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Thank you for celebrating 3 years of success with us!
Can you believe that it has been 3 years since we hosted our first Etsy market at Robson Square in downtown Vancouver? As Etsy Vancouver approaches another milestone, we would … Continue reading
Father's Day Gift Guide
Father's Day is next weekend and dad can be tough to shop for. They are the most likely person in your life to say "No, really, you don't have to … Continue reading
Five Questions with Made with Love
Made with Love Delectable Edibles is all made with natural, organically grown & local small farm ingredients by loving human hands. The owners, Colin & Alexandra, "source raw & organic fair-trade ingredients … Continue reading
Five Questions with Fox & Fancy
We are so delighted that Rachel Dian and Lisa Rose, the Designers and Makers of Fox & Fancy, will be back at our Etsy Vancouver Market this weekend. Read on to … Continue reading
Five Questions with GREYbyBeckiChan
Becki Chan creates handmade jewellery and art objects from her studio located in Vancouver, British Columbia. Given Becki's educational background in sculpture and architecture, she finds beauty and inspiration in … Continue reading
Five Questions with Karla's Specialteas
Are you crave for a cup of hot tea during this rainy season? Check out the freshest natural and organic loose leaf from Karla's Specialteas. Catch Karla's Specialteas at our Etsy … Continue reading
Five Questions with EM'SAY
Clean. Simple. Minimalist. Monochrome. Geometric. is Em'say. Nadia, the designer behind Em'say, shares her story as she prepares for her first ever EVM booth at the Etsy Vancouver Market, taking … Continue reading
Five Questions with WoodType
Can you believe the entire remainder of WoodType's sign is made without nails, only with wood, glue and various stains and paints? Let's hear more directly from Jeremie, the owner … Continue reading
Five Questions with Danes & Divas
We love Danes & Divas simple business mission – to bring trending street-style and quality craftsmanship to the collection of no-pull dog harnesses, collars and leads. Today, we chat with Shalla, the founder of Danes & Divas, a … Continue reading
Five Questions with Lana Betty
Today, we chat with Lana Lepper, the founder and designer behind LanaBetty. Lana uses traditional jewelry making and the relatively new technique of 3d printing to create complex shapes and angular lines. We … Continue reading


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Why did my computer running Mac OSX 10.6.4 delete my iMove project?
when I powered up my lapto a few weeks ago, i noticed a imove i did was gone
Can i retrieve it or do i hve to restart
I never deleted it!
I was working on it
I found the disk needs another repair
i did this a month ago!
Is dit een goede vraag?

subset: commoncrawl


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Made in the U.S.A craftsman tool cabinets arrive at Lowes. Other craftsman tools to follow
In March 2017 Stanley Black and Decker acquired the Craftsman brand. Craftsman a long 90 year time brand for Sears is now finding its way into Lowes. Previously Craftsman could be found at Ace and K mart.


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Chelsea have been made the favourites to sign Barcelona right-back Dani Alves ahead of Manchester United and Liverpool, thanks to their handsome Brazilian contingent.
At Stamford Bridge Oscar, Willian and Ramires are all ready to help the Blues land their international teammate, with the Daily Express claiming their influence will be enough to allow Jose Mourinho to edge it in this transfer battle.
Though Chelsea were said to be on the periphery of the speculation linking Alves with a Premier League move, the report in question claims that they are keen to beat United to his signature, and will use the advantages at their disposal to ensure that Louis van Gaal doesn't have the last laugh.
Alves at Barcelona
Currently Alves is running down a contract at the Nou Camp which expires next summer and, with Martin Montoya and Douglas standing ahead of him in the pecking order, it's looking increasingly unlikely that he'll be handed a new deal. This idea is reinforced by the fact that Luis Enrique is beginning a new era in Catalonia, one which has already seen Alexis Sanchez, Alex Song and Francesc Fabregas depart the club.
Recent rumours have latched onto the idea that Alves's days with the Blaugrana are numbered, and the general consensus is that the Premier League will be his next destination. There is intrigue from Europe's other major leagues but it's said that the former Sevilla man is keen to make England the last stop in his playing career at the top level.
Related articles
- Barcelona set to hand a new contract to Dani Alves
- Dani Alves could be signed by Juventus as replacement next summer
- Dani Alves wants Barcelona stay - agent
The move to Chelsea?
Now, despite strong interest from PSG, Juventus, United and Liverpool, Chelsea appear to have seized the initiative, with Alves keen to link up with fellow Portuguese-speaker Mourinho. The Special One has Branislav Ivanovic currently ruling the roost on the right-hand side of his defence, and Cesar Azpilicueta in reserve, but the 30-year-old Barcelona star arguably has more experienced than both of them.
Though it's unlikely he would be handed a starting spot ahead of Ivanovic he would make for another useful backup, with Azpilicueta then deputising in the left-back role, as he did at times for Ashley Cole last term.
Fabregas link
On top of the other obvious draws of moving to Chelsea, Alves would also be offered the opportunity of linking back up with Fabregas, who made the switch to Stamford Bridge this summer. The Spaniard, like Alves, found himself frozen out in Catalonia and Mourinho offered him a way out, will he do the same for his former teammate?


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This weekend I decided to try and use different tools to perform my usual computer-based tasks.
Yesterday, I tried to do everything in Mac OS X (Leopard), and also tested out Thunderbird 3. I reckon I could live with a Mac as my only computer, and the only thing that bugged me was the speed (my Mac is somewhat ancient now). I especially liked iCal, and how it integrates perfectly with the Google calendars that map out my whole life, and I love the way OS X renders fonts and colours. Thunderbird 3 was a nice surprise, and I love the way it integrates with Gmail. Maybe I'll consider switching back to Thunderbird the next time Evolution does something to annoy me.
Today I've been using the daily build of Chromium on my netbook. It's seriously faster than Firefox, and I'm finding that I can do pretty much everything I need to do without a plethora of extensions. This might be one to keep I think.
I'm also having monitor envy. Or possibly screen resolution envy. I think I may be nearly ready to consider spending my day looking at something larger than a laptop screen.


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Heads up: All products featured here are selected by Mashable's commerce team and meet our rigorous standards for awesomeness. If you buy something, Mashable may earn an affiliate commission.
Buying a home is one of the most significant decisions you'll ever make. Jobs come and go, and new phones come out every year, but purchasing a home is one of those once-in-a-blue-moon financial investments. Whether you're looking to buy personal or commercial real estate, you need to have a firm understanding of the mortgage process so you can get the right deal for you. There are many great ways to learn about mortgages like the Mortgage & Real Estate Investment Bundle.
This bundle includes five courses and 40 hours of content on all the essentials of mortgages. You'll start with the basic, then you'll progress to the real estate valuation process and learn how banks make lending decisions. You'll also get to examine an actual real estate case study so you can practice your financial modeling skills.
Whether you're looking to become a financial analyst or just get a good deal on your next real estate purchase, this is one investment that will truly pay dividends. The Mortgage & Real Estate Investment Bundle typically costs $1500, but you can name your own price.
Read more: http://mashable.com/


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1315 W Summit Pkwy
Spokane, WA 99201
10am - 7pm
S: 10am - 6pm
Su: 12pm - 5pm
13910 E. Indiana Ave
Spokane Valley, WA 99216
10am - 7pm
S: 10am - 6pm
Su: 12pm - 5pm
Thank you for your interest in being part of Fleet Feet Sports No Boundaries 5k Training Program with the Cheney School District. We look forward to helping you meet your fitness goals.
The cost for this program will be $50. If we reach a minimum of 25 participants from the Cheney School District, we will provide training every Thursday night in Cheney and Saturdays will be in Spokane with our other No Boundaries participants.
We need commitments of 25 or more employees by Saturday, September 20th. Invite your coworkers to join the group with you....Let's start a group in Cheney!
Please fill out the form below and we will contact you with registration information shortly.


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Tembo House Hotel
This 19th century structure is ornamented with Zanzibari traditional furniture and antiques. One of the very few stone town hotels with beach accessibility as well as a swimming pool. One side of the hotel faces the historic buildings of the stone town while the other faces the sea front from where visitors can enjoy the sunset. Rooms are all self contained and air conditioned.
Home | About Us | About Zanzibar | Tours & Excursions | Hotels in Zanzibar | Travel Tips | Other Islands
Tanzania Mainland Safari | Mountain Climbing | Special Interests | News & Speacial Offers | Reservation
© Copyright 2005 Fisherman Tours & Travels Ltd., All Rights Reserved.


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Moumita Sarkar
Regional Director - ProgramsMoumita is a public health professional with over sixteen years of experience in maternal child health and nutrition, and sustainable livelihoods. At IDF, she manages operations in the region comprising of five states - Assam, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal. She possesses extensive experience in designing and undertaking monitoring and evaluation, and qualitative and quantitative research. Before joining IDF, Moumita worked as Program Manager, Maternal Child Health & Nutrition (MCH&N) at the India delegation office of Terre des Hommes, Lausanne, based in Kolkata. She has also worked with the Reliance Foundation; Institute for Reproductive Health, Lucknow; and the National Rural Health Mission - Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Rajasthan. Moumita holds a Masters in Social Work (MSW) from University of Delhi.
Rita Pradhan
State Director, AssamRita is a public health Professional with more than 15 years of experience in liaising and coordination with the state governments and MoHFW. Prior to joining IDF, Rita served as Consultant Training and Human Resources with Regional Resource Centre, North East, Government of India where she would liaise with Mission Directors, National Health Mission and other officials, with MH&FW in Delhi for technical inputs for National Health Mission implementation. She would also provide technical support in preparation of annual State PIP and be responsible for capacity building for implementation of NHM.
Rita has done her Masters of Business Administration (MBA) from Tezpur University, Assam. She has also completed a Post Graduate Diploma in Hospital and Health Care Management from Symbiosis Centre for Health, Pune.
Karuna Singh
State Director, RajasthanKaruna leads IDF's Comprehensive Abortion Care (CAC) program in Rajasthan. She is mainly responsible for the program management and liaising with the state government. She has almost two decades of experience in the development sector, mostly in the domain of public health. She joined IDF to lead the CAC program in Rajasthan in 2009, and previously worked as a freelancer serving various organisation including Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, India-Canada HIV AIDS Project, Rajasthan State AIDS Control Society, PCI, and LBII. She holds a Master's degree in Anthropology and post-graduate diploma in Epidemiology.
G.S. Gopal
Senior State Director, Karnataka and MaharashtraGopal has been working with IDF since 2014 and brings with him over 15 years' experience in implementing and managing multiple social project management programs with leading non-profit organizations, government agencies and the corporate sector. He holds a Master's in Social Work, and a Post-Graduation Diploma in Personal Management and Industrial Relations.
Raj Kamal Sharma
Senior State Director, Madhya PradeshRaj leads a team of 14 in Madhya Pradesh and works to implement the Comprehensive Abortion Care (CAC) program in collaboration with the state health department. Raj is a development professional, and brings almost 15 years' work experience primarily in the field of maternal health, specifically safe abortion. He has been with IDF for the last eight years and is committed to developing feasible interventions to make CAC services available at public health facilities. Raj holds a Master of Public Health degree from the University of Leeds, United Kingdom, and an additional Master's in Human Resource Management. He has prior experience working with various national and international non-profit organizations.
Upendra Singh Soibam
State Director, Uttar PradeshUpendra leads IDF's Comprehensive Abortion Care (CAC) program in the state of Uttar Pradesh. He joined IDF 2015. Upendra has about 18 years' experience in public health, especially in the fields of HIV/AIDS, drug abuse, and care and support programs for women children and marginalized groups. He holds an MPH from Lucknow University and a Master's in Sociology from University of Mumbai.
Kamal Saratkar
State Director, Chhattisgarh and OdishaKamal has 15 years work experience in the fields of rural development, program management and implementation. He works to strengthen public health facilities for Comprehensive Abortion Care (CAC) services in Chhattisgarh and Odisha and is committed to developing them as model states for CAC services. Before joining IDF in 2008, Kamal worked with the Danida watershed program, microfinance organizations, and Madhya Pradesh Voluntary Health Association, in various capacities. He holds a Master's degree from the Indore School of Social Work, Madhya Pradesh.
Anujesh Mathur
State Project Manager, Madhya PradeshAnujesh leads the Comprehensive Contraceptive Care (CCC) project in the state of Madhya Pradesh. He holds a postgraduate diploma in management and has close to 16 years' experience in marketing and program management. He has previously worked in the areas of maternal and child health, family planning, and urban health. Anujesh joined IDF in 2014, prior to which he worked with Population Foundation of India as State Project Director for Madhya Pradesh.
Nilesh Kumar
Senior State Director, JharkhandNilesh Kumar leads the Comprehensive Contraceptive Care (CCC) Program in Jharkhand. He has over sixteen years' experience in project/program management, behaviour change communication, and capacity building in the development sector. Prior to IDF, Nilesh was associated with Cipla, Population Services International, UNICEF, Pathfinder International and Family Health International 360. He has worked in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand. He holds a Master's degree in Business Administration.
Girish Peter
State Director, BiharGirish leads IDF's Comprehensive Abortion Care (CAC) program in the state of Bihar. He is a development professional with more than 14 years of experience in Public health, Maternal and Child Health, Human Rights Protection, Disaster Risk Reduction and Good Governance. Prior to working with IDF, Girish worked as Quality Assurance Manager at KalaCORE on elimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in Bihar. Girish holds Masters in Social Work from Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
Picture copyright: Sumit Gulati / Ipas Development Foundation


