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- Proceedings
- Open Access
Hybrid MM/SVM structural sensors for stochastic sequential data
- Brian Roux1 and
- Stephen Winters-Hilt1, 2Email author
© Roux and Winters-Hilt; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008
- Published: 12 August 2008
In this paper we present preliminary results stemming from a novel application of Markov Models and Support Vector Machines to splice site classification of Intron-Exon and Exon-Intron (5' and 3') splice sites. We present the use of Markov based statistical methods, in a log likelihood discriminator framework, to create a non-summed, fixed-length, feature vector for SVM-based classification. We also explore the use of Shannon-entropy based analysis for automated identification of minimal-size models (where smaller models have known information loss according to the specified Shannon entropy representation). We evaluate a variety of kernels and kernel parameters in the classification effort. We present results of the algorithms for splice-site datasets consisting of sequences from a variety of species for comparison.
- Support Vector Machine
- Feature Vector
- Splice Site
- Shannon Entropy
- Support Vector Machine Classification
Introduction and background
We are exploring hybrid methods where Markov-based statistical profiles, in a log likelihood discriminator framework, are used to create a fixed-length feature vector for Support Vector Machine (SVM) based classification. The core idea of the method is that whenever a log likelihood discriminator can be constructed for classification on stochastic sequential data, an alternative discriminator can be constructed by 'lifting' the log likelihood components into a feature vector description for classification by SVM. Thus, the feature vector uses the individual log likelihood components obtained in the standard log likelihood classification effort, the individual-observation log odds ratios, and 'vectorizes' them rather than sums them. The individual-observation log odds ratios are themselves constructed from positionally defined Markov Models (pMM's), so what results is a pMM/SVM sensor method. This method may have utility in a number of areas of stochastic sequential analysis that are being actively researched, including splice-site recognition and other types of gene-structure identification, file recovery in computer forensics ('file carving'), and speech recognition.
We test our pMM/SVM method on an interesting discrimination problem in gene-structure identification: splice-site recognition. In this situation the pMM/SVM approach leads to evaluation of the log odds ratio of an observed stochastic sequence, for splice-site and not, by Chow expansion decomposition, with vectorization rather than sum of the log odds ratios of the conditional probabilities on individual observations (where the conditional probabilities are pMM's, and the odds are on splice-site probability versus not-splice-site probability). By focusing on a particular application of the pMM/SVM method, this also allows us to demonstrate some of the subtleties that occur in implementation, and how they can be resolved by information theoretic criteria, here via use of Shannon Entropy in particular.
Our work makes use of Support Vector Machines for several reasons. Firstly, SVM classifiers have a strong generalized application in machine learning making advances in techniques using them in Bioinformatics directly applicable to other fields utilizing SVM based classifiers. Secondly, the techniques introduced here to automatically target relevant data positions based on entropy analysis have direct contributions to expanding the ability to use SVM classifiers in an unsupervised manner. Finally, though there are existing classifiers currently in use for splice site detection the MM/SVM hybridization is presented here as a novel manner of training against stochastic datasets.
Shannon Entropy
Shannon Entropy [1] or Information Entropy is a measure of uncertainty or randomness for a given variable in a system. One of the original usages [2] for Shannon entropy was the measure of information conveyed on average for symbols in a given language, and it has significant applications in cryptography and other fields where information content must be quantified. The entropy is calculated as a product of probability and the logarithm of probability for each possible state of the targeted variable. Suppose we have the discrete probability distribution p(xi), for the probability of events xi for 'i' in [1..N], i.e., p(xi) is a discrete probability distribution with N states. Then, Shannon entropy is: -∑p(xi)log(p(xi)), where the log function in log2, ln, or log10 results in entropy measured in bit, nat, or dit, respectively. The DNA alphabet, in particular, only has four states: Adenine(A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine(T), so N = 4 in computations involving this primitive alphabet.
Splice sites
Markov Model
Also known as a Markov Chain, a Markov Model ("MM") is a stochastic process with "short-term" memory. If there were infinite memory, then the probability of observation X0, given prior observations {X∞,..., X1}, would be expressed as P(X0|X∞...X1). In practice, there is neither the data to support such an infinitely detailed conditioning argument, nor the need. (The existence and utility of highly accurate short-term memory representations relate to fundamental aspects of our physical world, such as equations of motion, causality, entropic increase, and equilibration.) For an Nth-order Markov Model (MM) we have: P(X0|XN...X1) [3]. When using MMs part of the model selection problem is the choosing the highest order model that is well-represented by the training data available.
Positionally-defined Markov Model (pMM)
In the standard Markov analysis of an event X0, with prior events {XN...X1}, i.e. a memory of the past N events, our fundamental mathematical constructs are the conditional probabilities P(X0|XN...X1). For the analysis we describe here we generalize this formalism, further, to also depend on position vis-à-vis some reference point. In the case of splice-site recognition, positionally-defined Markov Models are used to describe event probabilities at various positions on either side of the splice site (also known as a Profile HMM [4]). A pMM is defined as the probability of event X0, with Markov order N, at position I: P(X0|I; XN...X1).
Support Vector Machines
SVMs provide a system for supervised learning which is robust against over training and capable of handling non-separable cases. Learning with structural risk minimization is the central idea behind SVMs, and this is elegantly accomplished by obtaining the separating hyperplane between the binary labeled data sets (± 1) that separates the labeled data sets with a maximum possible margin [5, 6]. The power of this approach is greatly extended by the added modeling freedom provided by a choice of kernel. This is related to preprocessing of data to obtain feature vectors, where, for kernels, the features are now mapped to a much higher dimensional space (technically, an infinite-dimensional space in the case of the popular Gaussian Kernel).
Upon introducing Kernels, the SVM equations are solved by eliminating w and b to arrive at the following Lagrangian formulation: max ∑(i = 1...n) αi - 1/2 ∑(i, j = 1...n) αi αjyiyj K(xi, xj), subject to αi ≥ 0 and ∑(i = 1...n) αiyi = 0, where the decision function is computed as f(x) = sign(∑(i = 1...n) αiyiK(xi, xj) + b), and where K(xi, xj) is the kernel generalization to the inner-product term, <xi, xj>, that is obtained in the standard [6], intuitively geometric, non-kernel based SVM formulation.
Shannon entropy analysis
We analyzed large data sets using a variety of MM based techniques to study the areas of lowered entropy within splice site sample sequences. This analysis was critical to identifying information-rich sequence regions around the splice site locations, and are used in defining the positional range of pMM's needed in the SVM classification that follows. We perform an analysis of the 0th order pMM profile of the Shannon entropy delineated splice site regions, then consider the 1st and 2nd order profiles similarly.
We begin by analyzing the Shannon-entropy of the pMM at various orders for the sample sequences, and search for contiguous regions with lower than average entropy which we refer to as the low Entropy ("lEnt") regions. This is the segment of positional data drawn on to generate feature vectors based on pMM data. The initial entropic analysis using the 0th order pMM is used to identify base-positions that have low Shannon entropy. Further analysis using higher order pMMs is used to determine if accounting for greater memory further lowers the entropy of a given position in the sequence. It is found that the positions identified in the lEnt regions carry information about the splice site which a trained SVM can classify with high accuracy.
EI 0th Order pMM
IE 0th Order pMM
EI pMM 1st & 2nd Order Entropy
IE pMM 1st & 2nd Order Entropy
Feature extraction, kernel selection, and SVM training
