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I'm sure this would make slightly more sense if I could hear it.
Whereas I don't know if this makes any sense at all.
(The Madman) - you may get a different page
Why I Take Good Care Of My Macintosh Computer
Because it broods under it's hood like a perched falcon
Because it jumps like a skittish horse
and sometimes throws me
Because it is pokey when cold
Because plastic is a sad, strong material
that is charming to rodents
Because it is flighty
Because my mind flies into it through my fingers
Because it leaps forward and backward
is an endless sniffer and searcher,
Because its keys click like hail on a rock
& it winks when it goes out,
& puts word-heaps in hoards for me, dozens of pockets of
gold under boulders in streambeds, identical seedpods
strong on a vine, or it stores bins of bolts;
And I lose them and find them,
Because whole worlds of writing can be boldly layed out
and then highlighted, & vanished in a flash at
"delete" so it teaches
of impermanence and pain;
& because my computer and me are both brief
in this world, both foolish, and we have earthly fates,
Because I have let it move in with me
right inside the tent
And it goes with me out every morning
We fill up our baskets, get back home,
Feel rich, relax, I throw it a scrap and it hums.
Gary Snyder


text:
Marboo User Guide
Marboo is the professional markup language file previewer. It uses 3-column layout.
The left column is the folder column, to show the local folders;
The middle column is the file column, to show the files in the folder;
The right column is the preview column, to show the preview of the file.
This Guide is generated by GitBook, and the Source Files on GitHub is https://github.com/marboo/marboo-doc

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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21 Erotic Anal presents: Gorgeous babe Jenny Manson is sitting a the desk painting her nails. She's dressed in very sexy lingerie. Charlie Deen gets down the stairs to join her and have an intimate moment with the beautiful starlet. After making out a little, Jenny gets on her knees and begins performing a deep blowjob. Charlie reciprocates by eating her sweet pussy making her moan in lusty pleasure. He gets back up and inserts his thick cock inside the stunning babe's ass. Jenny loves some hot anal action. After having her beautiful starfish plowed, she goes back to sucking his cock until Charlie releases all of his love juice. show more
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Need your input: categories and general development of the site
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JCB 8085 Immobiliser Keypad
Discuss excavators here
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JCB 8085 Immobiliser Keypad
I am trying to fit a new keypad into 2013 JCB 8085. The problem I having is tracing the wire to where it plugs in to. It runs from the right hand arm and down through the back of the cab with the servo pipes. I can then find no trace of it. I think the only way may be to lift the cab. Has anyone changed one before who could give me some pointers?
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Mark Kohlman an retired Nemo photo assistant, gone snowboard photog now editing for ESPN has put an old shot of Shaun White up on the EXPN website. I hope the surprise and delight of seeing my work published never goes away!
Posts Tagged 'Trevor Graves'
Shaun White on EXPN
Posted in News, tagged ESPN, EXPN, mark kohlman, shaun white, Trevor Graves on June 27, 2008| Leave a Comment »
Photo of the Day- Ham Jin
Posted in Photo of the Day, tagged nemo design, Photo of the Day, Trevor Graves on May 10, 2008| Leave a Comment »
Seoul-based Korean artist Ham Jin makes the tiny a spectacle, and spectacles a scream. "I want to make a spectacle that is invisible to the eye—which is a part of everyday life," says the 30-year-old artist, who, since the age of twenty has made a living and a name for himself with miniscule clay sculptures defying humor and horror.
PHOTO of the DAY – Vincent Skoglund
Posted in Action!, Photo of the Day, Trevor Graves, tagged nemo design, nemo prodcution, skateboard, Trevor Graves, Vincent Skoglund on May 5, 2008| Leave a Comment »
Miley Cyrus nude. This is a PR stunt!
Posted in Rants, Trevor Graves, tagged Alyssa Milano nude, Annie Leibovitz, Bikini Magazine, Hanna Montana, Janet Jackson, Jodi Foster nude, Lindsay Lohan, Miley Cyrus nude, nemo design, Nemo Productions, Ray Gun, The Superficial, Trevor Graves on April 29, 2008| 7 Comments »
"The superficial" ran a piece that came across Jeff's desk here at Nemo. There is a coming of age story in here. When I was at BIKINI magazine/ Ray Gun (1992) we photographed Alyssa Milano nude in the desert and it was a huge deal. She was a child actor trying to avoid the child actor syndrome and striped for the magazine. It was mild. Her mother was there and knew about the entire shoot and I even wondered if she staged the shoot. Janet Jackson, Lindsay Lohan have all signed deals with the devil to continue their careers. Here we have Hanna Montana aka Miley Cyrus needing to make the transition as well. This is how Hollywood does it people. Her audience is growing and it is sad but true. Jodi Foster made the leap from child star to Oscar winner based on her reputation as an incredible actress. She did it.
Annie Leibovitz issued the following statement to People: "I'm sorry that my portrait of Miley has been misinterpreted. Miley and I looked at fashion photographs together and we discussed the picture in that context before we shot it. The photograph is a simple, classic portrait, shot with very little makeup, and I think it is very beautiful."
Apparently Disney, who owns Hannah Montana, was not aware of the photos until they appeared on Entertainment Tonight. You know how Disney cares about that wholesome image. They don't want their young starlets flashing their goods until they're good and insane. Right, Britney Spears? Now get that kitten out of your mouth. For the last time, putting hot fudge on it doesn't make it food. You gotta use ketchup.
PHOTO of the DAY – Cole Barash
Posted in Action!, Photo of the Day, Trevor Graves, tagged cole barash, Eric Jackson, heli snowboarding, nemo design, nike, Trevor Graves on April 21, 2008| Leave a Comment »
PHOTO of the DAY – Clowning around
Posted in Photo of the Day, Trevor Graves, tagged clown, gun, nemo design, Nemo Productions, Trevor Graves on April 20, 2008| Leave a Comment »
Ben Horan- a cinderella story
Posted in Action!, Inspiration, On Location, tagged Ben Horan, josh letchworth, nemo design, nemo prodcutions, photo, Trevor Graves, wake skate on April 20, 2008| 1 Comment »
Na huh?
So Ben Horan is this amazing wakeskater on the Nike 6.0 team. He is from Nahunta, GA. Just say it one more time….hear it start rollin' off your tongue like a real southern boy. So, what do you call a "cinderella story" if it's a guy? Just doesn't sound right like that. Anyways…for lack of better words, thats the deal with Ben. He was picked up by a sheer matter of fortunate circumstances that put him and his abilities in front of the right people. I couldn't wish for it to happen to anyone better. The kid is the most down-to-earth person you will come across, humbled by his peers and supported by the limbs of his distinct family tree.
I had the chance to spend a few days up in home town with him just doing what he does. That experience really put all the pieces together for me. It was clear to see why Ben is who he is. We made cheeseburgers with his mom, winched a rail on his neighbors farm lake, skated his satellite dish in the driveway, played with his turtle "shredder" and hung out at the DQ. I am sure there are 100 kids in other similar small towns doing nearly the same thing. Ok, so maybe not quite as good. Did i mention that his sister drives the winch for him? Well, yes she does. Thats pretty cool. Thanks for the hospitality
Ben, I'll be back.


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The Marriott name can be found on over 70 4* and 5* hotels across the UK and Ireland. From city centre locations, ideal for the business traveller, to the rural tranquillity of our collection of Country Clubs, Marriott hotels are the place for business and pleasure.
Whether organising a conference, meeting or the business trip away, Marriott Hotels and Marriott Hotels and Country Clubs offer superb levels of accommodation, excellent facilities and of course, the warm, hospitable service associated with the Marriott name.
Within this, the 11 Marriott Hotel and Country Clubs are the natural home for business and great golfing. Having hosted some of Europe's top championship events, including The Solheim Cup, the British Masters the Scottish Seniors Open and various EuroPro events, each Marriott Hotel and Country Club in the UK and Ireland features at least one championship course and has played host to some of Europe's top tournaments.
Likewise, they are situated in some of the most idyllic locations throughout the UK & Ireland. Whether they be old priories or majestic manor houses set in acres of rolling parkland, each has been restored to their former glory to provide a unique hotel and golfing experience. Marriott golf academies and PGA professionals are just a few of the golf facilities available to help players of all levels enjoy and improve their game. Together with great leisure facilities they make the perfect destination for your golf travel break or corporate / group golfing event.
Website: http://www.marriott.co.uk/Channels/globalSites/explorePlan/golfMarriott.mi?country=UK
Marriott Hotels Limited
UK Shared Service Centre
Cedar House
750a Parkland Square
Capability Green
Bedfordshire LU1 3LU
Telephone: +44 (0)1582 434064


text:
Since kittens grow very quickly and go through two stages of growth before adulthood – babycat and kitten – they need a specific diet in each stage that meets all their basic needs in order to strengthen their immune systems, promote proper neurosensory development and facilitate bone growth.
Key Points
Although cats are carnivores, their diet may contain high-quality carbohydrates to provide energy for easier digestion, which helps prevent stomach upset.
Kitten formulas should also contain all the vitamins and minerals needed for proper skeletal development, as well as antioxidants capable of supporting natural defenses and EPA and DHA for proper central nervous system development.
Royal Canin kitten formulas address the very specific needs of the growing kitten. Learn which formula is right for your kitten by visiting our Product Finder.
Kitten nutrition is designed specifically to provide maximum support during the first weeks of life, but cats' needs change as they grow older. At four to five weeks of age kittens can be given solid food. After the second set of teeth has come through, the nutrients essential to a kitten's growth remain the same until one year old.
Follow the guidelines recommended on the packaging for feeding your kitten. Avoid feeding your kitten anything other than kitten food, and make sure there is always fresh water available.
If you are changing foods, always remember to make the transition gradually. Ask the person you obtained your kitten from about their feeding methods (number of meals/day, brand/type of food, etc.), because switching to a new food and routine abruptly can cause digestive upsets.
For more information on feeding your kitten and introducing a new diet, visit our FAQ section under "Feeding advice and guidelines".
Where to Buy
where to buy
product finderdog product finder


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He\'s not been keeping it that quiet, or if you look at his sig.Kevin
I really noticed the change in sig yesterday.. the burnout fd bit is what surprised me!! (you obviously keep an eye on his sig as you\'ve got cosmo envy!! :p j/k)
Not so much greedy more like an obsesion.


