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Adaptation Learning Programme for Africa (ALP)
The Adaptation Learning Program (ALP) for Africa aims to increase the capacity of vulnerable households in sub-Saharan Africa to adapt to increasing and uncertain climate change and climate variability. Since 2010, ALP has been working with communities, government institutions and civil society organisations in Ghana,Kenya, Mozambique and Niger with outreach to other African countries.
ALP develops innovative community-based adaptation (CBA) approaches and strategies with farming and pastoralist communities, and promotes their integration into local and national government systems and programmes. Adoption at scale is achieved by generating evidence of impact and good practices for CBA, building capacity and influencing development and adaptation policy and finance nationally and globally. ALP work focuses on gender equality, strengthening adaptive capacity, access to useful climate information, multi-stakeholder decision-making and facilitation of learning for climate resilient agriculture, risk reduction and resilience across Africa.
For more information on ALP, email: email@example.com
Click on the tabs below to access ALP publications by theme
Overview of ALP Programme
The Adaptation Learning Programme (ALP) for Africa is implemented by CARE International with financial support between 2010 and 2017 from UK Aid from the Department for International Development, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, the Austrian Development Cooperation and the Danish CISU Climate and Environment Fund. An external evaluation in 2015 confirmed ALP is having a positive impact on the lives of those people who are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and is an influential programme shaping adaptation practice in Africa and beyond. From 2015 onwards ALP is:
- Innovating approaches for strengthening adaptive capacity, resilience, and gender equality, including access to climate information.
- Demonstrating scaling up of good practice for integrating Community Based Adaptation (CBA) into small-holder agriculture, local development planning and disaster risk reduction (DRR) systems.
- Influencing access and accountability of adaptation finance by national governments, civil society organisations and Africa regional initiatives
- Delivering a strong evidence base of CBA impact and value for money together with learning and training opportunities for multiple actors across Africa
English / French / Portuguese
Adaptation Planning with Communities in Embu County, Kenya
A learning report from implementation by ALP on CVCA and Community Adaptation Action Planning in Embu elaborating the value of the process for the community, how it strengthens adaptive capacity and some thoughts on how the CAAP process could evolve.
An accompanying report presenting the findings on vulnerability to climate change and community adaptation planning in Iria-Itune, Kamarandi, Mutwabare, Ntharawe communities: Community Adaptation Action Plans in Embu, Kenya 2017 with additional learning points relating to the practical facilitation of CAAPs and an Annex with CVCA field guides, timetables, interview questions and examples from Embu
Lucy & Poko's Story
Two short movies telling the story of two farmers, one a woman, one a man, who have improved their resilience and adaptive capacity through support from ALP. The films will form part of educational materials in Danish for use in "gymnasiums" (high schools). Produced by Michael Schmidt Olsen, Danida, CARE Denmark CandoFilm Production (2017).
Adaptation Good Practice (AGP) Checklist
The Adaptation Good Practice (AGP) Checklist supports design, decisions, capacity building, implementation and monitoring of adaptation, in relation to the roll out of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and adaptation finance. It can be used to inform or screen concepts, proposals, implementation plans and national budgets for their incorporation of and compliance with adaptation good practices, and to determine the focus of research and capacity building.
Community Based Adaptation: An empowering approach for climate resilient development and risk reduction
This short brief demonstrates how community based adaptation is an invaluable and essential component of the vision for resilience across Africa. The paper provides greater clarity on what CBA looks like and how it can add value to disaster risk reduction and sustainable development by drawing on the lessons learnt by ALP over the last four years across four countries and through demonstrating some practical approaches to CBA which can be adopted and scaled up.
English / French / Portuguese
Adaptation Planning with Communities: Practitioner Brief 1
A brief describing the community based adaptation action planning (CAAP) process using practical examples from ALP experience in Ghana and Niger. It describes how to use climate vulnerability and capacity assessments (CVCAs) to inform a participatory community planning process. The community plans focus on livelihoods and natural resource issues, but the CAAP process can apply to all climate sensitive sectors, for example health, education, energy, or social protection.
Strengthening Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change: Practitioner Brief 4
There is a general recognition that adaptive capacity is an effective way of building people's ability to prepare for, withstand, and respond to the impacts of climate change. But what does it really look like in practice, how can it be strengthened, and how can its contribution to resilience be measured? Drawing on more than five years of learning on community based adaptation across four countries, the Adaptation Learning Programme (ALP) has produced several publications that attempt to address these issues. The fourth in ALP's series of Practitioner Briefs explains why and how strengthening adaptive capacity is a key condition for effective adaptation.
Adaptation Strategies Compendium
This compendium presents the range of different adaptation strategies – livelihood and risk reduction activities resulting from participation in CBA approaches that are supported by ALP in communities across the four countries where the programme is working. For each strategy evidence and lessons are provided from successful implementation and impacts in reducing vulnerability and building adaptive capacity in different contexts in Africa.
Community Based Adaptation – Experiences from Africa: Joto Afrika 11
Community based adaptation (CBA) is an increasingly popular approach to support vulnerable communities to adapt to the impacts of climate change. This Joto Afrika introduces CBA approaches implemented by ALP in Mozambique, Kenya, Ghana and Niger.
Integrating Community Based Adaptation into Local Government Planning: Joto Afrika 13
Many governments are facing challenges on how, practically, to integrate adaptation to climate change into local planning despite being convinced of the need. This Joto Afrika presents some initial successes in Ghana, Niger and Kenya.
Practical Guide to Participatory Scenario Planning: Seasonal climate information for resilient decision-making
A detailed practical guide to support knowledge and quality implementation of the approach, and to upscale PSP. The guide is structured in an easily navigable way and is a useful resource for all PSP stakeholders, including from government ministries/departments in agriculture and other climate-sensitive sectors; organisations working in adaptation and climate resilience programmes; national meteorological and hydrological services; value-chain stakeholders in agriculture and other sectors; and communities and other institutions. Each chapter can also be downloaded as a standalone document.
Impact Assessment on Climate Information Serivces for Community Based Adaptation in Climate Change
Five reports of country assessments exploring the quality, communication channels and impacts of climate information services (CIS) approaches that were developed and implemented by CARE's Adaptation Learning Programme in Kenya, Ghana and Niger, and adopted by other actors in Ethiopia and Malawi. The CIS approaches were primarily the Participatory Scenario Planning (PSP) approach.
- Kenya Country Report
- Ethiopia Country Report
- Ghana Country Report
- Malawi Country Report
- Niger Country Report
Courting Complexity in Climate Services: Lessons from Participatory Scenario Planning
A blog which analyses the success and wide adoption of ALP's PSP climate services approach, which demonstrates new learning for co-production in climate services framed through a climate services knowledge value chain.
Climate Services and Participatory Scenario Planning (PSP) Knowledge Exchange, Kenya & Ethiopia
A blog on a learning exchange between Ethiopian and Kenyan meteorologists, government and NGO actors which explores how learning exchanges empower adoption, innovation and sustainability of approaches.
Participatory Scenario Planning for seasonal climate forecasts at scale in Africa
This brief on the PSP process gives an update on the approach, how it is being adopted and upscaled in Kenya, Ghana, Ethiopia, Niger, Malawi and other countries in Africa and emerging lessons for the way forward.
Climate Information Centres Brief
This brief explains what Climate Information Centres (CICs) are and how they are being used in Ghana to enhance equitable access to climate information by communities vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
Community Rain Gauges Brief
This brief explains how community rain gauges are being used in Niger to form part of an early warning and early response system aimed at building community resilience.
Facing Uncertainty – Using Climate Information
This brief explains why and how climate information is a valuable resource for informing responses to climate variability and change. Based on lessons from ALP and national meteorological services in Ghana, Kenya and Niger it demonstrates how climate information can inform decision making, planning and policy development and ensure results are climate resilient.
Participatory Scenario Planning (PSP)
This brief explains how the PSP process works and how it is enabling vulnerable communities to make decisions, which support climate resilient livelihoods and risk reduction.
CARE Innovations Snapshot: Participatory Scenario Planning
Snapshot of the innovative participatory scenario planning approach developed by ALP that supports adaptation decision making through access, translation and dissemination of seasonal climate forecasts.
Climate communication for adaptation: Joto Afrika 12
Climate communication and information services are an essential component for enabling adaptive capacity and effective adaptation. The articles in this issue of Joto Afrika reflect the experiences from a range of programmes implemented by: ALP in Kenya, Ghana and Niger; and Christian Aid; the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) and IGAD's Climate Predictions and Applications Centre (ICPAC) all in Kenya.
Building multi-stakeholder processes for climate change adaptation in sub-saharan Africa
Case study from Kenya on how ALP is supporting communities and local governments to use seasonal climate forecasts and information on climatic uncertainty for decision-making, through the Participatory Scenario Planning (PSP) approach.
Understanding Gender in Community Based Adaptation: Practitioner Brief 3
Good analysis of local gender dynamics to inform community-based adaptation does not have to be a complicated science. This practical brief seeks to unpack why, where and how gender analysis fits into the community-based adaptation process, providing an introduction and pointing to key resources. It seeks to demystify the challenge by breaking the process of "integrating gender" into a set of three key practices and providing guiding principles and useful resources for each one of them. It seeks to motivate and empower local practitioners to make better efforts to understand and respond to gender dynamics when doing local climate change adaptation planning.
Gender dynamics in a changing climate: How gender and adaptive capacity affect resilience
This brief synthesises learning about gender dynamics and the role of Community Based Adaptation (CBA) in increasing adaptive capacity and promoting gender equality based on ALP's practical experience of designing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating CBA activities in Kenya, Ghana, Mozambique and Niger between 2010 – 2015. It highlights knowledge gaps and recommendations for climate change adaptation programming and national and global policy.
Gender Equality and Adaptation