Once a feature vector has been produced from the data, by pMM preprocessing in particular, the discriminating task is passed to the SVM. The success of an SVM with a given data set can be greatly improved with a tuning over kernels (and kernel parameters). Efforts to automate this tuning on choice of kernels is currently being explored by use of genetic algorithms (further discussion of that effort is not included here). In the work presented here, we explore a variety of kernels, as shown in the Tables in Figures 9 and 10, including the Dot, Polynomial, Radial, and Neural kernels, where each of the kernels is tuned and scored on its best performing kernel parameters.
In the tables shown in Figs 9 and 10, the SVM performance is shown for various feature extraction methods. The 0th-order pMM based method elaborated on here, with log likelihood elements log(ei(xi)/q(xi)), is one of the better performing cases, where ei(xi) is the pMM for the ith position and q(xi) is the generic background probability for observation xi (not positionally dependent). For the null case, or negative instances, we select false splice site locations from the true data by choosing positions outside the splice site regions. These feature vectors are split in half, with one set used to train the SVM and the other used to evaluate the SVM's performance (against data it was not trained against). The accuracy is measured in terms of Sensitivity ("SN") and Specificity ("SP"). By comparing the {SN, SP} of the training data to the {SN, SP} of the testing data we can evaluate the SVM's classification performance, where the generalization, "real world", performance is estimated by the scoring with the test data (and an algorithmic probe of the best performance possible is done by testing on the training data).
Overview of kernels tested
A variety of methods for feature extraction as well as kernel types and parameters have been tested to see how well the data sets responded to each. The results for these initial tests based on the data sets obtained from [8] are presented in Figs 9 (EI) and 10 (IE), which show 2 dimensional table comparisons, where the Y-axis represents the feature transfer function used, and the X-axis represents the specific Kernel function and parameter(s) selected. The table entries themselves show results for Sensitivity ("SN") and Specificity ("SP"). The Radial Gamma function was chosen to test these results more extensively, along with feature extraction using pMM's.
Results for this are obtained for four species: Cow, Chicken, Human, and Opossum, and are shown in the EI and IE Results that follow.
EI splice site results
We use the Radial kernel with gamma set to 0.5, combined with using Log(e(x)/q(x)) where e(x) is the emission probability, and q(x) is the background probability, for a given residue. These results use much larger data sets than initial trials based on data from [8], and show comparison across species boundaries.
IE splice site results
The main result of this preliminary study shows pMM/SVMs can be trained as splice site classifiers with high accuracy. We believe this approach is applicable to other problem sets, and represents a new approach that combines entropy analysis for feature selection and eventual pMM/SVM classification. From the specific examples shown, we see that the splice-site classification results using the pMM/HMM approach are very promising, for both IE and EI splice sites. By changing from a 0th Order pMM to a higher order pMM, it is possible to extend the low entropy (lEnt) region at the cost of adding noise to the low entropy positions. This increase in the lEnt region allows a lift to an SVM with a higher dimensional feature space, which has an impact on initial training results (as shown in the differences between Figs 11 and 12 with vector size 4 and 15, respectively). In ongoing efforts we hope to work with pMMs of higher order, and to begin training SVMs using the 1st and 2nd Order pMM's. This effort is meant to eventually contribute to ongoing construction of a new gene finder approach (by SWH) that leverages the power of SVMs and MM variations (such as those involving gap interpolating MMs).
pMM/SVM method
In the typical log likelihood discriminator construction, such as for identification of splice sites, binary classification is provided by the sign of the log odds probability of the splice site vs non-splice-site region. The log odds probability, in turn, is obtained from the sum of the log conditional probabilities from the Chow expansion of observing the observed sequence in the splice-site vs non-splice-site models. In the pMM/SVM method, a sum is not produced from the log conditional probabilites, but a vector. The length of the feature vector depends on the number of terms in the Chow expansion, i.e., on the length of sequence used in the splice-site recognition model. For the splice-site recognition problem described here, an SVM-based classifier is explored for a variety of sequence window sizes (4–20 components). The window size is then determined in an automated fashion, that is minimally sized, by use of Shannon entropy analysis of splice-site alignments.
Shannon entropy data
In our research we use Shannon entropy analysis to identify locations of lowered entropy within the sequence surrounding a splice-site. With this automated process we can identify areas of the sequence with lower entropy. These segments of the sequence are less random and therefore contain more information than the remainder of the splice. Using the feature transfer function we transfer the positions identified by Shannon entropy analysis into a feature vector for classification by SVM.
Initial research utilized a small data set of human splice regions originally extracted from GenBank Rel.123 [8]. This set contains approximately 2,700 true EI and 2,800 true EI sequences combined with with 300,000 IE false and 270,000 EI false sequences. Splitting the dataset evenly into four (EI test, EI train, IE test, IE train) created a fast turn around for training and testing amongst the various SVM kernel definitions and parameters (results shown in Figs 9 and 10).
For more in-depth statistical analysis a larger data set was obtained. Given the resistance of SVMs to over training, we elected to train with a more even ratio of true and false sequence instances. For each species approximately 125,000 true and 125,000 false sequences each for IE and EI, giving a total set of 500,000 sequences for each species between the IE train, IE test, EI train, and EI test sets. Species used for testing include: 1. Chicken; 2. Cow; 3. Dog; 4. Human; 5. Mouse; 6. Opossum; 7. Rat; and 8. Rhesus Monkey.
We would like to extend special thanks to Dr. Alexander Tchoubanov for preparing the large, multispecies, sequence set for our experiments. SWH would also like to thank the UNO CSCI 6990 Advanced Machine Learning Methods in Bioinformatics Class of 2004 that worked on this topic as a class project and who helped in doing the initial experiments described in the tables shown in Fig.s 9 and 10.
This article has been published as part of BMC Bioinformatics Volume 9 Supplement 9, 2008: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual MCBIOS Conference. Systems Biology: Bridging the Omics. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/9?issue=S9
Authors' Affiliations
- Shannon CE: "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Bell System Technical Journal 1948, 27: 379–423. 623–656 623–656View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Shannon , Claude E: Prediction and entropy of printed English. The Bell System Technical Journal 1950, 30: 50–64.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Markov AA: "Extension of the limit theorems of probability theory to a sum of variables connected in a chain". reprinted in Appendix B of: R. Howard. In Dynamic Probabilistic Systems, volume 1: Markov Chains. John Wiley and Sons; 1971.Google Scholar
- Durbin R, Eddy S, Krogh A, Mitchison G: Biological Sequence Analysis. In Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK; 1998.Google Scholar
- Burges CJC: A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Data Min Knowl Discov 1998, 2: 121–67. 10.1023/A:1009715923555View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Corinna Cortes, Vapnik V: "Support-Vector Networks. Machine Learning 1995., 20: [http://www.springerlink.com/content/k238jx04hm87j80g/]Google Scholar
- Winters-Hilt S, Yelundur A, McChesney C, Landry M: Support Vector Machine Implementations for Classification & Clustering. BMC Bioinformatics 2006,7(Suppl 2):S4. 10.1186/1471-2105-7-S2-S4PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rampone S: "Homo Sapiens Splice Sites Dataset".[http://www.sci.unisannio.it/docenti/rampone/]
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Christina Aguilera: Pregnant with Fiance Matthew Rutler's Baby!
Christina Aguilera is pregnant with her second child, a source confirms to JustJared.com.
The 33-year-old singer announced last week that she and her longtime boyfriend Matthew Rutler are engaged and they will be adding a new bundle of joy to their family sometime soon. So exciting!
PHOTOS: Check out the latest pics of Christina Aguilera
Christina has a six-year-old son named Max with her ex-husband Jordan Bratman.
Make sure to check out Christina's gorgeous engagement ring if you haven't had the chance yet.
Us Weekly was first to break the news. Congratulations to the happy couple on the great news!