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Former EMU football player receives boot camp, two years of probation for break-in
Former Eastern Michigan University football player Wilbert Mitchell will be going to boot camp and spend two years on probation for breaking into a dorm room in October.
From emueagles.com
Mitchell pleaded guilty in November to one count of second-degree home invasion for breaking into a room at the Walton Residence Hall on EMU's campus and stealing some electronic equipment. Mitchell was sentenced Thursday to two years of probation under the Holmes Youthful Trainee Act and will be sent to a state boot camp program.
Mitchell is also required to pay $484.23 in restitution to the victim, along with $2,512 in costs.
According to police, Mitchell stole a computer and iPod from an unlocked room on Oct. 9.
He was originally charged with two counts of second-degree home invasion but Washtenaw County Assistant Prosecutor Brenda Taylor requested Washtenaw County Trial Court Judge David Swartz dismiss the second charge because it had been added to the case by mistake.
The Holmes Youthful Trainee Act is a law that allows convicts 19 years old or younger to plead guilty to a crime and, if probation is successfully completed, the conviction is cleared from the person's criminal record.
Mitchell was sent to the Washtenaw County Jail after the hearing while awaiting transport to boot camp.
Mitchell was a freshman defensive lineman for the Eagles before he was kicked off the team in early October for breaking team rules. While the university would not confirm that his arrest in connection with the break-in was the reason for Mitchell's dismissal from the team, it occurred on the same day Mitchell was arraigned on the charges.
Mitchell was recruited by the Eagles from Union High School in Tulsa, Okla., where he was an all-district defensive lineman in his senior season, recording 39 tackles and six sacks.
It's likely Mitchell will report to probation in Missouri — he informed Swartz on Thursday he had found a new university to attend in that state and he would be playing football there. Swartz said the court would allow Mitchell to report to probation in Missouri if the proper paperwork was filed.
Mitchell is one of two former Eagles football players who have pleaded guilty in connection with the break-in.
Jairockeis Jones, 18 of Palm Coast, Fla., pleaded guilty in November to a misdemeanor charge punishable by up to one year in prison and a $2,000 fine, along with restitution. Jones admitted to knowingly hiding the computer Mitchell stole form the dorm room.
Jones is scheduled to be sentenced by 14A District Court Chief Judge Kirk Tabbey at 9 a.m. Jan. 9 at 14A-2 District Court in Ypsilanti.
Kyle Feldscher covers cops and courts for AnnArbor.com. He can be reached at email@example.com or you can follow him on Twitter.
Fri, Jan 6, 2012 : 7:34 p.m.
Give him to Dantonio! If he's out of jail he can play!
Fri, Jan 6, 2012 : 7:16 p.m.
Waiting to hear more after Jan. 9th. Why is the law so easy on Football players? (just curious)
Fri, Jan 6, 2012 : 2:47 p.m.
Maybe he can share a cell with Stonum?


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A Ferrari bought by John Lennon the month he passed his driving test sold at Goodwood Festival of Speed yesterday for £359,900.
The 1965 330GT 2+2 Coupe was the first car to be owned by the Beatle, and comfortably exceeded its estimated value of £180,000-£220,000.
The story goes that upon hearing Lennon had passed his driving test, luxury car dealers turned up at his house in a whole range of exotic automobiles, hoping that they could snare a superstar. Lennon chose the £6,500 Ferrari, finished in Azzuro blue and with a blue interior.
He went on to cover more than 20,000 miles in the car before selling it in 1967.
Its sale in the Bonhams Goodwood Festival of Speed auction on July 12 contributed to the highest grossing auction of motor cars in Europe, raising more than £36 million.
Other highlights included the Mercedes W196 race car, which at £19.6 million (including fees) is the most expensive car ever sold at auction, and a 1955 Maserati 300S Sports-Racing Spider, sold for £4,033,500.
There were more than 1,000 people watching the auction at Goodwood, as well as phone bidders from 32 countries.


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Ycee 'Juice' Remains Most Played On Nigerian Radio (Top 10)
Ycee 'Juice' Remains Most Played On Nigerian Radio (Top 10)
Rapper, Ycee's 'Juice' ft Maleek Berry remains the number one played song on Nigerian radio stations for the sixth straight week.
This is according to the Playdata radio chart which is based measurements from impressions gathered from radio stations in Lagos and a couple of other cities across the country.
Following Juice on the most played chart is Humblesmith with his latest single, 'Focus' with Davido's 'Fall' completing the top 3.
See the top 10 most played songs on Nigerian radio below:-
1: Ycee – Juice ft Maleek Berry
2: Humblesmith – Focus
3: Davido – Fall
4: Tiwa Savage – All over
5: DJ Khaled feat. Justin Bieber, Quavo, Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne – I'm the one
6: Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee feat. Justin Bieber – Despacito (Remix)
7: Runtown – For Life
8: Davido – IF
9: Atela – Ojuju calabar
10: Omarion – Distance


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Author, speaker and teacher, I use life, over 20 years of ministry, research and a doctorate in education to share with others how God has set me free from life's burdens. Specifically, I was a victim of childhood sexual abuse. God has completely cleaned my heart from this experience. I minister to women through victim recovery groups and speak independently and with Best Life Ministries. I want everyone to know that God is not an indifferent bystander. He will set us all free.
Mission: To encourage and empower others to experience wholeness through Christ.
I also work and teach for Bethel University in the college for adult and professional studies and graduate school.
Contact me for speaking to your group: email@example.com


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Stairs Take University Center
"Yes, we have a love of stairs," Lia Gartner announced to a sea of builders, educators, and contractors, who chuckled at the statement. It wasn't the first time this sentiment had been acknowledged. Even in the midst of her presentation to the New York Building Congress Higher Education Committee, the Vice President for Design, Construction and Facilities Management at The New School had mentioned stairs many times. And for good reason, which she outlined before the members committed to promoting the sustainable growth of the construction industry in New York City.
The stairs Gartner was describing, of course, are those inside the soon-to-be-open University Center. Connecting each of the lower seven floors of the new building, the "grand avenue" of staircases promote not only healthful activity, but the multiple public landing spaces they create also encourage interaction and communication, as Gartner explained to the committee.
Gartner also detailed other aspects of the design during her presentation. The stairs also relieve pressure on the elevator system, where a single bell schedule in a tall building can complicate the process of students moving between classes. The University Center has also reinvented the fire stair, where a covered staircase sits directly below the open one, leading people directly out of the building. But more than these unique architectural features, the stairs offer versatility, a key component of the new building's design.
"We're forever after flexibility," said Gartner, mentioning every urban academic building's struggle with limited space, combined with a need for multiple-use classrooms. "The stairs carry infrastructure, students, and even light into the center of the building."
Gartner finished her presentation by articulating the University Center's dependence on stairs, something otherwise unusual in a tall building in Manhattan. "They act as a central navigation tool," she said, "and connect each of the public spaces on the first seven floors." For more information on the University Center, visit the website. Stay tuned for more stories on The New School's new academic hub, which opens for classes in January 2014.


