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For the record, I still feel mandatory country-of-origin labeling (COOL) is a waste of time, energy and dollars.
So, before anyone accuses me of flip-flopping on this issue — let me start by pointing out that the headline is simply a statement of fact that the COOL rules are written — not an endorsement.
To the point about dollars, USDA estimates the total first-year costs to all firms directly affected by the rules at $2.5 billion. They estimate the cost per producer at $376, for intermediaries at $53,948, and $235,500 for retailers.
That's a pretty hefty tab on a program that adds little or no value to the consumer, who is already plenty peeved about higher grocery bills.
If the concept had real merit, you can bet your paycheck that retailers would have launched a voluntary program years ago.
Regardless of how we feel about it, shortly after you receive this edition of National Hog Farmer, COOL requirements will be enacted. After nearly six years on a bumpy path, the USDA on July 29 issued the Interim Final Rule on mandatory COOL implementation and earmarked Sept. 30, 2008 as the official start date.
Commodities subject to COOL include the muscle cuts and ground meat products from beef, lamb, chicken, goat and pork sold at retail. The rule also covers wild and farm-raised fish and shellfish, fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables, raw peanuts, pecans, macadamia nuts — and ginseng, the "root of heaven," commonly used in southeastern Asian countries for its medicinal qualities. I'm told the most sought-after ginseng is found in the wild and its whereabouts is often tightly guarded — so good luck with that!
USDA has urged retailers to begin phasing in COOL, setting in motion a domino effect that will impact everyone down the food chain, including you at the load-out door of your finishing barn.
Here are the Rules
USDA has established four labeling categories for the commodities covered in the COOL rules:
"Product of the U.S." — These animals must be born, raised and slaughtered in the United States.
"Product of U.S. and Country 'X'" — The contents of this product may have originated in multiple countries. Hamburger, for example, might read: "May include product of U.S. and countries X, Y and Z."
"Product of Country 'X' and U.S." — Animals imported for immediate slaughter in the United States, such as market hogs from Canada.
"Product of Country 'X'" — This category accounts for finished products ready for sale.
Your packer must tell you what documentation is required on cull breeding stock and market hogs.
All along, I've felt it would be far more logical to require identification of only those animals that were not born, raised and/or slaughtered in the United States, leaving those and/or born raised elsewhere with the identification and documentation chore. Of course, that sort of logic eludes Washington.
To their credit, however, they did make allowances for animals that are part of the U.S. National Animal Identification System or the official identification systems in Canada and Mexico, so long as they have the appropriate ear tag or body markings.
The official rule reads: "Any person engaged in the business of supplying a covered commodity to a retailer, whether directly or indirectly, must maintain records to establish and identify the immediate previous source (if applicable) and immediate subsequent recipient of a covered commodity for a period of one year from the date of transaction."
Records You'll Need
The records you use for day-to-day operations, with individuals or groups of pigs identified, will fulfill the COOL requirements. Birth records, receiving records, purchase records, animal health papers, sales receipts, animal inventory documents, feeding records, breeding stock information and other normal documents used to track everyday production are examples.
The USDA-AMS rule considers a producer affidavit "acceptable evidence," provided it is documented by someone with "first-hand knowledge of the origin of the animals and identifies the animals unique to the transaction."
By the way, animals born or imported before July 15, 2008 will be grandfathered in as U.S. origin.
Iowa State agricultural economist John Lawrence boils it down to five easy points:
Be proactive and show good faith.
Develop an identification policy and stick to it.
Maintain normal business records at the farm and make them available within five days, if audited.
Be sure an affidavit accompanies all animal movements.
Keep track of all pig movements one step forward (who you sell to) and one step back (who you acquire pigs from) and keep those records for one year.
Additional information about COOL can be found at www.ams.usda.gov/cool.


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To buyers, the exterior of the home can be just as important as the inside. In fact, the outside areas are what buyers see first before entering a home during a visit. And because first impressions matter, an unkempt garden, messy curb, and poorly maintained walkways can turn off buyers at first glance. You can end up spending thousands of dollars on interior renovations, but if your home looks unattractive on the outside, buyers won't care for your property.
Curb appeal is therefore important to consider when selling your home. Maintaining a neat, tidy and attractive curb can make your property attract potential buyers.
Get More Views for your Online Listing
Online listings have become the most popular channel through which buyers look for a home. In fact, 90% of buyers start their search for a new home online. If your online listings have beautiful photos of the exterior of your home, you are likely to attract more views and generate more interest in your property.
An unattractive exterior may cause buyers to simply click past your listing without giving your offer much thought. Buyers tend to judge a property based on how it looks from the outside. Curb appeal is therefore essential towards gaining more views online.
Entice Buyers into Your Home
When buyers are visiting a home, an attractive exterior is enough to keep their mouths watering and desiring to see more. If they were initially skeptical of your property, an attractive curb can help to loosen up the buyer and make them give your home some serious thought. First impressions matter and an attractive exterior can help buyers visualize the property as their own home.
It can also be challenging to convince buyers who are turned off by a messy exterior to consider just the inside of the property. Buyers want to make sure that they're getting the best deal possible, and a poor exterior coupled with a good interior comes across as a 50/50 deal. This is often not good enough.
More Negotiating Power
With curb appeal, you already have a head start over the buyer in terms of negotiating power. An attractive curb can cause a buyer to fall in love with your property at first sight. This can make them more willing to pay a higher price than what they had originally planned.
In addition, if you emphasize how much you invested to make the home look attractive both on the inside and outside, buyers can appreciate your efforts and feel like they're getting a good deal.
Maintain a Neat Lawn
Your lawn is probably the first thing that buyers will notice when they view pictures or visit your property. Keep your lawn neat by planting fresh grass seeds and removing weeds and pests. Choose the best seed for your particular climate, such as bluegrass seed for the Cleveland, OH region. These seeds fair very well in cold temperatures.
Repair Walkways
If your walkways have cracked stones or grass growing on the paths, it can make your exterior look untidy. Make sure you replace cracked stones and maintain a sharp border between the lawn and the walkway. Some popular border options to consider for your landscape include concrete, brick, and metal.
Exterior Painting
You may have applied a fresh coat of paint inside your home, but what about the outside? Having faded, weathered and worn out sidings can turn away buyers. Make sure you also paint your siding in a color that complements the theme of your home. Colors such as grays and earth tones are a safe option for sidings.
Pressure Wash Outside Areas
Tough stains and dirt commonly accumulate on siding, walkways, and driveways. A cost-effective tip is to pressure-wash this accumulated dirt in order to have a clean, tidy exterior. Proper pressure washing can help you save on costly renovations to outside areas.
Take the Right Photos
Because buyers are likely to first see your home online, taking the best photos of your exterior can help to further enhance curb appeal. Make sure you take professional photos that boost the best features of the outside of your home.
If you have an attractive long walkway that leads to the front door, make sure the photos highlight that strength. Photos go a long way towards attracting potential buyers.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
20 Jul 2017
Infowars.com: Alex Jones Talks To Craig Sawyer, Yes, AmericasFund.me Came Through
I just texted with Craig Sawyer about any updates he had with Vets For Child Rescue. He sent me a couple links with some interview updates. Please support his excellent work at Vets4ChildRescue.org. I am very disheartened that people would try to discharge their donations to his work and all
30 Jul 2016
My Alternative #HILLARYJAWS InfoWars.com Entry
This version is the reason I absolutely don't trust her and despise her. Never forget U.S. Ambassador, J. Christopher Stevens, Tyrone Woods, Sean Smith and Glen Doherty.


text:
A social media policy is a strategic document for any organization. So it is important to get input from key stakeholders in developing the policy. Fleet (2009) suggests involving Senior Management, Marketing/PR, IT, Human Resources, and the Legal branch. Whilst his guidelines are aimed at the corporate world, libraries and information services could adapt these to include Library Management, IT, HR, Marketing/PR, teaching staff and relevant library staff and the legal branch.
Five key points for inclusion in a social media policy could be:
- State the purpose of the policy and define what is social media means to the organization. Address the different types of applications such as blogs, Twitter, Facebook and other emerging technologies (Kroski, 2009). The policy should be framed on things that internal staff or students can do rather than what they cannot do using social media. Establish guidelines to manage risks and protect internal employees and external clients. Consider who your audience will be so all groups are examined when writing the policy. Keep the policy short and focused so users will be able to access it easily.
- All contributors should take responsibility for what they write, exercise common sense and sound judgement (Lauby, 2009) and be guided by the code of conduct. Whatever material is up on social media needs to be age appropriate, ethically sound and portray the view of the organisation to benefit existing and prospective clients.
- Respect copyright and fair use of materials by encouraging all contributors to acknowledge any original work posted. Through ethical and legal use of materials a positive tone will be created for the overall use of social media and the interactions that will follow.
- Understand the concept of community as social media is about connecting and having a conversation with your community. The content and tone must be positive so online experience is pleasant and valuable for all parties. All parties must respect each other's privacy and maintain confidentiality.
- Productivity matters – within a work environment it is important for staff to know the guidelines for using social media during work time whether for study purposes, professional development or personal use. For students guidelines need to be established as the appropriate amount of time spent on various forms of social media. Finding the right balance between social media use and work will safeguard organizational and personal productivity.
Social media is ubiquitous and establishing a policy that sets the boundaries and empowers employees and clients' use of the various social media tools will contribute to a positive social networking experience for all. Many organisations already have existing communication policies and social media policy can evolve from these. For social media policy to be effective there needs to be some staff training to leverage the benefits. As new social media tools are emerging rapidly the policy must be revised frequently so the guidelines are consistent with new technology developments.
Fleet, D. (2009, 18 October). Social Media policies [e-book]. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/davefleet/social-media-policies-ebook
Kroski, E. (2009). Why should your library have a Social Media Policy? Retrieved from http://www.schoollibraryjournal.com/article/CA6699104.html
Lauby, S. (2009, 6 February). 10 Must-Haves for Your Social Media Policy,[web log]. Retrieved from http://mashable.com/2009/06/02/social-media-policy-musts/