subset: commoncrawl


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Move over James Cameron, Poppy turns You into an iPhone 3D Filmmaker
Many people are not aware that YouTube has a huge collection of 3D videos that it supports. Sure, some are movie trailers and whatnot, but a lot of it is user generated content from products like Poppy. Poppy lets you capture 3D using pure optics, not additional electronic or batteries. Its design harkens back to the ViewMaster of our childhoods, looking slightly like a pair of binoculars.
Just slip the iPhone inside and you can start capturing stereographic images. Using the companion App, Poppy 3D, you can calibrate the image capture and rewatch what you have caught. Uploading to Youtube is a piece of cake from there. As a Kickstarter success story, Poppy is sure to generate a large following. And hey, any form of 3D that won't give you a headache is worth looking into! Poppy claims much higher fidelity than retro red/blue glasses, especially for only $59, available now for iPhones through Poppy.
The post Move over James Cameron, Poppy turns You into an iPhone 3D Filmmaker appeared first on Chip Chick.


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Not only is Wisdom Art LLC, jewelry and zodiac art inspired by the universe and the day you were born, it is inspired by the world around us; from the landscape textures, to colors that reflect our memories, feelings, and experiences and the changing seasons. Careful consideration is taken when photographing Wisdom Art jewelry. This piece is made of Jade, very reflective of the greenery around the contrasting white spring flower, symbolizing new beginnings, hope. Jade: It is a symbol of purity, fidelity, serenity and nurturing. Jade can bring insightful dreams, integrating mind and body. It encourages you to be all that you are recognizing yourself and who you really are.
What inspires You? Make this bracelet at www.WisdomArt.com


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- Memorial Hospital of Sweetwater County26.Nov 2017
- Employee
Suggestions for improvement
- I would suggest that management take into consideration what the employees have to say about the working environment, company benefits, company policies. How can they fix what's wrong if they don't ask those that these things affect?
What I like about the company
They have provided a path for me, as a single mother of 2, to advance in my career with access to on site training. I will be able to become certified on the job as opposed to having to take off site college courses.
What I dislike about the company
I don't really disapprove of any.
The following benefits were offered to me
- CompanyMemorial Hospital of Sweetwater County
- CityRock Springs
- Are you a Current or Former Employee?Current employee
- PositionEmployee


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A Prophet (Un prophète)
Jacques Audiard, who has long been considered a French master, takes his work in a completely new direction with his latest project A Prophet. While I was extremely happy with his previous style (The Beat My Heart Skipped, still ranks in my top ten favorite movies of all time), his new focus is infinitely more broad, and brings a new sense of realism to the table that I could stare at for hours (and ended up doing just that since the film runs around 150 minutes).
What's more impressive, is that Audiard co-wrote the script with Thomas Bidegain. His story is a gritty, and brilliant look at the French prison system (which the European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly condemned, and Nicolas Sarkozy himself called a national disgrace). It centers around a young Arab man, Malik. At nineteen, he's been sentenced to six years for assaulting an officer. It's never clear if he actually did the crime. In fact the matter is settled by one indignant response to the accusation by a prison guard, he claims not to have done a thing. Whether or not he did is of no consequence to the rest of the film, but it seems to me he's innocent, which makes his evolution into a crime boss in his own respect that much more interesting. Malik is played by a virtually unknown actor named Tahar Rahim. His performance is remarkable in all aspects. The film spans six years (where Malik ages 19 to 25). His physical performance is remarkable, as he seems to mature quite rapidly. His face is in a constant state of healing, whether it's his cheek bleeding where a razor blade was hidden, or the marks of a spoon shoved so far into his eyeball, he temporarily loses his vision. Audiard, who frequently enjoys working with some of the best actors in France, couldn't have asked for a better leading man.
Quickly after arriving at the prison, he is chosen by Cesar (an outstanding Niels Arestrup) to kill an inmate. Cesar runs the prison with his gang of Corsicans, money to pay people off, and prison guards under his thumb. While Malik tries to get out of the assignment, he ends up doing the deed, in what is surely the film's most graphic moment (most certainly not for the faint of heart). This puts Malik under Cesar's protection, although being an Arab, he's never really allowed to join the gang of white men, and ends up cleaning their cells and making them coffee.
From here on out, the story watches Malik as he gains more and more power, sharpens his entrepreneurial skills, working all sides, and getting himself an education. Not only does he learn to read and write, but he teaches himself Italian. Audiard fills the film with fantastic little touches that make watching A Prophet a joy. The man Malik kills, Reyeb, becomes Malik's cellmate, a constant reminder of how all his success starts. Reyeb doesn't bother preaching, or chiding Malik because of his antics, or even for the fact he murdered him, but rather sits in the corner and smokes a cigarette out of the hole Malik made in his throat. Music, as in all of Audiard's films, plays a huge part here. It doesn't overwhelm the film, but compliments the mood, and tone that are set, while making itself scarce when it doesn't add anything.
Audiard certainly owes a great debt to American gangster classics also staged behind bars. But with all his style, attention to detail, and well-paced storytelling, A Prophet not only stands on its own, but clearly etches out a place for itself as a masterpiece of French cinema.


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Our family drinks a lot of soy milk. Perhaps too much.
We even briefly used soy milk to wean our one year old off of the breast, which caused our pediatrician to scold us for choosing soy over formula. We didn't feel we deserved the reprimand because we were also supplemeting her diet with full fat yogurt and meat baby foods for protein and fat.
Just to be safe and balanced, we've since included whole dairy milk into the routine and eased off of the soy.
I recently read about a vegan couple who were wreckless with their baby's diet. They fed their infant nothing but apple juice and soy milk, which ultimately lead to her death. Vegans!!! They were sentenced to life in prison for the stupidity. It was this trial, and some previous knowledge about soy's link to estrogen, that made me want to examine the beverage further.
Based on my research so far, I can safely say that soy is an imperfect health food. Vegans and health alternative parents, including myself, should limit or eliminate their daily use of soy milk.
I've found so many contradictions in the scientific literature about soy milk: it gives you cancer, it prevents cancer, it makes you smarter, it gives you dementia. Since researching the topic, I've decided that soy milk is both good for you and bad for you, depending on your specualtive perspective, but the science on both sides of the debate is being manipulated to serve those informed speculations. The truth lies somewhere inbetween, and as always, that makes me lean to the side of caution, since it's unfair to my kids to gamble their health for the sake of neutral critical inquiry.
The contradictions of soy milk begin with it's high amount of heart-healthy isoflavone phytochemicals that mimic estrogen and potentially disturb the body's reproductive hormones (the one's that are already being disturbed by bisphenol-a and triclosan). Lab rat studies show that soy increases reproduction problems with puberty (and all that) and induces thyroid disease. Its been said that feeding a child soy formula is the equivalent of giving them four or five birth control pills. Needless to say, I'm skeptical of that claim.
It's been shown that the phytochemicals in soy can be effective and beneficial for women during menopause. Two glasses of soy milk a day is even enough estrogen to throw off a woman's cycle. That's a crapload of estrogen, and to think that most baby's are getting all that in BPA plastic bottles cleaned out with triclosan antibacterial soap. Who knows what kind of reproductive problems we'll see down the road.
Soy should be a good protein alternative for children who are (mis)diagnosed as lactose intolerant. Soy milk and other soy products contain a processed ingredient called Soy Protein Isolate (SPI). But looking at SPI further reveals some unsettling facts. SPI is a soy waste product that is recycled back into the product, after being processed in vats of aluminum. Of course, the aluminum contaminates the soy milk (about a 100 times more than cow formula). The processing also creates nitrites, a carcinogen found in deli meats that slightly scare me, and lysinoalanine, a pseudo-toxin that doesn't really scare me yet. The FDA has yet to deem SPI safe for consumption, even though some vegans are eating it nearly every day.
Soy is popular in the diet of Japanese, who have low rates of heart disease and cancer, but they generally consume unprocessed fermented soy and a lot less of it. The fermentation of tofu eliminates many of the aformentioned toxins that pose a health threat to soy milk drinkers, including phytic acid, a toxin that inhibits vitamin absorption.
The list of negative soy studies is long and complicated. I'm extremely disappointed that soy milk hasn't stood up to scientific scrutiny. It seems so healthy, but any critical thinker would be quick to put me in my place on that simplification. As with any product I serve up to my children, I must choose safety over comfort, health over principle, and science over hype. I guess the cow industry just received a permanent convert. Yay!
As with all controversial topics, I welcome and encourage topical comments and thoughts from relevant experts and random visitors. Thanks for the feedback!
*UPDATE 7/23/08* Soy milk may lower a man's sperm count!
**UPDATE 10/3/08 – Soy does not lower LDL cholesterol as claimed.**


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text: This summer hasn't been the best garden summer. Mostly because of the weather, I guess. I never really got around to spend time out there expect for taking care of the most necessary of gardening, plus a couple of barbecue evenings. When the weather have been good on a non-working day, A and I have mostly used that time to paint the house. I'm not sure where we'll spend next summer, but I look forward to make this place look pretty again, it is such a cute little garden. Right now you have to look up close on the pretty things and ignore the mess, but there's s till a few gems out there, in spite of October.


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Before weight loss:
Pann: Cha Eunwoo before & after weight loss
1. [+134, -1] He's the only celebrity that I looked up on the Internet as soon as I saw him because of his face.
2. [+126, -1] Cha Eunwoo is so perfect ㅋㅋㅋㅋ He has a small face and is tall. He's also natural ㅋㅋ I can't even like him because he's so unrealistic.
3. [+126, -5] How can you compare him to this cheap Internet celebrity ㅋㅋㅋ Cha Eunwoo is naturally handsome, smart, and tall.
4. [+75, -20] I gasped at this picture.
5. [+63, -0] Of course, even if you're pretty or handsome, you still have to lose some weight to make your looks shine.
6. [+39, -0] Other male idols should avoid standing next to him ㅋㅋㅋㅋ
7. [+37, -0] He's way too handsome...
8. [+26, -0] He goes to Sungkyunkwan University, he's also good at studying~
9. [+23, -0] I was just at an exhibition and I realized that I was looking at pictures of Cha Eunwoo more than the art works and sculptures.... Is this what they call art... I'm confused ㅋㅋㅋ
10. [+23, -0] I went to Tommy Hilfiger fansign for my friend. I also held his hand. He's more handsome in real life. He's a real flower boy, it was crazy. Doyeon was also there but he was prettier than her. Doyeon looked handsome whereas Cha Eunwoo was pale like the Snow White.
11. [+23, -0] I went to a music show recording for my bias and I saw Cha Eunwoo right in front of me. I searched him up as soon as I came home that day. As he was dancing, he smiled brightly and the shape of his eyes was like a half moon. I thought I was watching romance comics.
12. [+21, -1] I know... He has an amazing body and eye smile. I don't understand why he's not mentioned. His visual makes me gasp everytime.


