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Case report: pre-eruptive intra-coronal radiolucencies revisited.
Radiographs occasionally reveal unusual intra-coronal radiolucencies in the dentine of unerupted teeth. In earlier literature, these lesions were confused with caries and incorrectly recorded as occult, hidden or pre-eruptive caries. Currently the accepted term is pre-eruptive intra-coronal radiolucency/ resorption (PEIR). This term describes an abnormal, well-circumscribed, radiolucent area within the coronal dentine of unerupted teeth [Seow, 2000; Ozden and Acikgoz, 2009]. Lesions are usually located on the central or mesial occlusal portion of the crown close to the amelodentinal junction and extend to various depths of dentine but rarely involve the pulp. The clinical crown appears intact.
PEIR can be diagnosed if there is radiographic evidence that the lesion was present pre-eruptively. Table 1 summarises the current prevalence data obtained from using bitewing (BW) radiographs [Seow et al., 1999a] and orthopantomographs (OPT) [Seow et al., 1999b; Nik and Rahman, 2003; Ozden and Acikgoz, 2009]. There are lists of previously published case reports [Seow, 2000; Ozden and Acikgoz, 2009] outlining over 70 affected teeth. Table 2 includes the three cases presented here and additional reports published since 2004. It is evident that PEIR most commonly affects a single tooth but multiple teeth can be affected [Walton, 1980; Seow, 1998; Hata et al., 2007]. The most commonly affected teeth are molars and premolars, although other tooth types have been reported [Rankow et al., 1986; Hata et al., 2007]. There has been only one report of PEIR in the primary dentition [Seow and Hackley, 1996], however this case presented unconventionally as an acute infection shortly after eruption of the second primary molar and resorption was shown histopathologically in the extracted tooth.
Various aetiologies of pre-eruptive intra-coronal radiolucencies have been suggested over the years, originally proposed by Skillen [1941]. Chronic periapical inflammation of the preceding primary tooth was one of the first theories postulated [Muhler, 1957], but the majority of teeth affected do not have a primary precursor. Dental caries is not likely, as infection with cariogenic microorganisms has not been shown in unerupted teeth [Davidovich, 2005]. It has been suggested that the lesion arises when certain sections of the tooth fail to mineralise properly during development. However, Seow and Hackley demonstrated that the radiolucency became evident after crown development is complete. They inferred that the lesion could not be the result of an intrinsic disturbance of mineralisation.
It is widely accepted now that the process in PEIR is one of resorption. Markers representative of resorption such as multinucleated giant cells, osteoclasts and chronic inflammatory cells have been described in the histopathology reports in numerous case reports [Blackwood, 1958; Grundy et al., 1984; Brooks, 1988; Seow and Hackley, 1996]. The triggering factors are as yet unknown. The classification of tooth resorption in general, is not well understood and considerable challenges exist when trying to determine aetiology and predict clinical behaviour of resorptive lesions [Heithersay, 2007]. It has been suggested that abnormal local pressures, such as ectopic position of the tooth bud, may be a stimulating factor [Seow, 1999b].
It had been assumed that PEIR would progress unless intervention occurs but the various case reports showed significant variation in the clinical course for PEIR lesions. The progress of the lesion is slow before the tooth erupts into the oral cavity, although some lesions do progress rapidly [Holan et al., 1994; Seow, 1998; Klambani et al., 2005; Hata et al., 2007]. A number of cases suggest surgical exposure of the unerupted tooth to restore the lesion to avoid continued destruction of coronal structure. There are no reports of progression when the lesions have been removed and restored [Table 3]. When the affected tooth erupts, it is assumed that microorganisms may ingress through microscopic external enamel openings into the resorbed cavity to cause further breakdown, so that a large carious lesion results [McNamara et al., 1997; Seow, 2003]. The majority of case reports suggest that the affected teeth remain asymptomatic as the lesion rarely extends into the pulp.
No gender or racial predilection has been reported but Nik and Rahman [2003] reported a far greater subject prevalence in Malaysian subjects than in other populations [Table 1]. No systemic factors seem to predispose a child to PEIR [Seow, 2000]. The only significant association reported to date is the high prevalence of ectopically positioned teeth that are associated with these defects [Seow et al., 1999a; Ozden and Acikgoz 2009].
Case Reports
Case 1: An intra-coronal radiolucency in the unerupted lower right second premolar was an incidental finding on OPT of a 10 year old girl (Figure. 1a). The tooth was monitored radiographically prior to and during eruption. The lesion did not increase in size and there was continued root development (Figure 1b). The tooth erupted without incident. It was clinically sound, asymptomatic, with a slight distal rotation (Figure 1c). There had been no increase in size of the lesion over time. The tooth was anaesthetised and isolated under rubber dam. Cavity preparation in the mesio-occlusal aspect of the tooth revealed an empty space, the base of which was filled with a soft reddish material (Figure 1d). This was removed with a spoon excavator. The tooth was restored with an indirect pulp cap, resin modified glass ionomer base and composite resin, and a fissure sealant was placed in the distal pit (Figure 1e).
Root development continued to completion (Figure 1f) and the tooth remained asymptomatic and retained vitality. Histological examination was inconclusive due to small sample size and contamination of the sample with oral bacteria.
Case 2: An intra-coronal radiolucency in the partially erupted lower right first permanent molar was noted on baseline bitewing radiographs of a six-year-old girl (Figure 2a). The lesion was monitored during eruption and the occlusal surface was macroscopically intact. The tooth was fissure sealed upon eruption with RMGIC and subsequently with a resin sealant (Figure 2b). A conservative approach was taken and the lesion was monitored annually. The lesion did not increase in size and the sealant was intact (Figure 2c). At age 11 years (5 years following diagnosis) the disto-lingual cusp overlying the PEIR lesion fractured and the tooth was restored using a preformed metal crown. There was no evidence of caries. The tooth remained vital and asymptomatic.
Case 3: A 12-year-old girl was referred by her orthodontist for restoration of the mandibular left second permanent molar. The left first permanent molar had been extracted previously as part of the orthodontic treatment plan and cavitation in the occlusal surface was noted when the tooth was partially erupted. The orthodontist attempted to extrude the tooth to facilitate restoration. Clinically there was extensive occlusal destruction, with a large pulp polyp. The tooth had an unusual radiographic appearance (Figure 3a). A previous OPT revealed that an intra-coronal radiolucency was present in the second molar at least one year prior to its eruption and prior to the extraction of the first permanent molar (Figure 3b). The second molar was anaesthetised and isolated under rubber dam. Following removal of the soft tissue mass, the remaining enamel shell was deemed unrestoreable and the tooth was extracted. The tooth and associated soft tissue were sent for histopathological analysis.
Histologically there was a normal amelodentinal junction and enamel matrix. Irregular resorption was present on the pulpal surface with osteoclast like giant cells and granulation tissue compatible with PEIR (Figure 3c). The failure to detect PEIR in the second molar prior to the extraction of the first permanent molar has complicated the orthodontic treatment plan.
Radiographs are usually taken in children for caries detection and for orthodontic treatment planning. Although the prevalence rates have been reported using bitewing radiographs and OPTs, PEIR can be detected using either radiograph. All radiographs must be examined completely for incidental findings. There is a high prevalence of ectopically positioned teeth affected by PEIR or being adjacent to teeth with PEIR [Seow et al., 1999a; Ozden and Acikgoz 2009]. Good quality radiographs that include the maximum information may result in early diagnosis of PEIR. Radiographs of these three cases were examined and PEIR affected a single tooth only with no anomalies associated with these affected teeth.
The aetiology of these lesions is as yet, not fully understood and more research is needed in this area. However, it appears that retrospective diagnosis is common and gaining adequate numbers of teeth or tissue for investigation may be difficult. Regardless of the cause of the lesion, the clinician must choose the treatment modality that is most suitable for the particular clinical presentation. Historically, the dental literature recommended immediate surgical intervention and restoration to limit the extent of the resorptive lesion and prevent its progression into the dental pulp. Tooth resorption can be continuous and potentially aggressive [Heithersay, 2007]. However, not all lesions progress and if progression is not detectable radiographically, restorative treatment can be delayed until the tooth is fully erupted. This approach was adopted in Case 1 where the lesion was removed and the tooth restored upon eruption. Similar to many other reports, there was no communication with the pulp chamber and the integrity of the pulp was maintained. In Case 2 of this series, restorative treatment was deferred for 5 years as radiographically the lesion did not progress and clinically the tooth was intact in a caries free dentition. Moskovitz and Holan [2004] previously reported a non-progressive lesion in an unerupted second permanent molar, however they restored the lesions on eruption of the tooth similar to Case 1.
Case 2 illustrates an active decision not to restore a non-progressive lesion in a tooth following eruption. The majority of case reports suggest that the affected teeth remain asymptomatic as the lesion rarely extends into the pulp. The controversy therefore is when or if the clinician should intervene? There is no consensus in the various case reports as many clinical variables can determine the outcome. There are conflicting reports on whether these lesions are progressive or non-progressive. Case 2 is the first report of long-term evaluation without intervention to restore the lesion upon eruption. Radiographically the lesion did not progress in size radiographically but the undermined cusp fractured after 5 years. It could be argued that radiographs are an insensitive way to evaluate any dimensional change in a three dimensional lesion. There are no case reports of progression or reactivation following removal of the PEIR lesion and its replacement with a restoration (Table 3). In some cases, apexogenesis or pulpectomy has been provided either electively or following exposure with a successful outcome [Ignelzi et al.,1990; O'Neal et al., 1997]. This was the intended treatment for Case 3, however the extent of coronal resorption was too great to allow restorative treatment.
The management of teeth with PEIR should be centered on early diagnosis and treatment at an appropriate time. If a relatively small lesion is detected or if a tooth is close to eruption, it may be monitored carefully until the tooth erupts into the oral cavity. Early intervention would be appropriate, using restoration of lesion for patients at high risk for caries, those with poor attendance record or those with limited co-operation. Radiographic monitoring of the lesion size will direct if intervention pre-eruptively may be necessary.
When lesions are large, appear to be encroaching on the pulp or where the lesion appears to be enlarging, it may be appropriate to surgically expose the tooth in order to allow curettage and restoration. Where there has been pulp involvement without infection, the pulp has remained vital and further root development occurred [Ignelzi et al., 1990; O'Neal et al., 1997]. As mentioned previously, recurrence of the resorption after curettage of the lesion has not been reported in the literature, so that restoration of the lesion is a valid treatment option.
The cases presented add to the treatment modalities that may be offered when PEIR is diagnosed. Fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the literature yet the reported prevalence suggests that this lesion is not uncommon. Teeth affected by or adjacent to teeth with PEIR lesions may be ectopically positioned. All clinicians must be able to differentiate between PEIR and carious lesions and discuss options appropriate to the patient on an individual level. In two of the cases the lesions were diagnosed prior to eruption (Cases 1 and 2). Both lesions were monitored until the teeth involved were fully erupted and definitive restoration was possible. Neither of the lesions increased in size nor changed in shape during the monitoring period. This allowed treatment to be postponed until an appropriate time. The rate of progression varies and must be monitored. In Case 2, this involved a period of several years--the occlusal surface of the tooth was protected with a fissure sealant. In both affected teeth root development continued to completion and both teeth have retained vitality.
Case 3 was different in that the lesion was diagnosed post-eruptively and the tooth involved had presented with a large destructive lesion, similar to that reported by Rankow and co-workers [Rankow et al., 1986]. The unusual radiographic appearance of the tooth prompted retrieval of all previous radiographs of the tooth in question. An OPT showed that an intra-coronal radiolucency had been present in the second permanent molar at least eighteen months prior to presentation, while the tooth was unerupted. Unfortunately, the lesion had not been detected at this stage and extraction of first permanent molars was planned by the orthodontist. Forced eruption of the tooth to facilitate restoration was a reasonable option however the extent of the lesion was too great. In retrospect, the first molar could have been maintained or surgical exposure and curettage of the PEIR lesion could have been offered. This case emphasises the importance of assessing all radiographs including all unerupted teeth in cases where extractions are planned as part of an orthodontic treatment plan.
A number of treatment options are available if PEIR is diagnosed either via bitewing radiographs or OPT. PEIR appears to be resorptive in nature yet the stimulus for this resorption is not known. The location of the lesion is predictable and it appears that the lesions can be progressive or non-progressive. The majority of lesions are not aggressive and can be controlled by curettage and restoration. The risk of pulp involvement is low. Clinicians must be aware of PEIR and document the treatment chosen with long term follow-up to support further investigation into this entity.
Blackwood HJJ. Resoprtion of enamel and dentine in the unerupted tooth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1958; 11: 79-85.
Brooks JK. Detection of intra-coronal resorption in an unerupted developing premolar: report of a case. J Am Dent Assoc 1988; 116: 857-859.
Davidovich E, Kreiner B, Peretz B. Treatment of severe pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption of a permanent second molar. Pediatr Dent 2005; 27: 74-77.
Grundy GE, Pyle RJ, Adkins KF. Intra-coronal resorption of unerupted molars. Aust Dent J 1984; 29: 175-179.
Ignelzi MA, Fields HW, White RP, Bergenholtz G, Booth FA. Intra-coronal radiolucencies within unerupted teeth: case report and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990; 70: 214-220.
Hata H, Abe M, Mayanagi H. Multiple lesions of intra-coronal resorption of permanent teeth in the developing dentition: a case report. Pediatr Dent 2007; 29: 420-425.
Heithersay GS. Managment of tooth resorption. Aust Dent J 2007; 52:Suppl-S105-S121.
Holan G, Eidelman E, Mass S. Pre-eruptive coronal resorption of permanent teeth: a report of three cases and their treatment. Pediatr Dent 1994; 16: 373-376.
Klambani M, Lussi A, Ruf S. Radiolucent lesion of an unerupted mandibular molar. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127: 67-71.
McEntire JF, Hermesch CB, Wall BS, Leonard DL. Case report--pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption. Oper Dent 2005; 30: 553-556.
McNamara CM, Foley T, O'Sullivan VR, Crowley N, McConnell RT. External resorption presenting as an intra-coronal radiolucent lesion in a pre-eruptive tooth. Oral Diseases 1997; 3: 199-201.
Moskovitz M, Holan G. Pre-eruptive intra-coronal radiolucent defect: a case of a nonprogressive lesion. J Dent Child 2004; 71: 175-178.
Muhler JC. The effect of apical inflammation of the primary teeth on dental caries in the permanent dentition. J Dent Child 1957; 24: 209-210.
Nik NN, Rahman RA. Pre-eruptive intra-coronal dentin defects of permanent teeth. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2003; 27: 371-375.
O'Neal KM, Gound TG, Cohen DM. Pre-eruptive idiopathic coronal resorption: a case report. J Endod 1997: 23: 58-59.
Ozden B, Acikgoz A. Prevalence and characteristics of intra-coronal resorption in unerupted teeth in the permanent dentition: a retrospective study. Oral Radiol 2009; 25: 6-13.
Rankow H, Croll TP, Miller AJ. Pre eruptive idiopathic coronal resorption of permanent teeth in children. J Endod 1986; 12: 36-39.
Seow WK, Hackley D. Pre-eruptive resorption of dentine in the primary and permanent dentitions: case reports and literature review. Pediatr Dent 1996; 18: 67-71.
Seow WK. Multiple pre-eruptive intra-coronal radiolucent lesions in the permanent dentition: case report. Pediatr Dent 1998; 20: 195-198.
Seow WK, Wan A, McAllan L. The prevalence of pre-eruptive dentin radiolucencies in the permanent dentition. Pediatr Dent 1999a; 21: 26-33.
Seow WK, Lu PC, McAllan LH. Prevalence of pre-eruptive intra-coronal dentin defects from panoramic radiographs. Pediatr Dent 1999b; 21: 332-339.
Seow WK. Pre-eruptive intra-coronal resorption as an entity of occult caries. Pediatr Dent 2000; 22: 370-376.
Seow WK. Diagnosis and management of unusual dental abscesses in children. Aust Dent J 2003; 48: 156-168.
Skillen WG: So--called intra-follicular caries. Int Dent J 1941; 10: 307-308.
Walton JL. Dentin radiolucencies in unerupted teeth: report of two cases. J Dent Child 1980; 183-186.
Yamana A, Nakano K, Sasaki H, et al. Radiolucent lesion identified in unerupted mandibular left first permanent molar: case report and literature review. Pediatr Dent J 2010; 20: 207-211.
K.P. Counihan *, A.C. O'Connell **
* Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Leeds Dental Institute, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9LU
** Division of Public and Child Dental Health, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
Postal address: Dr. K. Counihan, Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Leeds Dental Institute, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9LU.
Email: email@example.com
Table 1. Summary of PEIR prevalence and teeth most commonly affected Author, Type of Study Assessment Incidence & Prevalence Seow, Wan, McAllan 1,959 Bitewing Subject prevalence 6% Prospective 934 male, 1025 female Tooth prevalence 2% Australia 1999 a Mean age 7.8 years (+/- 1.79 years) Seow, Lu, McAllan 1281 OPT's Subject prevalence 3% Prospective 11,767 unerupted teeth Tooth prevalence 0.5% Australia 1999 b 610 male, 671 female Mean age 5.1 years, 9.7 years, 17.3 years Nik, Rahman 1,007 OPTs, Subject prevalence 27.3% Retrospective 497 male, 510 female Tooth prevalence 2.1% Malaysia 2003 Ozden and Acikgoz 9,750 OPT's Subject prevalence 1.55% Retrospective 2,922 unerupted teeth Tooth prevalence 0.95% Turkey 2009 Mean age 47.81 years (range 14-73) Author, Type of Study Teeth Commonly Affected Seow, Wan, McAllan Mandibular 1st molar (4%) Prospective Mandibular 1st premolar (2%) Australia 1999 a Seow, Lu, McAllan Maxillary 1st molar (4%) Prospective Mandibular 1st molar (3%) Australia 1999 b Nik, Rahman Maxillary 1st premolar (5.1%) Retrospective Maxillary 2nd premolar (3.9%) Malaysia 2003 Maxillary first molar (3.7%) Ozden and Acikgoz Mandibular 2nd molar (9.5%) Retrospective Maxillary 2nd premolar (4.7%) Turkey 2009 Table 2. Case reports and teeth affected by PEIR since 2004 Mandibular Teeth Author/Year M1 M2 M3 PM1 PM2 Moskovitz and Holan 2004 1 Davidovich et al. 2005 1 Klambani et al. 2005 1 McEntire et al. 2005 1 Hata et al. 2007 * 1 Yamana 2010 1 Counihan and O'Connell 1 1 1 (current study) * PEIR also in maxillary central incisor and mandibular lateral incisor in the same patient. Table 3. Intervention provided and outcomes for teeth affected with PEIR Author, Patient Age/ Type of Study Tooth affected Outcome Moskovitz and 6yrs 2mo, Mand 2nd molar Monitored pre-eruptively Holan 2004 for 5 years, Restoration on eruption aged 11yrs 4mo. Davidovich et 11yrs, Mand 2nd molar Surgical access of al 2005 unerupted tooth for restoration with partial pulpotomy and amalgam. Successful after 6 months Klambani 2005 9yrs, Mand 2nd molar Monitored pre-eruptively for 2 years. The lesion increased in size. Extraction on eruption (due to pain) McEntire et 9 yrs, Mand 2nd premolar Erupted and restored. al. 2005 Successful after 5 yrs Hata et 8 yrs 6mo, Max central Erupted and restored al. 2007 incisor Mand Lateral incisor, Mand Successful 18 mo - 5 yrs 2nd premolar Yamana 2010 5yr 10mo, Mand 1st molar Restored (post-eruption) Counihan and 10 years, Mand 2nd PM Monitored and restored on O'Connell eruption Successful after 6 yrs 6 Yrs, Mand 1st molar Fissure seal on eruption, Monitor radiographically 5 yrs 12 yr, Mand 2nd molar Cusp fracture and restore 5yrs 2 mo Extracted
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Blues grab Max points
PUBLISHED: 15:12 21 November 2012
Brixington Blues 1, Brixington United 0
The eagerly awaited Under-10 Brixington derby lived up to expectations as both sides produced a fantastic game of football, writes Alan Diprose.
From the first whistle there was action as Blues Will White forced United keeper Leuan Brockway to tip over.
United came straight back, and, after five minutes they hit the bar. Brockway then again denied White, this time pushing the ball round the post and for a corner.
At the opposite end of the pitch United striker George Pritchard was making Blues keeper Will Cooper work hard, but neither side could fashion a goal in the first half.
The second half started as the first period had finished and Blues midfielder Max Rickards saw his effort power against the frame of the goal.
The end-to-end nature of the game continued and George Pritchard had further efforts for United, whilst at the other end of the pitch Blues' Sam Diprose forced yet another save from Brockway.
The pace and passing of all was fantastic, and with the clock running down, most had accepted a fair draw. However, Sam Diprose got away on the flank, looked up and crossed for Max Rickards to crash the ball home for a Blues win.
Next up the Blues took on Lympstone and, after being denied earlier in the morning's first game Will White tormented the Lympets defence scoring all four of the firs half goals!
He scored direct from a corner, and another came when he got on the end of a superb team effort with nearly all Blues players touching it during the move.
At half time four-goal White made way for Sam Diprose and he scored the only goal of the second half, when put through by brother Jake.
All in all a cracking day for Blues and no goals conceded by the team!


