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BTCanada would like your help. We want to hear from mothers, regardless of how or when you had your child(ren), about bias in obstetrics and how it impacted your decisions and your life after childbirth. What things were you told were true only to find out that they weren't for you? Please drop us a letter or an email. Please specifically state that your comments are about bias in obstetrics. We will not reply to your comments unless you specifically request that.
The medical definition of bias is 'any trend in the collection, analysis, interpretation, publication or review of data that can lead to conclusions that are systemically different from the truth.'
Bias is also defined as 'an attitude that inhibits impartial judgment or an unfair policy stemming from prejudice. It is an error caused by systemically favouring some outcomes over others.'
There are no shortages of bias in obstetrics, both now and in the past. When we've had a chance to hear your voices we will publish an article highlighting them on this page.BIAS IN OBSTETRICS
Penny Christensen, Chair, Birth Trauma Canada
Bias induced myopia and naiveté is used as an excuse to disregard women's rights. "But we didn't know" becomes their mantra when they are caught in their lies. And for some this is true. There really are people so stupid they can't figure out they are stupid and there is no cure for ignorance in this case. They are hapless victims of their conditioning and training. Most bias can't trace this as its only source. Most 'stupidity' is inexcusable. Claiming ignorance is hollow and indefensible. Most people guilty of perpetuating obstetrical myths and bias aren't naïve and they have the intellectual capacity for reasoned thought. They just don't use it. They have the ability to see cause and effect. They have first hand knowledge of it and they have had for decades, even centuries. Some recognize this and are too afraid to speak up lest they be ridiculed or ostracized for speaking the truth. When those brave few do speak they are treated like lone voices in the wilderness but change doesn't happen without them.
An excellent essay on the slow pace of rational transformational change can be found here.
The most disheartening reason for perpetuating bias and myth in any form of systemic discrimination is also the most common. They simply choose not to change their ways because their station in life is threatened if they do. They hold tight to their attitudes. When chinks start to appear in their armour they just beat their drums louder and with more viciousness. It is why bias is so hard to overcome. They refuse to ask questions they don't want to hear the answers to. They conduct studies that ignore variables that discredit their hypotheses. They pontificate endlessly without considering or caring about their victims' experience. It doesn't occur to them to even ask. In the face of credible evidence they shut their eyes tight, cover their ears and hum. They blather on about supporting evidence-based science and empowering women but many of them do neither. It is childish and unprofessional behaviour and it strips them of their credibility.
Humans can always be counted on to preserve their own groundless sense of superiority over others. People will elevate their own status by sacrificing the rights of others. And this doesn't take very long. Put a group of equals in a room, assign one group to be the 'controllers' and the other group to be the 'controlled' and watch the degradation start to happen within hours. Overall, we aren't a very altruistic or superior species. That doesn't stop me from being optimistic about our evolution as a species. I've just learned to temper my optimism with a heavy dose of realism.
Bias, and the discrimination it spawns, makes chumps out of educated people. This is why education is only a partial remedy. People need to know how to recognize bias, refuse to believe it and then resolve to banish it. Bias exists without any credible evidence and often without a shred of common sense. This isn't the same as a lack of information supporting it. There is usually no shortage of supporting blah, blah, blah, but, of course, not all information is valuable. Bias hurts people, often badly and permanently. Sometimes it kills them. It robs people of their credibility and it blocks progress and advancement. It is the reason our descendents will wonder of us "How could they be so moronic. The truth was so obvious. Why couldn't they see it?" It is the reason we ask the same of our ancestors.
What is true for some isn't necessarily true for others. A world without bias recognizes that. Universal human rights give people the right to make their own decisions. They do not give other people the right to make decisions for them. Give women access to unbiased, intelligent information and let them make their own decisions. Don't assume they are not capable of that because they, most assuredly, are.
Consider these statements:
Cancer patients do not have the right to safe and effective pain control
because pain is a natural consequence of cancer and cancer is a naturally
occurring human condition.
2) Those in burn units who are directly responsible for their injuries have no right to effective pain relief or compassion. If they don't like that choice they shouldn't have burned themselves.
3) Encourage surgical patients to forego pain relief both during and post surgery. Instead, have a staff member providing one-on-one encouragement not to have effective pain relief. Patients should be encouraged to think of their suffering as 'a good pain', to 'work with the pain' and to embrace 'an altered sense of consciousness'. Infer that anyone who wants pain relief is a weak minded failure. Encourage competitive suffering with post surgery get-togethers.
4) Hospital policy should ensure that all palliative care patients ask at least twice before their request for pain relief is considered. If death is imminent consider denying the request.
5) Trauma sustained during torture results in damaged bodies and damaged psyches. Depositing a large sum of money in their bank account will make them forget all about it.
6) Psychiatric studies show that pre-rape courses reduce the terror women feel during and after rape.
In a civilized society these statements would beggar belief, and with good cause. They are offensive, insensitive and cruel.
Now consider the same statements when they are made about pregnant women:
1) Maternity patients do not have the right to safe and effective pain control because pain is a natural consequence of childbirth and childbirth is a naturally occurring womanly condition.
2) Those women who get pregnant should not expect choice in delivery options, nor should they expect pain relief or compassion. If they don't like that they shouldn't get themselves pregnant.
3) Encourage obstetrical patients to forego pain relief during and after childbirth. Instead, have a staff member providing one-on-one encouragement not to have effective pain relief. Patients should be encouraged to think of their suffering as 'a good pain', 'to work with the pain' and 'to embrace an altered state of consciousness'. Infer that anyone who expects effective pain relief is a weak-minded failure. Encourage competitive suffering with post birth get-togethers.
4) Hospital policy should ensure that all obstetrical patients ask at least twice before their request for pain relief is considered. If birth is imminent consider denying the request.
5) Trauma sustained during childbirth results in damaged bodies and damaged psyches. As soon as you put her baby in her arms she will forget all about it.
6) Psychiatric studies show that pre-natal courses reduce the terror women feel during and after childbirth.
These statements should beggar belief but they actually reflect obstetrical attitudes for the past several decades and, in many obstetrical circles (this country included), they are still widely accepted. Such attitudes maintain a deplorable status quo. They prevent advancement. Systemic discrimination always involves the attitude that a certain sub-group of the population is not deserving of humane treatment. They are considered inferior. What is considered unacceptable for other humans is considered acceptable for the group discriminated against. This is true for any form of systemic discrimination, whether it is based on race, ethnicity and, in this case, gender. Underlying all obstetrical bias is misogyny.
Only recently have some obstetrical associations around the world back-tracked from their long held views that childbirth is the only situation where patients can be denied pain relief, under the care of a physician, when safe and effective methods of pain control are available.
A) Childbirth is healthy
Childbirth is NOT healthy. It isn't now and it never has been. I'm not sure if people who say this are being
wilfully deceptive or just plain stupid.
The end result is the same. Women
are not well served by this bias. Women
told this preposterous statement by people who know better, or should know
better, have unrealistically high expectations about motherhood and the
childbirth experience.
When fertility rates go up so does the rate of women's health problems. Parity is directly related to urinary incontinence, anal incontinence, uterine/vaginal/rectal/urinary prolapse, sexual pain and/or lack of sensation during intercourse, chronic pelvic pain and neurological problems throughout the body. Parity is also associated with heart disease, diabetes, gallstones, thyroid disorders, Alzheimer's disease and a number of different cancers (breast cancer, renal cancer, etc.) Having children for women is also associated with obesity – and all that entails. Women who have children have much higher unemployment rates and this puts them at higher risk for living in poverty. And don't even get me started on the effects of stress. None of this stuff is healthy.
Ignoring or dismissing the obvious maintains the status quo and affords no hope for positive change that will improve women's short term and long term health.
B) Childbirth is natural (and therefore good)
Nature isn't just about fuzzy puppies and rainbows. Nature is also cruel, unfair and tragic. None of the people who espouse this obstetrical bias that I have met, to date, are willing to live in caves and forego the technological advancements that enhance their lives. Humankind exists solely because we can use our brains and ingenuity to counteract nature and none of us would last very long in nature. We can't run very fast, we can't see or hear very well, we have no body covering to protect us from heat, cold, insects and the sun's radiation. We are susceptible to all kinds of infectious and non-infectious disease. The human body is not a superior design. We need our brains, ingenuity and technology to survive.
Over 500,000 women die directly of childbirth every year.
Most are in the developing world because they do not have access to life
saving medical technology and qualified obstetrical care. Many, many more suffer life altering
morbidity problems. In the developed
world we have less maternal mortality and far more 'near misses'. My point is that just because something is
natural doesn't mean it is safe.
For those who feel that if it is natural it must be good, consider all the things that are natural and definitely not good for you:
Tornadoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, mudslides, floods, hungry polar bears, any other predatory animal, spiders the size of dinner plates (Really. In Australia. Ewww), poisonous spiders, poison ivy, poison oak, any other poisonous plant, those big snakes than can crush you, HIV, tuberculosis, those ticks that carry Lime Disease, mice that carry Hantavirus, any other infectious disease, marauding elephants, cyanide, arsenic, radon, hurricanes, death, botulism toxin. You get my point.