This background note on the Adaptation Learning Programme's effort to promote learning on gender equality and women's empowerment in community-based adaptation serves as a summary of key points and an introduction to ALP's gender work.
Why mainstreaming gender into community based climate adaptation is a priority: Joto Afrika 9
This special edition of Joto Afrika provides insights and learning from the 'Gender and Community-based Adaptation Learning Workshop', held in Ghana in August 2011, which brought together 42 gender and community-based adaptation practitioners from 12 government, UN and civil society organisations in Ghana, Niger, Morocco, Kenya and Mozambique to discuss good practice principles and methods for integrating gender equality into CBA processes in Africa.
Gender and Community-Based Adaptation Workshop Communiqué
This communiqué summarises the outcomes of discussions between 40 participants from 12 organisations and institutions working on climate change adaptation in Africa who participated in a learning workshop on Gender and Community-Based Adaptation (CBA) in Ghana in 2011 hosted by ALP.
Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change – Practitioner Brief
This brief describes a climate-integrated Community-based Early Warning System implemented by ALP in Dakoro, Niger, in which community-based adaptation and disaster risk reduction (DRR) come together in response to a context of chronic vulnerability, recurring emergencies and increasingly unpredictable and extreme weather events associated with climate change. It provides a rationale for the approach, including an overview of the associated benefits and challenges, as well as the key practical elements and lessons learned through implementation.
Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity: Synthesis and Lessons from Ghana, Kenya and Niger
This report provides a synthesis of findings from climate change vulnerability and capacity analysis (CVCA) conducted by ALP with communities and other actors in Ghana, Kenya and Niger. It draws out learning from these processes in relation to the dynamics of vulnerability and adaptive capacity and the value of participatory analysis as the foundation for CBA. It discusses the implications of the learning, providing recommendations for CBA in Africa and beyond.
Kenya Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity Report
A new report outlining the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of communities in Garissa county in north eastern Kenya based on participatory research conducted by ALP in 2011. The document explores the impact of climate change on the livelihoods of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in the arid and semi arid lands and highlights the existing adaptive capacity within communities and the barriers that constrain people's ability to put this capacity into action.
Ghana Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity Report
This report explores the vulnerabilities of agricultural communities to climate change impacts in East Mamprusi and Garu Tempane districts, part of northern Ghana's Guinea Savannah and Sudan Savanna respectively. It goes further to discover their inherent and growing capacity to adapt to the changes and uncertainties they are facing. The report draws from a series of vulnerability and capacity and gender analysis studies conducted in 2010 by the Adaptation Learning Programme implemented by CARE International, as well as from ongoing work supporting community based adaptation.
Niger Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity Report
This report explores the vulnerability of pastoral communities in the department of Dakoro in Niger and highlights the inherent adaptive capacity within these communities to respond to and manage the changes posed by climate change. The analysis has served to increase understanding of the dynamics of vulnerability and the necessary conditions to increase adaptive capacity in the targeted communities which has informed ALP's work in Niger and provides a basis for recommendations for policy and practice for CBA in Dakoro and beyond.
Community based adaptation to climate change strengthens pastoralists' resilience: Joto Afrika 14
This special edition of Joto Afrika edited by guest editor Pablo Manzano from IUCN Commission of Ecosystem Management presents learning from new innovative adaptation initiatives in Kenya, Niger and Ethiopia, which combined with effective traditional approaches are enabling communities living in arid lands to develop resilient livelihoods despite the climatic uncertainties they face.
Adaptation to climate change and achieving resilience in East and Southern African drylands: Joto Afrika 15
This special issue of Joto Afrika from the East and Southern Africa Learning Event on CBA and resilience hosted by ALP, CCAFS and ICIPE in Ethiopia in 2014, shares the conference outcomes, policy messages and success stories drawn from participants' experiences in CBA and resilience in the region.
Adaptation Good Practice (AGP) Checklist
The Adaptation Good Practice (AGP) Checklist supports design, decisions, capacity building, implementation and monitoring of adaptation, in relation to the roll out of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and adaptation finance. It can be used to inform or screen concepts, proposals, implementation plans and national budgets for their incorporation of and compliance with adaptation good practices, and to determine the focus of research and capacity building.
The Economics of Community Based Adaptation
This brief summarises the findings from research conducted by the New Economics Foundation on behalf of CARE International in Garissa, north eastern Kenya, which found that, investing in community based adaptation makes strong economic sense, even in a volatile and evolving economic context.
English / French / Portuguese
Managing Uncertainty: An economic evaluation of community-based adaptation in Dakoro, Niger.
A report carried out for CARE by NEF Consulting which shows that Community Based Adaptation (CBA) is both an effective and cost-efficient approach to supporting communities to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
Counting on Uncertainty: The economic case for community based adaptation in North-East Kenya
This report introduces research conducted by the UK economics think tank New Economics Foundation (NEF) on behalf of CARE, which found that investing in community based adaptation in the arid and semi arid north eastern area of Kenya makes strong economic sense, even in a volatile and evolving economic context.
English / French / Portuguese
Technical Annexes (English only)
Cost Benefit Analysis Guidelines
NEF Consulting have worked with CARE to produce simplified guidelines for conducting cost benefit analysis of climate change adaptation projects. This tool is designed to help build the capacity of local governments and NGOs to undertake cost-benefit analyses, by presenting a simple evaluative framework. It focuses primarily on climate change adaptation interventions, but can also be useful for appraising and evaluating development projects more broadly (e.g. health interventions, education programmes and others.)
An excel spreadsheet template to carry out a cost benefit analysis is also available to download.
For further information about how to use this model, please contact us: email@example.com
ALFA2017 Communique: Towards a Climate Resilient Africa
The Adaptation Learning Forum for Africa was co-hosted by ALP, IDRC, ENDA (BRACED), CKB and CDKN aiming to strengthen the linkages and commitment towards high-quality adaptation programmes and actions of practitioners, researchers, capacity builders and decision makers across Africa. Participants developed a communique calling for increased attention to strengthening adaptive capacity, multi-actor learning and knowledge brokering and improved finance mechanisms.
How adaptive capacity enable resilience: Insights from two communities in Northern Ghana
This policy brief draws out the key messages from research in adaptive capacity in Northern Ghana. It reflects on the need to respond to differential vulnerability; how understanding risks and trade offs are key to effective adaptation decision making; the importance of collective action, good governance and balancing social, economic and environmental impacts, and the important roles Village Savings and Loans Systems, migration and agriculture technology are playing – and their limitations.
Action Research on Local Adaptive Capacity in ALP Communities in Northern Ghana
This full report presents learning from ALP communities in Northern Ghana on what it takes to strengthen adaptive capacity and how this has made a difference to adaptation and livelihood choices and ultimately climate resilience.
ALP Results, Outcomes and Impacts Report – 2010-2015
This report demonstrates what ALP has achieved over the five and a half years of implementation across the four countries where it operates and how the programme outcomes have had an impact on ALP's overall goal, 'to increase the capacity of vulnerable households in sub-Saharan Africa to adapt to climate variability and change'. It provides examples of impacts through individual profiles of the four ALP countries and reflects on the importance of learning, collaborative relationships and policy influence in the adoption and up-scaling of CBA in ALP countries and across Africa. Finally, insights from ALP experience are used to share some ideas for the way forward for practical adaptation and resilience building programmes.
East and Southern Africa Learning Event on Community-Based Adaptation (CBA) and Resilience, 2014
ALP, together with CGIAR's research programme on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and ICIPE's CHIESA programme hosted 83 participants from over 50 organisations, and 11 countries in East and Southern Africa in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, for 4 days to deliberate on trends and challenges in the region's drylands. This event communique is the collective outcome, conveying messages on the need to develop effective approaches to community based adaptation (CBA) and to secure resilient and productive livelihoods for vulnerable communities living in the region's drylands, in the face of an uncertain and changing climate.
Read the full conference report.
West Africa Learning Event on CBA, 2013
72 participants from a diverse range NGOs, research and Government organisations spanning across 12 West African countries came together in September 2013 at the West Africa Learning Event in Conotou, Benin, hosted by CARE's Adaptation Learning Program in partnership with the CGIAR CCAFS Program and ENDA. This learning event provided a space for social learning on good adaptation practices. Participants collectively identified new knowledge and ideas about what it takes in practice to adapt to climate change impacts and risks in different West African contexts. A communiqué and full conference report are available in French and English.
Conference Report:
Gender and Community-Based Adaptation Workshop, 2011
Over 40 participants from 12 organisations and institutions working on climate change adaptation in Africa participated in a learning workshop on Gender and Community-Based Adaptation (CBA) in Ghana. The event was organized and supported by ALP and brought together gender and climate change practitioners from the four countries where ALP is working – Mozambique, Kenya, Niger and Ghana as well as France, Denmark, Austria and Morocco.
Through the workshop and community visits to Farfar, Saamini, Zambulgu and Kugri communities in Northern and Upper East regions, the participants deliberated on the gender related issues that impact on successful adaptation to climate change and the methods available for mainstreaming gender into CBA. A communiqué is available that summarises their findings.
Community Digital Story Telling (CDST) Guidelines
These guidelines were developed in collaboration with communities from the four countries where ALP is working on community based adaptation. The approach has been used by ALP as a tool for participatory monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and advocacy, in order to support communities to reflect on the progress and outcomes of the adaptation programme, and to advocate for changes needed to support them to successfully adapt to the impacts of climate change.
The methodology can equally be used to support community participation in reflecting on any issue or development programme intervention and is not specific to climate change adaptation.
Tagged Under: Adaptation Learning Programme Gender Adaptation Resilience Risk ALP PSP