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Critics of a bill to freeze Ohio's energy standards say it threatens to dismantle the green energy industry.
Ohio Public Radio's Andy Chow examines what it means to run an energy efficiency program, and why some lawmakers believe those companies will be successful.
The House is holding hearings on a bill that would freeze Ohio's energy efficiency and renewable standards. These are benchmarks and policies requiring utilities to find ways of cutting back on energy use.
Advanced energy companies say these standards play a vital role in developing Ohio's emerging efficiency industry. The Midwest Energy Efficiency Alliance, which advocates for companies in the energy efficiency business, hosted an expo at the Statehouse to show off some of those operations.
Rich Marshall was there to represent JACO Environmental, a company that picks up and recycles old appliances such as refrigerators and freezers. He says this simple step leads to huge savings for consumers and the utilities.
Marshall: "We provide an avenue for the environmentally responsible disposal of large appliances which there's not a really good avenue for doing that—plus utility companies—they'd be building more plants to meet the need rather than save the energy."
Other companies focus on the educational components of energy efficiency, like Dropoly.com. Dropoly is an online game requires the player to make decisions that could lead to energy savings. As Leib Lurie explains, his game helps teach middle schoolers about sustainability in a fun way.
Lurie: "So by tying in Common Core standards with educational programs from junior high schools—we found that we can get kids engaged in a game—Dropoly—that's fun—that's exciting—that has a leaderboard—that has challenges—that has little things that they can do at home that save money."
Gary Swanson with Energy Management Solutions runs a slightly more comprehensive operation. His company works with large companies to conduct energy audits and connect them with rebates provided through the standards. Swanson claims a freeze would essentially kill this program.
Swanson: "A lot of the companies that are using the programs now and are planning to use it are going to be upset with the program because they won't know if it's going to be around for future projects. Also all the people who've been around for the past five years to really build this environment, educate people, get the system working aren't going to sit around for two years and do nothing—they're going to go away, go to others states and do other work."
Republican Senator Bill Seitz of Cincinnati has been the driving force behind a change to the standards. One of his main arguments is that, if these programs really are a smart investment for companies and residents, they don't need mandates or support from the state.
Seitz: "People will buy it if it's competitive and there should not be artificial hurdles to buying it at the lowest possible cost which is what I've said for a year and a half. This is not about utilities—they'll do whatever we tell them to do as long as they get it back from the ratepayers. This bill is about customers and customers' rates."
Swanson stands by the effectiveness of these companies and says it's about speeding up the rate of return.
Gary: "Generally the payback for a large company they'll want to see an investment with a one to two year payback. Anything above that they're not going to want to do themselves corporate won't allow it so what the rebates and the incentives do is they help buy down those costs for the next tier energy efficiency projects—they help buy that down to a lower level that they can then afford."
The House speaker hopes to get the energy standards freeze out of his chamber by mid-June. If no changes are made, then the bill goes straight to the governor's desk.


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Organic Gardening
Our garden is on the West side of the house in a well drained flat area. The year before we planted we spread the area with about 1 foot of raw manure and covered it for the rest of the summer. In fall more manure was spread and the area again covered. The following spring the area was tilled with not a sign of sod or weeds. Soil testing is important, and is done every fall. If soil needs lime it is applied in the fall because it takes 6 months for all the minerals to dissolve to a usable nutrient for plants.
Each year when our fields are hayed, we save several large round 1200 lb bales for mulch. The round bales are easy to roll out in thick mats to prevent weed growth and conserve moisture. The areas used for tomatos, squash, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and cabbage plants have hay put down before planting, then the hay is parted and the seedlings planted.
Seedlings are raised in a spare room, with lights to supplement the sun. We start the seedlings in trays and transplant after the second leaves are matured. Then each seedling is transplanted into individual pots and placed in trays. Several weeks before planting all the seedlings are brought outdoors first on the porch and then gradually into the sun so they are all hardened before planting.
Before the seedlings are planted we prepare a hole, dug oversized, by putting some well composted manure in the bottom and covering with a spade of soil. Then each hole is filled with water twice to allow the ground under the hole sufficient moisture to draw the roots down. The seedling is placed in the hole and the roots covered with soil. The hay is then pulled back around the plant. Each plant then gets soaked with water.
Seeds for other plants are planted in a combination of rows, beds, hills and close rows. The beans, and turnip are planted in rows. We hill the corn, and squash, and the carrots and peas are planted in close rows about 6" apart, usually in groups of 3. The beds are 3' wide and accommodate onions, lettuce, herbs, scallions, beet greens, beets, swiss chard, radish, and spinach.
As plants mature and are harvested, many plots are seeded successively for season long produce. Lettuce and radish are replanted every 2 weeks along with spinach. Beans and peas may be successively planted every 3 weeks.
A pesticide is any substance applied to control a pest, many organic farmers do not like to call natural pest control agents pesticides. Getting to know your pests and targeting them directly rather then using a broad spectrum pesticide is an important aspect of organic gardening. Pesticides that are organically certified usually have less environmental and health hazards, but that does not mean that they are not without hazards for the user. Organic pesticides usually have a short breakdown time and will breakdown into nontoxic rather then synthetic substances. We control pests using organic pesticides like Rotenone, B.T. and pyrethrum.
Rotenone is a plant derivative, controlling by contact and stomach poisoning. It is a slow acting poison that has a short residual, and is non toxic to bees. Pyrethrum is another plant derivative, its advantage over Rotenone is the rapid destruction of flying pests. We have a lot of stink bugs and Pyrethrum is a much better control over those flying pests. B.T., other wise know as Bacillus thuringiensis, is a microbial pesticide. B.T. is very effective against the cabbage worm, but must be applied frequently as it's effectiveness is limited to 2 days. We find once a week is enough to control the cabbage worm.
We go to market once a week, produce is picked fresh in the morning and washed before taking it to market packed in ice water to keep it fresh. It is important to offer a variety of nice looking fresh produce. To keep your vegetables fresh in an open market, shade and plenty of ice water is necessary. Offering your best will keep customers coming back to you for more.
A large part of gardening is also putting the garden to rest after the season. We pull all old vegetable matter and compost it or feed it to the animals. The pigs love the broccoli and cauliflower plants, and the cows will demolish the corn stalks. All the stakes, poles, and netting is taken out and put away and the garden spread with manure and lime if necessary. Then when spring comes it will be ready for shallow tilling and planting.
Back to the Top.
Organic farming started long ago when the first farmers were homestead style farmers. These farmers relied on animals not only for meat but to plow, fertilize and help harvest food and fiber plants. Fertilizer was called manure then and pesticides were either unheard, of or herbal remedies. Companion planting was practiced for the benefit of each crop.
With the onslaught of industrialization soil fertility and pest management became big business. Artificial chemicals were developed and applied without regard to possible damage to atmosphere, groundwater, soil, beneficial insects, birds or animals including humans. The manner of growing one type of produce in acres practiced by farmers today encourages pests to pray on the bounty. Animals crowded into confinement areas to raise quick meat are also prone to many ills that are not present on small diversified farms.
Organic farming now a days is shrouded in mystery, and allure, but it is in reality what many homesteaders have been practicing for years. Why buy fertilizer when the animals provide it for you, why pay to dispose of weeds, leaves and household scraps when it can provide a lovely compost pile of rich earth. Wood ashes may be spread out to add alkalinity, and lessen the pile on the local dump. Diversified plantings often provide insect control, not possible with single crop plantings.
Like all good things the Government has decided to interfere so city folk can be sure they are getting organic produce, which means homesteaders will have to pay to use the name organic. Now instead of practicing good land stuartship to grow healthy reasonable priced foods, we must spend hours trying to fill out long, poorly constructed forms and pay out money to apply to become "certified organic".
We went that route last year with MOFGA, the form took days to fill out, and was very unfriendly to small producers. Maybe a large farm plants 10 acres of carrots or 1/2 acre of lettuce but I plant 6 rows of carrots, or 4 squares of lettuce and replant regularly. The form was in well before the deadline of March. In July when I was ready to take food to market still no word from MOFGA, finally the end of July the inspector came and looked over our garden and what we used for insect management. All seemed OK but by September I had not heard a thing. A call to headquarters told me that I was certified but the certificates had not gone out. The second week in September I finally got my certificate, 3 weeks before the end of market. The MOFGA people didn't see anything wrong with me paying to be certified at the end of the season but assured me that next year all will be accomplished earlier. I do not think I will bother to find out.
Organic farming is something we do to provide us with the best produce possible, without toxic pesticides and fertilizers. Most people I deal with at market do not care weather or not the item is "certified organic", they are just looking for fresh vegetables. I will continue to plan and plant an organic garden and if the law passes it may have to be labeled chemical free, but it will be the best I have to offer to my customers.
Back to the Top. Home.
You can write us at our e-mail address.


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One thing I have come to learn about my own photography is that it has a certain pace, a rhythm. This isn't something that is unique to my photography, though – all of us have a pace to our photographs, and that pace somehow contributes to the overall style and vibe of our work.
I feel as though my work used to be fast-paced, and I think I can attribute that to being a few years younger than I am now. A lot can happen in six years, and my life experiences are not only slowing me down in my daily life in general, but in my photography, as well.
This "slowing down" is by no means a bad thing, though! I am happy to slow down, and I am looking forward to slowing down more and more as I mature as a photographer and grow as a human being.
I'm also inclined to think that the slow pace of my photography is a result of the fact that I am from the southeastern United States. We do things much more slowly down here than in other parts of the country, we really do – that is not a myth! I also grew up in a rural area where I was surrounded by the peace and quiet of foothills, pastures and creeks. My images have often been inspired by the quietness of the region where I grew up, and the distinct rhythm of the southern accent.
How do you define/describe the pace of your photography?