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As common as they are, muscle cramps are something of a medical mystery -- they can affect anyone at any time, and it can be difficult to pinpoint exactly why they develop. Although any muscle within your control can cramp, leg muscles, including calves, hamstrings and quadriceps, are especially prone to these tight and often painful involuntary contractions. Eating bananas won't help you release leg cramps, but it may help you prevent them in the first place.
Common Advice
If you're prone to leg cramps, chances are you've been told you should eat more bananas. It's a common piece of advice in the United States, where bananas are the most popular fruit and a leading source of potassium. Muscle cramps are sometimes a symptom of an electrolyte imbalance -- particularly low magnesium or potassium levels -- that can be brought on by the use of laxatives or diuretics, certain health conditions or excessive sweating. Exercise -- especially in a hot environment -- is a common cause of muscle cramps, which is why endurance athletes often consume sports drinks that supply potassium, magnesium and and other electrolytes. While bananas are just as useful in protecting against muscle cramps, they won't necessarily provide relief when one strikes.
Potassium Intake
The average banana supplies about 420 milligrams of potassium, or just under 10 percent of the 4,700 milligrams that most adults should get each day. If your diet is low in potassium -- and the average American consumes 50 to 65 percent of the recommended amount, according to the Linus Pauling Institute -- eating a banana every day is an easy way to boost your intake. If you suspect that your leg cramps are caused by an electrolyte imbalance, go beyond bananas and follow a potassium-rich diet. Sweet potatoes, raisins, dried plums, dried beans, peas and lentils, winter squash, and cooked spinach are all excellent sources of the nutrient.
Immediate Relief
Whether they're mild or painfully intense, muscle cramps usually subside within minutes and rarely require medical attention. Although downing a banana in the middle of a leg cramp won't alleviate the problem, stretching and massaging the affected muscle can provide immediate relief. Tight muscles are susceptible to cramping, so it's important to stretch regularly. The stretches that you use to keep your muscles flexible are the same stretches you should use when a cramp strikes. Walking can also help -- calf cramps tend to go away faster when you put your weight on your cramped leg. The American Osteopathic Association recommends applying heat to tight muscles and ice to sore or tender muscles.
Other Considerations
You don't have to be an endurance athlete to get leg cramps -- sitting or standing all day can cause them, as can drinking too much alcohol, not drinking enough water, being pregnant or wearing unsupportive shoes. Age can also be a factor -- middle-aged and older adults are more prone to nocturnal leg cramps, according to the Cleveland Clinic. If you drink plenty of water, stretch regularly, get enough potassium and still have a problem with leg cramps, talk to your physician. Leg cramps have been linked to a variety of serious conditions, including hypothyroidism, diabetes and Parkinson's disease.
- MedlinePlus: Muscle Cramps
- American Osteopathic Association: Muscle Cramp -- A Common Pain
- Aetna InteliHealth: Cramps -- What They Are, What to Do
- Harvard Health Publications: Leg Cramps
- Cleveland Clinic: Nocturnal Leg Cramps
- U.S. Census Bureau: Per Capita Utilization of Selected Commercially Produced Fruits and Vegetables -- 1980 to 2009
- Linus Pauling Institute: Potassium