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Remember agario? slither.io is, in spirit at least, its sequel. It mixes the old Snake concept with a new multiplayer gameplay. Use these cheats to Slither.io you will be incredibly huge and you can leave a message that you will see the whole world.
- Cheats on Slither.io can be downloaded completely free of charge!
- God mode
- Invisibility
- Respawn without disconnecting
- See the trajectory of other players
- Multiply score and speed booster for the game Slitherio
Boost your slither.io playing experience now!
Have fun!
Not official application just the fan for slitherio game.

subset: commoncrawl


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The CM was holding a review meeting of tourism department with its minister Anita Devi and senior officials. He also consented to setting up Indian Institute of Tourism and Trade Management at Bodh Gaya and asked the officials to submit a proposal in this regard at the earliest.
The officials present at the meeting said the CM asked them to prepare a road map with the help of professionals so that various tourism destinations could be developed. "The CM also stressed on the need of proper and planned development of Jain, Buddhist, Shiv-Shakti, Ramayana, Kanwaria and Mahatma Gandhi circuits along with other tourist spots so that a large number of people get employment opportunities," said an official, adding, "CM especially emphasized on developing heritage hotels besides other important tourist places."
Nitish also asked the officials to prepare a detailed plan and submit a report on the two important events that the state would organize in 2017 - Prakashotsav to celebrate Guru Gobind Singh's 350th birth anniversary and centenary celebrations of the Champaran Satyagraha by Mahatma Gandhi. A delegation led by Punjab CM Prakash Singh Badal visited last week the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh and discussed with the CM the preparations for the mega event to be held at Patna Saheb.
Nitish Kumar also reviewed the works and achievements of building construction, environment and forest and art, culture and youth affairs departments.


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Frankfort Location
Español (800) 945-1857
Lansing Location
Español (866) 834-9633
Offering impressive safety, exceptional efficiency and seamless connectivity, Malibu is thoughtfully engineered with everything you expect and more. It's not just to be liked, it's to be loved. With J.D. Power naming it "Most Dependable Midsize Car," it's a love that's sure to last.
Malibu brings a sense of drama to everyday driving. Windswept body lines and an agile stance give this midsize car a sleek look while helping to provide a surprisingly sporty ride. And with bright and eye-catching available LED daytime running lamps and available LED taillamps, Malibu offers the perfect blend of form and function.
Malibu has a spacious interior carefully tailored to your needs and the needs of your passengers. An intuitive center console puts controls where you need them, while built-in USB ports† and an available wireless charging station offer plenty of options for keeping your compatible devices connected and charged.


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9th Annual GuidoPalooza 2007 (GP2K7) is September 8 - 15, 2007
|Steve "The Mind" M is still bogarting on an early forecast for GP2K7 (early? it is already Spring!!!) that calls for "consistent head high and better surf with light offshores.
He promises to entertain bribes but has not yet delivered... he must want a juicier bribe this year. Meanwhile,
George of the Jungle says, "It looks like we are going to have a very
active hurricane season this year. Chances for good surf are excellent." Tropical Storm Contest coming here. Team GP2K6 Knocks Down alt.surfing's ASKOTY 2006!!! Gas Price Check: Virginia | VaB | North Carolina | AAA Fuel Price Finder
GuidoPalooza 2007
GP2K7 Central returns to GPGittin'Tagether, located just south of the Avon Pier in Kinnakeet Shores, Avon (the first village north of Buxton, home of the Lighthouse). The cottage is located about 3 blocks south of Tranquility Base, the site of GP2K1.
Avon is centrally located between Rodanthe
(25 minutes north) and Frisco (25 minutes south) and just 10 minutes north
of Buxton.
Surfline > Forecast > SE East Coast
Reports: Rodanthe | Lighthouse | Frisco
OuterBanks.net WebCams
Duck Army Pier | Corolla Surf Report
Avalon Pier Cam/Rpt (KDHills)
S-Curves Rodanthe (Rodanthe)
Avon Pier Cam/Weather (SurfandSound)
OBX Surf Info (obxsurfinfo)
Hatteras Lighthouse Cam (nps.gov)
Buoys Wave Heights | FNMOC Waves
NOAA WaveWatch III
Buoyweather.com for OBX
NWS Coastal Marine Forecast in Text
North & South
Offshore Forecast Text | Graphical
Tropical Storm Links | AWS Hurricane Net
|Hatteras Realty
|Midgett Realty
|Outer Beaches Realty
|Surf or Sound Realty
and Beach Weather Report and Forecast (comprehensive)
AWS Real Time Weather in: Rodanthe - Buxton - Hatteras HS - USCG Sta. Hatteras - Mitchell Field/Frisco
Current Conditions Hatteras Mitchell Field
NWS' Graphical Weather Forecast for Cape Hatteras | Text/mixed Format
NWS' Cape Hatteras Graphical Coastal Waters Hazard Forecast
NWS' OBX Beach Forecast/H20 Temps/Tides.
Back to the GuidoPalooza Page
Back to the GP2K7 Page
Back to Rod's Home Page
|All contents of this site ©1999-2012 GuidoPalooza. All images within this section copyright of respective credited contributor.
The GuidoPalooza
web site is hosted and maintained by rodNDtube.com
eMail me at: Rod Rodgers