text:
Welcome Justice Gorsuch
Sign the card.
Neil Gorsuch was confirmed to the Supreme Court of the United States!
Voters elected Donald Trump because he vowed to appoint a mainstream conservative to the highest court in the land, and he delivered on that promise.
Join us in congratulating Justice Gorsuch!
Sign the card.
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text:
Red Springs Disc Jockeys (DJs) -
events for Weddings & more in Red Springs NC
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text:
I like playing the contrasting roles. It what inspires me to act. If I look back on my career I am happy that I have gotten to play a wide variety of different roles, from Mike Dexter, to Van Ray in Fast Lane, to Dr. Cullen to Coop.
Peter Facinelli


text:
Tony's Reading List
Too lazy to be a writer - too egotistical to be quiet
Just who is Tony, and what exactly is his Reading List?
Something a Little Different...
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Sunday, 16 December 2012
January in Japan Giveaway
Over at the
January in Japan
blog, I'm giving away a book to celebrate the fact that the event is getting ever closer - and a great book it is too! What is it? Well, you'll just have to
pop over
and find out for yourself ;)
Posted by
January in Japan
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text:
Most Lolita fashions come from direct from Japan but there are plenty of gothic lolita shops online that sell all kinds of lolita fashions.
Anime Festival & Fashion Show in New York http://www.babyssb.co.jp/ featuring Baby The Stars Shine Bright Gothic Lolita Line.
Angelic Pretty is a sweet lolita style website. http://www.jp-stores.com/welt/shop/we60157/
http://www.cosmates.jp/ mostly a Japanese costume shop sells all kinds of gothic lolita dresses.
If you are looking for elegent gothic lolita fashion visit http://www.metamorphose.gr.jp/english/
Candy Violet Lolita is an american company that has plus sizes http://www.candyviolet.com/


text: For Days 114-116, students will be working on a coding challenge. I am having students code a series of calculators in Python using Cloud9 IDE to eventually build up to a stoichiometry calculator. Today, we started by coding a basic mass -> moles calculator if the mass and molar mass are provided by the user. Most students in my double-blocked classes were able to additionally code a solution volume -> moles calculator. This challenge was a little trickier because I had students assume the input volume was in mL. Over the next 3 days, students will additionally work their way through a gas volume -> moles calculator, a mole calculator that takes any input (mass, sol'n volume, gas volume) and finally a stoichiometry calculator that takes any input and returns any output.


text:
(This article was first published on Win-Vector Blog » R, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)
Please forward and share this discount offer for our upcoming book. Manning Deal of the Day February 22: Half off Practical Data Science with R. Use code dotd022214au at www.manning.com/zumel/.
To leave a comment for the author, please follow the link and comment on their blog: Win-Vector Blog » R.
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From the community
We have two databases of same company by accident on two computers. How can they be combined into a single database?
From the answer: It can not be done in QB, you need a third party data transfer utility this is one I know of, I am not affiliated http://www.q2q.us/dtuoverview.htm
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how do you setup qbboks for lending money for real estate investments
From the answer: don't.... get financial loan software, QB can not do the daily interest charge for a loan, and it does not do the IRS 1098 form
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dollar signs on financial statement totals
From the answer: Hi, steveb5165 .... Inserting a currency symbol on a financial report in QuickBooks desktop is currently unavailable.
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I want to be able to create an electronic backup for a certain date range ('10-'15) w/o collecting data from more recent periods.Can this be done in QB 2018 Premier Acct?
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My original computer has crashed. I am on a laptop and need to download QB to it so that I can restore my database and continue my work. Peggy Carruth
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how change Admin password in QB Pro 2000 Desktop? please need help
From the answer: There is only one Admin user, in any file.... The Admin uses the Set up User/Passwords function from the Company menu.


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Experience the next generation of wireless earbuds with FRESHeBUDS PRO. These magnetized earbuds turn on when pulled apart and automatically pair to your smartphone or Bluetooth-enabled device. FRESHeBUDS Pro is lighter, has a smoother fit, and better sound quality than the best selling FRESHeBUDS.
FRESHeBUDS PRO Magnetized Bluetooth Earbuds
- Magnetic earbuds offer new and intuitive controls
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- Answer calls straight from the earbuds with a built-in microphone
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text:
It's time for another Free Tip. Eintracht Frankfurt vs 1 FC Nürnberg coming up.
Our football tipster Burt Freeman can help you WIN.
Get the Free Tip HERE.
"Eintracht Frankfurt will want some sort of lead to take into the second leg and will need to go for it from the start and i expect them to go for it from the start of this match so we go for a five point win bet at best odds 1.95 with unibet."


text:
The Dreaded Growth Charts. Is Your "Underweight" Baby Actually Normal?
My friend recently delivered a gorgeous, healthy 6lb baby girl. Her weight was below average but certainly healthy. Her daughter gained weight at every checkup, but remained in the 10th percentile, some way below the average line. She exclusively breastfed, and her doctor told her, fairly brusquely, that her baby was not getting enough to eat, and she should supplement with formula. She left the appointment in tears.
After a conference with mom's friends, she sought out another pediatrician for a second opinion. Doctor #2 examined her baby, and asked some questions. "How often does she nurse?" Every two hours. "Is she peeing, and pooping?" Plenty. "Does she seem happy most of the time?" Yes. "Your baby is perfectly healthy. You are doing a great job. Go home and carry on breastfeeding. She doesn't need any formula."
Telling a mom that her baby is underweight is one of the worst things a doctor can say, implying baby is underfed, starving and neglected, and to breastfeeding moms, that your body is not working properly. Many moms across the country hear it every day from a doctor pointing at a growth chart and feel that same awful feeling my friend did. Many moms quit or reduce breastfeeding to supplement with formula, or start encouraging baby to feed or nurse more and more to attain that perfect weight.
But hold on. Did you know that the modern growth charts are based on data gathered in the 1970's about a small group of wealthy, white, high-protein formula fed babies in middle America? Hardly representative of the general population.
Breastfed babies are well known to naturally grow more slowly than formula fed babies, and high-protein formula fed babies grow fastest of all. The charts used by your pediatrician today are from heavier-than-average babies. Growth charts were reformulated in 2000 to include more breastfed babies, but more recent studies encompassing a wide variety of social and ethnic groups, breastfed and formula fed babies, still show that the "real" average baby is still somewhat lighter than the charts would have you believe.
The result is that doctors are telling many moms to feed normal weight babies more food.
Obviously there's a lot of self-protection from doctors here. Most doctors would err on the side of caution and tell a mom to feed baby more, rather than risk a future lawsuit over a malnourished baby.
Well, the doctors have covered themselves, but what about mom and baby? Aside from making new mothers feel bad, overfeeding a perfectly healthy, normal weight baby leads to health problems in later life. Encouraging a full baby to eat more interferes with the natural feedback that stops overeating, and may lead to obesity later in life.
The World Heath Organization is reviewing data from the recent studies, and is considering bringing in new, more relevant charts. Hopefully more healthy babies will be left to decide how much they want to eat, and it will be easier for doctors to identify babies who really are underfed, or have a medical problem preventing them eating or digesting their food.
Have you been at the receiving end of a doctor unjustly telling you that your baby is underfed? How did you deal with it?
Source -Babies Overfed To Meet Flawed Ideal, New Scientist


text:
FCC Vacates MSO Fines Over Switched Digital Video
The Federal Communications Commission has vacated orders fining Time Warner Cable and Cox Communications for deploying switched digital video, in another sign the agency is becoming friendlier to cable.
The FCC's Enforcement Bureau, in one of the last actions under former chairman Kevin Martin, in January issued orders fining the two operators for moving some channels from their broadcast lineups to switched digital video, which made that programming inaccessible to CableCard-based devices like TiVo digital video recorders.
In a decision released June 26, the FCC vacated those forfeiture orders, saying switched digital video does not violate rules relating to programming accessibility by such third-party cable-ready devices. "We base this decision on a plain reading of our rules, the potential consumer benefits of SDV deployment, and other factors that limit the potential scope of consumer disruption," the agency said.
The FCC said rules regarding access by unidirectional digital cable products "were not intended to provide access to bidirectional services or to freeze all one-way cable programming services in perpetuity."
The previous orders covered Time Warner Cable Oceanic's Oahu and Kauai systems and Cox's Fairfax County, Va., system. The Enforcement Bureau had levied $20,000 fines on each system; both operators on Feb. 18 filed petitions for reconsideration of the orders.
The FCC upheld the forfeiture order against TWC relating to the bureau's finding that the migration of programming to an SDV platform constitutes a "change in service" requiring 30-day advanced written notice to the relevant local franchise authority.
FCC commissioner Robert McDowell concurred that the migration of programming to a switched digital video platform does not violate FCC rules, but emphasized that SDV deployment requires notification to local franchising authorities and customers. He said, in part, in a statement that SDV "also can serve the public interest by allowing cable operators to comply with the commission's 'viewability' rules and deliver more programming options, including HD channels and niche programming, without displacing significant numbers of existing channels."
Cox and Time Warner Cable separately said the FCC decision was good for consumers, as did their SDV vendor, BigBand Networks.
The FCC also recently approved waivers for two low-cost digital transport adapters, or DTAs, from Evolution Broadband, to its integrated set-top ban. Other vendors have since sought waivers for similar devices.


