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This article summarizes research published on June 5, 2017 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. It represents the most recent science-based thinking on the value of Marine Protected Areas.
By Dr. Callum Roberts and Dr. Beth O'Leary
Environment Department, University of York, UK; firstname.lastname@example.com
It is hard not to be at least a little pessimistic about the future. Regardless of what cuts in greenhouse gas emissions we make today, the global temperature will rise at least another half a degree centigrade, and sea levels will rise a couple of metres or more over the next 200 years. Ocean acidification, from dissolved carbon dioxide emissions, is changing ocean chemistry in ways that will strain the ability of creatures to grow chalky shells and skeletons for thousands of years to come.
Surface waters of the oceans have warmed by nearly one degree centigrade since pre-industrial times and there is more to come. Warming is reducing ocean productivity. It slows mixing between a warm surface layer of water and colder water below, starving the surface layer of nutrients necessary for plant growth, and deeper waters of life-sustaining oxygen. Warming is leading to a global diaspora of fish and other marine life as they colonise newly favourable regions and abandon those where conditions have soured. Taken together, these effects will likely lead to lower fish catches, especially for countries in tropical and warm-temperate regions. As if this were not enough, rising seas also imperil some of the world's most densely populated lands, and most productive agricultural regions, around low-lying river deltas. Increasing human needs will soon collide with falling supplies.
It is easy to feel powerless and despondent in the face of such threats, particularly knowing the political roadblocks that need to be cleared for effective action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But there is something that we can do to steer a safer course into the future while politicians and diplomats battle. History holds the key.
Over the last two hundred years, industrial fishing has spread across the global ocean, reaching its remotest corners and to thousands of metres deep. The story of fishing has been repeated all over: large, high value and easy to catch animals are targeted first. As they are depleted, fishing switches to other species, pursued using progressively more active, intensive and destructive fishing methods. In places exploited for long periods ecosystems have been stripped of larger predators, species like sharks, billfish, cod and halibut, leaving behind smaller, more resilient creatures like prawns and crabs. Many species have declined more than 90% in abundance, rendering fisheries for them far less productive. Furthermore, in the process of switching from hook-and-line and net, to trawl and dredge, complex and highly diverse seabed habitats built by shellfish, seaweeds and corals were converted to rubble, sand and mud.
It is clear from these trends that we have already lost a great deal of fisheries productivity through mismanagement. The scale of these losses eclipses the likely downturn from future climate change stress. This means that by reversing the declines, which we can do by protecting places in marine reserves and better managing exploitation outside them, will go a long way to mitigating climate change impacts (Roberts et al. 2017).
Marine reserves are places that are protected from all fishing. Within them, species increase in abundance and size. Big animals produce many more offspring than small animals – they are the engines of reproduction and replenishment. Their offspring drift as eggs and larvae on ocean currents, spreading 10s or even 100+ kilometres to reseed surrounding fishing grounds. As protected populations grow, animals seek less crowded conditions elsewhere, spilling over into unprotected areas where they can be caught. Spared the destructive effects of industrial fishing gears and other damaging human impacts, marine reserves promote habitat recovery, which leads to higher productivity and greater population sizes.
It is through these processes of increased reproduction, habitat recovery, export of offspring and spillover – the reversal of historical declines – that marine reserves can mitigate some of the impacts of climate change. And through a quirk of physiology – fish produce highly soluble carbonate granules in their guts – more abundant fish may also help buffer rising ocean acidity in shallow seas.
There is more. Recent research is revealing the enormous value of intact coastal wetlands like mangrove forests, salt marshes and seagrass beds. Long-maligned as fly infested swamps, they have often been valued only as places to clear or develop. There has been massive loss of these coastal wetlands in the last hundred years, especially in Asia and Central and South America where thousands of square kilometres have been converted to aquaculture ponds and other uses. Globally, approximately one third of mangroves have been lost in the last 50 years, and about 30% of seagrass beds since the late 19th century. The Philippines has lost 80% of its mangroves.
Healthy wetlands, it turns out, are vigorous carbon sinks, taking up atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it in deep, muddy sediments. They can grow upward as sea levels rise, helping protect vulnerable low-lying coasts. This function may be particularly important as a warmer world is expected to experience more extreme weather. Protection and restoration of coastal wetlands in marine reserves should help mitigate climate change and help local communities adapt to its effects.
It is apparent that a monumental environmental upheaval is underway as we enter the Anthropocene. Marine reserves will not halt climate change nor prevent harm from transboundary threats such as pollution. They must be established alongside other solutions, like restrictions on fishing effort and methods, and better management of runoff from land. While reserves have many benefits at local scales, they must also be scaled up to make a meaningful contribution to offsetting climate change impacts at a global level. The Sustainable Development Goal target of 10% protection by 2020, while ambitious in timing, is only a waypoint, not the endpoint, on the road to effective ocean management. Scientific research argues in favour of a much higher target (O'Leary et al. 2016), with figures of 30% by 2030, or even 50% by 2050, justified by the evidence. We must therefore also extend protection to areas beyond national jurisdiction, which comes with its own difficulties.
Marine reserves are not a panacea nor are they a substitute for urgent reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. They have limitations that must be addressed through further research and creativity, such as how to better resource them, improve monitoring, surveillance and enforcement, and achieve better social outcomes. Nor can they adequately protect all ecosystems, some of which appear to be much more sensitive than others. But given their broad portfolio of positive outcomes, it is hard to conceive of any circumstances under which extensive networks of well-resourced and managed, highly protected marine reserves would not increase future human wellbeing. They represent a positive, proactive step that local communities, regions, nations and the international community can pursue to build resilience and soften the blows that lie ahead.
Acknowledgements: Beth O'Leary is supported by the Pew Charitable Trusts.
Literature cited:
Roberts, C.M., B.C. O'Leary, D.J. McCauley, P.M. Cury, C.M. Duarte, J. Lubchenco, D. Pauly, A. Saenz-Arroyo, U.R. Sumaila, R.W. Wilson, B. Worm and J.C. Castilla (2017) Marine reserves can mitigate and promote adaptation to climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1701262114
O'Leary, B.C., M. Winther-Janson, J.M. Bainbridge, J. Aitken, J.P. Hawkins and C.M. Roberts (2016) Effective coverage targets for ocean protection. Conservation Letters. doi: 0.1111/conl.12247
Conference on Marine Protected Areas: An Urgent Imperative
A Dialogue Between Scientists and Policymakers
Scientists' Consensus Statement on Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Characteristics, Governance, and Sustainable Financing
Rome, Italy 7- 9 March 2016
Sustainable Development Goal 14 of the United Nations, Target 5 states that "By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information." The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide scientific and experience-based guidance on how to achieve the target of establishing 10% of the oceans as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) by 2020. It was composed by a group of 25 MPA experts from all regions of the globe, who shared information and deliberated from March 7-8, 2016, at the 10 x 20 Conference held in Rome.
The 25 experts included both scientists and MPA practitioners, bringing together theoretical, research-based, and practical experience with MPAs. They drew upon a large and increasing body of knowledge that demonstrates the success of well-planned and implemented marine protected areas in conserving biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and producing other ecological, social, cultural and economic benefits[1]. MPAs can increase food security by recovering exploited populations, rebuilding their habitats, increasing reproductive output, increasing replenishment of surrounding fishing grounds, enhancing catches via spillover, reducing population fluctuations, maintaining genetic variability of stocks and increasing resilience to environmental fluctuations. These effects may also lead to greater resilience in the face of anthropogenic global change, improved climate adaptation, and increasing food security as fishers and fish adapt to a changing environment. Experts focused on three general questions during their deliberations:
1) What are the characteristics of MPAs that will make them most effective at conserving biodiversity and regenerating fish populations?
2) What governance structures might best support the successful implementation and management of MPAs?
3) How can MPAs be made financially self-sustaining
This Consensus Statement outlines points of agreement in each of these topic areas by the experts who participated in the conference.
SDG 14, Target 5 does not specify the characteristics (level of protection, etc.) of the MPAs contributing to the 10%, but the "best available science" is to be used. Therefore, in order to best achieve the intent of 10 x 20, we provide the following distillation of scientific knowledge and experience of how to design highly effective MPAs. This information could also be used for evaluation of existing MPAs with a view to upgrading those that are found to fall short of the standards necessary to perform effectively.
1. MPA establishment should be based on the best available science. MPAs should be established based on what we know now rather than delaying until more information is available, but we should use MPA creation as learning opportunities to better understand the oceans and the life in them, as well as people's interactions and dependence on the sea. Such learning should include efforts to inventory natural capital, to define effective natural units of conservation needed to promote ecosystem functioning, and to refine the design of MPAs and networks.
2. Marine protected areas work best when they are fully protected from exploitation and other sources of harm. They do not work well when they receive only light protection. The delivery of benefits is tightly and positively linked to the level of protection given (assuming that MPAs are well-managed, see Governance section). Fully protected marine reserves[2] (i.e. places that prohibit all fishing and other extractive uses) are most effective. Strongly protected MPAs (limiting exploitation to well-managed subsistence or artisanal fishing and banning destructive gear types, promoting ecotourism etc.) can also be effective. Therefore, in meeting the 10% MPA target, countries should seek to maximise the inclusion of fully or strongly protected MPAs (IUCN categories, I and II), including fully protected zones within large, multiple use MPAs. It is important to recognize, however, that small amounts of fish extracted by large numbers of people can add up to substantial exploitation, hence the need for MPAs to be well-managed. While high levels of protection offer the greatest benefits to marine life, including fishers operating outside MPAs, such protection is not intended to exclude well-managed, non-consumptive uses from within and around MPAs. These uses, including tourism, can bring significant benefits such as recreation, inspiration and financing for protection (see Financing section).
3. MPA objectives should take into account and seek to reverse historical decline and degradation in marine ecosystems.
4. The most effective MPAs target protection to the ecosystem level, encompassing a wide spectrum of biodiversity, rather than a few species. Many existing MPAs seek to protect the seabed without protecting the water column or vice versa. Such an approach runs contrary to the ecosystem approach and MPAs that make this distinction are not as effective as those that afford protection to the entire water column. Depth limited protective measures often fall short in another way. For example, many coral reefs and other biogenic systems are protected only to approximately 30 m deep, but such systems may extend much deeper. Depth limited protection risks the problem that we could meet the SDG 14 10% MPA target by area but fall far short in terms of the volume of the sea protected. Therefore, sea surface to seabed protection should be the default position for effective MPAs.
5. Marine protected areas require a long-term commitment. Benefits are often apparent within a few years of establishment and continue to build for decades. Benefits can be lost within weeks or months if protections are lifted. Hence, at the point of establishment, the default assumption should be that an MPA is to be permanent.
6. MPAs should be as large as possible, appropriate to the location. Large MPAs generally yield greater benefits than small MPAs. They sustain larger populations of protected species resulting in lower extinction risk and have higher resilience to environmental fluctuations and change. They are less susceptible to 'edge effects' where human impacts spread into the protected area from outside. However, small, well managed MPAs or zones within larger multiple-use MPAs can produce significant benefits too and can be particularly valuable in intensively used settings where the options for large MPAs are limited, calling for the establishment of networked MPAs.
7. The benefits of MPAs are proportional to their coverage. Scientific evidence to date indicates that many of the desired benefits of MPAs will only be secured by MPA coverage in the region of several tens of percent of the oceans[3]. The World Parks Congress of 2014 in Sydney recommended that countries aim for 30% coverage of strictly protected MPAs (i.e. equivalent to fully protected). This is strongly supported by scientific evidence. A target of 30% by 2030 is gaining momentum among scientists and conservation interests. The SDG 14 MPA target says countries should establish "at least 10% MPAs" and 10% should therefore be viewed as an important waypoint rather than the endpoint for ocean protection.
8. MPAs are best established in strategically designed networks to produce greater overall benefits. Networked MPAs represent a wider diversity of species and habitats than individual MPAs. While individual MPAs may not support self-sustaining populations of all species, networked MPAs can achieve viability at the large scale through connectivity of populations and protection of places important to their multiple life stages.
Good networking principles include:
a. Represent the full spectrum of habitats, ecosystems and species, although initially consider giving greater priority to the most vulnerable and threatened, or the most intact. To date, MPA selection in many places has favoured charismatic species and habitats, aesthetic qualities over ecological function, and remote places. Effective MPA networks must include the full ecological portfolio that extends protection to all of biodiversity and ecosystem function.
b. Use of MPA size and spacing rules to maximise long-term viable populations inside individual MPAs and collectively across the network. Recommendations vary but typically suggest MPAs of 5-20 km in minimum dimension spaced 20-80 km apart.
c. Replication of habitats in at least 3-4 MPAs per biogeographic region.
d. Inclusion of places important to the life cycles of commercially important species.
e. Inclusion of networks of interdependent habitats, such as mangroves, seagrasses, coral reefs, and linkages between water column and seabed habitats, and other oceanographic features.
f. Inclusion of places likely to be more resistant and/or resilient to climate change.
g. Isolation has been positively linked to MPA effectiveness and may be a useful criterion for MPA selection.
h. Enhancing benefits for local communities.
i. While strategic design is most efficient, we should always be open to opportunities when they present themselves.
9. The global system of MPAs is uneven and gaps must be filled. A sizeable fraction of MPAs are in the USA, Australia and European waters (including overseas territories). A significant increase in the rate of creation is needed in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, South and East Asia and Small Island states where coastal economies, livelihoods and food security are more dependent upon healthy functioning marine ecosystems. Polar regions are also under-represented. The majority of the existing area of MPAs (but not numbers) lies in remote places. However, more MPAs are also needed in areas closer to human population centers so that communities in such areas may achieve the stability and quantity of food security, conservation, climate change resilience and socio-economic benefits they need.
10. In selecting sites for MPAs, some places have enormous global significance that transcends local importance and should be protected as a matter of priority under any national or international selection scheme. For others human pressures, including climate change, may be such that protection cannot deliver all of the benefits expected in less stressed regions. Nonetheless, marine life and the people that depend on it will in the long-term fare better with good protection and management than without, whatever the future holds. Many of the benefits of MPAs are delivered locally, so those who live nearby gain most. This also holds for places close to population centers where MPAs may offer significant benefits to local people despite not reaching levels of performance seen for more remote sites. Furthermore, low diversity sites should not be ignored in selection processes. They may be especially vulnerable to the loss of important ecosystem goods and services that benefit local people. Therefore, in the long run we should adopt the principle that no places should be excluded from consideration in the establishment of MPAs.
