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What role has aggression played in human evolution? Can scientists predict who might be more aggressive? And how might increased aggressiveness be linked to overall fitness? Previous research has found that aggression in hockey players is correlated with their facial width to height ratio (fWHR), and a new study builds on this work by demonstrating that fWHR may also predict a soldier's military rank and how many children he fathers. Below the jump, the authors of this latest study – primarily John Loehr – discuss their work.
Like many people, I read the interesting 2008 study that investigated the relationship between aggression and facial structure in hockey players [doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0873]. In this study, co-authors Justin Carré and Cheryl McCormick combined psychological testing and real-life data collected during varsity and professional NHL hockey players' careers to demonstrate that there is a connection between aggression in men and their fWHR.
The fWHR consists of two standard measurements used by anthropologists to measure skulls, but the breakthrough that accounts for the current interest in fWHR was the idea that this measurement can also be made (albeit approximately) from a photograph (see right; doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0873). This makes fWHR special because evolutionary psychologists are not only able to use it to test hypotheses in the lab, but they can also use it to analyse human behaviour in real life situations – in corporate boardrooms [doi:10.1177/0956797611418838], in sports [i.e.; doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0140] and even using forensic statistics [doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.02.002]. Studies of the human face have long been done using qualitative scores, in which judges rate faces on subjects' dominance, beauty or masculinity, etc. fWHR provides a quantitative measure, thus removing subjective opinions from the equation.
It is important to point out that there is plenty of variation between individuals, and if an individual has a comparatively wide face it does not mean that this person will necessarily be aggressive. In fact, this particular individual may or may not be more aggressive than a thinner faced man. For this reason, it would be folly to label an individual as "aggressive" based solely on a fWHR measurement, in the same way that it would be wrong to label an individual as "aggressive" solely based on his gender. What we do know is that, on average, men have higher testosterone levels than women and, on average, they tend to be more aggressive than women, but we also know that behaviour is the product of much more than just one's sex or fWHR measurement. From the perspective of our research, what is important is that there are trends in the population that we can identify, and these trends may provide some new insights into human evolution.
Although the relationship between NHL hockey players' penalties and fWHR turned out to be not as strong as initially thought, the original paper has been very influential by inspiring more work in this area. At this time, research shows that fWHR looks more and more useful as a proxy measure for the effects of testosterone and aggression [doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.03.005]. Using this measure, a window is opening that provides us with insight into the roles of aggression and testosterone in human societies.
After reading the paper about hockey players, I wanted to know if fWHR may be predictive for aggression among soldiers? Since war is one of the most aggressive and protracted activities that human populations engage in, I also wanted to know if fWHR might also predict military rank achieved and the number of children fathered by each soldier? To answer these questions, my colleague, biostatistician Bob O'Hara, and I analysed the wealth of images contained in two Finnish publications, Suomen Rintamamiehet (Finland's Front Line Soldiers) and Vapautemme Hinta (The Price of Our Freedom).
It's not everyday when I come across a large amount of data that can help us understand more about ourselves as human beings while also shedding light on deeper evolutionary questions. But this was foremost in my mind when a librarian at the Finnish National Defence University Library pointed to the rows of books containing thousands of Finnish soldiers' photographs and records of their personal information. These books, compiled voluntarily by the soldiers themselves as well as by the families of those who died in war, are treasures. Their importance lies not only in communicating the sorrow of those who lost loved ones in these conflicts but are a way for veterans of those wars to tell their stories and to help them reconnect with comrades with whom they lost contact. Further, by compiling these volumes, these individuals left a unique record that can be used to increase our understanding for how our species behaves and provide insight into the evolutionary forces at work.
Suomen Rintamamiehet is a series of volumes that collect the personal information of Finnish soldiers who fought in the second world war. The pages are filled with surprisingly detailed records, including photographs of the soldiers; the regiments with which they served; the soldiers' birth dates along with those of their wives and children; marriage date and even their children's names.
The other publication, Vapautemme Hinta, is a compilation of the names and photographs of the soldiers who died during the Winter War of 1939-40 against the Soviet Union. Unlike Suomen Rintamamiehet, Vapautemme Hinta contains little personal detail other than a photograph, name and date of death, but it is filled with page after page of the faces of more than 20,000 young men whose lives ended abruptly in that brutal three-and-a-half-months long campaign. As the title of the book implies, the lives of these young men were the price of freedom in a war that became one of the defining moments in Finland's history; this small country united against seemingly insurmountable odds managed to retain its independence (although some territory was indeed lost).
Thanks to the dedication of the Finnish National Archives, we had access to the final piece of the puzzle to make our research possible: the records of the young men whose photographs appear in Vapautemme Hinta, including the number of children they fathered, have been digitised and can be searched online at the Finnish National Archives website.
In our study we found, for the first time, that the number of children a man fathers during his lifetime is positively correlated with fWHR. Wider-faced males, on average, have more children, although there is a great deal of variation between individuals. These data suggest that either wider-faced males are favoured by females, or they invest more effort in reproduction.
This correlation supports the evolutionary viewpoint that aggression and testosterone are sexually selected traits. A similar result between the width to height ratio and reproductive success has been found in a historic Austrian population, but in this case the number of individuals was relatively few, and the potential for other variables influencing the result was high (the skulls represent a nearly 300-year-period), which were not controlled for in the analysis [doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052317.t001]. However, it is still encouraging that the same result has been independently found in two data sets.
Our proxy measure shows no correlation between survival and aggression. From an evolutionary perspective it is perhaps surprising that aggression is not selected for in a conflict within our species. Shouldn't there be a fitness benefit of aggression for some, if one of the products of aggression, i.e., war has been such an essential feature of human culture for millennia? The answer may lie in the advent of technology. Perhaps when conflicts were settled using hand-to-hand combat, a certain type of soldier survived better, but this selection pressure disappeared as technology became more and more important to conflicts. Basically, modern warfare leaves little room for an individual to determine his own fate, and each soldier is at the mercy of chance whether he happens to have a shell drop into the trench he is in. It is also possible that war only provides certain individuals with a fitness advantage when an army invades new territory, and conquering troops father children with the women living there.
One finding that still has me scratching my head is the correlation between military rank and fWHR. Previous research has found that aggressiveness and social dominance are positively correlated, but our data reveal that officers were thinner-faced than their subordinates.
There are several possible explanations for this. The military ranks that we used in the data analysis were from the beginning of the war, and it is possible that these ranks changed changed during the war. But even if it turns out that the correlation between rank and fWHR changed after the war started, this leads us to ask why did the dominance structure of the military initially form in this way? Do other militaries have the same dominance structure?
It is possible that wider-faced soldiers may be better cooperators than thin-faced soldiers: the evidence suggests that wider-faced males are better cooperators than thinner-faced males in competitive situations [doi:10.1177/0956797611435133]. Differences in trustworthiness may also play a role. This same study also suggests that thinner-faced males are more trusted and tend to abuse their power less often. However, this said, the story underlying the formation of this particular dominance structure is probably much more complicated.
The proxy measure seen in male faces is an excellent tool to explore the role of aggression in human evolution, but at the same time it is only a proxy. How different would our results be if we were able to directly measure aggression or testosterone is a question that, a least for the time being, remains unanswered. However, fWHR appears to provide some fascinating insights into the evolutionary role of human aggression that we can use to formulate new hypotheses to test. What is certain is that through the power of the scientific process we will come to know ourselves much better.
Original paper
Loehr J. & O'Hara R.B. (2013). Facial morphology predicts male fitness and rank but not survival in Second World War Finnish soldiers, Biology Letters doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0049
Also cited:
Carré J.M. & McCormick C.M. (2008). In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275 (1651) 2651-2656. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0873
Wong E.M., Ormiston M.E. & Haselhuhn M.P. (2011). A Face Only an Investor Could Love: CEOs' Facial Structure Predicts Their Firms' Financial Performance, Psychological Science, 22 (12) 1478-1483. doi:10.1177/0956797611418838
Tsujimura H. & Banissy M.J. (2013). Human face structure correlates with professional baseball performance: insights from professional Japanese baseball players, Biology Letters, 9 (3) 20130140-20130140. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0140
Stirrat M., Stulp G. & Pollet T.V. (2012). Male facial width is associated with death by contact violence: narrow-faced males are more likely to die from contact violence, Evolution and Human Behavior, 33 (5) 551-556. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.02.002
Gómez-Valdés J., Hünemeier T., Quinto-Sánchez M., Paschetta C., de Azevedo S., González M.F., Martínez-Abadías N., Esparza M., Pucciarelli H.M. & Salzano F.M. & (2013). Lack of Support for the Association between Facial Shape and Aggression: A Reappraisal Based on a Worldwide Population Genetics Perspective, PLoS ONE, 8 (1) e52317. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052317.s002
Stirrat M. & Perrett D.I. (2012). Face Structure Predicts Cooperation: Men With Wider Faces Are More Generous to Their In-Group When Out-Group Competition Is Salient, Psychological Science, 23 (7) 718-722. doi:10.1177/0956797611435133
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This invited guest piece was written by John Loehr and was rewritten, edited and formatted by GrrlScientist. Data images created by Bob O'Hara (co-author of the original paper).
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John Loehr is an evolutionary ecologist who studies fitness trade-offs in mammals. He is the research and education co-ordinator at the University of Helsinki's breathtakingly beautiful Lammi Biological Station in Finland.
GrrlScientist is an evolutionary biologist, ornithologist and science writer who writes about the interface between evolution, ethology and ecology, especially in birds. You can follow Grrlscientist's work on facebook, Google +, LinkedIn, Pinterest and of course, on twitter: @GrrlScientist