text:
Copwatch should always be done in groups, as you are much less likely to encounter trouble. decide on your roles before you begin – you could all act as bystanders, or one person could be a 'point person' tog get closer and try to obtain more details (cops' names, car number, etc.). if you have enough people, one person could pretend to be totally unrelated to your group.
When you copwatch, try to get as much information, including:
- the day, time, and exact location of the incident
- the officer's name, badge number, and physical description and station number
- where anyone arrested will be taken
- witnesses' names, addresses, and telephone numbers
- vehicle or license numbers for any police vehicles involved in the incident
- any other evidence including videos, tapes, photographs, and complete descriptions of police actions and any resulting injuries (if there were injuries, include whether or not medical attention was offered by the police).
- record everything you can. if you feel that it is warranted, you can call 911. try tohold off on telling them that it's the police until the very end, but be factual. all 911 calls are recorded and relatively hard to 'lose,' and this can come a legally useful report.
- you can also call a friend's voicemail and describe what is happening as it happens
Know your rights while copwatching !
Copwatching tips:
- be legal: ensure that you follow the letter of the law both at the scene of the incident and after you leave. this includes obvious things like not having any drugs, alcohol, or illegal weapons on your person or in your system. being legal also includes things like ensuring you don't jaywalk as you leave the scene. if you're driving away, ensure that you and all of your passengers are wearing seatbelts, and that you are not playing unnecessarily loud music. don't give cops the excuse to bust you
- remember that you are there to defuse the situation not to escalate it. don't encourage the police to arrest people as a way of getting back at you because of your attitude. be polite but firm. walk, don't run, and avoid sudden movements around them
- carry information including rights cards, flyers, and legal information that you can give to people subject to harassment. you could even try carrying around a police complaint form to distribute to any other bystanders that witness the event.
- trying to speak to an arrestee directly will usually get you in trouble. try loudly talking to your companions about what rights people have (ie. right to remain silent, right to a lawyer, etc.)
- be prepared to stay until the stop is concluded
- have educational conversations. speak to onlookers about rights, police brutality, what citizens can do, and community alternatives. if faced with a legal question, its' always better to say 'I don't know' than to give out mistaken information'
- be careful leaving the area. cops can follow, ticket or otherwise target copwatchers a few blocks from where the copwatch took place. don't relax your guard.
- try to give the arrestee a way to contact you or vice versa. this is not to say that you should give your name or get their name in front of the police. give your name only if you are comfortable with the police getting it
- collect other witness statements if possible
- be prepared to follow through. if you couldn't get an arrestee's name and you feel that the situation was severe, or that their mistreatment will continue, then go to the station they were taken to. loudly and firmly ask the details of their charges, explain what you saw, and ask to make a complaint against the officers. this will put them on notice that people are concerned and will follow through and it may stop a back-room beating.
- if you are comfortable doing an 'aggressive' copwatch then you can introduce yourself when approaching the scene and explain that you are doing a copwatch. you can ask the cops why they are detaining/arresting people, or try to directly inform the arrestee of his/her rights. This can get you arrested.
- know the laws: if you can quote laws of refer to them knowledgeably, you are probably one up on the cops and can get them to 'back off' a detainee they are treating badly
- remember that in a really bad situation the cops may smash or steal ("confiscate") your equipment to keep you from having evidence against them. if the situation looks like trouble, have one of your group walk away with what evidence is gathered.
- be prepared to be arrested. having some ID and a little cash on you can help you get out faster
Copwatching should always be done in groups; however, there may be times when you are witness to an extreme incident that you will end up copwatching alone. remember that in the absence of other witnesses, you – and your potential evidence – are at a high risk. don't give the cops any reason to mistreat you. stay perfectly legal, stay far back from the incident, and don't try to engage the cops. if the situation involves violence, call 911.
possible charges:
- assault police: the offence of assault includes not only touching someone without their consent, but also attempting or threatening by acts or gestures to apply force to another person. assault police is a special charge that applies to an assault on a peace officer in the execution of his/her duty. avoid by: ensuring that all communication with the police is as calm and polite as possible. if things get heated, try reciting rights as a tool to keep you calm.
- obstruct police: wilful interference with (or obstruction of) a peace officer in the execution of his/her duty. this can include preventing an arrest, lying to police, and refusing to move after a police officer asks you to do so. avoid by: stay back from the police. if they ask you to back up further, do it (but try walking backwards with your camera still on while you obey!).
- unlawful assembly: you can commit this offence by getting together with 2 other people '(at least) with intent to carry out some common purpose, and you assemble in a manner that causes those nearby to fear that (a) you will 'disturb the peace tumultuously' or (b) you will needslsly and without reasonable cause provoke others to 'disturb the peace tumultuously". avoid by: again, staying calm. a cool head is your best weapon.
what behaviour is abusive behaviour
all police officers in quebec (surete, municipal police, etc.) are subject to the Police Code of Thics. This Code demands that a police officer behave in a way that preserves the confidence and respect required by his position. a police officer must not:
- use obscene, blasphemous, or insulting language
- act or make statements based on race, colour, sex, sexual orientation, religion, political convictions, language, age, social condition, disability, etc.
- treat a person impolitely or without respect
- forget or refuse to identify him/herself with an official document when a person asks her to forget to wear a prescribed identification mark (badge, insignia, uniform, etc.) in his/her direct relations with members of the public
- abuse her authority in her relations with the public (threats, harassment, use of unnecessary force, etc.)
- disobey the law (for example, illegal arrest or detention)
to avoid all forms of abuse of authority, the Code of Ethics forbids police officers from doing the following things:
- using more force than is necessary
- making threats, intimidating or harassing people
- intentionally accusing another person without justification
- abusing his authority in order to obtain a statement or admission
- detaining a person who is not under arrest for purposes of interrogation
this does not mean that police officers will not act in these ways. it just means that if you witness this kind of police behaviour, you are justified in making a complaint
complaint process
- directly at police station or comité de déontologie policière
- must be in writing
- person has to submit it no later than one year after either the event itself, or after the person learned of the event upon which the complaint is based
- if the person complaining asks them, the members of the staff of the office of the Comité must help the person write the complaint and evenhelp him to identify the evidence needed to back it up
- any person can complain to the office of the Comité de déontologie policière
- be submitted within the one-year time limit
- concern a police officer in the exercise of his duties
- allege a violation of the Code of Ethics of Québec police officers
for a complaint to be dealt with it must:


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Become a member of Cornucopia's Giving Society
You can make a substantial difference in the lives of so many friends and family members journeying with cancer by joining Cornucopia's Giving Society. Your donation will help ensure that we meet our mission every day: to be a place where anyone journeying with cancer can find the support and resources they need to live life to the fullest.
Learn More About Giving Back
Why Join?
Read how Cornucopia serves anyone journeying with cancer here
Benefits and Recognition
Learn more about the benefits and recognition for each category here.
Donate a Gift / Make a Pledge
Access the gift/pledge form here.
Giving Society Categories
Gift of Compassion – $5,000
Gift of Hope – $10,000
Gift of Abundance – $20,000
Gift of Endurance – $50,000
For additional information, please contact Mary Lawrence, President and CEO, at 919-401-9333 or by email at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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I've been using the buttons provided by Google on my blog. Actually, we can call it as Web 2.0 buttons. Definitely, you may want to apply such professional looking buttons instead of undesirable links on your blog. Let see we can use the Web 2.0 buttons.
On Subscription Box
Watch on the top right sidebar of this blog, you'll see the subscribe button. Now, compare that subscribe button with your blog's subscription button. But the stupid Internet Explorer doesn't supports for curved buttons. So it may be undesirable view on Internet Explorer.
As Read More Button
Go to the Homepage of this blog. And watch for the Continue Reading button that you can see below each post. This one is click able. When you see that button you may intend to click it.
Have you noticed that each of the Blogger Template which I have made consist of read more link?
Older Post and Newer Post
Many Blogger blog users were having problem with page navigation links. Older post, Newer Post and Home links were not visible but fortunately , I solved that problem. You can see these button on each post of this blog.
These are the existing place where I used Web 2.0 buttons. But, you can use everywhere that you want.
Let see how you can use this on your blog. First off all, download CSS code from here and upload it on your server. Add the Link to CSS where you have uploaded. For example: /style.css" type="text/css" />
Replace /style.css with the URL where you have hosted CSS code. Now, you are ready to use these button. Use this code to embed Web 2.0 buttons on your blog:
You found the complete information and tips from here.
Hope you've used such nice looking Web 2.0 buttons on your website and blog. Let me know if there is any obstacle and error while doing this process on your blog.