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We provide swimming lessons in Whetstone, Mill Hill and Woodside Park. We teach babies, children and adults learn to love the water and keep active, by becoming capable and confident swimmers. Book your lessons online today!
Oakleigh Park School of Swimming was established in 1975. The manager is Jonathan Rolfe. His parents Ron and Pam have worked in swimming for over forty years. They met when Ron taught Pam to swim! It was whilst teaching all those years ago they realised that teaching swimming in cold water and with the public all around was not working. Land was acquired at the tennis club in Whetstone, which is still on the same grounds in Oakleigh Road North and building commenced.
We strive to make sure that our customers visit is an enjoyable, educational and motivating experience ensuring that they leave satisfied and excited in the swimmers progress. It is not unusual to find swimmers and teachers who have enjoyed our facilities for over 40 years.
We are also delighted to manage other pools in the area for commercial organisations, school pools and domestic pools.Read about our history
Enter your email address below to subscribe to our newsletter and keep updated when new courses are added!
Fill out the form below if you have a general enquiry about our swim lessons, pools or services
100 Oakleigh Road North
Tel: 020 8445 1911 option 1
On the grounds of Frith Manor School
Lullington Garth
Woodside Park
Tel: 0208 445 1911 option 2
Northway School
The Fairway
Mill Hill
Tel: 020 8445 1911 Option 2


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Company News, 2006-09-01, 02:00 PM
ThyssenKrupp Stainless looks to new young talent
As the new training year begins, 104 young people are starting an apprenticeship at ThyssenKrupp Stainless, taking the company's apprentice training rate to 6.1%. Subsidiary ThyssenKrupp Nirosta is training 80 new apprentices at four plants, while a further 22 young people are getting a first foot on the career ladder at ThyssenKrupp VDM. For the first time, ThyssenKrupp Stainless AG in Duisburg will also be training two industrial clerks. In total, ThyssenKrupp Stainless has 374 apprentices.
ThyssenKrupp Stainless offers a choice of nine different industrial/technical occupations, while commercial apprentices can choose from five career paths. "ThyssenKrupp Stainless offers its apprentices first-rate training and attractive career opportunities," says Klaus-Peter Hennig from the ThyssenKrupp Stainless AG Executive Board: "We see this commitment and high quality as part of our social responsibility toward young people."
For this reason, the successful "initial training" program for young people as part of German industry's "training pact" is now entering its third year: young people who are still without an apprenticeship after September 1 can enroll on a one-year practical course to learn the skills needed for an apprenticeship place. To date, Stainless has offered placements to more than 40 youngsters. Around 70 percent of them were subsequently accepted onto normal apprenticeship training courses.


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by Matt Dalby, sports information graduate assistant
AUGUSTA, Ga. – Georgia College men's tennis player Johan Wadstein (Helsingborg, Sweden) has been named Peach Belt Conference (PBC) Men's Tennis Player of the Week, as announced by the league office Monday afternoon.
Wadstein was a perfect 6-0 in his matches this week, as the Bobcats defeated three nationally-ranked opponents to clinch a berth in the PBC Tournament.
Competing at the second singles position, Wadstein beat Mateus Camasmine of No. 25 North Georgia, Henrique Boturao of No. 12 Augusta State University and Patrick Steibinger of No. 33 USC Aiken.
The junior would also pair with Jerome Leborgne (Coordimanche, France) at the top doubles spot to win their trio of matches, including a win over USC Aiken's No. 24 Stiebinger and Nathan Berlyn.
Wadstein currently boasts a 12-5 singles record, as well as a 12-5 doubles record with teammate Leborgne.
The Bobcats await seeding for the PBC Tournament set to begin Friday, April 20 at Lander University.
The Georgia College Department of Athletics, two-time winners of the PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Bobcat Athletics prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the teams' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at www.twitter.com/BobcatSports and www.facebook.com/gcbobcats for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCBobcats.com for more information, and to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GC Athletics Hall of Fame.


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Sport & Leisure
Get involved in sport and leisure with ANGUSalive.
We want you to have access to a wide range of facilities and activities across Angus.
We have a range of sports centres incorporating swimming pools, fitness suites, sports halls, squash courts, an extensive range of group exercise classes, kids sports coaching programmes and holiday activities during term breaks. Our sports facilities also provide a variety of options for children's birthday parties. There are a number of membership types to suit individuals, families and corporate membership for businesses.
Our sports development team offers support and training for local groups and individuals involved in sport. They aim to increase the opportunities for activity within the community for children and young people, aspiring young people to adopt healthy lifestyles that will stay with them throughout their lives. The team work in partnership with national agencies and local groups to ensure access to the best grassroots development right through to top end coaching for elite athletes.


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The Tree Maker offers Bishops coat of arms that are custom made to be designed with the artwork and symbols that best reflect your ideas and goals. Our custom coat of arms samples displayed here are unique in each design. We have had many bishops contact The Tree Maker with designs they draw themselves in which they wanted us to create the bishops coat of arms in advanced artwork and simplistic artwork. We use clipart of many styles and can convert all heraldic design symbols into custom made artwork that anyone would be proud to display on the wall.
Tree Maker ask that you please read the "Frequently
Asked Questions" section before ordering.
It covers a number of subjects in detail. Most of the questions
are in regards to customization to family tree charts, family coat
of arms, family crest symbol, Design
Your Own Coat of Arms Symbol, surname history, family rings,
and last name meaning, but the first few apply to everyone. This
will help avoid any problems that could arise about your order.
Free pedigree chart if needed. These
family tree products make great birthday
gifts, Christmas presents,
or a Wedding and Anniversary
Copyright ©2001-2019 All Rights Reserved, The Tree Maker, PO Box 128, Cedar Hill, TN. 37032
privacy policy l merchant policy


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Whether you are looking for hotel reception furniture or hotel restaurant furniture, Planit Contract Furniture has a huge selection of sofa, armchairs, coffee tables, dining tables and side chairs. We're here to help you choose the right furniture for your hotel and to work with you to select your ideal colours and finishes. Why not browse some of our most popular hotel furniture options, or get in touch today to discuss your requirements.
0845 43 0 43 43


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Tag: Ryanair cheap flights
Ryanair – Even More Flights to Fuerteventura
by admin on Aug.16, 2010, under Flights to Fuerteventura
More About Ryanair
In 1992 another EU deregulation of the air industry allowed another major opportunity for Ryanair. This meant that an airline from one EU country now had the right to operate scheduled services between any other EU countries. (For example, this is what now allows Ryanair, an Irish Airline, to operate services between Madrid and Fuerteventura, or indeed London and Madrid!).
Ryanair's has used "free" advertising to very good use. Mostly this involves Michael O'Leary deliberately courting some kind of controversy, usually with a press statement, which never fails to make the newspapers as well as the television news headlines… therefore generating totally free publicity!
One example of this was, on an extremely quiet day for news Ryanair announced that it was seriously considering charging one pound to passengers each time they wished to use the toilet on their flights. This made headlines for several days. (Including such headlines as "Ryanair announce ´Pay-Per-Poo' service"). However, a week later O'Leary confirmed that the whole thing was a publicity stunt and said "It is not likely to happen, but it makes for interesting and very cheap PR!".
In 2000 Ryanair launched its website. Online booking initially was said by Ryanair to be only a very small and unimportant part of the reason for the site. However, within just a year of Ryanair setting it up, the website site was handling three-quarters of all bookings! It was then realised that this online booking could actually contribute to helping to further cut flight prices by selling direct to passengers and therefore totally exclude all of the costs that had to be paid to travel agents.
Today it is only possible to book seats via the website or via the "Ryanair direct" call-centre. To learn more specifically about Ryanairs flights to Fuerteventura click here….