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Pettman, I Saw a Maiden, recorded live at our Christmas 2018 concert at St Michael's in Lewes:
Listen to some extracts from our CD (which you can buy here):
William Byrd, Ave Verum Corpus:
Thomas Weelkes, When David Heard:
Robert Pearsall, Lay a Garland:
Gerald Finzi, My Spirit sang all day:
Henry Purcell, I was Glad:
Stille Nacht (arranged by Michael Emery), recorded live at our Christmas 2014 concert at St Michael's in Lewes:
See and hear us rehearsing Clive Osgood's Miserere Mei here…
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Bogoroditse dyevo- Rachmaninov by The Lewes Singers
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Class Review: This class is overrated and it would seem that many players are moving up because there is not much room to move down. The only true stars are Julius Peppers and Dwight Freeney. Others like Charles Grant, Bryan Thomas (UAB), and Dennis Johnson (Kentucky) are getting first round grades, but play more like second round talent. Kalimba Edwards (South Carolina) is a playmaker, but there are concerns about him. These six make up the top of the class. Behind them are Alex Brown, Ryan Denney (BYU), Will Overstreet, and Michael Josiah (Louisville) as the best of the bunch. There are decent third-tier prospects that will probably be selected in the Top 100 this draft. There is a drop-off after that. The second day of the draft should be dotted with several undersized prospects getting nabbed. Of them, Greg White (Minnesota), Greg Scott (Hampton), Raheem Brock (Temple), Jarvis Green (LSU), and Carlos Hall (Arkansas) are probably the best of the bunch. Brett Keisel (BYU), Kenyon Coleman (UCLA), and Anton Palepoi (UNLV) have size and should all be selected at some point before the sixth round. This class has potential for some latter round surprises, but overall is marginal. It is thick with athleticism and speed, thin with talent and consistency.
Julius Peppers
(6'6" 283) North Carolina (4.7)
Peppers is a superb athlete that struggled at times during his senior year. There were some games that he was little of a factor, and then there were games that he was a monster in. This only cropped up this past year, as he was very consistent as a freshman and sophomore. He can be a very dominating pass rusher that can be a load for any pass protector. Peppers may need some time to adjust to the NFL much like Courtney Brown did. Peppers will most likely play left end in the NFL which should allow him to use his skills against less effective pass protectors. Peppers is strong and can make plays against the run, although he's not a great run stopper. Peppers is probably not as consistent as you'd like in a potential #1 pick, but he has just as much upside as anybody in this draft, if not more.
Dwight Freeney
(6'1" 268) Syracuse (4.5)
Freeney is a tweener. He is a good athlete that should be able to adjust to the linebacker spot if asked to play, but would probably struggle there in a 4-3 defense. He projects best as an undersized pass rusher. Freeney may need a year or two to adjust to the league much like Mike Rucker did in Carolina. Rucker is now a solid starter for the Panthers. And Freeney is a much better player than Rucker. He needs to develop more moves since he does not have great strength to battle blockers. But he has surprising strength for a player his size. He has excellent burst and edge speed. Has a wealth of talent, but limitations are evident.
Charles Grant
(6'3" 278) Georgia (4.65)
Grant has shot up boards by bulking up 10 pounds since the end of the season and having good post-season workouts. I'm not too sure if that extra ten pounds is pure muscle, since he'll need it. He has good edge speed, but if he doesn't beat the tackle initially, he won't ever. He lacked size and strength and will need some time to develop more as a pass rusher. Has good upside, but I don't think ten pounds of muscle makes him significantly much better than he was at the end of the season. Looked like a late second rounder at best then.
Will Overstreet
(6'3" 260) Tennessee (4.65)
Is a good upfield pass rusher with great explosition and speed off the line of scrimmage. Can get around the edge well. Unfortunately, can't do much else other than that. Is not strong and will be easily manhandled by most NFL linemen. Could project to an outside linebacker in the 3-4 system. Otherwise he is just a situational pass rusher that needs to bulk and get stronger. Has upside as a pass rusher, but I don't think he'll be able to keep his speed if he bulks up too much. A classic tweener candidate that is too talented as a pass rusher to not go on the first day of the draft.
Alex Brown
(6'3" 251) Florida (4.85)
Despite poor 40 time, Brown is a nice edge pass rusher. Brown's biggest concern is his lack of hustle and his suspect work ethic. But one positive is that Brown is aware of this vice, so hopefully he works harder. Has good strength, but doesn't use it very well. Has the strength to hold the point of attack, but struggles to get free of blockers once they get their hands on him. Nice first step, but his running speed is not that great. That's why I don't think Brown would be a good candidate at linebacker in a 3-4 defense. Excellent athlete, but Brown is not as special as the college hype made him out to be. Talent is definitely there, but Brown was too inconsistent in college. Based off upside, then he could land late in the second round.
Aaron Kampman
(6'4" 285) Iowa (4.75)
Kampman is the prototype for a 3-4 defensive end. Has excellent strength and plays the run well because he holds point of attack well. Has nice speed that he can use to get upfield, but prefers to power his way to the pocket. Has a nice motor. Won't be much of a pass rushing threat in the NFL, but capable of being decent in that area. Should have an impact similar to Kenny Mixon. In 4-3 defenses, he will play left end on first and second down, and then move inside to defensive tackle on third downs. An excellent player that won't put up big numbers in the pros, but will be a welcome addition to almost any defense.
Nick Rogers
(6'2" 250) Georgia Tech (4.65)
Rogers has good upfield speed and quickness. Has nice strength, but needs to get stronger in order to play upfront in the NFL. Struggles at point of attack. Some see him as an outside linebacker, which is warranted, but I believe he could be a defensive end. Probably won't be a starter. Is athletic enough to make transition to linebacker, but will need some time to develop. I liken him similarly to Marcus Washington of a few years ago, except Roger has never played linebacker while Washington spent most his college career there.
Rocky Bernard
(6'3" 294) Texas A&M (4.95)
Bernard is another 3-4-type defensive end. He has good size and strength, matched with nice edge speed for a player his size. But despite size, he doesn't project well to a defensive tackle in the 4-3. He doesn't play that well at point of attack despite superior strength and size. He should get better, but never will be a great run stopper. He's nothing special, just has upside. I see him more as a rotational player rather than NFL starter. Best in 3-4 scheme rather than as end in the 4-3.
Marcus Roberson
(6'3" 275) Washington (5.0)
Roberson is a stong defensive end prospect that could move inside to defensive tackle. But he probably does not have enough size to make that move. Has some edge speed, but won't ever be much of a pass-rushing threat. Rather bull rushes using power to beat blockers. Has some upside, but his shoulder injury may keep from being drafted. He should be a good rotational player in the NFL. Could be a late-round find in the mold of Renaldo Wynn.
Kevin DeRonde
(6'5" 263) Iowa State (4.85)
DeRonde plays like a left end stuck in a right end's body. He has a decent frame for bulking up. Has good strength and is better at point of attack than most players his size. Lacks edge speed and pass rushing skills, but has a nice motor. He's a nice project, that I would like to add 10-15 pounds of muscle so he can play the left end position. I like DeRonde's potential as a rotational player, but nothing more.
Chad McCarty
(6'2" 254) Texas Christian (4.95)
McCarty projects as a possible situational pass rusher in the NFL. Plays quicker than his 40 time, but not much quicker. Needs to get stronger and faster, which translates to slim chances to none of having a successful NFL career. But with hard work, he may be able to impress a team enough.
Sean Guthrie
(6'4" 269) Boston College (4.9)
Guthrie plays bigger than he is. He is not a pass rusher, but rather a run stopper. Needs to add a little more weight, and he may have a shot as a run-stuffing left end in the pros. Pretty good strength and average speed. He's a project that lacks upside.