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Mes chers amis! (All the French I know comes from what I picked up from Julia Child's autobiography.)
Today we're going to be a wee bit fancy. I mean it–there aren't even any yoga pants in sight around here. Just the little luxuries that are sandalwood candles, fresh laundry, an and cheesy snacks.
That last thing… It might be my very favorite thing.
Gougeres are just one of many uses of the eggy wonder that is choux pastry. It's the same dough we use for profiteroles/cream puffs, except that instead of baking, then filling them, we add cheese and herbs right in, pipe them smaller, and let them get all puffy and wonderful. In fact, if you've ever wanted to give cream puffs a try, this would be a good practice run. An opportunity to test the waters. (And the butters, and the flours–hey-o!)
The end result? Bite-size puffs with a chewy, airy, eggy middle, dotted with salty, pungent (in the good way) gorgonzola cheese that oozes out onto the surface to leave those heavenly, brown, crunchy melted-and-cooled-cheese spots. The chives are there for a touch of oniony greenery. I think it's nice.
What's also nice is, it's very likely that you have the basics on hand.
The dough goes like this: heat up water, butter, salt and pepper in a saucepan until butter melts. Dump in the flour and stir vigorously with a wooden spoon. You'll have this.
It'll be hot and pull away from the pan, into a cohesive ball. Then, we let it cool a bit, because the eggs come next. We don't want the hot dough to cook the egg, which is also why we stir in the eggs quickly. The whole thing will look chunky and slimy, but keep stirring! It'll come together. This is when you add your herbs and cheese.
Pipe out little cherry tomato-sized mounds. Smooth the tops, bake.
Remove from the oven and stare at all that crackly, bubbly, golden cheese. Are you flipping out yet?
Feel free to play with this recipe to your heart's content. If you're not into blue cheeses, feta would work. Sharp cheddar and thyme! Asiago and rosemary! Gruyere/comte and dill? That sounds especially good.
In fact, I was slightly gambling with gorgonzola; in his original recipe, David Lebovitz (pastry/French food O.G.) suggests hard, sharp cheeses in gougeres. I was half-expecting these to deflate or otherwise fail at the fine art of cheese-puffery, but they didn't disappoint. (For what it's worth, I used gorgonzola that had been aged 90 days, which is pretty standard.)
Any route you go, these are great with a good beer. Alternatively, you can dial up the fancy factor to 11 and go with a dry bubbly. You know how you roll… I'm just here to make suggestions.
Gorgonzola and Chive Gougeres (French cheese puffs)
(adapted from )
1/2 cup water
3 tablespoons unsalted butter, cubed
1/4 teaspoon salt
Some freshly-ground black pepper
1/2 cup flour
2 large eggs
1 tablespoon fresh minced chives
1/2 cup crumbled gorgonzola cheese
Preheat your oven to 425 degrees and prepare two baking sheets by lining them with parchment.
In a medium saucepan over medium heat, heat the water, butter, salt and pepper until butter is melted. Add the flour and stir with a wooden spoon until the mixture forms a ball, and the dough pulls away from the sides of the pan. Remove from heat, and let it cool for a couple of minutes.
Add the eggs, one at a time, stirring quickly to fully incorporate after each addition. Keep stirring until the dough is smooth. Add the cheese and chives, and mix until just incorporated.
Transfer the dough into a pastry bag fitted with a plain wide tip and pipe into cherry tomato-sized mounds, spacing evenly apart. (I ended up with 36). Use your dampened fingers to gently smooth out any pointy tops.
Bake in the preheated oven for 10 minutes, then lower heat to 375 degrees and continue baking for 20-25 minutes more, until golden brown. Serve warm or at room temperature.