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Trembling severely limits and challenges the elderly and people suffering from degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The inability to perform even smallest of everyday chores, like holding a glass of water, opening a bottle cap or buttoning a shirt, can have a depressing impact on one's sense of independence and self-reliance. Self-Reliant glove is a sensor and actuator equipped smart glove, which amplifies and translates the faintest motion guided by fingers into robust action. Self-reliant glove uses the sense of touch, pressure and position to reinforce the strength, delicacy, and complexity of the human grip. It is meant to conform to natural hand movements, is lightweight and intuitive. This glove would be crafted from a high-strength polyester nano-fiber that offers excellent frictional properties, soft texture, as well as absorption and diffusion of moisture for added comfort. Since the actuators are soft, not rigid, finger movements are aided but not controlled by the glove.
The article above was submitted to us by an Inhabitat reader. Want to see your story on Inhabitat? Send us a tip by following this link. Remember to follow our instructions carefully to boost your chances of being chosen for publishing!

subset: commoncrawl


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Tutored Life Drawing - Beginners
Tuesday evenings from 23rd April 2019
6 weeks - £60 per course
6:30-8:30pm weekly
The course will be covering the approach to drawing rather than method or technique. Every artist has his/her own style and if left alone will usually approach drawing in the same 'safe' or default mode.
This course is about shaking that mode up - inspiring a new angle of attack. This 'back to foundation' approach can be both liberating and insightful. Breaking free of your normal style and experimenting leads to some interesting results which may inform your artistic development, but above all is extremely fun.
WEEK 1 - Breaking the mould, line work.
WEEK 2 - Tone studies, shadows and highligths
WEEK 3 - Blocks, Cones and Spheres, understanding form
WEEK 4 - NO Rubbers! working 'with' your mistakes
WEEK 5 - Bringing it all together
WEEK 6 - Grand Finale - Single drawing (2hour)
All life drawing classes are suitable for beginners and those with some experience. Maximum 10 people
What to bring - nothing! All materials and equipment are supplied, you even get free drawing paper!


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Welcome to
Welcome to
El Mercado
Thank you for contacting El Mercado Restaurants... PLEASE READ;
Thank you reaching out to El Mercado Restaurants INC. Please note that we are not able to accept any type of reservation request nor confirmation via email at this time. For the fastest response and to verify availability, please call the location you wish to book.
Please also note that though El Mercado South and The Backstage live music venue are connected, they are managed separately. For The Backstage related inquiries and information, click HERE. For location addresses, business hours and to contact a location directly via phone, click HERE. For sales, product and sales information please email us by clicking HERE (please note that we do not accept any sales, product or service information or employee verification and information at any one location directly). For all other inquiries or to contact our offices please click below and be sure to include your full name and contact info.


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We're here to make life easier for you, so we don't require your presence during your eco-friendly house cleanings. Feel free to stick around if you want to, though!
If you don't plan to be around, please simply select how should we access your home on the booking form.
Options to access:
- Be home to open the door for us
- Leave a key hidden in safe place, use a lockbox
- Leave the backdoor open or
- Provide us with a code for you garage (if you have one)
We don't take house keys anymore unfortunately. Here's why.


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How apt a name for this business - Vivaz, meaning vivacious, energetic, spirited, determined women - and that is what the nine women in the SEW cooperative of ACOMPAMSLR/VIVAZ are! They have secured three government contracts for making school uniforms.
Four of the women attended a six month university course at Jose Matias Delgado University in design and indigo dyeing, which has enhanced the beauty of their indigo scarves, shawls and blouses. Students from Marquette University have provided them with training in business planning and office management. The women have expanded their workspace and added an office: "We are proud of our workplace; we updated the windows and the roof and have received contracts from the Ministry of Education three years in a row."
Equally important to the women has been the excitement of learning more about themselves in the self esteem and women's rights workshops provided by the SEW staff. With this increased confidence in themselves, the women celebrate being wage earners, many for the first time in their lives.
What difference does that make? Margarita immediately installed electricity in her home with her earnings. Mercedes tells us, "I am able to contribute to pay for my two children to study at the university." Ruth is saving to buy a house; Karyn can "pay for my two children's needs and no longer depend on my mother for support." For Mercedes, the difference is that the women "work together as a family. If someone needs help, we give it to her."
Organize, recruit, start, take risks, find opportunities, recruit more women, diversify: this is ACOPAMSLR's story, deftly guided by Delmy Linares. Delmy's savvy got trainers to the business's isolated location, brokered transportation needed for marketing, and developed cohesion and reciprocity as the business diversified. ACOPAMSLR and VIVAZ have "graduated" -- that is, the businesses are now self-sustaining and no longer need SEW staff accompaniment. They continue to be part of the larger CIS network of communities.
SEW provided opportunity. The women provided dreams and dedication. A dynamite combination.


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Gümüşlük Koyunbaba Mevkii'nde, denize sıfır özel plajlı dairelerimizde güneş batımın keyfini yaşayın.On the sea front with it's own sunbathing platform and floating jetty, Vega Evleri (Vega Houses) is located close to the sleepy village of Gümüşlük to the South and sizeable village of Yalıkavak to the North.
The 15 one bedroom apartments and 2 two bedroom apartments are strung on terraces stepping down to the large swimming pool with snack bar. The pool and extensive sunbathing terraces enjoy stunning views to to the sea and Büyükkiremit Ada (Big Terracotta Island) with the Greek Islands of Nisides, Kalymnos and Leros bobbing on the horizon.
Each 2 BEDROOM apartment has 1 double, 1 twin bedroom, a bright and simply but brightly decorated seating area, Satellite flat screen TV, dining table and chairs and an open-plan kitchen. The kitchen is equipped with under-counter fridge, 2 ring electric hob, extractor fan, microwave, crockery utensils and a kettle.
Vega Evleri are 500m from the Peninsula loop road and publiv transport routes so a hire car is recommended though not essential.
Distances to: Bodrum-Milas Airport 55 km, Bodrum 22 km, Yalıkavak 6 km and Gümüşlük 3km.


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Since the "Great Recession" of 2008, community colleges have sought innovative ways to simultaneously reach wider student audiences and achieve lower costs. American workers are returning to college in record numbers to obtain, finish, or supplement their postsecondary degrees.
Community colleges are responding to their needs by making their programs more flexible. Besides offering online classes, a growing number of schools are scheduling face-to-face classes at all hours of the day and night.
In a move to accommodate a new crop of students consisting mainly of working professionals with standard 9-to-5 job requirements, Southern Maine Community College (SMCC) in South Portland will offer early morning classes at 7:00 a.m. and 7:30 a.m. beginning in January. This will mark the earliest course start time in SMCC's 67-year history. A recent SMCC survey found that 28.5 percent of SMCC's students work full-time and 42.9 percent work part-time.
"We were really looking at a student population of working students who might be interested in credentials that will be related to the work that they're doing that will help them to aspire to career advancement," said Janet Sortor, vice president and dean of Academic Affairs. "This would allow students to take a class before they go to work. We've had evening classes for many years, but they're not always as convenient."
Sortor cited later working hours and family responsibilities as two key inhibitors when students register for evening classes. Early morning classes should diminish these problems and are "less competition for one's time," Sortor said.