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Dear Reader, welcome to my blog on everything related to the EU, the UK and especially the UK within the EU. My name is Betty, I am 27 year old and a financial broker in London. Most importantly, I am a firm believer in the European idea and that the future of Britain must lie in the EU.
While the European Union is certainly not without problems and faults, I think it is in the best interest for every single citizen of the UK to stay within the EU and improve it as much as possible. The UK needs to stop moaning and believing the media's lies that fit so well into our world view of the 'nasty bureaucrats' (http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/27883/EU-bureaucrats-take-a-pounding.html) and lazy EU immigrants exploiting the NHS and our welfare system (http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/4637926/Wave-of-Romanian-and-Bulgarian-immigrants-is-threatening-to-swamp-Britain.html). These are not the real problems! These are just media stories to sell a maximum of newspaper copies, hyped up to appeal to our most basic instincts.
The fact is that the UK needs the EU; the UK needs to be part of the EU!
It's time to get our act together and start making a positive impact. We need to strengthen the EU to play a more positive role in Europe and in the world. And we need to strengthen the active, positive role of the UK within the EU to make this happen! It is simply not good enough to alienate all possible partners, have a tantrum whenever something happens we might not like and shout from the rooftops that we are spoiled princesses demanding our ways. Let us instead be reliable partners that are able to compromise for the good of all of Europe, recognize the advantages the EU offers us and help develop the EU to create a better future for all British people.


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Stuck in the Middle with You
Lorraine has entered into the eye of the storm here at the Teves House.
( Lorraine here...Not sure what she means by that, but I am thinking I will find out, personally , I am up for anything! Malena has walked away from the computer and so, I am hijacking her post! MMMMwwwwhahahahah!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! It is raining here and cold. Hmph. Could have had this in the Midwest. The company is good tho, and the music is fine . )
The Teves House has now officially been infested with Spiderwick creatures.
( a day later and she has once again walked away, silly girl, and yes, the place is covered in Spiderwick. I myself have been haveing a great time working on music, finding lyrics, watching Malena's dance ideas and just enjoying the sunshine, which has finally come out. Today we got to the grocery store, which was fun. Who said LA was dull, hee-hee...Yomorrow, more music, we are going to have some fun live in a couple of months!!!! )
( ok, two days later now and our Malena is still sewing madly. Or like a madwomen, which of course, we know, is not an unuseuel state of mind for the girl, hee-hee , so I am hijacking her post and publishing the little guy so you don't think we have left you forever, alone and forgotten.
We have a set list for Balti con done, and some ideas of how we are going to do the songs. If only we had a fog machine, strobe lights and some way for Malena to come down on a rope from the ceiling, THIS would be a SHOW... Actually, despite the lack of them , unless our con chair can work something more than minor miricles, hee-hee, it is going to be a really fun time. We have a lot of the songs from the cd and a whole bunch of favourates that we love and some that our producer, Adam Stemple does as well. If you haven't heard Adam , either solo, or with the Tim Malloys, save some money for cd's I am telling you! He is , simply, very, very good.
Personal Thing, and Marylin are both there on the set, as requested, not to worry.
Ok, I am going to make sewing girl some lunch, as one cannot live on music and art alone, and she never stops, at least not until the sun comes up.....
Pictures soon, promise!
Love and Hijacked Posts,


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On this supposedly most depressing day of the year (not if you're an England cricket fan), is there anything more we can do but wait for Turquoise Tuesday? Yes, says an upbeat psychologist:
"Cognitive distortions are simply ways that our mind convinces us of something that isn't really true. These inaccurate thoughts are usually used to reinforce negative thinking or emotions — telling ourselves things that sound rational and accurate, but really only serve to keep us feeling bad about ourselves."
ouch: reading this felt like hopping barefoot along a bed of nails. A useful checklist to take to your next meeting or family gathering, see how many you can spot. Though the fact that you take it as a checklist probably means you're on it.
Source: PsychCentral.


text:
Rename a Report
Table of Contents
Zoho Creator offers the flexibility to edit a Report's Display name and Link name, anytime after you create your Application. You may note that a Report's,
- Display name can be viewed while accessing the Report (Departments, in the below given image).
- Link name can be viewed as part of the URL while accessing the Report (Department_View, in the below given image). The Link name is also used internally in Deluge Script.
Steps to rename a Report
To rename a Report, i.e., edit it's Display name or Link name,
- Open your app's Dashboard -> Reports tab.
- Select the required Report and open Report Settings -> Summary tab.
- In the Basic Details section, mouseover the name you wish to edit, and click on the pencil icon beside it (as shown below). Make your changes and press Enter to update them.


text:
2011, September 14 - 10:31am — Anonymous
Helpful staff -
Welcome to the High River Library
- Helpful, knowledgeable staff
- Access to library materials through our online catalogue
- Inter-library loan service
- Video games & DVDs
- The library offers free internet access and Wi-Fi throughout our building A library membership is not required to use our computers. Trouble with technology? Ask our friendly staff!
- Printing and photocopying
- Meeting rooms
- Seniors' outreach program
- Community bulletin board
- Exam invigilation
- Book sales
- Programs for all ages
- CNIB services for the visually impaired, blind, or learning disabled
- Kill a Watt Power Monitor - Borrow the monitor and measure the quality and quantity of electricity that everyday household appliances use. Here is a short video on how to use the Fortis Power Monitor.
For questions regarding any library services, please call 403-652-2917 to speak to a staff member.
Helpful staff -
Library Information
Phone: 403-652-2917
Director - email@example.com
Programs - firstname.lastname@example.com
General Enquiries - email@example.com


text:
By Robert Fuess (c) 2006 Spiderweb Logic
Many of you have heard of submitting your website, but what does this really mean? What places should you really submit your website? What about submitting to thousands of search engines and directories through some website promotion service?
What Pages To Submit:At the minimum, you should submit your home page. Many search engines will promise to find and crawl the rest of your website automatically (in their own good time). But if they don't discourage you from doing so, I would submit several of the important pages in your site. For example, a site map is definitely something I would want to submit, since it should have direct links to the rest of your website.Also, if I get another webmaster to link to my website, I like to submit that page as well. I want the search engines to recognize that this resource has changed – it has a link to my website and I want the credït for it.
What To Prepare:
For the search engines, I would make sure that the website is properly optimized. At a minimum, I would do double chëck the meta-tags to ensure that the title, meta-description and meta-keywords properly describe the web pages and have some of my desired keywords in it. I would also run a website validator on the pages I intend on submitting – to keep the search engine spiders from choking on my website. For more information on optimizing a website for the search engines, go to http://website-optimization-2.blogspot.com/.
For the directories, I would normally prepare some commonly requested information. This really helps to speed up the process. I normally use a generic text editor like Microsoft Notepad and save the following data before I go and submit to the different search engines and directories. This enables me to use copy and paste.
This should have:
- Your email
- Your website url
- A good title for your website
- A description for the website
Since Yahoo will allow you to submit a list of URLS that are in a text document (or an RSS feed) I would encourage you to prepare one to help them out. These should be at the root directory of your website and be updated whenever there is a change to your pages. That way you can just submit the location of the RSS feed or the text file and let Yahoo use that to find the rest of your pages. It is a nice time saver. Personally, I like using an automated RSS feed since Yahoo can use it to determine when the last changes occurred and decide what pages to re-crawl first.
(If you don't know what RSS is, hëre is a great article on it: http://feedvalidator.org/docs/rss2.html.)
Google uses a similar technology to help it find all of your web pages. It is called a "Google Site Map". That is the subject of another article. I wrote one that has a lot more info on the Google Site Maps, for when you are ready to build one. Google also has a special way to submit these. Just follow their instructions. If this is too complicated, contact a webmaster or a SEO specialist who is familiar with this feature.
Where To Submit:
I would recommend submitting your home page to the major search engines individually, at least initially. However, there are several services that do groups of them for you – and is a big time saver for the rest of your site. The following is one of my favorites: FreeWebSubmission.com. I have always deselected Google, though, since I submit to them manually through the Google website. I submit my web pages to the following search engines manually (without a special tool) just to ensure that it is done.
You will need a Yahoo account to submit to the Yahoo search engine. And don't fret if you don't see immediate results. Your site should normally exist in MSN within about 6 weeks, in Yahoo in 8-12 weeks, and in Google within about 3 months. (You will not likely get much search results from Google for the first year though – but hold out and keep working on the other tricks. In the long run, Google will normally give you about 60 – 70% of the search engine traffïc if you follow these methods.)
Also, if you have the Alexa toolbar installed, navigate to your website and clïck on the "info" button on the toolbar. Then you will have to fill in information about your website. Once this is registered, you will start seeing how your website's Alexa rating looks. There have been some rumors that Google considers the Alexa description in its searches – so make sure it is relevant to your website as a whole and has at least one of your keywords.
You should also submit your website to DMOZ. This is a massive directory that is republished in several other websites. It is managed by humans, and is therefore considered to be of special relevance by other search engines. I strongly recommend reading all their rules before submitting – and follow them closely. Make sure that you try to get listed in only one category – the most relevant one for your business. It can take a month or two to get listed, but it really helps with your backlinks and overall relevancy as a website.
After DMOZ, hëre are the most important list of directories to be listed in.
- Yahoo Directory website submission ($299 annual fee)Â
- Business.com website submission ($199 annual fee)Â
- website submission ($49 annual fee)Â
- Best of Web website submission ($40 annual fee)Â
- GoGuides.org website submission ($40 lifetïme fee)Â
- Gimpsy.com website submission ($40 lifetïme fee)Â
- JoeAnt website submission ($40 lifetïme fee)Â
- Tygo website submission ($40 lifetïme fee)Â
- Skaffe.com website submission ($40 lifetïme fee)Â
- WowDirectory.com website submission ($25 lifetïme fee)
If you haven't used directories before – try browsing these before you fill out the förm to submit your site. They are organized by category. You need to find the most relevant category to put your website before you start to fill out the förm for each of these. Have a pen and paper as you browse – and write down directory paths of where you want to be.
Being in some directories just adds some good backlinks. (When another webmaster links to your website, this is considered a backlink.) Others, like Yahoo and DMOZ, tend to get some special relevance to certain search engines. After you get familiar with these well-known directories, look for niche directories that are specific to the type of business your website is about.
There are specialized directories that focus on a particular category of links. These can be valuable – you will just have to do a bit of searching to find them. These may be considered as part of your overall strategy.
Being listed in a search engine doesn't guarantëe that you will have a good ranking – this is just the first step – letting them know that you exist.
If You See An Offer To Get Listed In Hundreds Of Directories And Websites Automatically – Beware! Many of these will list you in hundreds of FFA (free for all) sites. These sites are considered SP@M by search engines and I would strongly encourage you to avoid them. Did I mention to avoid these? Chëck out what Google has to say about these. They may get you quick backlinks, but they are from the "wrong" type of site. These are just a list of sites – and they stay there temporarily. Only the latest 100 submitted or so are displayed there and you need to be resubmitted regularly to stay there. Few humans use this – it is just a linking game to trick the search engines about your popularity (and search engines don't like it). Don't bother.
To Wrap It Up:
Get backlinks – but avoid FFA sites. There are some important directories, but being listed in "Thousands Of Websites And Directories" is likely a promotional trick to get you listed in FFA sites. The most important backlinks are from web pages with content related to your website and those that your customers visit. If it isn't likely to draw your customers, it may not be very important for your website traffïc.
About The Author
Robert Fuess is a veteran website designer who specializes in making dynamic search engine optimized websites. SpiderwebLogic.com | SchoolAndTeacher.com
Robert Fuess is a veteran website designer who specializes in making dynamic search engine optimized websites.