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Named scholarships
When it comes to earning a college degree, the greatest obstacle can be funding.
For this reason, The University of Akron is pleased for the opportunity each year to assist talented, deserving students achieve their dreams, thanks to more than 1,300 named scholarships established through the kindness and generosity of thousands of UA alumni and friends, corporations, and foundations.
Scholarships truly are the best way to ensure that today's students persist to graduation. Scholarships allow students to enroll full time and remain focused on their studies; they also reduce drop-out rates, decrease the stress of student loans, and shorten the road to graduation.
The need for scholarships grows each year, however, as students continue to face an increased financial burden in pursuit of a college degree. In fact, 94 percent of today's baccalaureate students borrow to pay for college – versus just 45 percent in 1993. Across the country, the average college-related debt for borrowers in the class of 2016 was $37,172; for Ohio students, that figure was $30,239.
If you are interested in making a significant contribution to student success, please consider a gift to the MAKING A DIFFERENCE AND MOVING FORWARD scholarship campaign, which is the University's most important initiative. You may also establish a named scholarship at The University of Akron, which can be created to honor a living person, in memory of a loved one, or to contribute to the growth of an area of study.
To learn more, please contact the Department of Development at 330-972-7238.
How do I apply for a scholarship?
This is not the page to apply for scholarships.
Students who want to apply for scholarships should visit the scholarship page on the Financial Aid site.
The Department of Development does not accept applications for or distribute scholarships. Scholarships are distributed through the University's Office of Student Financial Aid.
Search for a Named Scholarship
Cianciola, Donato F. Memorial Scholarship
The Donato F. Cianciola Memorial Scholarship was established by a gift from Mr. Cianciola to honor his Italian heritage. Mr. Cianciola deeply valued education and wished to assist students of Italian descent who are pursuing their college education. Born in 1931, Mr. Cianciola was born in America to Italian parents. Mr. Cianciola spoke only Italian until he began school. He graduated second in his class from North High School in June 1947. His father, who owned and operated authentic Italian grocery stores, insisted that his son keep his promise to his mother who had passed away that he would attend college. Mr. Cianciola was given $300 to enroll at The University of Akron. He was surprised to discover that the cost was $48 for the semester. Mr. Cianciola graduated from The University of Akron in 1953 with a bachelor of science in business administration. Throughout his life and career, Mr. Cianciola believed that education was a significant factor of his success. His regard for education and his deep commitment to his ancestral heritage led him to create this scholarship. The Donato F. Cianciola Memorial Scholarship was established to assist a student of Italian descent. Nomination of award recipients will be made by the president of The Italian American Professional and Businessmen's Club and awarded by the Office of Student Financial Aid at The University of Akron.


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Delray Beach man arrested after pointing gun at Atlantic football players, coaches
A Delray Beach teenager threatened Atlantic High football players and coaches with a gun on Tuesday, police say.
Brionne Atwell, an 18-year-old former Atlantic student, allegedly drove around Atlantic's campus brandishing a gun and issuing threats to the players and coaches on Atlantic's football field. He faces charges of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and trespassing on school grounds.
Click here to read the full story.


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On Wed, 3 Nov 2004, Peter Sorotokin wrote: > > Most secure UAs can block these connections (or require user to approve > it for a specific host, verify signatures, etc.). We are not imposing > our security model on UAs, we just outlining baseline expectations. The point is that once you've implemented this securely, it becomes less useful than URLRequest, since it can only access HTTP ports, but doesn't do HTTP. It seems bad to have a feature that is only useful if implemented in insecure ways. If the use case is only for secured networks, then it shouldn't be in a W3C spec (W3C specs being, by definition, designed for the Web). -- Ian Hickson U+1047E )\._.,--....,'``. fL http://ln.hixie.ch/ U+263A /, _.. \ _\ ;`._ ,. Things that are impossible just take longer. `._.-(,_..'--(,_..'`-.;.'Received on Thursday, 4 November 2004 02:03:41 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Wednesday, 8 March 2017 09:47:01 UTC


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The summer terrace is the perfect location to relax and enjoy the sun after a day in Bruges. The 3000 m² garden is a hidden spot in the center of town.
The terrace is a popular place in fine weather. Quiet and secluded, a surprising and unexpected patch of green in the heart of Bruges. As soon as the weather permits, the doors to the terrace are opened. The ideal place to relax and unwind after a day of shopping or sightseeing.
The terrace offers the same menu as the bar 'Atelier'.


text: Carbon Monoxide: Take the Proper Steps to Detect There are many potential gases that could exist in your home. Natural gas, radon, and gases and vapors released from household furnishings, carpeting, flooring and paints. But none of these gases are as dangerous as carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is potentially a matter of life and death, so it's not something to joke about. What is extremely concerning is that it is hard to detect because it is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and initially non-irritating. A by-product of burnt fuel, carbon monoxide can filtrate its way into your home when the heat exchanger on a gas furnace cracks, allowing carbon monoxide to leak. Depending on how large the crack is and the circulation in a home, carbon monoxide can lead to death very quickly, or it could cause symptoms that have been misdiagnosed as the flu, viral infections, and chronic fatigue syndrome, among other things. It is important to not risk carbon monoxide poisoning. Here's what you can do: If you do not currently have a carbon monoxide detector in your house, call McElroy Service Experts Heating & Air Conditioning in Grand Island to purchase one. Ask us about affordable WiFi carbon monoxide detectors like the Nest Protect. If you have a carbon monoxide detector, check or replace the batteries regularly. Testing should be done every 90 days, and the detector should be replaced every 3 to 5 years. If you hear the carbon monoxide detector alarm go off, or experience flu-like or other symptoms described above, ask your doctor to test for carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide doesn't have to be scary and with the proper steps you can be certain to receive alerts if there is any sign of carbon monoxide. Our experts can provide more information, so go ahead and call McElroy Service Experts in Grand Island at 308-210-4398 to learn more.


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|Kendall, Dustin
|Fent, Russell
|Fu, Shuangxi
|Usry, James
|Carroll, Jeffery - Jeff Carroll
|Allee, Gary
Submitted to: Meeting Abstract
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: 4/12/2004
Publication Date: 7/23/2004
Citation: Kendall, D.C., Fent, R.W., Fu, S., Usry, J.L., Carroll, J.A., Allee, G.L. 2004. The effect of dietary protein on growth performance and fecal consistency of 9 to 24 kg pigs following an enteric challenge with k88 e. coli [abstract]. Journal of Animal Science. 82(1):138.
Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary protein on growth performance and fecal consistency of 9 to 24 kg pigs following an enteric challenge with K88 E. coli. In Exp. 1, 96 barrows (10.2 kg; PIC C-23) were allotted by weight in a randomized complete block design and fed one of four dietary treatments with eight replications of three pigs per pen. Diets contained 25.5, 23.6, 21.8, and 20.1% CP, achieved by decreasing the level of soybean meal inclusion and increasing crystalline amino acid use while maintaining 1.32% TID Lys. Diets contained no growth promoting antibiotics or copper sulfate. Following a 7d acclimation period, pigs were enterally dosed with 3.95 x 10^8 CFU K88 E. coli. Fecal consistency was measured daily with subjective fecal scores (0-3) where 0 = normal, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, or 3 = severe diarrhea. In addition, fecal samples were collected on d 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 for moisture determination. From d 2 to 8, fecal scores (P< 0.003) and fecal moisture (P< 0.05) declined linearly with decreasing dietary protein (0.65, 0.45, 0.27, and 0.26 units; 74.3, 73.1, 72.6, and 72.3% moisture, respectively). For the 14 d following challenge, there was no effect of dietary treatment on growth performance. In Exp. 2, 188 barrows (9.0 kg; TR-4 X PIC C-22) were allotted by weight in a randomized complete block design and fed one of four dietary treatments with 10 replications of four or five pigs per pen. Dietary treatments and procedures were the same as Exp. 1. Fecal consistency was measured on a subset of pigs (n = 96) on d 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14. For the first 7 d following challenge, fecal scores (P< 0.001) and fecal DM (P< 0.001) declined linearly with decreasing dietary protein (1.36, 1.07, 0.86, and 0.53 units; 80.8, 79.0, 77.4, and 74.5% moisture, respectively). Similar to Exp. 1, dietary treatment did not influence post-challenge growth performance of pigs. These experiments clearly demonstrate that dietary protein negatively influences fecal consistency, but does not affect growth performance during an enteric challenge.


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Frelighsburg Postal Codes
Frelighsburg city is located in Quebec, Canada
You can search for the Frelighsburg QC postal codes by its streets and block numbers
Frelighsburg Area Code is 450/579 and Time Zone is Eastern (GMT -05:00).
Frelighsburg is also known as Hillside
Frelighsburg Postal Code - Quebec
Frelighsburg Postal Code is a six-character string that forms part of a postal address in Canada. Like British and Dutch postcodes, Frelighsburg - QC postal codes are alphanumeric.
The first three characters (alpha-numeric-alpha) of the postal code which represent a geographic area in Frelighsburg.
The last three characters denote a Frelighsburg local delivery unit (LDU). An LDU denotes a specific single Frelighsburg address or range of addresses, which can correspond to an entire small town, a significant part of a medium-sized town, a single side of a city block in larger cities, a single large building or a portion of a very large one, a single (large) institution in Frelighsburg, Quebec, such as a university or a hospital, or a business that receives large volumes of mail on a regular basis
If you want to send a mail to Frelighsburg City, you should use the corresponding Postal Code.


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|Many choices at Kimball Fruit Farm last Saturday
Visit any farm stand this time of year and the baskets and wooden crates of local fruit will lift your heart. So many choices!
|Kimball's road sign, with fruit trees
Friendly Kimball's is just south of the New Hampshire line.
Prices at the farm stand are about the same as at Farmers market.
Kimball's also grows great corn, tomatoes, stone fruit, and other good things from the fields and trees.


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This floral cotton dress has been very comfortable and stylish as my bump has grown (unfortunately does not fit any more!). And it has also been perfect for the hot Mumbai weather. I accessorized with a single strand of pearls and white sandals (most comfortable heels I own - so you will see them here often till I deliver :-D).
So what do you think of this OOTD?


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http://www.HomesInNashuaNHh.comYou'll be mesmerized! This stunning ¿Highlands of Windham¿ Colonial has exceptional panoramic views of the NH Countryside that can be seen from nearly every room. Why wait for new construction on a less desirable lot? You can move right into this beautiful retreat offering over 3,200 sq. ft. of bright open spaces and numerous upgrades. Rich cherry kitchen cabinets, quartz counters, Stainless Steel appliances and large island perfect for family gatherings. The expansive Family Room with cozy gas fireplace opens to an amazing Sunroom that brings the spectacular views indoors for year-round enjoyment. The flexible floor plan has 1st floor Office, formal LR and DR with lovely bay windows. Tasteful tile floors and granite in the bathrooms, relaxing whirlpool in the Master, again with that amazing view, and a convenient 2nd floor laundry. Walk-up 3rd floor and plumbed walkout basement for future expansion, 3-car garage and much more! Enjoy the natural beauty just 45 minutes from Boston.
Real estate video tours and photography byhttp://www.NashuaVideoTours.com


