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Average Rating
Heath M.
The Village
Its like a hotel maid service
I have to deal with my daily living tasks less
The cost and if it was necessary
Cleaner coming every week or 2
makes the bed and neatens up
It saves me my valuable time
Rakhel M.
Windsor Terrace
Life changing.
my life has been simplified!
yes - I was concerned that I have never met this person and would not trust her.
I had a cleaning lady 2x a week for full days. She was OK, but now i have my house clean 4x a week and no longer need to make the beds and tidy the house in the morning before leaving for work.
make the beds.
try it out for a week or two and then decide.
East village
a maid service
yes, change of cleaners constnatly
weekly cleaner
make the bed and wash dishes
it works
Lee A.
Someone comes to your house twice a week for an hour and tidies up your apartment for $60. It's so nice coming home and having everything clean.
Clean apartment = happy wife
I didn't really hesitate to sign up bc the service sounded like something I needed.
I had a cleaning woman that would come once a week or ever two weeks. She wasn't reliable or friendly. There was too much of a headache.
Puts away laundry and changes the douvet cover
You have better things to do than clean your home or worry about managing someone else who is cleaning your home. Having an app that allows you to quickly shoot off instructions or pause a week or see what supplies are needed is a no brainer. Coming home on tuesdays and Thursdays is the beat part of my week.
Julia L.
West Village
It's like a hotel maid service who comes 3 or 5 times a week
clean. simple. easy.
yes, i wasn't sure if she would do a good enough clean as my weekly person.
weekly or bi weekly cleaning lady. this is better because it keeps everything tidy every day.
make the bed, clean bathroom and take out trash. vacuum and dust too!
it's worth it. try it out.
Rachel S.
Upper East Side
Housekeeper that comes daily
Less clutter, clean home
Concerns regarding price (not that much more than weekly) and how much they could get done in an hour (figured we'd try it and see).
Housekeeper weekly. Things would get messy between visits.
Tidy up and take out trash
It's a consistently clean home for not much more than a weekly clean home.
Anna D.
Slate is a wonderful house-keeping service that gives me peace of mind that no matter how hectic my life gets, my apartment will remain a space of calm and order. I still feel a sense of surprise and delight walking into a freshly cleaned home because the Slate house keepers do such a thorough job!
As a New Yorker - my apartment is a haven from the chaos and over-stimulation of the city - and Slate makes sure that I have peace of mind that my home remain clean even when the clutter of life outside gets in the way.
I was concerned about the expensive. It is much more than other services in NYK (at least the daily service is, the deep cleaning is comparable).
I was using Handy. I found that depending on the cleaner - the level of tidiness varied tremendously. Slate is much more consistent and I like having one continuous cleaner.
Clean the kitchen and vacuum the living room!
Given that you have a consistent cleaner who can cater to your needs (in my case hand wash clothing, water the plants, etc) - it becomes worth the expense because it goes beyond the normal surface clean that most house keeping companies provide.
Greenwich Village
I live a busy life, and for about $25 a day, it makes my busy life easier. My helper does basic cleaning every day, hangs / puts my laundry away, and the other things I hate doing.
It makes me appear organized.
I didn't expect to continue with it after the trial period, but it was so nice being able to leave a bit of a mess in the morning and to come home to it looking great!
Weekly or Biweekly cleaning service. It was working but this is better because it keeps it always presentable.
Makes the bed, puts things I left out away!
Its like being in a hotel.
Rachel J.
I am a mom of 2 and to be able to not have to worry about cleaning up their breakfast mess and to be able to scoot them straight to the park after is great. I come home and the sink is empty, the dining table is spotless. Before Slate my floors were disgusting because I have a cleaner come once a week, but there are so many crumbs, etc all over because of the kids. And now it doesn't bother me when the kids eat food off the floor :) And it feels like such a luxury to go to bed every night in a nicely made bed. We are so fancy now!
More "me" time
I just gave the 1 or 2 week trial a shot and figured I could cancel if it wasn't working out. I didn't have many hesitations because the service sounded awesome.
Once a week cleaner. I spent a lot of time cleaning up after meals and doing dishes. There was pretty much crumbs on the floor all the time and my bed was never made.
Floors and Countertops (and bed and dishes!!!)
Just try it for 1 week. We are so lucky to live in NYC where this service is available.
Neyir Y.
Upper east side
It is a great idea- when you find the right keeper for your home and life style it is a life saver.
Now i have time to do things i really want to do
Trusting a new person in my home - it is a work in process
I had a full time house keeper which was too expensive and not fully utilized
Bathrooms and vacuuming
Give it a try - it is super easy to cancel if you are not hundred person happy
Our secret sauce: We find professional, courteous and meticulous Keepers through trusted sources, conduct thorough background and reference checks, and make sure their skills and values meet our high standards. We then match you with a Keeper who delivers what you need.
We are the only company with a comprehensive training program that begins when we hire a Keeper and continues weekly. Before a Keeper sets foot in your home, on top of experience from previous jobs, they've had more than 10 hours of Slate's on-the-job training. Plus, each week your Keeper benefits from your feedback. They watch a weekly training video in which we share everything we've learned from all Slate users that week.
You'll be covered for anything that could happen to your things or your Keeper while they're in your home. If your building needs a certificate of insurance, just let us know and we'll be happy to provide one.


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Best Diarist
Nominate your choice for Best Diarist.
Update (Oct. 17): Over the next 24 hours we will be closing nominations for most categories. This is a manual process so it takes a while to complete. As long as a category allows you to enter a comment (which is how you submit a nomination) nominations for that category are still open. When the option to leave a comment is not available you'll know nominations for that category are closed. The "+" rating of nominees will remain open throughout the awards.
To nominate a blog you need to leave a comment on this entry. Your comment should contain the name of the blog, the main URL for the blog, and (if possible) the URL for a RSS/Atom feed. For example:
Unless you login via one of the supported authentication services your comments will be moderated. Due to the volume of comments, it may take up to 24 hours to approve your comment, but all anonymous comments will eventually be posted. Only authenticated comments will be published immediately.Rules And FAQ's
- You can nominate yourself, don't be shy.
- The number of nominations a blog receives is irrelevant. One nomination is enough...
- Rather than add a "me too" nomination for a site you're encouraged to use the "+" icon to indicate your preference for nominees. The "+" ratings are one extra piece of information the finalist selection panel can use to help generate the finalist slates in each category.
- The nomination period is scheduled to end on Wednesday, October 17, 2007.
- Read The Nomination FAQ
- Get technical help or ask questions at The Weblog Awards Forum
- If you are linking to the contest consider using the nomination category archive, as it contains links to all of the nomination posts.
49 Comments
This is the home of Bazzy Boy the all Australian legendary racehorse. He is one mighty fine steed without a doubt and renowned for his high speed and steadfast manner. Nothing ever phases Bazz except maybe the bags of death with worms hanging out of their bums, the horse eating pygmies (Children) and the occasional Satans Puppy wandering around the property.
He declares with enthusiasm that DRESSAGE IS GAY!!!! His common retort to anything physical is a simple BOLLOX!!! and if he can get out of actually doing anything, he's a happy horse.
Bazzy's Blog is a mix of his observations around his 20 acre paddock which he shares with Nobby the woofty coloured no knackers shortarse, Jacko the Spacko with the heart on his arse, Taffy Boy, The White Thing and his beloved filly girlfriend Cherry.
Written by Bazz himself (Honest) The blog is if you pardon the pun, straight from the horses mouth.
Here is just a small taste of Bazz's Feedback
I laughed so hard I bust a rib
OMG I just sprayed coffee all over my desk
Someone from the office just called an ambulance I was laughing so hard
Oh great now I have pee'd myself, thanks Bazz
That is the funniest website I have ever seen, period, good on ya Bazzy
God your a hopeless horse Bazz LOL
ooooh! we can nominate ourselves!
I'm going to be horribly shameless then!
The Only Redhead in Taiwan
Films of my emotional fragments, life and memories:
Please consider my blog on Walsall FC for this award. Many thanks and good luck to all other nominees.
I would like to nominate Little Nuances
The URL to use when nominating Little Nuances is: http://littlenuances.blogspot.com
The RSS feed is: http://littlenuances.blogspot.com/atom.xm
Blue Girl in a Red State
By Neddie Jingo
Robin Slick: In Her Own Write
this blog deserves Best diarist! :D
visit it to know more! :D
Indistinguishable Gibberish
Name: Cat's Experiment
URL: http://cats-experiment.blogspot.com
feed: http://feeds.feedburner.com/blogspot/sIgL
info: A single 40 yr old Sydney girl, who was involved in a TV science program on flirting.... That & this seems like a great place to expel evil thoughts about boys, work & life.
Army Wife Toddler Mom
Daily life in Beijing:
BarnGoddess ! http://ramblingsfromthereservation.wordpress.com/
Looking for someone who combines good writing, great analysis and in depth content?
liberalamerican at
Ruthlace is a great person diary. This 84-year old blogger writes about growing up in a milltown in Georgia, of parenting 7 children and now about lots of grands and greats. Great range of topics.
A lyrical and poetic attempt by an errant husband to follow his creative wife's traumatic but inspiring journey towards an exhibition. It's got NYC anonymously. Afghanistan. The art world. Love and death. Kids. Hardship. It is updated daily.
MGR Z at From My Position......On The Way
Sex and the Ivy
A Fresh Look: Feed
A Fresh Look: A Lynn University student blog
Whether you're a freshman or you just remember being one, you won't want to miss Morgan's blog. She gives a fresh look on the Lynn University experience as she blogs about her first year of university life.
MC Rebbe The Rapping Rabbi
I nominate-
Alec is a Girl's Name
The Median Sib
The Median Sib
A mommy and a newly minted lawyer writes about managing it all at Balance of Power
Been reading her for years. She's great.
Verbalized: Life + Thoughts + Commentary.
I'd like to nominate Bright Meadow:
How about It's Jerrytime!
Taking your "don't be shy" advice I want to nominate myself!!!
My blog is "Desperate Irish Housewife" and I live for attention. Well, not really, but sometimes it's nice. It's a "humor /diary from a Catholic viewpoint" blog.
You must have some category it fits into, right?
I would also like to nominate ArmyWifeToddlerMom for Best Diarist...
I highly recommend:
The Laid Back Buddhist
is my nomination.
Caledonia Wake Up Call
All the information, facts and details you can take about multi-tier justice and law enforcement in Ontario, and never ending occupation.
Even Small Dead Animals can not touch the details of content, information and facts and no longer "links" to this site. :-(
The 2 girls at http://southernsassoncrime.com/
Journal Revolution: The Daily Adventures of Two Sisters