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You might see them in the great room, in the halls, in the classrooms… sometimes they're invisible but their presence is tangible.
Volunteers. They're everywhere!
At Friends' School we are truly lucky to have an amazingly accomplished and community-minded group of parents who keep our community strong. We could not do all that we do at Friends' without our wonderful and enthusiastic parent (and sometimes grandparent, aunt, uncle, and caregiver) volunteers.
On any given week you'll find volunteers hard at work on art projects for the auction, shelving books and helping guide computer instruction in the library, driving on a field trip, helping in the classrooms with reading groups and math lessons and spelling tests, working towards the future of the school on our committees and board.
What's always astonishing and inspiring is that despite the fact that parents are understandably busy and tired, they roll up their sleeves on a Saturday morning for Parent Work Day, tote bagels and coffee to Parent Council breakfasts, collect money for Teacher Thanksgiving, champion the Annual Fund as class captains, take precious time to help students in their Area of Expertise (AOE) projects or set up chairs at a parent education event.
The list of ways they support the school is endless.
Some tasks, like helping in classrooms, are very visible. Others happen a little more behind the scenes. Working parents, and others whose schedules don't mesh with ours, can be busy at home preparing materials for classrooms, writing thank you notes for the Annual Fund, or working on tasks on behalf of the school Auction.
Friends', like all independent schools, has a Board of Trustees that works in collaboration with me to guide the direction our school is taking. Devoted volunteers on our board and its committees —current and past parents— meet monthly during the school year, and also put in countless, selfless hours to keep the school running and ensure its bright future. Their energy and ability to give is humbling.
I'd like to give a shout out to a few volunteers who have been especially tireless: Jenny McGuire, Mindy Mullins, Jenny Donovan, Karen Donohue, Maureen Espinoza, Diane Hullet, Shel Gerding, Catherine Meng, Erin Picone, Aarin Holmes, Joe Baran and Mignon Macias, Chris Wirth, Christine Case, Elizabeth Henna, Laura Farrelly, Herb Blecher, Kasey Lohman, Deb and Howard Rubin, Mary Anne Zacek, Carol Hoeffler, Alex Teller, Cinder Trout, Tami Wakeman, Dana Myers, Rob Wright, Chelsea and Bill Flagg, Julie Pelaez, Adam Kimberly, Robyn Manley, Mike Fisher, Wendy Michael, Andy Boyd; and alumni parents: Carol Hampf, Jen Greene, and Anne Hunter.
Is this list complete? No, and I apologize that I'm not listing each and every valuable volunteer here. If I left you out of the list, I'm sorry, and please know how grateful we are for all that our parents do. Thank you to ALL our parents who are willing and able to support their child's education through hands-on volunteerism. Our community is stronger because of the willingness of everyone to make it so, and we are truly grateful.
Thank you, volunteers, for all that you do.