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She told us that she gets asked a lot of stupid questions, ones not coming just from the WalMart employees who want to know if she has a boyfriend, does she want to go out, and also if she wants to go out drinking (yes, no, and no).
Two examples of the dumb questions she hears:
"How long is a footlong?"Or regarding what kind of cheese they want on their sub, people will often respond, "Um, yeah."
"How big is a six-inch sub?"
Sometimes I forget how stupid people really are.
I'm glad they remind me from time to time.


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News Update 31 March 2019
Our new set of Air Rules called "Aerial Battles 1915-1918" are now available as PDF or POD. The WW2 equivalent will follow later in the year. The new edition of Bulldogs Away needs a bit of a text adjustment, but this will be out soon.
The work on revision of Perfidious Albion, Fire When Ready, Stringbags and Scramble is now in the pipeline and might take a while, but we will keep you posted.
There will also be some new bundles for Stations Manned and Ready, which will be collections of the battles for Predreadnought, WW1 (excl Jutland), WW2 in the Pacific, Mediterranean and Atlantic theatres. We also will add ship data bundles by era; they are available by nation already, but that will give you other options if you only do WW1 battles, for example.
We have also undertaken a price review, which has led to some increases and some decreases. We have taken the decision to set our prices in £ Sterling (after all we are a UK company) rather then convert the prices to US$. This ia in part due to the uncertainty about what will happen to the £ during the next few months of Brexit Chaos.
For other news of what we are up to, please keep an eye on our website.
Happy Gaming
Andrew (A) and Alan (the other A)


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Backing up data
Making regular backups of your research data can help protect against accidental or malicious data loss. Choosing what to back up and when will depend on the quantity and type of data that your research generates.
The UK Data Archive provides useful guidance on things to consider when choosing a backup procedure, including how often to back up and the type of media to use.
Data stored on UWE Bristol networked drives are backed up daily, but backups are only kept for 30 days. It is therefore advisable to always have at least one alternative backup copy of your data. A useful backup practice is the 3-2-1 approach. This means keeping at least:
- 3 copies of your important files or datasets (a primary and two backups).
- 2 of which should be stored locally but on different media types (eg UWE Bristol-owned external hard drives or other UWE Bristol-owned portable media).
- 1 copy being stored off-site (or online, eg SharePoint).
However, restrictions on backup and storage locations may apply if the data contains personal information or is of a confidential nature. The working with project partners section provides links to useful data-protection resources.


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Andy turned nine months on July st. His stats are: weight-28 lbs height- 29.5 inches. Yes, he's off of the charts. He's gigantic. He wears 24 months and 2T clothes. Soon, when I find some time, I'll post a pic of the giant baby human.
This past weekend I stopped breast pumping. Finally. I had been waiting for this moment for nine months. I never expected to be sad. Breast pumping has been such a hassle. In the beginning, I had to pump every two hours to bring in my supply, then every three hours... I had to lug around the bulky pump to work and all of the little attachments. I should say though that that pump got me out of a lot of boring meetings, so it wasn't all bad. But it is nice to be able to have freedom. To not be tethered to that pump. To be able to stay away from home as long as I want. I don't have to worry about wearing breast pads and leaking on shirts. But it is a little sad. While I hated pumping, I loved making milk for Andy. He's nine months old and has NEVER been sick. We had to take him to the after hours clinic once for gas, but that's it. To be fair though, that is probably caused more by the fact that he does not go to daycare. But it is still a source of pride. I feel proud of myself. Sure, I could still be pumping or breastfeeding... but nine months is a great start. Will it make the difference between Harvard and state school? Probably not. But I'm proud of myself nonetheless.