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Artist's Reception: First Friday, June 6th, 2008
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Exhibition runs from June 4th – June 28th
2-layer U.S.D.H.G. Shield Prints
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Dudes. Steve's giving out $100 to make a remix of his Add-Art screencast. Here's mine. It only took me 10 minutes. Holy crap, if I win I'd be getting paid $600 per hour.
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IntroductionMany apparent associations later turn out to be false. When does a study show causation between a risk factor or treatment and the disease? Even if an association is established between a risk factor and a disease it does not necessarily follow that the risk factor caused the disease. Maybe a third factor caused both or perhaps early forms of the disease result in the so-called risk factor so that causation works in the opposite direction. For example:
- Third Factor. In a Jan 2009 paper, researchers found that prostate cancer patients had more frequent sexual activity when young than non-prostate cancer patients. The authors did not conclude that sexual activity in youth causes prostate cancer, despite the association. In particular, they did not conclude that modifying one's sexual activity would modify the risk for prostate cancer. Rather, they hypothesized that there was a third factor, hormone levels, that caused both. [news item] [PMID: 19016689 If their hypothesis were correct this would be an example of association without one of the associated factors causing the other (because a third caused both).
- Reverse Causality. In a 2007 nomogram (see Figure 3a of [Full Text] [PMID: 17513807] and also this online calculator) to predict recurrence after radiation therapy it appears that the risk declines with increasing dosage until dosage reaches about 66 Gray and then, oddly, the risk increases again from that point onward. This was based on retrospective data and one wonders whether this is reverse causality at work. That is, perhaps the patients who received the highest dosage of radiation did so because they were known to be at higher risk rather than being at higher risk because they got the higher dosage. Fat people are the ones that drink diet coke (association) but that does not mean that diet coke makes people fat (causation). Sometimes the direction of causality, if it exists at all, seems unclear. A study of 34,000 adults found that those who were the most satisfied with their health care had a 26% higher mortality rate than those least satisfied. [Health News Review] [PMID: 22331982] Its hard to know if there is causality here and which direction it acts if it is present. For example, perhaps dissatisfaction leads patients to better pursue appropriate treatment or perhaps those who are more satisfied tend to be over-treated and the over-treatment results in poorer health outcomes. To dig deeper we would need to know more.
ConfusionConfusion surrounding association vs. causation is everyhwere:
Media Confusion. The confusion between association and causation can often be seen in media reports. A headline to a news article Excess Weight Increases Prostate Cancer Mortality makes such an error. The report itself (and even the text of the news item) make no claim of causation but the headline, which may have been written by a different person, jumps to the unwarranted conclusion of causation. The investigators correctly avoided assuming that simply because excess weight and prostate cancer were associated that prostate cancer was caused by excess weight. For example, if any of these were true then we might see this association even in the absence of such causality: (1) obese men delay longer in seeking treatment, (2) diagnostic procedures are less accurate for obese men so their condition is missed more often and they do not receive timely treatment -- in fact it is known that obesity reduces PSA levels since the obese have a greater volume of blood diluting the PSA in the blood further thereby making it less likely that cancer will be detected in the obese [Full Text] [Journal Watch comment], (3) genes which predispose one to prostate cancer also predispose one to obesity or (4) men with prostate cancer respond by over-eating (i.e. causality works in reverse).
The confusion in media can be readily seen in the reporting of two large screening studies for prostate cancer, the Prostate Lung Colorectal Ovarian Cancer (PLCO) and the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC). As reported in [PMID: 21446935] 23% of the newspaper reports concluded that screening is positive and 31% concluded that screening is negative. 78% of UK media concluded that the studies showed that there was insufficient screening whereas 57% of US media and 80% of Canadian media concluded that screening is excessive. Clearly one has to be very careful in reading such reports since there was no consistent interpretation of the result. The web site Health News Review reviews media health reports and from reading some of those reviews one can get a very quick idea of the poor standard in medical reporting. This shows that it is important to be able to assess studies independently of the media reports.
Patient Confusion. Patients themselves may confuse co-occurrence with causation. Assessing causation is much more difficult than it may appear on the surface and patients may not be able to evaluate it. The result is mistaking coincidence or other reasonable explanations for miraculous cures. For example, in this March 9/08 post by a patient who claims to have been cured of prostate cancer by taking cayenne pepper [link] he more likely simply had a false negative biopsy. Another patient claims that simply not drinking milk will cure prostate cancer and points to (1) his reduction of PSA after eliminating milk and (2) increase after resuming it. But he was also receiving conventional medical treatment which could easily account for the reduction in PSA and subsequent recurrence as could chance and numerous other factors. Both these relate to items that do have biological plausibility to them, which is one of the Bradford Hill criteria, and it may even be that the measures which appeared to work in these isolated cases turn out to be highly effective but the point is that these isolated examples should not be confused with "proof". (For more on cayenne pepper see [PMID: 16540674] and for dairy and calcium see the page labelled 129 and following of the WCRF report.)
Study Confusion Even published studies themselves may have limitations, biases, errors or other problems. Sometimes the investigators are well aware of these but the intended audience is relatively sophisticated and would be expected to interpret the results correctly whereas in other cases they are oversights or limitations in the study. See the three part post that starts here for a fuller discussion of why studies can be wrong. We also discuss some examples below.
Simpson's Paradox. In investigating possibly discriminatory behavior in prostate cancer treatment it was found that at University Hospital that: (1) nearly the same percentage of white men and black men were offered prostate cancer surgery (59% white, 58% black). (2) At VA Hospital the percentages were also the same (28% white, 28% black). Yet overall 50% of white men were offered prostate cancer surgery and only 32% of black men. How is it possible that black men were offered surgery less often in total even though they were offered it just as often as white men at each hospital. The actual numbers from the study were:
|University Hospital
|54/91 (59%)
|7/12 (58%)
|61/103 (59%)
|VA Hospital
|11/40 (28%)
|22/79 (28%)
|33/119 (28%)
|65/131 (50%)
|29/91 (32%)
The CriteriaA landmark paper which is one of the most cited works in health research is the 1965 address of Sir Austin Bradford Hill in which he discussed 9 factors (the Bradford Hill Criteria) that support casuation:
- Strength. Its hard to explain away the fact that the death rate from lung cancer in smokers is 9-10 times that of nonsmokers. Some other factor would have to have a very large effect to overcome that making it much less likely that its something else. In fact there is a mathematical condition known as Cornfield's condition that states that the apparent effect cannot be reversed by the confounder if the effect of the confounding factor is not greater than the effect of the apparent factor. (In the table above where the apparent factor was race and the confounding factor was hospital the ratio of hospital (row) totals is (59% / 28% = 2.1) which exceeds the ratio of race (column) totals (64% / 47% = 1.4) leading to the possibility of reversal in conclusion. [article on Cornfield's condition].
- Consistency. If many studies come to the same conclusion its more powerful than if that were not the case. The cause of inconsistent studies can sometimes be traced to an unaccounted for and possibly unknown factor whose presence affects the efficacy of the treatment. For example, Javier A. Menendez at the Catalan Institute of Oncology in Girona, Spain, and colleagues found that extra virgin olive oil was effective against breast cancer cells in HER2 positive individuals but not in HER2 negatives. At the time of the trials it was likely not known what the HER2 status of the subjects was but with this information new trials could be designed that stratified on HER2 analysing HER2 positive and negative subjects separately possibly showing effect by focusing on the subgroup, HER2 positives, where the effect is expected without dilution from the HER2 negative group where no effect is expected. See [WebMD article] [PMID: 19094209] [NY Times, Dec 29/08].
- Specificity. Hill summarized this as "one cause, one effect". If a particular risk factor raises the death rate of a specific type of disease and not just the general death rate then its clearly easier to trace the cause to the disease than if it were more diffuse. In general, we wish to isolate the cause and the effect. Sometimes it can be difficult to distinguish which cause is the real one. For example, it might appear that prostate cancer patients with diabetes are at higher risk of mortality (from prostate cancer or other cause); however, a paper at 2008 ASCO found that that was because diabetics tend to be overweight. When they controlled for weight, e.g. compare diabetics and non-diabetics who are normal weight and compare diabetics and non-diabetics who are overweight, they found that diabetics had the same risk as non-diabetics. Being overweight was the true risk factor.
- Temporality. Does the cause come before the effect? If the effect came before the cause one might question whether it really is the cause. Example 1. For example, if we are looking to assess whether Agent Orange causes prostate cancer we would want to ensure that the exposure to Agent Orange preceded the prostate cancer. Example 2. One patient remarked that those with more aggressive prostate cancer seemed weak but were they weak before they had it or did the cancer or treatment make them weak (reverse causality)? Which one came first would be essential to know. Example 3. Nobel Prize winning biochemist Otto Warburg noted that cancer cells generate energy using glycolysis whereas normal cells use oxidative phosphorylation and it had been hypothesized that this was an adaptive response to the oxygen deprived conditions in the tumor; however, evidence since then has determined that glycolysis emerges prior to the tumor's exposure to hypoxic conditions so the adaptation hypothesis must be rejected and we must look elsewhere for an explanation. A new theory has since emerged that adpating to the uptake of nutrients rather than to energy production is the driving force. [PMID: 19460998 [Full Text] This theory is currently supported by complex computer models which show that glycolysis is implied by enzyme constraints whereas it fails to emerge in the absence of those constraints. [PMID: 21423717] Example 4. A study in another field of health concluded that children given antibiotics had greater asthma but that ignores that they were given the antibiotics because of some previous condition and such conditions include lung infections. Example 5. Dietary studies are particularly problematic for prostate cancer since it is generally impossible to establish that the diet preceeded the onset of prostate cancer given the long amount of time that it takes for the disease to develop.
- Dose Response. If consuming greater amounts of a substance gives more protection and lesser amounts less protection that is greater evidence of benefit than if the relationship does not vary in an increasing way. A similar argument can sometimes be made even when "dose" is something other than medication: "Inside medical institutions, in counties containing teaching hospitals, fatal medication errors spiked by 10% in July and in no other month [JR = 1.10 (1.06-1.14)]. In contrast, there was no July spike in counties without teaching hospitals. The greater the concentration of teaching hospitals in a region, the greater the July spike (r = .80; P = .005). These findings held only for medication errors, not for other causes of death." [PMID: 20512532]. Here "dosage" is the concentration of teaching hospitals and response is the number of fatal medication errors. The fact that the response increases with "dosage" here provides greater evidence of a causal effect than might otherwise be implied.
- Biological Plausibility. If there is plausible biological mechanism that could explain the relationship the possibility of causation is increased.
- Coherence. The possibility of causation should not contradict other known facts. For example, if people with higher intakes of selenium have less prostate cancer then we might question whether the selenium caused this if we found that their blood serum levels of selenium were not also higher. For an example from the literature, consider this May 2008 study [PMID: 18467718] aiming to compare laparascopic/robotic and open prostatectomy outcomes. However, as pointed out by Michael Blute in the same issue of the journal in which the study was published [PMID: 18467714] [Full Text]: "the data in this study indicate that the complication rates to open surgery may not be consistent with that reported for optimal open surgery."
- Experimental Evidence. Well designed experiments may give strong reason to believe that causation is at work. (a) Randomized clinical trials reduce the likelihood that there may be a systematic difference between the treatment and control groups (who may be given placebos). A well designed study should be reproducible by other researchers. Unfortunately lack of reproducibility can be a problem as reported on the [Science Exchange blog]: "Amgen found that 47 of 53 "landmark" oncology publications could not be reproduced. Bayer found that 43 of 67 oncology & cardiovascular projects were based on contradictory results from academic publications. Dr. John Ioannidis and his colleagues found that of 432 publications purporting sex differences in hypertension, multiple sclerosis, or lung cancer, only one data set was reproducible." (b) Confounding. One thing to look out for is when two effects both occur at the same time so that you cannot know which was the real cause. This situation is called confounding. For example, since the main source of lycopenes is tomato products if one found that consumption of tomato products reduced the risk of prostate cancer one could never be quite sure if the reason was due to lycopenes or due to something else in the tomato or even due to something else that is typically eaten with tomato. For example, tomato is a common component of pizza and there is some test tube evidence that the carvacrol component of oregano may have an anti-cancer effect. The anti-cancer effect being hypothesized for lycopenes may actually be due to oregano (See [Science Daily]. We saw that lycopenes and other tomato components are confounded with each other. If the confounders are known and differentially expressed then it may be possible to eliminate their effect using statistical models. Allocating subjects randomly to the treatment or control groups has the advantage that confounders may be removed even when they are unknown. (c) Comparability of Treatment and Control Groups. The treatment and control groups should be composed of similar patients. Problems occur when the treatment group is healthier than the control group. In that case it might be that better performance with a drug on the treatment group is really just a measure of their superior health status and not related to the drug at all. In this case health status was a confounder since both heath status or treatment could explain any difference invalidating any conclusion that the result is due to the treatment. If the treatment and control groups are not comparable its important to adjust for differences. In prostate cancer studies stratifying or adjusting for differences in Gleason score or similar categorizations of disease severity is typically an important consideration. (See [Pubmed: 12693887] [Full Free Text] for a for a non-technical primer on multivariable adjustment and stratification.) For example, let us again consider consider the May 2008 study [PMID: 18467718] that aims to compare laparascopic/robotic and open prostatectomy outcomes that was mentioned previously. The investigators "assessed the association between surgical approach and outcomes, adjusting for surgeon volume, age, race, comorbidity, and geographic region." However, as pointed out in [PMID: 18467714] [Full Text] the study also did not look at disease severity and "without clinical and pathologic data, one cannot reliably account for these differences". The same point is made in a May 10, 2008 Washington Post article [link] which says that the "study did not look at staging and scoring of the tumor, meaning that some of the differences seen might be due to differences in disease" rather than differences between laparoscopy and open surgery. Another example where adjustment was crucial was a study on health care workers who were accidentally pricked with HIV needles. Those treated with AZT (a medicine for HIV) fared no better than those who were not so treated; however, when adjustment was made for the severity of the needle prick then AZT administration was observed to have a beneficial effect. Had this adjustment not been made a potentially life saving treatment might have been overlooked. See the Neuroskeptic Blog and [PMID: 9366579] [Full Free Text]. Yet another comparability problem to be aware of are situations where the control treatment has a beneficial or detrimental effect. For example, researchers have hypothesized that the control treatment in the Provenge trials actually harmed the patients which would make the Provenge arm of the trial seem better than it really was. See [News].
- Analogy. If a certain phenomenon is found to exist in breast cancer, also a hormone based cancer, it would make its appearance in prostate more plausible. If one COX-2 inhibitor has a certain side effect then it is more plausible that another one will too.
. A presentation on conflict of interest in the pharmaceutical industry (funded by a grant from the Oregon state Attorney General Consumer and Prescriber Education Program which is funded by the multi-state settlement of consumer fraud claims regarding the marketing of the prescription drug Neurontin) can be found [here]. Among the many point it brings out are:
- Spingarn et al [PMID: 8540971], conducted a retrospective cohort study of hospital resdients who attended an industry sponsored grand rounds and their views related to treatment options for Lyme Disease. 3 months after, residents who attended were more likely to choose the manufacturer's product and less likely to select scientifically preferred antibiotic over sponsored product.
- Bekelman et al [PMID: 12533125] performed a meta analysis which found that industry sponsored studies were 3.6x more likely to favor industry.
- Nieto et al [PMID: 17954797] compared the Adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids in funded and nonfunded studies and found that industry sponsored studies were more likely to employ design features that were less likely to detect differences in adverse effects and that industry funded trials were 4x more likely to conclude drug is safe given statistically significant differences in adverse effects.
Bradford Hill in PracticeLooking at how these are used, in this 1999 paper [PMID: 10359231] [Full Text] the authors write: "In practice, the criteria of consistency, strength of association, dose response, and plausibility are used frequently and in that order; whereas, in the methodologic literature the criteria of strength of association, temporality, consistency, plausibility, dose response, and specificity are most often mentioned (in descending order)."
Readers may also wish to look at the original presentation by Hill and various discussions of it in the References section below.
Counterfactual CausationHill's causation is sometimes referred to as counterfactual causation. That means a cause which makes a difference in the effect when it is present (referred to as the factual case) versus when it is absent (referred to as the counterfactual case or potential outcome -- i.e. if a patient has prostate cancer then the counterfactual case would be the situation where that same patient does not have prostate cancer -- the counterfactual case can never be observed because any one patient either has prostate cancer or does not not). This causation is generally interpreted in a statistical sense -- that is, the cause increases the probability of the effect but is neither necessary nor sufficient. Not all smokers get lung cancer yet those who do not smoke have lower rates of the disease than those who do. This is further discussed by Page et al in the references below.
Example - Vitamin DIn a 2008 study of Finnish smokers Ahn et al (2008) [PMID: 18505967] [Full text] found that the 20% of patients with the lowest blood levels of vitamin D has also had the lowest risk of prostate cancer. There are several reasons to be suspicious of this. Firstly, the dose response criterion is not satisfied. That prostate cancer risk did not always increase with vitamin D level as one proceeds from one quintile to the next. (The quintiles refer to the 5 groups such that the first quintile is the 20% of patients with the lowest vitamin D in their blood, the second quintile is the 20% with the next lowest, etc.) There is also a worry here about temporality and the associated reverse causation. In particular, perhaps those who had the highest vitamin D levels were sicker and were trying actively to prevent further disease through intake of vitamin D?
Example - Fish IntakeWe apply the Bradford Hill criteria to the effect of fish intake on survival among those diagnosed with prostate cancer.
In a 22 year prospective cohort study among 20,167 men participating in the Physician's Health Study who were free of cancer in 1983 found that 2161 men were later diagnosed with prostate cancer and 230 died of prostate cancer. A November 2008 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition [PMID: 18996866] [Partial Text] has concluded that fish "intake is unrelated to prostate cancer incidence" (consistent with prior studies); however, they also found that "Higher intakes of fish, particularly dark meat fish, and seafood n-3 fatty acids were related to lower prostate cancer mortality among the men diagnosed with prostate cancer." We examine this latter finding in terms of the Bradford Hill criteria:
Strength. First note that the finding was quite strong as "survival analysis among the men diagnosed with prostate cancer revealed that those consuming fish greater than or equal to 5 times/wk had a 48% lower risk of prostate cancer death than did men consuming fish less than once weekly [relative risk (RR) = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.91; P for trend = 0.05]."
Consistency. The study appears to be consistent with related results. From the paper: "In a recent small pilot randomized trial, men assigned to a study diet that emphasized, among other changes, increased intake of n-3 fatty acid-rich fish, had an increase in PSA doubling time [PMID: 9182974] [Full Text]. Similarly, the studies that previously reported fish or long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake to decrease prostate cancer risk, including our previous work [PMID: 17585059], have generally reported stronger associations with advanced stage [PMID: 10584888], [PMID: 15213050] [Full Text], [PMID: 15495177], clinically aggressive [PMID: 17585059], metastatic [PMID: 12540506] [Full Text], or lethal [PMID: 11403817] disease, which suggests that these dietary factors may have a role in reducing disease progression or mortality.
Temporality. The diet in the study was measured at baseline -- that is, at the beginning of the study when the patients did not have prostate cancer.
Biological Plausibility. The paper points out the biological plausibility as follows: "Laboratory data also suggest a role of marine n-3 fatty acids in reducing prostate cancer progression and mortality. Eicosapentaenoic acid, and to a greater extent its 15-LOX metabolite 15-HEPE, suppress the proliferation of multiple prostate cancer lines and the generation of COX-2 and 5-LOX metabolites of arachidonic acid [PMID: 15850718] that are known to increase proliferation, tumor cell survival, and angiogenesis[PMID: 15159222] [Full Text, [PMID: 16289380], [PMID: 9789062], [Full Text] , [PMID: 9199209]. Moreover, in a mouse model simulating prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy, mice fed an eicosapentaenoic acid precursor had reduced tumor recurrence, increased PSA doubling time, and decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis in recurrent tumor cells (14) Likewise, mice fed eicosapentaenoic acid in a model of hormone ablation therapy showed improved response to therapy (higher tumor apoptosis-to-mitosis ratios) and decreased progression into androgen independence (45)."
Coherence. The fact that fish intake seems unrelated to prostate cancer risk yet related to progression might seem contradictory yet observations that prostate cancer takes on different characteristics at different stages of its progression mean that this is certainly a possibility. See Willett Divides Prostate Cancer into Four. On the other hand, correlations between omega-3 fatty acids in the blood and fish intake were high.
Specificity. The study did attempt to control for other possible influences of prostate cancer mortality including "age at prostate cancer diagnosis; BMI; physical activity; intakes of alcohol, tomato products, and dairy products; smoking; race; use of multivitamins; use of vitamin E supplements; random assignment to aspirin or ß-carotene; and tumor stage and grade at diagnosis". It was unable to adjust for energy (calorie) intake but since it did adjust for BMI this can be considered a reasonable surrogate."
Experimental Evidence. This was not a randomized controlled study so the evidence must be considered as suggestive only. (Actually the data is from a randomized trial for asprin and beta carotene but not for this purpose so relative to this purpose it was not randomized.)
The strength of association, consistency with other studies and biological plausibility suggest mean that the study in question is highly suggestive of reduced fat intake having a desirable effect on prostate cancer survival among those diagnosed with prostate cancer.
Example - LycopenesA 2002 review of evidence by Miller et al regarding lycopene and prostate cancer that made specific use of the Bradford Hill criteria appeared in [PMID: 12424328] [Full Text] and we shall summarize its findings.
Regarding strength of association, a reduction in risk by about 20% to 40% has been found in larger well-controlled lycopene and prostate cancer studies. 8 of 10 reviewed studies including 47,000 person Health Professional's Follow-Up Study (HPFS) found a relationship suggesting consistency in findings. Dose response was shown in the HPFS study. Cancer develops over many years and it is generally not feasible to trace the entire lifetime eating habits of subjects so whether an observed diet high in lycopene preceded the disease in the case of prostate cancer is certainly open to question. Specificity is also questionable since there may be many causes for prostate cancer. Also it is difficult to separate the effect of lycopenes from tomato in general since tomato products are the primary source of Lycopenes in the American diet and an effect of lycopenes could be due to something else in tomato products. Biological mechanisms have been found that suggest the plausibility of an anti-cancer effect:
the 11 conjugated and two non-conjugated double bonds in lycopene make it highly reactive towards oxygen and free radicals, and this anti-oxidant activity probably contributes to its efficacy as a chemoprevention agent. The reactivity of lycopene also explains why it isomerizes rapidly in blood and tissues from the biosynthetic all-trans form to a mixture of cis-isomers. ... In addition to antioxidant activity, in vitro experiments indicate other mechanisms of chemoprevention by lycopene including induction of apoptosis and antiproliferation in cancer cells, anti-metastatic activity, and the upregulation of the antioxidant response element leading to the synthesis of cytoprotective enzymes. [PMID: 18585855]Human trials have shown mixed results.
Overall there is substantial evidence in favor of a protective effect of lycopenes yet it is not entirely conclusive. The Miller et al paper points out that "scientists, regulatory agencies, marketers of products, and those defining public health policy have differing opinions regarding the strength of the data when applied to criteria for inference and causality." In a 2005 review, Kristal and Schenk [PMID: 16046734] "do not find evidence to support a substantial association of lycopene or tomato products with reduced prostate cancer risk. Results of large cohort studies are mixed, and few serum-based or case-control studies were sufficiently large to detect modest effect sizes. Most of the studies published on lycopene and cancer have not been designed or analyzed to answer this question optimally, and key areas for advancing this research include a) improving assessments of lycopene exposure; b) incorporating information on cancer stage, grade, and screening into statistical analyses; and c) investigating interactions between oxidative stress or polymorphisms in genes affecting response to oxidative stress with lycopene intake." In a May 2008 news item [link] Kristal was further quoted as saying: "The excitement about lycopene (the pigment that puts the red in tomatoes) and prostate-cancer prevention is probably a mistake ... Most large and well-designed human studies, and most animal studies, have failed to find convincing associations between lycopene and reduced prostate-cancer risk." A 2009 review by researchers also assessed the evidence as inconclusive. [Abstract] [PMID: 19901932]. A 2014 Cochrane review "identified 3 relevant studies, comprising 154 participants in total. Two of the studies were assessed to be of 'high' risk of bias. Meta-analysis of two studies indicated no statistical difference in prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels between men randomised to receive lycopene and the comparison group (MD -0.34, 95% CI -2.01 to 1.32). None of the studies assessed prostate cancer mortality. No other meta-analyses were possible since other outcomes assessed only had one study contributing data."
One potential explanation is that the way lycopene is combined with other ingredients is key to whether or not it is effective. A news item reporting an upcoming study to be published in Cancer Research found that working with certain rats that 10% of rats fed dehydrated tomato paste had prostate tumors vs. 30% for regular tomato paste and 60% with no tomato paste. Human trials would be required to determine if this result continues to hold. The researchers believe that FruHis in dehydrated tomato paste may be a key element. See [link]. In animal studies and small short term human studies Fleshner found improved response from combining lycopene with other antioxidants relative to lycopene itself. See this post. Thus it may be that lycopene must be administered in a certain way or in conjunction with certain other ingredients in order to find a beneficial effect.
For more detailed information on lycopenes see the US FDA site and their explanation of why they found the evidence insufficient to allow health claims for lycopenes: [link]
Historical Note. Sir Austin Bradford Hill is regarded as the inventor of randomized clinical trials. He was influenced by Sir R. A. Fisher and David Hume who pioneered the idea of randomization. [link]
ReferencesSir Austin Bradford Hill, The environment and disease: association or causation?, Proceedings of the Royal Medical Society of Medicine, May 58 (1965), 295-300. [PMID: 14283879] [Full Text] [Full Text]
Epidemiology, Wikipendia. See section entitled Bradford-Hill criteria. [link]
Hofer, A. [PMID: 16269083][Full Text]
Phillips and Goodman [link] write that Hill intended that his criteria be a set of guidelines rather than a formal set of rules.
Page et al has a discussion causation in a medical context [link]