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Aetna Shirt was founded in Baltimore in 1916, and since then has produced top quality casual, sport, dress and formal shirts for retailers, international designers, and aspiring shirtmakers. Aetna has traditionally been a wholesale manufacturer of private label shirts, and continues in that path, while also carrying a limited collection of its own shirts. We offer a diversified portfolio of shirt varieties, including oxford buttons downs, Italian style formals, pilot shirts, and military formals.
We have a loyal and experienced staff, and while we maintain traditional individual marking, cutting, and sewing operations, we also offer computerized digitizing, nesting, marking and cutting with twenty-first-century technology and machinery.
As a small facility, we can offer close personal attention, and accommodate requests for special detailing and delivery.
Made in the U.S.A.
Since Aetna's founding in 1916, all of its production has been in Baltimore, Maryland, initially downtown on Paca Street, and now in eastern Baltimore County.
Our Clients
In the past, Aetna made shirts and formalwear accessories under designer and retail labels including Adolfo, After Six, Bill Blass, Christian Dior, Halston, Joseph A. Bank, Kenneth J. Lane, Nicole Miller, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Tallia. More recently we have made shirts for a number of contemporary retailers, both domestic and overseas. We can make shirts under our own label, still made in the U.S.A.
We offer a spectrum of styles from classic dress and formal shirts to unstructured casual.
Tutorials in Shirt-making
For aspiring shirtmakers, we can offer half-day or full day tutorials. We walk you through the shirt-making process and help you better understand the challenges and advantages of making shirts domestically. We can also refer you to sources of fabric, trim and related components.