C) A healthy woman's body knows how to give birth
Does a healthy man's body 'know' not to
have prostate problems? Does a healthy
child's body 'know' not to get cancer? To
suggest they do is both ludicrous and cruel.
Bad things happen to people everyday precisely because their bodies
don't 'know'. As addressed above, the
human body isn't an anatomical wonder.
Men have urethras that pass through the prostate gland – a gland that
gets bigger as they age, restricts urine flow and has a strong tendency to
become malignant. Some children are born
with a pre-disposition to cancer and other sad genetic afflictions. It is not their fault. It is not a woman's fault either when things
turn bad during childbirth. We are the
only species where birth involves pushing an infant that is too large through a
space that is too small. There is no
better way to make someone feel like a failure than to pump up unrealistic
expectations about what their bodies are capable of. The role of medicine and technology is to
address these inadequacies and to make us healthy and keep us healthy despite
anatomical deficiencies.
Cemeteries prior to modern medicine are full of healthy young women and their babies whose bodies didn't 'know' and who didn't make it. These tragedies still happen today but no where near the same numbers. Today they are 'near misses'. None of these women are failures. Those who don't make it are tragic victims. Those who had near misses are survivors.
D) Childbirth is only painful if a woman thinks it will be painful.
Good grief. Childbirth is painful for the same reason kidney stones are painful or surgery without anesthesia is painful. Pain stimuli activates neurotransmitters responsible for pain. They transmit that information to the brain and the brain responds. Fear is an adaptive response to pain. Without this association we would never learn who or what to trust and what dangerous things we should avoid. Telling someone to relax while they are suffering immensely is maladaptive and counter-intuitive. It is another way to make women feel like failures. Why this bias developed with respect to women and childbirth speaks more about disregard for women than rational thought.
E) Non-pharmaceutical methods are effective pain relief
There are two effective ways to relieve
pain. Both are pharmaceutical. The first is to prevent pain messages from
reaching the brain (like a spinal and/or epidural) and the second is to mess
with how the brain receives pain messages (like opium derivatives). The second way has serious drawbacks. Doses large enough to provide complete pain
relief for the mother would kill the baby, and likely kill the mother. Any dose alters the mother's perception of
Breathing techniques, water baths, massages, having someone in your face with 'encouragement' and going to your happy place do not relieve pain. They layer other sensations on top of pain or give you something else to think about while you are suffering. If these techniques actually relieved pain anesthesiologists would be all over them in other areas of the hospital. You would read headlines like:
"Man passes kidney stones painlessly over three days, without morphine, relying solely on his Kidney Stone Passing support person and breathing techniques."
"Anesthesiologists are shocked by pain-free open heart surgery performed without anesthesia in the Jacuzzi. Patient sipped herbal tea and chatted with the surgical team during surgery."
"Anesthesiologists outraged that aroma therapists are replacing them."
Not going to happen.
F) Childbirth is painful because women need to be punished for being women.
This is un-adulterated misogyny and still widely accepted.
G) Women need to suffer to be good mothers
Same comment as above. If this were true we wouldn't hear from good mothers who didn't suffer and from good mothers who did suffer whose babies serve as a trigger for traumatic stress symptoms and who struggle with the tremendous guilt that brings.
H) Women need to reach an 'altered state of consciousness' to properly give birth.
This 'altered state of consciousness' is dissociation and dissociative amnesia. It is a human response to severe psychological and physical stress and it should be avoided, not encouraged.
I) It is a woman's fault if she has a miscarriage or her baby has a birth defect. She must have done something wrong.
15% of pregnancies end in miscarriage. 2-3% of babies born will have a birth defect. They are not caused by eating pineapple, having a glass of wine with supper, watching acrobats, bathing, full moons or any of the other preposterous and blaming theories out there. Heaping this kind of guilt on women who are struggling with pregnancy loss or struggling with the burden of coping with congenital defects in their children is indefensible.
Developmental biology is a complex science. There are numerous chances for errors during fetal development. A woman cannot control her genetics or those of her fetus.
J) A healthy baby is enough to make up for the trauma of childbirth
A prize, no matter how wonderful, does not
cure physical or psychological trauma in any situation. Offensive statements like this isolate and
further traumatize all trauma victims.
Monetary compensation does not end PTSD for torture survivors. You don't tell someone who has lost his legs
that he should be happy he didn't lose his arms. It is no different for women after
childbirth. The experience of childbirth
and the baby are two separate things. The attitude that a healthy baby makes women forget the trauma of their childbirth experience is patently untrue. Women carry that experience with them for life. Fatalism and stoicism are not the same as getting over it.
K) " Cesarean surgery on demand will have disastrous social and financial consequences for health internationally"
Blaming women who choose cesarean section for destroying the social and financial fabric is vicious. Heck, let's blame them for conflict in the Middle East and pine beetle deforestation as well. It would make as much sense. Those with specific biases often use words like 'empowerment of women' and rail against 'views not supported by evidence', when they, as in this case, are guilty of the same transgressions. Scare mongering and manipulation are not empowering to anyone other than those wielding power. Denigrating those who don't agree with your point of view is not respectful, to women or anyone else.
When I was first made aware of the source of this statement I was speechless. It is a direct quote from the Canadian Midwives Association found in their rant against maternal request cesarean section. I was not expecting such a visceral, inflammatory attack on a woman's reproductive choice and autonomy from an association of women who fight so hard for a woman's right to choose a less managed childbirth experience. We can't blame patriarchal misogyny for this. This is blatant woman on woman abuse.
I want to make it clear that not all midwives think this way. I've talked to some who find this stance as repugnant as I do.
I strongly support a woman's right to choose. Midwives have been maligned and controlled for centuries and I can't blame them for feeling a bit scrappy. They provide a professional service strongly desired by some women who have every right to make that choice and that choice should be fully funded but a midwife-attended vaginal birth is not the only acceptable choice women can make. The choice any woman makes is the right one for her and should be respected, not denigrated.
L) Episiotomies are necessary to protect the pelvic floor.
This bias was once widely held. Millions of women around the world were subjected to routine episiotomies for decades in the belief that cutting the perineum would have a better outcome for the pelvic floor than spontaneous lacerations. Studies supporting this bias appeared in medical journals and doctors and nurses everywhere believed this. There was lots of information to support this stance but not a shred of credible evidence. That is the nature of bias. Deliberately damaging the pelvic floor to save the pelvic floor is as inexcusably stupid in hindsight as it should have been during the decades women were subjected to routine episiotomies.
M) If it is in a medical journal, it must be true. (Or how to recognize a spin doctor)
This simply isn't true. Many medical journals (particularly with respect to childbirth) are propaganda vehicles for a particular bias. One estimate states that only 0.1% of all medical studies published every year can claim to be both scientifically sound and potentially relevant to doctors and patients. There are many days when I think that estimate is overly generous. Dr. Richard Smith's The Trouble with Medical Journals [RSM Press, 2006] provides insight about this serious problem. Integrity in medicine remains as elusive (and worth fighting for) as integrity in any other business. There are people working hard to support genuine evidence-based obstetrical information, more humane treatment of pregnant women and factual accountability and transparency. More power to them. It has been, and continues to be, an uphill struggle.
How can you distinguish the bad from the good? It is a problem even those with an understanding of the scientific process struggle with. One of the first ways to educate oneself about the prevalence of obstetrical bias is to read archived obstetrical journals. With the benefit of hindsight the bias (and related misogyny) presented in many of these published studies practically jumps off the page. How do you recognize bias without the benefit of hindsight? I'll take one study and dissect it to show what tools of deception are used. You can look for the same in other studies.
I've chosen 'Maternal mortality and severe morbidity associated with low-risk
planned cesarean delivery versus planned vaginal delivery at term'. It is authored and championed by the
Public Health Agency of Canada; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Perinatal Epidemiology Research
Unit; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and of Pediatrics, Dalhousie
University; the Faculty of Nursing and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and
Reproductive Sciences, University of Manitoba; Departments of Pediatrics and of
Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary; and the Departments of
Pediatrics and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University,
Montreal. The lead author is Shiliang
Liu. It was published in the Canadian
Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) Febraury 13, 2007.
Supposedly illustrious connections, to be sure.
Their conclusions were that planned cesarean deliveries (PCD) had higher morbidity rates than those associated with planned vaginal deliveries (PVD) when comparing healthy pregnant women at term.
This was a surprising conclusion to me. Given their own admission that approximately 16-17% of the 'planned cesareans' they included involved a trial of labour should have been the first red flag to them as well before making such pronouncements. I have read many medical studies comparing PCD with PVD that arrive at the opposite conclusion – both in North America and around the world. The National Institute of Health (United States), in a statement about maternal request cesarean section, concluded that the quality of evidence available wasn't good enough to say which was safer for the mother – an uncomplicated PVD or an uncomplicated PCD. How then, can different research scientists arrive at such diverse conclusions? Rule #1 in recognizing bias in medical studies is: Are there other better designed studies around the world that dispute the study in questions' conclusions? Could there be? Is there controversy about the conclusions or results?
Rule #2 : Look for study design flaws.