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Car Care Council Signs Spokesperson
The Car Care Council has retained automotive expert Lauren J. Fix to serve as a national spokesperson for its consumer education campaign, "Be Car Care Aware." Fix will promote the benefits of routine vehicle care, maintenance and repair. Built around three key message areas of safety, dependability and pride of ownership, the campaign is designed to represent and engage all segments of the automotive aftermarket industry."I am excited to be a spokesperson for the 'Be Car Care Aware' campaign," said Fix. "It is an outstanding opportunity for me to inform people about the need for preventive vehicle maintenance. This campaign is so important because it will improve road safety, help conserve energy and also help the environment. With an automobile being a person's second biggest expense, a preventive schedule will also help a consumer avoid costly repairs in the future."
For more information about the "Be Car Care Aware" campaign, visit the Car Care Council's website at www.carcare.org.
National Hydrogen Fuel Network Planned
Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham recently unveiled a "roadmap" for putting fuel cells in the nation's cars and trucks, further committing this country to a hydrogen-based transportation system.
"Creating the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle of the future presents complex technical challenges," Abraham told business leaders at the recent Global Forum on Personal Transportation in Dearborn, Michigan. "Overcoming them will take an intensive and equally complex effort-but it will be worth it because the stakes really are so high."
The Dept. of Energy and the nation's leading car and oil companies began work one year ago on a so-called National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap, but fuel cell technology is not expected to be widely available before the end of the decade.
"The roadmap outlines the research, development, demonstration, codes and standards and education efforts necessary to lead the nation" to a change in how we produce, deliver and use energy, Abraham said.
Last January, the Bush administration abandoned a Clinton administration effort to produce highly fuel-efficient gasoline-powered vehicles. In its place, the administration announced a joint effort with automakers to promote hydrogen fuel-cell-powered cars and trucks.
Among the biggest challenges are finding a safe way to store hydrogen fuel in vehicles, developing a hydrogen delivery network like the one that distributes gasoline to stations nationwide and finding economical ways to produce hydrogen.
Critics say the Bush administration and auto industry are using fuel cell research as a way to fend off calls for vehicles that get more miles per gallon. Some believe a much better way to reduce oil consumption is through gas/electric hybrid vehicles, many of which already are on the road. Abraham acknowledged that many hurdles remain.
ASE Certification Approved for Veterans Benefit
ASE certification has been approved by the Veterans Administration to allow veterans to file for reimbursement for the cost of ASE tests they've taken. The new Licensing and Certification Benefit allows the Dept. of Veterans Affairs to reimburse eligible technicians for the cost of each ASE test taken and, if necessary, the cost to retake a failed test. The VA will reimburse veterans for the cost of the test only, not registration fees or costs associated with preparation study materials.
"We are pleased that the Veterans Administration has approved ASE Certification to help veterans cover the costs of obtaining professional credentials," said Ron Weiner, ASE president. "It's a great benefit for those automotive technicians who have served their country with distinction."
Automotive professionals can receive this reimbursement if they're eligible for benefits under the Montgomery G.I. Bill, VEAP (also called Chapter 32) or Dependents' Education Assistance (also called DEA or Chapter 35). To find out if you're eligible under any of these programs, check the VA website at www.gibill.va.gov. Veterans generally have ten years after discharge from active duty to use these benefits
CARB Takes a Closer Look at Diesel Power
According to the Automotive Service Association (ASA), California Air Resources Board (CARB) Director Alan Lloyd has begun reexamining the use of diesel engines in American vehicles. The state of California represents 12% of the current U.S. auto market, more than any other single state.
Lloyd said he is scrutinizing the use of diesel vehicles because of his concern about global warming. Diesel engines emit fewer greenhouse gases into the air than gasoline engines, but are viewed as less clean, Lloyd said.
Lloyd found new generations of diesel engines are emerging in Europe, where they account for more than 30% of the vehicles driven. The EPA tested a diesel vehicle being made for sale in Europe and found it meets the new clean-air rules set to begin in the U.S. by 2004.
This year, the California Legislature passed an auto emissions reductions bill requiring the reduction of harmful emissions from vehicles by 2009. The legislation is the first to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles.
"I hear from some of my colleagues in the environmental community that if it's diesel, by definition it's dirty. I'm...willing to look at the facts and be convinced of those facts," said Lloyd.
"These studies are very important to the aftermarket," said Bob Redding, ASA Washington D.C. representative. "They could very well encourage a significant increase in the number of diesel vehicles we see in our shops," he said
AutoZone Donates To Aftermarket Education
AutoZone has contributed $250,000 toward the construction of the Automotive Aftermarket Industry Education Center on the Northwood University campus in Midland, Michigan. The contribution brings the total funds raised to $1.75 million and is another step toward making the state-of-the-art complex a reality, according to the Automotive Aftermarket Industry Association (AAIA), which is spearheading the fund-raising campaign.
Steve Odland, chairman, president and CEO of AutoZone, announced the contribution at the recent Automotive Aftermarket Products Expo (AAPEX) in Las Vegas. "The automotive aftermarket is an exciting business with unlimited potential. AutoZone is very proud to play a leading role in the education and training of our future leaders," he said
Dr. David Fry, Northwood president, said, "This extraordinary gift of $250,000 from AutoZone not only demonstrates its commitment to the future of the automotive aftermarket and creating effective executives to lead it, but also its resolve to engage other leading companies in a partnership for the future. It speaks forcefully for AutoZone's leadership."
The 25,000-square-foot education complex will house Northwood's growing aftermarket program and University of the Aftermarket offices. The facility will be prominently located in the heart of the scenic campus, which is home to the world's only four-year bachelor's degree program focused on the management side of the automotive aftermarket.
Motor Strikes Gold-and Silver
Motor Magazine has been awarded four gold and two silver medallions by the 2002 International Automotive Media Conference.
Gold medallions were presented to John Lypen for his editorial column, Editor's Report; to Bob Cerullo for his monthly column, Trade Secrets; to Mike Dale for technical writing for his article, "42-Volt Electrical Systems Are (Not Quite) Here!"; and to Tom Nash for technical writing for his report, "Yes, You Can Service Hybrid Vehicles."
Silver medallions were also awarded to Art Director Harold A. Perry, for his rendering of the November 2001 issue, and to Motor's September 2001 issue, for overall quality in its circulation class.


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Sunday, June 14, 2009
Mountainboarding? What will they think of next?
Well, it seems that ziplines are not the only new thing to come along for adrenaline junkies visiting Beech Mountain. We've learned that Ski Beech is finding new ways to share the mountain's challenging terrain with a whole new crowd of warm-weather sports enthusiasts: Mountainboarders, also known as riders.
Normally known as just a ski resort which keeps pretty quiet once the snow has gone, Ski Beech is branching out into the warmer seasons with a new park called "The Dirt." It should be noted that this new park is mountainboard specific, meaning that mountainbikers have a separate track of their own.
I had heard of Grass Skiing, which involves short skis that have rolling treads on them, like a tank - and sometimes wheels. (I am told that there was Grass Skiing at Ski Beech in the past.) However, Mountainboarding - which, according to Wikipedia, is also known as Dirtboarding, Offroad Boarding, Grass Boarding, and All-Terrain Boarding (ATB)- is an extreme sport that was inspired by Snowboarding in the early '90s. I found a photo of a mountain board, and it looks to me like a very intense skateboard clearly designed for very rough terrain. There are going to be a number of competitions and other events for Mountainboarders at Ski Beech over the Summer (Three race dates are set for the 2009 Triple Crown: June 27-28; August 8-9; September 5-6), several to run concurrently with the Mountainbiking events up there. Although, I do not think I'll be strapping up to try it out myself any time soon, I am looking forward to watching the experts.
Meanwhile, check out the details at the Ski Beech site: http://skibeech.com/news/


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Cliff & Irene Studman
Education, Tanzania (Short term)
What does working at St John's University in Tanzania involve? Twelve hour bus rides on deadly roads, dust, power outages, water off. Missing flat whites. Tropical fruit, dreaming dreams, surprising students. Preaching, teaching, problem solving. Helping future leaders gain skills and values. Watching and making change happen. Quirks: Love not fitting the box. And I like writing policies! Quite weird.
Help support Cliff & Irene
Find out more about partnering financially, or download resources for your church or prayer group.


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MB Crusher on the ski slopesPublished 15/11, 2017 at 17:13
MB Crusher has recently delivered a BF120.4 crusher bucket to a contractor in the Alta Badia ski resort area of Northern Italy.
The contractor specialises in the construction and maintenance of ski installations and also has considerable experience in the earthmoving sector.
The MB crusher bucket's ease of transport and that it does not require a dedicated operator were the key factors which led to the contractor's choice of equipment. Mountain regions are complex areas to reach with a traditional crusher, which not only requires special transport arrangements, but often cannot be physically transported in areas where crushing needs to be carried out without incurring huge costs. It is equally impossible or extremely costly to transport the material downhill to be crushed.
Other strengths of the BF120.4 Series 4, which also apply to the whole MB crusher bucket range, are the low maintenance costs and the speed with which it can be put to work on-site, making it easier to crush even relatively small heaps of material.
With the fourth series of its BF120.4, MB has improved the crusher bucket, which has an operating weight of 4.8t and can equip with diggers with operating weights from 30t and over. MB Crusher has increased the production capacity of its BF120.4, which is now able to reach a maximum production of 53m3/h, with a load capacity of 1.3m3. The BF 120.4 S4 has been simplified and now has a new centralised lubrication system and lower maintenance costs.
New adjustment options have also been introduced that increase the range of sizes available from 15mm to 145 mm. The bucket has also been strengthened where needed resulting in greater durability and shock-resistance.


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I topped up a frame feeder in one of my nucleus colonies today.
All feeders have their pros and cons. I use a modified frame feeder (a.k.a. a division board feeder) with my nucs because they're easy to refill without killing any bees, and they give me an excuse to take a peek at the bees.
The disruption to the bees is minimal because no smoke, not even mist, is required. It's also easy to do a visual inspection without removing any frames.
When I spot something that I'm curious or concerned about, then I might pull up a frame and take a look. But overall, refilling the feeder is a fairly non-invasive process.
I throw on pollen patties in my nucs when I remember. Some nucs take the pollen. Some don't.
A word about pollen patties: Most experienced beekeepers will say you don't need to give the bees pollen in the summer. But that's assuming the bees are able to forage for pollen on their own. I've seen the bees stuck in their hives for almost a month during a typical Newfoundland summer because of cold rain, drizzle and fog. It's for those long stretches of cabin fever — and they happen at least once every year between May and September — that I give my nucs pollen patties.