subset: commoncrawl


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5 Ways To Neutralize Your Fat Genes
If your family tree is filled with apple-shaped people — if you've ever been told your weight is genetic and there's little you can do about it— then I have some news that's going to change your life.
You see, fat runs in my family. My father was terribly overweight and died of a stroke at the young age of 52. As a teenager, I ballooned to well over 200 pounds myself. Obviously it was genetic: Like father like son. But wait. There was one chink in this seemingly uninterrupted chain of chunkiness: my older brother Eric. He was a model of fitness, a lean, fit specimen who cruised through school on athletic scholarships.
Here's the difference: my fat genes switched on, and his didn't. You see, the truth about fat genes is that they're sort of like a loaded gun. They're totally harmless, until you pull the trigger.
Scientists are just now starting to understand this about food and nutrients, too. What we're learning is that weight gain is caused not by genetics but by epigenetics — the science of how genes are turned on and off by different environmental factors, including stress, chemical exposure and, yes, even diet.
And that means that right diet can turn those fat genes back off and make weight loss automatic. Here are five fast ways to help put your fat genes in "neutral" epigenetically speaking.
1. Cut down on saturated fats and sugar.
You know fat and sugar is bad for you, but what's really interesting is the new research on how they conspire with your genes to set you up for weight gain. Foods high in saturated fats seem to cause weight gain even if calorie intake stays the same. The combination of sugar and fat has been dubbed an "obesogenic environment," much in the same way a toxic waste dump linked to a cancer outbreak might be referred to as a "carcinogenic environment."
2. Watch your vitamin intake.
Increased levels of B vitamins have long been associated with a higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Researchers believe that fortified infant formula may trigger the fat genes. If you're more comfortable taking a multivitamin, it's probably fine, but megadosing may do more harm than good.
3. Be cautious of canned foods.
The concern here is a compound called BPA, or bisphenol-A. Research has indicated that it may have an epigenetic effect on humans. Used to make plastic softer, it's found in some plastic containers and also in the thin plastic linings of food cans. BPA can leak into foods that are acidic or fatty, like tomatoes, tuna and baby formula. BPA is used by most manufacturers, but Eden Organic and Trader Joe's both sell BPA-free canned goods.
4. Go for a morning walk.
Bizarre but true: recent research found that getting direct exposure to sunlight between 8:00AM and noon reduced your risk of weight gain regardless of activity level, caloric intake or age. It's possible that morning light synchronized your metabolism and undercuts your fat genes.
5. Cut down on antibiotics.
Our gut bacteria play a big role in keeping our fat genes in check by chomping on fiber and creating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate. SCFAs help tame our genetic propensity for weight gain and diabetics. When we take antibiotics for every sniffle, we create disorder in our gut bacteria and undermine their ability to create the SCFAs that keep our fat genes in check.
Ready to learn more about how to unlock the power of food to heal your body, prevent disease & achieve optimal health? Register now for our FREE Functional Nutrition Webinar with Kelly LeVeque.


text:
Enterprise risk management and crisis relief program contains two concepts: risk management and crisis relief, the former focusing on the prevention of risks before they occur, the latter focusing on the crisis after the rescue. Risk management, and sometimes can also be called crisis management, is how risky a positive environment to minimize the risk management process. Which includes estimates of risk, risk contingency, as well as the advent of the crisis rescue. Enterprise Risk Management solution is to estimate a series of crises that may arise row of the right priorities, and 11 to prepare a solution process,Allow them maximum loss that can lead to what might happen and most priority, and the relatively low-risk things that were deferred.
|Further Understanding about how we assist clients:
|China Business Due Diligence Report
|China Contract Drafting
|Risk Rescue
|China Business Feasibility Study Report
We have more services than the above mentioned such as Hong Kong Company Formation, Offshore Company Formation, Trading & Warehousing Services and China Contract Drafting, etc.
Please do not hesitate to contact us at 603 2141-8908 or email to firstname.lastname@example.com should you require any assistance.


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I wrote this on the last day. Everything below, including the bird, is from the story.
Two pandas are fucking in zero gravity. Suddenly, they are murdered. The only suspect is Jesus Christ. He came back for the End Times, and stayed because he was so impressed by 7-11 Slurpees and Hot Dogs.
To Question Jesus, Turn to Page 623
To Investigate the Crime Scene, Wait for Volume II, Coming This June!


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This Is Me is an inspirational men's style journal with a distinctive editorial point-of-view intended to spark conversation and stir the creative juices that so many of us crave. We set out to curate a refined arsenal of imagery to do just that – ignite imagination and magic, allowing us to rethink men's style.
The twist is This Is Me has no product affiliation or advertising within its pages. We want everyone to have the freedom to enjoy the journal regardless of whichever products they may endorse.
We believe the beauty of editorial imagery is that it allows you to get lost in the potential, to discover your own "what if". Our goal is simply to inspire, nurture and applaud the unique creativity and brilliance within all of us.
A celebration of the guy with great style – an influencer amongst his peers, a guy with a strong sense of self who wears his hair as a statement of his individuality – This Is Me is a fresh approach to men's style.


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Discover the difference. Discover Home.
This website is especially for you, our residents at Tamarron Apartments in Olney, MD. Here you'll find all the resources and services that will make your life easier. You can pay your rent online, place service requests at any hour, sign up for renters' insurance, and so much more. Thanks for joining us!
New Snow Removal Procedures
With winter quickly approaching, please check out our new snow removal procedures.
Stick to your New Year's resolutions
With a new year underway, chances are you made some New Year's resolutions. Are you sticking to them? Here are a few websites that will help you stay on track and accomplish your 2019 goals.


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AOL yesterday announced it had acquired Buy.at in a move that will see the affiliate network becoming part of its 'all-in-one' online ad unit Platform A.
With AOL failing to bag Tradedoubler last year, the deal means it has finally got its teeth into a performance medium that we estimate generated more than £3bn in sales for UK businesses in 2007.
We caught up briefly with Buy.at CEO Kevin Cornils on what the buyout will mean for the company, including cross-selling opportunities, greater reach and cash for expansion abroad.
You haven't disclosed the size of the deal, but what figures can you give us on how the business is going?
I need to be careful about talking about the size of the business because we've been acquired by a publicly listed company, but we're generating between £25m and £30m in revenue.
Can you give us profit numbers?
I can't - although I can say we have been in profitability for 3+ years.
The reasons behind the deal are pretty clear from AOL's perspective. What have you got to do now to fit into the Platform A group and AOL's integrated service model?
We're going to be part of the Advertising.com business within Platform A. Advertising.com, together with AOL's advertising business and some of the other acquisitions they have made recently, will make up the bulk of Platform A. So I will report to Linda Clarizio, the president of Advertising.com.
So you're right, it was a pretty obvious synergy from their standpoint. They have obviously been interested in affiliate marketing for a long time. They have a great presence on their web network and are using the same technology to drive their SEM activity. They have lead generation capability, which is really their only foray so far into affiliate marketing.
They haven't had a fully-fledged affiliate offering so that is something we can give them.
We can give them tools that they can take to etailers and retailers where we have capability down to a product level to dynamically display content from retailers through our content engine and some of our other tools.
Obviously we also have our infrastructure that tracks all of that and reports it in a management interface that allows affiliates, agencies and us to manage the whole programme.
That was not something they had owned. It fits really well into the whole suite. They had not really been able to have a true affiliate offering.
What's in it for you?
From our standpoint, there's the ability to have more strategic relationships with the big spenders online. We can learn from what is working in display and SEM and take that to the affiliate channel.
Cross-selling as well – they obviously have a lot of relationships with performance marketers that we can leverage. Ad.com also has the largest reach of any ad network in the UK, so we can go to their publisher base, which they have been working with on a display basis.
This should allow us to have greater reach to take to our merchants, which is something that is going to be a unique offering among affiliate networks.
Presumably you will be speeding up any international plans?
We've been a very fast growing company – the business has grown very quickly from 25 staff to 70 now.
Support from a larger parent is going to help us to continue to grow our offices in London, Newcastle and the US; and into other European markets as well. That will be on an accelerated timeframe from what we would have been planning if we were on a stand-alone basis.
We launched in the US in November last year and our lead client is Ticketmaster. We have staff on the ground in the US and that is something that will be accelerated going forward. We will also be working with their team to figure out our European expansion strategy as well. It's very much on the cards.
We need to look at the 2008 balance of investment between the UK, US and Europe.
Will you be looking at developing countries?
I think there is opportunity there and there is probably less competitive pressure in those markets.
What's your view on future growth in affiliate marketing? Are some sectors tailing off?
This deal is a good example of how others in the online business see growth potential in affiliate marketing, so that is good.
I think you will find that historically, a lot of the growth has been driven by etailers and financial services companies, as well as mobile telecoms companies.
You will see sectors like automotive and FMCG working with us to develop the pay per performance channel – whether that is for generating test drives, brochure requests or product trials. We will expand that into other sectors that have spent less online or have spent more on display advertising.
Are you concerned about the wider economic outlook?
It's difficult for me to say because I'm not an economist. But I think in the performance marketing sector, we are in a good position. If the economy continues to grow, obviously that will be a good thing and budgets will stay closer to where they were in 2007.
If it does look like we slip into a recession, I think we may actually be in a good position. Affiliate marketing was rated as the most cost-effective form of online advertising in the research we did with you (our Affiliate Marketing Agencies Report 2007, carried out in association with buy.at).
A lot of advertisers will be looking to move some of their money from some of the less performing types of media, and potentially some of their branding activity, into affiliate marketing.
We are somewhat counter-cyclical and I think we would benefit from an economic downturn.
Did you receive any other approaches?
It's probably not my position to comment on the corporate activity leading up to it.
We have been owned by a VC for coming up to two years and I can imagine they have kept close relationships with lots of players in the market.
Related research:
Affiliate Marketing Networks Buyer's Guide 2008
Affiliate Marketing Agencies Report 2007


