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I like to play with flavors and concepts when I cook, taking two things I like and melding them together like in this recipe which combines the flavors of an Indian samosa with the idea of a lettuce wrap. I love samosas, those great little deep-fried pastry triangles of peas, potatoes and Indian spices but I don't love what deep fried pastry does to my bottom half. I thought if I put them in lettuce, I could still get the flavors but make it much healthier. In addition to being a great lunch to take to work or easy dinner, they work great as a pupu/appetizer. This recipe is made to be "tinkered" with--use whatever ground meat and curry or spices you like--the way I usually make it is below. I switch out the lettuce; green leaf lettuce, iceberg lettuce cups or sometimes baby lettuce leaves (as shown in the picture above) which are great for appetizers. Samosa Lettuce Wraps
2 medium waxy potatoes (about 1 cup when diced)
2 Tbsp olive or canola oil
1 small onion, finely diced
2 gloves garlic
2 Tbsp curry powder
1 1/2 tsp cumin
1 tsp turmeric
1/2 tsp cayenne pepper
1 lb ground turkey breast
3/4 cup frozen green peas
1 Tbsp Nigella seeds* (optional)
1/4 cup cilantro, chopped
Lettuce leaves or lettuce cups for serving
Simple Yogurt Sauce (recipe below)
Cilantro, mint and cucumber slices for garnish
Either boil potatoes until tender (10-15 minutes), let cool slightly peel and crush into small lumps with your hands or peel and dice raw potato into small cubes and cook in microwave about 5 minutes until tender. Set potatoes aside. Heat oil in a medium non-stick pan and saute onion about 5 minutes, add garlic, curry powder, cumin, turmeric and cayenne and mix with onion. Add ground turkey, mix into onion, spice mixture and cook turkey until lightly brown and done through. Mix in potatoes and frozen peas and cook mixture about 5 minutes until heated through. Add in Nigella seeds and cilantro. Serve in lettuce leaves or cups with Simple Yogurt Sauce, cilantro, mint and cucumber slices to garnish.
*Nigella seeds, if you aren't familiar, are black seeds that are frequently used in Indian and Middle Eastern dishes. The seeds taste like oregano and have a bitterness to them like mustard-seeds. You can omit them or substitute black mustard seeds. I put them in because I like the way they look and taste and I had a whole tin of them that came in an Indian spice set to use up!
Simple Yogurt Sauce
1 cup Greek yogurt, drained
1 Tbsp lemon juice
1 clove garlic crushed
1 tsp ground cumin
2 Tbsp mint or cilantro, finely chopped
Salt & pepper to taste
Mix all ingredients together and season to taste with salt & pepper. Let sit at least an hour, preferably overnight for flavors to meld. *The sauce stays mixed better if you drain the yogurt first using either a coffee filter or cheesecloth in a colander or a yogurt strainer. You can also add grated or chopped cucumbers to this sauce--just salt cucumbers, place in colander,drain off excess juices and pat dry with paper towel before adding to yogurt.
Other things to do with samosa mixture:
- put it in a pita or tortilla style wrap
- eat it on top of a salad
- eliminate the potato in the recipe and use it to top a baked potato or
- bake potatoes, halve and scoop out insides, (use this for potato in recipe) put the mixture back in potato shells for an Indian twice-baked potato
- eat on top of rice or cous-cous


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This week Glitter Guide featured the home of one of my long time blog friends, Mackenzie from Design Darling shop and blog.
Mackenzie has a love for all things blue and white and adores classics that will stand the test of the time, but also have a slight twist that make them modern and fun. So it was no surprise that her petite 300 square foot apt was just that. You can check out all of the pictures here.
If you are smitten with her sitting area as much as me here are pieces that will help you get the look:
While Mackenzie's stunning mirror was a vintage find you can find something with a similar lines here.Pick up a can of white spray paint and you can get a good look alike.
A tufted neutral sofa is the perfect fixture for pretty accent pillows. This tufted studio sofa also comes in a larger standard size too.Both options are under $500!
Break up the neutral sofa with a beautiful throw that is not only decorative but functional during cold nights.
