U-Pb ages for the newly grown zircon directly date the metasomatic event, its Lu-Hf isotope composition is primarily inherited from the metasomatic agent and thus has little to do with the composition of the overlying lithosphere. The survival of protolith zircon in the orogenic peridotites suggests that the crustal metasomatism beneath the mantle wedge would have proceeded at kinetically limited conditions, and thus it did not achieve the thermodynamic equilibrium between crustal and mantle components.
Both aqueous solutions and hydrous melts are likely involved in the SSC metasomatism (Figure 8a). The former is commonly indicated by serpentinization and chloritization in orogenic peridotites, whereas the latter is generally recorded by pyroxenite and hornblendite in association with orogenic peridotite (Zheng 2012). The hydrous melts may originate from two types of continental crustal sources, one is the metagranite and other is the metasediment. Low-degree partial melting of the UHP crustal rocks yields alkaline igneous rocks of felsic composition (Zhao et al. 2012), and it is also a key to geochemical differentiation of subducted crustal rocks, because it can result in significant enrichment of melt-mobile incompatible trace elements relative to melt-immobile compatible trace elements in hydrous melts (McKenzie 1989). In contrast, high-degree partial melting of the deeply subducted continental crust gives rise to postcollisional granitoids (Zhao et al. 2007c).
Reaction of the mantle wedge peridotite with the felsic melts can create a variety of metasomatic rocks that range from mafic to ultramafic compositions, depending on the extent of melt-peridotite reaction in subduction channels (Zheng 2012). Olivine-poor metasomes may undergo partial melting upon heating, giving rise to various mafic igneous rocks in continental collision orogens (Zhao et al. 2013). Even andesitic melts could be produced by partial melting of a given mafic metasome that is generated by reaction of abundant felsic melts with the SSC peridotite (Chen et al. 2014). Therefore, various melts from basaltic to granitic compositions could be produced by partial melting of the metasomes in the mantle wedge and its underlying slab-mantle interface (Figure 8b). The crustal components in the metasomes can be identified in a series of diagrams plotting Ba/Th, Sr/Rb, (87Sr/86Sr)i, and ϵNd(t) values against (La/Yb)N values for mafic igneous rocks (Zhao et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2014). Similar diagrams are used to distinguish between metabasalt- and metasediment-derived melts in the SSC mantle source of continental basalts (Xu et al. 2014). These differ from oceanic arc basalts in which only the sediment-derived melt is isotopically inferred in their SSC mantle sources (e.g., Schiano et al. 1995; Elliott et al. 1997; Eiler et al. 2007; Turner et al. 2011).
Prospects for the future
Great advances have been made in the past two decades on the geochemistry of continental subduction-zone fluids. This is primarily achieved by natural observations of exhumed UHP eclogite-facies metamorphic rocks in collisional orogens in addition to experimental investigations of metamorphic dehydration and partial melting at subduction-zone P-T conditions. While metamorphic and anatectic veins in UHP rocks directly record mineral precipitation from these fluids, orogenic peridotites and pyroxenites provide an indirect record of transferring the crustal signal for various elements into the SCLM wedge. As such, continental deep subduction also delivers raw materials to the subduction factory. The crustal metasomatism at the slab-mantle interface in the subduction channel generates new mineral phases in orogenic peridotites, but it is critical to unambiguously distinguish between primary and secondary peridotite minerals. Therefore, we are still on the way to answer the following fundamental questions in subduction-zone processes: (1) How do mineral solubility and element partitioning change along the paths of subduction and exhumation at mantle depths of >80 km? (2) How do aqueous solutions, hydrous melts, and supercritical fluids respectively react with the mantle wedge peridotite to generate different composition of metasomes? (3) What is the role of subduction-zone fluids at the slab-mantle interface in dictating the composition of SSC mafic igneous rocks?