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How To Find and Fix Common Technical SEO Issues
Barry Adams
Despite the anglophonic name, Barry Adams is a native Dutchman living and working in Belfast, Northern Ireland where he's established himself as the foremost SEO consultant in the country, operating as Polemic Digital.
Barry's been doing SEO in one form or another since 1998, which means he's lost quite a bit of his sanity along the way, resulting in regular twitter rants and contrarian blog posts which resulted in him getting blocked on twitter by Danny Sullivan.
Barry also teaches SEO and other digital topics for the Ulster University, Queen's University Belfast, and the Digital Marketing Institute, and is the senior editor at the award-winning European digital marketing blog State of Digital.
About Webinar
In this webinar Barry Adams will explain a number of technical SEO issues that many larger websites suffer from. He will show ways to discover these issues and provide solutions to solve these issues optimally.
We suggest this webinar is for
Get on board!


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The Technology
Q: What is genetic engineering?
A. Genetic engineering generally refers to the use of recombinant DNA techniques to introduce new characteristics or traits into an organism. It entails producing a piece of DNA (the recombinant DNA or rDNA construct) and introducing it into an organism so that new or altered traits can be imparted to that organism. The genes and other segments of DNA that are part of the rDNA construct may be obtained from other organisms, or synthesized from scratch in a laboratory. Genetic engineering enables people to introduce a much wider range of new traits into an organism than is possible by conventional breeding. It has been widely used in agriculture, for example to make crops resistant to certain pests or herbicides, in medicine, for example to develop microbes that can produce pharmaceuticals for human or animal use, and in food to produce microorganisms that aid in baking, brewing, and cheese-making.
Q: What kinds of GE animals are in development?
A. Many kinds of GE animals are in development. At this time, the largest class of GE animals is being developed for biopharm purposes that is, they are intended to produce substances (for example, in their milk or blood) that can be used as human or animal pharmaceuticals. Another group of GE animals are under development for use as sources of scarce cells, tissues, or organs for transplantation into humans (xenotransplant sources). Yet others are intended for use as food and may be disease resistant, or have improved nutritional or growth characteristics. And others include animals that produce high value industrial or consumer products, such as highly specific antimicrobials against human and animal pathogens (e.g., E. coli 0157 or Salmonella).
Q: How are GE animals different from conventional animals?
A. From a scientific perspective, the only intrinsic difference is that GE animals contain an rDNA construct that gives them a new trait or characteristic, such as producing a pharmaceutical or growing faster. The degree of difference between a GE animal and its conventional counterpart will depend on the new trait that the GE animal possesses.
Q: Do all GE animals pass their new traits on to their offspring?
A: In general, most GE animals are developed so that they will pass their new "GE" traits on to their offspring. Such traits are called heritable. The initial GE animal and all of its descendants that have inherited the GE trait are called GE animals. This guidance specifically addresses only GE animals that have heritable GE traits.
In general, most GE animals contain an rDNA construct that was introduced into early embryos or cells that go on to make embryos that develop into the GE animal. These constructs are heritable because they will be in every cell of the resulting animal, including those that are responsible for making sperm and egg for the next generation.
The term "GE animal" thus includes all the animals descended from the initial GE animal that have inherited the rDNA construct.
This is different from the term "animal clone," which does not include the sexually-derived offspring of animal clones.
In other cases, GE animals contain rDNA constructs that are not intended to be inherited for example, animals being treated with gene therapy. These rDNA constructs are not found in the germ cells of those animals, and their offspring will not contain the rDNA construct. In many ways, non-heritable constructs are very similar to conventional new animal drugs, because they may persist in the body for some time, but are not passed on to the next generation.
Q: What's the difference between animal clones and GE animals?
A: Animal cloning is a method of asexual reproduction, and results in the birth of one animal (the animal clone) that is a genetic copy of another animal. If the animal clone becomes a parent, its children are not clones, because they will have been born through sexual reproduction. So, the two things to remember about an animal clone are that (i) they are animals born as a result of asexual reproduction, and (ii) they have no new genes in them, that is, they are the same as the animal of which they are a copy. For more information, see Animal Cloning.
Genetic engineering is a method of introducing new genes into an animal. Thus, it is a method of altering an animal, not copying it. A GE animal contains new DNA (the rDNA construct) that gives the animal new traits. If the rDNA construct is stably inherited, then future generations of the initial GE animal will also contain the rDNA construct, and will also be GE animals. So, while cloning is a method of reproduction, genetic engineering is a method by which the genetics of an animal can be altered.
The animal clones that were the subject of FDA's previous risk assessment are "just clones" that is, they are copies of individual conventionally-bred animals, and do not contain any rDNA constructs. What can be confusing is that an animal clone can be genetically engineered (i.e., have an rDNA construct introduced into it), and a GE animal can be reproduced by cloning. Our guidance covers GE animals, irrespective of whether they were reproduced by cloning. It does not cover animal clones that do not contain an rDNA construct, i.e., non-GE animal clones (or "just clones").
Q: What are the known/potential benefits of genetically engineering animals?
A: The benefits depend entirely on the traits that are introduced. For example, scientists are attempting to develop GE cattle that are resistant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy, widely referred to as "mad cow disease." Some GE animals will grow more quickly, requiring less feed. Some GE animals have been altered to reduce their environmental impact by virtue of producing a lower level of pollutants in their wastes. Other GE animals may have improved fat composition, for example, increased levels of omega-3-fatty acids, providing a more healthful nutrient profile. Perhaps most importantly, scientists are developing GE animals that will produce certain human pharmaceuticals that are very difficult to produce in sufficient quantities by other means. An example of this is the potential ability to completely change the way in which certain chronic diseases, such as bleeding disorders, are treated. Currently, because clotting factors are so rare and difficult to obtain, people are treated only following acute attacks. If there were to be an increased supply of these clotting factors from GE animals, patients might be able to have much of their bleeding controlled by the regular administration of the medicine. In that way, these patients would potentially have a more normal ability to control bleeding.
The Regulatory Process
Q: What is the Agency issuing?
A: The Agency is issuing a guidance to provide an opportunity for public comment on FDA's current thinking on the regulation of genetically engineered (GE) animals and their products. The guidance document is intended to help industry understand the existing statutory and regulatory requirements as they apply to GE animals and their products and to inform the public about the process FDA is using to regulate them.
Q: How does the agency regulate GE animals and their products?
A: FDA regulates GE animals under the new animal drug provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), and FDA's regulations for new animal drugs. This guidance is intended to help industry understand the statutory and regulatory requirements as they apply to these animals, including those of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), to inform the public about the process FDA is using to regulate GE animals, and to gather input from the public and the regulated industry.
Q: Is FDA's regulation of GE animals and their products consistent with how FDA regulates conventional new animal drugs?
A: Yes. We are using the existing laws and regulations under which we regulate conventional new animal drugs and applying them to GE animals. A major purpose of the guidance is to explain how those regulations apply to GE animals.
Q: Are GE animals "drugs"?
A: No, GE animals are not drugs. Rather, the agency is regulating GE animals under the new animal drug provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). The FFDCA defines a new animal drug as "an article (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of … animals." A recombinant DNA (rDNA) construct intended to affect the structure or function of an animal meets the definition of a new animal drug, regardless of whether the resulting GE animals are intended for food, or to produce pharmaceuticals or any other substances. As a short hand we sometimes refer to regulation of the article in such GE animals as regulation of the GE animal.
Q: Do all components of the new animal drug approval process apply to foods imported into the U.S. that are derived from GE animals raised in other countries?
A: No, not all components of the NADA process apply to foods imported into the U.S. The guidance notes the possibility of applying for an import tolerance instead of a new animal drug approval in such situation.
Q: What are the elements of the new animal drug approval process?
A: The guidance recommends a review process that includes seven categories:
- Product definition: a broad statement characterizing the GE animal and the claim being made for the GE animal;
- Molecular characterization of the construct: a description of the rDNA construct and how it is assembled;
- Molecular characterization of the GE animal lineage: a description of the method by which the rDNA construct was introduced into the animal and whether it is stably maintained over time;
- Phenotypic characterization of the GE animal: comprehensive data on the characteristics of the GE animal and its health;
- Durability plan: the sponsor's plan to demonstrate that the modification will remain the same over time, and continue to have the same effect.
- Environmental and food/feed safety: the assessment of any environmental impacts, and for GE animals intended for food, that food from those GE animals is safe to eat for humans and/or animals;
- Claim validation: a demonstration that the GE animal does fulfill the product definition stated in the beginning of the review process.
Q: Why is the agency issuing this guidance now?
A. The agency has been regulating these animals under the new animal drug provisions of the Act since developers first approached us with GE animals. Based on our interactions with developers, we believe we now have a good idea of the kind of guidance that would be most helpful to industry. We also believe that publishing the guidance will give the public a better understanding of FDA's role in this important and developing area. Finally, with the recent adoption of the Codex Alimentarius 1 Guideline for Assessing the Food Safety of Food from rDNA Animals (June 2008; http://www.drovers.com/sites/default/files/al3103Ae.pdf), which provides internationally-recognized recommendations for assessing the safety of food from GE animals, we believe that it is important that developers around the world fully understand the rigorous regulatory requirements that these animals and the food products from them will have to meet in the United States.
Q: Why is the agency issuing a guidance and not a regulation?
A: Existing statutory requirements and FDA's existing regulations for new animal drugs are applicable to, and appropriate for, GE animals. Therefore, we do not believe we need new law or regulation at this time to address GE animals and their products. However, we intend to issue additional guidance to describe the applicability of the new animal drug approval requirements to GE animals and their products.
Q: What is the legal basis on which GE animals are being regulated?
A: Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), "articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals" are defined as drugs. An rDNA construct that is in a GE animal and that is intended to affect the animal's structure or function meets the definition of a new animal drug. This is true regardless of whether the animals are intended for food or for some other purpose such as to produce pharmaceuticals. The FFDCA generally makes it unlawful to introduce unapproved new animal drugs into commerce. Therefore, premarket approval requirements apply to GE animals before they are marketed, and potential significant environmental impacts, if any, must be examined before approval as required by NEPA. The implementing regulations for new animal drugs are also applicable to rDNA constructs in GE animals.
Q: Does issuing a Guidance for Industry imply that this approach is voluntary?
A: No. A product that meets the definition of a new animal drug is generally required by statute and regulation to have an FDA-approved New Animal Drug Application prior to marketing. In order for FDA to approve such an application, the FFDCA requires that the sponsor demonstrate that its product is safe and effective. Although the Guidance does not itself impose any new requirements, we are issuing it to explain how existing statutory and regulatory requirements apply to GE animals and their products, and to provide recommendations on how sponsors may meet these responsibilities.
Q. Are all GE animals subject to regulation under the new animal drug provisions of the Act?