La Fiorentina by David Hicks is the perfect example of a classic pattern with a twist that is always a go-to for me. You can pick up some toss pillows here.Along with another favorite fabric (Chiang Mai Dragon) of mine for a lumbar pillow.
Mackenzie's mirrored end stands are a vintage Brimfield find, but if you want instant gratification just pick up these babies for a similar look. Top it with beautiful lacquered and lucite boxes that can hide away your keys, baubles and pens.
Loved getting a look into Mackenzie's space. She did a beautiful job decorating it. I would know right away that it belonged to her.


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Throughout this summer's field season, we will be posting weekly blog updates on our YouTube channel available at www.youtube.com/user/CoopersFerrySite/
Throughout this summer's field season, we will be posting weekly blog updates on our YouTube channel available at www.youtube.com/user/CoopersFerrySite/
River mussel shells are commonly found during our excavations at Cooper's Ferry. Mussels were eaten by the early foragers who lived in the canyon, providing a widely available source of protein. In addition to revealing aspects of forager diets, we can submit mussel shell samples for radiocarbon dating, which reveals when the mussels were eaten at the site. Over the past nine months, we have been collecting shell carbonate samples from mussel shells recovered from Cooper's Ferry and other sites in the lower Salmon River canyon as part of a larger study of past climate. Because we radiocarbon date the shells we are using for our paleoclimate study, we also learn more about the ages of the canyon's archaeological sites. This year, we've received the results of radiocarbon dating from 77 shell samples. These shells were recovered from LU6, which is the dark brown layer we've been working in for the past few summers. Normally, we wouldn't submit so many samples for radiocarbon dating; however, our paleoclimate project relies on large numbers of directly dated shells that span the last 12,000 years and we're fortunate that Cooper's Ferry holds so many shells to study. The 77 shell samples returned radiocarbon ages spanning the time period between 8030 ±37 radiocarbon years before present (RYBP; "present" being the year AD 1950), which, in calendar years, would be between 8971 cal BP to 9011 cal BP and 9138 ±38 RYBP (10234 cal BP to 10297 cal BP). Because these 77 shells are found throughout the upper 40 cm of LU6, we've not yet determined the lower chronological limit of LU6; however,we expect that the lower part of LU6 will date older than 9138 RYBP. Because the shell samples come from different excavation units that were dug into LU6, and because LU6 has some topographic variation that makes correlation between the vertical positions of radiocarbon dates more complicated than if the dates were found in a series of perfectly horizontal deposits, more work is needed to know just how finely we can divide up stratigraphic time at Cooper's Ferry. Suffice to say that we are confident that the upper half of LU6 dates between 8030 to 9138 RYBP (8971-10,297 cal BP). The presence of these radiocarbon dates in LU6 makes perfect sense since this layer contains both Windust and Cascade projectile point forms. Throughout the southern Columbia River Plateau region of the interior Pacific Northwest, the transition from the Windust archaeological phase to the Cascade phase is seen to occur between 9,000-8,000 RYBP. In the lower Snake River of eastern Washington, radiocarbon dates on river mussel shell have been viewed as unreliable because living river mussels had incorporated ancient carbon introduced into Snake River water from deep aquifers. To check whether river mussel shells from Cooper's Ferry would provide reliable radiocarbon ages, I submitted five shells collected from a beach along the Salmon River for radiocarbon dating. These five shells returned ages of "modern", showing an absence of an old carbon effect in Salmon River water.