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In The Box
Canon Lens Cap for EF 14/2.8L
Canon Lens Dust Cap E (Rear)
Canon LP1016 Soft Lens Case
Product Features
Canon EF14mm F2.8L II USM Lens
Ultra-wide angle lenses have always been in demand by architectural, corporate, and other top pro photographers. This new lens features completely redesigned optics including 2 high-precision Aspherical elements and two totally new UD-glass elements. The result is superior image quality: better contrast and sharpness at the outer edges, and a reduction in chromatic aberrations that can sometimes be seen with high-resolution digital SLRs. Its diagonal angle of view is an impressive 114°-anything larger would be a Fisheye lens. It has a built-in lens hood, and has been dust- and moisture- proofed. The lens uses a rear focusing system, high-speed CPU, and a powerful ring-type USM with revised electronics for faster, more responsive AF. This lens continues the proud tradition of superior clarity optics found in L-series Canon lenses.
The EF 14mm f/2.8L II USM Lens from Canon offers a bright maximum aperture and provides an ultra wide-angle view with the shortest focal length in the line-up of L-series lenses. Its diagonal angle of view is an impressive 114° - anything larger would be a fisheye lens.
This lens features completely redesigned optics, including two high-precision Aspherical elements and two UD-glass elements. This results in better contrast and sharpness at the outer edges, and a reduction in chromatic aberrations that can sometimes be seen with high-resolution digital SLRs. Its minimum focus distance is 7.9" and its truly circular diaphragm helps to create a pleasing out-of-focus background.
The 14mm f/2.8L II USM lens uses a rear focusing system, high-speed CPU, and a ring-type ultrasonic autofocus motor (USM) with revised electronics for faster, more responsive and quiet AF. Manual focus override allows for precise manual focus even in AF mode.
This wide aperture lens is the ideal choice for architectural, wedding, or other pro-level photography applications and its moisture proof and dustproof sealing helps to ensure its durability.
- A ring-type ultrasonic motor (USM) uses ultrasonic frequency vibrations to drive responsive, near-silent high speed auto focus. Good holding torque stops the focusing lens group with precision without overshoot. Full time manual focus override is available without having to switch out of AF.
- Two UD (ultra-low dispersion) glass lens elements correct chromatic aberration to achieve high resolution and contrast, without color fringing on subject outlines.
- Two AL aspherical lens elements suppress aberrations for high image quality at all focal lengths.
- Equipped with a fixed, petal-type hood and a gelatin filter holder at the rear.
- Only lead free glass is used in the lens construction.
Product Specification
Canon EF14mm F2.8L II USM Lens
|Focal Length
Comparable APS-C 1.6x Focal Length: 22.4 mm
|Maximum: f/2.8
Minimum: f/22.0
|Camera Mount Type
|Canon EF
|Format Compatibility
|35mm Film / Full-Frame Digital Sensor
Canon (APS-C)
|Angle of View
|Minimum Focus Distance
|7.9" (20.07 cm)
|Maximum Reproduction Ratio
|Diaphragm Blades
|Image Stabilization
|Tripod Collar
|Filter Thread
|Dimensions (DxL)
|Approx. 3.1 x 3.7" (7.87 x 9.40 cm)
|1.42 lb (645 g)


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On 2/1/03 6:37 AM, "Neil Smith" <email@example.com> wrote: > point me to a document detialing the EIA-608 > caption standard for broadcast captions ? Info on EIA/CEA-608-B is available at: <http://www.ce.org/standards/standard_details.asp?id=270> Info on the Digital Television captioning standard, EIA/CEA-708-B is at: <http://www.ce.org/standards/standard_details.asp?id=249> Both are available for purchase through Global Engineering Documents. See the links above for more information. NCAM's DTV Access Project also offers the following list of FCC, ATSC, CEA and SMPTE standards relating to closed captioning and video description, as part of our DTV Access Toolkit: <http://ncam.wgbh.org/dtv/toolkit/general/standardslist.html> Gerry ______________________________________ Gerry Field Manager, DTV Access Project CPB/WGBH National Center for Accessible Media (NCAM) 125 Western Avenue Boston MA 02134 Tel/Fax: 617.300.3496 Mobile: 617.470.4575 Web: http://www.dtvaccess.org Email: email@example.com ______________________________________ WGBH Boston is America's preeminent public broadcasting producer. More than one-third of PBS's prime-time lineup and companion Web content as well as many public radio favorites are produced by WGBH. The station also is a pioneer in educational multimedia and in access technologies for people with disabilities. For more information visit www.wgbh.orgReceived on Saturday, 1 February 2003 09:33:38 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Thursday, 5 October 2017 18:23:58 UTC


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your bag
Your bag is empty.
Sorry, this product has sold out!
If you would like ARCHFASHION to try to and find it for you complete the form below.
ell open blazer features: modern collarless blazer with open front in a soft lightweight crepe. A simple and stylish silhouette to take you fro office to outing in a heart beat. Material:100% polyester fit: standard model wears: small care: gentle wash made in the usa arriving late may, pre-order for priority dispatch


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Dasha Wright
Reconsider the buffet. It's a common myth that buffet or station setups are always more budget-friendly. In reality, they may require extra staff (to refresh the food), china and flatware, which drives up costs.
Have guests order in advance. Including an entree selection line or insert with your invites instead of offering a choice at the table allows your caterer to plan ahead and purchase only the necessary quantities.
Choose local foods. Opting for seasonal fare that's locally harvested can be cost-effective. Stay away from items that have to be shipped in (steak will be less expensive than seafood if you're getting married in a landlocked locale, while the opposite's true of the coast).
Stick to small quantities. If you're set on serving a fancy food like lobster, offer it over a bouquet of baby greens as the appetizer instead of the entree. It still looks posh, but you'll pay a lower price.
Find out everything you need to know about planning your menu here.