The U.K. instituted thromboprophylactic guidelines for cesarean deliveries in 1995. Cesarean deaths (and morbidity) associated with thrombosis and thromboembolism declined sharply thereafter. (The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada – SOGC – wouldn't follow suit for another 5 years.) Other guidelines for better care of cesarean mothers were accepted and more widespread around the same time. [spontaneous vs. manual extraction of placenta, non-closure vs. closure of peritoneal layers, more reliance on regional vs. general anesthesia, etc.] Any study seriously comparing mortality and morbidity rates associated with PVD and PCD would ensure advancements were accounted for in your study period. This study purposely looked at 14 years of Canadian (except Quebec and Manitoba) restrospective data – from 1991 to 2005 - with the majority of planned cesareans prior to 2000. This is a perfect example of how study design can be used to mask bias and skew results.
Rule #3: Look for what they aren't telling you as much as you look at what they are.
There is no better way to 'prove' your point of view than to ignore variables that don't support your position. Let's look at the stuff they aren't telling us.
Maternal Mortality: This study concluded that 'the difference we observed in in-hospital maternal deaths between women undergoing planned cesarean vs. planned vaginal delivery was not significant.' (The emphasis is mine) In reality no women died in the planned cesarean group whereas 41 (0.02%) died in the planned vaginal delivery group. Are these deaths insignificant? I wonder if they would have considered these numbers insignificant if a similar percentage of deaths occurred in the PCD group and not in the PVD group?How was maternal morbidity defined?
*Hemorrhage requiring hysterectomy (0.03% PCD; 0.1% PVD)
Hemorrhage requiring transfusion (0.7% PVD; 0.2% PCD)
Any hysterectomy (PCD 0.6%; PVD 0.2%) (not sure if this includes those women who had finished childbearing and required a hysterectomy for other medical reasons. It is certainly easier to do this at the same time as a cesarean. Requiring a hysterectomy after a vaginal delivery for the same reasons wouldn't be captured in this data set as it would require a separate operation. None of this is mentioned.)
Uterine rupture (0.3% PVD; 0.2% PCD)
*Anaesthetic complications (PCD 5.3%; PVD 2.1%)
Obstetric shock (0.2% PVD; 0.1% PCD)
*Acute renal failure (0.04% PCD; 0.02% PCD)
*Assisted ventilation or intubation (0.1% PCD; 0.05% PVD)
*Puerperal venous thromboembolism (0.6% PCD; 0.3% PVD)
*major puerperal infection (PCD 6.0%; PVD 2.1%) You can't blame an uncomplicated, planned cesarean for puerperal infection. This is the result of poor infection control, lack of asceptic technique and substandard staff and hospital cleanliness and hygiene. Many hospitals have zero infection rates for planned cesareans. A rate of 6.0% is shameful.
*in-hospital wound disruption (PCD 0.09%; PVD 0.5%) This rate will go up if they aren't done properly.
*Obstetrical wound hematoma (PCD 13%; 2.7% PVD) ditto
* Consider how these variables could change if the study period included only data after 2001 with the changes in obstetrical practice I've previously mentioned. This study also looked at planned cesarean deliveries for breech deliveries as representative of all planned elective cesareans but breech cesareans are more difficult than cesareans for cephalic presentations and would reasonably be expected to carry higher maternal risks.
What about the other variables they aren't mentioning?
Short term and long term health problems
urinary incontinence, anal incontinence, pelvic prolapses, sexual problems, post traumatic stress, genital tract trauma, subsequent gynaecological surgeries and infections that occur after hospital discharge are examples. All of these serious morbidity issues are associated far more (or exclusively) with PVD than PCD but they aren't even mentioned. No legitimate study ignores important variables. Study conclusions depend on how you define your study terms.
Maternal experience
How did each individual mother feel about
their experiences? What about the
benefits of avoiding anxiety and pain of labour and delivery? Sedation, tranquilizers, anti-depressants and
anti-anxiety pharmaceutical use is part of pregnancy and especially labour and
delivery. How about a reduction in
concern about the baby's health?
It is also worth mentioning that this study ignored the very real problem of doctor and hospital variations. Including statistics from rogue doctors and substandard hospitals misrepresents the ideal. The way morbidity was defined in this study would favour higher adverse effects for surgical deliveries than for vaginal deliveries given this reality.
Rule #4 Was the study independent?
Often medical studies are designed or paid for
by pharmaceutical companies, medical device companies or people who would like
to keep their jobs. There are a number
of dirty tricks used to hide negative results in such cases. I don't think that factored into this study
but it is something you should be aware of when you look for bias in other
Many reputable medical journals insist on independent statistical analysis of raw data as a means of reducing bias and maintaining integrity. This study did not have independent statistical analysis.
Censorship by publishers and editorial staff is another area that limits the integrity of some journals. Unless these controversies are exposed by someone with integrity and inside information or are picked up by a responsible member of the media these issues never see the light of day, yet they have a profound impact on what appears in medical journals.
As an example, consider the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) and its recent struggle with editorial independence.
On February 20, 2006, Dr. John Hoey and Dr.
Anne Marie Todkill, long-standing senior editors of CMAJ, were fired by the
publishers – the Canadian Medical Association (CMA). The CMA had recently decided that their long
standing policy of making women come to them for post-coital contraception
[levonorgestral or Plan B] violated a woman's right to reproductive choice
because of the barriers they had placed in a woman's way. They made Plan B available without
prescription. The CMAJ sent 13 women to
buy the emergency contraceptive over-the-counter in pharmacies across Canada, and
report their experiences. The
pharmacists asked them for personal data, including the woman's name, address,
date of last menstrual period, when she had unprotected sex, customary method
of birth control, and the reason for dispensing the medication. This was done at the recommendation of the
Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPA), which also advised members to store the
information permanently on their computers.
Clearly the CPA had their anti-choice barriers in place. The Canadian Women's Health Network (bless
their hearts) said the obvious by stating that collecting this information was
unnecessary and a violation of privacy.
The CPA complained to the CMA, demanding that the names of the
pharmacists be removed from the CMAJ article (bullies never like being exposed)
and the CMA ordered the CMAJ to comply.
The CMA then fired Hoey and Todkill, stating they wanted to 'freshen up'
the journal. The rest of the full time
editorial staff resigned on February 28, 2006.
The former editorial staff at the CMAJ launched a new open-access journal [Open Medicine] in April, 2007.
The CMAJ went on to admit the episode raised serious concerns about the integrity of the journal and its reputation. Duh. I give them credit for laying the cards on the table and admitting mistakes. Positive change doesn't happen without an initial admission of guilt. A warning posted on the CMAJ website by the editorial committee states "In our view, any attempt by the CMA to impose its influence on the editors would be catastrophic for the CMAJ's reputation as well as damaging to the reputation of the CMA." Too little, too late?
Such bad behaviour by the CMA and CPA isn't restricted to Canada. Censorship and medical integrity issues are serious problems being addressed (hopefully) around the world.
This cautionary tale highlights the problem of medical solidarity at all costs and it influences what you will see, and just as importantly, what you won't see in medical journals.
N) "A labouring woman needs first to be protected against any stimulation of the thinking part of her brain - the neocortex. This part of the brain needs to take a back seat and allow the primal 'unthinking' part of the brain connected to basic vital functions to take over. A woman needs to be in a world where she doesn't need to think or talk.
This chauvinistic endorsement of trauma induced dissociation is widely
quoted by several (but not all) who champion 'natural' childbirth. Statements like this are from that past era
where women were encouraged 'not to worry their pretty heads'. Being in a world where you are actively
encouraged not to think or talk sounds like a setting for some B grade horror
movie. Not thinking is a bizarre strategy
to champion for thinking, feeling humans.
I haven't met a woman yet who wasn't an intelligent, thinking, feeling
type. My advice to any woman
contemplating pregnancy is to put that thinking neocortex into overdrive, not
shelve it. You NEED to think and gather
as much information as you can to make an informed decision that is right for
you. It is vital that you think. Thinking is not a bothersome affliction. It is not something you should turn off, or
accept having turned off, through pain and humiliation induced dissociation or
mind altering drugs.
o) "Epidurals will hurt your baby"
There is no more creepy or insidious (and highly effective) way to
manipulate women than to use their maternal love and concern for their child as
a weapon against them. You can force
women to accept all manner of horrors if they feel they are doing it for their
baby. That is exactly what this bias
is. Mother love should be respected as
the beautiful thing it is and not used as an excuse to hurt mothers. There is no credible evidence to support this
bias. There has never been any credible
evidence to support this bias. There
will never be any credible evidence to support this bias because it is not
P) "No pain, No gain"
Unless you view labour and delivery as an extreme sport – and some do – there is nothing about this bias that serves women well. Denying effective pain relief to woman during labour, delivery and the post partum without a scientifically valid reason – and there really isn't any - is misogyny. Despite this it is still a widely held bias.
"Vaginal births are safer than planned cesareans"
"Planned cesareans take longer to recover from than spontaneous vaginal deliveries"
If either of these were true we wouldn't hear so many stories where the opposite was true. If either of these were true many obstetricians, anesthesiologists, nurses and others with access to inside information wouldn't choose a planned cesarean for their own deliveries or those of their loved ones. If this were true the vast majority of horror stories we hear about wouldn't be about planned vaginal deliveries. And if this was true most of the medical malpractice suits filed against obstetricians, midwives and hospitals wouldn't be about planned vaginal deliveries.