Apart from defining the age of LU6, these new dates help us to better understand the larger chronological sequence of the Cooper's Ferry. In 1997, I directed the excavation of a 2 x 2 m test unit (Unit A), which contained four other sediment layers below LU6. In a lower layer of wind-blown dust (LU3 in the figure below), we discovered a large pit that contained four stemmed projectile points. This large pit, designated Pit Feature 2, also contained three charcoal fragments, which were submitted for dating and returned ages of 7300 ±70 RYBP, 8710 ±120 RYBP, and 11,370 ±40 RYBP; a fragment of animal bone returned an age of 12,020 ±170 RYBP. Two radiocarbon dates came from the surface of LU3, where we also saw the upper limits of Pit Feature 2. These two dates are: 10,050 ±180 RYBP (on bone) and 11,410 ±130 RYBP (on wood charcoal). Because the two bone samples were not subjected to the most rigorous pretreatments, they might not be very accurate. These presence of the youngest two ages (7300 and 8710 RYBP) can be interpreted from different hypothetical viewpoints. First, the younger dates might accurately clock the age of Pit Feature 2 and the older two ages (11,370 and 11,410 RYBP) could predate the creation of Pit Feature 2 and the occupation of LU3. Second, the younger two charcoal dates might have been introduced to Pit Feature 3 (i.e., moved downward by burrowing rodents) thousands of years after the pit was created and buried at the site and the feature dates to 11,370-11,410 RYBP. Third, it is possible that none of the available radiocarbon ages accurately date the earliest occupation and pit feature at Cooper's Ferry and that their true age has yet to be revealed.
In my view, the 77 new radiocarbon ages from LU6 clearly show that the 7300 and 8710 RYBP dates do not accurately clock the age of Pit Feature 2. Photographs and drawings clearly show the presence of a rock cairn on top of Pit Feature 2 at the upper limits of LU3; thus, the feature does not begin from LU6. In consideration of the available data, we can reject the first scenario as a plausible hypothesis. Given the 77 radiocarbon dates from LU6, the deeper 7300 and 8710 RYBP ages cannot represent the age of Pit Feature 2 nor LU3 and give support to the second hypothesis that features the role of bioturbation. The question is, do LU3 and Pit Feature 2 date to 11,370-11,410? This question cannot be fully answered right now; however, it is important to point out that the available data do not require us to reject the hypothesis that these late Pleistocene-aged radiocarbon dates could date the early occupation of Cooper's Ferry.
We're 41 days away from another field season at Cooper's Ferry and I'm anticipating another summer of wonderful new discoveries. The 2013 OSU Archaeology and Geoarchaeology Field School will return to the Cooper's Ferry site from June 17 to August 9th. We'll continue excavating through lithostratigraphic unit 6 (LU6) and beyond into the oldest portions of the site. We received a large batch of radiocarbon dates over the winter, that firmly establish the age of LU6. We also have big plans for integrating more digital technologies into this summer's work, which will allow us to capture more information about the site as it's being excavated. I'll discuss all this and more in a series of new blog entries to come. Stay tuned!
We completed our third week of excavations yesterday. Overall, the project is running well. We've a great group of students to work with and everyone is making excellent progress toward becoming proficient with the many facets of excavation at Cooper's Ferry.
We've added a new staff member to the 2012 OSU Archaeology Field School at Cooper's Ferry, named Hayden Wilcox. Hayden is an OSU undergraduate who is creating a series of informational videos about the site and our excavation activities there. You can watch Hayden's video creations at our new YouTube channel dedicated to the Cooper's Ferry site: http://www.youtube.com/user/coopersferrysite?feature=results_main. He's already posted four short videos that focus on aspects of excavation and is preparing others for distribution in the next weeks.
Although our blog has been silent since August 2011, we've been beavering away at many different projects related to Cooper's Ferry and have much to share. Over the next few weeks, I'll describe some highlights from the past few months' work and will discuss the upcoming 2012 OSU Archaeology and Geoarchaeology Field School at Cooper's Ferry. In this post, I'll kick off our return to the blogosphere by discussing a recent publication that addresses a particularly wicked problem that plagues archaeological sites everywhere and how we've developed a solution for our own research.
In March of this year, our team published a paper entitled "A PXRF-based chemostratigraphy and provenience system for the Cooper's Ferry site, Idaho" in the Journal of Archaeological Science (Volume 39, Issue 3, Pages 663-671). You can download a copy of our paper here: Davis et al 2012 JAS. In a nutshell, this paper presents the application of portable x-ray fluorescence (PXRF) technology in a new approach to characterizing the geologic layers in an archaeological site from their inherent elemental geochemistry. Knowing the difference between a site's geologic layers allows you to correlate objects across horizontal space (i.e., when objects are contained in the same layer) and to tell when an object is in the wrong place as a result of having been moved vertically from one layer into another. This methodological approach, which is called chemostratigraphy, allows us to take geochemical measurements in the field to determine how artifacts and other materials are related to a site's different sedimentary layers. Admittedly, this sounds pretty esoteric but being able to establish the spatial relationship between artifacts and disturbed or undisturbed sediments, or what is called associative context, is a critical part of our research program. To fully understand this topic, I'll present a hypothetical scenario of archaeological site formation to illustrate how our quest for establishing associative context can represent a "wicked problem" at the Cooper's Ferry site.