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Buying electronic parts is often very challenging. There are several stages where Buyers have to investigate the market for sources, prices, and availabilities. Several specific factors such as packaging, minimum order quantity and delivery requirements may also have a significant impact.
Optymo Essentials provides accurate and crucial information in real time for buyers to save time and money, to capitalize on their daily work and to add value rather than wasting time on tedious administrative tasks.
Click here to download the Optymo for Buyers Guide
Click here to download our Optymo Essentials Flowchart
Click here to watch our short Tutorial Video


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Wet Chick Dora Shower Outdoor
Fucking hot chick Dora taking shower outdoor. Watch her gone wet and horny ;) This wet chick dora shower outdoor pictures has 340 x 496 55 kb Jpeg. Wet chick dora shower outdoor is a popular picture for wallpaper. If you have a problem about intellectual property, child pornography or immature images with any of these pictures, please send report email to webmaster at Sexpornimages.com, we will remove it immediately.
- Previous Ann Angel Naked Schoolgirl


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> > > Unfortunately CSS 2.1 is not namespace aware. I'm not sure why, as > > > there are multiple interoperable implementations of the hitherto > > > somewhat underdocumented syntax agreed by the CSS WG in, erm, mumble, > > > 1998 or so. > > > > I think there is no excuse for not including namespace selectors in > > CSS2.1, as this style language is expected to format XML documents, > > without namespace selectors it is just incomplete. > > The "excuse" is that we had a feature freeze for CSS2.1 about two years > ago. :-) Unlike the case of CSS2 historical reasons does not sound in case of CSS2.1 that appeared after XML namespaces REC. > CSS can do this; Selectors is in CR, which gives you the selector part of > your example, and the @namespace rule and CSS3 Content (the two other > parts) are in the pipeline Very well but I want to see namespace selectors and namespace aware attr() function to be implemented in browsers. CSS2.1 most probably will be implemented while namespace enhancements scattered in different CSS3 drafts may not be. At the moment only Mozilla seems to be able to get content: attr(foo|name); properly while Opera, MSIE and Prince fail (did not try Safari yet).Received on Wednesday, 27 April 2005 11:03:47 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Monday, 2 May 2016 14:27:18 UTC


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- Please call us for FREE help:
- (866) 531-0695
Pitman Manor
535 N Oak Ave, PITMAN, NJ
- Nursing Home
- Assisted Living
- Senior Community
- Alzheimer's Care
- Continued Care Community
Payment Options
- Medicare Yes
- Medicaid Yes
- Veteran's Benefits No
- Long Term Care Insurance Yes
- Subsidy Available Yes
Are You the Community Manager?
If you are associated with Pitman Manor , click the Claim Listing button to contact a representative about a free listing with our referral program.
- Nationwide Network of Care Advisors
- Work with 25,000 families each month
- Market your community with Photos, Videos, FAQ
User Reviews
Description of Pitman Manor in PITMAN, NJ
Built In 1974 , Number of Beds : 72
When you need in-home care for yourself or a loved one, Pitman Manor offers a full-range of services as well as a compassionate, skilled staff. Assistance includes help with daily activities, personal care, and respite. Pitman Manor also offers assisted living, independent living, in-home care and rehab. For seniors who cherish their independence but still need a helping hand with daily activities, an assisted living program is designed for exactly such a lifestyle. Come experience true freedom, but one with compassionate care always nearby! Assisted living communities have many benefits. Research suggests that seniors who live near their peers and have a variety of social activities feel a greater sense of well-being. With assisted living, you'll enjoy senior-friendly homes and a welcoming staff. Other services you'll find include around-the-clock supervision and security, access to professional nurses, emergency call systems, help with daily living, and nutritious meals prepared by chefs. These communities typically provide housekeeping, laundry, transportation, and a calendar of social events. Independent living is intended for seniors who are self-reliant but who want to enjoy a worry-free life. Developed for both individuals and couples, these senior communities are also known as retirement villages, 55+ communities, and senior apartments. Residents stay in private apartments or individual homes with a range of community amenities, services, and programs tailored just for seniors. You'll have your own private space, so you can bring your favorite furniture, photos, and cookware. You'll be able to spend time pursuing activities that you enjoy since tasks commonly associated with homeownership will be taken care of. Because independent living communities are intended for older adults who need little or no assistance, most do not offer medical care or supervision. You'll find many social programs and community amenities, such as gardening, bridge, bingo, fitness programs, book clubs, and planned outings. In-home care is there for seniors when they need it. A skilled staff of professionals come to you. This choice is perfect for those who prefer to stay in their homes but who need some help with the daily activities of living. These services, available 24 hours a day, every day, are paid for by the individual or through public and private funding sources, such as Medicare and/or Medicaid. Home care provides many medical and non-medical support services. There are two types of home care providers. The first is a skilled service provider, usually licensed nurses and therapists, who can address various medical concerns or rehabilitation needs. The second, more common, type of in-home care is supplied by an aide who can provide companionship and emotional support as well as assist with daily activities, including grooming, meal prep, and transportation. In-home care delivers the services seniors need to maintain their independence at home. The help you'll find at assisted living communities is offered as necessary, with the goal of supplying the support services required to stay as self-sufficient as possible. Independent living is intended for seniors who are self-reliant but who want to enjoy a worry-free life. In-home care is ready when you or a loved one needs it. Care professionals will bring their expertise and experience to your home. This choice is perfect for those who want to stay in their homes but who need some help with the daily activities of living. Available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, services are paid by the client or by a variety of public and private sources, such as Medicare and/or Medicaid. When you are ready for assisted living, independent living, in-home care and rehab, call for
Source: OurParents.com
- Access to Public Transportation Nearby
- Transportation Provided by Facility
- Resident Parking
- Guest Parking
- English
- Activity Director
- Beautician/Barber
- Chapel/Religious Services
- Computer/Internet Access
- Garden
- Guest Dining
- Guest Lodging
- Housekeeping
- Laundry Room(s)
- Laundry Service
- Library
- Maintenance Director
- Billiards/Pool Room
- Storage
- TV/Media Room
- Dry Cleaning
- Newspaper Delivery
- Notary Service
- Theater
- Patio/Courtyard
- Studio or Efficiency Apartment
- 1-Bedroom Apartment
- Private Bedroom with Private Bath
- Private Bedroom with Shared Bath
- Air Conditioning
- Cable Hook Up
- Full-Service Kitchen
- Climate Control Thermostat
- Private Courtyard or Patio
- Private Telephone Line
- Walk-In Shower
- Wheelchair Accessible
- Washer/Dryer Hookup
- Breakfast
- Lunch
- Dinner
- Snack
- Restaurant Style
- Family Style
- Buffet Style
- Room Service as Needed
- Low Sugar
- Low Sodium
- Vegetarian
- 24 Hour Controlled Access
- 24 Hour Up and Awake Staff
- Emergency In-Room Call System
- Fire Sprinkler System
- Security Staff on Premises
- Activities of Daily Living (bathing, grooming, dressing, eating, etc.)
- Catheter Management
- Foot Care
- Sitting, Standing, Walking
- Toileting
- Medication Management
- Hits, Kicks, or Acts Physically Aggressive
- Yells, Curses, or Acts Verbally Aggressive
- Does Not Sleep Through the Night
- Becomes Disoriented (e.g. Sundown Syndrome)
- Paces or Rummages Habitually
- Seeks exit or Tries to Leave
- Wanders
- Needs Prompting for Their Personal Care
- Arthritis
- Asthma
- Breathing Support with Oxygen
- Broken Bones
- Cancer
- Colostomy or Urostomy
- Depression
- Emphysema or Other Lung Disease (COPD)
- Heart Disease or Heart Failure
- Immune Deficiency
- Management of an I.V.
- Management of a Feeding Tube
- Osteoporosis
- Monitor Vitals
- Stroke
- Diabetic Diet
- Oral Medication
- Insulin Injection Self-Administered
- Insulin Injection Staff-Administered
- Mental Health Counseling
- Occupational Therapy
- Physical Therapy
- Restorative Therapy
- Speech Therapy
- Support Groups for Patients
- Support Groups for Families or Caregivers
- Family Members Able to Join at Mealtime
- Family Members Able to Participate in Care Plan
- Specialty Trained Staff
- Regular Assessments by Interdisciplinary Staff
- Daily Planned Recreational and Social Activities
- Activities Tailored to Residents' Abilities
- Dementia Stage 1
- Dementia Stage 2
- Dementia Stage 3
- Dementia Stage 4
Nearby Hospitals
Underwood Memorial Hospital509 N Broad St
Woodbury NJ 08096
Nearby Drug Stores
Acme Markets Inc De415 Egg Harbor Rd
Distance: 2.3 miles
(856) 256-8872
Rite Aid Of New Jersey Inc490 Hurfville Cross Keys Road
Distance: 2.3 miles
(856) 589-8466
Thrift Drug Inc500 Woodbury Glassboro Road
Distance: 2.3 miles
(856) 582-4300
Nearby Churches
First Baptist Church30 N Broadway
Pitman, NJ
Distance: 0.4 miles
Pitman United Methodist ChurchPO Box 7
Pitman, NJ
Distance: 0.4 miles
Rock ChurchPO Box 237
Pitman, NJ
Distance: 0.4 miles
Nearby Parks
Old Cedar Campground274 Richwood Rd
Monroeville, NJ
Distance: 7.0 miles
Timberlane Campground117 Timberlane Rd
Clarksboro, NJ
Distance: 7.2 miles
Greenwich Lake ParkGreenwich Township, NJ
Distance: 9.4 miles


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Youngsters make bird feeders ready for the annual national Big Garden Birdwatch
A host of families flocked to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds' Discovery Centre at Fairhaven Lake to make preparation for the annual national Big Garden Birdwatch.
The Birdwatch survey, organised by the RSPB, takes place this weekend is expected to see half a million people around the country taking part. Members of the public are invited to watch bird activity in their gardens or local parks, make a note of the species and report their findings back to their RSPB via its website.
In preparation for the Birdwatch, a weekend at Fairhaven Lake included the opportunity to make bird feeders – and officials at the Centre were delighted at the response.
"We made 26 feeders in six hours over the weekend, which was a wonderful effort and thanks to everyone who came along," said RSPB learning and visitor experience officer Claire Critchley.
"The Big Garden Birdwatch is an important survey which allows us to track bird activity and it is brilliant that so many people are keen to take part.
The Big Garden Birdwatch is an important survey which allows us to track bird activity and it is brilliant that so many people are keen to take part
"The records from people counting birds in their gardens provides a vital snapshot of the UK's birds each winter and with it being rather milder this year it will be especially interesting to see the results this time."
• To coincide with Birdwatch weekend, the Discovery Centre at Fairhaven Lake is hosting a family trail around the Lake from 11am to 3pm on both Saturday and Sunday. Details of that and other activity from (01253) 796292.