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Brussels, 20 May 2010
The EC proposals to reinforce economic governance in Europe
On 12 May the Commission proposed to reinforce decisively the economic governance in the European Union. The aim is to strengthen the functioning of the Stability and Growth Pact and extend surveillance to macro-economic imbalances. The Communication proposes to align national budget and policy planning through the establishment of a "European Semester" for economic policy coordination, so that Member States would benefit from early coordination at European level as they prepare their national budgets and national reform programmes. In the medium-to-long term, the Commission intends to make a proposal for a permanent crisis resolution mechanism.
1. Why do we need this package?
The recent crises and the risk for the stability of the euro area have underlined the interdependence among EU economies and exposed the vulnerability of Member States, in particular inside the euro area. Fiscal discipline, competitiveness gaps and private sector imbalances are also a matter for the EU as a whole. This is why there is a need for economic policy coordination across the EU.
The Lisbon Treaty and the Stability and Growth Pact1 establish rules and procedures for such economic policy coordination, which are sound, but have not been sufficiently respected. Peer pressure lacked teeth, good times were not used to reduce public debt sufficiently. Moreover, the build-up of macroeconomic imbalances was not addressed appropriately, even though the Commission had been warning about it for some time. In a number of Member States, this translated into high current account deficits, large external indebtedness and high public debt levels, which are clearly above the 60% reference value set in the Treaty. The financial stability of the Euro area as a whole has been put at risk.
The Commission proposals are needed to establish stronger economic governance in the EU, so as to reinforce compliance with the rules and principles set out in the Treaty and the SGP, especially for the euro area and to establish formal procedures to deal with macroeconomic imbalances that can jeopardize the functioning of EMU.
2. Is this not a problem for the euro area only?
No, the interdependence considers all EU Members States. EU economies are strongly interlinked through the single market. In particular, cross-border trade and financial spill-over, particularly in the banking sector, are large.
3. What is the essence of the Commission's proposals?
The Commission's approach is based on three pillars:
With a view of achieving a more integrated surveillance of economic policies, it has been suggested under the Europe 2020 initiative to synchronize the assessment of fiscal and structural policies of EU Member States in the so-called European Semester. The present communication proposes to integrate the first two pillars into the European Semester. This should allow Member States to benefit from early coordination at European level when they prepare their national budgets and national reform programs.
There is a difference between the surveillance for the EU as a whole and for the euro area specifically. The integrated surveillance cycle through the European Semester applies to all EU Member States. For the euro area, the Commission proposes to go further by including surveillance of macroeconomic and competitiveness developments, complementing the fiscal surveillance for all EU Member States. The Greek sovereign debt crisis has also showed that a robust framework for crisis management for euro-area Member States is needed.
4. Does this package imply Treaty changes?
No, the Commission's proposals are based on making full use of the surveillance instruments available under the Lisbon Treaty. The Lisbon Treaty provides plenty of room for progress through a better and full use of the existing economic policy instruments, and through revised and new secondary legislation, where needed. In particular, article 136 on economic policy coordination enables us to develop new tools for reinforced economic governance in euro area.
5. Is the Commission using the crisis to impose its views?
No, the Commission, in line with its right of initiative, is proposing to strengthen the economic governance of the EU and the euro area in particular. The Commission will now seek the views of the Member States and the European Parliament, and will bring forward legislative proposals in the coming months.
6. What are the proposals for fiscal discipline?
The issue: Member States haven't done enough in good times to reduce their public debt over the past decade. Furthermore, in some member states' budgets were built on the assumption that the additional revenues received during the boom were to be considered structural improvements in the underlying position rather than temporary additions due to exceptional conditions. When the crisis hit, deficits went up. They are forecasted to exceed 7% on average in the EU in 2010. On unchanged policies, debt ratios are projected to reach 84% in EU (88% for the euro area) in 2011. Large public debt weighs on economic growth and on a government's ability to run counter-cyclical policies when needed. The long-standing fiscal challenges related to ageing emphasises the need for addressing the budgetary challenges head on.
The proposals:
7. Is EU scrutiny of state budgets not against sovereignty?
No, the early peer review would fully respect the prerogatives of national parliaments.
It would only provide information and guidance for the preparation of the national budgets in the following year. This is about informing and ensuring that national budgets are consistent with the European dimension, so that they don't put at risk the stability of the other member states.
Countries which are models of budgetary discipline can be sure to win plaudits from its EU partners, and they can share their experience with others in the peer review, avoiding others to derail and thus contributing to safeguard the financial stability of the EU.
8. And what about competitiveness and other macro-economic imbalances?
The issue: The accumulation of large and persistent imbalances among euro area member states potentially undermines the cohesion of the euro area and hampers the functioning of EMU. During the first decade of the euro, the euro area has seen steady divergence in the current account and competitiveness positions of its Member States. Some euro-area countries have accumulated large current account deficits and experienced large losses in competitiveness. These trends were associated with a misallocation of capital and labour, unsustainable accumulation of debt and housing bubbles. Other Member States accumulated large current account surpluses reflecting persistent weakness in private sector demand.
The proposals:
The Commission proposes a broader economic surveillance framework for the euro area. This surveillance should go beyond the budgetary dimension to address also other macro-economic imbalances such as competitiveness developments and underlying structural challenges. Taking account of the deep economic and financial inter-linkages within the euro area and their impact on the single currency, the Commission, in its Europe 2020 proposal, called for the development of a specific policy framework for the euro area to tackle broader macroeconomic imbalances. The European Council subsequently asked the Commission to present a proposal by June 2010 to strengthen coordination within the euro area
The Communication proposes to upgrade the peer review of macro-economic imbalances now carried out by the Eurogroup into a structured surveillance framework based on art.136 TFEU. On the basis of a scoreboard of external and internal indicators such as current accounts, unit labour costs, public and private sector debt or asset prices, the Commission would asses the risk of emerging macro-economic imbalances, for the euro area as a whole and on a country by country basis. A more in-depth analysis of imbalances would be the basis for country-specific recommendations on action to be taken by a euro area Member States within a stipulated time, taking the form of Council acts with only euro area Member States voting. In case of insufficient action, the Council could decide, on the basis of a Commission proposal, on more precise economic policy recommendations. The Commission could also issue early warnings directly to a euro area member state where necessary.
Depending on the situation of the Member State concerned, the recommendations could address the functioning of labour, product and services markets, in line with the Broad Economic Policy and Employment Guidelines. They could also cover macro-prudential aspects to prevent or curb excessive credit growth or excessive asset price development, in line with the future European Systemic Risk Board analysis.
9. What is the European Semester?
The Commission proposed in its Europe 2020 Strategy to do the assessment of the structural and fiscal policies of Member States in parallel. The European Semester would establish an integrated surveillance cycle, allowing such synchronized assessment to take place in an efficient and effective manner.
The process would be as follows:
The results of such ex-ante budgetary and economic surveillance at EU level among peers would allow the competent national authorities to be informed of the European perspective and guidance, enabling them to take more informed decisions under their national rules and procedures and in full respect thereof.
10. Why do we need a permanent and robust framework for crisis management?
Because it is "better to be safe than sorry", as recent events have shown.
Council Regulation (EC) No 1084/2006. Article 4 "(a) if the Council has decided in accordance with Article 104(6) of the Treaty that excessive government deficit exists in a beneficiary Member State, and (b) has established in accordance with Article 104(8) of the Treaty that the Member State concerned has not taken effective action in response to a Council recommendation made under Article 104(7) of the Treaty, it may decide to suspend either the totality or part of the commitments from the Fund for the Member State concerned with effect from 1 January of the year following the decision to suspend."
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Monday 24th April 2017
This is our last full day here and we have a couple of things that we still want to see; but, as has been the case for most days the plan at the start of the day is one of those very fluid arrangements between the planning and the reality.
Today was not too different.
A walk into the Grand Market (square), but we tried a different route – Diane wanted to see a couple of things on the way. We didn't leave particularly early by our standards, but there were people still on their way to work as we were on our way.
First stop was the Mannekin Pis – and for once it was a literal translation – in fact no translation was really necessary – as explained to us later on in the morning, Mannekin means "small boy" and Pis means "piss".
|The statue - Mannekin Pis - and it is a fountain
|...it seems to crop everywhere - not sure I would fancy the sweet under the
fountain outlet
There are numerous stories associated with the possible history behind it but in general relates to a small boy pissing onto either the enemy French soldiers or their gunpowder to help force a victory for the "Belgian" people.
|Belgium is a source of many well known comics,
and it is a huge thing. Around Brussels there are around
20 murals illustrating some of the most popular...
|...and some relate to changing social attitudes; this one is
|...in the heart of the gay village. Pleased to see the acceptance of
so many social changes in Belgium.
Onto the square and Diane had a thought – maybe we could tag along on one of the free walking tours before we needed to catch the bus to complete part of yesterdays trip.
So we did and the tour guide was a really nice guy who was able to tell a good story or two at the right times and was really quite knowledgeable about many of the things associated with
and the surrounding areas. Brussels
He managed to point out some of the better places to eat and some to avoid; showed us some areas that we had not seen yet; and many of the buildings and their history – we felt much more informed about it all.
It was very much like a Diane tour but she got to tag along and hear it all for the first time as well.
Unfortunately we had to finish a bit early – at the mid-tour break point but didn't forget to give him a decent tip in appreciation of his effort and knowledge and presentation. The information came in handy later on.
We found the Hop On / Hop Off bus for a repeat of the second trip from the previous day and once again got off at the European Parliament stop – this time there were people working in the information office but sadly the parliament building was not open until 2 pm – so probably no-one working inside there for the morning.
We decided that it probably didn't matter and hopped on again to the bus and then off again near the
Royal Palace to pay a visit to the . Belvue Museum
|These pictures do not show the whole story for the Belvue.
It was enlightening about the history of Belgium after 1830
|Make this a stop on your visit to Brussels - it is worth a trip
back again
This museum was excellent for us – we managed to get a more complete picture of the history of Belgium from 1828 (just prior to the revolution) until the present day; it also gave a very good run down of important events in Belgium during that time; a view of the change/progress of economic and cultural changes that have occurred.
We really felt that everything today was the culmination of all of the little bits and pieces all coming together and as a result we have a far greater understanding of the country than we did last Friday when we first arrived.
|Locals will show you the best pubs; this one was in the tourist area but very
reasonable - and one of the guys behind the bar - was Irish
After all of this we were a bit in need of some sustenance and the earlier acquired knowledge from the tour guide was now of some use – the frites were a lot better; the hot chocolate (for Diane) and the beer (for me) in the pub was quite good (but when aren't they in this city); the chocolate that Diane bought was very nice and then the waffles were a bit too indulgent – but they were quite tasty (yummy!).
|Waffles, Brussels - a bit decadent, but they were nice
|The Frites guy - Diane liked his sales spiel so much that she had to get a picture
We thought is best to evade any further indulgences and head back to the hotel for a bit of a rest and put the aching legs up – we definitely needed it.
That pretty much has ended our lovely trip to
but we may just have one more final
part to go tomorrow morning – I won't know until then. Brussels
Walking distance so far: 34.1 km (previous) + 7.8 km (Monday) = 41.9 km (Total)