A: Yes, any animal containing an rDNA construct intended to alter its structure or function is subject to regulation by FDA prior to commercialization. However, based on risk, there are some GE animals for which the agency may not require an approval. In general, these include laboratory animals used for research. On a case-by-case basis, the agency may consider exercising enforcement discretion for GE animals of very low risk, such as it did for an aquarium fish genetically engineered to fluoresce in the dark. The agency does not anticipate exercising enforcement discretion for any GE animal of a species traditionally consumed as food, and expects to require approval of all GE animals intended to go into the human food supply.
Q. Why is the agency taking a different approach for GE animals from the one taken for clones?
A: In the case of clones, the agency first needed to determine whether food from clones posed any additional risks compared with food from more conventionally bred animals. Following the completion of a comprehensive risk assessment, the agency was able to determine that cloning fell on the continuum of assisted reproductive technologies, and that cloning poses no new risks to the health of animals involved in the cloning process or to food from cattle, swine, or goat clones or the progeny of clones of any species traditionally consumed as food. Additionally, clones are not different from non-clones with respect to their DNA; only the method by which they are produced is different. Therefore, FDA determined that no additional regulatory oversight was necessary.
In contrast to clones, GE animals have intentionally been changed. That change may affect the health of the animal, as well as the safety of food from the animal. Therefore, there are risk-based reasons for FDA to require their approval.
Q: Why is this different from the way in which GE plants are being regulated?
A: There are a number of reasons for the difference. One overarching reason is that, unlike in some other countries, the US has not considered it appropriate to create a "novel food" regulation. That is, the US does not subject foods from GE organisms to a specific new regulation simply because of their GE status. Rather, the US has so far found that its existing laws can be applied to provide appropriate regulatory controls over GE foods. And because US law generally treats plants and animals differently, and treats food from plants differently from food from animals, the regulatory procedures for GE plants will, of necessity, differ from the regulatory procedures for GE animals.
Another reason is that, unlike plants, animals can transmit diseases to humans, and in some very notable cases, are the origin of viral diseases in humans (e.g., swine flu). Depending on the nature of the modification to an animal, including the nature of any DNA sequences used to introduce or insert the rDNA construct into the animal, genetic engineering can enhance (or minimize) risks to human health. Although food from plants can be contaminated with human pathogens (usually from animals), and can thereby cause human illness, plants themselves ordinarily do not transmit human diseases. Genetic engineering does not change this. Therefore, GE animals can pose human health risks that would not arise with GE plants. The different regulatory approaches address these different risks.
Q: Is the safety of food from GE animals being held to a different standard from the safety of food from GE plants?
A: Food sold in the United States must be safe, whether it is from plants or animals, and whether it is GE or non-GE. Although the regulatory process for food from GE animals is different than that for food from GE plants, as dictated by different statutory requirements, ultimately they both must be safe to be legally marketed. In fact, the food safety assessments are quite comparable, with some appropriate differences to accommodate the key differences between plants and animals, and look at the same information as recommended in the respective Codex guidelines that provide internationally-accepted recommendations for assessing the safety of foods from GE plants and GE animals.
Q: Are there special concerns related to GE animals that are not concerns for GE plants?
A: Most of the food safety issues are the same. However, all animals, including GE animals, can cause zoonotic diseases (animal diseases that cross over to humans) because some viruses and microorganisms from animals can infect humans. Because it is possible to genetically engineer animals using viruses or segments of DNA that can recombine and possibly transfer to humans or other animals and cause disease, there are some specific issues that must be evaluated in GE animals that are not relevant in GE plants. Addressing potential risks of introducing and spreading livestock pests or disease is also within the scope of USDA's APHIS regulatory authority, as described in its RFI.
Q: Are there GE animals in the food supply?
A: FDA has not approved any GE animals for food (or for any other purpose). During the pre-approval investigational phase, there are strong statutory and regulatory prohibitions against unreported movement of GE animals as well as against their disposal in the food supply unless explicitly approved by the FDA. In addition, there are strict requirements for good record-keeping during the investigational phase.
FDA has been working closely with developers of GE animals to ensure that they are aware of the regulations, particularly with respect to disposition of investigational animals. In June of 2003, FDA issued a letter to the presidents of all US land grant universities informing them of their responsibilities to inform investigators at their universities that they should contact FDA if they were conducting investigations with GE animals of species traditionally consumed as food. Additionally, they were asked to remind their investigators of their responsibilities regarding animal disposition and record-keeping. To date, FDA has neither received requests for nor granted any food use authorizations for investigational animals containing rDNA constructs.
Now that this guidance has been issued, FDA staff will be engaging in an extensive outreach program to contact researchers in academic, commercial, and government laboratories who may be working with GE animals to educate them about their responsibilities and obligations.
Q: What is the role of the various components of FDA over GE animals?
A: The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) is responsible for evaluating the safety and effectiveness of the rDNA construct in the GE animal, as it does for conventional new animal drugs. This includes the effects of the rDNA construct on the safety of the GE animal as well as on the safety of foods from the GE animal, should the GE animal or parts of it be used for food or animal feed. In addition, CVM evaluates whether the GE animal has the properties claimed for it (e.g., that the GE animal has a particular different fatty acid profile or that a biopharm animal produces the pharmaceutical it is supposed to produce). For animals producing substances to be used in or as drugs, biologics, or devices for use in humans, the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), or the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) has responsibility for approving its respective product. FDA intends to issue future guidance to describe more fully the intra-agency process that will be used for animals producing such substances. For animals producing substances to be used in or as veterinary biologics, APHIS regulates the veterinary biologic. CVM will consult with the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) on food safety issues if a particular question arises for which CFSAN has expertise that CVM lacks.
Interactions with Other Branches of the USG and Other Countries
Q: How does the FDA propose to address GE insects?
A: We expect that other agencies also may have responsibilities associated with the oversight of GE insects. We are currently in discussions with other agencies, including EPA and USDA's APHIS, to determine the best approach for the general oversight of GE insects, and may jointly issue future guidance to address GE insects.
Q: APHIS is also overhauling its plant biotech regulations. Is all this activity a signal that the United States is taking a new, more restrictive approach to biotechnology regulation?
A. No. FDA and APHIS are both simply bringing their biotech procedures up to date, to accommodate the newer kinds of GE products now under development, and to reflect the agencies" experience in oversight of GE organisms and their products. Our regulations will continue to evolve to address developments in technology.
Q: What are the roles of APHIS and USDA's Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) with respect to GE animals?
A: Under the Animal Health Protection Act (AHPA), APHIS is authorized to protect the health of U.S. livestock. Based on that authority, APHIS may broadly consider the potential effects of animals with GE traits on the health of the overall U.S. livestock population. APHIS is reviewing whether there are any complementary activities with respect to U.S. livestock health that APHIS should consider under the AHPA. Additionally, under the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act, APHIS licenses veterinary biological products, including those derived from genetic engineering to ensure they are pure, safe, potent and efficacious.
Under the Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA), the Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA) and the Egg Products Inspection Act (EPIA), FSIS ensures that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled based on tolerances (maximum allowable amounts) set by FDA on new animal drug residues in such products. FDA and FSIS are discussing how to adapt their existing procedures so that they will fully accommodate the needs of both agencies in addressing GE animals intended to go into the food supply.
Under the Animal Welfare Act, USDA already addresses animal welfare concerns of certain animals. Under this act, APHIS has authority to ensure the humane care and treatment of certain animals used in biomedical research and for exhibition (which would include any livestock), or that are bred and sold commercially (excluding livestock).
Q: Are there any GE animals or food products from them currently in the US market or elsewhere?
A: The only GE animals known to be sold commercially in the U.S. are laboratory animals used primarily in medical research, and a type of aquarium fish that glows in the dark. There is a human pharmaceutical licensed in Europe that is produced in GE animals in the U.S. We are not aware of any foods from GE animals sold in the U.S. or elsewhere. We have been working with GE animal developers since the 1990s and have always made clear, including in a letter to all land grant universities, that food from GE animals could not be sold unless approved by FDA.
Q: How many GE animals are there in the US?
A: We are not aware of any GE animals of species traditionally consumed as food in commerce now. GE animals that are currently in commerce are those over which FDA is exercising enforcement discretion, and include a non-food GE aquarium fish, and GE laboratory rodents that are sold to aid in research around the world.
All of the remaining GE animals in the US are therefore investigational, or research, animals. It is difficult at any one time to know exactly how many GE animals are on the ground, as some are being born, and others are being sacrificed as part of safety or effectiveness studies required for approval. Nonetheless, one of the primary clarifications that the guidance provides is that developers of GE animals of any species traditionally consumed as food must notify the agency that they are developing such animals, and cannot introduce them into the food supply without prior authorization from FDA.
During the investigational or research phase, sponsors (the developers of GE animals) are required to keep records of the amount of drug being developed. The guidance interprets that as meaning the number of GE animals being developed, whether they are being shipped, and the method of disposition. Further, all investigational animals must be labeled, or clearly identified as such, and be accompanied by a label indicating that they are not for human use without FDA approval. These records must be maintained for two years after the investigation concludes or an approval is issued. FDA has the right to inspect sponsor facilities and records with no advance notice. GE animals cannot be introduced into the food supply without explicit agency approval.
Q: Will the agency be recommending a supply chain management program similar to that for clones?
A: The supply chain management program for clones is an industry-sponsored program being developed in coordination with USDA's Marketing and Regulatory Programs mission area. It is intended to provide a verifiable system to ensure that if suppliers should choose to exclude clones from their food production stream that they can do so based on animal identification and tracking. FDA's role in this program is close coordination and assistance with technical issues. Should a similar system be set up for any particular GE animal, we will be available to work closely with interested parties should they require technical advice.
Q: Are GE animals or their products being developed in other countries? Have any been commercialized?
A. Yes, GE animals are being developed actively in many countries for both food and biopharmaceutical uses. For example, there have been multiple publications from Canadian developers of genetically engineered fish that grow more quickly, and pigs with smaller environmental footprints, as well as GE animals intended to produce human pharmaceuticals. In New Zealand, dairy researchers are looking to rDNA technology to affect the relative level of certain proteins in cows" milk to make it more suitable for cheese-making. China has a major agricultural program that employs rDNA technology to make more animal-based food available, and scientists from African countries are collaborating with aquaculturists in the US to develop GE tilapia that will grow quickly. Growth enhanced fish are also being developed in Cuba. Scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland are developing GE chickens to produce pharmaceuticals in their eggs, as are other scientists in Korea. This is a very active area of research, and we expect that many products are likely to start reaching regulators, and then the market, within the next decade.
With respect to commercialization, many GE laboratory animals are in use in research laboratories around the world, including those GE laboratory animals that are sold to laboratories to perform various kinds of testing.
Q: How do other countries regulate GE animals and their products?