R) "Evolution/Nature wouldn't make childbirth dangerous."
People with this bias have a poor understanding of evolution. They assume that the end product of evolution is better than the starting point and that maladaptive traits are eliminated as generations go on. I'm not saying that natural selection isn't a powerful and effective force. It certainly is and it isn't a very pretty process. Human technology shields us from the full effects of natural selection. Left to the unchecked processes of natural selection (like getting rid of modern shelter/medicine/optometry/dentistry, etc. ) most of the human population, regardless of gender or age, on earth right now would die, including those with a poor understanding of evolution. I wouldn't last very long myself. Letting natural selection run amok is the last thing a civilized human society would, or should, allow. But even if we did evolution would not eliminate all maladaptive traits. It wouldn't even eliminate all the stuff that doesn't contribute anything. Our own human genome is ample evidence of that. Most of the DNA in each of us is evolutionary baggage. It doesn't code for anything yet we replicate the whole shebang every time a cell divides.
Mutation is a spontaneous process that can occur during cell division/DNA replication. This can happen during egg or sperm division (meiosis) or during human growth and maintenance that occurs constantly in people of all ages (mitosis). Cell division is a fascinating, elegant and complex process that is prone to errors, as all complex processes are. Most mutations are bad or neutral. Very few give an individual an advantage. All the positive attitudes about evolution and nature in the world will not stop this.
Chance – blind, dumb luck or the lack thereof – also influences evolution. It doesn't matter if you are the strongest, healthiest person around - if you are covered in a mudslide, drowned in a flash flood, swept up in a tornado, killed in a car accident, whatever, and you haven't reproduced you obviously aren't going to be evolutionarily successful.
Consider how many maladaptive traits are carried through from one generation to the next, even though those with the disease generally don't reproduce. Cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, colour blindness are but four examples. There are plenty more. Consider our evolutionary vestiges. We have a tail bone but humans don't have tails. They would look darned stupid and they would make finding a pair of jeans that fit right even more difficult and we don't need them. Our early evolutionary ancestors did and it gave them a survival advantage. Evolution hasn't rid us of this or any other trait we no longer use. A trait will continue in any species as long as enough people have that trait AND it doesn't kill more individuals than can survive with it. Put another way, evolution allows certain traits to continue because they don't reduce fitness enough. As well, many maladaptive traits aren't even seen until after reproduction occurs.
Evolution is measured in the number of reproducing offspring – not lifespan or quality of life. Evolution doesn't give a whit about whether the individual likes it. Consider the lives of two women. The first was a happy camper who was very rarely sick. She died at 100, not because she had anything terribly wrong with her. She was sharp as a whip and still active. She was hit by a bus because her recent limited mobility didn't allow her to move out of the way in time. She never had children. Another woman dies at 62 of complications from diabetes. She also had moderate dementia. Life had been hard for her, as one would expect. She had two children who both had children. It is this woman who was evolutionarily successful, not the first. It is her genes passed to the next generation.
Evolution will not eliminate any trait that is required for survival in another capacity. Evolution will never act to reduce the size of the human head because without our increased capacity for intelligence we couldn't survive. Evolution will never act to increase the size of the human pelvis because to do so would negate, or seriously limit, our bipedal mobility which would clearly not be advantageous to survival. Bipedalism requires the legs to be close enough together so the person can walk and this limits the size of the pelvic opening.
This would be a good time to also consider cultural pressures on evolution. Two women walk into a bar. The first is stunningly beautiful. She is tall and slim with large breasts and a beautiful face. The other is tall, with moderate sized breasts, a little plump, a beautiful face but her hips are huge. She has a tough time getting on the bar stool. Both are wearing the same outfit. Which one do all the men in the bar want to go home with?
For those interested in learning more about human birth and evolution there is a book called Human Birth: An Evolutionary Perspective [Wendy R. Trevathan, Aldine Publishers, 1987] that can give more insight.
S) "Millions of women have given birth vaginally, so you can too."
Those with this bias never complete that thought process and see the bigger picture. Certainly millions of women have given birth vaginally and survived. And millions of them haven't and many, many more have survived but with negative consequences.
T) "I had a vaginal birth without drugs/ planned cesarean/ vaginal birth with drugs/ suffered terribly/ etc. and you should too."
People with this bias have what I like to call Centre of the Universe Syndrome (CUS). The afflicted suffer from the delusion that, as the centre of the universe, everyone must do and think exactly as they do and think. Of course, this affliction isn't concentrated in obstetrics and it certainly doesn't affect only women. Recently, at an office, I witnessed two men fighting over the best way to put a cutting board into the dishwasher. Both insisted their way was the best way and the fists were ready to fly. A wise and diplomatic co-worker suggested that, at each of their houses, they could put the cutting board in their dishwashers the way they wanted but maybe it would be best today to wash it in the sink. Three perfectly acceptable ways to get the job done.
Everyone has their own opinions and beliefs. They are the product of their own experiences. A person's fears are a valid part of who they are. What works for someone doesn't make it suitable for someone else. We are the centre of our own universe but we are not the centre of anyone else's.
U) "A baby is worth the terrible suffering"
I wonder if people who have this bias think that babies that didn't result in terrible suffering and maternal injuries aren't worth it?
V) "Countries with some of the lowest perinatal mortality rates in the world have cesarean rates of less than 10%. There is no justification for any region to have a rate higher than 10-15%".
These two sentences are the only basis for the oft quoted rationalization for reducing cesarean rates to this level. It is from the World Health Organization (WHO) in a one page letter to The Lancet in the August, 1985 issue. What one sentence has to do with the other is a mystery to me. It is worth remembering that the continued and shamefully high maternal death rate around the world – particularly in developing countries and in spite of WHO rhetoric – is not because of planned cesareans. They occur during and after planned vaginal deliveries.
Cesarean rates have no bearing on increased mortality rates. Sierra Leone has the highest maternal mortality rate in the world (at 2000/100,000 live births) and an extremely low cesarean rate and I would definitely recommend keeping Sierra Leone off your radar if you are looking for places to book a planned cesarean. Iceland has the lowest maternal mortality rate in the world (at 0/100,000 live births). Iceland's cesarean rate is around 20%.
There are a number of reasons attributed to high maternal mortality rates. The number one reason is poor quality of care and that is true whether you are talking about vaginal or cesarean birth. A whopping 40% of all maternal deaths in the US are attributed to this and are entirely preventable. That they are not is shameful. The vast majority of maternal deaths around the world occur for three major reasons – post partum hemorrhage, infection and obstructed labour. Post partum hemorrhaging is actually less of a risk with planned cesarean and is not a high risk factor for mortality in any country with the ability, or the political will, to offer blood transfusions to women. Infection is not a killer if asceptic technique (and that isn't rocket science) and antibiotics are available. Obstructed labour is not a killer if access to humane, qualified and competent obstetric surgery (cesarean) is available.
In developed countries maternal mortality is also linked to things like more mothers living with chronic and serious disease (like diabetes) and rising obesity rates. Maternal mortality rates also appear to increase when there is a change to better reporting methods, a recent change in the US.
W) Women can't be misogynists.
Yes, they can. History is littered with female misogynists walking in lock step with their male counterparts. Every step forward in respecting human rights for women throughout history has been a long battle and much of the worst resistance has come from other women. This isn't a flaw seen only in women. Rosa Parks was subjected to abuse and calls to back down and mind her place by other black people –women and men- when she famously refused to sit at the back of the bus. The SS assigned other willing Jewish people – men and women - to subjugate those sent to concentration camps. It happens among oppressed people as a means to survive both physically and psychologically.
Let me introduce you to Louise Silverton. Her attitude toward women proves we haven't exorcized that reality today. I reproduce her words below. She made these comments in 2008. Louise Silverton is the secretary-general of the Royal College of Midwives (UK). (or the Head Matron at "The Let's Keep Things Medieval School of Midwifery". I can never keep those two entities straight.)
"An increasing number of women under 40 are less prepared to undergo the physical trauma of childbirth than their predecessors. Women under 40 were more likely to have an 'epidural in a way that their predecessors wouldn't'."
"Labour is 'unbelievably painful'"
"Women should be charged a fee for an epidural in an attempt to reduce women's access to pain relief."
'Society's tolerance of pain and illness has reduced significantly. Women are less tolerant of labour pains because they haven't developed tolerance of pain. For example, if they get period pain they will either take Nurofen or go to their GP.
'Women are trying to remove the symptoms of pregnancy as much as they can. They are seeking to control everything. Choosing to have a caesarean gives you an element of control.'
"I want Britain's rate brought closer to the 15 per cent recommended by the World Health Organisation. Caesareans have been normalised in the minds not just of women but also midwives and obstetricians."
"The celebrity culture of having a baby and two weeks later being seen in a slinky dress, having lost weight, is affecting women's views of caesareans."