11. The biggest gap in the global MPA system is on the high seas, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. There is a pressing need for countries to support ongoing efforts to develop an implementing agreement for Biodiversity Protection Beyond National Jurisdiction that includes MPAs. Given current constraints on creating MPAs beyond national jurisdiction, however, a greater percent coverage (i.e 24%[4] vs. 10%) within Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) will be needed to meet the 10% of the overall ocean by 2020 goal. Such a goal would bring coverage of MPAs in EEZs up to levels commensurate with those needed to achieve multiple goals. High Seas MPAs will be needed to meet larger targets (e.g. 30% by 2030) and achieve full ocean biodiversity representation and support for ecosystem functioning. In the interim, we should consider closing parts of the high seas that are most vulnerable to overfishing and habitat destruction, including places that are not under the mandate of existing Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (as agreed under UNGA Resolution 61/105 of 2006), and establishing representative networks of MPAs protected from other damaging activities and sources of harm, including deep sea mining, marine litter and noise.
12) MPAs and MPA networks will only be fully effective when embedded within a holistic framework of integrated ocean and coastal management, incorporated into wider marine spatial planning and applying the Ecosystem Approach to ensure that human activities are well managed over all of the seas.
It should be recognized that MPAs are a necessary but not sufficient part of overall sustainable management of seas and oceans. For example, poor water quality, runoff, and other impacts, can prevent effective ecological recovery or lead to declines. Effective management, based on sound ecological principles and practices is required outside of MPAs. Similarly, climate change effects will have an increasing influence on what happens in and around MPAs and we need to develop MPA design and implementation strategies to accommodate to climate change.
13. MPAs must have the governance capacity to influence the behavior of people to build on common interests, address conflicts and reduce use impacts to levels that promote the effective achievement of conservation objectives.
14. MPA governance must ensure effectiveness in achieving conservation objectives and equity in fairly distributing the costs and benefits of effectiveness.
15. Recognize that "diversity is the key to resilience, both of species in ecosystems and incentives in governance systems", i.e. a combination of incentives is crucial for effective and equitable governance[5]. Governance frameworks need to be appropriate to the specific MPA context and the incentives should be integrated with each other. MPA governance cannot be based solely on a single governance approach, i.e. an MPA that is solely reliant on local participation (community-based), economic incentives (market-based) or legal regulation (law-based) will not be sustainably effective.
16. Legal incentives and the capacity to enforce them are particularly important to achieve both effectiveness and equity, and sufficient political will to agree and apply appropriate laws and regulations is essential for MPAs. They are the elements that reinforce the governance framework.
17. The existence of regulations, and awareness of them, can be sufficient to promote the willingness of the majority of MPA users to comply and cooperate.
18. To address the activities of a non-compliant minority, enforcement must proactively consider three elements in order to promote effectiveness and equity:
a. The capacity to detect illegal activities in a timely manner through surveillance, patrols, etc.,
b. The capacity to identify and, where necessary, charge and even detain people engaged in illegal activities in a timely manner, including gaining sufficient evidence,
c. The capacity to apply sufficient penalties (warnings, fines, license restrictions, confiscations, etc.) in a timely manner to actually deter them and others who may engage in illegal activity.
19. Enforcement capacity must be applied proportionally, justly and equitably, recognizing that enforcement needs may increase over time as the value of the protected natural resources builds up, thereby increasing the potential rewards from poaching.
20. Involve stakeholders, including local communities[6], in the designation and governance of MPAs in order to ensure local stewardship, the protection/creation of livelihoods, effectiveness and sustainability.
21. Monitoring and reporting on the degree to which MPA objectives have been achieved is critical for evaluation, adaptive management and demonstration of MPA effectiveness.
22. Recognize that MPA governance frameworks take time to evolve on an adaptive "learning by doing" basis.[7]
23. Cross-jurisdictional coordination between different sectoral agencies is important to ensure integration between conservation, fisheries, management, land-based pollution control, development planning, etc. Hierarchical obligations, and the political will to fulfil them, can be particularly important to achieve this.
24. As MPAs are scaled up from individual designations to networks, governance frameworks also need to be scaled up to promote coordination and integration, including transboundary integration where appropriate.
25. MPAs are critical to sustainable development. MPAs are a powerful mechanism for delivering sustainable development objectives for coastal marine ecosystems at varying scales, including food security, livelihoods, climate change and disaster risk reduction.
Expenditures to meet the SDG 14 Target 5 should be recognised as part of wider investment needs for achieving sustainable development in the context of the SDGs.
26. Meeting SDG 14 Target 5 will deliver substantial benefits to people and the global economy
It is widely established through numerous studies and peer-reviewed publications that the social and economic benefits of establishing and operating MPAs sizeably exceed their costs, from 3:1 for 10% protection, up to 20:1 for 30% protection[8]. Governments need to raise awareness of this very positive 'rate of return' on investing in MPAs at all levels, to promote and catalyse action on MPAs at local, municipal, provincial and national levels.
27. There is a need to increase investments substantially to bridge financing gaps. Current funding of MPAs is insufficient and not sustainable. Funding to cover transition costs, monitoring etc., needs to be increased substantially.
28. MPAs contribute to climate change adaptation and to some extent mitigation
Investing in MPAs can reduce community, national and global vulnerability by increasing resilience and reducing risk. It can support adaptation efforts against climate-related impacts at various scales, and contribute somewhat to climate change mitigation via the maintenance of healthy oceans.
Investments in MPAs can provide direct adaption benefits including coastal protection (e.g. from the protection or restoration of mangroves and coral reefs). These investments will enhance resilience by protecting food security and securing livelihoods options. This will be increasingly important in helping communities adapt to climate change and in minimising damages and losses.
29. Investments in MPAs can strengthen the provision of marine ecosystem services on which vulnerable communities depend
As marine biodiversity loss disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, investments in MPAs, by helping to protect biodiversity, will help secure the long-term provisioning of key services and access to essential marine resources that support food security, economic opportunities and human well-being of the world's income poor populations.
30. MPAs provide insurance and protection from risk.
MPAs as the 'conservative' part of our ocean portfolio serve as insurance against our mistakes in management. Investments in MPAs can provide insurance against uncertain and accelerating future marine ecosystem change, and maintain and enhance future development options. Investments made now will reduce future costs and preserve opportunities for current and future generations.
31. Enhancing synergies and promoting alignments across sectoral policies are needed for effective implementation of SDG 14 Target 5 and can be a major source of resource mobilization.
Creating and implementing mutually supportive policies and activities across sectors of the economy, and increasing efforts to manage trade-offs are all important steps for achieving SDG 14, Target 5, which will deliver co-benefits and develop cost-effective pathways towards a sustainable society. This will help to identify co-funding opportunities and to secure contributions to meeting the SDG 14, Target 5 from a wide range of sources across economies and societies.
It is important to mainstream MPAs into wider policy agendas, plans and budgets. This will offer significant opportunities for more efficient policy-making, and thereby generate co-funding.
32. Countries need to invest in institutions and policy frameworks, incentives and economic instruments for MPA implementation
Well-designed institutions and effective policy frameworks are a prerequisite for effective and efficient MPA financing. A "bottom-up" assessment of investment needs to be aligned with domestic and international sources of funding. Investing in policy frameworks and general enabling conditions is critical for MPA action in many countries, and especially in less developed parts of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Eastern Europe.
Actions to raise awareness, build capacity, develop the knowledge base and establish the necessary legal structures, institutions and governance frameworks are necessary for effective delivery of SDG 14 Target 5 as well as contributing directly to other SDG Targets.
33. Design and implementation of appropriate economic and policy instruments is essential for meeting SDG 14 Target 5
Achieving SDG 14 Target 5 at least-cost is crucial and will require more efficient use of public budgets, together with the application of a wider range of economic instruments and incentives. It will also require involving stakeholders, the use of modern technology, invoking social norms and cultural sanctions and encouraging integrated regional use of existing funding.
Much can be gained by phasing-out perverse incentives and unsustainable practices, and extending good marine planning and the development of sound fiscal policies. The elimination of environmentally harmful and market-distorting subsidies such as capacity-enhancing fisheries subsidies, if well managed, would reduce negative impacts on marine biodiversity while freeing up resources that could be used for other investments in marine protection.
34. MPA financing should be sought from a wide variety of sources
Revenue from MPA management (user fees, fines, taxes, etc.) should, to the maximum extent possible, be reinvested into MPA management activities to ensure near and longer-term financial sustainability of MPAs.
Transnational MPAs should be considered as they can add value such as size and resilience, increased diversity of funding base, and make use of each countries' comparative advantages (monitoring, enforcement, etc.).
Increased focus on developing innovative partnerships between a wide range of actors – local and national government, civil society, NGOs, UN, multi-lateral funds, IFIs, academia, and the private sector is needed.
A significant fraction of the private sector, from tourism to fisheries to aquaculture, utilizes and relies on healthy marine ecosystems in their business operations. For long-term MPA sustainability, these private sector stakeholders need to be effectively engaged in MPA design, financing, cost recovery and management.
There are a wide range of potential public and private sources of funding for MPAs, from multi-lateral funds (GEF, GCF, and other Adaptation Funds) to bi-laterals to foundations. Countries need to increase awareness and knowledge of these funds (through mechanisms such as the Biodiversity Finance Initiative (www.biodiversityfinance.net) and need capacity building assistance to enable them to access, combine and sequence necessary financing from all available sources[9].
The overall envelope for MPA financing almost certainly remains below the level required to achieve 10x20. In addition, country demand for MPA financing from financial mechanisms such as the GEF has been very modest in comparison to that for terrestrial protected areas. As such, if use of such funds towards 10x20 is to be optimized, beneficiary countries need to increase prioritization of MPAs in their internal dialogue on accessing such funding, and donor countries need to increase the prioritization and level of MPA financing support for developing countries going forward.
[1] Pikitch, E. (2016) A primer on Marine Protected Areas, Background for the 10 x 20 conference. Herein Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is an umbrella term that encompasses virtually any type of refuge that provides some level of protection.
[2] In this document we follow the definitions of Lubchenco and Grorud-Colvert (2015): lightly protected MPAs are places where some protection exists but significant extractive activity is allowed; strongly protected MPAs prohibit all commercial activity with only light recreational and subsistence fishing allowed, while in fully protected MPAs no extractive activities are allowed (also called "marine reserves"). The term Marine Protected Area (MPA) encompasses all three categories. Lubchenco, J. and Grorurd-Colvert , K. (2015) Making waves: The science and politics of ocean protection. Science, 350, 382-383
[3] O'Leary, B.C., Winther-Janson, M., Bainbridge, J.M., Aitken, J., Hawkins, J.P., Roberts, C.M. (in press) Effective coverage targets for ocean protection. Conservation Letters.
[4] 42% of oceans and seas lie within Exclusive Economic Zones. Therefore achieving 10% of the oceans as a whole within MPAs would require (10/42) x 100 = 24% coverage of EEZs.
[5] Drawing on all five categories: economic incentives, interpretative incentives, knowledge incentives, legal incentives and participative incentives. After Jones, P.J.S. (2014) Governing Marine Protected Areas: resilience through diversity. Routledge.
[6] Without community support, implementation and enforcement will be difficult; people need to be aware of the problems and the role of MPAs in addressing them before the solution is forced upon them. Benefiting from and partnering with communities, their knowledge and their practices, is beneficial. Trust built among community members can be built upon when initiating or implementing MPAs.
[7] Thinking long term is an opportunity, not a problem. Starting simple, with existing resources and a framework for the future, expanding via adaptive management, is a good thing.
[8] Brander, L., Baulcomb, C., van der Lelij, J. A. C., Eppink, F., McVittie, A., Nijsten, L., van Beukering, P. (2015) The benefits to people of expanding Marine Protected Areas. VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
[9] The Convention on Biological Diversity's High-Level Panel on Global Assessment of Resources for Implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 has issued detailed reports of how to finance the implementation of all 20 Aichi Targets, including 10% MPA coverage by 2020 (see https://www.cbd.int/financial/hlp.shtml).
Scientists attending the Rome conference who concur in the above consensus statement:
Dr. Ferdinando Boero, Italy
University of Salento
Angelique Brathwaite, Barbados
Blue Finance, Sustainable Funding for Conservation
Project Associate
Dr. Eric Carey, Bahamas
Bahamas National Trust
Executive Director
Dr. Stefano Donati, Italy
Egadi Islands Marine Protected Area
Dr. Anne Fontaine, Guadeloupe
Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife
SPAW-RAC Director
Dr. Mounir Ghribi, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e
Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS), Trieste
Dr. Yimnang Golbuu, Palau
Palau International Coral Reef Center
Ms. Christine Greene, Kiribati
Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA)
Kiribati Cultural Ambassador
Dr. Paolo Guidetti, Italy & France
Université de Nice
Full Professor, Director of the Research Unit
Dr. Andrew Hudson, International (NYC office)
United Nations Development Programme
Head of Water and Ocean Governance Programme
Dr. Peter JS Jones, United Kingdom
University College London
Reader in Environmental Governance
Dr. Rahanna Juman, Trinidad and Tobago
Institute of Marine Affairs
Research Officer (Wetlands Ecology)
Wilfred Kagimbi, Kenya
Kenya Maritime Authority
Head of Maritime Safety
Dr. Joseph (Yossi) Loya, Israel
Tel Aviv University, Faculty of Life Sciences
Dr. Laurence McCook, Australia
James Cook University
Adjunct Principal Research Fellow
Meity Mongdong, Indonesia
Conservation International
Bird's Head Seascape
Capacity Building Coordinator
Mr. Tommy Moore
Secretariat of the Pacific Regional
Environment Program (SPREP)
Dr. Lance Morgan, USA
Marine Conservation Institute & MPAtlas
Dr. Agnes Muthumbi, Kenya
University of Nairobi
Senior Lecturer, School of Biological Sciences
Dr. Giuseppe Notabartolo di Sciara, Italy
Tethys Research Institute
Dr. Jose Padilla, Thailand
UNDP/GEF; Marine, Coastal, and Island Ecosystems - Asia Pacific
Regional Technical Advisor
Dr. Ellen Pikitch, USA
Stony Brook University, Institute for Ocean Conservation Science
Professor and Executive Director
Dr. Juan Manuel Posada, Panama
Technical Manager
Dr. Callum Roberts, United Kingdom
University of York
Dr. Todd Stevenson, USA
Ocean Conservancy
Specialist, International Arctic Program
Dr. Gregory Stone, Kiribati
Conservation International
Executive Vice President
Dr. Ussif Rashid Sumaila, Nigeria and Canada
The University of British Columbia, The Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries
Dr. Julia Guifang Xue, China
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, KoGuan Law School
Chair Professor
Dr. Tymon Przemyslaw Zielinski, Poland
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology
Associate Professor