A. Usually, when countries have premarket approval requirements for GE foods or "novel foods," the requirements are the same whether the food comes from GE plants or GE animals. We anticipate that, like the U.S., most countries will evaluate the same information as that recommended in the Codex Alimentarius guideline on assessing the safety of foods from rDNA animals. We do not know what, if any, other requirements countries will put in place regarding GE animals.
Q: What if a marketer wishes to import food into the US from a GE animal from another country?
A: FDA has a mechanism by which it can evaluate the safety of food from GE animals developed abroad and can establish an import tolerance to enable import of such food. In general, the information necessary to establish such import tolerance would be found in the sections of this guidance relevant to evaluating food safety and would be consistent with the information recommended for review in the Codex Guideline for the Conduct of Food Safety Assessment of Foods Derived from Recombinant-DNA Animals.
Q: Does the United States anticipate trade disruptions related to the development and commercialization of GE animals?
A. By the time GE animals enter the food supply, they will have received FDA approval and will have gone through a food safety assessment that reviews information consistent with the information recommended for review in the international rDNA animal food safety guideline recently adopted by the Codex Alimentarius. FDA anticipates working with the trade agencies to develop a coordinated outreach program and to answer scientific questions from its counterpart regulatory agencies in other countries, as a way to help minimize or prevent trade disruptions.
Unlike the release of the Cloning Risk Assessment, which determined that no further regulation was needed for certain clones and clone progeny, the release of this guidance clarifies that premarket approval is required prior to the introduction of GE animals or their products into commerce, and describes the rigorous regulatory process that must be completed. Given the recent adoption of the Codex guideline, we believe that the international community is well aware that such animals are under development and that there is a consensus approach for assessing the safety of food from them.
Q: Is the United States part of any international activities associated with GE animals?
A: The US is an active participant in a number of international organizations that address GE animals or their products, including Codex Alimentarius and OIE (the World Organization for Animal Health).
What's the Agency asking for in the Guidance?
Q: When should developers of GE animals first come to the agency?
A: Developers are always welcome to contact the agency if they have any questions regarding whether the GE animals they are developing will need premarket approval, or whether FDA may exercise enforcement discretion over them. We recommend that developers first come to the agency early in the development of GE animals. We can then work closely with them during the investigational phase of the development of these animals to ensure that animals do not inadvertently enter the food supply and that data sets to address safety requirements are developed efficiently and appropriately.
Q: Are certain kinds of rDNA constructs considered "safe"?
A: All constructs and the resulting GE animals will be considered on a case-by-case basis. At this time, we do not believe that certain constructs will be predetermined to be "safe" or "not safe".
Q: What happens during the research phase of developing a GE animal?
A: The agency refers to the "research phase" as the "investigational phase" of the development of GE animals containing rDNA constructs. During this phase, developers (referred to as sponsors), in general, can use various rDNA constructs and intermediates to arrive at a construct in an animal that they believe will serve as the progenitor of the line of GE animals that they wish to develop. We will work with sponsors to ensure that records are kept appropriately, that investigational animals are disposed of in a safe manner that potential environmental risks are assessed, and that data and information suitable to a New Animal Drug Application (NADA) are being developed.
Q: What kinds of information are required for an NADA submission?
A: In general, the guidance recommends that sponsors begin by developing a product definition. This is a short statement that describes the GE animal being produced, the rDNA construct in the GE animal, and the claim being made for the GE animal (i.e., the new trait that the animal is expected to have). The guidance recommends that sponsors fully characterize the rDNA construct that they will be using, including its ultimate location and stability in the genome of the GE animal's lineage. In addition, the guidance recommends that sponsors evaluate the durability of the construct (i.e., determine whether it is stably maintained and expressed) in the resulting GE animals, ultimately over multiple generations. The guidance also recommends ways in which sponsors can meet the statutory requirements of safety as related to the health of the animal, and food or feed safety if animals are intended to enter the food supply. In addition, the guidance describes sponsors" responsibilities under the NEPA to provide an assessment of potential environmental risks. Finally, the guidance provides recommendations to help sponsors meet their statutory requirements to validate the claim that is being made to demonstrate the effectiveness of the rDNA construct (i.e., that it does what the sponsor claims).
Q: How does the guidance address potential adverse effects on animal health?
A. The guidance recommends that the developer submit data and information addressing the health of the GE animals, including veterinary and treatment records, growth rates, reproductive function, and behavior. The guidance also recommends submission of data on the physiological status of the GE animals, including clinical chemistry, hematology, histopathology, and post-mortem results. And the guidance recommends submission of data addressing whether the rDNA construct or its expression products cause any direct or indirect toxicity to the animals.
Q: Does FDA address animal welfare issues? How do they differ from animal health issues?
A: Animal welfare generally refers to how animals are treated, including the conditions under which they are housed. To the extent that such issues affect animal health or the safety of products from the animals, FDA does take such issues into account in its review. However, other unrelated animal welfare issues are not within the scope of the guidance. USDA addresses animal welfare concerns of animals, other than livestock and laboratory animals. Laboratory animal welfare concerns are generally the subject of local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees and the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.
Q: How does the guidance address potential environmental risks associated with GE animals? Are concerns different for different kinds of animals?
A. Any potential environment-related issues would be a function of the traits or characteristics introduced into those animals, and the conditions under which those animals would be grown. For example, fast growing salmon to be grown in contained environments pose a different set of risks from cattle engineered to be resistant to a disease such as mastitis. FDA will consider potential environmental effects on a case-by-base basis. In general, the guidance recommends that, early in development, sponsors consult FDA about potential environmental issues, and that they consult with FDA prior to developing their approaches to environmental assessments so that we can agree on the risk questions to be asked and the resulting scope of the environmental review.
Q: Will it be safe to eat the food from GE animals?
A. FDA will only approve food from GE animals that is safe to eat. FDA's food safety evaluation will look at the same information as that recommended internationally by Codex Alimentarius in its newly adopted guideline.
Q: How will FDA evaluate the safety of meat or other food products from GE animals? How does the guidance compare with the recently approved Codex Guidelines for the Food Safety of Foods from rDNA Animals?
A: The FDA guidance essentially recommends the same information for evaluating food safety that the Codex Guideline does: the characterization of the rDNA construct, the safety of the new substance produced as a result of the rDNA construct, the health status of the GE animals, and a demonstration that the composition of food produced from the GE animal is safe.
Q: How does the guidance address the issue of disposal of GE animals, carcasses, or parts?
A: Animals or edible products from them containing unapproved new animal drugs may not be put into the food or feed supply without prior FDA authorization during the investigational phase of development. The same food safety standard is applied to investigational GE animals as for investigational animals treated with conventional new animal drugs. As part of the approval process, FDA will make clear whether edible products from particular GE animals are suitable to enter the food or feed streams. FDA will enforce these decisions with regard to GE animals the same way it enforces them with animals treated with conventional new animal drugs. At this time, based on the kinds of animals currently under development, and apart from restrictions pertaining to use in food or feed, FDA does not anticipate that it would have any reason to impose special disposal limitations on GE animals, carcasses, or parts.
Q: Does the guidance have recommendations pertaining to mandatory tracking and labeling of GE animals?
A: The guidance does not have recommendations pertaining to mandatory tracking of GE animals. Developers of GE animals must, however, have labeling accompanying the animals. The guidance recommends that the labeling describe the GE animal (e.g., common name/breed/line, genus, species, GE animal line, rDNA construct), and its intended use. Where the labeling for a GE animal contains animal care or safety information (e.g., husbandry or containment), we recommend that the labeling accompany the animal throughout all stages of its lifecycle.
Q: Does the guidance have recommendations regarding the labeling of food from GE animals? Does such food have to be specially labeled?
A: The guidance doesn't explicitly address labeling of food from GE animals. FDA does not require that food from GE animals be labeled to indicate that it comes from GE animals, just as food from GE plants does not have to be labeled to indicate it comes from GE plants. However, if food from a GE animal is different from its non-engineered counterpart, for example if it has a different nutritional profile, in general, that change would be material information that would have to be indicated in the labeling. Food marketers may voluntarily label their foods as coming from GE or non-GE animals, as long as the labeling is truthful and not misleading.
Q: What kinds of post-approval monitoring does the guidance recommend?
A: These are similar to the post-approval requirements for sponsors of conventional new animal drugs. Developers are required to register with the agency, provide a list of all GE animals they have produced, and keep records of any additional information they develop related to the safety of the rDNA construct and the claim on which the approval was based. We recommend that sponsors work closely with the agency as approval nears to be clear on the post-approval requirements and recommendations.
We also note that as part of the approval process, the guidance recommends the development of a durability plan by sponsors, and approval of that plan by the agency. The guidance recommends that sponsors develop a plan for monitoring the genetic makeup and characteristics (i.e., the genotype and phenotype) of the GE animal to ensure that the GE animals that enter commerce over time are equivalent to the GE animals that were approved. The responsibility for the durability plan does not extend beyond the sponsors.
Q: How will FDA enforce regulatory compliance?
A: FDA will use the same enforcement mechanisms it uses with respect to conventional new animal drugs: inspections to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and, where FDA finds a lack of compliance, the agency may take actions including seizure or obtaining a court injunction against further marketing.
Related Issues
Q: What about ethics? Will FDA consider these in its risk management decisions?
A. The issue of ethics and biotechnology is complex. Our experience with other animal-based new technologies such as cloning and the introduction of rBST has shown that most people include animal health in their articulation of what constitutes "ethics". We note that the new animal drug approval requirements described in the guidance require a finding of safety to animals, and so we believe that we are addressing those particular health and safety-related concerns. As for issues associated with other social concerns that may fall under the heading of "ethics", we note that these issues are not within the scope of the guidance. We do, however, continue to participate in various venues in which these issues are discussed so that we can ensure that the discussions are based on fact and not on erroneous assumptions regarding the technology or its outcomes.
Q. How will FDA work to inform the public about new GE animals, its decisions on them, and the science behind those decisions?
A. At present, we intend to hold public advisory committee meetings prior to any GE animal approval. We may revisit that policy in the future as we gain more experience with reviews of GE animals.
If we intend to exercise enforcement discretion with respect to specific animal lineages, we plan to post a statement describing that intent on our website.
We have developed a number of consumer-appropriate publications to help inform consumers and other stakeholders about the technology and the agency's regulations of these animals. These are available on the FDA website.
FDA's new animal drug approvals (including for GE animals) are published in the Federal Register, codified in the Code of Federal Regulations, and posted on its website at Animal Drugs @ FDA. Following approvals, FDA will also provide electronic access to a summary of all information (other than confidential business or trade secret information) used in FDA's decisions as part of the freedom of information summary routinely published upon approval.
1 The Codex Alimentarius Commission was created by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization of the United Nations to develop, among other things, internationally harmonized guidelines that can be used to ensure fair trade standards and coordinate food standards on an international basis.