"Caesareans have become too easy to obtain"
Her battle against modernity only serves to make her irrelevant in the modern world. And this is a modern world. Those 'under 40s' she refers to are the first generation of women to most fully reap the benefits of an emancipation process that began over a century ago. They are the first generation of girls raised in the Western world to believe they are not second-class citizens and they take that basic right for granted, as well they should. They are not second-class citizens. We have, thankfully, not remained stuck in a world that banned women and girls from career options, higher education, the right to own property, the right to vote and participate in political processes, the right to drive a vehicle, the right to wear pants, the right to contraception, the right not to marry, the right to have a bank account, the right to pick our own partners and the right to be considered people. It is well past the time women were considered first-class, valuable citizens in obstetrics as well.
There are several questions I'd like to ask Louise Silverton. Why do you need to control women? Why does it bother you to see women trying to control their childbirth experience? Why do you need to see them suffer? Why a fee for epidurals? Do you hate poor women more than you hate rich women? Or are poor women just easier to control? Why does it bother you so much that women are 'wearing slinky dresses, having lost weight, two weeks after a cesarean'? If midwives were allowed to do cesareans and epidurals would your attitude change? Why do you think your version of 'normal' should be everyone's version of normal? Any other ways you want to toughen up girls besides shaming them for going to their doctor or taking pain killers for period pain?
As a young school girl (mid 1970's, rural Canada) girls and women weren't allowed to wear pants. One September a new principal (a man) changed all that. I remember looking out the school window with all the other youngsters as five middle age and older women emerged from the car they were chauffeured in. (Women couldn't drive then either). They marched up the sidewalk, each one trying to look more virtuous than the other, intent on setting this man straight and protect the next generation of girls from…well I'm not sure from what. He did not back down. Several letters were written to the municipal paper disparaging him and his decision as well as disparaging girls and women for wearing pants – and gasp – driving a car. They were called sluts and whores and loose women. He still did not back down but some of the girls brave enough initially were forced by the hatred leveled at them to wear dresses and accept rides. Because of his courage and the courage of some women in that community girls in that backward little town have had the right to wear pants and drive ever since. So what happened to those five furious women? One went to her grave about 10 years later refusing to wear pants or drive a car. Today the other four are too embarrassed by their behaviour to talk about it. All of them drive and wear pants.
Midwife Silverton (and her ilk) should take a relaxing drive in her car and buy a new pair of pants while considering all the reasons she could be wrong. Considering how history will judge her isn't a bad idea, either.
Mickey Meece reports in the New York Times [May 9, 2009] that " It's probably no surprise that most bullies are men, as a survey by the Workplace Bullying Institute, an advocacy group, makes clear. But a good 40 per cent of bullies are women. And at least the male bullies take an egalitarian approach, mowing down men and women pretty much in equal measure. The women appear to prefer their own kind, choosing other women as targets more than 70 per cent of the time."
The role some men play in undermining human rights for women is well documented. It is a far more difficult conversation, from a feminist perspective, to acknowledge the unpleasant reality that it is often women who are their own worst enemies. Those mean girls from high school don't go away when they become adults.
I, like many women, have preferred to ignore this reality for too long, despite being reminded on a near daily basis, that much of the abuses of women in obstetrics are done by other women. Knowledge is the best defence and we can't continue to stick our heads in the sand about this, as I have. Phyllis Chesler, thankfully, doesn't have my limitations. She has written a thoughtful, intelligent book from a feminist perspective entitled Women's Inhumanity to Women [Lawrence Hill Books, 2009], that has helped me more fully understand why some women behave this way.
X) "Women are masochists"
"The traits that compose the core of the female personality are feminine narcissism, masochism and passivity."
Beecham and Carrington, Obstetrics and
Gynecology, 4th edition,1971
"The current generation of entitled young women come to labour unprepared for the experience and expecting it to be easy, or expecting the work to be 'done for them'."
Anonymous Canadian obstetrician, 2008
The first quote was taken from the gold standard of obstetrical textbooks in the 1970s. The wording of that nasty bit of misogyny was softened in later editions and removed completely by the 1990s. Unfortunately, removing words doesn't eliminate the attitude. The second quote about 'entitled' young women who have no right to a humane childbirth experience is just as chilling. We have a medical specialty where a significant percentage of practitioners believe that 1) women are masochists and 2) they aren't entitled to be treated as anything else. Does it get any creepier? I don't think so.
The human spectrum is pretty diverse. Undoubtedly there are some women (and men) who derive pleasure from their own suffering. If that is what floats their boat, so be it. But all women aren't masochists. Aren't now, haven't been in the past and won't be in the future.
Y) "Only stupid women have kids"
I would be a rich woman if I was paid every time I heard these words or variations of them. In response I present the Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement (MIRCI), formerly the Association for Research on Mothering (ARM) and these words.
Mother Knows Best: Talking Back To The
'Experts' edit J. Nathanson and L.C. Tuley, Demeter
Press, Toronto.
Maternal Thinking: Philosophy, Politics, Practice edit A. O'Reilly, Demeter Press, Toronto.
(Both books sold through the Association for Research on Mothering (ARM) - now Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement - www.motherhoodinitiative.org ). You can also purchase these books (and many more stellar and thought provoking titles) through
The Association for Research on Mothering (ARM) - now Motherhood Initiative for Research and Community Involvement - offers wonderful scholarly analysis and mother-wisdom narratives based on the editors' own original work and the work of wise women before them and around them. They look at the entrenched – and damaging – societal mother bashing that serves to enforce the perception of maternal inadequacy. "In other words, "experts" serve to inform children that mothers aren't smart or capable enough to know how to raise their children without being told". Andrea O'Reilly argues for empowered mothering that celebrates women's agency – rejecting 'sacrificial mothering' for a mothering model that "recognizes that both mothers and children benefit when the mother lives her life and practices mothering from a position of agency, authority, authenticity, and autonomy" (italics are mine as I think this is such a true and powerful statement).
How many times have I heard the obstetrical bias that 'only stupid women have kids' or that "women aren't bright enough to assess their own risks and make their own decisions"? It is an offensive myth and MIRCI blows it out of the water. Quoting Sara Ruddick in Maternal Thinking (an essay in Joyce Trebilcot's 1984 collection titled Mothering: Essays in Feminist Theory) "The work of mother's demands that mothers think; out of this need for thoughtfulness, a distinctive discipline emerges".


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The Book of Ivy (The Book of Ivy Series, #1)
Author: Amy Engel
Add on Goodreads!
Purchase on Barnes & Noble and Amazon!
Synopsis: After a brutal nuclear war, the United States was left decimated. A small group of survivors eventually banded together, but only after more conflict over which family would govern the new nation. The Westfalls lost. Fifty years later, peace and control are maintained by marrying the daughters of the losing side to the sons of the winning group in a yearly ritual.
This year, it is my turn.
My name is Ivy Westfall, and my mission is simple: to kill the president's son—my soon-to-be husband—and restore the Westfall family to power.
But Bishop Lattimer is either a very skilled actor or he's not the cruel, heartless boy my family warned me to expect. He might even be the one person in this world who truly understands me. But there is no escape from my fate. I am the only one who can restore the Westfall legacy.
Because Bishop must die. And I must be the one to kill him…
About the Author
I was born in Kansas and after a childhood spent bouncing between countries (Iran, Taiwan) and states (Kansas, California, Missouri, Washington, D.C.), I settled in Kansas City, Missouri where I live with my husband and two kids. Before devoting myself full time to motherhood and writing, I was a criminal defense attorney, which is not quite as exciting as it looks on television. When I have a free moment, I can usually be found reading, running, or shoe shopping.
Where you can stalk Amy!
Also, HAPPIEST of book birthdays go to:
Stone Cove Island by Suzanne Myers
The Bane Chronicles by Chassandra Clare, Sarah Rees Brennan, and Maureen Johnson
The Witch Must Burn by Danielle Paige
Stranger by Rachel Manija Brown and Sherwood Smith

subset: commoncrawl


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Goering: Slave Labor
1946 Nuremberg Tribunal: On day 82, defendant Hermann Goering is given vast latitude by the Tribunal to defend the Third Reich. He will be at it for the next few days. No other defendant will be given so much uninterrupted time.
Now I come to the question of Camp Dora. I also heard about Camp Dora here for the first time. Of course, I knew of the subterranean works which were near Nordhausen, though I never was there myself. But they had been established at a rather early period. Nordhausen produced mainly V-1's and V-2's. With the conditions in Camp Dora, as they have been described, I am not familiar. I also believe that they are exaggerated.
Moreover I am of the opinion, from what I know today, that it certainly was better for them to work and to be billeted in some plane factory than in their concentration camps. The fact per se that they worked, is to be taken as a matter of course, and also that they worked for war production. But that work meant destruction is a new idea. It is possible that it was strenuous here or there. I for my part was interested that these people should not be destroyed, but that they should work and thereby produce. The work itself was the same as done by German workers--that is, plane and motor production--no destruction was intended thereby.
Dr Stahmer: What was Fritz Sauckel's official relation to you?