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My name is Adam Curry and this section will contain info about me in the future, as soon as I get a few other things done.
Clearly it's time for me to start taking this blog roll serious, as it is now at it's own url: blogroll.curry.com
My LinkBlog (updates very frequently)
Thanks to an awesome new feature Dave put into the Community River, we now have the ability to completely (re)design our very own river at noagendanewsnetwork.com
The layout is done via a simple template, formatted in opml. Here's the current template
All our Community designers have to do is create a new file and send it to me, or perhaps even better, drop into a public dropbox folder and send me the url.

subset: commoncrawl


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Evolving the best place for nerds to work
Maintaining a growth model in a rapidly changing industry has required The Nerdery to continuously evolve it's service offerings and recruiting methods to adapt to the ever changing technology industry. The Nerdery's marketing needs have been no different, requiring marketing solutions that are as much agile as they are compelling.
Following a corporate name change, The Nerdery began building a new identity to reflect a redirected vision and array of services. I worked with stakeholders to focus goals and identify the brand's attributes: smart, inquisitive and accessible. We defined vintage scientific imagery as an inspirational foundation for a new identity system. Science would support the smart and inquisitive attributes of the brand while a vintage element would provide accessibility and delight for customers and staff. I refined and standardize current identity elements including messaging, logo marks, color systems and supporting artwork. These changes were the building blocks for a series of external pieces I designed and directed supporting sales representatives and conversion-based marketing campaigns. To support talent recruiting and retention, I used the new identity work as a footing to create a series of internal pieces for new employee on-boarding, corporate initiatives and clubs.
The Nerdery
Project Type
• Promotional Items
• Creative Direction
• Art Direction
• Graphic Design
• Interface Design
• Illustration