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The Browne mss., 1878-1949, are the papers of Lewis Browne, 1897-1949, author, radio commentator, lecturer, and world traveler.
The collection is organized into the following series: I. Correspondence; II. Diaries; III. Writings; IV. Articles; V. Illustrations; VI. Miscellaneous; and, VII. Printed matter. An inventory is available.
The correspondence is with novelists, poets, dramatists, journalists, educators, scientists, politicians, diplomats, physicians, army officers, artists, actors, lawyers, businessmen, and clergymen. Among the subjects covered are the American Socialist Party allied occupation of Austria, California election of 1934, communism, emigration and immigration, Hebrew Union College, Industrial Workers of the World, migration and persecution of Jews, Jews in Cincinnati, Jews in Mexico, pacifism, and World War II. There is extensive correspondence between Browne and his parents from 1914 to 1948 as well as with his sister, Rebecca (Browne) Tarlow from 1929 to 1946. A few letters were written by Myna Eisner (Lissner) Browne to Browne's parents during 1933. Browne also provides a provocative commentary about the life he led and the education he received at the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio, during the early twentieth century as well as his impressions of the renown leader of American reform Judaism, Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise.
Signatures had been removed from a card by George Bernard Shaw dated March 21, 1918; and from letters by Joseph Conrad, March 27, 1918; by Israel Zangwill, April 3, 1918; by John Galsworthy, May 16, 1918; by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, June 1918; and by Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge, December 13, 1918. Signatures of these men had been removed from other documents and clipped to the above-mentioned card and letters. These signatures have now been permanently attached to the card and the letters listed above.
Correspondents represented in the collection include Louis John Alber, David Harold Appel, Emanie Nahm Arling, Angelica Balabanoff, Roger Nash Baldwin, Robert Barbour, Harry Elmer Barnes, Samuel Nathaniel Behrman, Albert Maurice Bender, Arnold Bennett, Henry Joseph Berkowitz, Harold Berman, Edward L. Bernays, Charles McTyeire Bishop, Ernest Block, Sumner Newton Blossom, Myron S. Blumenthal, Katherine (Evans) Boyle, Kay Boyle, Fred Gladstone Bratton, George Platt Brett, 1858-1936, George Platt Brett, 1893-1984, Heywood Campbell Broun, George Stewart, Myna Eisner (Lissner) Browne, Meyer N. Bruskovsky, Gustav Bucky, Ralph Fletcher Burnight, Jonathan Cape, Benjamin Nathan Cardozo, Shirley Jackson Case, Bennett Alfred Cerf, Charles Spencer Chaplin, Irvin Shrewsbury Cobb, Lester Cohen, Morris Raphael Cohen, Alan Copeland Collins, Saxe Commins, Joseph Conrad, David Livingston Crawford, George Creel, Abraham Cronbach, Clarence Seward Darrow, Eugene Victor Debs, Floyd Dell, James Clarkson Derieux, Gottard Deutsch, Hermine G. (Bacher) Deutsch, Lloyd Cassel Douglas, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Theodore Dreiser, William James Durant, Max Eastman, Havelock Ellis, Henry Englander, Charles Prospero Fagnani, Robert P. Fairbanks, James Thomas Farrell, William B. Feakins, Louis Nicholas Feipel, Lion Feuchtwanger, Arthur Davison Ficke, William John Fielding, Parker Fillmore, Maurice Fishberg, Charles Henry Fisher, Jacob Fishman, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Solomon Foster, Bruno Frank, Walter Frank, Charles Benjamin Franklin, Gaston Gallimard, John Galsworthy, Lawrence Gilman, Albert Goldman, Sidney Emanuel Goldstein, Victor Gollancz, Philip Goodman, Jan Gordon, Stephen Graham, Stanton Griffis, Louis Grossmann, Harold Kleinert Guinzburg, Granville Stanley Hall, Alfred Harcourt, Maurice Henry Harris, Arthur Garfield Hays, Gerald Heard, James Henle, Magnus Hermansson, John Woodbridge Herring, Max John Herzberg, James Hilton, Curtice Nelson Hitchcock, John Haynes Holmes, Guy Livingston Howe, Benjamin W. Huebsch, Rupert Hughes, Hubert Horatio Humphrey, Ferdinand Myron Isserman, Frederick John Foakes Jackson, Mary Jenness, Prescott Ford Jernegan, Charles Johnston Kennedy, John Goodwin Kidd, Julius M. Klein, Blanche (Wolf) Knopf, Rose Kohler, Louis Kronenberger, Philip Fox La Follette, Isaac Landman, Harold Strong Latham, Algernon Lee, William Colston Leigh, John Jacob Lentz, Brother Zachary Leo, Kenneth Leslie, Meyer Levin, Grace Livingstone (Hegger) Lewis, Leon Lawrence Lewis, Sinclair Lewis, Yu-t'ang Lin, George Arthur Lincoln, Ephraim Lipson, Robert Littell, Horace Brisbin Liveright, Thayne Miller Livesay, Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge, Stephen Longstreet, Ludwig Lore, Joseph Patrick McEvoy, George Macy, John Williams Macy, Thomas Mann, Jacob Rader Marcus, Don Marquis, Harry Edward Maule, Milton Sanford Mayer, Henry Louis Mencken, Robert Andrews Millikan, Michael Monahan, George Foot Moore, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Julian Morgenstern, William Morris, Janet McMillen (Bingham) Nathan, Robert Nathan, Charles Nemser, David K. Niles, Adolph Sigmund Oko, Eugene Gladstone O'Neill, Walter O'Rourke, Patrick Brett O'Sullivan, Constantine Aleksandrovich Oumanskii, Harold Reginald Peat, Claude Denson Pepper, William J. Perlman, Chesley Reynolds Perry, Wilhelm Mauritz Pettersen, Alfonso Washington Pezet, Seraphine (Eppstein) Pisko, Robert Russell Potter, Arthur James Putnam, Harold F. Reinhart, Joseph Banks Rhine, Craig Rice, Elmer L. Rice, John Merle Rife, Woodbridge Riley, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Gladys Lloyd (Cassell) Robinson, Marcel F. Rodd, Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt, Cecil Roth, Bertrand Russell, 3rd earl Russell, Harry Saltpeter, Margaret (Higgins) Sanger, Aaron Sapiro, Harry S. Schneiderman, Ruth Seid, Salomón de la Selva, George Bernard Shaw, Ida Marcia (Camelhor) Silverman, Mary Craig (Kimbrough) Sinclair, Upton Beall Sinclair, Isidore Singer, Esther (Elder) Smith, Paul Jordan Smith, Preserved Smith, Herbert Solow, Robert Gordon Sproul, Samuel R. Stern, George Stewart, Oscar Solomon Straus, Hudson Strode, John Ward Studebaker, Louis Matthews Sweet, Anson Stiles Thacher, James Westfall Thompson, Ernst Toller, Ernest Robert Trattner, Lev Trotskii, Jim Tully, John Roberts Tunis, Louis Untermeyer, Irita (Brooks) Van Doren, Hendrik Willem Van Loon, De Witt Wallace, Cynthia S. Walsh, Gordon S. Watkins, Percy Waxman, Elsa Weihl, Gertrude S. Weiner, Herbert George Wells, William Allen White, Thyra (Samter) Winslow, Ella Winter, Jonah Bondi Wise, Stephen Samuel Wise, Clement Wood, William Hoyt Worrell, James Maxon Yard, Arthur Henry Young, Edith (Ayrton) Zangwill, Israel Zangwill, Louis Zara, Benjamin David Zevin.
The diaries, 1910-1946, vary both in size and content. A diary kept in 1914 contains excellent character descriptions of his parents, brothers, and sisters. Another diary, 1921, kept while he was at Waterbury, Connecticut, is of interest because of the comments about people and on conservative versus reform Judaism. Browne's European travel journal from May 22 to November 8, 1926, contains an excellent account of Jews in the countries he visited and the influence of Catholicism on French Jews in regard to services and dress. He remarks that there is no trace of discrimination against Jews in France. In the diary of a trip to Hawaii and Japan in 1932-1933 the comments about a concert by Hawaiian women beneath the palms, their singing, their dancing, and their wearing apparel as well as Japanese customs are amusing. The observations of the people, cities, and buildings on the trip to Russia and the Mediterranean in 1935 are entertaining. Seven pages of notes describing a lecture tour Browne made with Sinclair Lewis in November 1941 are significant because of an interesting character portrayal of Lewis made by Browne. Undated notes on the temples and priests in the Far East are interesting.
Writings include All Things Are Possible; Blessed Spinoza; The Gilded Ghetto; Godly Mischief, and essay in the liberal ministry (preface by Sinclair Lewis); The Graphic Bible; How Odd of God; Oh say Can You See; The Road to Nowadays; See What I Mean; Since Calvary; Something Went Wrong; Stranger than fiction; That Man Heine; This believing world; Wild Tongues; and Wisdom of Israel. A detailed description of each of the writings is available in the Library.
Among the short articles are: And David Saw, Around the World, Around the World With a Portable, Autobiography, Beware of the Brawn-Trusters!, By Jingo, The Case of Miss Hope O'Keefe, Chapters from the Life of Elijah Elman, Charles Garland's Experiment, A Conversation, Cross Winds, The Devotee Of Democracy, Even in Tahiti, Excerpts from a Rabbi's Diary, Experiences in Russia, Hot Shots from Rowanis, If Jesus Were Here Today, It's a Small World After All, The Jew, A Jew Goes to Russia, Jonah, The Making of a Radical Rabbi, The Mother of "Boh-Boh" Mike, Must We Wipe Out the Germans?, Old Sarah, On American Judaism, On the Contrary, The Plight of the Liberal Synagogue, A Primer for Moderns, The Rabbi, Rotary of the Booster's Club, Soldiers Can Forget to Cough, Teitelbaums of Tahiti, Those Hot-Aryans, The Tresca Case, Twelve Great Jews Of Tomorrow, The Undying Book, What Can the Jews Do About It?, What is the Heritage of the Jews?, What's Wrong with the Jew?, Why Are Jews Like That?, You Think Jews Are Clever.
Illustrations consist of pencil sketches and pen and ink drawings by Lewis Browne and his wife Myna Eisner (Lissner) Browne for Browne's writings.
Miscellaneous material deals with the twentieth century revolutionary figure, Lev Trotskii including notes by Lewis Browne about Trotskii and typescripts of an article about Natalia Ivanova (Sedova) Trotskii (Mrs. Lev Trotskii). There are two articles by Ludwig Lore, an American-Socialist-editor, about Trotskii's visit to the U.S. in March 1917. Of interest is also a leaf with possibly authentic signatures of Lev Trotskii and Alexandra Kollontai alongside a hen drawing. There are also a few short articles by lesser known writers. Also included: a small notebook entitled "Fiction Notes--Tour Notes" which contains an outline for a novel, radio broadcasts, speeches, teaching material, school notes, book reviews by Browne, and reviews of his books.
Newspaper clippings, other printed material about Browne or his writings, etc. and galley proofs with corrections for All Things are Possible, Blessed Spinoza, How Odd of God, Oh Say Can You See, See what I Mean, Something Went Wrong, Stranger than Fiction, That Man Heine, The Wisdom of Israel, The World's Great Scriptures complete the collection.
Purchase. 1969
Collection size: 4,786 items