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Slyne-with-Hest were pegged back late on by Thornton Cleveleys at Bottomdale Road on Saturday.
Garry Hunter's side raced out of the blocks looking to continue their fine form in the West Lancashire Premier Division.
But after seeing several chances come and go the visitors took the lead against the run of play with Mick McAlpine scoring on 27 minutes after Slyne failed to deal with a cross into the box.
The hosts started the second half as they had the first and were level on 55 minutes, James Galley finding Aaron Taylor who turned and shot with Will Fraser-Gray there to slide the ball home.
Two minutes later the game was turned on its head with Tom Woods firing a shot into the bottom corner to put Slyne ahead. Hunter's men couldn't make the game safe however and 12 minutes from time Dominic Lawson ensured the game ended honours even.
The results leaves Slyne eighth in the table ahead of travelling to Oldham side Royton Town in the fourth round of the Lancashire FA Amateur Shield.
Slyne would like to thank their sponsors The Lodge and Enviro Metals for their continued support.


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Link Building in the Authority Age: Panel Discussion
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"Fever online shopping is not new, but the benefits of online shopping more convenient and faster. Moreover, today there are term time more valuable than money, "
Presumably correct the above statement. Now all things as easily and quickly as a wink. Shopping is no longer exhausting. Especially for men who usually 'condemned' hobby these women. Even if shopping is not surprising, not only as the fulfillment of the needs but has become a lifestyle among women. To aid you in the shop, you can get tips on http://www.bestratedbadcreditloans.com/about-bad-credit-loans/loans-overnight/ loan.
Internet technology
Who does not know the internet? Even the Indonesian government also launched the internet into the village and the school. Once the importance of the internet to not uncommon for people to spend more time in the virtual world either for social networking, searching for information or shopping.
Shopping affairs no longer have to do in the real market, where buyers and sellers can meet in person. Through advances in Internet technology, the shopping process even more convenient and enjoyable. Enough with the 'click', people can get what they want. No need to move from where you are, because the Internet can be accessed via personal computers and mobile phones.
In the year 2010, it seems that online shopping or online shopping continues to be a trend. Moreover, the recent online consumers are also increasingly appreciate the convenience and security enhancements offered by the provider of online shopping. There are utilizing the ease of online shop because the need for the goods or services offered. However, some are shopping online because they feel it is part of today's lifestyle.
New Innovations
Online shopping or online shopping is one way of shopping is emerging. Actually the way of shopping like this has existed since 1979, created by Michael Aldrich of England. Only in March 1981 this system was introduced to the public by Thomson Holidays.
The place for online shopping is referred to as an online store or shop online. Can mean a container shop / place to hold (display, showing off) merchandise. While online, this time could be interpreted as the network is connected to the Internet. So the online store has the definition of a place to hold (display, showing off) merchandise that is connected to the Internet network.
In use, said the online store itself has some similarities terms, either in Indonesian or foreign language. Equation term online store is a web store, e-shop, virtual store, online shop, e-commerce, virtual shop, virtual store, and others, although sometimes the actual meaning of the terms was a little different.
The online stores are available today can be classified into several categories. For example, of the way of presenting the product, the script used, paid / absence of hosting used, method of payment, method of sale, security standards, and others. Along with the development of the Internet in Indonesia and the number of internet users growing, online shop now increasingly widespread, not only sell equipment and electronic equipment alone but has penetrated into other items such as clothes, shoes, bags, books, and even a birthday cake. Nowadays a lot of interest is the stuff women's needs such as: clothes, bags, accessories, cosmetics. No wonder if there is a more familiar online boutique online shop with the name (as many presents of clothing).
Lifestyle Trends
A study has found trends in online shopping. Based on these findings, the online buyers dominated by women at 63% of the total online shoppers. While the most rapid growth occurs in women who have a family. Apparently, the growing need and limited time experienced housewives make them more shop online than ever before. In terms of age, the buyers who are under 45 years of growth is more rapid.
Over 85% of the world's online population has used the Internet to make a purchase. In fact, in South Korea 99% of Internet users never to shop online. So do not be surprised if the State Ginseng is listed as a country that occupies the highest percentage of online shopping. Consumers Germany, UK and Japan, South Korea ranks below.
Faith Based Shopping
Shop online business strength is the basis of trust that is built between the buyer and the seller. That confidence arising from proven. Sellers expect a smooth payment, consumers are honest and patient and fast delivery, so they can benefit from optimal. Buyers expect from the seller, good service, goods quickly to, as well as the suitability of the goods received the goods ordered previously.
We know that online shopping is a high risk of sales system to make payments in advance. Just as in the offline world, online shopping on the Internet does not escape from the danger of fraud most likely even more gullible buyer because the buyer did not meet directly with the seller at the time of the transaction.
Typically, consumers for the first time online shopping will feel a little anxious. The assortment of anxiety, such as fear fooled, the goods ordered not to, as well as the inequality of acceptable products with products that are in-order. Constraints of the online shop owners also exist, such as running out of stock, late deliveries, as well as the attitudes of consumers who sometimes annoying.
One drawback of online shopping is the way of indirect goods are on hand after paying, but had to wait some time. In contrast to conventional shopping system that adhered to the principle of 'no money, no goods'. Therefore take caution potential buyers.
There are things you need to consider, including: make sure you know what you want to buy. Find out the price of these goods in the market. Make sure the online shop that sells the item actually exists, can be trusted, so do not be fooled. Even better if there are recommendations from friends or family who can be trusted. Check the track record of the comments online shop customers. Be careful with the online shop of social networking sites that can be created by anyone. Do not be easily tempted bonuses granted. Lastly, it is wise to go shopping, so you're not stuck shopaholics world.
Hopefully this makes you know, understand, and understand the procedures of selling online and how to purchase goods online safely and reliably. Happy shopping on line!


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Video From 13w5141: The Art of Iterating Rational Functions over Finite Fields
Andrew Hone, Univ. of Kent
Tuesday, May 7, 2013 11:03 - 12:06
Cluster algebras and discrete integrable systems
Site Search / Contact / Programs / About BIRS
©2019 Banff International Research Station for Mathematical Innovation and Discovery. All Rights Reserved.