The property and behavior of deep subduction-zone fluids are substantial to the mass transfer at the slab-mantle interface in subduction channels. This is also a particularly important challenge because the fluids mediate the recycling of crustal components into the mantle and the reworking of the crust itself. Continental deep subduction triggers metamorphic dehydration and partial melting at the slab-mantle interface, but it did not create juvenile crust like arc volcanics above oceanic subduction zones. Nevertheless, partial melting of the SSC ultramafic metasomes gives rise to mafic igneous rocks in collisional orogens. The geochemical differentiation through dehydration melting and melt-peridotite reaction in continental subduction zones generally resembles that in oceanic subduction zones. However, this represents a different type of recycling of the continental crust compared to the more common recycling of terrigenous sediment in oceanic subduction zones. Partial melting of the continental SSC ultramafic metasomes also represents a different way of crustal growth and crust-mantle interaction with element fractionation from that in the much better studied case of arc volcanism above oceanic subduction zones. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate comprehensively UHP metamorphic rocks and their associated assemblages such as ophiolites, peridotites, and pyroxenites in order to unravel the geochemical behavior of fluids and element recycling in the subduction factory.
We like to thank Tatsu Kawamoto for his invitation to this contribution. We are grateful to Tetsuo Kawakami, Yuanyuan Xiao, and an anonymous reviewer for their comments that greatly helped in the improvement of the presentation. This study was supported by funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41221062) and the Australian Research Council.
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In this Section
227552 Supporting Social Justice through Health in All Policies planning: A Public Health Imperative framed in a Post-disaster context
Wednesday, November 10, 2010 : 10:30 AM - 10:45 AM
Initiating a Health in All Policies (HAP) approach to local planning can face a number of challenges. But in Galveston, Texas, a small city of 60,000, we found that a natural disaster—Hurricane Ike, which damaged 70% of the city's structures—created a window of opportunity for supporting a HAP approach that would have been difficult to achieve under normal circumstances. Galveston, which had unusually large social and health inequities prior to the disaster, faced even worse inequities after the hurricane. This presentation explores lessons in relation to accelerating local planning to address social determinants of health and health inequities through a HAP approach in post-disaster contexts, and the generalizability of those lessons. Working with local government, civil society, and others, our Center adapted the Healthy Development Measurement Tool to establish a baseline of health- and recovery-relevant indicators related to environmental stewardship, transportation, social cohesion, essential goods and services, housing, and the economy. This baseline was used to identify recovery planning needs and fed into the city's Comprehensive Plan and Master Redevelopment Plan. The presentation will outline lessons learned on implementing the work (and compare that experience to lessons described in the literature), the critical features that create that "window of opportunity" for accelerating a Health in All Policies approach and how to recognize that window even when a natural disaster has not struck, strategies for framing messages and advancing action to support a social determinants approach within such contexts, and tools found to be effective in our experience.
Learning Areas:Administration, management, leadership
Advocacy for health and health education
Public health or related public policy
Learning Objectives:
Keywords: Policy/Policy Development, Disasters
Presenting author's disclosure statement:
Qualified on the content I am responsible for because: I am overseeing post-disaster work on social determinants of health, including this project to advance health in all policies in Galveston, Texas.
I agree to comply with the American Public Health Association Conflict of Interest and Commercial Support Guidelines, and to disclose to the participants any off-label or experimental uses of a commercial product or service discussed in my presentation.
Back to: 5099.0: Health During Tough Times: Learning Disaster-Based Lessons


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We are surrounded by tons of chemicals every day. There is chemical in the foods that we eat, clothes that we wear, and the home that we live in. Wouldn't it be better if lawn owners also know how to take care of their lawn the eco-friendly way? Lawns never fail to create beautiful sceneries, but they should not only be beautiful, but environment-friendly, too. Here's a quick summary on how to have one right at your area.
Know the type of soil that your lawn has. Yes, there are different types of soil and learning it helps you decided which particular grasses and plants to plant. Furthermore, you can also learn which type of fertilizer to use on the soil. Did you know that not all soil types need phosphorus? Too much of it can wither the plants while none of it may also hamper them from growing well. Not all grasses grow in one type of soil, so it is also important that you know this aspect to learn more about the grasses that thrive in your lot.
Fertilize at least once a year only. Experts and environmentalists always claim that applying fertilizer should be done with much care and should only be done in the right season. Most of them advise application during the fall since it's neither rainy nor dry season. Nitrogen, which is usually the main fertilizer used by most lawn owners, can bring harm to the plants when applied during drought. On the one hand, it's useless when applied during rainy season as the outpour will only bring it to bodies of water, which can cause harm to its inhabitants. This scenario is one of the major reasons that environmentalists strongly urge lawn owners to apply fertilizers rarely.