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Brian & Lyman balance out last episode's discussion of "Little Egypt" with a look at the early settlement of Chicago. Appropriately, the Windy City, even before its founding, was seen as a sort of balance to southern Illinois. Listen for talk of voter fraud, onions, civil unrest, beer, nativism, and a tease of a forthcoming James Wilkinson story.
Facebook: facebook.com/migrationpodcast
Twitter: @migrationcast
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Lyman's blog post can be found here.
Full show notes at migrationpodcast.com
Illinois's early history in the United States is one without the typical urban touchstone of Chicago. In this episode, Brian & Lyman discusses downstate Illinois, "Little Egypt," and the politically volatile mixing of Yankees and Upland Southerners that lead to yet another interesting clash over the fate of slavery in the Northwest Territory.
And yes, we know, Illinois's Cairo is pronounced "KAY-ro" or "CARE-o", but we opted to use the classic Egyptian pronunciation. We wanted to make obvious the Egypt connection.
We Kentuckians have our own share of towns with pronunciations that make no sense in the context of their Old World namesakes or antecedents: Louisville ("LUHL-vull"), Versailles ("Ver-SAILS"), and Athens ("AY-thenz"), just to name a few.


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100 Facts Plant Life contains key topics about the plant kingdom in mind-blowing numbered facts. Each fact is accompanied by beautiful illustrations and photographs, which add visual meaning to the information for kids. This is a fascinating plant book for kids aged 7+.
In stock
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A happy mummy shares she is glad that her 5yr-plus toddler picks his Junior Young Scientists magazine instead of the smart phone during car rides.
The Junior Young Scientists magazine is packed with interesting stories and facts as well as fun activities to engage your your pre-schooling child.
The Junior Young Scientists packs are available online at youngscientistsreader.com.sg/product-category/junior-young-scientist/ ...
1 month ago ·
Good news Dear Readers!...
The latest Profession Series book #16 to #20 is now in stock. Purchase them online at youngscientistsreader.com.sg/product-category/profession-series/ ...
2 months ago ·
Dear Young Scientists readers, you can read more about this spectacular natural phenomenon in Level 3 #181 (September 2018 issue). This issue can also be found in the 2018 Collection Set Level 3 youngscientistsreader.com.sg/shop/2018-young-scientists-collection-set-level-3/ ...
2 months ago ·
How amazing is our body! This wonderful machine of ours is capable of making slight physiological adaptations to suit specific environments.
Hashem Al-Ghaili
4 months ago ·
A very good morning to All!
Thank you for participating in our Quiz Contest and Congratulations to the 10 lucky winners of winning a set of Lego Technic Racing Yacht each.
Winners shall be notified by SMS shortly. The sets can be collected from 6th Nov'18 onwards and must be collection from our office by 23rd Dec'18.
Our is located at 21 Bukit Batok Crescent, #21-72 WCEGA Tower, S(658065) and opening hours are:
i. Mondays to Fridays: 9am to 1pm; 3pm to 5pm.
ii. Saturdays: 9am to 12noon.
iii. Our office are closed on Sundays and on Public Holidays.
Have a great day ahead. ...
7 months ago ·


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Greek police fire tear gas at rally protesting construction of refugee center on tourist island
Kos is a tourist hub that found itself on the frontline of Europe's migrant crisis last year. Locals fear that migrants will deter holiday makers from visiting the island.
"Some 2,000 people have turned up to the protest on Sunday," RT's Nikki Aaron reported from Kos.
"We want them to come, pass by, make their papers, and go away wherever they want to go. Here is a tourist place; we have people that come here for holidays – they can't stay together [with refugees]," one of the demonstrators explained.
Waving Greek national flags, the people marched from the center of the island to the abandoned army base outside the village of Pylio where the migrant "hotspot" is to be erected.
The construction site was guarded by riot police, who were fully geared and carrying shields.
According to Aaron, six or seven rounds of tear gas were fired by the police to disperse the crowd, which included "women, children and elderly people."
"The riot police, they weren't holding back as soon as any protester started to push forward, they retaliated," RT's correspondent said.
READ MORE: Erdogan threatened to 'open doors to Greece and Bulgaria' and flood EU with migrants – report
It was the second such rally against the new migrant center, with around 1,000 gathering in protest at the island's port on Wednesday.
Kos is situated just a few kilometers from the Turkish coast and has a population of just over 33,000 people.
READ MORE: EU gives Greece 3 months to fix borders or risk Schengen suspension
The Greek government in Athens has promised to open more refugee centers on the islands of Chios, Leros, Lesbos, and Samos to help tackle the crisis.
With thousands of newcomers passing through Greece into the European continent on a daily basis, the EU has told Greece to impose stricter controls or face exclusion from the Schengen free-travel agreement.


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Bruce Springsteen's daughter Jessica has landed a new fashion deal with Gucci.
Designers at the Italian fashion house have created a line of equestrian clothes, and Springsteen will be the company's ambassador for the collection.
She says, "I have been riding since I was 4 years old, and grew up around horses. I love the freedom you feel on horseback, and enjoy the discipline of competition. Riding in the collection that (has been) created for me is an honor and great fun – it combines the best of sport and style."
A statement from Gucci creative director Frida Giannini, reads, "Jessica is a great horsewoman, with a very exciting and positive riding style. Her passion for horse riding, and showjumping in particular, is something that I can really relate to, as I have been riding ever since I was a little girl.
"Jessica brings the elegant, dynamic spirit of Gucci alive, and I have ensured that the design of this new wardrobe provides her with pieces that manage to be both technically correct and stylish."
Take a look at more celeb offspring below.


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There is something you should know about us and it's about time we share. We have a secret obsession…ok, maybe it's a 'not-so-secret' obsession. We LOVE everything that has to do with paper! From invitations, gift wrapping, cards, ribbons, fonts, recycling, stationery, booklets, calligraphy…you name it – we love it!
And we HEART paper stores. A couple of our favorite ones that we have visited recently are Paper Sky in San Luis Obispo, CA and Paper Source in Bellevue (my hometown) in the Seattle Area. Sheri and I can (and have) been in those stores for hours.
Anyhow, below are a few of our recent paper details we have been loving lately, enjoy!
{Beautiful Calligraphy by Love, Jenna}
{Silhouettes by Martha Stewart Weddings}
{Custom maps by Laura Hooper}
{Lovely Letterpress by Bella Figura , LetterpressLight & Louella Press}


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Obama to Attend Gay NYC Fundraiser
While President Obama is "evolving" on his position
on gay marriage he appears tonight at a fundraiser
specifically for New York City's LGBT community.
The appearance comes within the midst of the New
York Senate considering a bill that would make the
state the 6th to legalize marriage equality & just
before NYC celebrate gay pride.
The fundraiser is 1 of 3 the president will attend in
New York City today & is hosted by actor Neil Patrick
Harris. It will also include other entertainment figures
such as actresses Cynthia Nixon & Audra McDonald as
well former Rep. Patrick Murphy (D-Pa.), who helped
the passage of the repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"
which is also still not in effect. White House officials
say not to expect any new stance on gay marriage from
Obama at the event that as many as 600 guests are
paying up to $35,800 each to attend.
LGBT activist groups GetEQUAL, Queer Rising &
Join The Impact are planning to protest outside the
New York Sheraton tonight at 5:30P where Obama
is attending this LGBT fundraiser.
Updates to Come…:)
Exclusive Audio Chat with Kathleen Turner
about her new film The Perfect Family that deals
w/ LGBT family & religious issues. Check it OUT
Hear Audio Interviews w/ LGBT Leaders @OUTTAKE VOICES™
View Our Historic Short Trailer on Gay Marriage