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The banks quarterly income was R754 crore, against R703 crore in the same quarter last year, registering a 7.28% growth.
Announcing the banks quarterly results here on Wednesday, N Kamakodi, MD and CEO of City Union Bank, said that considering the overall economic situation, the bank had done okay.
Our net NPA has marginally increased to 1.28%, sequentially from 1.23% and 0.63% in the corresponding quarter. The net addition into bad assets in Q1 was R370 crore, mainly because of two steel sector and one brewery sector accounts turning bad. The gross NPA at the end of Q1 stood at R308 crore, which is 1.91% of gross advances versus 1.81% in the sequential quarter. The net NPA stood at R204 crore, which is 1.28% of net advances versus 1.23% in the sequential quarter Q4 FY 2014. The provision coverage ratio stood at 61.11%; it was 61.74% on March 31.2014, he said. The bank sold bad assets worth R310 crore to ARCs during the first quarter.
The total deposits, as on June 30, 2014, increased by R1,867 crore over the corresponding period to R22,383 crore from R20,516 crore, registering a growth of 9% on a year-on-year basis.
CASA has increased by R741 crore, from R3318 crore to R4,059 crore, reporting a growth of 22% on a y-o-y basis. The growth in savings bank deposits was 24%. The share of CASA in total deposits increased from 16.17% in June 2013 to 18.14% in June 2014. Kamakodi said in the one-year period, the advances portfolio increased by 5%, from R15,388 crore to R16,153 crore. The banks headline growth was 5%.


text: In Outlook 2003 I created a big private folder tree where I store all my emails according to the topic. Assume I expanded all the folder so that the "inner" folders are all visible in the tree. Now I collapse the outermost folder and re-open (re-expand) it again immediately. I expected that the collapse/expand state of the "inner" folder is kept. Much to my surprise this is not the case. ALL folders are collapsed and I have to re-open them all manually again. This is very un-convenient. Is there an option to prevent this automatic collapsing of inner mail folders? Sven


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Welcome to Meridian Pediatrics!
Meridian Pediatrics is focused on providing reliable Pediatric Care and a great atmosphere for the whole family. We will do everything we can to exceed your expectations.
*Come in to get your flu shots today.*
Our practice takes great pride in our commitment to helping our community.
It has been our pleasure to support our local Boy Scout Troop 244. We are happy to provide physicals so that the boys can safely enjoy their camping experiences,
The troop is always accepting new members. If you are interested in joining or would like more information please contact Scout Master Joe Schank at (330) 284-8094.
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About Us
Contact Us
New Patient Resources
ADHD Resources
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A Northumberland village is remembering those who fell in the First World War with a unique interactive theatrical experience.
Wingates village, near Longhorsley, is hosting an extra special event this weekend which will explore the secret journals and sketches of Major Bradley of the Northumberland Fusiliers.
Louise Wood, from Wingates Village Hall said: "This is a new depature for Wingates. So far we've concentrated on music, which has always been well received due to the very high standard of the Highlights programme and performers.
"But we were looking for a dramatic performance with relevance to Wingates and its history and Entrenched stood out because of its Northumbrian links and also being very timely in the month of November, a few days after this year's Remembrance Sun"day.
"We think Major Bradley's story will interest and move people of all ages. Julie Famelton, one of our committee members, is also bringing along a display of photographs and information she has researched about some of the men listed on the Wingates war memorial."
Guy Laing Bradley was a family man, an active member of the Hexham community and played a part in bringing electricity to the area. He also served as a Major in the Northumberland Fusiliers during the First World War and was a talented amateur artist.
He kept a comprehensive archive of his experiences on the frontline Entrenched takes Major Bradley's journals as source material to create a new interactive, multimedia, one-man clown theatre production exploring the horror of the trenches, and the strength and humour of the generation that endured them.
Sunday, November 15 at 7.30pm
Wingates Village Hall
Adults £8.50, conc £7. Contact 01669 621954 or visit www.highlightsnorth.co.uk


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These Turnbuckles are built extra heavy duty for all uses in athletics and industrial situations. These are Super strong and built to last.
We use Hook and Hook turnbuckles on all of our Boxing Rings, MMA Rings, and Wrestling Rings. These turnbuckles are easy to use and easy to tighten and untighten. These have been dipped in heavy galvanization and will not rust, like the cheaper painted turnbuckles.
We offer our turnbuckles in three lengths and two sizes. Boxing Rings will use 1/2" thick turnbuckles while wrestling rings will use either 1/2" or 5/8" thick turnbuckles, depending on the ring size.
For Boxing Rings, Elevated rings that are 20' square and larger will use the 12" long turnbuckles, to give them the two foot walkway outside the ring ropes. Floor rings and elevated boxing rings that are smaller than 20' will use the 6" long turnbuckles.
NOTE: Turnbuckles are measured at the center "take up" portion. A 6" turnbuckle will open up to 18" when fully opened and a 12" turnbuckle will open up to 36" when fully opened.
Wrestling Rings will use 6" and 9" turnbuckles. Most rings 16' and under will use the 6" turnbuckles while 18' rings and large will use the 9" turnbuckles and these usually should be the 5/8's thickness.
Contact us with any questions: (502) 839-6335 Monday thru Friday 8:30 to 6:00 Eastern Standard Time
EMAIL US: firstname.lastname@example.com


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- This event has passed.
Brunch buddies – KC Peaches (City Center)
11 May 2017 @ 10:00 am - 12:00 pm
Come along and get to know other parents over brunch in the City Center. This KC Peaches is conveniently located near Trinity College. How to spot us: A member of staff at the restaurant will be able to direct you to our table. RSVP: We would be grateful if you could let us know if you plan to join us so that we can reserve the right number of tables. Brunch will be cancelled if there are no RSVP's. Do not hesitate to contact us on firstname.lastname@example.com or via our Facebook Page should you have any queries. We look forward to meeting you!


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SOURCE: Wildhoofbeats.com
"18 months is a long time to wear these old fashioned, bulky and dangerous collars. And I hope that if any of these mares do run into trouble that the researchers at University of Wyoming are actually able to release the collars before the mares die. I still very firmly believe that the best way to study wild horses is in the field, without capturing them and removing them from their families, without endangering their lives with these dangerous radio collars." – Carol Walker
The line of vehicles
By Carol Walker, Dir. of Field Documentation for Wild Horse Freedom Federation
On Saturday morning, on a very cold day, I joined up with the BLM, researcher from University of Wyoming and a BLM ranger as we caravaned out to Adobe Town to release wild mares that had been fitted with radio collars on Thursday. There were also some mares that had been being held for several weeks at the Rock Springs corrals, and I was very glad that they were finally being released. As usual, I was the only member of the public attending.
Meryl jumps out of the trailer
Her friend is just as eager to get out
We turned off at Bitter Creek Road, and started down the road, which was in good condition until after we passed Eversole Ranch. Then, as we continued south more and more big drifts of snow covered the road. The big truck towing the horse trailer in front was breaking through the drifts for the rest of us. After about 10 miles, we stopped, and let out the first collared mare, a light grey color, I am calling her Meryl. She jumped out and then her friend, a bay mare jumped out behind her.
Meryl turns to look at us
Meryl and her friend do not look concerned
Even though she was being let go about 20 – 25 miles from where she had been captured, at least she had a friend with her, unlike most of the mares who had been released before, all alone. They went a little way from the trailer, then turned around and looked at us, then casually strolling and exploring. They did not seem alarmed.
We got back into our vehicles, then stopped after 2 miles. After checking with the researcher, we got back in – despite the worsening road conditions he wanted us to go further away – they want these mares collars to be "spread out." We kept going another 2 miles until stopping at a big snow drift – the truck and trailer were stuck in a huge snow drift! So they decided to let the remaining mares out here, just past Cow Camp, a collection of old derelict buildings.
A sorrel mare jumps out first
Read the rest of this article HERE.
Categories: Horse News, Wild Horses/Mustangs