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Subscribe To Big Brother Live Feed Spoilers: Who Won Part 2 Of The Final Head Of Household Competition Updates
Spoilers from the Big Brother live feeds! Read no further if you don't want to know who won Parts 1 and 2 of the Final Head of Household competition!
Three houseguests remain. The two who will face off in Wednesday night's finale for the coveted final Head of Household position have been decided...
Won Head of Household part 1: Paul
Won Head of Household part 2: Nicole
At the mercy of the other two: James (needs to be taken to the end if he has any chance at Final 2)
In case you're new to Big Brother, or your memory is rusty, the Final HoH competition is three parts. All three remaining houseguests compete in Part 1. The winner of that (Paul) advances to Part 3. The two non-winners (Nicole and James) compete in Part 2. The winner of that (Nicole) faces off with the winner of Part 1 (Paul) in Part 3, which takes place live during the finale night. Whoever wins Part 3 evicts one of the other remaining two, which means whoever doesn't get evicted makes Final 2.
As we previously reported, Paul won the endurance competition that was Part 1 of the final Head of Household. That left James and Nicole to face off in the mental competition, which is usually a timed competition that involves remembering the order of events that took place in the house. From the conversations had among the final three when the feeds came back after HoH Part 2, it sounds like it was a timed competition involving placing pictures somehow. Though James managed to finish the puzzle before timing out, it sounds like Nicole smoked him with her time. No offense to James, but given his previous performances in competitions, we were expecting Nicole to beat him with flying colors. And so she did.
So, this means James is at the mercy of Paul or Nicole, as he has no shot at the final head of household competition. Nicole or Paul will win that, and whichever does will decide who sits next to them on finale night.
Personally, James seems like the obvious choice to take to Final 3, but only if we're talking about game-play. And let's face it, the jury votes come down to much more than that. It's usually a combination of previously-set loyalties, who's still mad about their own eviction, and some percentage of actual game play. If James gets to the end, he's likely to get Natalie's vote, but nothing else is even remotely set in stone. If he has one thing going for him, it's that he's the least intimidating option for Nicole and Paul, if they're hoping to go to the end with someone who's not likely to talk his way into the jury's heart. James may be charming in his own pranky sort of way, and he's played the game unemotionally, so there's not likely to be a ton of bad blood between him and the jurors. But I don't see him knowing the right things to say to win over the jury on his own. He either has the votes or he doesn't.
That said, Paul and Nicole are either working each other hard to secure each other's support in the event that the other wins Part 3, or they're actually planning to take each other. It's hard to tell what's going on, as is normally the case in this part of the competition. From what I've seen, Paul is working Nicole hard against the idea of taking James to the end. Though he's been friendly to James, he's talking to Nicole a lot about how James doesn't deserve to go to the end, bringing up stuff James has said and done in the game in the past, and basically shining a light on how much James has relied on them to get to the end.
Paul's not wrong, and it's smart of him to use these remaining days to work on Nicole and get into her head as much as he can, but I wonder if he's aware that by campaigning against James, he's also making a case for why James shouldn't win this season, which may sell Nicole on the idea of taking James to the end, should she win Part 3.
However, if Nicole is seriously considering taking James, she's doing a good job of letting Paul believe otherwise, frequently talking about she and Paul being the final two, and overtly celebrating "their" victory, no matter who actually wins the big prize.
Again, it may be all talk. Or maybe Nicole is sold on the idea of taking Paul. James is, after all, a likable guy. He's also a veteran, who may have Da'Vonne's support in the jury, since they came from the same season. And if Nicole is concerned about that, and whatever sway Day may have with the jurors, she could decide to take her chance against Paul, believing she has a better chance to win against a non-veteran than a veteran. UPDATE: On Sunday afternoon, Nicole sat in the Safari room by herself and hashed out her finale speech. She's practicing scenarios that include James in the Final 2. And the only way James is in the Final 2 next to her is if she takes him. Right before it cut to fish, she was practicing a part of her speech where she admits "I honestly didn't want to take him to the final 2..." So either she's planning on taking James, or at the very least, she's not ruling that decision out.
I'm just as uncertain of what Paul's going to do if he wins Part 2, to be honest, but if I were in his seat, I'd probably be leaning toward taking Nicole. Like Nicole, Paul is pushing hard on the idea of him and Nicole being Final 2. He talks about it like it's locked in. And of he and Nicole, Paul is far more likely to be what-you-see-is-what-you-get, playing with his heart and a mostly open hand. So who knows? Maybe he will bring Nicole, thinking he has a better shot at winning next to her than he would James.
And he might not be wrong. If Paul does take James, he might be sure he'll lose Nicole's vote, and then also Corey's. And he might also assume Da'Vonne will vote for James over him. And Natalie would vote for James over him. That's enough votes against him not to risk it. With Nicole, Corey is probably the only obvious vote. Everyone else is -- from Paul's perspective -- up for grabs.
Of course, the jury votes are never easy to predict, and given how heated things are in that jury house, there are factors in play that Paul and Nicole don't know about.
If you haven't already, be sure to vote for America's Favorite Houseguest. Personally, I'd love for Victor to get it. Maybe he didn't have the best social game, but he made the right choice in staying loyal to Paul, which got him much further than he might have gone with other loyalties. Plus, he was a comp beast who came back from the BB-dead twice. That's worth $25k in my book!


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There are two types of joint stock companies: open or closed. They differ primarily by the requirement to the number of registered shareholders of the company and to the order of execution of sale of shares in the society. According to CBS, who has experience with these questions. Individual entrepreneur – a sole proprietorship without legal entity, ie You will conduct business on their own behalf, and to answer the debts of its business will be all of his property. How correctly to choose between an entrepreneur or a legal entity? Our lawyers will help you make the right choice, given the characteristics of your future business, as well as drawing attention to some points that subsequently affect the course of your work. 2. What do you call the company? 'What do you call a boat, so it will float. " The law now makes it possible to determine the future business name in accordance with any your wishes, because check on the repeatability of the name is canceled, that is undoubtedly a positive fact, because choice of names registered firm does not limited.
However, there are certain requirements for the selection of items such as: Do not use the title of the registered firm names 'Russia', 'Russian Federation', the word 'federal' and educated based on these words and phrases, without obtaining special permission from the competent committee, may not be included in the name of the registered company name and use it in a different organizational form. 3. WHAT IS THE CAPITAL? The authorized capital created by the company formed by your contributions.