text: Welcome to St Luke's Cancer Centre About us All about St Luke's Cancer Centre Our team Meet our clinicians and support staff Chemotherapy Learn more about chemotherapy Radiotherapy Learn more about radiotherapy Surgery Learn more about cancer surgery Brachytherapy Learn more about brachytherapy LATEST NEWS FROM ST LUKE'S + Update on proposed hospital merger 07/03/201613/12/2016 Earlier this year it was jointly agreed by Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS FT and Ashford and St Peter's... 0 likes Read more + Royal Surrey physiotherapist set for underground mission 09/02/201609/02/2016 A physiotherapist from Royal Surrey County Hospital is set for an underground mission. David Griffin-Mead is preparing to visit... 2 likes Read more + Cancer patient shares journey as part of World Cancer Day 04/02/201605/02/2016 As Royal Surrey County Hospital marks World Cancer Day (February 4), one cancer patient shares her journey to... 1 like Read more + Free festive car parking 18/12/201520/05/2016 We will be offering free parking, as always, on Christmas Day, Boxing Day and New Year's Day. Car parking... 10 likes Read more + Health Secretary launches new innovative form of radiotherapy at St Luke's Cancer Centre 15/12/201515/12/2015 The Secretary of State for Health visited St Luke's Cancer Centre to officially launch an innovative new form of... 3 likes Read more HOW CAN WE HELP? Name First Last Email* Enter Email Confirm Email Subject*Message*PhoneThis field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. This iframe contains the logic required to handle Ajax powered Gravity Forms.


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My summer annual leave will be over in a couple of days and I'll be flying back to Hong Kong and to work soon. Too tired to talk more of what's gone down during summer in paragraphs, so salient points for now:
Seen new places. Met up with friends back home. Read Richard III in preparation for the production directed by Sam Mendes and led by Kevin Spacey, staged this September at the Hong Kong Academy of Performing Arts as part of the annual Hong Kong Arts Festival, because girl scored tickets.
- Catching up on sleep – in progress


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If you've taken your rabbit to a veterinarian claiming to be able to treat rabbits, but doesn't treat yours appropriately, you can file a complaint with the Board of Veterinary Medicine.
Find low cost spays and neuters here
Always call to see if there is a rabbit-savvy vet available before you go.
"If a vet says that they can see your rabbit, ask them to be specific about their experience treating rabbits." After all, anyone with eyes can SEE your rabbit. Sadly, in some cases, that is all that the vet means.
In the past, having an exotic specialist "on call" has always meant that, if that specialist is needed, he or she would come to the clinic. However, when University Hills says they have a specialist on call, they mean that, if you agree to an additional payment, they will call the specialist and talk to her about your rabbit's situation. She will NOT, however, come in to see your rabbit.
So please, get a definition of what any emergency clinic means by having a specialist on call before you go there.
7 Hills Veterinary Hospital
18325 E. Girard Avenue Aurora, CO 80013
Powers Pet Emergency
5886 Tutt Boulevard, Colorado Springs, CO
Southern Colorado Veterinary Internal Medicine
5520 North Nevada Avenue, Colorado Springs, CO
Monday through Friday: 6 pm to 8 am
Saturday and Sunday: 24 hours
24 hours during major holidays
Animal Emergency Care Center
3775 Airport Road, Colorado Springs, CO
Monday through Friday: 6 pm to 12 am
Saturday, Sunday and major holidays: 12 pm – 12 am
VCA Alameda East Veterinary Hospital
9770 East Alameda Avenue Denver, CO 80247
Open 24 hours every day of the week


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Man accused of raping women he met on online dating site goes on trial
An Irvine man accused of creating fake accounts on an online dating site, meeting women and then raping them will stand trial Tuesday in Santa Ana.
Joseph Raymond Garcia, 51, allegedly met two of his victims on MillionaireMatch.com, an online dating site that bills itself as "the first, largest and most effective site in the world to connect with, date and marry successful, beautiful people."
According to the Orange County district attorney's office, Garcia allegedly created a personal profile in which he claimed to make more than $200,000 a year and described himself as "sophisticated, charming" and "strikingly handsome."
He met a third alleged victim at a U.S. Postal Service facility where she worked.
All three of the women reported that Garcia took them to his Irvine home and sexually assaulted them.The women reported the crimes at different times to the Irvine Police Department, which investigated the case.
If convicted, Garcia faces a maximum sentence of 120 years to life in prison.
He is charged with six felony counts of sodomy by force and two felony counts of forcible rape.
Crime alerts for Cypress Park, Montecito Heights and 11 other L.A. neighborhoods
-- Abby Sewell


text:
Terrace Downs-Activities - Activities
Terrace Downs-Activities
An activity mecca in Canterbury's High Country, open to both in-house guests and casual visitors. Located just 20 minutes from Methven and the Mt Hutt Access Road, you can do as much as you want or as little as you want – the choice is entirely yours! The ever-changing landscape acts as the perfect playground for visitors of all ages and fitness levels and makes Terrace Downs a captivating year-round holiday destination for thrill-seekers and those who enjoy more genteel pursuits.
Among the activities on offer are:
18-hole Championship Golf Course (club and cart hire available)
Day Spa
Clay Pigeon Shooting
Discovery Jet Boat tours on the Rakaia River (look for the black boat!)
Horse Safaris
Hunting & Fishing
Mountain Biking
Nature walks
Some activities are subject to minimum numbers and weather conditions. Operating times can vary. Bookings are essential - please call and check for availability. For more information, please visit www.terracedowns.co.nz
Coleridge Rd, Windwhistle
Ph: 03 318 6943
Toll free: 0800 465 373
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: Click here


text:
DiNozzo's choice was based on input from actual federal agents.
"For months the writers have been discussing with me (and Michael) what would motivate Tony DiNozzo to leave his NCIS family," Glasberg said. "It would have to be something so powerful no one would disagree. It couldn't be another job. It couldn't be about money. I even struggled with it being for another relationship."
"Hours, days, we sat in the writers room talking. Being a field agent is dangerous. And, if you're suddenly a single parent, do you continue to take that risk every day? Or, does having a child change everything? Based on all of our research, talking to actual federal agents and law enforcement officers, it certainly does change things. And, now Tony would do anything for that little girl. Anything."