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The exploration of Jupiter has been conducted via close observations by automated spacecraft. It began with the arrival of Pioneer 10 into the Jovian system in 1973, and, as of 2014, has continued with seven further spacecraft missions. All of these missions were undertaken by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and all but one have been flybys that take detailed observations without the probe landing or entering orbit.
These probes make Jupiter the most visited of the Solar System's outer planets as all missions to the outer Solar System have used Jupiter flybys to reduce fuel requirements and travel time. In July 2016, the next spacecraft, Juno, is scheduled to arrive and more missions to the Jovian system are under development. Sending a craft to Jupiter entails many technical difficulties, especially due to the probes' large fuel requirements and the effects of the planet's harsh radiation environment.
The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter was Pioneer 10 in 1973, followed a year later by Pioneer 11. Aside from taking the first close-up pictures of the planet, the probes discovered its magnetosphere and its largely fluid interior. The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited the planet in 1979, and studied its moons and the ring system, discovering the volcanic activity of Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa. Ulysses further studied Jupiter's magnetosphere in 1992 and then again in 2000. The Cassini probe approached the planet in 2000 and took very detailed images of its atmosphere. The New Horizons spacecraft passed by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its and its satellites' parameters.
The Galileo spacecraft is the only one to have entered orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying the planet until 2003. During this period Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system, making close approaches to all of the four large Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them, as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath their surfaces. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede. As it approached Jupiter, it also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. In December 1995, it sent an atmospheric probe into the Jovian atmosphere, so far the only craft to do so. JUICE is proposed to be launched in 2022. Read more ...
NASA's Juno Spacecraft
Juno probe returns first in-orbit Jupiter photo BBC - July 13, 2016
The American space agency's new Juno mission to Jupiter has returned its first imagery since going into orbit around the gas giant last week. The picture shows a sunlit portion of the planet, together with three of its big moons - Io, Europa and Ganymede. The fourth major satellite - Callisto - is out of view. Juno is currently moving away from Jupiter on a large arc, but will sweep back in during August, enabling its "JunoCam" to take even better images.
NASA's solar powered Juno space probe arrives at giant planet CNN - July 5, 2016
Really cool music and sound effects -- NASA says it has received a signal from 540 million miles across the solar system, confirming its Juno spacecraft has successfully started orbiting Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system.
Juno probe enters into orbit around Jupiter BBC - July 5, 2016
The US space agency has successfully put a new probe in orbit around Jupiter. The Juno satellite, which left Earth five years ago, had to fire a rocket engine to slow its approach to the planet and get caught by its gravity. A sequence of tones transmitted from the spacecraft confirmed the braking maneuver had gone as planned.
The giant planet Jupiter was formed four times further from the sun than its current orbit, and migrated inwards in the solar system over a period of 700,000 years. Researchers found proof of this incredible journey thanks to a group of asteroids close to Jupiter. Science Daily - March 22, 2019
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet within the Solar System. It is a gas giant with mass one-thousandth that of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the other planets in our Solar System combined. Jupiter is classified as a gas giant along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Together, these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian or outer planets.
The planet was known by astronomers of ancient times and was associated with the mythology and religious beliefs of many cultures. The Romans named the planet after the Roman god Jupiter. When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of -2.94, making it on average the third-brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus. (Mars can briefly match Jupiter's brightness at certain points in its orbit.)
Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quarter of its mass being helium; it may also have a rocky core of heavier elements. Because of its rapid rotation, Jupiter's shape is that of an oblate spheroid (it possesses a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator). The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries.
A prominent result is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by telescope. Surrounding the planet is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. There are also at least 66 moons, including the four large moons called the Galilean moons that were first discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these moons, has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury.
Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by robotic spacecraft, most notably during the early Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions and later by the Galileo orbiter. The most recent probe to visit Jupiter was the Pluto-bound New Horizons spacecraft in late February 2007. The probe used the gravity from Jupiter to increase its speed. Future targets for exploration in the Jovian system include the possible ice-covered liquid ocean on the moon Europa.
Jupiter has been known since ancient times and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. In 1610, Galileo Galilei discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter using a telescope, the first observation of moons other than Earth's.
Jupiter is 2.5 times more massive than all the other planets combined, so massive that its barycenter with the Sun actually lies above the Sun's surface (1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center). It is 318 times more massive than Earth, with a diameter 11 times that of Earth, and with a volume 1300 times that of Earth. It has been termed by many a "failed star", even though the comparison would be akin to calling an asteroid "a failed Earth".
As impressive as it is, extrasolar planets have been discovered with much greater masses. However, it is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition can, as adding extra mass would only result in further gravitational compression (until ignition occurs). There is no clear-cut definition of what distinguishes a large and massive planet such as Jupiter from a brown dwarf, although the latter possesses rather specific spectral lines, but in any case Jupiter would need to be about seventy times as massive if it were to become a star.
Jupiter also has the fastest rotation rate of any planet within the solar system, making a complete revolution on its axis in slightly less than ten hours, which results in a flattening easily seen through an Earth-based amateur telescope. Its best known feature is probably the Great Red Spot, a storm larger than Earth. The planet is perpetually covered with a layer of clouds.
Jupiter is usually the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon and Venus; however at times Mars appears brighter than Jupiter, while at others Jupiter appears brighter than Venus). It has been known since ancient times. Galileo Galilei's discovery, in 1610, of Jupiter's four large moons Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (now known as the Galilean moons) was the first discovery of a celestial motion not apparently centered on the Earth. It was a major point in favor of Copernicus' heliocentric theory of the motions of the planets; Galileo's outspoken support of the Copernican theory got him in trouble with the Inquisition.
Jupiter is composed of a relatively small rocky core, surrounded by metallic hydrogen, surrounded by liquid hydrogen, which is surrounded by gaseous hydrogen. There is no clear boundary or surface between these different phases of hydrogen; the conditions blend smoothly from gas to liquid as one descends.
The atmosphere contains trace amounts of methane, water vapour, ammonia, and "rock". There are also traces of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulfur. The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains crystals of frozen ammonia.This atmospheric composition is very close to the composition of the solar nebula. Saturn has a similar composition, but Uranus and Neptune have much less hydrogen and helium.
Jupiter's upper atmosphere undergoes differential rotation, an effect first noticed by Giovanni Cassini (1690). The rotation of Jupiter's polar atmosphere is ~5 minutes longer than that of the equatorial atmosphere. In addition, bands of clouds of different latitudes flow in opposing directions on the prevailing winds. The interactions of these conflicting circulation patterns cause storms and turbulence. Wind speeds of 600 km/h are not uncommon. A particularly violent storm, about three times Earth's diameter, is known as the Great Red Spot.
Juno solves 39-year old mystery of Jupiter lightning Ever since NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft flew past Jupiter in March, 1979, scientists have wondered about the origin of Jupiter's lightning. That encounter confirmed the existence of Jovian lightning, which had been theorized for centuries. But when the venerable explorer hurtled by, the data showed that the lightning-associated radio signals didn't match the details of the radio signals produced by lightning here at Earth. In a new paper published in Nature today, scientists from NASA's Juno mission describe the ways in which lightning on Jupiter is actually analogous to Earth's lightning. Although, in some ways, the two types of lightning are polar opposites.
'Diamond rain' falls on Saturn and Jupiter BBC - October 14, 2013
Diamonds that are the right size to have been worn by stars of the Silver Screen could rain down on Saturn and Jupiter, US scientists have calculated. New atmospheric data for the gas giants indicates that carbon is abundant in its dazzling crystal form, they say. Lightning storms turn methane into soot (carbon) which as it falls hardens into chunks of graphite and then diamond.
Fireballs Light Up Jupiter Science Daily - September 11, 2010
Amateur astronomers working with professional astronomers have spotted two fireballs lighting up Jupiter's atmosphere this summer, marking the first time Earth-based telescopes have captured relatively small objects burning up in the atmosphere of the giant planet. The two fireballs -- which produced bright freckles on Jupiter that were visible through backyard telescopes -- occurred on June 3, 2010, and August 20, 2010, respectively.
Jupiter's New Impact Scar NASA - July 23, 2009
In July of 1994 pieces of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collided with planet Jupiter. Now there is another impact scar. Since 2006 two new red spots have also been discovered.
Baby Jupiter's huge weight gain BBC - January 6, 2009
The planet Jupiter must have gained mass fast during its infancy, according to astronomers. It had to, because the material from which the planet formed disappeared in just a few million years. After studying other stars, the US team came to the conclusion that gas giants like Jupiter must grow rapidly.
Mystery Of Jupiter's Jets Uncovered Science Daily - January 25, 2008
At the end of March 2007, scientists all over the world observed with surprise and awe a rare change in the atmosphere of Jupiter. A giant perturbation occurred amongst its clouds and two extremely bright storms erupted in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere, where its most intense jet stream - reaching speeds of 600 kilometers per hour Đ resides. Research into these unusual storms (previous ones had been seen in 1975 and 1990) and the reaction of the jet to them, undertaken by an international team coordinated by Agust'n S‡nchez-Lavega, from the Higher Technical School of Engineering of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), gives a more precise idea about the origin of these current flows and likewise can help to gain a better understanding of terrestrial meteorology.
Lightning Strikes, Changing Climate Revealed on Jupiter National Geographic - October 9, 2007
Images sent back from New Horizons earlier this year show stormy features similar to Earth's, including lightning on both of Jupiter's poles. The images suggest the storms are caused by the heat from the planet itself, rather than the sun, and are maintained by circulation patterns that could be global in scale.
First Proof of Wet "Hot Jupiter" Outside Solar System National Geographic - July 11, 2007
A high-powered space telescope has caught what researchers are saying is the first clear sign of water on a planet outside our solar system. The planet, known as HD 189733b, is a gas giant similar to Jupiter. But this huge planet, which orbits a star about 63 light-years away, hugs its host much closer and broils at more than 1,300ˇF (700ˇC). This means that the planet's water is all in the form of superheated steam. Liquid water and thus life as we know it couldn't exist there. The new findings solve a puzzle that arose earlier this year, when two previous studies failed to find water of any form on these so-called hot Jupiters.
Hubble Watches As Jupiter Changes Stripes Space.com - June 29, 2007
Jupiter is wrapped in cloudy strips of yellows, browns and whites, created by winds at various latitudes blowing in different directions. Propelled by speedy winds, the clouds whip around the planet at hundreds of miles per hour. High elevation clouds reside in 'belt' regions of the Jovian atmosphere. Belt clouds are darker than those flying in the relatively low-elevation zone regions of the atmosphere. The winds in belts and zones flow in opposite directions.
Aurora on Jupiter. Three bright dots are created by magnetic flux tubes that connect to the Jovian moons Io (on the left), Ganymede and Europa on the bottom. In addition, the very bright almost circular region, called the main oval, and the fainter polar aurora can be seen.
Jupiter has a very large and powerful magnetosphere. In fact, if you could see Jupiter's magnetic field from Earth, it would appear five times as large as the full moon in the sky despite being so much farther away. This magnetic field collects a large flux of particle radiation in Jupiter's radiation belts, as well as producing a dramatic gas torus and flux tube associated with Io. Jupiter's magnetosphere is the largest planetary structure in the solar system.
The Pioneer probes confirmed the existence that Jupiter's enormous magnetic field is 10 times stronger than Earth's and contains 20,000 times as much energy. The sensitive instruments aboard found that the Jovian magnetic field's "north" magnetic pole is at the planet's geographic south pole, with the axis of the magnetic field tilted 11 degrees from the Jovian rotation axis and offset from the center of Jupiter in a manner similar to the axis of the Earth's field. The Pioneers measured the bow shock of the Jovian magnetosphere to the width of 26 million kilometres (16 million miles), with the magnetic tail extending beyond Saturn's orbit.
The data showed that the magnetic field fluctuates rapidly in size on the sunward side of Jupiter because of pressure variations in the solar wind, an effect studied in further detail by the two Voyager spacecraft. It was also discovered that streams of high-energy atomic particles are ejected from the Jovian magnetosphere and travel as far as the orbit of the Earth. Energetic protons were found and measured in the Jovian radiation belt and electric currents were detected flowing between Jupiter and some of its moons, particularly Io.
Spectacular aurora lights up Jupiter's North Pole The Guardian - June 30, 2016
The image of the Northern Lights was taken ahead of the arrival of Nasa's spaceship Juno next week which will spend a year monitoring the largest planet in the Solar System. Jupiter is known for its colorful storms such as the Great Red Spot which swirls constantly in the planet's atmosphere. But it's powerful magnetic field also means it has spectacular light shows at its poles. Just like on Earth, auroras are created when high energy particles enter a planet's atmosphere near its magnetic poles and collide with atoms of gas.'
Jupiter has auroras. Like near the Earth, the magnetic field of our Solar System's largest planet compresses when impacted by a gust of charged particles from the Sun. This magnetic compression funnels charged particles towards Jupiter's poles and down into the atmosphere. There, electrons are temporarily excited or knocked away from atmospheric gases, after which, when de-exciting or recombining with atmospheric ions, auroral light is emitted. The featured illustration portrays the magnificent magnetosphere around Jupiter in action. In the inset image released last month, the Earth-orbiting Chandra X-ray Observatory shows unexpectedly powerful X-ray light emitted by Jovian auroras, depicted in false-colored purple. That Chandra inset is superposed over an optical image taken at a different time by the Hubble Space Telescope. This aurora on Jupiter was seen in October 2011, several days after the Sun emitted a powerful Coronal Mass Ejection (CME).
Volcanic Moon Creates Glowing Aurora Spots on Jupiter National Geographic - March 20, 2008
Unexpected spots on Jupiter's poles could solve the decades-old mystery of what powers the gas giant's spectacular "hyper-auroras," according to a new study. Auroras were first spotted on Jupiter in 1979, and astronomers have known since the 1990s that the planet's polar light shows are hundreds of times more powerful than Earth's auroras with bands and curtains that can get as big as Earth itself
Big Auroras on Jupiter NASA - April 4, 2007
The purple ring traces Jupiter's X-ray auroras. Gladstone calls them "Northern Lights on steroids. They're hundreds of times more energetic than auroras on Earth."
The calm at the center of the Great Red Spot: New study of Jupiter's giant storm finds hurricane-like winds blow at 450mph at its edge - but its middle is strangely calm Daily Mail - November 6, 2018
These and other aspects of this phenomenon are the focus of the research that the Juno mission will be conducting over the next few years. The Great Red Spot, observed for the first time with certainty 150 years ago, shows up through the telescope owing to its reddish color against the white, yellowish, ochre clouds contrasting with the rest of the planet. Despite the numerous studies conducted on the storm, its nature poses a huge challenge for meteorologists.
June 15, 2016
The Great Red Spot is an anticyclonic storm on the planet Jupiter, 22° south of the equator; which has lasted at least 300 years. The storm is large enough to be visible through Earth-based telescopes. It was first observed either by Cassini or Hooke around 1665.
This dramatic view of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and its surroundings was obtained by Voyager 1 on February 25, 1979, when the spacecraft was 5.7 million miles (9.2 million kilometers) from Jupiter. Cloud details as small as 100 miles (160 kilometers) across can be seen here. The colorful, wavy cloud pattern to the left of the Red Spot is a region of extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion. To give a sense of Jupiter's scale, the white oval storm directly below the Great Red Spot is approximately the same diameter as Earth.
Storms such as this are not uncommon within the atmospheres of gas giants. Jupiter also has white ovals and brown ovals, which are lesser unnamed storms. White ovals tend to consist of relatively cool clouds within the upper atmosphere. Brown ovals are warmer and located within the "normal cloud layer". Such storms can last hours or centuries.
It is not known exactly what causes the Great Red Spot's reddish color. Theories supported by laboratory experiments suppose that the color may be caused by any of "complex organic molecules, red phosphorus, or yet another sulfur compound", but a consensus has yet to be reached.