We begin our hypothetical scenario of site formation on a sand bar along the Salmon River. At one point, say 10,000 years ago, foraging peoples set up camp on this sand bar and in the process of practicing their daily activities, leave behind artifacts, food remains, and activity features such as fire pits. In this process, our hypothetical foragers create a site. Eventually, the foragers depart camp and the stone tools, bits of bone and shell, and charcoal-filled fit pits they leave behind on the sand bar get buried beneath silt deposited by a flooding Salmon River. At this point, our hypothetical site consists of two layers—a lower sand layer containing 10,000-year-old archaeological materials, which is overlain by an archaeologically sterile layer of silt. Foragers return to the site after a 1000-year absence and leave behind more artifacts, faunal materials and make a new fire pit feature, all of which are incorporated into the surface of the silt layer. This particular arrangement of sediments and the different traces of cultural occupation that they contain will stay preserved in their vertically layered stratigraphic sequence until site formation processes work to alter them. Site formation processes are those natural and cultural actions that work to alter the original state of an archaeological sequence by moving, removing or destroying items and sedimentary layers through time. At our hypothetical site, burrowing rodents enter our site just after 9,000 years ago and dig tunnels through its deposits. In the process of constructing their burrow networks, the rodents displace sediments and the objects they contain and push them vertically and horizontally from their original locations. Through this process, the burrowing rodents change parts of the site's layered sequence, moving older deposits and objects into the younger layer and vice versa. If we were to excavate our hypothetical archaeological site, knowing how to identify and separate the effects of the burrowing rodents would be critical to our efforts to separate the 9,000 and the 10,000 year old cultural occupations from one another.
It is imperative that we are able to identify when an object has been moved from one layer to another as a result of any site disturbance processes. Being able to accurately determine whether an object is in association with disturbed or undisturbed sediments is a "wicked problem" that must be solved if we are to be able to accurately evaluate the archaeological record at Cooper's Ferry. Lacking an ability to scientifically evaluate the associative context between an object and the sediments it was found with introduces an unacceptable level of uncertainty into archaeological research. When I say scientifically evaluate, I am speaking about the use of a method that generates empirical observations about the relationship between an artifact and its adjacent sedimentary matrix that can be subjected to statistical tests of correlation, discrimination, and significance. Such a scientific method of evaluation is different from that typically practiced in field archaeology, where archaeologists typically use their eyes and sense of touch to make observations about whether an artifact is "in place" or "disturbed." In most cases, field observations are probably good enough to tell whether an artifact is in its original position or if it is within the confines of a rodent burrow or some other kind of post-depositional alteration. At the majority of sites, correctly guessing the associative context of an artifact in most cases is good enough; however, at an extraordinary archaeological site like Cooper's Ferry, we'll need to do better to satisfy the critics (and ourselves, for that matter).
As in the earlier hypothetical scenario, our wicked problem is that rodents have burrowed through many parts of the Cooper's Ferry site and if we cannot accurately and consistently discriminate between mixed sediments and unmixed sediments, we'll never be able to understand its archaeological record. Because the burrowing actions of rodents leave behind sedimentary signatures (e.g., infilled rodent burrows containing sediments with texture, color and geochemical attributes that contrast significantly with surrounding undisturbed sediments), they can be identified and addressed separately from undisturbed sediments. Some kinds of sedimentary disturbance are subtler and can elude detection by the naked eye. To avoid this problem, we'll use our Olympus Innov-X Delta PXRF unit to measure the elemental geochemistry of sediments directly associated with all formed artifacts (e.g., bifaces, projectile points, cores), faunal materials and key samples (e.g., charcoal for radiocarbon dating). We'll subject the geochemical data collected by the PXRF to a set of statistical tests that will evaluate how well the elemental composition of the measured sediments compare to our previously established chemostratigraphic framework. This approach will allow us to generate scientific assessments about the quality of associative contextual relationships between objects and sediments as we find them during the course of excavation. Furthermore, the use of our new PXRF method provides the first quantitative assessments of associative context—an entirely new class of archaeological evidence that takes our investigation of Cooper's Ferry to a higher level.