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To put your donation to work most quickly, choose "use where needed most" when you give.
Doing this means your gift can adapt to urgent and changing needs in India.
Sponsor a child here.
Donate below or through PayPal
Dalit Freedom Network is a registered 501(c)3 charitable organization. We are independently audited and a member of the ECFA where we meet high standards of responsible stewardship.
To mail a donation, make checks payable to Dalit Freedom Network and send to:
PO Box 3459
Virginia Beach, VA 23454


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Moodle Integration Planning
The integration effort will be in phases listed below with references.
- Research and learning
- Complete course: Introduction to Moodle Programming
- Note: you must login with your moodle.org account to view the programming course
- Moodle Coding Style
- Complete course: Introduction to Moodle Programming
- Moodle Block Development (create "Hello World" moodle block)
- Blocks Development
- Database API usage - extend the block to use the Moodle database APIs
- XMLDB Documentation
- Database structures
- DDL & DML functions
- ISSUE: Moodle 2.0 is coming out next year and there may be significant changes. Need to consider if we should develop towards it
- Extending the Moodle database - add tables/fields to support MIST/C
- NWC file access - include session ID generation/storage
- Simple Live connection in the block
- TLM modifications to support new database layout
- First milestone - live connection from Moodle


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- All Award Categories: Audio
- Book
- Magazine
- Software
- Television
- Toy
- Video Game
Video games get a lot of press; much of it focused on the violence. Violence, virtual or real, has no place in a child's world. Today's best video games are an age appropriate junction of learning and play.
Parents' Choice Award Winners: Video Games


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A Consumer's Guide
IMAGE SOURCE: BBC News Web site
In tough times, Americans have a generous spirit and unfortunately, there are plenty others out there to take advantage.
The 7.0 magnitude earthquake in Haiti Tuesday was centered about 14 miles west of Port-au-Prince, the capitol. With most buildings collapsed, bodies are piled up in the streets and estimates are that 50,000 may have been killed.
Americans are opening their wallets but should be aware that charities may not be what they seem.
The Better Business Bureau is advising consumers how to vet charity appeals on its Web site. Based on the group's experience after Hurricane Katrina and the tsunami in 2004, fraudulent charities seem to spring from disaster.
Consumers should go to the BBB Web site to research charities and relief organizations that are accredited by the BBB and meet the 20 Standards for Charity Accountability.
Among the group's recommendations:
Texting To Donate
ABC News reports to give to a charitable group that had operations in Haiti before the earthquake. They are most likely to have personnel and equipment already there to render the immediate help that's needed.
The American Red Cross allows people to text "HAITI" to 90999 to make an instant $10 donation. And Twitter and Facebook have seen a frenzy of instructions to send texts to certain numbers and select "Yes" when prompted. Some are valid, but many are not. Going Cellular.com reports you might think a request is valid if it comes from a friend, and $10 is not much, but don't assume your friend has checked out the request source.
Independently verify that it is coming from a valid charity or organization. Do a simple Web search to confirm that organization is soliciting using a phone number. If not, be sure to let your friend know or Facebook or Twitter the information yourself.
GoingCellular.com also reports that as of this writing, Verizon, T-Mobile and AT&T are not charging for charity texts, but Sprint is.
Other worthy charities are World Vision; Save the Children; Care USA; Groups like UNICEF, Mercy Corps, and The American Red Cross already have emergency workers in the devastated areas of Haiti.
MSNBC has compiled a list of charitable organizations that are active in Haiti. and CharityNavigator.org is the oldest, most reputable charity evaluator. #
Thanks so much for this article. I was just going to research this sort of thing today. And it's great Mercy Corps made it on your list. That was one of my first choices - and it's local, based in Portland!
Peggy- Also see CNN's Impact Your World for a list of reputable charities: LINK
Charity Navigator is America's oldest charity evaluator. Please visit them at: LINK
Our mission is to seek the complete truth and provide a full and fair account of the events and issues that surround personal safety, accident prevention, and injury recovery. We are committed to serving the public with honesty and integrity in these efforts.
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On the Road
Major Medical
Protecting Your Family
In the Workplace
Motley Rice Ranked A Best Law Firm by U.S. News and World Report
Tampa Toddler Dies After Being Left In Vehicle
Burn Advocates Network Returns From Mission In Haiti
Update: Burn Advocates Network In Haiti
Burn Advocates Network In Haiti


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Got a song stuck in your head? Want to share some new tracks? Perhaps you MAKE music? Bring it here and get everyone bouncin' to the groove.
Like a band's album? Spread the word with a review!
Hole - Live Through This...
May 25, 2011
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As many of you have noticed, HOPE tickets are currently sold out. Sales have outpaced previous years and we want to avoid overcrowding. However, we do have expanded space this year and more tickets will be made available.
Starting this Sunday, April 1st, we will begin our EFF benefit, where ten percent of all ticket sales go to the Electronic Frontier Foundation to help with the many worthy causes this organization is a part of. If you're kicking yourself for not getting HOPE tickets while you had the chance, this is an excellent way to get your hands on them and make a worthwhile contribution at the same time.
Ticket sales will open on Sunday at this link.