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Ahead of 2010 Olympics, violence stalks Vancouver
- |
VANCOUVER, British Columbia—With its spectacular bay and stunning, snowcapped peaks, Vancouver easily ranks as one of the world's most beautiful cities. But in recent months, the people of Canada's Olympic city have been living in fear.
Even as Vancouver prepares to host the 2010 Winter Games, its crime rate is going up. Since January alone, there have been 45 shootings in the region, 17 of them fatal. There were 58 murders last year in this region of 2.7 million people, up from 41 the year before, according to the regional Integrated Homicide Investigation Team.
"It's terrifying," says Doris Luong, who lives near the scene of a double murder on March 10. "This used to be the best city in the world... I fear for my children." At a nearby elementary school, students' movements were immediately restricted as word of the killings spread.
The root of the problem seems to be drugs, or rather a shortage of them.
The Mexican cocaine supply line extends through the United States, especially Los Angeles, up to Vancouver, according to Royal Canadian Mounted Police Superintendent Pat Fogarty. But now the Mexican government of President Felipe Calderon has mobilized 45,000 soldiers and 5,000 federal police to curb cartel activity. That has driven up the price of cocaine in Vancouver from $23,300 per kilogram to almost $39,000, Fogarty says, and gangs are killing each other.
"People are nervous ... and so are the police," says Fogarty, head of the regional gang task force. "The public's outraged. The government's outraged."
Vancouver social activist Jamie Lee Hamilton, who lives in Vancouver's seedy Downtown Eastside, says she no longer has much faith in the justice system.
"I'm really apprehensive about going out in the evening," Hamilton says. "We've turned into an American city."
Public Safety Minister Peter Van Loan recently called Vancouver the country's gang capital, and said the violence is the worst in Canada. Canada's largest city, Toronto, has seen only 11 murders this year in a population of 5.1 million, almost double that of the Vancouver region.
On a visit to Vancouver earlier this month where he met with family members of victims, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper proposed a new law that would label gang killings as first-degree murder with a sentence of at least 25 years and no parole. The law would also create a new offense with a minimum four-year jail term for drive-by shootings.
Harper has said people planning to attend the Winter Games should not worry about violence, with 15,000 police officers, private security and military personnel expected to provide security.
But shopkeeper Nandal Oad disagrees. He says nobody should feel safe coming to the Games.
Oad's suburban convenience store is just across the street from where shots were fired over morning rush-hour traffic March 10, leaving two brothers aged 19 and 22 dead. The violence has spread far beyond the city's notoriously drug-infested Downtown Eastside.
Oad says he has removed a wire cash transfer business from his store because of the violence. Police warned him weeks earlier of people carrying guns in the neighborhood, and he believes unemployment and addiction are fueling the violence. The unemployment rate in British Columbia jumped to 7.25 percent in February, up from 4.4 percent last February.
"It's very, very scary," Oad says. "We can't carry money here."
In one particularly brazen shooting last month, a mother was shot dead in her husband's luxury vehicle in broad daylight as her 4-year-old sat in the back seat. Hundreds turned out to protest gang violence last month after the string of shootings.
Local authorities say they have stepped up actions to curb the gangs and their violence. Police announced the arrests of 10 gang members recently, and four more were arrested on drugs and weapons offenses earlier this month.
Vancouver police Chief Jim Chu acknowledged the city is in the middle of a "brutal'" gang war, and said the strategy is to detain gang members on as many charges as possible. However, some of those arrested are being released on bail by the courts.
Vancouver's mayor, Gregor Robertson, has offered his own blunt assessment: Police are fighting a losing battle.
Vancouver may in part be paying the price for some of the very features that help make it so attractive. Rob Gordon, director of the criminology school at British Columbia's Simon Fraser University, noted that the city has a laid-back attitude, easy access to the U.S. border and a vast backcountry with a climate ripe for growing potent marijuana. Police say British Columbia marijuana, known as B.C. bud, is often traded for cocaine, and Vancouver is known for marijuana grow-ops, or growing operations.
"Vancouver has become a safe place in which to grow and produce a variety of drugs," Gordon said. "It's a combination of our geography, a somewhat more laid-back approach to drugs and drug use, and the proximity to the border, easy export routes primarily to the United States-- I can't think of any other city in Canada that shares those characteristics."


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You know English is indispensable nowadays, but is it necessary too to have an official certificate to prove it? Do you know all the different types of exams? How much they cost? How long do they take? These are the 5 types of certificates that you could get to confirm your English level. Pay attention to them and make sure you choose the correct one before you start to preparing.
Trinity College, academic world and workplace
Trinity College London makes these exams to certify the level of comprehension in English, mostly oral. Usually they are used as admission tests to universities, mainly in the UK, or as certificates for some job offers. There are 12 different levels, depending on the knowledge you have of English. Besides that fact, you can also choose the topic of the exam. Trinity College London has its own higher certificates: the GESE and the ISE.
What is GESE?
GESE = Grade Examinations in Spoken English.
These exams are made individually with the examiner and they just test your oral ability. There are 12 levels and the examiner goes to your country to test you.
What is ISE?
ISE = Integrated Skills in English
These exams are divided in 4 different parts: reading, listening, writing and speaking. The last one being 50% of the final grade.
Both types of exams are recognized and gathered in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and their prices oscillate depending on the level of the exam. In the GESE exams, the lowest level costs 33 euros, and the highest, 130. In the ISE exams, the lowest level costs 90 euros, and the highest, 195 euros.
TOEFL, for access to academic institutions
The TOEFL, or Test of English as Foreign Language, is an exam that evaluates the level of English knowledge, and the ability to communicate in English in the academic world.
The exam consists of 4 tests: reading, listening, writing and speaking. You can obtain a maximum of 30 points in each one. The final grade is the sum up of the 4 parts, 120 being the highest qualification, which expires in 2 years since you get the official certification.
You can register yourself on their website ETS.
TOEFL exam is oriented to people that need to be admitted to some schools or universities abroad, or they simply need the certification to apply for a job or student grant. More than 8.500 universities and institutions in 130 countries accept this exam. It is basically thought for those who want to continue their studies in a foreign country, specially the United States. They exist three types of exam, which will depend on the centre you make the test.
- TOEFL IBT (Internet Based TOEFL), made with a computer on the Internet. The majority of these tests are made this way.
- TOEFL PBT is a traditional exam, made with paper. It is offered 6 times a year in the centres where they have not yet introduced the other typology (TOEFL IBT).
- TOEFL on a computer (Computer based TOEFL) was the 2nd to appear and its execution is made with a CD.
Also, the price oscillates depending on the location, you can find the price of your exam in here.
TOEIC, for the professional environment
TOEIC, or Test of English for International Communication, is done to certify your English knowledge in the workplace and to apply for many jobs, most of them in the United States. The result of this test is required by many companies, especially the multinationals.
This is exam, as well as the TOEFL, can't be passed or not. The final mark is a punctuation between 10 and 990. Each institution or company will require you a specific mark to meet the minimum requisites.
The TOEIC consists of 200 test questions, with 4 possible answers each one. The questions are handwritten with audio to assess reading and the listening comprehension. The mark you get is valid for 2 years, and you can see the different types of exam here. The prices are about 120 euros per exam.
IELTS, for academic or work reasons
The IELTS, or International English Language Testing System, offers 2 types of exam: one academic (IELTS Academic) and another professional (IELTS General training). The first one certifies your English understanding and is required by foreign academic institutions; the second one certifies your knowledge to work in a specific job in English. In both cases they will test your knowledge of British English, grammar and pronunciation.
The IELTS is divided on 4 tests, the same as the TOEFL: reading, listening, writing and speaking. You can register on the Internet here and, it is valid for 2 years since getting the official certificate.
This exam is created by the Cambridge University and the British Council. In this case, it is evaluated with a punctuation that goes from 1 to 9, being 6,5 or 7 the minimum punctuation required.
The price for dates before 2017 is 210 euros, and here you can find more detailed information.
Cambridge University, to evaluate your complete knowledge of English
The Cambridge University exams are the most chosen among young students who study English to evaluate their knowledge in 4 different areas. The most famous are: Cambridge English First, Advanced and Proficiency. Companies and universities all over the world accept them to prove your English. This is the case of the most important universities in Australia. In those centres, the Advanced certificate is the minimum required for the foreign students.
This is a general exam to measure your level. You can pass it or not, you only obtain the certificate once you have pass every part of the exam. The tests consists in 4 different parts: reading, listening, writing, speaking.
These are the different levels:
PET (Preliminary English Test)
Corresponds to an elementary level.
FCE (Cambridge First Certificate in English) Corresponds to a pre-university level. Without a doubt, the FCE is one of the best known Cambridge exams and is recognized in the majority of countries. It opens doors both academically and professionally.
CAE (Certificate of Advanced English) Is a level higher then the FCE and everyday more important, it is required to attend the university in the UK. It represents a test of linguistic capacities and is an excellent professional tool.
CPE (Certificate of Proficiency in English) This test requires both linguistic and cultural knowledge. It the best reference for the majority of British universities, companies and institutions.
BEC (Business English Certificate) Is obtained after three exams (three levels): Preliminary, BEC Vantage and BEC Higher. It consists in verifing an advanced knowledge of English for Business. You can choose which best adapts to your needs here.
The price increases depending on the test you take, from 96 euros (PET) to 220 (CPE).
You might also like:
The Difference Between the Trinity and Cambridge Exams
Back to School: 3 tips to make your English learning successful
What is your level of English and how is it measured?
Find your perfect English teacher now at goprofe.com!