text:
- Commentary
- Open Access
Unraveling bovin phylogeny: accomplishments and challenges
- Faysal Bibi1Email author and
- Elisabeth S Vrba2
© Bibi and Vrba; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
- Received: 22 April 2010
- Accepted: 22 April 2010
- Published: 29 April 2010
The phylogenetic systematics of bovin species forms a common basis for studies at multiple scales, from the level of domestication in populations to major cladogenesis. The main big-picture accomplishments of this productive field, including two recent works, one in BMC Genomics, are reviewed with an eye for some of the limitations and challenges impeding progress. See Research article http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/10/177
- Molecular Phylogeny
- Musk Deer
- Molecular Clock Estimate
- Crown Clade
- Phylogenetic Work
One avenue of research that has been continuously providing new information, from Miocene higher clade origins to Holocene population dynamics, has been the analysis of bovin genomes. Deeper and more extensive mining of the genomes of bovin species has seen a consistently improving phylogeny for this clade. A recent study by MacEachern et al. [1] used 84 autosomal gene sequences from 15 different genes to examine phylogenetic relationships among bovin species and populations, reconstructing geographic divergences and intricate histories of genetic introgression and geographic divergence. Similarly, Decker et al. [2] used a much expanded genomic data set to investigate phylogenetic relationships from the level of Ruminantia (ruminants, including cattle, antelope, deer, giraffe, and chevrotains) to that of domesticated cattle breeds, including DNA from the extinct Bison priscus. Advances in DNA sequencing techniques have even produced a complete mitochondrial genome from the aurochs (Bos primigenius) [3], the progenitor of domestic cattle (Bos taurus).
Studies such as these highlight the current focus on unraveling the history of bovin evolution by way of the bovin genome, and the present interest in tracing the history and geography of domestication events. However, two aspects that have seen little progress in the last few years are the phylogenetic assembly of the total bovin clade and the dating of major cladogenetic events within Bovini. Even in the cutting edge studies cited above, little advance is made at the level of major bovin cladogenesis over previous work almost a decade older. From this perspective, the literature of the last years has provided mostly incomplete phylogenies of Bovini dated with inadequate molecular clock estimates. This stems from several factors. First has been the dearth of phylogenetic work on fossil bovin taxa. Second is the regular omission of certain crucial bovin taxa from phylogenetic work. Third is a lack of precision in the phylogenetic terminology used to communicate between paleontological and molecular studies, resulting in the choice of poor references for molecular clock calibration.
We here present our views to highlight some significant gaps and challenges that remain in the field of bovin phylogenetics. Our recommendations also aim to increase the utility of studies for workers of different methodological backgrounds.
Stability in bovin systematics: mission accomplished?
One major remaining conundrum concerns the saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis), a little-understood forest antelope from Vietnam and Laos only made known to science since 1993. This species is challenging the definition, composition, and diagnosis of parts of the bovin phylogenetic tree. The saola's small size, simple non-divergent horns, large preorbital fossa (bony depression anterior to the orbital cavity), and simple-shaped teeth make it a very primitive-looking bovid, especially with respect to the large and derived Bovini. It is therefore puzzling that molecular phylogenetic analyses consistently place the saola within Bovini [6, 7]. The exact position and relationship of the saola to the other bovin species is in need of further confirmatory work. Knowing the relationship of this goat-like ungulate to the remainder of Bovini is important, not just to appease curiosity about an enigmatic forest antelope, but because the phylogenetic position of this creature may in fact upset some of the 'stabilized' topology shown in Figure 2 (see also below).
Dating phylogenies: putting the cow before the cart
Phylogenetic studies of fossil Bovini are a crucially missing basis for bovin molecular clock calibrations. Molecular phylogenies are being calibrated using fossil data that are wrong or, at best, highly speculative. For example, reference calibration nodes used in the literature include: the first appearance of Bovidae, the divergence of Bison and Bos, the divergence of Bovina from Bubalina, and the divergence of Bovini from Tragelaphini. However, the reality is that none of the ages of these divergence events is at all well established (Geraads's 1992 work [8] might be the only extensive phylogenetic analysis of fossil and living bovins to date). The phylogenetic relationships of many fossil Bovini, and, as a result, the evolutionary history of many living Bovini, await more thorough analysis of fossil bovin taxa.
Until better paleontological studies are available, caution and wide margins of error are advised when referring to the ages and phylogenetic placement of fossil bovins for molecular clock calibration. Though commendable efforts have been made in this regard, dates produced from molecular clock estimates will remain very imprecise so long as the fossils used to calibrate these rates are themselves poorly understood phylogenetically. The fossil record of Bovini is already very large and holds great promise for dating the major cladogenetic events within Bovini, so there is every reason for rapid progress in this regard.
From genes to genera: reconciling scales of analysis
The phylogeny of Bovini is being approached from the scale of genes to genera. Studies of the genomes and studies of the fossil record proceed from different methodologies and at different scales, fossils providing a relatively coarse but deep temporal perspective, and molecular work providing a narrow but very highly resolved picture of the modern. Both fields share a common goal, but too often the results of each approach are difficult to reconcile with the other. One limitation to the synthesis of results is the use of limited taxonomic sampling in a phylogenetic analysis. Limited taxonomic representation decreases the reliability and precision of a phylogeny, in turn limiting interpretations on dating, biogeography, and cladogenesis.
Paleontological studies should consider living taxa to the greatest extent they can. This is important considering that workers seeking to calibrate molecular phylogenies are ploughing the literature for information on the timing of origination of crown (that is, extant) clades. Likewise, phylogenetic studies treating living taxa are most informative when they too consider the largest available sample of species. For example, paleontologists investigating the split of Bovina and Bubalina will want to refer to phylogenies that include the entirety of living Bovini to be sure that the node defining the crown clade has been defined to the finest degree possible. Additionally, taxa that are rare or poorly understood have the greatest potential to disrupt 'stable' topologies and alter previous notions, and yet such 'enigmatic' taxa are regularly missing from analyses. An investigation seeking to unravel the relationships among the different clades of Ruminantia cannot afford to omit the Moschidae (musk deer, small ruminants lacking antlers and today restricted to central and northeastern Asia). Any analysis of the Bovini cannot now afford to exclude the saola. It is precisely the fact that such taxa are so disparate in form and restricted in distribution that makes them most interesting for evolutionary reconstruction.
Great progress has been made towards stable systematic classifications in recent years by workers in different fields utilizing different approaches. Continued progress requires an effort to better integrate the different results of the geneticists, ecologists, archaeologists, and paleontologists working on the origins of bovins. Improved communication among workers in different fields will greatly promote the output, precision, and accuracy of results in studies to come.
FB is supported by a National Science Foundation International Research Fellowship Award (#0852975). This work was also supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche ANR-09-BLAN-0238.
Authors' Affiliations
- MacEachern S, McEwan J, Goddard M: Phylogenetic reconstruction and the identification of ancient polymorphism in the Bovini tribe (Bovidae, Bovinae). BMC Genomics. 2009, 10: 177-10.1186/1471-2164-10-177.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Decker JE, Pires JC, Conant GC, McKay SD, Heaton MP, Chen K, Cooper A, Vilkki J, Seabury CM, Caetano AR, Johnson GS, Brenneman RA, Hanotte O, Eggert LS, Wiener P, Kim JJ, Kim KS, Sonstegard TS, Van Tassell CP, Neibergs HL, McEwan JC, Brauning R, Coutinho LL, Babar ME, Wilson GA, McClure MC, Rolf MM, Kim J, Schnabel RD, Taylor JF: Resolving the evolution of extant and extinct ruminants with high-throughput phylogenomics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106: 18644-18649. 10.1073/pnas.0904691106.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Edwards CJ, Magee DA, Park SD, McGettigan PA, Lohan AJ, Murphy A, Finlay EK, Shapiro B, Chamberlain AT, Richards MB, Bradley DG, Loftus BJ, Machugh DE: A complete mitochondrial genome sequence from a mesolithic wild aurochs (Bos primigenius). Plos One. 2010, 5: e9255-10.1371/journal.pone.0009255.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hassanin A, Ropiquet A: Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Bovini (Bovidae, Bovinae) and the taxonomic status of the Kouprey, Bos sauveli Urbain 1937. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2004, 33: 896-907. 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.08.009.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gentry A, Clutton-Brock J, Groves CP: The naming of wild species and their domestic derivatives. J Archaeol Sci. 2004, 31: 645-651. 10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Hassanin A, Douzery EJP: Evolutionary affinities of the enigmatic saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) in the context of the molecular phylogeny of Bovidae. Proc Biol Sci. 1999, 266: 893-900. 10.1098/rspb.1999.0720.PubMed CentralView ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gatesy J, Arctander P: Hidden morphological support for the phylogenetic placement of Pseudoryx nghetinhensis with bovine bovids: A combined analysis of gross anatomical evidence and DNA sequences from five genes. Syst Biol. 2000, 49: 515-538. 10.1080/10635159950127376.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Geraads D: Phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Bovini. Zool J Linn Soc. 1992, 104: 193-207. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1992.tb00922.x.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Gauthier J, de Queiroz K: Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves". New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H Ostrom. Edited by: Gauthier J, Gall LF. 2001, New Haven, CT: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 7-41.Google Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
Product Description
Two explorers take an incredible expedition into the blistering Arabian Desert and turn up what many scholars believe to be one of the greatest discoveries in history: the real Mt. Sinai, the holy mountain on which Moses received the Ten Commandments.
This program tells the amazing story of how they crawl into forbidden military installations and use night vision goggles to avoid being detected as they pursue their mission and discover over a dozen significant remnants still remaining at the site. The explorers embark on a journey that would change their lives forever, finding remarkable evidence that confirms the Bible as historically accurate.
Weaving together real-life adventure, historical research and exclusive never-before-released footage, this exciting adventure leaps off the screen to document a story you'll never forget.Watch the movie trailer:
Purchase today and receive a free copy of THE SEARCH FOR THE REAL MT. SINAI EXPEDITION MAP
This large Mt. Sinai Expedition Map documents the routing and significant discoveries at various locations from the Mt. Sinai Expedition.
As a special added value, purchasing "The Search for the Real Mt. Sinai (DVD)" from WND's online store also qualifies you to receive three FREE issues of our acclaimed monthly print magazine, Whistleblower. Watch for the FREE offer during checkout.