The Great Red Spot is remarkably stable, having first been spotted over 300 years ago. Several factors may be responsible for its longevity, such as the fact that it never encounters solid surfaces over which to dissipate its energy and that its motion is driven by Jupiter's internal heat. Simulations suggest that the Spot tends to absorb smaller atmospheric disturbances.
At the start of 2004, the Great Red Spot is approximately half as large as it was 100 years ago. It is not known how long the Great Red Spot will last, or whether this is a result of normal fluctuations.
The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Great Dark Spot, famously seen in the atmosphere of Neptune by Voyager 2 in 1989. The Great Dark Spot was an atmospheric hole, not a storm, and was no longer present as of 1994 (although another, similar spot had appeared farther to the north).
On October 19, 2003 a black spot was photographed on Jupiter by Belgian astronomer Olivier Meeckers. Although not an unusual occurrence, this one caught the fantasy of some science fiction fans and conspiracy theorists, who went as far as speculating that the spot was evidence of nuclear activity on Jupiter, caused by Galileo's crash into the planet a month prior. Galileo carried about 15.6 kg of plutonium-238 as its power source, in the form of 144 pellets of plutonium dioxide, a ceramic. The individual pellets (which would be expected to separate during entry) initially contained about 108 grams of 238Pu each (about 10% would have decayed away by the time Galileo entered Jupiter), and are short of the required critical mass by a factor of about 100.
Jupiter's Great Red Spot Shrinking Faster NASA - May 18, 2014
Recorded as shrinking since the 1930s, the rate of the Great Red Spot's size appears to have accelerated just in the past few years. A hurricane larger than Earth, the Great Red Spot has been raging at least as long as telescopes could see it. Like most astronomical phenomena, the Great Red Spot was neither predicted nor immediately understood after its discovery. Although small eddies that feed into the storm system seem to play a role, a more full understanding of the gigantic storm cloud remains a topic of continued research, and may result in a better understanding of weather here on Earth. The above image is a digital enhancement of an image of Jupiter taken in 1979 by the Voyager 1 spacecraft as it zoomed by the Solar System's largest planet. NASA's Juno spacecraft is currently heading toward Jupiter and will arrive in 2016.
Secrets of Jupiter's Great Red Spot Revealed in New Weather Map Space.com - March 16, 2010
New images have revealed an unprecedented look at the swirling winds inside Jupiter's famed Great Red Spot and allowed scientists to build the first-ever detailed weather map of the giant storm's insides. "This is our first detailed look inside the biggest storm of the solar system," said Glenn Orton of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., and the leader of the team that studied Jupiter's giant spot.
Jupiter Gains New Red Spot National Geographic - May 23, 2008
A new hot-hued storm spot churns away on Jupiter on May 9 and 10, when the Hubble Space Telescope took the images that were combined to create this picture, which was released yesterday. The "baby" storm is the gas giant's third red spot, after the Great Red Spot (at center-right) and Red Spot, Jr. (lower left). The new spot's size has not been announced. The Great Red Spot is roughly as wide as the entire Earth. Jupiter's newest "blemish" used to be a white oval-shaped storm but turned brick red as its clouds rose and reacted to solar UV radiation. Right now the as yet unnamed storm and the Great Red Spot are on a collision course.
There are 67 known moons of Jupiter. This gives Jupiter the largest number of moons with reasonably secure orbits of any planet in the Solar System. The most massive of them, the four Galilean moons, were discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered and have received the names of lovers, conquests, or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus. The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects in orbit around Jupiter, with the remaining 63 moons and the rings together comprising just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass.
Of Jupiter's moons, eight are regular satellites with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane. The Galilean satellites are nearly spherical in shape due to having planetary mass, and so would be considered planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun. The other four regular satellites are much smaller and closer to Jupiter; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter's rings. The remainder of Jupiter's moons are irregular satellites whose prograde and retrograde orbits are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and eccentricities. These moons were probably captured by Jupiter from solar orbits. 16 irregular satellites have been discovered since 2003 and have not yet been named.
A dozen new moons of Jupiter discovered, including one 'oddball' Science Daily - July 17, 2018
Twelve new moons orbiting Jupiter have been found -- 11 'normal' outer moons, and one that they're calling an 'oddball.' Astronomers first spotted the moons in the spring of 2017 while they were looking for very distant solar system objects as part of the hunt for a possible massive planet far beyond Pluto.
Hubble spots possible water plumes erupting on Jupiter's moon Europa PhysOrg - September 26, 2016
Astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have imaged what may be water vapor plumes erupting off the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. This finding bolsters other Hubble observations suggesting the icy moon erupts with high-altitude water vapor plumes. The observation increases the possibility that missions to Europa may be able to sample Europa's ocean without having to drill through miles of ice.
Hubble discovers water vapor venting from Jupiter's moon Europa Science Daily - December 12, 2013
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has observed water vapor above the frigid south polar region of Jupiter's moon Europa, providing the first strong evidence of water plumes erupting off the moon's surface. Europa is already thought to harbor a liquid ocean beneath its icy crust, making the moon one of the main targets in the search for habitable worlds away from Earth. This new finding is the first observational evidence of water vapor being ejected off the moon's surface.
New Finding Ups the Chances of Life on Jupiter's Moon Europa Live Science - November 17, 2011
Europa, Jupiter's icy moon, meets not one but two of the critical requirements for life, scientists say. For decades, experts have known about the moon's vast underground ocean - a possible home for living organisms - and now a study shows that the ocean regularly receives influxes of the energy required for life via chaotic processes near the moon's surface.
Jupiter Moon's Buried Lakes Evoke Antarctica Live Science - November 17, 2011
Some of the most frigid areas on Earth are providing scientists with tantalizing hints of water only a few miles under the icy crust of Jupiter's moon, Europa. Patches of broken ice unique to the moon have puzzled scientists for over a decade. Some have argued they are signs of a subterranean ocean breaking through, while others believe that the crust is too thick for the water to pierce. But new studies of ice formations in Antarctica and Iceland have provided clues to the creation of these puzzling features, which imply water nearer to the moon's surface than previously thought.
Jupiter moon 'holds magma ocean' BBC - May 12, 2011
Io is the most volcanic world in the Solar System and scientists think they now have a better idea of why that is. The moon of Jupiter erupts about 100 times more lava on to its surface each year than does Earth. A re-assessment of data from Nasa's Galileo probe suggests all this activity is being fed from a giant magma ocean under Io's crust.
The Atmosphere of Io PhysOrg - June 14, 2010
Io is one of the four moons of Jupiter that Galileo discovered after he turned his new telescope heavenward. They shocked him and his contemporaries because they demonstrated that heavenly bodies can orbit objects other than the Earth.
Jupiter's Moon Europa Has Enough Oxygen For Life PhysOrg - October 17, 2009
New research suggests that there is plenty of oxygen available in the subsurface ocean of Europa to support oxygen-based metabolic processes for life similar to that on Earth. In fact, there may be enough oxygen to support complex, animal-like organisms with greater oxygen demands than microorganisms.
Scientists complete first geological global map of Jupiter's satellite Ganymede PhysOrg - September 16, 2009
Scientists have assembled the first global geological map of the Solar System's largest moon - and in doing so have gathered new evidence into the formation of the large, icy satellite. The map really gives us a more complete understanding of the geological processes that have shaped the moon we see today.
Jupiter moon's poles 'wandered' far and wide New Scientist - May 14, 2008
The icy outer shell of Jupiter's moon Europa may have slipped about 80ˇ within the last 60 million years, carrying the moon's polar regions towards its equator, a new study reports. The research bolsters the idea that a global ocean - which just might harbor life - lies hidden beneath the moon's icy surface. Spinning spheres push heavy lumps on their surfaces towards their equators. If the lumps lie near the poles, they can slip away from the spin axis in a process called 'true polar wander'. For large bodies with friction between their internal layers, such as the Earth and Mars, such slippage can be very slow. But an icy outer crust could tilt much faster if it floated on a subsurface ocean.
Jupiter's Moon Europa Does The Wave To Generate Heat Science Daily - December 16, 2008
One of the moons in our solar system that scientists think has the potential to harbor life may have a far more dynamic ocean than previously thought. If the moon Europa is tilted on its axis even slightly as it orbits the giant planet Jupiter, then Jupiter's gravitational pull could be creating powerful waves in Europa's ocean.
Jupiter Moon Europa Has Violent, Hidden Oceans National Geographic - December 11, 2008
Locked under ice, the hidden oceans of Europa, one of Jupiter's moons, may be tumultuous rather than placid, a new study says. Such oceanic unrest translates into a higher potential for life. Rather than just stressing the moon's solid parts squeezing its rocks and flexing a global shell of ice Jupiter's relentless tugging may also generate huge planetary waves in Europa's submerged ocean. These waves could be the primary vehicles for distributing energy, as heat, across Europa. The new theory counters a widely held impression that Europa's ocean is calm.
Have Jupiter's smallest moons been obliterated? New Scientist - October 9, 2007
NASA's New Horizons spacecraft has found hints that Jupiter's tiniest moons have been obliterated. The findings are among a wide variety of observations of Jupiter and its moons that were released today by mission scientists. Launched in January 2006, the New Horizons probe flew by Jupiter on 28 February 2007 to get a boost from the planet's gravity on its way to its main target - Pluto. Now, mission members have announced a raft of new findings from the encounter with the solar system's most massive planet, including a puzzling absence of small moons in the planet's rings. The Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) camera on New Horizons should have been able to spot moons down to a diameter of about 1 kilometre. But it saw nothing smaller than Adrastea, a 16-kilometre-wide resident of Jupiter's faint ring system (see image at right). This is puzzling, because scientists expected the number of objects to increase at smaller size scales, as they do in the rings of Saturn. The missing moons may have been eroded away by micrometeoroids, say researchers led by Mark Showalter of the SETI Institute in Mountainview, California, US.
Giant Volcanic Plume Bursts From Jupiter Moon National Geographic - May 2, 2007
Jupiter's most turbulent moon, Io, is renowned among scientists for its flashy volcanic displays. But even experts were surprised when they saw this plume of gas vaulting nearly 200 miles (320 kilometers) over the moon's north pole. The giant frozen jet about as tall as the state of New Hampshire is long spewed from a volcano known as Tvashtar in February, just as NASA's New Horizons spacecraft was cruising by on its way to Pluto. The passing craft captured several images of the event, providing an unprecedented view of volcanism on Io, the most geologically active body in the solar system, scientists said.
Spacecraft returns Jupiter images - Volcanic Plumes BBC - May 2, 2007
Nasa's New Horizons spacecraft has returned stunning views of the Jupiter system captured during a recent flyby. They include huge volcanic eruptions on the surface of the Io moon, as well as the first close-up look at a burgeoning red storm in Jupiter's atmosphere. The probe passed within 2.3 million km of Jupiter in a gravity kick manoeuvre to pick up speed as it dashes towards its ultimate target of Pluto. New Horizons was already the fastest space mission ever launched.
Probe spies Jupiter's moon Io, volcanic plume as it erupts BBC - March 1, 2007
Nasa's New Horizons spacecraft has sent back images of a huge volcanic eruption on Jupiter's moon Io. A massive dust plume, estimated to be 150 miles (240km) high, can be seen erupting from Io's Tvashtar volcano. On Wednesday, the US probe flew by Jupiter, using the planet's gravity to boost its speed, reducing the travel time to its ultimate target of Pluto. New Horizons also took photos of the icy moons Europa and Ganymede in the run-up to its encounter with Jupiter. Turning its cameras to the giant planet itself, the spacecraft captured an image of Jupiter's little red spot, a nascent storm south of the famous great red spot.
The planet Jupiter has a system of rings, known as the rings of Jupiter or the Jovian ring system. It was the third ring system to be discovered in the Solar System, after those of Saturn and Uranus. It was first observed in 1979 by the Voyager 1 space probe and thoroughly investigated in the 1990s by the Galileo orbiter. It has also been observed by the Hubble Space Telescope and from Earth for the past 23 years. Ground-based observations of the rings require the largest available telescopes.
The Jovian ring system is faint and consists mainly of dust. It has four main components: a thick inner torus of particles known as the "halo ring"; a relatively bright, exceptionally thin "main ring"; and two wide, thick and faint outer "gossamer rings", named for the moons of whose material they are composed: Amalthea and Thebe.
The main and halo rings consist of dust ejected from the moons Metis, Adrastea and other unobserved parent bodies as the result of high-velocity impacts. High-resolution images obtained in February and March 2007 by the New Horizons spacecraft revealed a rich fine structure in the main ring.
In visible and near-infrared light, the rings have a reddish color, except the halo ring, which is neutral or blue in color. The size of the dust in the rings varies, but the cross-sectional area is greatest for nonspherical particles of radius about 15 um in all rings except the halo. The halo ring is probably dominated by submicrometre dust.
Jupiter's Rings Are Shaped By Interplay Of Sunlight And Shadow Science Daily - May 1, 2008
A new study reported that a faint extension of the outermost ring beyond the orbit of Jupiter's moon Thebe, and other observed deviations from an accepted model of ring formation, result from the interplay of shadow and sunlight on dust particles that make up the rings. It turns out that the outer ring's extended boundary and other in Jupiter's rings really are 'made in the shade.
In Roman mythology, Jupiter held the same role as Zeus in the Greek pantheon. He was called Juppiter Optimus Maximus Soter (Jupiter Best, Greatest, Saviour) as the patron deity of the Roman state, in charge of laws and social order. He was the chief god of the Capitoline Triad, with Juno and Minerva.
Jupiter is a vocative compound derived from archaic Latin Iovis and pater (Latin for father), this was also used as the nominative case. Jove is an English formation based on Iov-, the stem of oblique cases of the Latin name. Its Vedic equivalent is Dyaus Pita. The name of the god was also adopted as the name of the planet Jupiter, and was the original namesake of the weekday that would come to be known in English as Thursday (the etymological root can be seen in various Romance languages, including (accusative Iovem, genitive Iovis, dative Iovi and ablative Iove - an irregular declension). Linguistic studies identify his name as deriving from the Indo-European compound "O Father God", the Indo-European deity from whom also derive the Germanic Tiwaz (after whom Tuesday was named), the Greek Zeus, and the French jeudi, Castilian jueves, Italian gioved" and Catalan dijous, all from Latin Iovis Dies, whereas English takes his Norse equivalent, Thor).
The largest temple in Rome was that of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill. Here he was worshipped alongside Juno and Minerva, forming the Capitoline Triad. Jupiter was also worshipped at Capitoline Hill in the form of a stone, known as Iuppiter Lapis or the Jupiter Stone, which was sworn upon as an oath stone. Temples to Jupiter Optimus Maximus or the Capitoline Triad as a whole were commonly built by the Romans at the center of new cities in their colonies.
It was once believed that the Roman god Jupiter was in charge of cosmic Justice, and in ancient Rome, people swore to Jove in their courts of law, which lead to the common expression "By Jove!", still used as an archaism today. In addition, "Jovial" is a medium-common adjective still used to describe people who are jolly, optimistic, and buoyant in temperament.
Jupiter, as Zeus, Z, in Greek mythology is the king of heaven and Earth and of all the Olympian gods. He is sometimes depicted throwing zig-zig lightning bolts to remind humans that reality is created by electromagnetic energy which moves the magic and mystery of our hologram through grid consciousness towards Zero Point.
In Roman mythology, Jupiter was known as the god of justice. He was named king of the gods in the special meeting that followed his overthrow of the god Saturn (Cronus in Greek mythology) and the Titans. In the council of the gods that followed Saturn's overthrow, Jupiter was crowned Lord of Heaven and Earth and of all the gods. Jupiter granted Neptune dominion over the Sea,
and his other brother Pluto dominion over the underworld.
Aliens most likely to be found on icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn, UK scientists suggest The Telegraph - April 16, 2013
This follows the setting up of the UK Centre for Astrobiology, which has been launched to investigate whether there is life beyond Earth. The centre is examining life on Earth and has set up an underground laboratory in Yorkshire a kilometre below the surface to examine how life survives there and search for indicators of how this could extend to other planets, particularly Mars where it is now believed that life could exist below the surface because of its harsh conditions.
New Finding Ups the Chances of Life on Jupiter's Moon Europa Live Science - November 17, 2011
Europa, Jupiter's icy moon, meets not one but two of the critical requirements for life, scientists say. For decades, experts have known about the moon's vast underground ocean - a possible home for living organisms - and now a study shows that the ocean regularly receives influxes of the energy required for life via chaotic processes near the moon's surface.
One pseudoscience theory states that life on Europa is connected
to dolphins on planet Earth, communication via telepathic tones.
Jupiter is the method each of us has for dealing with the laws of life, our Saturn or limitations. The Hindu word for Jupiter is Guru and this planet indicates our particular Dharma, the way we can solve the problems that confront us. Thus Jupiter has to do with our vocation, the way in which we can be successful. Jupiter is the light or path. The largest planet in the solar system, Jupiter represents the principles of growth and expansion.
Jupiter rules Sagittarius