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I had an off-white tag with a Sizzix Texture Fade Cracked pattern embossed on it. I began to wonder what would happen if I rubbed the raised parts with wax and then sprayed Glimmer Mist on top.
Luckily I had a block of wax left over from my old candle-making days so I rubbed and sprayed and was quite happy with the results.
I added a pumpkin die cut sticker from Cosmo Cricket and used some buttons for eyes. The words and crow are cut from the eclips Halloween cartridge. And the tag is cut from the eclips Christmas cartridge.
This gave me an idea to experiment further with this technique.


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Once again I was heading back to Australia only this time a real contender, lying 2nd overall in the points. It was a usual 3.55am start and with all my summery clothes packed, jandels, singlet's and shorts after the fantastic summer. We arrived into a wintery Lithgow... Oh shit. I didn't worry though because every driver loves the wet, they don't mind being in the freezing cold all day soaking wet, nope not us drivers.
After working hard all day on Thursday preparing the kart, getting wets on rims and slicks on the kart, putting on the Alfano and setting our kart up for the dry, Friday morning was wet, really wet. So we went about setting the kart up for the rain and taking shelter from the weather in the Pacific Kartsport tent. First session was up and the Rotax light field went out, including front runners Pierce Lehane and Daniel Rochford and to my surprise, first time on track I was quickest, first time in the wet for over a year it seemed to have all come back very quickly and we topped session one. Unfortunately the rest of the day the quick guys got really quick and we didn't seem to go much quicker, still competitive for a top 5 I was reasonably happy.
When Saturday morning came it was still raining, perhaps less but the wind had picked up and it became very cold, not what I was thinking after packing my bags for sunny Australia. Qualifying went very, very, very poorly, I'm still not sure what went wrong but the rain had stopped, the track was still wet but was super slippery, I ended up in 21st Position. I thought this was not ideal seen I was 2nd in the points standings, one of the quicker karts on Friday and all my rivals taking out the front spots on the grid. I kept a cool head and to my surprise the rain stopped, it stopped enough for the track to dry and for our first race to be on slick tyres, bugger new track and I have only driven it in the wet. Things went very well and with almost the quickest lap the kiwi boy from 21st came through to finish 6th in a train behind the likes of Lehane and Greenbury. It was a tough race but very nice to have the speed to get past people and a good show for the spectators. Race 2 came up quickly and it was even drier, after a few laps I had made it up to 11th and still chasing down more places before getting turned around and finishing way down the order in 19th. The rain had picked up again and the track was half dry and half wet like heat one which suited me fine, another good drive to make it up to 6th place again from 21st on the grid. My heat race finishes meant I would be starting the Pre Final from 8th Position. I was happy I was starting from grid 8 but also a touch annoyed about heat 2 and wondered where I could have started if I didn't get turned around.
Sunday to my wonderful surprise was .. raining, again. Oh joy I thought getting into my wet race suit, not to mention my nice wet gloves. This meant the Prefinal was wet, but conditions like it was in qualifying, not raining but very slippery. We did improve the kart a lot but it was enough and slipped backwards to 10th.
The rain had stopped again, started again and then stopped again more than a hundred times throughout the day and it must have been my luck that the Final came when the track was in the half wet and half dry condition that I had been previously fast in. Starting in 10th was much better than 21st where I had qualified and I was quietly confident that I could get a good result. Also with the Aussie's having a bit of a bin it or win it attitude, I would just drive a smart race and wait until they had 'binned it' to move up. Half way through the 28 lap final the red flag came out and I had made it up to 7th, we restarted in single file with the whole field compressed. After the slightly chaotic start I had managed to fight my way up another couple positions and was lying in 5th. 5th was good, 5th was excellent after qualifying 21st and being up and down and bashed around a little bit, finally I was in a solid position worth lots of points plus in the group with the biggest names in Australia, well, World Karting. My luck didn't last for long though. On the last lap I was taken out. All that hard work, one of the hardest and mentally tough races I have ever driven was all taken away on the last lap and I got to go home with a 15th place instead and a beaten up Go Kart. On the plus side the experience was priceless and all the different weather combinations and scenarios with the best karters in the world was well worth the hassle of the rain and the 15th place in the Final.
Lastly I would like to thank my sponsor NAC Insurance, all the support I get from Arrow Karts Australia and Right Karts here in New Zealand. Also Huge thanks to the team at Pacific Karts who run me in Australia. I am now 3rd in the Standings.
Check out the following pages:
NAC Insurance http://www.nac.co.nz/https://www.facebook.com/pages/NAC-Motorsport/142906322453467?fref=ts
Pacific Kartsporthttp://www.pacifickarts.com/https://www.facebook.com/pacific.kartsport?fref=ts
Right Kartshttp://www.rightkarts.co.nz/https://www.facebook.com/RightKarts?fref=ts


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Kickin' the collecting habit one box at a time! My box seems small this week, but the important thing is that I have a box to show you. I didn't just ignore the elephant in the room. The elephant being this whole challenge thingy.
I love that I'm posting all this decluttering stuff. I know probably some people skip right over this post- and I can't blame them. Especially if they don't have a problem with keeping everything. This is a little bland for people that are naturally organized. But for those of us that struggle with collecting and organizing, this might be just the right kind of encouragement! It certainly is for me.
Let's see this box.Ah, yes. There it is. What's in it?
The Contents
- 3 balloon weights
- 7 kitchen utensils
- a book
- small dry-erase board
- 10 items of clothing
- set of sheets
That's it. 23 items. The grand total(so far): 294 items. Okay! We're almost to 300. And…906 more items leaving our house will bring me to my goal. I probably shouldn't have figured that out. A little daunting.
Are you ready to pass on the things you don't use anymore? Remember that you don't have to trash everything when you declutter- chances are good that someone else may enjoy or need things that you don't enjoy or need anymore! Donate them to a thrift store, a church yard sale, or your local shelter. Sometimes it makes it easier to let these things go if you know someone else may benefit from your decluttering.
Are you feeling more organized? Are you clearing out? Doesn't it feel good?


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Who would've thought that 50 years ago when Studio City's Oil Can Harry's opened its doors on Ventura Blvd., it would still be dancing high today, and celebrating its 50th Anniversary in 2018?
Do you have an event, video or news to share? Drop us an email and you may see it on NoHoArtsDistrict.com
Copyright 2018 NoHo Communications Group. All rights reserved.
Designed and Maintained by Untangled Web, Int.


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Norquay Run Origins – Bruno's Gulley
Bruno Engler – Swiss Mountain Guide, Photographer, Filmmaker, Banff character
One of the most famous of Banff's mountain guides was also photographer, ski instructor, stunt double, filmmaker, storyteller. If there were mountains involved, Bruno Engler had probably tried and conquered it. As RW Sandford put it – "In many ways Bruno Engler is Banff. Even in the advanced age he embodies the carefree charm and youthful joy that many associate with the town and the park." – (RW Sandford, A Mountain Life: The Stories and Photographs of Bruno Engler)
Bruno spent his life dedicated to capturing outdoor pursuits and sharing that joy with as many as he could. His iconic photographs still adorn many Banff halls, and even more mountain hut registers. A summer trip to the Abbott Pass Hut in the Lake Louise area showed Bruno Engler made several trips a year with hopeful guests after the Summits of Mt Lefroy and Victoria in the 1940s and 50s.
"Look at that jumper! That jump is the most scenic in the whole world. Look, see how high he is with Mt. Rundle behind him. That's where the Olympics should have been…" Bruno said of this classic of his Mt Norquay ski jump photographs.
The Mt Norquay connection to Bruno Engler started 51 years ago with friend Leo Bechtold shouting "Let's have a party", Engler started a ski race. Now over a half-century later, the Bruno Engler Memorial Ski Race is a springtime staple. Bruno presided over the race until his passing in 2001.
Characters from 35-95 all gather together in the spirit of Bruno's boundless joy, often wearing costumes and worrying more about chuckles than championships.
For a taste of Bruno's enduring spirit come ski Bruno's Gulley any day or join us on March 11, 2017 for the 51st Annual Bruno Engler Memorial Ski Race.