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Monthly billing…
Wouldn't that be nice?
To have a constant stream of money flowing into your business…
If you've run a web business or been freelancing for a while, you know that cash-flow is as important as your revenue when it comes to running a healthy business.
Billing monthly helps immensely with creating a healthy cash-flow.
It also lets you create an actual forecast of what future earnings would actually be. You will know in March, what August and September will look like.
But how do you make the move to monthly billing?
In this article, I´ll give you one advice on just that.


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The internet never seems to amaze me as people utilize to gather funding for world changing ideas, business and then some ideas that are so insanely asinine you find yourself wondering "HOW COME I DIDN'T THINK OF THAT?" I stumbled across a kickstarter, where a guy is trying to crowd-fund his cross-country trek, to LOCATE. CAPTURE & KEEP every VHS copy of the 1994 box office smash "Speed" in existence. The creator of the titled "World Speed Project" Ryan Beitz currently owns more than 500 copies and has no plans of slowing down. With the money from the kickstart Ryan plans on fixing up his Bus to resemble the greyhound which was the set for 90% of the Sandra Bullock supported film. Donate to his kickstarter and if you want to get in on the action and shoot him over your VHS copy of "Speed" which maybe collecting dust, you can mail it to:
Chairman Ryan Beitz
The World Speed Project
20204 SR 195 Pullman, WA 99163 USA
Ryan is currently running a Kickstarter campaign to fix up his bus to resemble the one in the movie, and to purchase auto insurance so he can tour his collection around the country. Take part in the global effort and send any and all copies of Speed to:
Chairman Ryan Beitz The World Speed Project 20204 SR 195 Pullman, WA 99163 USA


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Enter Pope Benedict XVI. Announcing his September visit to the country, Mr Ratzinger slammed Britain's Equality Laws: "[s]ome of the legislation impose[d] unjust limitations on the freedom of religious communities to act in accordance with their beliefs", he wrote in a letter, adding that "[I]n some respects it actually violates the natural law upon which the equality of all human beings is grounded and by which it is guaranteed".
His coded words ring as a firm attack against the Government's measures to fight homophobia at all levels, including recent proposals to ban employment discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation. The Pope's words are exactly in line with his obsession with homosexuality. Last year he said that the need to save mankind from a "destructive" blurring of genders is "as important as saving the rainforests".
A conduct not dissimilar to years of Anglican Church supremos picking on the LGBT community, including recent moves by CoE bishops to block the Equality bill.
The good news is that luckily Britain is not a country where people look favourably to religious interference. Many wonder why this geezer in white feels he's any more entitled to stick his nose in and dictate what the statutory book says in Britain than an Islamist cleric saying that women should all walk around covered in a bin bag.
Also, the Pope may rattle on about "natural law", but we all remember how adamant the Church was to play down the scale of the sexual scandals involving Catholic priests throughout the Noughties. See how keen Ratzinger was to accuse the media of "exaggerating the crisis".
There's also another point: if only Mr Ratzinger was half as quick to step in when other issues are involved as he is when he barks against equality for sexual minorities.
He could have saved his breath to criticise the British involvement in Iraq, the UK's leading role in the arms trade, their politics in the Middle East, the plight of the millions hit by the economic crisis, even binge-drinking. Anything.
No. He chose to attack a law that says that no-one should be denied access to services and employment purely because they are gay. What a lovely, lovely old man. Of faith.


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Ever since its IPO in May of this year, the speculation on the value of Facebook has been fodder for analysts and everyday water cooler conversations. With a market debut price of $38 per share that quickly plummeted to $21 within 5 months, Facebook was quickly dismissed as an overhyped, hot headed upstart destined to follow in the footstep of other previously glorious dot.com / Web 2.0 splashes. Why the about face? Seems the Zuckerberg crew didn't have much of a clue on how to commercialize their nearly billion plus eyeballs and translate all those likes, posts and checkins into a viable long-term business model.
But is this the end of the story? Not quite, according to at least one analyst, Dan Niles, Senior Partner at Alpha One Capital Partners whose commentary I happened to catch on CNBC's 'Closing Bell' while I was across the pond last week. Originally aired back in July 2012, Niles declared he had become bullish on Facebook saying their fundamentals are starting to turn up in the form of a robust mobile strategy centered on sponsored news feeds that are starting to yield big ad revenue. According to Niles, Facebook's mobile ads generated around ten million back in June of this year, then began inching up to 15 million in the mid part of the third quarter and are expected to jump to 30 million by end of this year. But the big breakout ad revenue growth, Niles claims, is due to reach almost 2 billion next year. Hmm, Facebook may end up being a bit of the 'late bloomer' in the digital market, but why?
From Niles perspective, the Facebook IPO was mis-priced from the start considering the company's true maturity as an emerging player. There was a lot of mis-steps and poor execution in the early days as they struggled to transition from college dorm poking machine to global social operating platform. Nile points out, it's one thing to be a great company, but quite another to convert into a great stock. Now that Facebook has the focus on driving revenues and owns 50% of the global internet market, Niles believes the stock will come roaring back in the next two years – predicated they maintain their position as the dominant player in the social media market. Niles goes on to make some very well pointed comments on the ROI between Facebook, Google and Amazon and the rest of their brood – you can listen to the episode here.
If we look back in time a bit at the first dot.com wave, bubble and burst – a familiar pattern should emerge. The game changers launch the technology, it disrupts and causes new, unfamiliar business models that challenge conventional practices and the agency and advertiser community begin experimenting and eventually embrace and sort out the real players. This is how Amazon, eBay, Google, Netflix, Zappos and others rose up and are still standing today. I agree with Russ Fradin, who in his recent post History Proves It: You Should Be Bullish on Facebook and Twitter, said "The promise of Facebook and Twitter is long-term engagement with the audience." He points out that early Facebook innovation was driven by entrepreneurs and their experimentation paved the way for the mainstream business community to see the potential and begin adopting the platform. Now, the challenge is to harness the data from the platform to go deeper and turn 'likes' into real customer advocate relationships.
Time will tell and the debate on Facebook's value rages on – just search on "Facebook value" and you'll see scores of entries, currently many are still uncertain on it's outlook. What about you – are you pulling for the bull or the bear?