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See Change Magazine Features First Step
As SEE Change readers well know, one of the most challenging and critical roles of a social enterprise is to scale sustainable solutions. It's applying our entrepreneurialism consistently, over time, to both the social mission of our enterprises and the business operations behind them. Striving to achieve this balance has been the single most important focus of our leadership team for almost a decade at First Step: Staffing for Good. Founded in Atlanta, Georgia in 2007, First Step is on a mission to provide a path out of homelessness and poverty with jobs. We're a financially independent, self-sufficient social enterprise — and the largest nonprofit light-industrial staffing agency in the United States.
Read more: http://www.seechangemagazine.com/?p=3660


text: Hi all, Does anyone know if there is a way to limit the number of posts in any given thread in a mail list? We've got some ppl here that just post for the hell of it and just waste time in general, So we're looking at clamping down on some things.. Any ideas? Cheers Spyro This message and its attachments may contain legally privileged or confidential information. This message is intended for the use of the individual or entity to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee indicated in this message, or the employee or agent responsible for delivering the message to the intended recipient, you may not copy or deliver this message or its attachments to anyone. Rather, you should permanently delete this message and its attachments and kindly notify the sender by reply e-mail. Any content of this message and its attachments, which does not relate to the official business of the sending company must be taken not to have been sent or endorsed by the sending company or any of its related entities. No warranty is made that the e-mail or attachment(s) are free from computer virus or other defect.


text: I weighed in at 263.5, wearing a size 40 pants and barely cutting an XL shirt, when I started the protocol. On the 1st round of drops I lost 38 lbs and started wearing size 36 pants and a VERY comfortable Large shirt. I did Phase 3, maintenance without gaining any weight. I started my 2nd round coming to a current grand total of 55 lbs wearing a size 34 pants and Medium shirts at this current time. I have never felt better physically or mentally! This change of lifestyle has also helped me to realize how cluttered my life was in so many other areas! HCG has given me a new lease on life! Obviously, constant weight loss is a motivation to most. In addition, feeling great will make you want to keep it up! I would suggest this to anyone who really wants to lose weight. In fact I have sent several folks to this website!*


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Above: Owner Mark Rushby (right) and Rick Crabtree
The Pedalsport cycle shop opened its doors to the public on the 1st December 2003.
The property in King Cross has a history of being a bike shop since the 1920s with the shop being Edgar Shaws and King Cross Cycles since the 1940s with only ever 4 owners during this time. During the last 10 years we have had extensive modernisation and refurbishment with the shop now operating across 3 floors with a bike showroom on floor 1, The main shop on Ground floor and the basement being our dedicated workshop.
We supply high quality bikes for all types of cycling and uses but have a special interest in racing bikes and especially cyclo-cross. We are very much a community shop and are involved in lots of local racing and coaching with our own club PedalSport Cycling Club which arranges activities and coaching for all ages and abilities. We are keen to keep our local shop feel and do not sell on the internet. Our intention is to look after and give good sound advise to our customers.


text: TV / VideoAMC's Breaking Bad Catches a Buzz With JoltBy Anthony Crupi|March 17, 2010 ShareBy Anthony Crupi|March 17, 2010 ShareAMC is getting amped for the season premiere of Breaking Bad, lining up Jolt Energy Drink as a sponsor of Vince Gilligan's Emmy Award–winning series.In conjunction with Breaking Bad's March 21 return to AMC, Jolt Energy will distribute more than 1 million co-branded cans of its four signature flavors to some 6,000 U.S. retail locations. Each of the specially marked cans will bear a tune-in graphic featuring the Breaking Bad and AMC logos and the words "New Season, 10/9c."The Breaking Bad call-out is stamped onto the lower third of each can, directly below Jolt's "Shock Your System" tag line.While financial terms were not disclosed, the deal is structured as a cooperative swap, as AMC will grant Jolt air time and online real estate in exchange for the placement on the tagged cans.The media exchange is contextually apt, given Breaking Bad's adrenalized narrative and Jolt's high-octane brew of caffeine, herbal stimulants (ginseng, guarana) and amino acids (taurine). Of course, there are limits. While the beverages are marketed as a quick, refreshing energy fix, Jolt doesn't provide nearly as much kick as the stuff Breaking Bad's Walter White (Bryon Cranston) is cranking out in his mobile drug lab. (For the uninitiated, those who populate the Breaking Bad universe might best be characterized as "all methed up and no place to go.")"Breaking Bad is an edgy show that pushes the envelope in every way possible: extreme characters, awesome action and outrageous situations," said Theresa Beyer, AMC's vp of activation and promotion. "The show's heart thumping, in-your-face attitude is a perfect fit with the high intensity lifestyle that is Jolt Energy."Jolt CEO Bob Clamp concurred with Beyer's assessment, calling the promotion a perfect pairing. "Like Breaking Bad, we're a brand that's always tried to push the envelope," Clamp said. "Our fan base spans generations, topping out at longtime cult followers who grew up with us, and who dovetail nicely with the show's dedicated, passionate audience." Introduced in 1985, under the banner "All the Sugar, Twice the Caffeine," Jolt was a prime mover in the $4.9 billion energy drink industry, appearing on the scene long before the rise of brands like Redbull, Rockstar and 5-Hour Energy. In September, Jolt parent company Wet Planet Beverages filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, following a dispute with a packaging manufacturer.As it looks for a buyer, Jolt is beginning to rev up its marketing efforts. On midnight Friday (March 19), Jolt Energy will relaunch its Web site, with an eye toward offering more interactive features. That said, the company's actual marketing spend has been impacted by its financial difficulties. Per Nielsen, Jolt did not invest in measured media last year; in 2008, the brand spent just $11,000 on media ($3,000 on its beverage line and $8,000 on its chewing gum product). Sharehttp://adweek.it/2kLD2wA copy Adweek Adweek


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When choosing a method to call with Python's re module, it's common to consider search() vs match(). However, note that:
re.match('pattern', s)
is not the same as
re.search('^pattern$', s)
re.match only guarantees that the beginning of the string is matched, not that the entire string is a match. Some simple examples:
>>> re.match('[a-z]+', 'abc123')
<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7f92136abc60>
>>> re.match('[a-z]+$', 'abc123')
Note that the second match statement guarantees that the match extends to the end of the string.