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SERI Fire: Research Initiative Seeks Innovation
through Collaboration
Professors Sarah Anderson, Andrew Plantinga, and Naomi Tague lead an interdisciplinary team in pursuit of new strategies for managing wildfire under conditions of climate change
Read more about SERI Fire in the the Fall 2013 issue of Bren News.
Wildfires have been increasing in the western U.S. and elsewhere, a trend that is expected to continue with climate change. And while fire plays a vital role in maintaining the health of many ecosystems, it can also be a destructive force that puts human communities at risk.
In the past few decades, evolving wildfire science has led to a shift away from employing "fire suppression" as a one-size-fits-all fire-management strategy, and recent ecological research has also highlighted how changes in climate and land-management practices can affect fire regimes and their impacts. Still, selecting the "right" fire management strategy when multiple variables are at play is a complex process requiring the integration of new fire science and new environmental considerations. While the ecology of fire in the western U.S. has been studied extensively, there is a dearth of information about how humans, particularly those residing at the wildland-urban interface, influence and respond to wildfire, and how institutional barriers may hinder effective fire management.
The greatest fire-management challenges lie in addressing simultaneously the threat to human well-being posed by fires, particularly at the wildland-urban interface; the uncertainties associated with various fire-related land-management practices, such as thinning and controlled burns; and the complicating factor of climate change.
This first Bren School Environmental Research Initiative — SERI Fire — will facilitate collaboration among natural and social scientists, with the intention of filling this knowledge gap and developing new management strategies to prepare for and respond to wildfires in a changing climate.
A fire threatens a Southern California community at the wildland-urban interface.