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Members of the genus Plasmodium are eukaryotic microbes. Therefore, the cell and molecular biology of Plasmodium will be similar to other eukaryotes. A unique feature of the malarial parasite is its intracellular lifestyle. Because of its intracellular location the parasite has an intimate relationship with its host cell which can be described at the cellular and molecular levels. In particular, the parasite must enter the host cell, and once inside, it modifies the host cell. The molecular and cellular biology of host-parasite interactions involved in these two processes will be discussed.
Malaria parasites are members of the Apicomplexa. Apicomplexa are characterized by a set of organelles found in some stages of the parasite's life cycle. These organelles, collectively known as apical organelles because of their localization at one end of the parasite, are involved in interactions between the parasite and host. In particular, the apical organelles have been implicated in the process of host cell invasion. In the case of Plasmodium, three distinct invasive forms have been identified: sporozoite, merozoite, and ookinete (see Plasmodium Life Cycle). The following discussion focuses on the cellular biology of merozoites and erythrocyte invasion. References to other Apicomplexa and Plasmodium sporozoites will be made to illustrate common features.
Merozoites rapidly (approximately 20 seconds) and specifically enter erythrocytes. This specificity is manifested both for erythrocytes as the preferred host cell type and for a particular host species, thus implying receptor-ligand interactions. Erythrocyte invasion is a complicated process which is only partially understood at the molecular and cellular levels. However, substantial progress has been made in identifying many of the parasite and host proteins that are important for the invasion process.
Four distinct steps (Gratzer and Dluzewski 1993) in the invasion process can be recognized (Figure):
The initial interaction between the merozoite and the erythrocyte is probably a random collision and presumably involves reversible interactions between proteins on the merozoite surface and the host erythrocyte. Several merozoite surface proteins have been described. The best characterized is merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1). Circumstantial evidence implicating MSP-1 in erythrocyte invasion includes its uniform distribution over the merozoite surface and the observation that antibodies against MSP-1 inhibit invasion (Holder 1994). In addition, MSP-1does bind to band 3 (Goel 2003) and glycophorin A. However, a role for MSP-1 in invasion has not been definitively demonstrated. Similarly, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) probably plays a role in targeting sporozoites to hepatocytes by interacting with heparin sulfate proteoglycans (Sinnis and Sim 1997).
Another interesting aspect of MSP-1 is the proteolytic processing that is coincident with merozoite maturation and invasion (Cooper 1993). A primary processing occurs at the time of merozite maturation and results in the formation of several polypeptides held together in a non-covalent complex. A secondary processing occurs coincident with merozoite invasion at a site near the C-terminus. The non-covalent complex of MSP-1 polypeptide fragments is shed from the merozoite surface following proteolysis and only a small C-terminal fragment is carried into the erythrocyte. This loss of the MSP-1 complex may correlate with the loss of the 'fuzzy' coat during merozoite invasion. The C-terminal fragment is attached to the merozoite surface by a GPI anchor and consists of two EGF-like modules. EGF-like modules are found in a variety of proteins and are usually implicated in protein-protein interactions. One possibility is that the secondary proteolytic processing functions to expose the EGF-like modules which strengthen the interactions between merozoite and erythrocyte. The importance of MSP-1 and its processing are implied from the following observations:
The exact role(s) which MSP-1 and its processing play in the merozoite invasion process are not known. Other merozoite surface proteins are also involved in the interation of the merozoite with the erythrocyte (reviewed Cowman 2012).
Apical Organelles of
Plasmodium Merozoites
After binding to the erythrocyte, the parasite reorients itself so that the 'apical end' of the parasite is juxtaposed to the erythrocyte membrane. This merozoite reorientation also coincides with a transient erythrocyte deformation. Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) has been implicated in this reorientation (Mitchell 2004). AMA-1 is a transmembrane protein localized at the apical end of the merozoite and binds erythrocytes. Antibodies against AMA-1 do not interfer with the initial contact between merozoite and erythrocyte thus suggesting that AMA-1 is not involved in merozoite attachement. But antibodies against AMA-1 prevent the reorientation of the merozoite and thereby block merozoite invasion.
Specialized secretory organelles are located at the apical end of the invasive stages of apicomplexan parasites. Three morphologically distinct apical organelles are detected by electron microscopy: micronemes, rhoptries, and dense granules (Table). Dense granules are not always included with the apical organelles and probably represent a heterogeneous population of secretory vesicles.
The contents of the apical organelles are expelled as the parasite invades, thus suggesting that these organelles play some role in invasion. Experiments in Toxoplasma gondii indicate that the micronemes are expelled first and occur with initial contact between the parasite and host (Carruthers and Sibley 1997). An increase in the cytoplasmic concentration of calcium and cAMP (Dawn 2014) is associated with microneme discharge and may also involve a signal pathway involving phospholipase C, inositoltriphosphate and calcium dependent protein kinases (Sharma and Chitnis 2013).
The rhoptries are discharged immediately after the micronemes and the release of their contents occurs in two steps involving first the neck of the rhoptry followed by the bulb of the rhoptry.
Dense granule contents are released after the parasite has completed its entry, and therefore, are usually implicated in the modification of the host cell. However, subtilisin-like proteases, which are implicated in the secondary proteolytic processing of MSP-1 (discussed above), have also been localized to Plasmodium dense granules (Blackman 1998, Barale 1999). If MSP-1 processing is catalyzed by these proteases, then at least some dense granules must be discharged at the time of invasion.
Following merozoite reorientation the micronemes discharge their contents. These microneme proteins include many proteins that are known to be adhesins and binding of these adhesins to receptors on the host erythrocyte strengthens the interaction between the erythrocyte. Proteins localized to the micromenes include:
|Receptor/Ligand Interactions
Of particular note are EBA-175 and DBP which recognize sialic acid residues of the glycophorins and the Duffy antigen, respectively (Table). In other words, these parasite proteins are probably involved in receptor-ligand interactions with proteins exposed on the erythrocyte surface. Disruption of the EBA-175 gene results in the parasite switching from a sialic acid-dependent pathway to a sialic acid-independent pathway (Reed 2000), indicating that there is some redundancy in regards to the receptor-ligand interactions. Indeed, several proteins related to EBA-175 have been identified in P. falciparum and make up a gene family of erythrocyte-binding like (EBL) proteins (Tham 2012) .
Comparison of sequences of EBA-175 and DBP reveal conserved structural features which are also shared with the other EBL proteins. These include transmembrane domains and receptor-binding domains (Figure, modified from Adams 1992). The receptor-binding activity has been mapped to a domain in which the cysteine and aromatic amino acid residues are conserved between species (blue area in Figure). This putative binding domain is duplicated in EBA-175. The topography of the transmembrane domain is consistent with the parasite ligands being integral membrane proteins with the receptor-binding domain exposed on the merozoite surface following microneme discharge.
|Arrow denotes electron dense junction between merozoite and erythrocyte. Micrograph from Aikawa et al (1978) J. Cell Biol. 77:72.
Another family of adhesins involved in the binding of merozoites to erthrocytes are the reticulocyte-binding like homologues (Rh). The members of this family share homology with a protein originally identified in P. vivax that binds specifically to reticulocytes and may play a role in the reticulocyte specificity of P. vivax. Other microneme proteins in the 'TRAP' family have also been implicated in locomotion and/or cell invasion of the sporozoite stage and other apicomplexa (Tomley and Soldati 2001). All of these proteins (EBL, Rh, TRAP families) have domains that are presumably involved in cell-cell adhesion, as well as trans-membrane domains at their C-termini. Microneme (Mn) release would expose the adhesive domains, which would then bind to receptors on the host cell and thereby form a connection between the invasive form (eg, merozoite or sporozoite) and the host cell (Figure).
In the case of merozoite invasion this interaction is mediated between several members of the EBL and Rh families. These various adhesins bind to distinct receptors on the erythrocyte and provide redundancy in merozoite binding to the erythrocyte (Tham 2012). One element of this redundancy provides for a back up plan in the event one ligand/receptor pair fails. For example, if an antibody response against one of the parasite ligands is capable of blocking its interaction with its receptor, then there are other ligands and receptors that can fulfill this role in binding. In addition, the involvement of multiple ligand/receptor pairs functioning simultaneously will strengthen the interaction between the parasite and host cell.
This interaction is further strengthened by release of two additional protein complexes from the neck region of the rhoptries (Weiss 2016). One of these is a complex involving Rh5 (Figure). Rh5 binds to an erythrocyte surface protein known as basigin. The basigin receptor may be essential for the invasion of P. falciparum (Crosnier 2011). Rh5 is bound to the merozoite through its interaction with Rh5 interacting protein (Ripr) which also binds to a merozoite surface protein known as cystiene rich protective antigen (CyRPA). Rh5 is believed to play an essential role in invasion in that it is conserved across Plasmodium species and apparently cannot be knocked out. The other Rh family members, as well as the individual EBL family members, appear to be more dispensible.
Another protein complex released from the neck of the rhopthries involves a group of proteins known as RONs for rhoptry neck. The RONs are inserted into the host membrane upon their release (Figure). RON2 binds to AMA-1 which is localized to the surface of the merozoite (Tonkin 2011). In this case the parasite is supplying both the ligand and receptor. The RON2/AMA-1 complex then also contributes to this connection formed between the merozoite and erythrocyte and further strengthens the bond between parasite and host (Weiss 2016). Furthermore, RON2 and AMA-1 are highly conserved acrossed the Apicomplexa indicating a central role for these proteins in the invasion process.
Coincident with the secretion of these various ligands and their interactions with the various receptors is the appearance of an electron dense junction between the erythrocyte and merozoite (Figure). Tight junction formation may be initiated by microneme discharge followed by release of rhoptry neck proteins which exposes the receptor-binding domains of parasite ligands. Presumably this tight junction is made up of these various receptor/ligand interactions. With each successive release of a ligand and its binding to its receptor the avidity of the merozoite/erythrocyte interaction increases.
In summary:
Apicomplexan parasites actively invade host cells and entry is not due to uptake or phagocytosis by the host cell. This is particularly evident in the case of the erythrocyte which lacks phagocytic capability. Furthermore, the erythrocyte membrane has a 2-dimensional submembrane cytoskeleton which precludes endocytosis. Therefore, the impetus for the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole must come from the parasite. Several events happen during parasite entry including: 1) the disruption of the the submembrane cytoskeleton of the erythrocyte, 2) the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole, and 3) and the shedding of merozoite surface proteins. Parasite entry is driven by an acto-myosin motor complex called the glidosome.
Erythrocyte membrane proteins are redistributed at the time of junction formation so that the contact area is free of erythrocyte membrane proteins. A merozoite serine protease which cleaves erythrocyte band 3 has been described (Braun-Breton 1993). Because of the pivotal role band 3 plays in the homeostatis of the submembrane skeleton, its degradation could result in a localized disruption of the cytoskeleton. Reorganization of the submembrane cytoskeleton and lipid architecture probably accompanies merozoite invasion (Zuccala 2011).
|Micrograph from Aikawa et al (1978) J. Cell Biol. 77:72
An incipient parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) forms in the junction area. This membrane invagination is likely derived from both the host membrane and parasite components and expands as the parasite enters the erythrocyte. Connections between the rhoptries and nascent PVM are sometimes observed (Figure, arrow). In addition, the contents of the rhoptries are often lamellar (i.e., multi-layered) membranes and some rhoptry proteins are localized to the PVM following invasion, suggesting that the rhoptries also function in PVM formation (Sam-Yellowe 1996).
Ookinetes lack rhoptries and do not form a parasitophorous vacuole within the mosquito midgut epithelial cells. The ookinetes rapidly pass through the epithelial cells and cause extensive damage as they head toward the basal lamina (Han 2000, Ziegler 2000). Similarly, sporozoites can enter and exit hepatocytes without undergoing exoerythrocytic schizogony. Those parasites which do not undergo schizogony are free in the host cytoplasm, whereas those undergoing schizogony are enclosed within a PVM (Mota 2001). These observations suggest that the PVM is needed for intracellular development and is not necessary for the process of host cell invasion. As the incipient parasitophorous vacuole is being formed, the junction (denoted with C's in figure) between the parasite and host becomes ring-like and the parasite appears to move through this annulus as it enters the expanding parasitophorous vacuole. Instead this moving junction is being pulled from the front of the parasite to the rear resulting in a forward movement of the parasite into the host cell.
As the parasite enters, MSP-1 many of the merozoite surface proteins are shed. This shedding process is mediated by specific proteases and is an ordered process (Boyle 2014).