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WINE celebrates our endeavors, and illuminates our connection to one another.
– This sentiment is the driving force behind the inception and continued expansion of Bonhomie Wine Imports.
Emerging from 15 years of working in food and wine in New York and New Jersey, Charles Woods began his own boutique company in 2008 with the mission to find traditional estates in France, Italy and Germany who produce wine that sing of their origins. He believes in wine sourced from small farmers who do things by hand, value the wines birth in the vineyard and with a deep connection to their regional traditions. While not content with the term 'natural wine,' for its vagueness and broad connotations, Charlie prefers to let the wines and the producers tell the story themselves, and that they do.
Over 150 wines are represented from more than 30 estates yet as Bonhomie continues to expand and evolve the company remains grounded in the belief that wine connects us all together with the unbreakable bond of jovial conviviality. Cheers!


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The best report on it so far, IMO has been WCSH Channel 6 they did with a fourth grade class.
Maine ballot question #1 – June 12, 2018
The best report on it so far, IMO has been WCSH Channel 6 they did with a fourth grade class.
@Watcher: "Maybe I misunderstand your statement A-C but there is no run off vote. You vote once only. You can rank your choices but that is the only chance you get."
The whole point of rank choice voting is to provide instantaneous runoff elections. If you don't like the idea of runoff elections, then sure, rank choice voting is not for you.
That's a hoot.
After all the ballots from every precinct in Maine get sent to Augusta and logged in with full procedure, and then each and every ballot is reprocessed with one drop out, and lots of observers and challenges. And then no majority winner.
Rinse and repeat.
No room for errors or other mischief here.
Well if legislature stays out, maybe the Earl of Eagle Lake will be out of town. That should reduce risk a little,
That was funny, Bruce, but I thought he turned that page..............
Thank you Ugenetoo.
If so, the only reason is h knows the fellow members of his party and most others are so incompetent they aren't worth it.


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Diana Shipping Meets on the Top Line, Misses Where it Counts
Diana Shipping (NYS: DSX) reported earnings on March 14. Here are the numbers you need to know.
The 10-second takeaway
For the quarter ended Dec. 31 (Q4), Diana Shipping met expectations on revenues and missed estimates on earnings per share.
Compared to the prior-year quarter, revenue contracted. GAAP earnings per share dropped significantly.
Margins shrank across the board.
Revenue details
Diana Shipping logged revenue of $50.0 million. The 11 analysts polled by S&P Capital IQ expected revenue of $49.9 million on the same basis. GAAP reported sales were 13% lower than the prior-year quarter's $57.7 million.
Source: S&P Capital IQ. Quarterly periods. Dollar amounts in millions. Non-GAAP figures may vary to maintain comparability with estimates.
EPS details
EPS came in at $0.06. The 13 earnings estimates compiled by S&P Capital IQ forecast $0.09 per share. GAAP EPS of $0.06 for Q4 were 76% lower than the prior-year quarter's $0.25 per share.
Source: S&P Capital IQ. Quarterly periods. Non-GAAP figures may vary to maintain comparability with estimates.
Margin details
For the quarter, gross margin was 57.2%, much worse than the prior-year quarter. Operating margin was 13.0%, much worse than the prior-year quarter. Net margin was 10.0%, much worse than the prior-year quarter. (Margins calculated in GAAP terms.)
Looking ahead
Next quarter's average estimate for revenue is $41.9 million. On the bottom line, the average EPS estimate is -$0.02.
Next year's average estimate for revenue is $164.2 million. The average EPS estimate is -$0.17.
Investor sentiment
The stock has a five-star rating (out of five) at Motley Fool CAPS, with 2,402 members out of 2,469 rating the stock outperform, and 67 members rating it underperform. Among 389 CAPS All-Star picks (recommendations by the highest-ranked CAPS members), 377 give Diana Shipping a green thumbs-up, and 12 give it a red thumbs-down.
Of Wall Street recommendations tracked by S&P Capital IQ, the average opinion on Diana Shipping is outperform, with an average price target of $8.53.
Looking for alternatives to Diana Shipping? It takes more than great companies to build a fortune for the future. Learn the basic financial habits of millionaires next door and get focused stock ideas in our free report, "3 Stocks That Will Help You Retire Rich." Click here for instant access to this free report.
- Add Diana Shipping to My Watchlist.
The article Diana Shipping Meets on the Top Line, Misses Where it Counts originally appeared on Fool.com.Seth Jayson had no position in any company mentioned here at the time of publication. You can view his stock holdings here. He is co-advisor ofMotley Fool Hidden Gems, which provides new small-cap ideas every month, backed by a real-money portfolio. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Copyright © 1995 - 2013 The Motley Fool, LLC. All rights reserved. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.


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May Brown Bag | Endless Referrals
by Kim Daughtry, Rehabber Extraordinaire
Does your business rely on referrals? Of Course it Does!
Did you know that your circle of influence is the biggest driver for referrals?
Did you know that you can "mentor" your circle to be the best referral source for your business?
Did you know that you can increase your referral base by becoming the best business referral generator for other businesses?
Come find out what a small paradigm shift for you - will transcend your business to the next level by giving your business "Endless Referrals"!


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Mike Gravel is Howard Beale
I watched the debate last night and have a couple of thoughts, starting with the obvious fact that Mike Gravel is the Howard Beale of the race -- mad as hell and not going to take it anymore. At one point I feared he might bite someone.
(By the way, there was a no-props rule, and when Kucinich brought out the Constitution that probably should have been punished with an immediate trapdooring into the pool of sharks.)
The winner: Edwards. Everyone else seemed a bit nervous. Edwards is trial-lawyer cool. And what a haircut! (I need to make the rounds to see what the buzz is, but fyi, I watched the debate with several savvy Washington insider-types and we all thought Edwards did quite well.)
Gravel livened up what was otherwise an oddly dull 90 minutes -- so many of the candidates either playing it safe (Clinton, Obama) or just unable, under the bang-bang keep-moving format, to strut their stuff (Dodd, Richardson). Biden's one-word answer to the question on his verbosity was so perfect you'd have thought he and Brian Williams had planned it out in advance. Obama wasn't well-miked and sounded as though he were speaking from inside a box (a shame since he has the world-class baritone). Hillary didn't know where to look -- at times she seemed to be searching desperately for her talking point. And Kucinich has to worry that Gravel stole his thunder-on-the-left.
[Update: Joe Klein also went with the Beale comparison. So did Ken Rudin of NPR (whenever I try to link, though, my computer explodes). So much for my brilliant insight.]
[More reaction:
John Dickerson at Slate has a nice kicker about Gravel:
'When the candidates were asked who owned a gun, Gravel was one of those who raised his hand. "I was worried that he meant he had one with him at the moment," said a senior adviser to a top candidate.'
Byron York at National Review says the Dems were insufficiently martial.
Here's an interesting comment by Scarecrow at Firedoglake:
'I'm generally distrustful of most presidential candidates. Almost by definition, they seem to have more ambition to win the presidency than they have wisdom to be president. I also have this quaint belief that people who are genuine leaders reveal their leadership qualities over time by how they go about doing what they do. They don't announce they're "leaders" or apply to be "leaders," and running a campaign to convince people to vote for you is not a good way to prove you're a leader. Instead, genuine leaders prove themselves by how they perform day in, day out.'
Perhaps the liveliest moment in the debate came near the end when Obama, Kucinich and Gravel mixed it up. Here's part of the transcript from the Federal Document Clearing House:
KUCINICH: My good friend, Senator Obama, that's a very provocative statement. You previously said that all options
are on the table with respect to Iran.
And I think that it's important for people to reflect on the real meaning of that, that you're setting the stage for another war.
I think it's important that we move away from global warming and global warring. And the connection is oil. We're in Iraq for oil. We're looking at attacking Iran for oil.
And until we change our international policies, which quit using war as an instrument of policy...
MODERATOR: Time.
KUCINICH: ... and change our energy policies...
MODERATOR: Time.
KUCINICH: ... we will continue to repeat this sorry cycle.
MODERATOR: Congressman, thank you. Time has expired.
Senator Obama, 30.
OBAMA: I just got some time and I wanted to respond to this.
I think it would be a profound mistake for us to initiate a war with Iran.
OBAMA: But, have no doubt, Iran possessing nuclear weapons will be a major threat to us and to the region.
OBAMA: I understand that, but they're in the process of developing it. And I don't think that's disputed by any expert.
They are the largest state sponsor of terrorism...
KUCINICH: It is disputed by...
OBAMA: ... Hezbollah and Hamas.
KUCINICH: It is disputed.
OBAMA: And there is no contradiction, Dennis, between...
KUCINICH: It is disputed.
OBAMA: Let me finish.
There is no contradiction between us taking seriously the need, as you do, to want to strengthen our alliances around the world -- but I think it is important for us to also recognize that if we have nuclear proliferators around the world that potentially can place a nuclear weapon into the hands of terrorists, that is a profound security threat for America and one that we have to take seriously.
MODERATOR: Way, way over on time.
Senator Gravel, 30 seconds, please.
GRAVEL: No, with respect to Iran, we've sanctioned them for 26 years. We scared the bejesus out of them when the president says, "They're evil."
GRAVEL: Well, you know something? These things don't work. They don't work. We need to recognize them.
And you know something? Who is the greatest violator of the non- proliferation treaty? The United States of America. We signed a pledge that we would begin to disarm, and we're not doing it. We're expanding our nukes.
Who the hell are we going to nuke? Tell me, Barak. Barak, who do you want to nuke?
OBAMA: I'm not planning to nuke anybody right now, Mike, I promise.
GRAVEL: Good. Good. We're safe then, for a while.
Hawking weightless video here.
From the Times: George Washington letter found.
Via boodler and blogger kbertocci, here's the latest from T.M. Shine.
Joel Achenbach
April 27, 2007; 9:47 AM ET
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Well, almost. Yes, my fantasy football team is on the verge of winning for the second week in a row! I am ahead by 47 points right now, and my opponent only has one player left to play tonight—Bernard Berrian. He is only projected to get 5.93 points by Yahoo's fantasy football statistical gurus, so I'm not too worried. Of course, something crazy could happen, and he could wind up having a game like Brandon Marshall's game a few weeks ago, but I'm not going to dwell on potential negatives. Oh, and I just want to say again how amazing Steve Slaton is. The guy is unstoppable!
The Bengals almost pulled it off this week, but they still just look really bad. I've been a big fan of Marvin Lewis over the years, but I think it might be about time to get some fresh blood in there. Though, before Lewis is sent packing, I think Mike Brown ought to take a hike. Maybe Lewis could actually do something with this team if Brown wasn't perpetually screwing things up on the scouting and talent side of the organization.
The Titans are still sitting pretty as one of only two undefeated teams in the league now, but they pulled off a close one this week. The Ravens almost took them out. Correction, the Titans almost took themselves out. The usually unstoppable Titans defense looked ready to self-destruct this week. When they weren't fighting amongst themselves or getting penalty after penalty, they looked good. The problem is that the penalties kept coming one after another, and they actually were fighting with one another. Even team captain and usually cool-headed Keith Bullock got into it with Cortland Finnegan after Finnegan received a couple of personal foul penalties in the game. They were in each others' faces, and then Bullock shoved Finnegan when his spoken message didn't seem to be getting through. Teammates quickly separated the two.
It was a painful game to watch, but they pulled it off.
Cobra Vipers: 2-3 (or soon to be)
Tennessee Titans: 5-0
Cincinnati Bengals: 0-5