If Sauckel from that time on received his orders mainly from the Fuehrer, it was because the Fuehrer now intervened more effectively in all these matters; but I welcomed the appointment of Sauckel, for I considered him one of the calmest and most reliable Gauleiter's and was also convinced that he would fully dedicate himself to this new task. The connection with the offices of the Four-Year Plan was of course maintained, and in the case of important legislative decrees Sauckel and my offices of the Four-Year Plan worked together, as far as I know. Sauckel himself spoke to me on several occasions after he had been with the Fuehrer, and sent me also a few of the reports that he sent to the Fuehrer. Even if not in full detail I was, on the whole, informed."
Goering: That is correct. Here we deal primarily with the fact that a large part of French skilled workers who were prisoners of war were turned into free workers on condition that they worked in the German armament industry. The shortages which occurred at their previous places of work at that time, where they had worked as prisoners of war, were to be remedied by Russian prisoners of war, because I considered it pointless that qualified skilled industrial workers should be employed in agriculture, for instance, or in any other field not corresponding to their abilities. Thus there was an incentive in the fact that these people could become free workers instead of remaining prisoners of war, if they would agree to these conditions. The directives were given by me.
Goering: Yes, but may I ask you to look at those documents again. These show that recruitment was not ordered, but that registration even for forced labor was regulated by decrees and other orders. If I had been given an absolute guarantee, particularly in the East, that all these people would be peaceful and peace-loving people, that they would never take part in partisan, activities or carry out sabotage, then I probably would have put a larger number to work on the spot. But for security reasons, both in the East and West--particularly in the West--where young age groups were reaching the age of military service--we were compelled to draft these men into labor and bring them to Germany.
The Nuremberg Tribunal Biographies
Caution: As always, these excerpts from trial testimony should not necessarily be mistaken for fact. It should be kept in mind that they are the sometimes-desperate statements of hard-pressed defendants seeking to avoid culpability and shift responsibility from charges that, should they be found guilty, can possibly be punishable by death.
Disclaimer:The Propagander! includes diverse and controversial materials--such as excerpts from the writings of racists and anti-Semites--so that its readers can learn the nature and extent of hate and anti-Semitic discourse. It is our sincere belief that only the informed citizen can prevail over the ignorance of Racialist "thought." Far from approving these writings, The Propagander! condemns racism in all of its forms and manifestations.
Source Note: The trial portion of this material, which is available in its entirety at the outstanding Avalon and Nizkor sites, is being presented here in a catagorized form for ease of study and is not meant to supplant or replace these highly recommended sources.
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Today, my guest is Ro Khanna*, Congressional Candidate for the US House of Representatives in Silicon Valley. With a law degree from Yale, Ro began his career as a successful Silicon Valley technology attorney but has found his passion in politics and policy, having written Entrepreneurial Nation and served in the Obama Administration. Ro took time from his very busy campaign schedule to talk candidly about his career and his current run for Congress.
*with special thanks to Chad Walsh
I had a thoughtful discussion about the legal profession and Silicon Valley with @HsuTubeEsq. Thanks for having me! https://t.co/YpgpXVXUJt
— Ro Khanna (@RoKhannaUSA) July 23, 2014


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Jan Algermissen wrote: > Just to confirm: this means, that gathering separate nodes that actually > represent the same 'thing' remains the burdon of the user of RDF (e.g. > at the query-formulation-level), right? > Well, it depends. Suppose you are using an OWL-aware processor, and suppose that you have declared, in an OWLish way, that certain properties are inverse-functional, that is to say, identifying. Then your processor should discover that two such nodes do in fact represent the same individual. > Example: Suppose two computers are connected and we represent this as > > foo:host1 bar:connectedTo foo:host2 > > Now, in RDF graph A the triple is reified to attach the information > > foo:conn-host1-host2 baz:connectionType foo:ethernet to it > > (the connection is an ethernet connection) > > Now in some strore B, the same triple exists and is reified to attach > a cable number: > > foo:connection-123 baz:cableNumber "XY-T-5665" > > > An RDF store (at least one that does not provide some non-standard > extension) cannot by itself provide me with the information that > the connection is of type ethernet and has cable number "XY-T-5665", > right? > I don't see why you continue to want to reify these statements. It does not do what you apparently want it to do, because the statement that is reified is not thereby asserted. You would do better to follow Damian Steer's advice here. Create a resource - it could be a bnode - to represent the connection. Then you can hang as many actual (not reified) triples as you want off it, thus representing the information you seem to have in mind. The main problem you have in any event is figuring out how to identify the connection nodes in the two graphs so that they represent the same resource. You won't be able to do that by reifying. RDF reification is not like topic map reification. > It would be the burdon of the one formulating the query to traverse all > the rdf:subject, rdf:predicate and rdf:object arcs to find the two > seperate nodes for what is actually a single 'thing'. > > Is that true? Or am I approaching this in a completely wrong way? > It's not that different from merging topics in a topic map (which I mention because of your work on Goose, etc.). You have to decide what the rules are that let you know that the topics represent the same thing, then you can merge them. And it's essentially the same problem as merging data in two different relational databases. In the relational case, keys are used for identification, and it may be hard to know that two keys represent the same thing. Again, it may be that the processor would know before the query about the status of two nodes that may or may not represent the same resource, depending on what other information it has and how it has been designed. But if you knew that the rdf processor wouldn't be figuring that out, then you might have to write your query to determine the equivalence yourself. And that brings us back to identifying properties and possibly using OWL-awareness, which would let a processor relate the two nodes. Cheers, Tom P -- Thomas B. Passin Explorer's Guide to the Semantic Web (Manning Books) http://www.manning.com/catalog/view.php?book=passinReceived on Wednesday, 18 August 2004 04:02:52 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Wednesday, 7 January 2015 15:07:52 UTC


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It's been a long time since I shared any thrift scores, so I thought I'd share a few things I found lately. For a while I wasn't thrifting at all, but when we moved into a new house we found there were a lot of things that we were missing. So I've been on the hunt again, and here are some of my finds:
1. A cute little canister. In case you can't quite make it out, it says, "GREASE" on the side. You know, for all that grease people used to cook with (and re-use). Gross! I'm using it for cotton balls in my bathroom.
2. I can't resist things with deer on them. This guy is part of an embroidered table runner. He has a twin on the other end, and yep, he's making the same face. When I found this it had a few stains, but oxygen bleach, lemon juice, and sunlight worked wonders.
3. I'd been on the search for colored denim, so I was pretty happy to find the purple jeans I wore in my last post.
4. One of my favorite scores, a vintage Coach purse. For some reason there were several of them at the Goodwill that day, all pretty reasonably priced. It was kind of a struggle not to bring any more home, but I think I got the best of the bunch.
Have you thrifted anything awesome lately? Please share!


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I love to play homeword and half-life And i have à ps3 and play call of duty But i love GTA to =)
this fixed some problems i have there where some with docking ships tharhs fixed but there are no new ships it only fix: docking ships. fighter laser.(update...
the galactic council mod 0.2 fixed problems patch
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The ultimate rock compilation show, Rox Vox, is coming to the Civic Theatre in Rotherham next week.
Rox Vox is a homage to the icons of rock across the years including great bands such as Queen, Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, Survivor, Guns & Roses, Status Quo and more.
Rox Vox is more than two hours of pure rock classics and all those involved make it quite clear that this is not a tribute show, just pure rock music at its best.
The show takes place next Thursday (19th February) and tickets are available on 01709 823621 or www.rotherhamtheatres.co.uk/whats-on/


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Doba is one of the more comprehensive dropshipping companies, since it not only provides a detailed directory of manufacturers and wholesalers, but offers an interface for simply grabbing the products you want without having to partner with multiple dropshippers.
Generally, you may have to partner with and communicate with ten or twenty dropshippers. With Doba, you simply find a product you want to sell, list it on your website and process the sale with Doba. The Doba company contacts the dropshipper and sends the product to the customer, cutting out the tedious dropshipper management process.
Salehoo is similar to Doba, but it has more of a focus on presenting a detailed directory for companies you can partner with for your business. The website has beautiful category tools for you to filter and search based on the products you're trying to sell, along with a market research lab to decide on the most popular products to sell on your store. The best part is that Salehoo manages a consistent blog and forum so you can learn and chat with others who are in the same boat as you.
Alibaba is one of the largest websites in the world, and one of the best parts of the site is that you can find manufacturers for your products, at relatively low costs. Keep in mind that you shouldn't just type in the product you want to sell and contact the manufacturer. You must go to the search bar, type in "dropshipper," then filter down to the desired product.
The Alibaba platform has thousands of manufacturers, and many of them don't offer dropshipping.
World Wide Brands
When you complete a Google search for finding dropshippers, you may notice that many of the directories are filled with spam or non-existent companies. This is a huge problem, since you don't want to waste time and money finding a viable dropshipping partner.
With World Wide Brands, every dropshipper in the directory is certified, so you can expect a response from each one. The World Wide Brands site sets you up with the manufacturer's contact info after you find a suitable match. After that, you can contact them whenever you want and build a relationship.
WholeSale Central
The WholeSale Central company doesn't have the best website, but it's a decent tool for filtering through categories like apparel, electronics and leather. The dropshippers are then listed with details for you to click on and view. When you click through to one of the dropshippers it sends you to the manufacturer's website, meaning there are no middle men to work though.