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Company Details
Hebei Yuanda Casting Co.,Ltd.
|Payment Type:
|L/C,T/T,Western Union
|Min. Order:
|50 Piece/Pieces
|Delivery Time:
|30 Days
Model No.: OEM
Casting Method: Thermal Gravity Casting
Application: Machinery Parts
Machining: M/C Machining
Material: Iron
Surface Treatment: Sand Blast
Surface Roughness: Ra3.2
Certification: ISO 9001:2008
Tolerance: +/- 0.05mm
Packaging: Seaworthy wooden case
Transportation: Ocean,Air
Place of Origin: China
Certificate: ISO9001:2008
YD castings have been producing various engineering components for valves, according to the customers' drawings and requirements.
We have mainly two kinds of iron materials for valves. That is grey iron valve parts and ductile iron valve parts. Which are widely used for valves from chemical, printing and dyeing, textile industries.
Product specifications:
Material: GG15, GG20, GG25, GGG40, GGG45-10, GGG50-7, GGG60
Sand core: Green sand, Precoated sand, Resin sand
Media: water, steam, oil, gas
Operating temperature: –10~200℃
Pressure value: PN≤1.6MPa
Based on the principle of " customer satisfaction ", we supply not only stable quality and price, but also on-time delivery, communication and services.
Welcome your visit anytime!
Product Categories : Iron Casting Products > Cast Iron Valve Parts


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Hidden And Suicide Door Hinge Kits
Beginning with our CNC machined receivers to our precision fit bronzed bushed hinge arm, all of Rocky's Hinge Kits are made in the USA of the highest quality materials and craftsmanship. At Rocky Hinge we don't just have one universal kit. Our hinges are designed to fit your particular car, truck and body style. Don't be fooled by cheap imported copies!


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A Modern Approach to Investments
WV Investments provides individuals, families, businesses, and institutions independent financial planning and investment management services. We leverage our expertise in quantitative analysis, market research, and risk management to help our clients achieve their unique financial goals.
Our advisors operate with the future of the industry in mind. WV Investment's exclusive portfolio management services effectively and efficiently help our clients build wealth without the excessive fees, generic products, and empty buzzwords of the past.
Our multi-strategy models focus on long-term viability. We combine conservative practical risk management and low cost trading operations. WV Investments core strategies include proprietary quantitative equity indexing algorithms and modern portfolio theory asset allocation.
As a fiduciary firm and independent advisor, we operate without any conflicts of interest with major financial institutions and the products they sell. WV Investments incentive structure is transparent and designed to help our clients reach their investment goals.
To learn about our services please contact us at 1-800-217-1293.


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Online paralegal schools provide the same training as traditional, classroom-based paralegal programs, making the course material available online rather than in textbook format. Communication between students and the instructor is carried out through email, student message boards and chat, and assignments and tests are completed through the school's Web interface. These programs are most recommended for students who have families, work full-time jobs, have military engagements or other restrictions on their time, and who have the motivation and self-discipline to take classes from home. (See: Guide to Taking an Online Paralegal Course)
You can click the school names to request more detailed program information directly from the schools.
Online Paralegal Schools Enrolling Now


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Why See James Blake?
The English electronic wonder-kid is back!
Coming to prominence in England in 2010 following his self-released trio of dubstep-inspired singles, electronic producer/artist James Blake has won a worldwide following that saw him nominated for a Grammy in 2014 within a relatively short career until then. Since releasing his last album, his third studio album The Colour in Anything, James Blake is hitting the road on an eighteen-date run of North America - kicking off in Miami this February, and wrapping up in Los Angeles in March.
Blake hasn't stopped working since his 2016 release, instead, he's a released a couple of one-off-singles including 'Don't Miss It' followed by 'If The Car Beside You Moves Ahead'. He's also collaborated on albums with artists such as Jay-Z (4:44), Travis Scott (Astroworld) and the Black Panther soundtrack.
Additional Information
Performance date: 16 March 2019
Additional Information
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I must admit, I love mozzarella caprese however I am not a fan of tomatoes. I came across this recipe while browsing through cooking magazines and immediately had to try it. I was lucky to find the last peaches in season however if you can't find peaches this recipe is just as good with pears.
Directions are simple and this is such a crowd pleaser!
1. Slice the peaches or pears in rounds
2. Grill the fruit on the stove top, use a capful of olive oil and grill for about 10 minutes or until the fruit softens. Remove from heat and let cool.
3. Layer mozarella, basil and then the fruit and repeat layering steps.
4. For extra flavor drizzle balsamic glaze over the top and serve!


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Did you know that 1.3 billion people (1,300,000,000 people) don't have access to safe and reliable lighting after the sunsets?
Can you imagine what it would be like to come home after school and have to do your homework using a harmful kerosene lantern?
Through a partnership between Silver Spring Networks and One Million Lights, the One Million Students program wants to empower students like you with knowledge about the environment and what you can do to help. We want you, the next generation of leaders, to light up communities around the world.
Learn about solar in your classroom and at home through our program and play the games on this page. If you get the highest score, look out; your name will be featured here on our site!