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Control Engineers
Embedded System Developers
We have long believed in old-fashioned reliability because one's reputation is critically dependent upon the reliability of one's products.
Today we also need to demonstrate due diligence engineering as required by the new WHS Legislation. We encourage client involvement in Safety Case development from the outset for both the project and the product. This ensures trade-off decisions involving safety, useability, and productivity are effectively addressed. This may be seen by some as onerous, however the readily understood threat<>barrier diagrams, together with the justifications of those barriers, grant peace of mind to all concerned.
Below we share with you some of our favourite quotes.
on Project Management
"It is no use saying 'We are doing our best.' You have got to succeed in doing what is necessary." – Winston Churchill
on Software Development
"Unlike other products, software is not constructed, but rather designed into existence." – George Stepanek in Software Project Secrets
on System Design
"The choice between architectures may well depend upon which set of drawbacks the client can handle best." – Eberhardt Rechtin in Systems Architecting
"In the real world most of our problems involve decisions that are based on a lot of complex factors. There often isn't a right answer, there's the least worst.
Or there's an answer that satisfies no one, but that causes the fewest objections." – Jack Ganssle
"There are two ways of constructing a software design.
One way is to make it so simple that there are obviously no deficiencies,
and the other way is to make it so complicated there are no obvious deficiencies.
The first method is far more difficult." – Tony Hoare
"Simplicity does not precede complexity, but follows it." – Alan Perlis 1982
"When choice must be made with unavoidably inadequate information, choose the best available and
then watch to see whether future solutions appear faster than future problems.
If so, the choice was at least adequate. If not, go back and choose again." – Eberhardt Rechtin
We would like to see all your systems have
- reliability – to keep working
- expand-ability – to provide an upgrade path
- maintain-ability – to allow for easy repair and support in the field
- suitability – to ensure the product satisfies the real need
- longevity – to fight against obsolescence
- safety – to protect people, plant, and profits


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I would like to enter these challenges:
my little corner of the web where I share my passion for all things crafty ... ART BELLYDANCING CRAFTS
"I used to think that anyone doing anything weird was weird. I suddenly realized that anyone doing anything weird wasn't weird at all and it was the people saying they were weird that were weird." -- Paul McCartney
Such a cute card! Love those rabbits!
Thanks so much for playing along in my Critters and Creatures Linky Party!
Hi Jen, fabulous card, love the cute bunnies and those easter eggs are gorgeous. Thanks for playing along in our challenge at Lil Patch of Crafty Friends. Hope to see you again and good luck in the draw.. Jennifer DT member xReplyDelete
Cute easter card.
Thank you for joining us at Artistic Inspirations!
Good Luck and hope to see you again.
xx Valentina DT team xx
Beautiful card and such a lovely layout and colours. Thank you so much for sharing it with us at Crafting From The Heart Challenge.ReplyDelete
Great card - love those bunnies.
Thanks for joining us at Artistic Inspirations.
Helen x
I love to hear that you have been here, so please leave a comment! I welcome all craft related comments and read every one of them!


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Cricket United Day Shirts Up For Auction
Saturday 29th July, day three of England v South Africa at the Kia Oval, was Cricket United Day, with three charities – the Lord's Taverners, Chance to Shine, and the PCA Benevolent Fund – coming together to change lives through cricket.
England's players marked Cricket United Day by wearing specially designed New Balance England Test shirts with the Cricket United logo on both collars to mark the occasion. Each player has signed the shirt they wore, and each is up for auction here.
Although rain curtailed play in Cricket United Day, England's players had time to embark on, and complete many notable feats in their special shirts. They will be remembered particularly fondly by two debutants: It was in Cricket United shirts that Toby Roland-Jones completed a five-wicket haul on Test debut, and also that Tom Westley reached 28* at stumps, before going on to register a maiden Test half-century the next morning.
Keaton Jennings recorded his highest Test score of the summer in his shirt, Jimmy Anderson took his 480th wicket, in his 125th Test match in his, and Alastair Cook took a good catch in the slips before being bowled by a Morne Morkel beauty.
It was an historic day, and also an historic Test, the 100th staged at the Kia Oval, and Jimmy Anderson's 125th, and a signed shirt would make the perfect keepsake.
All proceeds raised through the auction for the match worn Cricket United shirts will help the Lord's Taverners give disabled and disadvantaged young people a sporting chance, the PCA Benevolent Fund help current and former cricketers and their loved ones in times of hardship and upheaval and Chance to Shine give an amazing introduction to cricket to those who might otherwise not try the sport.
To bid on these unique pieces of memorabilia click here or you can donate directly here, or give £5 by texting 'CRICKET' to 70123.


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Healios is reimagining the way children and adults with mental health challenges receive evidence-based psychological therapies by including the whole family to achieve the best outcomes. Combining technology with qualified clinicians, Healios brings a completely new interactive experience to increase engagement with therapy - so everyone has the best chance of a better quality of life.
Best of
Our interactive technologies bring the most effective and accessible experience to your home.
Personal Human
Dedicated clinicians will support and coach you to achieve your goals.
Built on techniques shown in clinical practice to create better outcomes.
Real time
Informing treatment teams of any change in patient status so they can step in when it matters most.
Involving the patient and family together for the best possible results.
30 Years of Evidence.
Our intervention is based on over 30 years of evidence in clinical trials around the world proving behavioural change techniques improve patient and family outcomes in many different ways.
"It's wonderful, brilliant. I feel as though there is someone there for me. I am improving how to manage things including my job."
- Mother whose son has schizophrenia
of customers are Very Satisfied with their sessions and 15% Satisfied
of customers rate Healios' service quality as Excellent with the remaining 25% as Good
of customers would Definitely recommend our service to a friend in need
We can help you achieve your goals.
Contact us on 0330 124 4222 or email@example.com


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Tenant Defenders has added a scheduling function to our website, so you can automatically set your appointment
Meet with a tenants rights attorney dedicated to advocating for renters.
It's important for renters to get sound legal advice about their rights. Tenant Defenders offers a variety of ways for tenants to set an appointment to meet with a tenants rights attorney. Learn how you can protect your interests with affordable legal help.
Tenants across the City of San Diego, and across California, have recently seen it is increasingly difficult to find suitable and affordable rental housing. The Golden State has failed to meet the increased demand for rental housing, and it is much harder to buy a home today than in decades past.
More people are renting for the long term. This has created a housing shortage, which means the housing supply is shrinking. Rents are increasing, and landlords are taking advantage. It's not a short term problem, and it's not likely to change any time soon. It has never been more important to assert and protect your tenant rights.
Invest in your property rights. Protect them with professional legal assistance.
Effective resolution of legal problems require being prepared with options and knowledge. Don't settle for vague answers. Get relevant counsel and advice from someone with years of courtroom experience and knows how to deal with landlord attorneys. A consultation with an experienced attorney will give you insight and perspective.
Don't wait until you are going to court to speak with a lawyer.
Renters need to understand their rights and their options to protect their interests. It is not enough to simply read about it online, or to settle for vague answers in a quick phone call. Tenants have more legal options when they act early, and will have more possibilities at resolving disputes favorably. Those that postpone getting the legal help they need often get backed into a corner.
There are three options available for scheduling a consultation:
If you have been sued in an unlawful detainer and served with a court summons, then you need to set an appointment to meet with an attorney to prepare an answer and discuss your options for defending against eviction.
If you are interested in setting up a consultation concerning any aspect of your tenant rights, then you can either select a telephone appointment,
An appointment over the telephone can usually be arranged more quickly than a meeting in person meeting. Each appointment is for 55 minutes.
*We are happy to discuss all the options available to you and the services that we can offer to meet your legal needs. These services will, in most cases, require the payment of additional fees.


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Reverend and Interfaith Minister Ronald Sheppard conducts a beautiful ceremony at the Loeb Boathouse in Central Park. I have known Ron since the 80's and the spiritual transformation he has undergone is truly a miraculous fundamental change in his spiritual life. Live in Gratitude. Pay it Forward. Cherish your Chapters Of Love™
John Dowling Interviews Tim Minchin
Tim Minchin is one of the most talented performers in the world. Check out the intercut performance video and interview featuring our former host Jill Nicolini.
John Dowling Interviews Tanger Outlets at the arches Grand Opening 2008
John Dowling Interviews Tanger Outlets at the Arches Grand Opening 2008 with County Executive Steven Bellone and performances by Cheap Trick and many more talented musicians.
John Dowling Interviews Bethpage Federal Credit Union 2008 Air Show
This is an almost one hour long tribute to NYS Parks and the Bethpage Federal Credit Union's Jones Beach Air show.
John Dowling Interviews Caumsett State Historic Park
Caumsett State Historic Park Preserve is a state park on Lloyd Neck, a peninsula extending into the Long Island Sound, in the Village of Lloyd Harbor, New York. It is amazingly tranquil and serene and one of the most beautiful locations on Long Island to photograph, go for a walk, hike to the water and…
Swego Twin Ponds Nature Preserve Featuring Natalie Forte
I have walked with Natalie on many beaches and many parks taking photographs of her over many years. As I look back now at the thousands of photographs and all of our photo shoots, I have to say that there are two that stand out as my favorites. The last time we shot when Natalie…
The Guardian Brain Foundation with Mary Pallotta Interview
Mary Pallotta lost both her brother and father to diseases of the brain and as a way to cope with the loss she started the Guardian Brain Foundation. Mary helps others with resources to improve their lives and educate the public about the over 200 diseases that effect the brain. Mary and I have been…
John Dowling Interviews Target Rock Featuring Dana and Tyler
Target Rock one of my favorite short hikes on Long Island's gold coast. It is also an amazing location for fashion and landscape photography. Watch this little John Dowling Interviews short and you'll go on a virtual tour of the hike and see some beautiful couples portraits and fine art shots at the end of…
John Dowling Interviews Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Melissa Baker
This is a full length Model Citizens documentary featuring Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Melissa Baker as she attempts to reboot her modeling career. As John Dowling Interviews the series goes into full production each episode will be between 10 and 20 minutes and interlace interviews with complimentary footage of our sponsors.