The invasive forms of apicomplexan parasites are often motile forms that that crawl along the substratum by a type of motility referred to as 'gliding motility'. Gliding motility, like invasion, also involves the release of adhesins, attachment to the substratum, and a capping of the adhesins at the posterior end of the zoite. One difference between gliding motility and invasion is that the micronemes and rhoptires must be continuously released as the organism is moving. Thus, gliding motility does not involve this relatively small moving junction, but a continuous formation of new junctions between the zoite and the substratum. In addition, the adhesins are cleaved from the surface of the zoite as the adhesions reach the posterior of the zoite and a trail of the adhesive molecules are left behind the moving zoite on the substratum. The mechanism of motility and invasion are quite similar and thus, during invasion the parasite literally crawls into the host cell through the moving junction. In addition, some apicomplexans use this type of motility to escape from cells and can traverse biological barriers by entering and exiting cells. The protein complex that drives this gliding motility is known as the glidosome (Boucher 2015).
|Model of the moving junction complex and glidesome driving gliding motility from Besteiro (2011).
Cytochalasins inhibit merozoite entry, but not attachment, thus suggesting that the force required for parasite invasion and gliding motility is based upon actin-myosin cytoskeletal elements. The ability of myosin, a motor protein, to generate force is well known (eg., muscle contraction). A myosin unique to the Apicomplexa has been identified and is anchored into the inner membrane complex (IMC). The IMC refers to the double membrane lying under the plasma membrane on invasive stages of Apicomplexan parasites. This IMC is further supported by sub-pellicular microtubules that run the length of the parasite. The IMC associated myosin interacts with actin as part of the glidesome. The various adhesins (ie, EBL, Rh, TRAP and AMA-1) making up the moving junction (MJ) complex are then linked to the glidesome (Figure).
Members of the TRAP family and other adhesins have a conserved cytoplasmic domain. This cytoplasmic domain is linked to short actin filaments via aldolase. The actin filaments and myosin are oriented in the space between the inner membrane complex and plasma membrane so that the myosin propels the actin filaments toward the posterior of the zoite. The myosin is anchored into the IMC and does not move. Therefore, the transmembrane adhesins are pulled through the fluid lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane due to their association with the actin filaments. Thus the complex of adhesins and actin filaments is transported towards the posterior of the cell. Since the adhesins are either complexed with receptors on the host cell and anchored to the host cell cytoskeleton, or bound to the substratum, the net result is a forward motion of the parasite (Figure). When the adhesins reach the posterior end of the parasite they are proteolyitcally cleaved and shed from the zoite surface.
In the case of cell invasion the PVM and host cell membrane will need to sealed so that the PVM is intact and surrounding the parasite and the host plasma membrane is also intact. The mechanisms involved in this last step of invasion are not known.
Many proteins that are involved in the invasion process have been identified. This will also include signalling events between the various steps of invasion (Santos and Soldati-Favre 2011). However, much still remains to be learned about the cellular and molecular biology of merozoite invasion. A better understanding of the complex process of parasite invasion could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to malaria and other diseases caused by Apicomplexans.
Merozoite invasion is a complex and ordered process. A tentative model of merozoite invasion includes:
Once inside of the erythrocyte, the parasite undergoes a trophic phase followed by replicative phase. During this intraerythrocytic period, the parasite modifies the host to make it a more suitable habitat. For example, the erythrocyte membrane becomes more permeable to small molecular weight metabolites, presumably reflecting the needs of an actively growing parasite (see Uptake and Permeability).
Another modification of the host cell concerns the cytoadherence of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes to endothelial cells and the resulting sequestration of the mature parasites in capillaries and post-capillary venules. This sequestration likely leads to microcirculatory alterations and metabolic dysfunctions which could be responsible for many of the manifestations of severe falciparum malaria (see pathogenesis). The cytoadherence to endothelial cells confers at least two advantages for the parasite: 1) a microaerophilic environment which is better suited for parasite metabolism, and 2) avoidance of the spleen and subsequent destruction.
A major structural alteration of the host erythrocyte are electron-dense protrusions, or 'knobs', on the erythrocyte membrane of P. falciparum-infected cells. The knobs are induced by the parasite and several parasite proteins are associated with the knobs (Deitsch and Wellems 1996). Two proteins which might participate in knob formation or affect the host erythrocyte submembrane cytoskeleton and indirectly induce knob formation are the knob-associated histidine rich protein (KAHRP) and erythrocyte membrane protein-2 (PfEMP2), also called MESA. Neither KAHRP nor PfEMP2 are exposed on the outer surface of the erythrocyte, but are localized to the cytoplasmic face of the host membrane (Figure). Their exact roles in knob formation are not known, but may involve reorganizing the submembrane cytoskeleton.
The knobs are believed to play a role in the sequestration of infected erythrocytes since they are points of contact between the infected erythrocyte and vascular endothelial cells and parasite species which express knobs exhibit the highest levels of sequestration. In addition, disruption of the KAHRP results in loss of knobs and the ability to cytoadhere under flow conditions (Crabb 1997). A polymorphic protein, called PfEMP1, has also been localized to the knobs and is exposed on the host erythrocyte surface. The translocation of PfEMP1 to the erythrocyte surface depends in part on another erythrocyte membrane associated protein called PfEMP3 (Waterkeyn 2000). PfEMP1 probably functions as a ligand which binds to receptors on host endothelial cells. Other proposed cytoadherence ligands include a modified band-3, called pfalhesin (Sherman 1995), sequestrin, rifins and clag9 (Craig and Scherf 2001).
PfEMP1 is a member of the var gene family (Hviid 2015). Each parasite has an estimated 40-60 var genes which exhibit a high degree of variability, but have a similar overall structure (Figure). PfEMP1 has a large extracellular N-terminal domain, a transmembrane region and a C-terminal intracellular domain. The C-terminal region is conserved between members of the var family and is believed to anchor PfEMP1 to the erythrocyte submembrane cytoskeleton. In particular, this acidic C-terminal domain may interact with the basic KAHRP of the knob (Waller 1999) as well as spectrin and actin (Oh 2000).
The extracellular domain is characterized by 1-5 copies of Duffy-binding like (DBL) domains. These DBL domains are similar to the receptor-binding region of the ligands involved in merozoite invasion (discussed above). The DBL domains exhibit a conserved spacing of cysteine and hydrophobic residues, but otherwise show little homology. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that there are five distinct classes (designated as a, b, g, d, and e) of DBL domains (Hviid 2015). The first DBL is always the same type (designated a) and this is followed by a cysteine-rich interdomain region (CIDR). A variable number of DBL in various orders make up the rest of the extracellular domain of PfEMP-1.
During each mitotic cycle the var genes undergo recombination leading to the continuous generation of additional variants (Claessens 2014). Interestingly, the structure of the var gene family has been present since before the P. falciparum and P. reichenowi divergence which occurred more than two million years ago (Zilversmit 2013).
Possible Receptors Identified
Several possible endothelial receptors (Box) have been identified by testing the ability of infected erythrocytes to bind in static adherence assays (Beeson and Brown 2002). One of the best characterized among these is CD36, an 88 kDa integral membrane protein found on monocytes, platelets and endothelial cells. Infected erythrocytes from most parasite isolates bind to CD36 and the binding domain has been mapped to the CIDR of PfEMP1 (see Figure). However, CD36 has not been detected on endothelial cells of the cerebral blood vessels and parasites from clinical isolates tend to adhere to both CD36 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1). ICAM1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and functions in cell-cell adhesion. In addition, sequestration of infected erythrocytes and ICAM1 expression has been co-localized in the brain (Turner 1994).
Chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) has been implicated in the cytoadherence within the placenta and may contribute to the adverse affects of P. falciparum during pregnancy. The role of some of the other potential receptors is not clear. For example, adherence to thrombospondin exhibits a low affinity and cannot support binding under flow conditions. Binding to VCAM1, PECAM1 and E-selectin appears to be rare and questions about their constitutive expression on endothelial cells have been raised. However, cytoadherence could involve multiple receptor/ligand interactions.
Rosetting is another adhesive phenomenon exhibited by P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Infected erythrocytes from some parasite isolates will bind mutiple uninfected erythrocytes and PfEMP1 appears to have a role in at least some rosetting. Possible receptors include complement receptor-1 (CR1), blood group A antigen, or glycosaminoglycan moieties on an unidentified proteoglycan. (See figure depicting possible receptor-ligand interactions involved in rosetting on another webpage.)
|Binding Phenotypes
The different types of DBL domains and CIDR (discussed above) bind to different endothelial cell receptors (Craig and Scherf 2001). For example, DBLa, which comprises the first domain, binds to many of the receptors associated with rosetting. The binding of the CIDR to CD36 may account for the abundance of this particular binding phenotype among parasite isolates.
(A webpage assembled by Hagai Ginsburg contains detailed figures depicting many aspects of host-parasite interactions, including: knob composition and receptor-ligand interactions, PfEMP-1 structure and binding specificities, endothelial cell receptors and rosetting. Sherman et al (2003) has reviewed the mechanisms of cytoadherence.)
The encoding of the cytoadherence ligand by a highly polymorphic gene family presents a paradox in that receptor/ligand interactions are generally considered highly specific. Interestingly, selection for different cytoadherent phenotypes result in a concommitant change in the surface antigenic type (Biggs 1992). Similarly, examination of clonal parasite lines revealed that changes in the surface antigenic type correlated with differences in binding to CD36 and ICAM1. For example, the parental line (A4) adhered equally well to CD36 and ICAM1, whereas one of the A4-derived clones (C28) exhibited a marked preference for CD36 (Figure, modified from Roberts 1992). Binding to ICAM1 was then reselected by panning the infected erythrocytes on ICAM1. All three parasite clones (A4, C28, C28-I) exhibited distinct antigenic types as demonstrated by agglutination with hyper-immune sera.
The expression of a particular PfEMP1 will result in a parasite with a distinct cytoadherent phenotype and this may also affect pathogenesis and disease outcome. For example, binding to ICAM-1 is usually implicated in cerebral pathology. Therefore, parasites expressing a PfEMP1 which binds to ICAM1 may be more likely to cause cerebral malaria. In fact, higher levels of transcription of particular var genes are found in cases of severe malaria as compared to uncomplicated malaria (Rottmann 2006). Similarly, a higher proportion of isolates which bind to CSA are obtained from the placenta as compared to the peripheral circulation of either pregnant women or children (Figure, modified from Beeson 1999). Furthermore, placental malaria is frequently associated with higher levels of transcription of a particular var gene which binds CSA (Duffy 2006). This phenomenon is not restricted to the placenta in that there is a dominant expression of particular var genes in the various tissues (Figure, from Montgomery 2007). Subsequent work has confirmed that the various variants of PfEMP1 have different tropisms for different tissues (Smith 2014).
|Figure, modified from Beeson 1999. Shows the proportions of isolates that bind to CSA, CD36, or ICAM-1. Infected erythrocytes were collected from the placenta, peripheral circulation of the mother, or peripheral circulation of the child.
|Figure, from Montgomery 2007. Shows the proportion of the various types of PfEMP1 (designated as groups 1-6) expressed in different tissues (brain, lung, heart and spleen) from 3 different patients. PM30 died of severe malaria anemia. PM32 was diagnosed with both cerebral malaria and severe anemia. PM55 was diagnosed with only cerebral malaria.
More recently it has been demonstrated that a distinct subset of var genes are highly transcribed following selection on human brain endothelial cells and that these same distinct subtypes are associated with cerebral malaria (Aird 2014; Cunnington 2013; Smith 2013). This tissue specific expression of particular var genes implies that different tissues are selecting out different parasite populations based on the particular PfEMP1 being expressed on the surface of the infected erythrocyte.
Although sequestration offers many advantages to the parasite, the expression of antigens on the surface of the infected erythrocyte provides a target for the host immune system. The parasite counters the host immune response by expressing antigenically distinct PfEMP1 molecules on the erythrocyte surface. This allows the parasite to avoid clearance by the host immune system, but yet maintain the cytoadherent phenotype. This antigenic switching may occur as frequently as 2% per generation in the absence of immune pressure (Roberts 1992). The molecular mechanism of antigenic switching is not known. Experimental evidence indicates that the mechanism is not associated with duplicative transposition into specific expression-linked sites as found in African trypanosomes. Only a single var gene is expressed at a time (i.e., allelic exclusion). The non-expressed genes are kept silent by proteins which bind to the promoter region. A gene can become activated by repositioning to a particular location in the nucleus and is associated with chromatin modification. This expression spot can only accommodate a single active gene promoter. Thus the var promoter is sufficient for both the silencing and the mono-allelic transcription of a PfEMP1 allele (Voss 2006; Guizetti 2013).