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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was included in several April Fools' hoaxes this year around the Web. From general conference announcements to rehashing the idea of a BYU-Logan, members of the LDS faith had several opportunities to fall for a prank online.
Matt Evans tried to pull a fast one on all Mormon sports fans with his article on Times and Seasons titled "NBA strikes deal with LDS Church for Jabari Parker."
"Today the NBA announced a landmark agreement with the LDS Church to ensure that Jabari Parker's desire to serve a mission does not interfere with his draft prospects, saying the church has agreed to their proposal to call Parker to serve as a missionary in the city of the NBA team that drafts him," Evans wrote.
The detailed article went on to explain how living situations will be handled, how companionships will work and what type of proselytizing opportunities will be available.
Special attention was also given to how Parker's mission president would handle the situation.
"Church spokeswoman LaDawn McConkie says the church expects Parker's mission president will be flooded with requests from missionaries asking to be Parker's companion, but it's all part of a president's demanding job," the article said.
"According to ESPN, the mission presidents in the cities with teams most likely to win the draft lottery are already making plans."
LDS Bookstore joined in on the April Fools' pranks with its own press release about general conference.
"Members of the LDS church will be getting an additional two hours of inspiring messages from church leaders beginning this weekend at the 183rd Annual General Conference, President Youknowho of the third quorum of the Seventy announced early Monday morning," the article stated. "The new session of conference will be held on Sunday evening, beginning at 6pm MST."
It was also reported that a "munch and mingle" would take place after the last session on the temple grounds in Salt Lake City.
The Cache Valley Daily also repurposed its April Fools' article from last year, which stated that the LDS Church had purchased Utah State University and would rename it BYU-Logan.
Other satirical content geared toward members of the LDS faith has surfaced throughout the year, including the supposed creation of a popcorn tree and other prank pieces from The BunYion, including "Justin Bieber to Attend BYU by Court Order" and "BYU Statues Break Honor Code."
Email: [email protected] | Twitter: @Sarah_DNews