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This page shows floor plans of 100 most common HDB flat types and most representative layouts. Many other layouts exists, unique layouts with slanted rooms, as well as variations of the standard layouts, these usually have larger sizes.
Looking for certain town or flat type? Use Ctrl+F to search within this page.
Most searched floor plans: 1960s 3STD 3I 4I, 1970s 3NG 4NG 5I, 1980s 3S 3A 4S 4A 5A, 1990s 4A 5I, EA, 2000s 4A 5I EA, Maisonette, Jumbo, Pinnacle, Largest HDB flat
FAQ: age of HDB block? What is lease commence date? How I got floorplans? Looking for .DWG floor plans?
For people asking "do you have floor plan from block X?": use the HDB Map first, click block icon and view floor plans, as September 2018 I linked floor plans for 80% of pre-1998 blocks. While I do have few more floor plans than what you see on website, I CANNOT guarantee giving you the right floor plan (especially for post-1998 blocks) so asking me is likely to waste time for both of us! read more.
1930s, 1940s, 1950s – SIT era
Queenstown: Princess Margaret (SIT 1952-1958) vs Tanglin Halt (HDB 1962-1964), source: myheritage.com.sg
Singapore Improvement Trust set up in 1927, public housing developments were small-scale, until Tiong Bahru started in 1936 and Queenstown started in 1952 and completed by HDB in 1960s. In 32 years, SIT built only 23,000 flats, housing 8.8% of Singapore population in 1959.
The SIT housing was similar with British housing, 2-storey terraced houses, 3/4-storey walk-up flats, and since 1950s, 7/9-storey high-rise flats, plus one 14-storey block built in Queenstown in 1956. The blocks built at just 10-15 meters apart, denser than HDB estates. List of SIT estates.
SIT floor plans
Collection of Tiong Bahru Pre-War SIT blocks floorplans (3-room to 5-room):
After-War late 1940s / 1950s SIT blocks with 2-Room / 3-Room Standard flat, from Tiong Bahru and Redhill
After war, SIT built mostly 2-Room and 3-Room, but 4-Room flats were built too in Alexandra North, Silat Estate and Tiong Bahru (at least), no floorplan available. To speed up construction, flats were downsized in 1955 and fewer 4-room were built. 1-Room flats were introduced in 1958, as 3-storey blocks with double-loaded corridor. SIT also built tenements (blocks with communal kitchen and toilets, opposite of "self-contained flats"), that can be built quickly for the victims of various fires.
Some floor plans of rental flats are available on HDB InfoWEB under PPHS (whole block floor plans, no dimensions).
Landed public housing
During 1950s (or even earlier), SIT also built terraced houses, two clusters survived: Jalan Bahagia (in Whampoa, 28 blocks, 200 units), Stirling Road (in Queenstown, 13 blocks, 84 units). Most units are 3-Room (originally 78 sqm) but on Stirling Road there are some 4-Room (99 sqm). Over time, the owners built additional rooms in front, rear, and side of corner units, expanding some houses to over 200 sqm according resale transactions.
1960s – HDB beginnings
HDB was founded in February 1960, shortly after People Action Party won national elections of 1959. HDB continued construction of some SIT estates: Queenstown, Kallang Airport, St. Michael, Kampong Tiong Bahru, and launched new estates like Bukit Ho Swee, Brickworks, Alexandra Hill, Redhill, Henderson (in Bukit Merah); Bendemeer, Boon Keng, Kallang Bahru and Tanjong Rhu (in Kallang), Upper Changi Road aka Chai Chee (now part of Bedok), MacPherson (in Geylang), MacPherson Homes (in Toa Payoh).
On 13 February 1959 a fire started in Kampong Tiong Bahru, leaving 12,000 people homeless (source: NLB). SIT quickly cleared the area and built few 5-storey blocks with 1-Room flats and 9-storey blocks as well as terraced houses. A bigger fire in Bukit Ho Swee on 25 May 1961 left 16,000 people homeless, as coincidence HDB completed in September 1961 the Kampong Tiong Bahru flats started by SIT and moved the fire victims there, after few months of temporary housing in Queenstown. These fires helped HDB to gain popularity.
Construction of Toa Payoh New Town (first project officially called "New Town"), incorporating a town centre and several neighborhoods, started in 1965. Note: Queenstown is actually first new town.
The first blocks completed by HDB are Queenstown blk 45, 46, 49, 7-storey blocks styled like SIT.
Redevelopment of uneconomical SIT estates started in 1967, single-storey artisans quarters built by SIT in 1951-1953 at Henderson and Upper Aljunied were demolished and replaced by high-rise blocks.
In Master Plan 1958 you can see numerous terraced houses (planned by SIT and unbuilt) around Redhill and Whampoa. HDB changed housing typology to massive blocks with smaller flats and eliminated terraced houses.
1960s estates composed only by linear slab blocks (corridor style) in most common height of 10 storeys and usually with 12 units per floor, but several blocks were very long, plus 2-storey shophouses. Minimal distance between facades was not regulated, usually 15-30 metres.
HDB aimed to build 50000 dwelling units in first 5 years, so a simple brutalist architecture was chosen, in contrast with the Art Deco and Modernist themes used by SIT. Kampong clearance has been started.
Selegie House (built 1963), tallest public housing at its time (20 floors)
Old photos from Bukit Ho Swee estate (built 1962-1964)
The 7-storey blocks in left side contains 1-Room Emergency flats.
Old aerial views of Toa Payoh New Town, first phase (built 1965-1973)
1960s typical HDB floor plans
In first 5 years HDB built flats in proportion of 40% 1-room, 30% 2-Room, 30% 3-Room. 4-Room were introduced in 1967 at Henderson Road.
Standard flats (1/2/3/4-room) had WC and shower in same room.
Improved flats (2/3/4-room) were introduced in 1966, having separate WC and shower, and featuring void decks.
Emergency flats (1/2-room on double-loaded corridor) were also built. Today, only 5 blocks of Emergency flats remained: blk 91, 92, 93 Henderson Rd , blk 1 Maude Rd, blk 2 Kitchener Rd (2-room). The typology with double-loaded corridor was used for 1-Room Improved built in late 1960s and 1970s.
Tenements (flats with communal kitchen and toilet, opposite of self-contained flats), were also built, for example Bukit Ho Swee blocks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, according iremember.sg blog.
The floor areas have broad range, 1-Room (23-33 sqm), 2-Room (35-45 sqm), 3-Room (50-70 sqm), and unlike SIT, HDB built during 1960s just very few 4-Room (70-85 sqm) in Henderson, Outram Park and Toa Payoh. I estimate average size during 1960s around 40-50 sqm.
1960-1970 slab blocks with 2-Room Standard (44-45 sqm), 3-Room Standard (50-55 sqm), 4-Room Standard (70-75 sqm)
Most blocks of this type were upgraded with utility rooms, some with bedroom extension including en-suite toilet.
1967-1978 (estimated years) slab block with 1-Room Improved (33 sqm)
The ONLY remaining 1-room home ownership block is blk 7 Telok Blangah Crescent, two more blocks did existed but got SERS: blk 309 Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 and blk 33 Taman Ho Swee. All other 1-room blocks are rental. Some of them are 2 meters wider, flats 6096 mm long instead of 5486 mm, toilet is squarish and kitchen is L-shaped around toilet, having 2 windows (example blk 123 Bukit Merah View). No floor plans available, because HDB never provide floorplans for rental flats.
1967-1978 and 1982-1988 slab block with 2-Room Improved (44 sqm), 3-Room Improved (60 sqm), 3½-Room Improved (69 sqm)
Most blocks of this type were upgraded with 5-6 sqm utility rooms, these utility rooms vary in shape and size so that is why I posted here original floorplans without utility room.
1970-1978 slab block with 4-Room Improved (82-84 sqm or -88 sqm with kitchen extension), stairs for each two units.
JTC floor plans
Jurong Town Corporation established in 1968 and built 5 estates in parallel with HDB:
Taman Jurong, built 1964/1969-1974, most demolished in 1990s and 2000s). Earliest blocks were built by Economic Development Board in cooperation with HDB starting from 1964, then JTC took over in 1969.
Boon Lay Gardens, built 1974-1978, mixed with HDB, most demolished in 1990s and 2000s.
Teban Gardens, built 1977-1978, mixed with HDB, some demolished in 2000s.
Pandan Gardens, built 1978-1979, all survived.
Sembawang, built early 1970s, 7 blocks, demolished in 2004.
The 5-Room flats built by JTC feature 2 entrance doors!
Anyone have a floor plan of the JTC 4-Room point blocks (zig-zag ones)? Last ones will be demolished in 2013.
1970s – HDB new towns
Concept Plan 1971 featured a ring of New Towns around Central Water Catchment and a provisional plan for two MRT lines to be built by 1992.
In early 1970s four new towns were started: Bedok, Marine Parade, Telok Blangah, Woodlands (Marsiling estate); also for smaller estates like Kallang Basin and St. George (in Kallang); Geylang East, Haig Road, Jalan Eunos and Sims (in Geylang); Dover, Ghim Moh, Holland Village (in Queenstown); Farrer Road (in Bukit Timah), Lorong Lew Lian (in Serangoon), Sin Ming (in Bishan). Construction continued in Toa Payoh (blocks 210-235).
In the second half of 1970s construction commenced for three more New Towns: Ang Mo Kio, Clementi / West Coast, Hougang (only several blocks), and for small estates like Hillview (in Bukit Batok, demolished in 2005), Nee Son (now part of Yishun), Teck Whye Estate (now part of Choa Chu Kang).
HDB also built Rural Centres, mini estates with several hundred flats to house farmers: Changi Village (considered in Pasir Ris), Kranji / Lim Chu Kang (abandoned in 2001), Punggol Road End (in Sengkang area, demolished in 2004), Seletar Road (in Serangoon area, demolished), Seletar West Farmway (in Sengkang area, demolished).
1970s generation estates were dominated by massive slab block majority 10-16 storeys and usually with 14 or 18 units per floor, most were over 100 metres long, plus point blocks majority 25 storeys, and 4-storey blocks with shophouses. Minimal distance between facades was 30 metres.
Ang Mo Kio (built 1976-1980) / Marine Parade (built 1975-1977)
Clementi (built 1976-1980) / Telok Blangah (built 1974-1980)
1970s typical HDB floor plans
In 1976 were completed the first New Generation flats: 3-Room (67 / 82 sqm) and 4-Room (92 sqm), compared with Improved flats, the NG flats feature en-suite toilet for master bedroom, with pedestal type WC, plus store room (source: Straits Times 29 Aug 1973). The HDB Floor Plans 1930-present is copyrighted by www.teoalida.com.
Point blocks with four units per floor and taller than surrounding blocks, were completed in 1972, featuring 4-Room Improved flats (84 sqm).
First 5-Room flats (117-125 sqm) were completed in 1974, in point block form. Starting from 1978, 5-Room flats were offered also in slab block form. All 5-Room flats feature master bedroom with attached toilet with pedestal type WC, the 5-Room Improved introduced in 1979 feature also a store room.
Point blocks were built until mid-1980s, 2 with 3-Room, 26 with 4-Room and 247 with 5-room. After 1980s they still built blocks with 4 units per floor but with height similar with surrounding blocks so I have not included them in above figure.
3/4-Room Standard flats disappeared in early 1970s, Improved flats disappeared too in late 1970s. The average size rose from 60 sqm in early 1970 to 75 sqm in late 1970s estates.
Marine Parade was, and is still the most prestigious HDB estate, also the oldest HDB estate remained intact (no demolitions, no new blocks). Built since 1973, with flats leased from 1975 to 1978, it contains 8079 dwelling units in 56 blocks (personal counting), slab blocks with 2/3/4-Room Improved flats plus 17 tower blocks, each with 96 units of 120 sqm 5-Room Standard flats. Average flat size: 76 sqm, a record for its time (today average size is a little bigger due to upgrading with utility rooms and many 3-room flats adjoined.
1976-1988 slab block with 3-Room New Generation (67 sqm), 3½-Room New Generation (82 sqm), and 4-Room New Generation (92 sqm), big kitchen
1976-1988 slab block with 4-Room New Generation (91 sqm), two units per staircase
1976-1980 slab block with 5-Room Standard (117 sqm), also 4-Room New Generation (89 sqm) at lift level
1978-1985 slab block with 5-Room Improved (121 sqm), also 4-Room New Generation (98 sqm) at lift level
1966-1970 point zig-zag block with 3-Room Improved (72 sqm or 76 sqm with utility extension)
1972-1974 point block with 4-Room Improved (77-84 sqm)
1974-1979 point block with 5-Room Standard (114-123 sqm)
1977-1985 point block with 5-Room Improved (117-121 sqm)
Some Standard flats have long master bedroom like Improved flats. Other flats have balcony at living room. I don't know the real difference between Standard and Improved.
See more 1970s floor plans
1980s – More HDB new towns
In the early 1980s seven New Towns were started: Bukit Batok, Hougang, Jurong East, Jurong West, Serangoon, Tampines, Woodlands (integrating Marsiling), Yishun (integrating Nee Son), as well as small estates: Kaki Bukit (in Bedok), Bukit Purmei (in Bukit Merah), Ubi (in Geylang), McNair (in Kallang), Potong Pasir and Upper Aljunied (in Toa Payoh).