Feel free to contact certain dropshippers, and use the WholeSale Central page to find options that are closer to you geographically. Traditionally, this can lead to a more reliable business partnership.
Dropship Direct
Dropship Direct lets you create a free account, giving you access to its huge inventory of products. This solution works similar to Doba, in that you choose your product first, then you can request to have that item shipped to your customer. This way, you don't necessarily have to be in contact with the dropshipper. However, that option is available if needed.
Sunrise Wholesale
Sunrise Wholesale is a service that dropships products directly to your customers. You gain access to over 15,000 brand name products, and you can search for these products through the Sunrise Wholesale site. Profit from the site by selling through places like Amazon and eBay, or consider setting up your own website for a better online presence. Not to mention, this solution also helps you connect with ecommerce platforms like Shopify and Bigcommerce.
Wholesale 2b
Wholesale 2b requires you to sign up for a plan, but you don't get charged a dime for simply browsing the product database. Search for certain items and categories, and when you find something to sell, post it on your site for people to buy from you. After that, the Wholesale 2b site takes a commission, but it also sends out the product to your customer.


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Event Calendar & Sponsorship Information
Enshrinement class of 2018
The Basketball Hall of Fame is host to many special events. Our premiere event is each years Enshrinement Weekend, where the new class to the Hall of Fame is honored and joins the ranks of Basketball's Finest. You can be part of the many special events that take place during Enshrinement Weekend!
60 Days of summer
The 60 Days of Summer program offers 60 consecutive days of family oriented interactive museum programming. All July and August, the Hall of Fame will host various appearances, autograph signings, magician's, trick dribblers and jugglers, mascot days, giveaway days, and much more!
The Jerry Colangelo Basketball Hall of Fame Golf Classic
The Jerry Colangelo Basketball Hall of Fame Golf Classic Presented by NIKE at the Wigwam Arizona delivers the premium branding, hospitality and experiences for sponsors and participants that the Hall of Fame is renown for.
The Wigwam Arizona is a historic landmark in Glendale's Litchfield Park that exemplifies resort life. With luxurious accommodations, exceptional cuisine, extensive spa and recreational facilities, plus three 18-hole championship golf courses, the Wigwam Arizona plays host for this unmatched experience of a lifetime.
Basketball Hall of Fame Golf Classic at Monarch Beach Golf Links
The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame's 2nd Annual Golf Classic at Monarch Beach Golf Links delivers the premium branding, hospitality and experiences for sponsors and participants that the Hall of Fame is renown for.
Each participant in the Golf Classic will be paired with, and spend the entire day, with a Basketball Hall of Famer or sports legend! Enjoy a day with a legend, all while supporting a 501c3 not-for-profit organization!
aIR fORCE rESERVE Hall of Fame Tip-Off PRESENTED BY CITI
FRIDAY, November 16 - Sunday, November 18
The Basketball Hall of Fame hosts the annual Tip-Off Tournament each November. The Tip-Off Tournament is an NCAA exempt men's basketball tournament sponsored by the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC). Each year, top teams and conferences will compete in the Basketball Hall of Fame's event showcasing its talents in New England's only exempt Division I college basketball tournament.
AIR FORCE RESERVE Basketball Hall of Fame Classic PRESENTED BY CITI
Friday, December 7
The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, in conjunction with the STAPLES Center, hosts an annual one-day college basketball doubleheader in Los Angeles, CA. In this event the Basketball Hall of Fame brings action packed basketball from some of the best college teams across the country to the entertainment capital of the world.
AIR FORCE RESERVE Jerry Colangelo Classic PRESENTED BY CITI
Sunday, December 9
The Jerry Colangelo Classic is a premier college basketball double-header at Talking Stick Arena in Phoenix, AZ. This year's field presents some of the top teams in the nation: University of Tennessee, Gonzaga University, University of Nevada and Grand Canyon University.
2019 Spalding Hoophall Classic presented by Eastbay
The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame's Hoophall Classic annually features the top high school players and teams from around the country. The event is held over the Martin Luther King Day Weekend at Springfield College's Blake Arena and has hosted many NBA First Round Draft Picks, College All-Americans and McDonald's All-Americans.
BasketBull is an official licensee of the Basketball Hall of Fame approved to run amateur/grassroot basketball tournaments in the spring, summer and fall. The tournaments continue to expand as teams from across the country visit Springfield and the Hall of Fame.
For more information on BasketBull or Hall of Fame Tournaments, visit:
Elks Hoopshoot
The Basketball Hall of Fame is proud to host The Elks Hoop Shoot, a local weekly shooting contest every Sunday at 2pm. Contestants compete to win an Elks Basketball and become that week's champ. The event is part of a national weekly program created by the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. The weekly shootout takes place on Center court inside The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame with participation for Hall of Fame visitors.


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Price of diesel slashed by another 2p at major supermarket today...and others to follow suit?
Fuel prices look set to drop further as one of the major supermarkets makes more cuts at the pumps today.
Drivers filling up at any of Asda's 279 fillings stations across the country will only pay 97.7ppl for diesel from Friday, January 22.
The two pence per litre cut sends diesel to its lowest price for six years.
Meanwhile, unleaded remains at 99.7ppl across the UK at Asda, Tesco, Sainsbury's and Morrisons.
And now one of the big four has cut it's fuel price, it is the trend that the other three will follow suit shortly.
Andy Peake, Asda's Senior Petrol Director said, "We're delighted to be the first retailer to take diesel to its lowest price level in over six years.
"This latest announcement shows that we're committed to being the driving force behind lowering fuel prices across the UK regardless of where you live."
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Did you know you can make your own custom Sit & Spin Toy? And it's a super easy DIY.
I recently saw a grown-up version of a Sit & Spin Toy on Pinterest. It got me thinking about how easy it would be to make one for my boys. And since I already had Lazy Susan hardware waiting for a purpose, I was half way there. After playing around with the design for a few weeks, I'm ready to share it with you guys. And it's a super easy DIY kids toy that you can make in a day. Yea!
I love the idea of making a couple heirloom kids toys that will last for generations. My grandfather made a cool board game that I loved as a kid. And I just thought that he must be nearly magical for being able to make it. I still get nostalgic when I see it. So, I hope the kids in your life will look at you the same way when you make this. And, the best part is the custom paint job.
I made this Sit & Spin toy 2 ways. Once with a sweet medallion pattern and once with a cool Captain America paint job for my boys. Pick your kids favorite cartoon, toy, movie, game, candy, etc. and have fun with the design. As always, I'd love to see what you come up with.
THIS POST MAY CONTAIN AFFILIATE LINKS. AFFILIATES HELP YOUR FAVORITE BLOGGERS DELIVER FREE CONTENT. Make sure to always read the directions for any products or tools you use while building. Read the full disclaimer here.
Cost to Make this Easy DIY Kids Sit & Spin Toy
You'll spend about $45 on the wood rounds, flanges, pipe, and Lazy Susan. Not bad to get your own custom Sit and Spin.
Time to Make this Easy DIY Kids Sit & Spin Toy
The time here will mainly be in dry times for stain, paint, and polyurethane. Otherwise, you can easily assemble this in 1 hour, due to the simple flange and pipe design.
Please note: Using 6″ square or larger Lazy Susan hardware works best. The hardware can support 400-lbs. But kids over a certain weight will eventually weigh down the end of the round and create drag. My 40-lb 4-year old is just fine. But I'm guessing 60 lbs or more will probably be too much. If you do make one, I'd love tips on your hardware and weight-related experiences.
Materials to Make this Easy DIY Kids Sit & Spin Toy
- Tools: Drill, Jigsaw, Sander, Screwdriver
- Super Glue
- 2 – 18″ Craft Wood Rounds from Lowes (or similar size from Home Depot)
- A piece of 3/4″ thick wood to make 7″ round wheel
- 2 – 1/2″ galvanized or iron flanges
- 1 – 8″ long 1/2″ galvanized or iron pipe
- 1 – 3″ round thick cardboard with a 1/2″ hole in the middle
- 1 – 6″ square Lazy Susan hardware
- 1/2″ drill bit
- 16 – #6 or #8 3/4″ screws
- Motor oil, Bike oil or other lightweight oil to apply to bearings
- Stains or paints of choice and polyurethane
Directions to Make this Easy DIY Kids Sit & Spin Toy
- Find the center of the round you picked as the top. I just used a long ruler to find the widest point from one edge to the next. Then mark the center of the widest point with a pencil. Now do this 2 or 3 more times across different sections. This will give you a pretty good center point.
- Use your drill bit, then jigsaw to create 1 1/4″ hole through the center of the top round. This will give enough space for the ring around the threads for the bottom flange. Otherwise, the flange would drag against that top wood round and slow it down.
- Now place that top round over the bottom. Line them up as close to perfect, as possible. These rounds are never perfect circles, but they're close enough. So, don't worry. Use that pencil to mark the center of the bottom round through the hole in the top round.
- Move the top round aside, and grab a flange. Line that flange up with the mark you just made on the bottom round. Use a sharp screw or drill bit to create starter hole marks for the 4 flange screws. You just want them to be deep enough that you can't sand them away.