text: Well, here's one way to avoid paying for drinks. This takes "drink and dash" to new heights… from the 55th floor of the Rialto Towers, to be precise. Presumably after watching a James Bond flick, four BASE jumpers wearing business suits pounded back a few pricey cocktails at the swanky Vue de Monde restaurant in Melbourne, Australia, and then jumped from the 55th floor to ditch the tab. Can you really blame them? I would've done the same had my 7th martini come back stirred, not shaken.


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Arianna IS WAITING FOR A FAMILY
Meet the nurturing Arianna, who loves to help others more than anything! A natural leader, this playful child loves to laugh and forms positive relationships with adults. An animal-lover at heart, she can often be found enjoying outdoor activities, creating new hairstyles, or going shopping.
Arianna, who has been described as very bright, is doing well in her fourth-grade year.
Arianna, who has been described as very bright, is doing well in her fourth-grade year.
A two-parent family with pets is preferred; however, Arianna's caseworker will consider all family types. Financial assistance may be available for adoption-related services.
For Colorado children, homestudied and non-homestudied Colorado families are encouraged to inquire; only homestudied families from out of state should do so.
DOB: 2007, reference number 162308
Photography by Chad Chisholm


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On my way to explore the famous
french cheeses...
There are only my favorite below...
I've tasted a lot but ma favorite still the St Nectaire. Main PDO cheese of France - because of the quantity produced (6,300 tonnes) and its numerous producers (over 250) -it has also been produced by 5 dairies since 1964 (8,000 tonnes) with milk produced by 700 farmers. The production area is restricted to 70 towns located in the volcanic region of the Monts Dores. Cows exclusively graze on meadow grass from the area.
How to appreciate it? The Saint-Nectaire should be savoured without the crust. It offers a extreme variety of tastes from very mild ("Saint-Nectaire laitier") to vintage ("Saint-Nectaire fermier"), developed by a very supple texture that coats the palate with flavours issued tfrom the Auvergne countryside. Red wine will be at ease with a Saint-Nectaire: pick a light red with supple tannins – Gamay, Pinot noir for a "Laitier", and full-bodied wine for a "Fermier".
In second position is the Cantal. The cheese gets its name from the highest peak of its production area: the «Plomb du Cantal» (6,095.80 ft). In 2006, 17 dairies and 90 farms produced 19,000 tonnes of Cantal cheese. They were ripened in 22 cellars or tunnels, and around 3,000 dairy farms produced the milk necessary for the processing.
How to appreciate it? The Cantal with or without the rind, according to your own palate! Its unique texture is quite astonishing: it is firm and luscious at once and it melts in the mouth. The taste varies from mild and milky ("Cantal Jeune") to mature ("Cantal Entre deux" or "Vieux"). Surprise yourself with a Cantal, match it with a mellow white wine. The end result will be very seductive.
In the Auvergne region, Blue Cheese processing is an old tradition facilitated by the presence of natural caves, ideal places for ripening. His method spread throughout a region where winters are extremely rigorous! The production is located in the heart of the Massif Central. 6 dairies and only one farm produce over 6,000 tonnes of Bleu d'Auvergne each year.
How to appreciate it? To experiment the Bleu d'Auvergne at its best, you will need a green salad as it crumbles easily but what a delightful texture that melts in the mouth and that slightly clings to the palate and the tongue! The Bleu d'Auvergne could be matched with a red or golden natural sweet wine (fortified wine). Some only swear by a very tannic red wine to counteract the natural bitterness of a ripened Bleu d'Auvergne.
Add some wine ...
Source: stumbleupon.com via Treasure on Pinterest
So the aim is that 1+1=2, which means that you should be able to discover other flavours by adding them. A great moderation should prevail. Otherwise the taste of alcohol will be dominant and the association will be disappointing.
As a general rule, avoid great wines, as they should be appreciated on their own! Savour our cheeses with Auvergne wines of course but do not restrict yourself: be daring enough to attempt new harmonies with wines from other French regions… or countries!
You can happily mix them with other products from Auvergne: apples, walnuts, whorleberries, raspberries… from anywhere else! You should try a sweet and sour mix: mango chutney, onion or capsicum conserves...
Treasure of Travelers' autor


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The young women, ages 15-25, are living in three communities on the outskirts of Dar es Salaam.
ACHAMA and World Renew work together to provide vocational and living skills training to the girls so that they can leave the sex trade behind and earn a legitimate and safe living.
I recently visited a participant in this program.
Grace* lives with her elderly parents, who are very poor.
Grace completed secondary education but unfortunately was not able to continue her studies because her parents did not have money for her school fees.
She told me, "After I completed my secondary studies, I went back home but I had no income-generating activities to meet my small needs; this context influenced me to engage in sex work to meet my small needs such as clothes and food. Then one day our local government leader visited my home and shared with me about the ACHAMA sex workers program. I joined the project, and I received vocational skills training, learning to make fabrics, bar soap, chalk, baskets, wallets, and more. Now I use my new skills to make baskets. I make four baskets a day and market them. I am very happy with my newly gained skills because they enable me to meet my needs. I am also happy because I was able to leave sex work with its high risk of HIV transmission."
Grace advises other girls who are still depending on sex work to leave it behind, telling them that it really is a matter of survival.
Prayer Request
Please pray for Grace and ask God to continue blessing her new business. Pray that other girls will also be able to leave the sex trade behind.
Zakayo Mwakipesile
Field Officer
World Renew Tanzania
edited by Jim Zylstra and World Renew Communications
*Grace's real name and face are not shared to protect her identity


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Apr 20, 2009
Greek Pasta with Shrimp
I love Greek salad!
I was cleaning out the refrigerator & looking for something to make for lunch.
I started tossing things together and ended up making one of the BEST meals I have ever eaten!
Find the complete Greek Pasta w/ Shrimp recipe
by clicking--> HERE
4 amazing comments. Talk To Me!!:
- Mary@Holy Mackerel said...
Wow!! I'm trying this one out!
Only thing I don't understand is, when I clean out my fridge, I have to throw most of it out...
- April 21, 2009 at 9:23 AM
- Tatersmama said...
I'm with Mary... If I did what you did (just cleaned stuff out of the fridge) the only thing I could come up with is something that would cure V.D. !!
Does that say something about me?
The recipe looks delicious though and I'll give it a try.
My thighs will thank you!
- April 21, 2009 at 2:43 PM
- Screwed Up Texan said...
My husband says you can put anything on a tortilla and it will taste good. I'm sure he'd put this on a tortilla too. I love shrimp.
- April 21, 2009 at 6:12 PM
- Elyse said...
Oh man, I love Greek. All Mediterranean flavors are good by me. My favorite is Moussaka, but that takes hours upon end to make. However, your Greek pasta looks AMAZING and like it doesn't take too long to make at all. I'm all about instant gratification!
- April 22, 2009 at 11:56 AM
Post a Comment
I LOVE Comments!
Comments make me dance a little jig.
And that makes my children run and hide in shame.


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In this ongoing series, we ask executives, entrepreneurs and business leaders about mistakes that have shaped their business philosophy.
Mary Zappone
Houston-based BRACE Industrial Group provides industrial construction services, including scaffolding, insulation and fireproofing. Before her new role as chief executive officer with BRACE, Mary Zappone was president and CEO of Service Champ, a large specialty distributor of automotive aftermarket maintenance parts and accessories. She previously worked at Exxon's Baytown Refinery, where she led quality maintenance and reliability efforts, and at General Electric's plastics division.
The Mistake:
I left out my own opinion in putting together a recommendation.
Pretty early in my career, I was a plant engineer at Exxon, and I was asked by my boss to put together a recommendation related to turnaround.
I dutifully ran around and talked to eight to 10 stakeholders and organized everybody's thoughts. I had a beautiful little memo put together with everybody's opinions, and I was very pleased with this. My boss, to his credit, walked down the hall to where I was and said: "Really nice job, really nice summary. But Mary, I don't see your opinion in here anywhere."
I had been in finance, so I was used to just reporting on things and gathering numbers. I switched from finance to operations, so that was a new area for me as an engineer.
I sort of laugh at myself because now I always give recommendations and I always have alternatives. But I do remember when my boss said that, and thinking, "Gosh, he really wants me to give recommendations." It sounds so silly now thinking back on it, but it was actually motivation. Now I'm so opposite of that, and I have really high expectations of my team as well to give recommendations.
In that case, I just re-sent the memo with what I believed. I had an opinion, I just hadn't thought about it as a very young engineer.
Hand that project to your boss on a silver platter.
The Lesson:
The lesson is to actually give a recommendation — give alternatives and give a specific recommendation.
People make recommendations at every level. Some might be on how to build a new manufacturing plant or how to set up the company holiday party. People always have influencing roles, but you can take it upon yourself to write something up in an organized way and recommend something as an improvement.
There's a management principle called completed staff work, where you absolutely need to get the data all collected, but you have to give your recommendation and hand it over with the alternatives and the recommendations. You have to come forward with your recommendation, not just summarize what everyone else is saying.
In every job I've had since then, I've always talked to my team about the importance of completed staff work, and having a fact base and having different alternatives, and then actually recommending one of them. In effect, hand that project to your boss on a silver platter — don't be asking them to make a decision. It should be all set and ready to go. And I've really done that ever since then, and that certainly helped me rise, and I've taught many people.
As leaders, we should give people exposure early in their careers when they need some help. Do what my boss did, and be really clear on expectations. Provide training and clarity on what's being asked.
Now when somebody who I'm training gives me alternatives, I'll say, "Oh, so what do you recommend? What are some of the thoughts and what are you thinking about?" And I ask people to write things up, but I'll help with that.
People will make mistakes of course. They might recommend something and maybe they'll miss a core assumption they should have had. As a peer or leader, you can say, "I actually think the point is that you missed this particular assumption. Would that change your recommendation?" Give them a little space to speak up, but also give feedback too and don't let them go blindly making mistakes.
Photo courtesy of Mary Zappone