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If you are attentive almost that other fat you are carrying about that you have e'er wished-for to get rid off, you have to deem enrolling in a suitableness system and move into building those muscles. There are a lot of populace nowadays hiring suitableness trainers, purchasing their own quarters gym equipments or enrolling in gyms in command to have a unit that they can be superior of.
You in actual fact larn more almost Bodybuilding solely beside much reading on matters pertaining to it. So the more articles you publication close to this, the much you learn almost Bodybuilding.
We have in reality followed a particular outline patch handwriting on Bodybuilding. We have used down-to-earth libretto and sentences to help undemanding acumen for the scholar.Post ads:
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If you privation a thing that you can self-importantly present off when you go to the beach, you too should either acquisition your own hole gym equipments or enter in a fittingness system of rules in gyms and as well leasing suitableness trainers to the right way escort you beside the gradual unit construction function.
The highest way of getting hold of knowledge around Bodybuilding is by reading as so much in the region of it as executable. This can be cream of the crop through with through with the Internet.
First of all, you have to believe that thing site will filch every occurrence in bid to have bubbly and seeable results. You as well inevitability to sweat rocky and be controlled in your diet, and your exercise programs. Not active to the gym simply because you don't consistency like-minded it or you're fancy slow will get you nowhere. If you have this kindhearted of attitude, after organic structure edifice is not for you or you should devolution your knowledge and go everything that your white-collar suitableness teacher says active physical structure place.Post ads:
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If you deprivation a natural object similar John Cena or a natural object approaching Vin Diesel, you have to profession complicated for it as recovered as give food to your muscles beside the differing thing construction supplements untaken. There are contrary kinds of organic structure structure supplements on tap in the marketplace present. These supplements aids your muscles in attainment mass, acquired immune deficiency syndrome in quicker metabolism, more than contractile organ endurance, and it as well aids in repairing muscle tissues that have been unsound because of intensive exercises and workouts.
It is primary that you should remind that fetching physical exercise and body site supplements alone is not decent to get the thing you poverty. If you thieve organic structure edifice supplements and postponement for your muscles to grow, definitely null will evolve. Intensive groundwork and article structure exercises is static enforced to get the thing you involve and in command to create your muscles. Always bring to mind that body structure supplements are barely acquired immune deficiency syndrome in getting that unit you poverty. It will trademark your muscles stronger and defy more intense activity by enhancing its recuperating process, as well as enhancing its tolerance.
You may say that we have integrated keen gossip present on Bodybuilding. This is beside the target of producing a incomparable nonfictional prose on Bodybuilding.
You should likewise recollect that location are disparate kinds of thing property supplements and several of them are illegal, such as anabolic steroids. You should never hold organic process steroids as a musculus foil and as a natural object location adjunct because it can have intense glum sidelong effects, such as as raising the risks of hunch diseases and overdose can organize to contractor atrophy, and in quite a few cases, it can organize to alteration.
We were in fact inquisitive how to get going on for to authorship roughly Bodybuilding. However onetime we started writing, the spoken communication meet seemed to gush continuously!
You should ever livelihood in worry that you should lonesome use body site supplements that are unprocessed and that is smoothly found in the natural object. One such as natural object construction supplements that you can use and one that is perfectly legal is titled amino acid. Creatine is ordinarily create by the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. However, just a miniature magnitude reaches the contractor tissues. Creatine supplements can maximize the indefinite quantity of creatines in your muscles.
Another sensitive of unit grounds and games supplements is named serum proteins. This benign of unit location supplements is au fond necessary by the muscles to amend the recuperating activity of the muscles after it goes through with an intensive exertion.
Bodybuilding are vitally absorbing environment of our day-to-day existence. It is just that sometimes, we are not mindful of this fact!
With physical structure creation and athletics supplements, you can get that body you have always longed-for at the quickest incident assertable. Always call up that with field of study and firm work, you can bring about a extreme sounding thing that you can be egotistic of.
We had ne'er scheme that we could construct so by a long chalk about Bodybuilding. We vindicatory got to writing, and voila, this article.


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Coming to dvd and blu ray September 25th
Plot-Welcome to the town of Cold Rock, in this town they have a problem with kids disappearing. The kids just leave without a trace, and instead of hints or traces of where they can be, there is an urban legend of a Tall Man who takes kids. Enter, Julia who does not believe in this myth, and soon she faces the same horror as she discovers someone took her son. Will she find her son and break the trend, and most important will she believe now in The Dark Man?
Review-It is hard to believe it has been 4 years since Martyrs. At first, rumors linked director Pascal Laugier to the Hellraiser reboot. After that fell through for whatever reason, the man just disappeared like the kids in this film. Then around mid-2011 news started to break that he was working on The Tall Man, and the fans were excited, then came news it starred Jessica Biel, and the excitement was met with uncertainty. But, fans after watching it let me tell you, if you are worried about Biel, do not worry anymore. She really delivers. So, now here we are 4 years later with the follow up to the film that put him on the lips of horror fans. If you are going into this film expecting Martyrs or Martyrs like, you will be seriously letdown. The truth be known, this is more of a thriller than a horror film. Gone is the excessive blood and gore, and in its place dare I say, a maturity. This film is a slow burn, and until the 25 minute to 30 minute mark you really do not get much action. When Julia gets home at that point, and her friend Christine is tied up and looks beaten up, is when the film takes off. Julia realizes her son is abducted and chases down the van and that scene with Jessica Biel holding the back of the truck looked very intense, and will get a reaction from the fans who stuck with the slow story and very odd plot.
As odd as the first part of this film seems, the second part of the film was even odder. If you are following the story and think you know just by what you are reading right now that you know how this film will play out, you are going to be severely mistaken. The film throws away all logic and gives us quite a few "huh†moments and a twist that literally makes us wonder about what we witnessed till then. The atmosphere and mood feels very Twilight Zone, and never gets out of depressing. Though, the ending in its own way tries to change the mood to a weird upbeat or obscure positive, but it still comes across as what I expect from Pascal, some well thought out philosophy drenched in human emotion and pain.
This film was well acted and not at all predictable even when you think you know what will happen next you won't figure it out. I had fun with this film even though at times it does get very confusing, and makes you question everything you have witnessed or what you are witnessing. But, like Martyrs that is the beauty of this film to create a mood and make you think. This is quite frankly the best film Jessica Biel has done in a very long time, which is more because of Pascal than her. Here is hoping it does not take Pascal another four years for his next film?
8 out of 10


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Yes, almost 2008, I never dreamed I'd make it to this century, much less almost through the first decade.
Our last sad time for 2007, our precious Feline Leukemia cat, Tia Dalma, went to the bridge on December 13, 2007 due to a very fast growing tumor in her sinuses. Nothing stopped it, nothing slowed it down. She was loved by all who met her.
Saturday, December 29, 2007
A New Merry Video
Just took a new video of Merry, first since his Mom, Tia Dalma, passed away on the 13th. There's no sound, just him being cute on his cat tree.
Posted by Atomic Web Kat at 1:03 PM 1 comment: Links to this post
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Jeff Martin
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A better bet than 'going the distance' argues Alistair Dean
Here's the thing about commercial litigation: the vast majority of court actions settle. In percentage terms, you could probably count on the fingers of one hand the cases which "go the distance'" Raising a court action is supposed to be the last resort, as all attempts at negotiation having failed. So, at least 95 per cent of commercial court actions are resolved, one way or the other, by a handshake.
As an evidential hearing looms, clients and lawyers alike tend to move to settle. This is hardly a ground-breaking revelation, but I am often intrigued by the psychology behind this. No doubt books could be (and probably have been) written about this tendency towards settlement, but one factor is certainly the mounting costs. The longer a case exists, the higher the costs, sometimes to the point where the costs exceed the amount in dispute. Court actions tend to be all or nothing, and on the basis that costs follow success, the stakes escalate like a long drawn-out poker game.
So most actions involve a compromise. Herein lies something else which intrigues me: if compromise is the way in which most actions conclude, why do most actions not involve the lodging of a tender?
The value of a judicial tender is often overlooked and lawyers should be more creative when thinking about the tendering process.
So, what is a tender, and how does it work? Tenders exist to protect a defender in a litigation. Let's take an example, in the construction industry. A contractor sues its client for £100k, claiming this is the balance due, following the completion of the building. The client believes the builder caused delay, is inflating its claim, and is due nothing.
What the client should contemplate is that it is likely that some sort of award will be made against him, albeit nothing like £100k. The client might be happy to actually pay £20k if that made the action go away. In these circumstances, the client should lodge a tender.
A tender is a formal court document offering the pursuer a specific sum of money, plus the expenses of the action to the date of lodging the tender. It is issued to the pursuer and sent to the court in a sealed envelope. It's a gloriously basic concept.
Let's say the client tenders £25k, plus expenses. The builder can reject it, accept, it or ignore it. However, if it is not accepted and the case proceeds to court, then following the court's decision, the sheriff or judge will then open the envelope and see that a tender was lodged and not accepted. If the court awards a higher sum than contained in the tender, the pursuer will, as would be the case if there was no tender, be awarded expenses. This is likely to be so even if the award is far less than the amount sued for.
However, let's say the court awards £20k to the builder. The judge will see that a higher sum was offered previously, and wasn't accepted. What this means is that the pursuer is liable to pay the defender's expenses from the date of lodging the tender, onwards. The logic is that the pursuer ought to have accepted the tender, and because he didn't, he is responsible for the costs of everything thereafter.
You can be creative with tenders. £20k one week, £30k a month later, £40k amonth later, then back down to £30k, and maybe withdraw all tenders a month later. They can have profoundly unsettling effects on one's opponent. Why has a tender just been withdrawn? Should we accept the tender? How was it calculated?
You can see the obvious advantages of the tender mechanism. A building firm might feel relatively relaxed in a litigation where it thinks it is bound to get something but it is a completely different matter where a tender is involved. It is continuing to litigate at a far greater risk to itself. It puts the defender in a stronger negotiating position. It is a sign of a defender who understands the practicalities of litigation, and protects itself.
A tender is a simple, highly effective tool which all litigators should be alert to at the earliest possible stage. I suspect in the early exchanges of a litigation, when both sides are entrenched and happy to "go the distance", the last thing a defender wants is make an offer to pay anything, especially if that also has to include costs. However counter-intuitive it may feel, it is probably the first thing a defender should do.
• Alistair Dean is principal at ADLP http://adlp.co.uk/
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