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Jackson Tower and Gale
Get to know Jackson Tower and Gale – two of the best luxury condominium buildings in Fort Lauderdale Beach.
Jackson Tower
If you're looking for the best views in Fort Lauderdale Beach, Jackson Tower is a luxury condominium tower worth looking at. Built in the early 2000s, the spacious terraces that envelop the building allow residents to enjoy spectacular views of the Atlantic, Downtown Fort Lauderdale, Intracoastal Waterway, and the Port of Fort Lauderdale. Aside from million-dollar views, Jackson Tower offers luxurious amenities guaranteed to make life in this sunny part of the world even better.
Residential Features
Jackson Tower boasts 124 residential units – all of which come with panoramic views of the Atlantic, the Port, or the Intracoastal Waterway. Here are some of the residential features you can expect from each unit:
- Lagoon-style swimming pools
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- A modern health and fitness spa
- A business center
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Jackson Tower also houses three levels of luxury waterfront penthouses.
The following building amenities will make you the envy among your friends (unless they also live in the Jackson Tower):
Nearby Attractions
Jackson Tower is just a short distance away from Las Olas Boulevard, a favorite shopping and dining destination among locals and tourists. Downtown Fort Lauderdale is also just a short drive away.
Gale Hotel and Residences
Scheduled to open in 2017, Gale Hotel and Residences is one of the newest constructions in Fort Lauderdale Beach. The modern mid-rise, which is actually a restored 1948 landmark structure, will house 128 luxury residential units along 96 hotel rooms, all of which boast high-quality furnishings and access to Gale Fort Lauderdale's resort-style amenities, perks and privileges. Once completed, Gale Hotel and Residences will change the luxury condo landscape in the community of North Beach Village forever.
Residential Features
Prospective buyers can choose between one, two, and three-bedroom condos that offer fantastic views of the Atlantic and the Intracoastal Waterway. You can look forward to this array of residential features:
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Nearby Attractions
Gale Fort Lauderdale is just a few minutes away from the trendy Las Olas Shopping and Dining District, Bahia Mar Marina, and luxury accommodations such as the RitzCarlton and the Hilton Hotel.


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Women Love To Shop – Shocking!
I have never denied being pretty "mainstream" when it comes to music...and now it seems I am pretty mainstream when it comes to girlie items. I love this list!
A new study claims that women get more pleasure from buying a purse than they do from any other item. (True for me!)
According to Saveme4later.com, one in four women said they enjoyed buying a bag to buying shoes. (Love shoes too!)
A summer dress and a well-fitting pair of jeans were among the other items which women were 'excited' to buy. (Yes!)
Beauty products and underwear also made the top ten, and three quarters of women admitted they couldn't wait to try out new make-up after making a purchase. (I always open my new makeup right away and try it out!)
- Handbag
- Shoes
- Summer dresses
- Concert tickets
- Jeans
- Jewelery
- Little black dress
- Chocolates
- Underwear
- Beauty products
What do you just love to buy?