Research and learn more about the process from the experts and environmentalists. These people know what they're doing and they have love for the environment, which most companies don't have. For instance, Home Depot's leaf bags are undeniably eco-friendly since they're made of paper. Ironically, the words 'Plants are healthiest when they're fed at least 4-5 times a year.' are imprinted on it in very readable font. Such tip is a big no-no because it can harm not only the aquatic inhabitants, but also humans and organisms that are near the area. Never believe in everything that companies say. Most of them are self-serving.
Finally, nothing beats the benefits that composts provide to your lawn. It's completely free to prepare; easy to apply; and 100% eco-friendly. There's no limit to its application, too. In fact, some lawn experts only recommend very small amount of fertilizer or none at all and tons of composts. Clean lawn attracts natural pollinators and gardeners, which are needed for plants to stay well and grow well all throughout the year.


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For a long time, the cure for diabetes type 1 and type 2 has relied on agonizing insulin shots for patients or insulin infusion via mechanical pumps. Regarding this, experts have been creating artificial pancreatic beta cells with the he…
This report studies the global Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery & Manufacturing market status and forecast, categorizes the global Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery & Manufacturing market size (value & volume) by manufacturers, type, application, and region. This report focuses on the top manufacturers in North America, Europe, Japan, China, India, Southeast Asia and other regions (Central & South America, and Middle East & Africa).
The global Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery & Manufacturing market is valued at million US$ in 2017 and will reach million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of during 2018-2025.
The major manufacturers covered in this report
- Pfizer
- Allergan
- Indivior
- Solvay
- ZIM Laboratories
- MonoSol Rx Allergan
- Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma
- IntelGenx
- Novartis
- NAL Pharma
- Wolters Kluwer
Geographically, this report studies the top producers and consumers, focuses on product capacity, production, value, consumption, market share and growth opportunity in these key regions, covering
- North America
- Europe
- China
- Japan
- India
- Southeast Asia
- Other regions (Central & South America, Middle East & Africa)
We can also provide the customized separate regional or country-level reports, for the following regions:
- North America
- - United States
- - Canada
- - Mexico
- Asia-Pacific
- - China
- - India
- - Japan
- - South Korea
- - Australia
- - Indonesia
- - Singapore
- - Rest of Asia-Pacific
- Europe
- - Germany
- - France
- - Italy
- - Spain
- - Russia
- - Rest of Europe
- Central & South America
- - Brazil
- - Argentina
- - Rest of South America
- Middle East & Africa
- - Saudi Arabia
- - Turkey
- - Rest of Middle East & Africa
On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into
- Oral Thin Film
- Transdermal Thin Film
- Others (Ocular Thin Film, etc.)
By Application, the market can be split into
- Hospital Pharmacies
- Drug Stores
- Retail Pharmacies
- E- Commerce
The study objectives of this report are:
- To analyze and study the global Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery & Manufacturing capacity, production, value, consumption, status (2013-2017) and forecast (2018-2025);
- Focuses on the key Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery & Manufacturing manufacturers, to study the capacity, production, value, market share and development plans in future.
- Focuses on the global key manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the market competition landscape, SWOT analysis.
- To define, describe and forecast the market by type, application and region.
- To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
- To identify significant trends and factors driving or inhibiting the market growth.
- To analyze the opportunities in the market for stakeholders by identifying the high growth segments.
- To strategically analyze each submarket with respect to individual growth trend and their contribution to the market.
- To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
- To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.
In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery & Manufacturing are as follows:
- History Year: 2013-2017
- Base Year: 2017
- Estimated Year: 2018
- Forecast Year 2018 to 2025
For the data information by region, company, type and application, 2017 is considered as the base year. Whenever data information was unavailable for the base year, the prior year has been considered.
Key Stakeholders
Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery & Manufacturing Manufacturers
Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery & Manufacturing Distributors/Traders/Wholesalers
Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery & Manufacturing Subcomponent Manufacturers
Industry Association
Downstream Vendors
Available Customizations
With the given market data, QYResearch offers customizations according to the company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:
Regional and country-level analysis of the Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery & Manufacturing market, by end-use.
Detailed analysis and profiles of additional market players.