In the late 1980 four more New Towns were born: Bishan, Bukit Panjang, Choa Chu Kang (integrating Teck Whye), Nanyang (extension of Jurong West), Pasir Ris, as well as Estates: Simei (near Tampines), Kembangan (in Bedok), Toh Yi (in Bukit Timah).
1980s towns were composed by slab blocks with 10-13 floors, usually with 10 or 12 units per floor, plus the 25-storey point blocks and a considerable amount of 4-storey blocks. After 1985 just few blocks were built with more than 13 storeys. Compared with previous decade, the blocks were arranged in more rigid patterns, with corners bend to give the precinct a sense of enclosure. Most 10/12-storey blocks were perfectly aligned to east-west direction to avoid sun, while on east and west sides they are surrounded by 4-storey walk-up blocks. Minimal distance between facades was 24 metres.
Ground floor units were reintroduced, most 1980s high-rise blocks have few (usually 4) units at ground floor and the rest void deck. Most 4-storey blocks do not have void decks, but ground floor units.
In 1980 first prefabrication contract was awarded, raising the construction ratio to about 190.000 flats built in 1981-1985, the record being 67856 flats in 1984. Prefab blocks were built in 16 months, 20% faster than 20 months for normal blocks (source: Straits Times 1982). Wikipedia's Tampines page says "Using prefabricated parts, a block of high-rise flats could be built in a month" – do not believe.
These 1980s prefab blocks with load-bearing walls can be identified by being uglier, having simple floorplan, plain external walls (unlike normal blocks which have columns visible on facade and windows pushed back). Prefab flats have lower value than non-prefab blocks, hacking walls is not allowed except a door-size opening, ceiling leaks are common.
A confusing thing: today BTO blocks use prefabricated panels too, but does not look similar with 1980s blocks, construction time is double, 3-4 years, and internal walls can be hacked. Probably they were referring that in 1980s they made blocks entirely prefab, load-bearing prefab walls.
Rising home ownership left rental blocks empty. Most 1-Room Emergency blocks built in 1960s were demolished during 1980s and new blocks with 3-Room to Executive flats were built.
The percentage of population living in public housing hit the all-time record of 87% in 1988-1990, construction ratio had to be reduced to 10000 units per year in 1989-1991 to avoid oversupply, leaving some estates unfinished, for example Yishun 4xx with its 8 blocks in middle of empty field.
Woodlands neighborhood 1xx (built ~1985) Bishan neighborhood 1xx (built 1985-1988)
Hougang Central (built ~1989) / Bukit Batok MRT line (built 1984-1985)
1980s typical HDB floor plans
Along the 3/4-Room New Generation and 5-Room Improved, in 1982 were introduced Model A flats: 3-Room (75 sqm), 4-Room (105 sqm), 5-Room (135 sqm), 5-Room Maisonette (139 sqm), and in 1984 were introduced Simplified flats, 3-Room (64 sqm), 4-Room (84 sqm).
Executive Apartment / Maisonette (146-150 sqm) were introduced in 1984 and replaced 5-Room Model A flats, in addition of the 3-bedroom and separate living/dining found in 5A flats, EA and EM feature an utility/maid room. 80% of Executive units were Maisonettes and 20% were Apartments.
New types of 4-Room Model A, 5-Room Improved, and Executive were introduced in 1987, the 5-Room and Executive having 3 bedrooms plus study room with sliding doors, instead of the 3 bedrooms in 5-Room plus utility room in Executive (source: Straits Times 1984).
Multi-Generation flats were introduced in 1987, on structure similar with the 3/4-Room Simplified blocks, but flats are paired two by two and reconfigured as a 3-bedroom + Studio (granny flat), having 2 entrances and a communicating door. The granny flat was not used as intended so the concept was abandoned after building 8 blocks (source: Straits Times 1986 + Straits Times 1988).
Last 1/2-Room Improved blocks built were Tampines 441, 442, 466, 471 in mid-1980s. Average HDB flat size for 1980s estates is 90-100 square meters.
New Generation flat types were phased out around 1985, but surprisingly, few blocks with 3-Room Improved were built in late 1980s.
Rising popularity of bigger units left HDB with many unsold 3-Room and 4-Room Simplified flats, the last being built in 1989, HDB started converting these flats into Executive "Jumbo" flats (source: Straits Times 1989). Average size of new HDB flats rose from 100 sqm in 1988 to 120 sqm in 1991.
STRANGE, very few flats have leases 1990 and 1991, despite that construction rate was constant, at least 10000 dwelling units being completed each year. Number of flats with lease 1991 is about 6% of the number of flats with lease 1989 and 1992 according my analysis of HDB Resale Flat Prices database. A possible hypothesis is that HDB decided to set lease start date later than actual completion date (confirmation needed).
1982-1989 slab block with 3-Room Model A (73-75 sqm) and 4-Room Model A (105-108 sqm)
3½-Room Model A (88-90 sqm) exists but is so rare that I never found floorplan.
Website visitors reported that early 4-Room Model A have different floorplan, similar in shape with 4-Room New Generation with toilets near each other, but big as 105 sqm instead of 92 sqm.
1982-1985 slab block with 5-Room Model A (133-135 sqm), 2 units per segment
1984-1989 slab block with 3-Room Simplified (64 sqm), 4-Room Simplified (84 sqm) and 5-Room Improved (120 sqm)
A 4-room Model A lift-level version under 5-Room Improved should also exists.
1987-1988 slab block with 4-Room Simplified (84 sqm) and 4-Room Model A (104 sqm)
1983-1984 slab block with 5-Room Model A Maisonette (137-140 sqm, some -155 sqm) and 4-Room Model A (109 sqm) on corners (no floor plan found)
1984-1988 slab block with Executive Maisonette (144-147 sqm, some -160 sqm) and Executive Apartment (146 sqm) on corners
Many people asked me what is a 5-Room Maisonette or what is the difference compared with Executive Maisonette, the primary difference is the building year, because the two-storey Maisonettes were introduced earlier than Executive naming.
1987-1990 slab block with 4-Room Model A (104 sqm) and 5-Room Improved (121 sqm), some blocks have L-shaped corners, with 4-Room Model A (108 sqm) and 5-Room Improved (122 sqm)
1990-1992 slab block with 4-Room Model A (103-107 sqm) and 5-Room Improved (121-123 sqm), 2 units per staircase.
Except corner units, all units are 4A, units at lift level are similar with 1987-1990 blocks, but units at next level up are 4A too instead of 5I, with a huge balcony, units at remaining levels have a small balcony facing over staircase void and big balcony of below units. Staircase landing is at middle of block, making lift upgrading unfeasible. Many such blocks did not got LUP.
First blocks with lifts stopping at every floor were announced in in Straits Times 1989 and was completed in 1992, featuring staggering corridors to offer privacy to at least 50% of units and direct lift access to at least 80% of units.
1988-1992 slab block with Executive Apartment (142 sqm) and Executive Maisonette (146 sqm)
1987-1988 slab block with Multi Generation flats (151-171 sqm)
Only 8 blocks: Bishan 137, 148, Tampines 454, 460, Yishun 605, 632, 633, 666
See more 1980s floor plans
1990s – The modern HDB blocks
In the early 1990s extensive construction was done in Choa Chu Kang, Hougang, Pasir Ris, Tampines, plus many small precints in other towns.
In the late 1990s three New Towns were started: Sembawang, Sengkang, Punggol. Construction suddenly stopped for Tampines and Pasir Ris but continued for Bukit Panjang, Choa Chu Kang, Hougang, Jurong East, Jurong West (Pioneer neighborhood), Woodlands.
1990s was a decade of rapid development and innovation, raising the standard of living in public housing of Singapore to a level similar with private housing in other countries:
1993 – all blocks completed in 1993 have lifts stopping on every floor now and centralized refuse chutes, and multi-storey carparks (up to 1994 some blocks have lift machine room at top floor so the flats at top floor do not have direct lift access).
1996 – introduction of yards for kitchens and by-panel main door.
1998 – introduction of household shelters and A/C ledges placed opposite of kitchen window, that double as second support for drying on bamboo poles.
2001 – first blocks competed in Punggol, a town built without corridor-facing flats.
2003 – last corridor-facing flats were built in Woodlands blocks 764-768.
1990s HDB blocks are highly decorated and grouped in precints with distinctive styles, ground car parks were replaced by multi storey car parks, this allowed higher density, taller blocks, and a lot of green space between blocks. All blocks are linked with car parks, bus stations and other facilities, with covered walkways, so no more problems if the sun is too hot or is raining.
In mid-1990s majority of blocks range between 10-16 storeys, while blocks with household shelter built after 1998 range between 12-18 storeys, a small number of blocks have up to 30 storeys. Very few walk-up blocks were built in mid-1990s. Unfortunately minimal distance between blocks was reduced to 18.3 metres (60 feet).
Since 1989 structural elements became thicker, 30 cm or more, rather than 20 cm in 1980s blocks, and more pillars per block. I do not know if HDB blocks are designed to withstand earthquakes.
Design & Build scheme was introduced in 1991, calling private architects to inject more variety into public housing designs (source), first project being at Tampines Street 24, featuring curved facades.
Design Plus followed in 1996.
Premium Apartments were introduced somewhere in 1990s, featuring better quality finishes, you get them in ready-to-move condition, with flooring, kitchen cabinets, built-in wardrobes? (compared with Standard Apartments where you get raw concrete waiting for your renovation).
Executive Condominium scheme was launched in 1995, subsidized private housing with same eligibility conditions like HDB (source: HDB Press Release 29 August 1995). See List of EC.
Privatization of the former HUDC estates started in 1995 too.
Many land parcels were sold to private developers, making the percentage of population living in public housing to fall.
Each premium precint feature an unique design and corridor-facing flats are avoided. Since early 2000s standard precint also became unique, putting an END to the era of corridor-facing flats.
The old estates built in 1960s and 1970s suffered from dilapidated buildings, aging population and businesses moving out. On resale market Queenstown and Ang Mo Kio were cheaper than Pasir Ris, one of the cheapest towns today (source: Resale flat prices database). To prevent this, HDB launched various upgrading programmes since 1990, which do improvements both inside flats and outside, adding extra bathrooms for Standard flats, utility rooms, installing new lifts that stop on every floor, redesigning facades for more modern look, building multi-storey car parks and converting surface car parks into green space, etc.
Although small-scale redevelopment of old estates started in 1966, with demolition of single-storey artisans quarters, a massive demolition of 1-room rental blocks occurred in 1988-1989 and continued into 1990s and this allowed new blocks with 5-room and Executive units to be built in mature estates like Bukit Merah, Queenstown and Toa Payoh.
Remaining rental blocks were converted, units adjoined, creating units up to 192 sqm (3-rm + 4-rm) unofficially called Jumbo Flat and sold with fresh leases from 1992 to 1996. Since 1994 flat owners were allowed to buy an adjacent flat and adjoin them, but only for 3-room or smaller flats, officially called Adjoined Flat. The HDB Floor Plans 1930-present is copyrighted by www.teoalida.com.
Selective En-bloc Redevelopment Scheme was announced in 1995 to demolish some of the owner-occupied blocks built up to 1980 and rehouse the residents in new blocks built in nearby location, to maintain community. Usually low-rise blocks with large spaces between them are selected for SERS while dense and tall blocks are selected for upgrading. HDB do not give you a replacement flat automatically, they compensate you at market value, then you need to buy yourself a subsidized flat in replacement blocks which can be smaller or larger, and pay the difference with CPF. Since 2004 the residents can enjoy SERS benefits in anywhere instead of being limited to the designated replacement blocks. In 2011 Redhill Close (built 1955) was the first upgraded blocks (MUP 1992) to be selected for SERS. See List of SERS sites.
HDB stopped deciding the prices of new apartments based on construction costs, instead they decided based on market prices. Prices of resale flats and new flats entered in a vicious circle, rising 50% in just 6 months of 1993 and tripled to 1996, then felt down 30% to 1998 and continued to fall in non-mature estates by 2006, while in mature towns they started rising in 2002, fueled by upgrading programmes and SERS hunters.
Bukit Panjang (built ~1990) / Jurong East – Toh Guan Road precinct (built 1998)
Bishan neighborhood 2xx (built 1992) / Pasir Ris blocks 6xx (built 1995)
Sembawang – Blue Riverview (built 2001) / Sengkang – Compassvale South Gate (built 2001)
1990s standard HDB floor plans (centralized refuse chute era)