We integrate new technological approaches to the measurement of different aspects of the Cooper's Ferry site in hopes of resolving a pattern or finding a significant correlation between different parts of the archaeological record. During weeks 4 and 5, students Jasmine Kidwell and Jamie Klotz worked to measure the magnetic susceptibility of Cooper's Ferry stratigraphic units and the sedimentary contents of a pit feature exposed in excavation unit A. Their work contributed to Jasmine's field school graduate student project. OSU graduate student Alejandra (Aleks) Jimenez caught up with Jasmine to discuss her use of the Bartington magnetic susceptibility meter.
Aleks: What is your interest in archaeology?
Jasmine: Right now I am looking at Geoarchaeology, it seems to be a field of archaeology that is really interesting to me and I would like to work more on the subject to determine if its something I would like to further pursue. This field school offers a good opportunity for that.
Aleks: What is your grad student project while working with Dr. Loren Davis and the Cooper's Ferry field school?
Jasmine: I got the chance to test out the magnetic susceptibility gun and looking at the lithostratigraphic levels of Unit A, specifically pit feature 1. I am interested in looking at the magnetic properties of the soil.
Aleks: How will you do this?
Jasmine: By using the magnetic susceptibility gun I was able to take magnetic readings from the layers in the soil. I pointed a small gun-like instrument at the soil and my pit partner Jamie Klotz pushed the button on a netbook and the instrument shot a magnetic pulse which then bounced back and read the magnetic composition of the soil. The information then appeared in the netbook.
Aleks: Is it safe to use the magnetic susceptibility gun?
Jasmine: Yes, it's 100% safe. There is no radiation and it is quiet and easy to use. You simply point and push a button, the instrument does the rest of the work.
Aleks: Can you describe the pit feature?
Jasmine: The pit is composed of eleven different layers, which is more than were established in 1997. This means by looking at the profile, or the side wall of the pit we can see different color sediments. Each layer has a different composition and so with the magnetic susceptibility we can distinguish these layers from each other due to their magnetic difference. At least, that is what we want to establish.
Aleks: How did you proceed to do this?
Jasmine: We took 25 readings from each of the layers in the pit feature and then took 50 readings from each of the lithostratigraphic level (LU), excluding LU 1.
Aleks: So what will all of the readings tell you?
Jasmine: Hopefully, after the analyses are complete, we will be able to discern the LUs from each other using their magnetic properties.
Aleks: What were the results so far?
Jasmine: We have completed the testing and have taken enough information but the results have yet to be determined. We are still working on the data and with the help of Dr. Shane MacFarlan, one of the staff members, we should have the information soon.
Aleks: How did you like using the magnetic susceptibility gun? Did you value the integrity of the procedure?
Jasmine: I really enjoyed using this procedure I was not familiar with the magnetic susceptibility gun but the procedures were very carefully explained and any questions I had Dr. Loren Davis was always at hand to help me. I think a test such as this is good because it will allow us to understand the sediment layers in a different manner, which will then either support our previous hypothesis of disprove them. Either way we will definitely discover something new.
Aleks: Did you enjoy your time in such a deep hole looking at sediments?
Jasmine: It was very dusty and I was very deep but with my pit partner, Jamie Klotz. I like to think we had a good time. We certainly learned a lot, such as using the Munsel book to properly identify coloring of the sediments, we looked at texture and learned about texture analysis and about sediment identification.
Aleks: Any final thoughts?
Jasmine: My unit partner and I definitely learned a lot about the magnetic susceptibility procedure and it also allowed us to start thinking about archaeology in a different manner. There are many possibilities to help us understand the nature of archaeological sites and by using procedures such as the magnetic susceptibility we begin to understand that there are no limits to how we can proceed to understand archaeological sites. I cannot wait to see the results.