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- Editorial
- Open Access
Ebola hemorrhagic fever: current outbreak and progress in finding a cure
- Soodabeh Saeidnia1 and
- Mohammad Abdollahi2Email author
© Saeidnia and Abdollahi; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
- Received: 25 October 2014
- Accepted: 25 October 2014
- Published: 12 November 2014
No abstract
As reported: "A health care worker at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, who cared for dying Ebola patient has been tested positive for the virus after a preliminary test, officials said early Sunday. If confirmed, it would be the first known person-to-person transmission of the disease in the United States" [1].
Every day people hear bad news around the distribution of Ebola in Africa and also the possibility of its changing to other continents. Coming up a successful remedy for this horrible disease of the century is expected but inventing and producing adequate medicines to be usable for the increasing number of patients may have challenges. The only available drug "Zmapp" has been produced by the biotech firm "Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc.", which is based in San Diego. "Mapp Biopharmaceutical" is working with the "National Institutes of Health and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency" that has followed to discover and develop an Ebola medicine for several years [2]. Nevertheless, scientists think that casting out an untested drug during an enormous outbreak would be really hard. Furthermore, "Zmapp" is only a medicine under evaluation and typically made in low amounts. On the other hand, clinical trial and tracking the success of such drugs requires more human resources and volunteers for an excursion to the affected regions, whereas the number of professional and medical staffs in those countries is scarce and inadequate.
Despite the enormous attraction of research on the Ebola drug discovery and development, running on this virus is not simply accessed, because it requires biosafety level 4-equivalent containment. Unfortunately, despite high standards of security in such labs, research laboratory workers are still at risk of contracting Ebola hemorrhagic fever especially during animal experimentation. Until 2011, three laboratory accidents with Ebola virus were documented in the literature and one of them led to mortality [3]. That experimental medicine has been so far administered to two American patients [4].
As of 1976 (the date of Ebola emerged), Ebola hemorrhagic fever affected poor countries and such a neglected diseases have not been a research priority for pharmaceutical companies [4] but now it seems a real research priority.
Chronological history
Undoubtedly, Ebola epidemic in 2014 is the biggest epidemic of this virus, so far, since multiple countries in the West-Africa have been feigned. Established on the present information, a few events have been reported in Nigeria and a single case reported in Senegal but fortunately not further spread in those lands. Nevertheless, the first "travel-associated" case of Ebola was diagnosed in the United States on September 30, 2014. As of the date of writing this article, it is described that the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and collaborators are taking precautions to prevent the spread of Ebola within the US in association with other governmental agencies, the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as other domestic and international collaborators. Furthermore, CDC has outspread teams of health care professionals to West-Africa and other affected countries [5].
Historically for the first time, Ebola (referred to the figure of "Ebola River" in Zaire) was struck in Sudan and Zaire (1976). Bibliography shows that the first outbreak of Ebola (Ebola-Sudan) infected over 284 people (mortality rate: 53%), while the second Ebola virus appeared in Yambuku, Zaire, Ebola-Zaire (EBOZ) some months later with the highest mortality rate (88%), infected 318 people. Notwithstanding the great efforts of dedicated researchers so far, its natural reservoir has never been set up. The third form of Ebola (Ebola Reston, EBOR), was found in 1989 in infected monkeys that were imported into Virginia from the Philippines. All the same, a few individuals infected and never developed Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF). The last known strain of Ebola (Ebola Cote d'Ivoire, EBO-CI) was emerged in 1994 during a necropsy on a dead chimpanzee from the Tai Forest, Cote d'Ivoire. The etiologist who did necropsy accidentally infected herself [6].
An overview of chronology of Ebola, published by US CDC [5], expressed that the recent outbreak of Ebola (2014) is the biggest epidemic in history because of the multi-countries involved and tremendous number of diagnosed patients (4655 people reported until the date of this article) that unfortunately spread more.
Reservoirs of Ebola
Bats are known the most probably natural reservoirs of Ebola virus, followed by plants, arthropods, and birds. In the first epidemic, bats were found in the cotton manufactory, in which the first cases of infection were observed (1976, 1979). In reality, bats are the only infected animals with no clinical signs among 24 plants and 19 vertebrate species that experimentally inoculated with Ebola virus [7],[8]. Moreover, fruit bats are used by people in some fields of West-Africa as smoked and grilled or even utilized in preparation of a spicy soup. It is described that although transmission between natural sources and humans rarely occur, outbreaks are mostly originated from an individual who handles the carcass of gorilla, chimpanzee or Duiker [9],[10].
Virology of Ebola
The Ebola virus was thought to be a new strain of the Marburg virus, but it was renamed "Ebola virus" in 2010 referred to the name of "Ebola River" in its original country, Congo (formerly named Zaire). In fact, this virus is just a single member of the species "Zaire Ebolavirus" in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae. The Zaire species of the Ebola virus are the most dangerous, causing almost 90% mortality rate [11]. The genome of Ebola virus is a single-stranded RNA, including about 19,000 nucleotides [12]. Ebolavirions are filamentous particles that can be observed in a shepherd's crook or "U" or a "6" features, and also they may be coiled, toroid, or branched. In addition, Ebolavirions are 80 nm in width, while their length is somewhat variable [13],[14].
Pathophysiology of Ebola hemorrhagic fever
Literature reveals filoviruses have a broad spectrum cells to target in susceptible host species, of which monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), hepatocytes, adrenal cortical cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The replication of virus is centered around the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system resulting in quick circulation and widespread transferring throughout the host body [15]. The Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) is synthesized in a secreted (sGP) or full-length transmembrane form, each of which well-defines its biochemical and biological properties. GP is known to form a trimeric complex (30) and binds to endothelial cells, while sGP does not bind to epithelial cells. It forms a dimeric protein that interferes with the signaling of neutrophils, and therefore enables the virus to put off the immune system through suppressing the early steps of neutrophil activation. Infected neutrophils also act as carriers to transport the virus throughout the body to locate like the lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and spleen [15],[16].
As literature shows, filoviruses are able to enter the target cells through several uptake mechanisms such as lipid raft-dependent and receptor-mediated endocytosis, as well as macropinocytosis. When viruses fuse into cellular membrane, nucleocapsids are released into the cytoplasm and play a role of template for transcription and replication. Concisely, the replicated RNAs are encapsidated by the nucleocapsid proteins while nucleocapsids are transported to the locations of viral release, where budding is ongoing. Viral assembling and budding might happen either at intracellular membranes (multivesicular budies) or at the plasma membrane [15],[17]. As a matter of fact, direct infection of monocytes and macrophages results in releasing cytokines related to inflammation and fever because of the host immune responses to Ebola virus and cell damage. On the other side, infected endothelial cells are able to induce a cytopathic damage to the endothelial barrier that contributes to the loss of vascular integrity, especially alongside the cytokine effects [18].
Cell destination
There is evidence that Ebola virus surface protein (GP) plays a role in cytotoxicity and cell damage, inducing cell rounding and detachment as well as membrane permeabilization. Furthermore, GP expression can down-modulate the cell surface proteins such as adhesion molecules, MHC class I proteins, and EGF receptor. Literature demonstrated that the GP-induced cytotoxicity may happen due to interaction of GP with the GTPase dynamin, resulting in noise with the intracellular trafficking of cell surface proteins [21]. On the other side, lymphocytes (CD4 and CD8 T cells and Natural Killer cells) do not support virus replication, likely due to the lack of receptors, nevertheless they can develop apoptosis while they are not tainted. A 17-mer in filovirus GPs has recently been reported to induce lymphocyte death and suppression of cytokine responses. This 17-mer is responsible for resembling an immunosuppressive motive. But the doubt, nevertheless remains that how it is possible, since lymphocytes do not attach to the viral GP? [22].
Prevention strategies
It is easily-documented that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) could target Ebola virus RNA polymerase L protein to prevent disease in nonhuman primates [23],[24]. These are some cases of advanced antisense approaches for therapy of Ebola virus. Moreover, TKM-Ebola and Sarepta Therapeutics are now being tested in the Phase I clinical trial in humans [25]. ZMapp that has been successfully used for two American patients is a monoclonal antibody vaccine. As it was already reported, the total supply of this medication is restricted and should be under more investigations to gain significant results.
Although there is no specific approved medicine, early supportive care, rehydration and symptomatic cures such as using RBC, platelets or fresh frozen plasma, as well as heparin to prevent disseminated intravascular coagulation, and clotting agents to decrease bleeding can be helpful [26]. Maintaining blood volume and electrolyte balance as well as treating other bacterial infections and dialysis may be employed [27].
Presently, there is no ground for using alternative therapies or traditional medicine for prevention or treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. US FDA advises people to be careful of advertisements for the benefits of different anti-Ebola products [28]. Nevertheless, some of antiviral drugs are now being considered. Among them, favipiravir was already approved in Japan against influenza pandemics. Literature revealed that this compound can be efficient in vitro on Ebola infected mice. The most recent news show that this drug has been successful in the treatment of a French woman got Ebola in Liberia. The woman received three experimental drugs for the treatment that one of them was favipiravir [29],[30].
BCX4430 (a broad-spectrum small molecule by BioCryst Pharmaceuticals), brincidofovir (another broad-spectrum antiviral granted an emergency FDA approval) and lamivudine (an antiviral drug used to treat HIV/AIDS) have recently been reported to show positive results in treatment of Ebola-infected patients [31]. In fact, due to the lack of available treatment, a number of possible antiviral candidates that targeted against Ebola, including both natural products (such as scytovirin and griffithsin) and synthetic drugs (like FGI-103, FGI-104, FGI-106, dUY11 and LJ-001) are presently under investigation [32]-[34].
It seems that patients, who have rescued from Ebola after infection, should possess strong immunity system that acted faster than Ebola virus and restricted its destroying activity. Therefore, synthetic or naturally immunostimulats may help patients in combination therapy with anti-Ebola medicines. Furthermore as mentioned above, if estrogen receptor modulators (like clomiphene) would probably be effective in clinical trials, other phyto-estrogens from different classes of secondary metabolites like isoflavonoids and phytosterls could be candidates for in vitro and in vivo experiments. Successfulness of natural proteins like "Scytovirin" that is a cyanobacterial based (95-amino acid) antiviral candidate leads scientists to another group of compounds which could be produced through biotechnological approaches.
Although there is some information about the Ebola virus and its interaction with infected or non-infected cells, its target cells, stages of the replication cycle, and its cytopathic effects, until now we are far from having an efficient medication to control the virus outbreak. To be prosperous in the founding of a medicine for Ebola, the signaling pathways in the infected cells that contribute in replication and fate must be better elucidated. There are promising candidates in clinical trials for prevention of the disease like DNA vaccines or vaccines derived from adenoviruses, vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV) or filovirus-like particles (VLPs). These vaccines could protect nonhuman primates from Ebola and hopefully can be engaged in human [37]-[40].
Authors' contribution
SS was participated in proposing the idea and drafting the manuscript. MA conceived the study and edited the paper. Both authors read and approved the submitted manuscript.
Authors' Affiliations
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