1990s HDB flats provide high variety of layouts in various sizes: 4-Room Model A (100-108 sqm), 5-Room Improved (120-128 sqm), 5-Room Model A (133-137 sqm), Executive Apartment / Maisonette (142-150 sqm). Share of 5-Room and Executive flats increased, raising average size of new flats to over 120 square meters in 1991-1996 (even 130 sqm in 1994-1995 due to Jumbo converted blocks).
An experiment with 2-Room flats was done in 1994 (Pasir Ris block 142, having 2-room units on ground floor and 4-room on rest of floors
1993-1995 block with 4-Room Model A (107 sqm) and 5-Room Improved (125 sqm), 4/5-room corner units also exists!
1996-1998 slab block with 4-Room Model A (100 sqm) and 5-Room Improved (120-123 sqm), some blocks have some smaller units named 4-Room Model A2 (90 sqm), some have different corners with 4-Room and 5-Room units, others have a wing with 2 units of 5-Room
1993-1998 point block with Executive Apartment (144-147 sqm), some blocks are L-shaped with 4 units per floor (3 or 4 different layouts), or U-shaped with 5 units per floor, some are longer like slab blocks and include corridor units, some blocks are combined with Executive Maisonette
1996-1998 blocks provide service balcony for kitchen
1993-1998 point block with Executive Apartment (146 sqm), 4 units per floor, two 146 sqm layout and other two different kitchen shape
1993-1998 atrium block with Executive Apartment (143-146 sqm), 6 units per floor, four 146 sqm layout and two 143 sqm layout
UNIQUE, HDB Penthouse Maisonettes
They are located in topmost floor of some 1990s precincts in Bishan (52 units, up to 199 sqm), Choa Chu Kang (12 units, 182 / 215 sqm), Queenstown-Strathmore (4 units, 192 sqm), (source), also unknown number of units in Hougang (176 sqm) and Pasir Ris (189 sqm).
The only HDB flat type designated as 5-bedrooms, from Tampines blk 498! (other HDB flats may have 4 bedrooms + family which can be turned in 5 bedrooms too)
Jumbo and Adjoined HDB Flats
Jumbo Flats: blocks taken back by HDB, flats joined into bigger flats and resold with fresh leases (1992-1996), they appear in HDB Resale Transactions as 4-Room Model A, 5-Room Improved / Model A, Executive Apartment and you cannot tell which of them are the jumbos. These jumbo converted flats size vary from 90 sqm (2-Room + 2-Room) to 189 and 192 sqm (3-Room + 4-Room Model A), up to 7 rooms (5 bedrooms) and 3 toilets (source: Straits Times 1989). Unlike the 1980s Multi-Generation flats, Jumbos DO NOT have 2 entrances or 2 kitchens.
Most Jumbo flats are in Woodlands and Yishun, few are in Tampines, Jurong East, and Ang Mo Kio (only smallest type from 2-room blocks).
Adjoined Flat: flats joined by owners, they appear in HDB Resale Transactions as 4-Room / 5-Room / Executive Adjoined Flat, unlike Jumbo flats, the adjoined flats CANNOT be 3-rm + 4-rm, can have 2 entrances but most owners walled one entrance.
Two examples of (Jumbo) Executive Apartment created from one 3-rm with one 4-rm, and one example of converting three 3-Room Simplified flats into two 4-rm flats.
images lost being deleted from the websites originally sourced from
Two examples of 5-Room Adjoined Flat composed by two 3-Room Improved or by two 3-Room New Generation (NOT a Jumbo flat)
Late 1990s floor plans (household shelter era) – First downsize of HDB flats
Another revolution is visible for the HDB flats completed since 1998: Block naming system (slab, point, atrium) has been abandoned. Flat naming system (Improved, Model A, etc) is no longer used in sale brochures but is still shown in resale transactions, where all 4-rm are Model A and all 5-rm are Improved. In sale brochures, the word Flat was replaced by Apartment, a new naming system was introduced: Type A = 4-rm, Type B = 5-rm, Type C = Executive.
The flat sizes were standardized, slightly smaller: 4-Room (100 sqm), 5-Room (120 sqm), Executive (140 sqm). Supply of Maisonettes was reduced since 1990s because of aging population who do not like stairs (source: Straits Times 1989) and the last maisonette was completed in 2000.
The 5-Room lost the study area, being just a 3-bedroom flat with larger living room. Executives are 3 bedrooms plus open study area that can be walled into a 4th bedroom. Average flat size 110 sqm.
A household shelter was provided in every flat, a store room with strengthened 30 cm walls and sealing door. Useless feature in my opinion, the shelter eats about 5 sqm, sometimes placed in middle of flat, hacking it is not allowed making floor plan is less flexible (some exceptions in 2000s: all 1/2-rm rental blocks and some 2/3-rm sold blocks have a storey shelter instead of household shelter).
1998-2000 block with 4-Room Model A (100 sqm), 5-Room Improved (120 sqm) and Executive Apartment (140 sqm), some blocks have 4-Room Model A2 (90 sqm)
1998-2000 block with Executive Apartment (140 sqm) and Executive Maisonette (142 sqm).
Executive Maisonette with bomb shelter RARE, only 10 blocks!! (no floorplan found for EA pair)
Second downsize of HDB flats
All HDB flats completed since 2000 lost 10 sqm. 4-Room (90 sqm), 5-Room (110 sqm), Executive (130 sqm).
In attempt to minimize number of corridor-facing flats, the shape of blocks became complex, with many corners containing 5-Room units, their number exceeded the number 4-Room units built in 2002 and 2003, so the average flat size remained high as 105 sqm in 2000-2005.
2000-2004 block with 4-Room Model A (90 sqm), 5-Room Improved (110 sqm) and Executive Apartment (130 sqm in 2000-2002, 125 sqm in 2003-2004)
See more 1990s floor plans
2000s – The decline
During 2000s, no other New Town or Estate were started. Construction continue only in existing estates. Taller and taller blocks were built in all estates not too close to airports to have height constraints. 30-storey complexes appeared since late 1990s, and the first 40-storey complex (Toa Payoh Towers) was completed in early 2005 (source).
The demand for new flats felt sharply after 1997 Asian Crisis. 2003 SARS outbreak and low immigration rate in early 2000s also slowed down the demand for flats. This happened right after the most prosperous decade, with 24000-36000 flats completed each year between 1994 and 2001. The queue, once 5 years long, vanished and left about 40000 unsold completed flats in the year 2000, most of them being 5-Room and Executive.
The Registration for Flat (queue selling system) was suspended in 2002.
Walk In Selection has been introduced in March 2002 to help clearing the stock of unsold flats. It ended in February 2007 and was replaced by Quarter-Yearly Sale of 2/3-Room flats and Half-Yearly Sale of 4-Room and bigger flats, which in 2010 were combined in Sale of Balance Flats, containing leftover flats from past BTO and SERS projects, plus old flats repurchased by HDB. Some flats are completed and available without waiting time, SOBF draws much interest, the battle being about 10 people per each flat.
Build-To-Order was introduced in April 2001 and became main supply of flats. Flats are offered for sale before being built. Tender for construction is called only if at least 70% of units have been booked (50% since 2011), otherwise the project is canceled and may be re-launched when will be more demand, with a different name and sometimes different design. The first projects enjoyed low interest, 5 of them being cancelled, but after Walk in Selection ended, most BTO projects were oversubscribed, from 2008 HDB launch 2 BTO projects every month. See list of BTO launches.
BTO system prevent HDB to built surplus of units, but it created a lag in housing supply, causing resale flat prices to double between 2007 and 2012. BTO system give you the advantage of choosing exact location of your home and estimated completion date (3-4-5 years, depending by project size), but the disadvantage is that some people need to apply multiple times until getting a good queue number.
Design, Build and Sell Scheme are public housing built and sold by private developers, it feature condo-style facades, but without guards, pool, or other condo facilities, it is still public housing. First DBSS project was launched in 2006 and completed in 2009. DBSS land sales were suspended in July 2011 after the Sim Lian Group, developer of Centrale 8 (8th DBSS) set outrageous prices up to $880.000 for 5-Room. 13 land parcels were sold for DBSS, totaling about 9000 apartments. See list of DBSS projects.
The demand for HDB flats has increased, and HDB ramped up BTO supply too late, from 9000 flats in 2009 to 25000 flats in 2011. Since Walk-in Selection ended in 2007, many citizens who are eligible for new flats but do not accept the 3-4 year waiting time of BTO system, or fail at balloting, go to resale market, THIS caused the resale flat prices to double from 2007 to 2012 and the prices of new flats grew according to resale prices.
Punggol 21 was announced in 1996 and got first residents in 2001, a modern waterfront town featuring a mix of high-end HDB and Executive Condos, it is the first HDB town where each precint is individually designed and feature integrated carparks with green roofs, and no corridor-facing units. But due to 1997 Asian Crisis, it turned into a ghost town with many unsold flats and no amenities. As 31 March 2004 it had 3768 4-Room, 10031 5-Room, 1126 Executive units, then construction was very slow until 2010. The Punggol LRT Line, despite being completed in 2004, east loop opened in 2005 while the west loop opened only in 2014.
Pungool 21+ was announced in 2007 to rejuvenate the town, involving building a waterway through undeveloped part of town, amenities and low-end BTO projects with 2/3/4-room units. Imagine that if the crisis would never hit, Punggol was developed with big flats but without waterway!
Bukit Batok West Avenue 5 (2005) / The River Vista @ Kallang (2010)
Punggol – Edgedale Green and Periwinkle (2007)
2000s random HDB floor plans
Along 4-Room (90 sqm) and 5-Room (110 sqm), HDB reintroduced 3-Room (60 sqm, later 65 sqm) and 2-Room (35/45 sqm). First block with 3-Room was Yishun 849 (weird block completed 1999), followed by Cantonment Towers (SERS project completed 2002) and Clementi 366-367 (weird block completed 2003). Officially 3-Room was introduced in mainstream flat types in Fernvale Grove BTO launched in 2004 (completed 2008).
Studio Apartments (35/45 sqm) were introduced in 1998 (completed 2001) for people aged over 55, they are sold with 30-year leases and cannot be sold in resale market. Originally were built in all-studio blocks, but since 2006 were introduced in BTO projects mixed with normal 3-, 4-, 5-room units.
HDB made a surprise decision in 1995 to close the registration queue for Executive flats, shortly after introduction of Executive Condominiums. Last EA was completed in 2004, last EM in 2000, for people in the queue. A common misconception is that Executive Apartment were replaced by Executive Condos. NO, Executive Condo flats are privately-built in variety of sizes from 50 to 300 sqm.
Due to many unsold flats, very few 5-Room were completed in 2007-2009. Economy recovered in late 2000s, HDB raised production of 5-Room flats but do not reintroduce Executive Apartments, motivating that these flats were purchased by rich families who can afford too much space for no reason, also the average household size dropped thus larger flats are no longer necessary.
The average size of new flats dropped from 105 sqm in 2000-2005 to 90 sqm in 2007 and around 80 sqm later.
HDB resumed building rental blocks in 2007, corridor-style with 1- and 2-room apartments, in 2007, for people who are unable to own a flat.
Each 2000s project is unique designed, but most flats feature similar circular pattern: living – common bedrooms – master bedroom – bathrooms – kitchen, but with a lot of variations in room sizes and windows, there are variations even from one floor to another floor of same block, so I cannot post on my website all possible floor plans. 2000s flats offer full privacy (except rental blocks). Flats with rooms facing to corridor were built in small numbers until 2004 lease year. First BTO project was completed in 2005 and got lease from 2006, so all BTOs offer full privacy. Compared with 1990s flats, the layouts were improved, bedrooms were downsized in favor of larger living room, the study area returned in 5-room flats, and common toilet entrance is no longer in kitchen.
Looking for floor plan of certain flat? Do a Google search with street or precinct name (rather than block number). Look on www.renotalk.com or other forums, where people post their floor plans asking for renovation ideas, or buy from HDB for $5. Do not ask me for floor plan because is unlikely to have and give you the correct floor plan, I do not have more than what can yourself steal from forums.
Typical floor from 2000s: Studio (35 / 45 sqm), 3-Room (65 sqm), 4-room (90 sqm), from Eunos Court and Kallang Heights SERS projects. BTO projects use similar layouts
2003-2004 Punggol floor plans: 5-Room (114 sqm) and Executive (128 sqm), oversized living room