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Publicada em
In today's website feature debates, you and your team hash out priorities based on budgets, timelines, and what one of the clients mentioned in passing, ignoring the larger context of the design problem. We focus on the current list of edits–and rallying for the user is lost in the shuffle. In this session, you'll be introduced to a framework for approaching your WordPress project's situational analysis from many perspectives, to create success goals that resonate with everyone on your team—including your client's wallet-bearers.
- A method for breaking complex design problems into smaller problems without losing awareness of larger project needs
- A skeleton for assembling more effective, yet lightweight use-cases to audit against
- Ammunition to debate the validity of your decisions (and win)
This session is designed for web professionals of all levels and skillsets–including design, development, and content planning. It's not required, but a writing utensil is recommended.


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Unfortunately, we don't have extensive records on many of our objects. Sometimes we don't know if an object was donated to us in a broken state, or if it broke in our care (over the nearly 40 years a museum in some form has existed). So it was really exciting for me to find a contact print documenting the repair of a broken object.
I presume this occurred in the 1970s, when there was a great deal of activity in the collections. You can see that the ceramic figure was in (at least) two pieces, broken right down the middle.
Presumably, an adhesive was applied to the broken edges, and then it was held together. By what look like rubber bands. And then it is all one piece again!
And the repair has held through all the years. You can still see the crack running down the center of the figure.
I've got a large box full of negatives to go through. I wonder what other object stories we'll uncover as we work through those.
Monday, August 17, 2009
Object History
Posted by Museum of Culture and Environment at 12:33 PM
Labels: conservation, photos, preservation
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Russian Politician Uses 'Game of Thrones' Star's Photo to Promote Safe City
He claimed Emilia Clarke was a 24-year-old woman who now enjoys nighttime walks around Yekaterinburg "confident that nobody's going to harass or rape me."
LONDON – A Russian politician running for mayor of the Urals city of Yekaterinburg underestimated the popularity of Game of Thrones when he posted a photo of British star Emilia Clarke to his Facebook page, claiming she was a young woman who feels safe walking around the city at night.
Putin loyalist and deputy regional governor Yakov Silin used the photo of Clarke -- who plays Daenerys Targaryen in the series -- as a plug on his campaign page.
PHOTOS: 'Game of Thrones' Season 3 Character Posters
Claiming the photo was of a local woman "24-year-old Anya," Silin's campaign said the woman enjoyed nighttime walks around the city, Russia's fourth largest, "confident that nobody's going to harass or rape me."
"I suddenly noticed that I haven't been afraid to take walks around Yekaterinburg at night the last couple of years. It's so wonderful: few people around, the street lamps alight, the fresh air. It's incredibly beautiful, especially after the rain," the post read.
Following a storm of ridicule from Game of Thrones fans online, Silin's campaign team moved swiftly to defend the post as an example of the safety young women could expect in the city.
PHOTOS: 'Game of Thrones'' Most Gruesome Deaths: From Robert Baratheon to the Red Wedding
They claimed the photo had been chosen based on the strength of the actress' character and likened that to the strength needed to lead the city into the future, or to make it "the most modern megalopolis in Eurasia" as Silin's team says.
"We assure you that Daenerys Targaryen is just a beautiful woman here. We don't aspire to her support, but we wouldn't be ashamed to show her around Yekaterinburg," Silin's team later said in a statement.
The campaign also posted a tongue-in-cheek photo of Bryan Cranston, who plays a chemistry teacher turned meth dealer in Breaking Bad, with a comment promising a happy, crime-free life for any chemist in the city.


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The legend of JavaScript equality operator
JavaScript the Barbarian Sometimes when I'm writing Javascript I want to throw up my hands and say "this is bullshit!" John, JavaScript developer During everyday JavaScript coding, it may be hard to see how the equality operator works. Especially when the operands have different types. Time to time this creates bugs in conditionals, which are difficult to identify. It is easy to understand why 0… Continue reading


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A trusted source of Asia-Pacific commercial aviation news and analysis
Orient Aviation February 2017
IATA director general and CEO, Alexandre de Juniac, targets heads of state in his lobbying campaign
• Malaysia Airlines plans 2019 IPO
• Rolls-Royce bribery scandal centres on Asia
• HNA Group buys into "Trump Corp."
• Industry insight: India's airline growth explosion
Cover Story
International Air Transport Association (IATA) boss, Alexandre de Juniac, belies appearances. Chatting with Orient Aviation in his office overlooking Geneva International Airport's runway in December he appeared to be the epitome of patrician authority. Read More »
Lunch with Orient Aviation
Malaysia Airlines Berhad CEO and group managing director, Peter Bellew, told the 130 guests at the third Lunch with Orient Aviation in Hong Kong that the airline's path to profit was on track and that it planned to launch an initial public offering in early 2019. Read More »
Main Story
Ending the profit roller coaster?
Airlines worldwide reached a cyclical peak in 2016 when they collectively reported profits of $35.6 billion for the 12-month period, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) said in December. Read More »
Industry Insight Special Report
India's airlines, shackled for years by high charges, double taxes at both national and provincial levels and high domestic fuel duties finally could be cut free from India's past punitive civil aviation policies. Read More »
News Backgrounder
Asia-Pacific rocked by Rolls-Royce bribery scandal
The news last month that global engine manufacturer, Rolls-Royce had admitted to bribing clients to secure orders, allegedly in Thailand, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and China among other countries worldwide, has sent shock waves through the region's airline industry. Read More »
News Backgrounder
HNA romances "Trump Corp" as shopping spree accelerates
There is no end to HNA Group's desire for global assets despite reported gearing of close to 150% and borrowing costs estimated at an annual eight per cent a year. Read More »
News Backgrounder
Governments neglecting responsibilities to airline passengers
The world's airlines want nations to adopt a tougher global punishment protocol to curtail a rise in unruly passenger incidents. Read More »
News Backgrounder
TransAsia collapse resets aviation in turbulent Taiwan
In the week leading to the Chinese Lunar New Year last month, Taiwan's Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) reassigned routes operated by defunct TransAsia Airways to its former rivals. Read More »
News Backgrounder
Asia-Pacific air freight spike spurs hopes of recovery
After years of depressed demand, cargo volumes at Asia-Pacific airlines have returned to levels last achieved in the post-global financial crisis bounce-back of 2010, the International Air Transport Association reported last month. Read More »
IATA introduces virtual reality to MRO training
It is a major breakthrough in ground staff training and Orient Aviation experienced it first hand in Geneva recently. Read More »
Etihad Aviation Group's James Hogan moves on to finance
Etihad Aviation Group president and CEO, James Hogan, has announced he will leave the Abu Dhabi-headquartered airline and travel group for the investment world, along with the group's CFO, James Rigney. Read More »
Industry Addendum
French engine maker buys troubled Zodiac
In January, Philippe Petitcolin, the 64-year-old CEO of French aircraft engine manufacturer, Safran SA, signed off on a Euros 8.5 billion (US$9.125 billion) deal for French aircraft cabin manufacturer, Zodiac Aerospace SA, creating in the process Europe's largest aerospace supplier. Read More »
Historically, when the global economy collapsed, airline profitability followed suit. As a result, again historically, airlines often have had to sell their product, the airline seat, at a loss. Read More »


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Celebrity gossip site TMZ has an article:
Lady Gaga is adamant … she did NOT ban Weird Al Yankovic from parodying her hit song "Born This Way" — despite Al's accusation that the pop star shut him down hard recently.
And the New York Times managed to catch up with Al shortly after the song was posted. So they got to dig deep, peel back the layers, and expose the real Al and the story behind the story. What will happen next in this saga? Will she publically announce her blessing for this song? Would she make a guest appearance in a video if she did? Will she reveal she's really Justin Bieber's mother? How should I know?
Of course, none of this should really matter since Al originally got permission for Madonna to do a parody of her work over 20 years ago. #addingfueltothefire.