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Peter Gaveras, DVM
Dr. Peter Gaveras grew up in Milwaukee and currently lives in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. He received both an undergraduate degree and a DVM degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1981 and 1987 respectively.
Before joining our team in June 2015, Dr. Gaveras practiced at many other animal hospitals and emergency practices in Southeast Wisconsin. He has even practiced here at Silver Spring Animal Wellness Center in 2000-2003. We are thrilled to have him back on the team!
Dr. Gaveras' favorite part of being a veterinarian is celebrating the bond between his patients and their families. When not at work, he enjoys photography, going to jazz concerts and working towards his pilot's license. He and his wife Deb enjoy three cats at home — Charlotte, Willy and Mecia.
Katie Heinrich, DVM
Dr. Heinrich has been part of the Silver Spring Animal Wellness Center team since June of 2006. A local, she grew up in Greendale, Wisconsin and now resides in Cedarburg. Dr. Heinrich received her BS degree in Biochemistry from Marquette University in 2002 and her DVM degree from the University of Wisconsin in 2006. Dr. Heinrich then joined us after graduating from veterinary school. We are so pleased she chose to practice at Silver Spring Animal Wellness Center!
Dr. Heinrich's medical interests include dermatology, internal medicine, holistic medicine, and pain management. She has been a practicing acupuncturist for many years. As TMJ4's veterinary "Ask the Expert," Dr. Heinrich has offered advice and pet health information to the community bi-weekly on the live news over the past several years. Dr. Heinrich is excited to offer her skills, compassion, and expertise to pets in need throughout the Milwaukee area.
Becky Moss, DVM
Dr. Moss joined our team in July 2013. A native of the Milwaukee-Whitefish Bay area, she now resides in Fox Point, WI. Dr. Moss completed undergraduate studies at the University of Wisconsin, graduating in May 2004. She then went on to earn a DVM degree at the University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine in May 2009.
After graduation, Dr. Moss completed an internship in emergency medicine, internal medicine, and surgery at the Veterinary Hospital of the Carolinas in Raleigh, NC. She then spent two-and-a-half years at Legion Road Animal Clinic, a multi-doctor general practice in Chapel Hill, NC. Dr. Moss relocated to Houston, TX in summer 2012, where she practiced at a large corporate general practice before finally moving back to Wisconsin and joining Silver Spring Animal Wellness Center.
Monique Vanden Heuvel, DVM
Dr. Vanden Heuvel ("Dr. V") joined the Silver Spring Animal Wellness Center team in June 2016. She grew up in Onalaska, WI where her desire to work with animals was ignited. After obtaining a Bachelor of Science degree in Animal Science and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, she was commissioned as a captain in the US Army in June 2005.
Dr. V and her husband, Collin Vanden Heuvel, were stationed in California where she served three years at Naval Air Station Lemoore as the Officer in Charge (OIC) of the veterinary hospital on base. While leading and training a troop of soldiers, her main focus was to ensure the health and deployability of Military Working Dogs (MWDs) to Iraq and Afghanistan during war.


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I thought the images worked well in circles and for a splash of colour, I die cut each circle in either pink or orange, two of my very favourite colours when put together, in Bazzill card.
Tuesday, 3 May 2011
Enjoy The Journey
I thought the images worked well in circles and for a splash of colour, I die cut each circle in either pink or orange, two of my very favourite colours when put together, in Bazzill card.
8 comments:
Both great but I totally love the balloon one,ReplyDelete
Liz x
Two more fabulous makes. I Love how you've gone 'around' the card to show the around the world stamps - perfect!... and the Balloon card is just wonderful.ReplyDelete
Love Lynda xxxx
- Anonymous3 May 2011 at 14:11
Both are beautiful creations, but my favourite is the hot air balloons. :)ReplyDelete
- Anonymous3 May 2011 at 19:36
Fabulous Emma; so original and interesting! I love the idea of going in a hot air balloon but think I'd be terrified!ReplyDelete
Fabulous cards, especially love the embossed background to the "around the world" one.ReplyDelete
Hope you managed to warm up today - my son said exactly the same thing this morning (he's based in Docklands)
Two more great cards, Emma. I especially like the balloons up in the clouds.ReplyDelete
Good luck with your Zumba. My SIL goes to a Zumba class and says it's the biggest laugh ever.
Hugs Lisax
Hey beautiful...ReplyDelete
Well... what can I say..! You know I absolutely adore your creations, and you have not disappointed here!
I love them all! I meant to leave a comment on your beautiful royal wedding celebration card, but got distracted going over to KW and buying that stamp!
It's hard to choose a favourite, but that one and the two london ones are right up there as my faves. I was squealing in mums ear sunday watching your cards on tv! Stunning!
Chat to you soon.
love ya
josie xxxx
oh boy...don't I know about journeys! ;p but they're often just as exciting and interesting as the destination! ;)ReplyDelete
the first card has some of the wonderful locations I'd like to visit one day...iconic landmarks all! the layering and images are superb!
and the second card is a perfect example of the journey being more important than where you're headed! to ride in a hot air balloon would be amazing! :D love the colours and the 3D effect...it's as if they're soaring!
wonderfully done! :D
Thank you for all your comments and messages, they are all appreciated and I hope you'll come back and visit again soon...
Emma ~xx


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Today we're proud to announce the release of the FastMail app for your iPhone, iPad, iPod and Android devices. You can get it right now from the App Store (iOS) or the Play Store (Android).
Our apps have been designed to combine our lightning-fast mobile web app with device features normally only available to native apps, most notably push notifications.
On Android, you'll even find support for your smartwatch!
More information about the FastMail app is available in our help.


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In a large pot filled with water, add onion, bay leaf, peppercorns, and salt. Bring to a boil and cook the lobsters, and cook about 8 minutes. Remove the lobsters from the pot and allow them to cool.
Make the dressing: Put all the ingredients into a blender and puree until smooth. Taste and adjust seasoning with salt and pepper.
Pour 2 inches of vegetable oil into a deep pot and heat it to 375 degrees F.
Peel the plantains and slice them into 1/4-inch thick slices on the diagonal. Fry the plantains in batches until they are crispy, about 5 minutes. Drain on paper towels and season them with salt.
Remove the meat from the tails and slice into 1/4-inch slices. Slice hearts of palm into 1/4-inch disks. In a bowl, combine lobster meat, hearts of palm, and onion; add some of the dressing and toss gently to combine; taste and adjust seasoning. Place several plantain slices on a plate and generously pile on the salad. Garnish with cilantro leaves and lime wedges.


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- Home
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- Lulu Loft Drawer Storage: White
Lulu Loft Drawer Storage: White
Product Description
The light airy cottage design of the Lulu youth bedroom collection features a replicated white paint finish flowing beautifully over the grooved panels and embossed bead framing to make this innovative furniture an inviting addition to any child's bedroom. Replicated white paint. Grooved panels and embossed bead framing drawers. Rolling trundle storage box enables the option of storage or bed. Side roller glides for smooth operating drawers. Twin (52) and full (87) headboards can attach to a bolt-on metal bed frame B100-21. B100-11, B100-12 roll slats can be used in substitution of a box spring on the twin or full panel beds.
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Acadien Boat Brokers, Marine Sales and Services,
Commercial Boats, Fishing Boats, Used Boat Sales, Yachts.
If you are looking for boat brokering services; such as used boat sales, commercial boats, or various sizes of fishing boats, look to Acadien Boat Brokers and Marine Services for a solution.We have been in the fishing business for over 14 years, and we know our boats! Whether you are looking to buy a commercial boat, yachts for sale, or a licensed fishing boat, we have the expertise to help you find what you need.
If you are buying a boat, regardless of the type (House Boat or Yachts, ...), you can trust Acadien to help you make the right decision. We will take every necessary step to make sure the boat is sea worthy, and a purchase you will be satisfied with for a long time.
If you are a buyer looking for a boat or fishing license , we can help you find what you're looking for. A satisfied customer is the number one priority in our business, which means taking the time to do it right and taking care of number one: You!!
Acadien Marine Brokers, Fishing Gear, Fishing Licenses,
Mooring, Boat Financing, Captain Services.
The Gear deck is a page offering different types of fishing gear and marine gear that customers have for sale, with direct phone numbers you can call to get more information.
The Captain Service deck is a page where you can inform me of the type of vessel you have, and if you would like us to sail it to a particular destination for you while you travel to your destination by other means. Instead of spending all those long days at sea trying to get to your vacation spot, let us have your vessel there when you arrive so you can enjoy your vacation and relax in your vessel instead of in a hotel.
The Financing deck is a page where you can find financing options to buy the boat of your dreams. At times, the vessel you want to at buy is available with payment options, so please contact us before considering financing options.For the Atlantic US, we suggest some financial institutions in Boston, MA, New York, and various areas of Maine.For Atlantic Canada and the Maritimes, there are many institutions, such as Scotia Bank, and the Bank of Montreal.
We deal with many different types of fishing licenses , such as crab licenses, lobster licenses, and other miscellaneous licenses.
Please feel free to contact us any time for more information on listing your vessel or licenses. Thank you for visiting our website and please feel free to tell your friends about our services.