Pinnacle @ Duxton, the first 50-storey public housing complex, was completed in December 2009, as HDB anniversary 50 years of history in February 2010. It is the biggest BTO project, having 1848 units (7 blocks × 44 residential floors × 6 units per floor), 2 levels of skybridges, 2 flat types (S1 4-Room 90-93 sqm and S2 5-room 103-106 sqm), different combinations of bay windows, balconies and planters create 35 distinct flat layouts.
Nice find! http://www.msaudcolumbia.org/summer/?p=3032 – full complex floor plan and elevations.
See more 2000s floor plans
2010s – Today trends
Three new housing areas were announced in HDB Press Release in 2013: Bidadari Estate (within Toa Payoh planning area), Tampines North and Punggol Matilda. Additional construction is done in Bukit Batok (west end), Choa Chu Kang (south end), Yishun (east side) and Sembawang (south area towards Yishun). The planning work for Bidadari started in 2012 and got first BTO launches in 2015.
Some unreferenced info on Wikipedia state that after the current New Towns will be saturated, HDB will start Tengah, Simpang, Bukit Brown, Bidadari and Seletar… this info may have been extracted from Concept Plan 2011 but the Concept Plan itself seems that was not yet published as 2013.
Tengah, the 24th New Town, was officially announced in 2016. We expect 3 years of planning and 4 years of BTO construction time, so it may get first residents in 2023.
BUT in my opinion is not possible to start a new town using the current BTO system, flats sold before being built. Who does apply for a BTO flat located in middle of nowhere, the solution is to start building NOW and sell them through SOBF when some amenities are at least planned. Proof: the very low 0.4 application ratio for May 2013 BTOs in ulu corner of Sembawang.
2010s flats
SkyVille & SkyTerrace @ Dawson, two iconic BTO projects were launched in December 2009. SkyTerrace feature lofts and paired units (similar with dual-key units in condos), this design caused some waste of floor space of the already too small and too expensive apartments. They are most expensive HDB flats ever offered for sale, due to prime location near Queenstown MRT, and were still oversubscribed (9865 applications for all 1718 units, up to 12 applicants for each 5-rm unit, but in case of 3-rm units were slightly less applicants than units). Flats are even smaller than in Pinnacle@Duxton, to 83 sqm for 4-rm and 101 sqm for 5-rm.
Other BTO projects of 2010s decade remained at the standard sizes 45 / 65 / 90 / 110 sqm (excluding balcony and A/C ledge). Due to high demand for 5-room, the average flat size rose from 80 sqm for BTO flats launched in 2009 to 85 sqm for BTO flats launched in 2012, then felt to 75 sqm in 2014 due to increased supply of 2-room flats once singles over 35 were allowed to purchase new HDB 2-room flats.
Meantime, private developers continue to downsize their flats, affecting DBSS and EC projects too, for example Trivelis use 60 / 80-82 / 105 sqm. Of the 105 sqm 5-room, only 88 sqm is internal, be shocked at floor plan! If they specify balcony size 12 sqm, living room should be 3×5 m, common bedrooms 3×2.5 m, study 2x2m.
For first time in 15 years, HDB launched a bigger flat type in July 2013 BTO: 3gen flats having 4 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms in 115 sqm (following a trend started by Executive Condominiums offering 5-bedroom flats). Room sizes can be compared with the 4-room flats, having slightly larger living room, an extra 15 sqm bedroom and 5 sqm bath.
Since Executive flats are no longer built because they were often purchases by small but rich families, the 3gen flats with eligibility restricted to a married couple plus another family relative, are welcome in my opinion.
Skyville @ Dawson, smallest 4-Room BTO flat (83 sqm) / new 3gen flat introduced in 2013
More USEFUL info
What is HDB ceiling height
HDB floor-to-floor standard is 2.80 meters, ceiling height is 2.60 m except top floor in some 1990s blocks which is 2.90 m, I need confirmation if in other decades the top floor have taller ceiling than 2.60 m standard.
How to find the age of a HDB block
HDB do not provide exact year of construction, except in press release about the blocks that are selected for SERS.
HDB provide instead the Lease commence date in Resale Flat Prices e-service for blocks available on resale market (no blocks under MOP or rental blocks). In Singapore the lease commence date is more important than building year. Lease year correspond with building year + 1, with few exceptions.
See also Enquire status of HDB upgrading programmes e-service, showing number of units in any block, too bad that they do not display the year of construction, as selection for upgrading programmes is based on construction year.
I compiled HDB database with all above information and sell it in Excel format to professionals while ordinary people can use HDB Map to information about any block (lease commence date, number of units, flat types, etc).
How urban planning in Singapore was done
Since 1960 to 1990s all HDB towns were planned using a standard density of 200 dwelling units per hectare. Flat sizes were growing over the years, leading to a stupid situation: the blocks with big flats were closest apart, they were inhabited by richer people who were expecting more privacy and more space to park their cars, while the 1-room rental flats had largest spaces and empty carparks.
Since 1990s (not sure exact year), urban planning control is done using plot ratio (gross floor area divided by land area). To create a vibrant city, low-, medium and high-density areas were created.
The ratios were revised and raised in Master Plan 1998, today most public housing are in 2.8 – 4.2 range, low-density condos are low as 1.4 and office buildings in Central Business District reach a plot ratio of 12.
How many New Towns built HDB in Singapore
Based on construction stages:
- Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and Housing and Development Board (HDB) built 20 New Towns (10000-70000 units) and about 80-100 small estates (under 10000 units).
- Economic Development Board (EDB) built in 1964-1968 and Jurong Town Corporation (JTC) built between 1968 and late 1970s 5 estates in Jurong and Sembawang industrial areas.
- Housing and Urban Development Company (HUDC) built between 1974 and 1987 22 estates totaling about 9600 units, sandwich housing for middle-income people who did not qualify for HDB flats but could not afford a private property. List of HUDC estates.
HDB took over JTC and HUDC in 1982, becoming sole provider of public housing in Singapore. HDB built few more HUDC estates up to 1986.
The HDB Annual Reports up to 1989 display a list of about 100 estates.
Based on current town boundaries:
URA defined 55 Planning Areas in 1991, HDB New Towns and Estates were reorganized into 20 "Towns" and 11 "Other Estates" in AR 1990, few years later the other estates were regrouped into 6, of which Sembawang and Sengkang were turned into "towns" in AR 1996, Punggol was added in AR 1999, Lim Chu Kang was demolished, reaching today figure of 23 towns and 3 estates. Tengah was announced in 2016 as 24th HDB Town. There is no relation between Planning Areas / Towns and historical development HDB New Towns / Estates.
The current 24 HDB Towns and 3 Estates match the URA planning areas with 2 exceptions:
- Kallang-Whampoa is one HDB town stretching on 3 planning areas (Kallang, Whampoa, Novena)
- Pasir Ris town also include Changi Village (from Changi planning area)
More notes:
- Central Area, Geylang, Kallang-Whampoa and Bukit Merah towns contains several HDB estates built inside of the main city, which cannot be considered "New Towns".
- Lim Chu Kang estate is no longer in use since 2001, but it kept appearing on HDB Resale Flat Prices e-service until 2009.
- Tengah was added in HDB Resale Flat Prices e-service in 2016, despite first BTO was launched in November 2018 and based on construction time and MOP, only around 2026 the flats will be available on resale market.
About me
I wrote this article from my own personal research since 2009, because others (including Wikipedia) are incomplete, not detailed, create confusion and may contain errors. Please do not copy any part of page TEXT without my approval. Photographs are from Panoramio, Wikipedia, etc and are linked to their original source. Feel free to use the HDB floor plans, for using photographs you may want to ask permission to their original authors. List of page updates.
How I got floor plans?
During the initial research in 2009, I took floor plans from October 2009 Sale of Balance Flats, copying images from PDF brochures (one PDF per town, few hundred floor plans to choose from). I choose 52 images, the ones with yellow-cream background, about 400-600 pixels tall, 29 pixels per meter. Additional floor plans were collected from random forums and blogs, reaching 100 images in 2012, some PNG, some JPG, different image resolution and scan quality, the page looked like a shit!
Floor plans were displayed on site resized with HTML code "height=200px" so anyone accessing the page, had to download 20 MB of full-size images, growing website traffic caused excessive server load.
In 2014, to reduce bandwidth usage and improve website design, I re-made the floor plans taking them from March 2012 Sale of Balance Flats (1000+ floor plans to choose from, each on separate PDF file, took me about 20 hours to download all PDFs). I took screenshot of PDF file at 100% zoom, cropped image in Paint then added the info bar at bottom. Full-size images about 600-1000 pixels tall (44 pixels per meter), and thumbnail images at 1/4 size. Page size: 8 MB.
See comparison: OLD vs NEW floor plans.
The floor plan collection is far away from being "complete"
This page was intended as educational material, showing HDB history and evolution of typical floor plans, but the audience is mostly resale flat buyers than students, they believe that this is / they want this to be a complete collection HDB floor plans, no matter how many floor plans I post, they want more!
Lots of variations exists. Example: 3-Room New Generation flat (67 sqm), the units that are not next to staircase do not have that thick wall, units that are not next to corridor-end unit do not display a second door on corridor, all these 4 can be mirrored, total 8 possible floor plans. I can post over 1000 floor plan variations, and no one will know how many other variations exists. This would overload website and will create trouble for people trying to find a basic floor plan.
Occasionally I get emails from "contributors" sending me their own floor plan (in most cases, too similar with one posted already, or too rare to worth posting), other people complain that the website is cluttered. This is why I decided in late 2012 to STOP adding more content unless there is something special.
The 100 floor plans displayed in this article represent 90% of all HDB flat types built before BTO era.
Statistics: most downloaded HDB floor plans 2012 (July-August 2012), most downloaded HDB floor plans 2014 (April-July 2014).
I may delete least clicked images to improve usefulness of website.
I have in my computer over 1000 floor plans saved from HDB website at every Sale of Balance Flats, or collected from various forums. Due to the massive effort needed to collect them and high valuable, I am selling my floor plan collection for some money.
Do note that this is complete floor plan collection of the flats sold at SBF, not complete collection of all possible HDB floor plans.
Trouble finding floor plan of a certain block? Have a floor plan but do not know where it is located?
Provide me block number or floor plan image. I am happy to help up to 5 people per day for FREE.
I have in my computer over 1000 floor plans saved from HDB website at SBF launches or collected from various forums.
If you ask about a flat built before 2000s, there are 90% chances to have a similar floor plan, but in case of BTO flats and 1990s premium projects the chances are less than 20%. Do not ask me floor plans of blocks under construction, floor plans with dimensions are provided at key collection, not earlier. I can give you PDF brochures, without dimensions.
I have high experience in HDB architecture so I can identify flat types in 99% of HDB blocks just by looking in satellite photos, eventually street view, takes 5 min to provide you possible floor plan (if I have), you get a rough idea of flat layout before purchasing, but I offer NO guarantee that will be 100% matching / correct for your flat.
If you already purchased a flat and want a floor plan for renovation, you are advised to buy floor plan from HDB for $5 to get the CORRECT floor plan.
Do not make stupid request like "Gimme the 4-room floorplan AMK model", every town have many different floor plans, and most floor plans are NOT town-specific.
Some people suggested sorting floor plan collection by town / address. This is not possible due to above reason.
New: HDB Map you can click blocks and see typical floor plans for each block (for pre-1998 blocks)
Other articles about history of public housing in Singapore
Visit Hometrust to read Singapore interior designer reviews.
If you are student or love architecture, I invite you to check the apartments designed by myself, some of them being inspired from HDB and improved or alternatives to HDB layouts.


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