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The neckties are wide and the sideburns long, the pickaxes gleam in the sunlight. The governor thanks the president for providing money. The mayor jokes that "whatever is said about this project in the years to come, certainly no one can say that the city acted rashly or without due deliberation."
The governor swings his pickax, but the pavement is too hard. A jackhammer is brought in to loosen things up. Now the governor and the mayor lay to with gusto.
The Second Avenue subway is born.
Or so it seemed at the time.
The sideburns were long and the neckties wide because it was 1972. The president was Nixon. The governor was Rockefeller. The mayor was Lindsay. And nearly 35 years later, no trains have ever run under Second Avenue.
But the line has had at least three groundbreakings.
On Thursday it will get another one.
Gov. Eliot Spitzer and a host of dignitaries will descend through a sidewalk hatch at Second Avenue and 102nd Street, a block south of the spot where Gov. Nelson A. Rockefeller and Mayor John V. Lindsay held a groundbreaking in October 1972. They will go into a never-used section of a three-decade old subway tunnel, stretching from 105th Street to 99th Street. The governor will give a speech, hoist a pickax and take a few cracks at the concrete wall, symbolically beginning the construction where it left off in the 1970s.
"There used to be a saying in New York, 'I should live so long,' " said William J. Ronan, the first chairman of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, who presided over the groundbreaking in 1972.Continue reading the main story
"Well I sure hope they'll do it this time because time is moving on," Dr. Ronan, 94, who lives in Florida, said. "And of course it's going to cost a fortune, more than back when we were going to do it. It was expensive enough then."
Several factors actually suggest that this time the outcome may be different. The financing for the $3.8 billion project appears more certain than in the past, including an anticipated federal commitment to cover about a third of the cost.
And the plan is more measured. The goal is to build a first section of the subway with stops along Second Avenue at 96th, 86th and 72nd Streets and at 63rd Street and Lexington Avenue. It is intended to operate as an extension of the Q line and is expected to open in 2013. Once further financing is secured, later phases of construction will extend the line north to 125th Street and south to Lower Manhattan.
It was September 1929 when the city formally announced plans to build the Second Avenue subway, running the length of the East Side and into the Bronx. The cost of digging the Manhattan portion of the tunnel was estimated at $99 million, although there would be additional expenses, including the cost of real estate and equipment.
The Second Avenue plans were part of an ambitious expansion to add a 100-mile network with an overall estimated cost of about $800 million. But within a few years, during the Great Depression, planning for the new line came to a halt.
The plans were revived during World War II. In 1951, voters approved a measure that allowed the city to raise $500 million for transit improvements, with the expectation that most of it would go to build the new line. But the money was used to fix up the existing system. No work was performed on Second Avenue.
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority took over the city's subway system in 1968. Dr. Ronan began championing an ambitious range of projects, including the Second Avenue subway, from Whitehall Street to 138th Street in the Bronx. In 1968 the subway line bore a remarkably modest price tag of $335 million, but by the time of the groundbreaking in 1972, it had risen to $1 billion.
That ceremony was preserved in an 8 millimeter film shot by Robert A. Olmsted, who was a top planner at the transportation authority.
In the film, the sun is shining brightly, although some of the men are wearing coats and fedoras. There is a holiday air, and the mayor and the governor are all smiles. The two have been feuding for years, but on this day, they manage to keep their pickaxes aimed at the street.
"We were optimistic," recalled Mr. Olmsted, who is 82. "It looked like we were going to get something done."
Dr. Ronan recalled feeling that, "at long last, we're going to have the Second Avenue subway."
"It was a great day when they got to the groundbreaking," he said. "Everybody was congratulating everybody. It got good play. It should have."
Sidney J. Frigand, who was a spokesman at the authority in 1972, said he was more skeptical, especially about how the project would be financed. "There were a lot of flaws that had to be ironed out, and I sensed that it wouldn't proceed as rapidly as we hoped," he said.
Last week, a reporter described the film to Mr. Frigand, including the portion where the governor's pickax failed to make the desired impact and the jackhammer had to be called in. "That's the perils of groundbreaking," Mr. Frigand, 81, said.
In October 1973, a year after that ceremony, another groundbreaking was held for the start of work on the downtown section, at Canal Street. Mayor Lindsay had gone bareheaded the previous year but now, according to a report in The New York Times, he wore a hard hat and talked ominously about "brinksmanship," suggesting the city could not afford to keep building the subway without a large infusion of federal money. The cost had reached $1.3 billion.
This time, the pavement had been broken up in advance. After the speeches, The Times reported, the mayor attacked the loosened paving blocks with his pick.
In July 1974, Mayor Abraham D. Beame attended a groundbreaking at Second Avenue and Second Street. He went at the pavement with a jackhammer. The plan was to build the subway piecemeal, contracting out short, disconnected sections.
A year later the city was near bankruptcy; Mayor Beame called a halt to further construction. The stretch of tunnel he broke ground on was never built, although three other sections were finished and sealed. They included the two that Mayor Lindsay inaugurated, from 99th Street to 105th Street and Canal Street to Chatham Square, and a section from 110th Street to 120th Street.
Edward I. Koch was a congressman in 1972, and he appears in the film of the groundbreaking, although he said last week that he did not remember the event.
"I have no recollection of that day," said Mr. Koch, who became mayor in 1978. "I do have a recollection that the Second Avenue subway — the first shovel went into the ground when God created the earth."Continue reading the main story


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Day hiking trails
As a overnight visitor or as day we offer several well-marked day hiking trails ranging from 1 hour to 6 hours.
Weekend trails
Ombota Wilderniss Trail is a weekend trail, here you can hike from the main house to an overnight shelter called Khomas Eck Basecamp with basic overnight facilities (see further down). After a wonderfull night in the basecamp you can either hike back the next day but on a different trail as came up. The basecamp is very inviting to spend more than one night and as a hightlight you can hike up the top of the Khomas Eck (1850 m). The way up offers beautiful unspoiled views into the mountain landscape, you even pass a dry waterfall. From the top you have the most fanatsic 360 degrees view: You can see for example Windhoek, Okahandja, Gross Barmen all from one spot.
Long distance trails
In co-operation with neighbouring farmers we offer the Khomas Hochland Hiking Trail (KHHT). The trails are 90 km ( 6 days) or 54.4 km ( 4 days).The start and end the new (2016) and now already very popular Khomas Hochland Hiking Trail is at Düsternbrook. For further information have a look at our website hikenamibia.com
On all above trails long or short you will always have a very scenic landscape and rich wild- and birdlife. So there is a lot to see and to discover.
What's included?
On all overnight trails (long distance or weekend trails) we offer two versions: back pack or slack pack. Back pack you have to carry all your gear and food yourself. In the slack pack version the following is included in the price: a matrass, raw food from the farmer: 200 gr game meat, 150 gr vegetables, oil, spices and farmbread but you have to prepare the the food yourself. All your gear plus the matrasses will than be transported from campsite to campsite, at an extra transport rate which will be divided between the hikers. The more hikers the cheaper the rate per person. Further more you can order in advance some drinks from the farmers. If you do not want to sleep in the open you can also rent a tent or sleeping bag, just bring your own inlay. In that case all you have to carry is only your daily pack with water (3 ltr /day) and some food.
The location
If you are interested in geology, wildlife, bird-watching, trees and other plants or reptiles apart from listeneing only to sounds of nature or the the most amazing night sky this is the right place to go. Animals you are likely to see are: oryx, kudu, warthog, zebra, klipspringer, baboons, steenbok and rock dassie.
Trail markings
The trails is well signposted every 100m to 150 m you will see a signboard. The long trails are done according to the requirements of the south African Green Flag accreditation which is like a "star" system for hikers to know what to expect as a minimum. The KHHT has been inspected and currently (2016) the only trail in Namibia which fullfills this criteria and has obtained the Green Flag accredition. (GFA)
Basic facilities at each overnight shelter: A roof and the surface underneath is soft sand and it can take a max of 12 hikers. A warm shower ( "donkie" system with supplied wood), a toilet ( mostly flush system), wash basin and a fireplace. Furthermore a kettle, a pan, a pot, and a grill to roast your meat, wood and a table and chairs/bench and drinkable water.
Costs (2019)
For overnight guests of Düsternbrook the shorter trails 1 to 6 hrs are free of charge.
Day visitors pay only N$ 80.00/person/day.
Trails with overnight facilities:
- Back pack: N$ 246.00/person and night
- Slack pack: N$ 407.00/person and night.
- Transfer fee per group N$ 900.00 per campsite.Example on the 90 km trails N$ 4200.00.
Central reservation for all trails is: email@example.com.
With reservation you will get additional information material like maps, rules and regulations.
Please have a look at our website: HikeNamibia.com where you can also book online.
Khomas Hochland Hiking Trail:


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Why does it have to be in canonical lexical form? Is this because of MTOM's requirement? The SOAP Resource Representation Header block can exist independent of MTOM, therefore I think it is unnecessary to say that the lexical form must be the canonical form. Although, it is certainly true that if it isn't in the canonical form then one cannot use MTOM to optimize it. -Anish -- Jun Fujisawa wrote: > > Hi XMLP WG, > > Here is a review comment to SOAP Resource Representation Header > Last Call specification. Sorry about the late feedback. > > Section 2.2.4, the value of a rep:Data element is described as just > "a base64 encoded representation" of a Web resource. I think this > should be "a base64 encoded representation in the canonical lexical > form". >Received on Tuesday, 13 July 2004 21:54:30 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 6 January 2015 20:17:00 UTC


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Queens 2018 (with Photos): Top 20 Queens Vacation Rentals, Vacation Homes & Condo Rentals - Airbnb Queens, New York, United States
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Intel Core 2 Duo dresses up for formal debut
Conroe coming out tomorrow
Intel will tomorrow formally unveil its Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Extreme desktop processors - all based on the 'Conroe' core - despite having been shipping the product to computer manufacturers for several weeks. The chip maker may also announce 'Merom', the notebook version of the chip.
The launch will see the arrival of four Duos - the E6300, E6400, E6600 and E6700 - and a single Extreme, the X6800. The five Conroes are clocked at 1.86, 2.13, 2.40, 2.67 and 2.93GHz, respectively. The first two contain 2MB of L2 cache, the rest have 4MB. The cache is shared between the processing cores according to demand. All five chips run on a 1066MHz frontside bus. The Core 2 Duos have a TDP of 65W, while the Extreme Edition consumes up to 75W.
The X6800 will sell for $999 a chip when bought in batches of 1,000 CPUs. On the same terms, Intel is offering the E6300, E6400, E6600 and E6700 for $183, $224, $316 and $530, respectively.
The CPUs will support 64-bit addressing, Intel's Virtualisation Technology (VT) and the Execute Disable Bit anti-virus measure. They also feature what Intel dubs Advanced Digital Media Boost, which is essentially a way of accelerating 128-bit SSE instructions to they're issued in a single clock cycle rather than two or more.
Further out, Intel is expected to ship the Core 2 Duo E4300 early next year. This version drops the FSB to 800MHz and contains 2MB of L2. It's clocked at 1.8GHz.
Intel's mobile Core 2 Duo - aka 'Merom' - will be out even sooner, and the chip maker may well announce the product tomorrow. Merom is expected to appear as the T5500, T5600, T7200, T7400 and T7600. The first two have 2MB of L2, while the 7000 series have 4MB. The five processors are believed to be clocked to 1.66, 1.83, 2.0, 2.16 and 2.33 GHz, respectively. ®
Read Reg Hardware's Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Extreme review here
Read our Core 2 performance preview here
Read our AMD Athlon 64 FX-62 and Socket AM2 review here


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Thursday, 22 August 2013
Health Alert: You're Pooping Wrong! This Is How You Poop Properly
We're Taking a Crap the Wrong Way...
Yeah, you read that right. The way we go to the bathroom has been incorrect since the rise of the western civilization and the creation of the modern toilet.
How to Take a Crap Properly
Stanford University has revealed a new study that shows squatting is the proper and recommended way to go to the bathroom. What's more astonishing is that this study isn't new. According to Henry L. Bockus in Gastroenterology, the standard textbook on the subject:
"The ideal posture for defecation is the squatting position, with the thighs flexed upon the abdomen. In this way the capacity of the abdominal cavity is greatly diminished and intra-abdominal pressure increased, thus encouraging expulsion ...".
The reason is because of the puborectalis muscle.
This muscle acts as a sling for your rectum and maintains continence. When we sit down on the toilet, the hold on the rectum is loosened, but only partially. In a squatting posture, the hold is completely relaxed, allowing for an easier release of your bowel.
Why Squat?
It may seem a bit too much work to squat every time you need to go to the bathroom, so why do it?
Simply put, it is healthier.
Squatting is what humans (and most animals) have done for thousands of years before the invention of the modern toilet. Ailments such as constipation, hemorrhoids, and appendicitis have increased since the adaption of the modern toilet. Research shows that our bathroom posture plays a bigger role in these ailments than a lack of dietary fiber. This awesome video explains everything in more detail.
Pooping Revolution
It's never easy to change the way we've done something for such a long time. I'll put this whole thing in perspective—
We sit comfortably on the toilet just like we comfortably eat junk food. We eat junk food because it's easy to get and tastes delicious. Our current bathroom posture is easy to do, comforting and we can even text while doing it. Junk food isn't good for you though. Carrots, spinach and peas are good for your body, but people don't like the taste. Squatting is the equivalent to this—it's the not-so-great tasting vegetables that keep us healthy.
We've already begun to change the way we eat, so why not change the way we poop. The great people at Squatty Potty have created a stool that allows you to squat on your own toilet and create your own stolls. Heck, you can even improvise and make your own stool for better stool-making!
It may be awkward at first, and a bit embarrassing, but it's good for you. Health is one of the most important things in our lives, so why not make your life better?
Source: WonderHowTo.com
Posted by EducateInspireChange at 15:46
3 comments:
I have a child's step stool next to the toilet in each bathroom and even my travel trailer. It is so much more comfortable to use this angle and I encourage my children to do the same when using toilet! In many countries there are no modern toilets and they just squat on the floor (to release into a hole or other receptacle). I'm in complete agreement here!ReplyDelete
Nice blog i like to see these and i am inspire to read this article you have. Great work you have done thank you for sharing! telemedicinaReplyDelete
New Diet Taps into Revolutionary Plan to Help Dieters Lose 23 Pounds within Just 21 Days!ReplyDelete
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Private Clients
We work extensively with those in executive roles as well as business owners, expats and those in the medical and rural sectors.
Our clients are those who want the very best results with their property investment portfolios but don't have the time to be actively involved.
Our strong relationships with advisors and planners are built around offering the very best service and advice to their clients whilst maintaining a low risk investment approach.
Craig Whatman
Partner/Executive Director - Tax Consulting
Pitcher Partners
My wife Carlene and I engaged Phillip to help us with our search for an investment property. Right from the time of our first meeting with him to the settlement of the acquisition, he was extremely professional and worked diligently to find the type of property we wanted. We had a lot of questions along the way but no question was too much trouble for Phillip and he always responded quickly to us. As Phillip knows the market so well and has the right contacts with estate agents and other consultants, we were more than happy to let him manage the whole process regarding the acquisition and letting of the property. He negotiated a great price on our behalf and the property was let within a week of settlement. Needless to say we are very happy customers and have no hesitation in recommending Phillip to others.
Repa Patel
Leading Mindfully
If you are a busy professional wanting to build an evidence based property portfolio, I would highly recommend David McMillan's services. David's advice and guidance is underpinned by his extensive research and knowledge of the Australian property market. His service is exceptional in accommodating his client's work commitments and he is very proactive and strategic in solving problems. David takes great personal care to fully support his clients through the roller coaster of buying property.
Amon Carson
Vice President
In a property acquisition, as in any deal, there is always value at the right price. David excels at securing quality property assets at the right price in the right phase of the market. I trust David with my property investing now, and I know he will help me build a strong and successful property portfolio for the long term.
Elizabeth Herbert
Clyde & Co
Performance Property Advisory were excellent. I spent a lot of time researching areas, and knew I wanted to purchase in Queensland, but buying interstate without a buyer's agent who knew the area well was overwhelming. Heath Bedford was very helpful, and only the best properties were presented. Their recommended conveyancer and broker also made the purchase very smooth. I would strongly recommend Performance Property Advisory to any property investors.
Richard & Fiona Ackland
Family Service Manager
We'd like to say that we found working with Ramon to purchase an investment property to be very easy and stress-free. With small children it was so nice not to be going to inspections every week nor dealing with agents throughout the week. We appreciated receiving regular updates on which properties you were focussing on and why, receiving the reports provided the evidence that it was a worthwhile property for our purpose and budget, as well as being able to call you any time with any question. Thank you for talking us through each step of the process and nailing the final negotiations. Using your services really took the emotion, stress, and time commitment out of buying property.
Stevan Premutico
Founder & Managing Director
Ramon Mitchell was exceptional. He was considered, composed and always felt he had my interests at heart. Highly recommended.
Brian Phipps
Private Investor
Ramon provided advice and assistance when I sold my apartment and bought another nearby. He was especially helpful when inspecting the two properties that corresponded most closely to my needs; fortunately we had the same response which made making a decision much easier. As I am 'getting on' and now live alone, having someone who is both professional and honest in his responses was very helpful. I am happy to recommend Ramon and his team as it made what was a potentially daunting event run without the angst and drama that seems always to accompany selling and buying property in my experience.
Matt & Lisa Hamilton
Private Investors
Phillip Almeida has guided us firstly to review our property portfolio that was purchased elsewhere, make recommendations and assist us to achieve the correct outcomes by selling due to lack of growth potential and out going expenses. Within the past 3 years we have added interstate properties that have outperformed the market by more than 14%. This is achieved because Phillip has a criteria for the property to meet. He is extremely astute with research, inspection of potential properties for purchase, within a very select area of suburbs within cities. They are working for the investor, no hidden items, recommending value add items to the property and managing these improvements to be completed. Phillip will always find the correct invest property with potential growth prospects. We look forward to purchasing more property in the future with Performance Property Advisory
Dr Kah Yep
Heath came across as highly recommended by a friend, and I first got to know him more than half a year ago. Over the last few months Heath has been instrumental in helping me acquire an investment property. Being a professional in property is not easy: it requires in-depth knowledge of market trends, what makes a location good for future gains, what things to watch out for, which properties to stay away from, how local conditions influence outcome results, and what is appropriate for a client's budget etc. I must say Heath ticked the boxes for all of the above, with no exception. Being a doctor means I have to question a lot … for something to be taken seriously it has to have evidence behind it, and Heath has never failed to answer the questions I have asked. To his credit, with the number of questions I ask most people probably would have lost their patience – this has never been the case with Heath. He always takes the time to allay any concerns I have regarding a process – in this sense our relationship seems more like one of a mentor and his student, rather than a client-customer one. And this is great! Correspondence has always been timely, and when promised that I will get a reply soon, or get a call … it always happens – this is very important in my case, given my long hours at work, it is hard to find a right time to talk to me. Despite this making it harder to work with me, Heath has always gone the extra mile to accommodate my ridiculous schedule. Buying an investment place is stressful, but I think my experience with him allows me to say this: His recommendations are solid, he takes his work very seriously, and anything that is not good enough will not get recommended … because, it has his name on it. I look forward to working with Heath again in the future.
Chris McKinley
Private Investor
I would highly recommend Nick and Performance Property to anyone looking for investment property. As a busy individual I quickly discovered I didn't have the time to search myself. I engaged Performance Property and was instantly impressed. Their attention to detail, knowledge and personable service was very comforting. I felt confident they would find me a solid investment. As I said to many friends and colleagues, it was money very well spent. And in the end, thanks to Nick's relationships I got a great investment property, negotiated below market value prior to Auction. I couldn't be happier. Am sincerely looking forward to my next deal with Performance Property Advisory.
Emily Chew
Business Performance Management Specialist
CitiPower Powercor
Thanks very much guys for all the hard work in getting the property across the line to us and in securing us tenants, and thanks to Phil for finding us such a nice property. I'm currently sitting at a cafe on Waterworks road – a bustling main road with plenty of restaurants, cafes, banks and woollies. Had a chat to some of the neighbours. Around the corner, Buses run to the city at convenient 15 min intervals during peak time. Well done Phil! We'll definitely be back
Anshula Wilkinson
Private Investor
I was impressed by Phillip who had a clear understanding of what I was trying to achieve. The properties that he suggested all had merit but Phillip worked with me till he found exactly the right property. He then found a way to procure the property for me at the right price in a situation where over 100 prospective parties walked through the property in the first two open houses. After I purchased the property his post purchase team swung into gear and helped me secure a builder and the right agent to lease the property. Phillip was easy to work with and he did not try to oversell the properties that he recommended. The reports that he provided were thorough and easy to understand and make decisions on – this was particularly important for me being an interstate buyer. I would recommend Phillip and Performance Property advisory for people buying an investment property.
Elizabeth Sweeney
The process of purchasing the property has been seamless. As a first time home buyer, I expected to feel out of my depth, but Heath your knowledge is extensive and you were brilliant at not only providing advice but also explaining in such a way that I was able to really understand. I felt really comfortable throughout the process and was really impressed by the quality of properties that you put forward. You also did a great job keeping me informed even when there wasn't much news to share.Laree and Heath your diligent after sales support was greatly appreciated, thank you for all the detailed information and for keepingon top of everything. This has been a massive plus, as both Ant and I are very busy so it's great to have you providing clear actions and just taking the complexity out of everything.I'm really excited about purchasing another property hopefully in the new year. I will have no hesitation in recommending your services to others.