- After marking the 4 screw spots, move the flange aside.
- Cut a 7″ round wheel from 3/4″ thick wood with your jigsaw to make the wheel. You can use my Captain America printable as a guide for the circle. The smallest circle around the star is 7″. Or simply open MS Word, or similar, to add a circle that measures 7″.
- Use a 120-grit sandpaper, or similar, to sand the sides and edges on both rounds. This will get the rounds smooth and ready for paint or stain. Be sure to keep the screw marks and flange center marks. You'll need them for assembly.
- I used a Wood Conditioner on all 3-pieces and let that soak in per directions. Then I applied 1 coat of Minwax's Jacobean Stain on each side of the 3 rounds. Once that dried, I applied 1 coat of this polyurethane.
- Note: Based on your design, you'll want to stain or prime your rounds and wheel. Make sure that the rounds and wheel are completely stained or painted then coated with polyurethane before attaching the Lazy Susan hardware. You won't be able to access those areas after assembly and you don't want bits of unfinished wood visible between the rounds.
- Also note: I applied the medallion and Captain America designs with acrylic paint. That paint sticks pretty well to polyurethane. But if you are using a paint that doesn't, make sure the design is done before applying polyurethane. Acrylic still needs to be covered in polyurethane after the design is complete and dry, or it will eventually rub off of the polyurethane.
Customize this Easy DIY Kids Sit & Spin Toy
- The Medallion Design
- I found this Boho Medallion stencil and stencil adhesive spray at Hobby Lobby. Follow the directions on the adhesive and give 1-side of the stencil a good coat of the adhesive. Carefully center it and press it into the top round. Make sure every bit of the stencil is sticking.
- Use a foam stencil brush to blot your design on. Don't swipe or use too much paint, or it may push paint under the stencil.
- Once the design is complete, peel off stencil. Allow the paint to dry completely
- Use a spray polyurethane to seal. This will prevent your design from rubbing away.
- Captain America – Email Subscribers can grab the free 18″ round, black & white Captain America printable at the bottom of this post.
- Paint the top of the top round with dark red paint. Take your time and be careful not to brush the paint on to the edges. Do enough coats to give the paint a finished look.
- Paint the top of the wheel with a coat of a Navy blue paint. Again, take your time and be careful not to brush the paint on to the edges. Do enough coats to give the paint a finished look.
- I used the printable I designed to add the star and white ring markings. Print the PDF printable below using Poster and Tape Marks settings in Adobe Reader. Tape it together using the cut marks. Cut out the ring that is supposed to be white, second from the outside. Cut out the star as well.
- Line up the ring and star on the Sit & Spin Toy, then trace around them with a pencil.
- I used my ever-handy white paint pen to trace over those pencil lines next. You could skip this and go straight to your white primer. But the paint pen is easier to make straight, smooth lines with, for me.
- Carefully fill in the ring and star with 2 or 3 coats of a white primer. This will prevent the dark colors from bleeding through.
- Once everything is dry coat those painted areas with polyurethane.
Assembling this Easy DIY Kids Sit & Spin Toy
See my video on a simple Lazy Susan Assembly for an example.
- Attach one of the flanges to the bottom round with screws. Center it on the spot you marked earlier.
- Apply a little oil to the bearings of the Lazy Susan to make it spin faster. Don't use WD-40. That will gum up and eventually slow it down. Use skateboarders oil, bike oil, or motor oil that is light and designed to increase speed.
- Line the Lazy Susan hardware up with those screw marks we made earlier on the bottom round. Attach the Lazy Susan at all 4 points.
- Twist the top half of the Lazy Susan so that one of the corners of the top is between 2 of the bottom corners.
- Put a pencil in the screw hole on the top corner to mark that spot on the bottom round.
- Slide that hardware out of the way and use your 1/2″ drill bit to drill a hole through the round at that spot.
- Place the top round over the bottom. Line that hole in the top round up with the flange hole. Get it as perfect as possible. When the top round spins, if the alignment is off, it will get closer to the pipe at certain points. You want to make sure that it won't hit the pipe and stop the spinning.
- Carefully hold the 2 rounds together and flip over. Slowly spin the round around until you can see one of those top of the Lazy Susan screw holes in the access hole you drilled. You may need to gently press on that bottom round while spinning to keep it from shifting on the top round.
- Screw the top half of the Lazy Susan into the top round at all 4 corners with your drill or screwdriver.
- Flip the rounds back over.
- Center the other flange on the bottom of the wheel and attach with screws.
- Screw the pipe into the bottom flange. Test that the rounds spins freely on top. Push down a bit while spinning to make sure that the top round isn't dragging on the top of the flange. If everything is fine, move to step 13. Otherwise, you will need to remove the top round through the access hole. Expand the pipe hole, then re-assemble again. You can use the same screw holes by lining them up carefully.
- Apply super glue to threads then screw the pipe into the bottom flange.
- Slide the thick cardboard, cut to 3″ diameter with a 1/2″ hole in the middle, over the pipe. This will keep little fingers or legs out of the tight space between the wood and the pipe. It could be a pinch hazard.
- Apply super glue to the top threads and wheel flange. The super glue prevents the kiddos from unscrewing the pipe while spinning.
Now you're ready to let the kids spin the afternoon away. Yea.
How about another DIY gift for those awesome kiddos? Try this Easy DIY PVC Pipe Tent build.
Email Subscribers can download the Captain America Shield Printable Here. It is designed to work as described above, with this 18″ round wood and 7″ round wheel. See instructions above. The white ring and star are the only parts of this printable I used for this project. The rest of the printable is just for visual reference to layout.
Save this PDF to your computer, then open in Adobe Reader. Opening in your web browser will not give you the option to print as a poster. 🙂
Feeling inspired? Want to make your own Super Easy Kids Sit & Spin Toy? Follow the links above to get the things you'll need. Have fun and let me know if you have questions. Or post pictures of your work and tag Abbotts At Home on FB, I'd love to see it!


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This section contains 3,561 words
(approx. 12 pages at 300 words per page)
Dictionary of Literary Biography on Graham (Henry) Greene
Books were a lifelong passion for Graham Greene. Book collecting, the ownership of books, and writing in books absorbed Greene, who haunted the auction rooms and secondhand bookshops of provincial England in search of books. In his introduction to his bookseller friend David Low's autobiography, With All Faults (1973), Greene remarked that if he had not been a writer he would have liked to have been a secondhand bookseller. Greene read the journal The Book Collector and toward the end of his life he helped his nephew, Nick Dennys, to set up a secondhand book business, the Gloucester Road Bookshop in South Kensington, London.
The main source of information about Greene's book-collecting activities is The Annotated Library of Graham Greene (1993), an extensively annotated catalogue of the books and letters owned by Greene and passed to Dennys just before Greene's death in 1991. Approximately five hundred of the three thousand books...
This section contains 3,561 words
(approx. 12 pages at 300 words per page)


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Nice apartment on the ground floor of a house in the village Marquet Paradis urbanization Pont de Vilomara, 4 kilometers of Manresa, the capital of the Bages, in the heart of Catalonia, its geographical position allows to visit without spending much commuting time to many attractive spots that offers Catalonia. A 12 minutes from the mountain of Montserrat. 5 minutes from Manresa, Barcelona 45 and 1 hour from Tarragona, Lleida and Girona.
A different way of enjoying sightseeing Catalonia and at the same time be housed in an apartment in the countryside.
The complex nature that surrounds him, the mountains and gardens where the air you breathe is pure and healthy, 200 meters where we have the Llobregat river has an integrated nature walk.
It is well connected by bus, train station and motorway.
Entrance to a large garden without having to use stairs to access the house.
Check in time is from 14:00 until 22:00 maximum. Check Out des always be before 12:00.
The apartment has all the features that can give you your own home.
Cot on request of the host.


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Solve This (? + ? + ?=30)
If 1111=R, 2222=T, 3333=E, 4444=N Then 5555=?
Guess the Hindi Muhawara from the following whatsapp Emoticons?
Sweet, Medicine, Film, Girl, City, Car, Place, Doggy all are name same, guess which word it is?
Guess me who am I, I am the first on earth, the second in heaven...
Abbas Ali Baigwas the first Indian batsman to hit a century on debut against England in England.
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2018 © Queryhome


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Hi friends! I entered a writing contest over at Skimbaco Lifestyle to try and win a ticket to the Blissdom Conference in Nashville next month. I had planned on driving up to meet everyone outside the conference, but there's no way I can afford a $300.00 ticket to get into the conference itself. So when I found out that Skimbaco Lifestyle was giving away a ticket to one lucky writer, I sprang into action and wrote an uplifting blog post that I hope you'll enjoy. The rules state that the post must be written about living life to the fullest and that the person with the most comments left on their post wins a ticket to Blissdom! So if you feel inclined, I'd love it if you stopped by and gave my post a gander. And if you leave me a comment I'll be your best friend. 🙂
(Click on the button above to read my post)
Thank you, thank you!
PS- We got our issue of The Nest magazine yesterday! I'll be back later with all the photos! If you want a sneak peek, you can see the cover in our left sidebar under "Lettered Press"! 🙂