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"Every child deserves the best possible start in life and support to fulfil their potential. A child's experience in the early years has a major impact on their future life chances. A secure, safe and happy childhood is important in its own right, and it provides the foundation for children to make the most of their abilities and talents as they grow up. When parents choose to use early years services they want to know that provision will keep their children safe and help them to thrive."
(Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage)
The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) refers to children from birth to five years of age.
At Our Lady and St Patrick's, children are admitted from the age of 3.
The experiences we offer our children, in the early years, are based on the following principles:
- Unique Child
- Positive Relationships
- Enabling Environments
- Learning and Development
- Play:
We recognise that play underpins all learning and development for young children. Most children play spontaneously although some may need adult support. It is through play that children develop intellectually, creatively, physically, socially and emotionally. By providing well planned experiences based on children's spontaneous play, both indoors and outside we support our children to learn with enjoyment and challenge. They have the opportunity to think creatively alongside and with other children and adults as well as on their own. They communicate with others as they investigate and solve problems.


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It will be difficult to find a football player with a more accomplished career than that of Bob Lilly. Bob Lilly played college football for the TCU Horned Frogs before being drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the first round of the 1961 NFL Draft. Throughout his college and NFL career Lilly won many awards and had tremendous accomplishments including being inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame and College Football Hall of Fame, was an All-American in college, and was selected to the Pro Bowl eleven times in the NFL.
Displaying signed Bob Lilly photos in your home, office, sports room or man cave is the best way to decorate your walls as a Dallas Cowboys or TCU Horned Frogs fan. Autographed Bob Lilly photos capture iconic moments from throughout the Hall of Famer's career and you will be able to look back on and cherish those memorable moments forever. Signed Bob Lilly photos of Lilly demolishing offenses are definitely going to add a lot of excitement and energy to your sports memorabilia collection. Autographed Bob Lilly photos are rare and unique pieces of sports memorabilia that will be a tremendous sports gift for any Cowboys or Horned Frog fans that you know.
Autographed Bob Lilly photos are going to increase in worth in the future and be one of the most beloved pieces of sports memorabilia that you own. Signed Bob Lilly sports memorabilia and collectibles are increasing in value and demand everyday making them a wise investment so do not let this opportunity to purchase your own pass without taking advantage of it. Once you are done purchasing your authentic Bob Lilly sports memorabilia and collectibles remember to shop the rest of our Cowboys collection for product offerings for Tony Romo and Troy Aikman.


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"Sonnet Inscribed to Her Grace the Dutchess of Devonshire. " by Mary Darby Robinson (1758-1800)
[Page 172]
'TIS NOT thy flowing hair of orient gold,
Nor those bright eyes, like sapphire gems that glow;
Nor cheek of blushing rose, nor breast of snow,
The varying passions of the heart could hold:
Those locks, too soon, shall own a silv'ry ray,
Those radiant orbs their magic fires forego;
Insatiate TIME shall steal those tints away,
Warp thy fine form, and bend thy beauties low:
But the rare wonders of thy polish'd MIND
Shall mock the empty menace of decay;
The GEM, that in thy SPOTLESS BREAST enshrin'd,
Glows with the light of intellectual ray;
Shall, like the Brilliant, scorn each borrow'd aid,
And deck'd with native lustre NEVER FADE!
The Duchess of Devonshire
From the Engraving by Bartolozzi, after J. Nixon.
From The Memoirs of Mary Robinson
[Note that the illustration is not included in the 1791 volume of Poems. It has been appended here for the interest of the reader. ]


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Laser Based Studies of Atmospheric Mercury Transformation: Laboratory Kinetics and Ultrasensitive Detection of Elemental and Reactive Gaseous MercuryEPA Grant Number: R829795
Title: Laser Based Studies of Atmospheric Mercury Transformation: Laboratory Kinetics and Ultrasensitive Detection of Elemental and Reactive Gaseous Mercury
Investigators: Hynes, Anthony J.
Institution: University of Miami
EPA Project Officer: Chung, Serena
Project Period: January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2006
Project Amount: $559,363
RFA: Mercury: Transport, Transportation, and Fate in the Atmosphere (2001) RFA Text | Recipients Lists
Research Category: Mercury , Air Quality and Air Toxics , Safer Chemicals , Air
Description:Recent observations have suggested that gas phase chemical reaction may play a role in the atmospheric transformation of mercury. The overall goals of the proposed research program are a series of measurements and technique developments that will allow both the chemical reactivity, the atmospheric concentrations, and the rates of emission and deposition of both elemental and reactive gaseous mercury, to be better defined. Laboratory studies will measure the rate coefficients for the reactions of Hg(0) with the hydroxyl radical and with halogen atoms, X, and halogen monoxides, XO , where X= Cl, Br, I. When feasible the reaction products and their yields will be identified. Reactions will be studied under conditions that are representative of the arctic, the upper troposphere and the global marine boundary layer. In addition we will investigate the feasibility of laser based excitation schemes for the rapid, ultrasensitive detection of gas phase elemental mercury and reactive gaseous mercury.
The proposal builds on a number of experimental capabilities in chemical kinetics and gas phase ultra-sensitive detection that have been demonstrated in this laboratory. Kinetic studies will utilize laser photolysis for radical generation, coupled with simultaneous detection of both Hg(0), the free radical of interest, and were possible the reaction products, using laser induced fluorescence (LIF). Temporal profiles will be obtained by monitoring the concentrations as a function of delay time between the photolysis and detection lasers. Kinetic studies will be performed as a function of temperature, pressure and gas composition. For mercury this requires measurements in air at pressures of up to one atmosphere over the temperature range 300-240 K. This will be accomplished using a novel kinetic scheme in which the pseudo-first order decay of mercury is monitored in an excess of the free radical of interest.
Expected Results:
The rate coefficients for the reactions of Hg(0) will be used in conjunction with atmospheric models to assess the role of the various halogen species in the rapid depletion of Hg(0) in the arctic depletion events which occur in the arctic spring. The results will also be used to assess the rate of global chemical conversion of Hg(0) to chemically bound Hg in the marine boundary layer, via halogen chemistry, and in the upper troposphere, by reaction with OH. The identities of the reaction products and their yields will be used to predict deposition rates. In addition they identify the species which should be monitored in field experiments to test atmospheric models. A significant increase in time response and sensitivity of Hg(0) measurements will allow the technique to be used for real-time eddy-correlation measurements of mercury deposition. A detailed understanding of the rates and mechanism of mercury deposition is a critical component of any model of atmospheric mercury transformation. Extension of laser based detection techniques, increasing the sensitivity of total or speciated reactive gaseous mercury detection, would allow improved measurements of atmospheric concentrations and the factors which control their variability such as atmospheric formation and deposition rates.