With three weeks under their belts, the students are becoming confident in their abilities. Nearly all of our field methods remain unchanged from last year; however, we've added some new techniques and equipment that augment our usual procedures.
First, we purchased another Nikon Total Station laser transit, which is used to double the rate at which we can record artifacts and other objects exposed in our excavations. Last year, three-point spatial coordinates from our lone total station were in high demand and students often had to wait 30 minutes or more for their turn to obtain readings.
We have also acquired a Bartington Magnetic Susceptibility meter that we'll use to measure the magnetic properties of sediments and artifacts alike. This meter allows us to generate descriptive physical data about different materials that we can use to reveal patterns in the site's geoarchaeological record.
We've written in the past about the portable x-ray fluorescence (PXRF) device that we use to measure the geochemistry of artifacts, sediments and other objects relevant to our research. The PXRF device is a sophisticated piece of field technology and has tremendous potential for solving different kinds of problems. We're awaiting the arrival of our new Olympus Innov-X Delta PXRF device, which is currently being built and calibrated at the factory. Anticipated arrival of our new PXRF device is in two weeks and we look forward to putting the machine through its paces until we close the site for the season.
Prior to coming out to the field, staff members Davis, Macfarlan and Henrickson submitted a manuscript to the Journal of Archaeological Science that presents a method for establishing and using a chemostratigraphic framework at the Cooper's Ferry site. The method described in this paper harnesses the power of the PXRF device to discriminate between different deposits of undisturbed archaeological site sediments on the basis of their geochemical attributes. Moreover, this method can also identify the presence of disturbed sediments. Being able to tell whether a particular artifact is in direct contact with disturbed or undisturbed sediments gives us a powerful means establishing when materials are contemporaneous with one another and also identifies datable samples that are in undisturbed contexts. Having such a tool at hand is not only critical to our work at the Cooper's Ferry site, but elevates archaeological debates about contextual associations between sediments and artifacts from the qualitative to the quantitative (and scientifically replicable) arena. Here's the abstract from our submitted paper:
A PXRF-Based Chemostratigraphy and Provenience System for the Cooper's Ferry Site, Idaho
Loren G. Davis, Shane J. Macfarlan, and Celeste N. Henrickson
Paper in review at the Journal of Archaeological Science
Correlating archaeological finds with their associated stratigraphic context is elementary to modern excavation methods. Ascribing primary depositional position and associative context is traditionally a qualitative exercise. To improve the empirical nature of this process as part of new excavations at the Cooper's Ferry site in western Idaho, we established a chemostratigraphic framework that enables us to quantitatively relate the elemental geochemistry of sediments associated with artifacts and other samples back to a master lithostratigraphic sequence. We subjected a total of 151 portable x-ray fluorescence (PXRF) readings from six lithostratigraphic units to multiple discriminant function analysis, which led to the identification of characteristic elements. To test the site's chemostratigraphic framework, we collected PXRF readings from an infilled rodent burrow, which visually appeared to contain mixed sediments from multiple lithostratigraphic units. Statistical analysis could not relate the rodent burrow's sedimentary geochemistry well to any of the known lithostratigraphic units, thus marking it as disturbed. This methodological approach allows us to make quantitative correlations between stratigraphic units across the site and most importantly, enables us to independently evaluate whether objects from any part of the site are in direct association with disturbed or undisturbed sediments.
As we await the arrival of our new PXRF device, students work to collect sediment samples from the vicinity (ca. 2 cm west, directly underneath, and ca. 2 cm east) of artifacts found in the excavation floor. We'll measure the elemental geochemistry of these gathered sediments taken near with artifacts in order to assess whether they indicate the presence of disturbed or undisturbed contextual association. Once the PXRF device is in our hands, we'll take these readings from in situ sediments near and under artifacts.
Last week, we had an unusual visit from the air. Mary Crommett—a graduate of our field school from two years ago—and her pal Toby flew over our camp and landed at a local airstrip. They had brought Toby's experimental two-seater airplane from Oregon on a tour of western Idaho's canyonlands. Mary took several photos of our camp, the top of the canyon, and our excavation shelter at Cooper's Ferry.
During our second week, the staff and students of the Cooper's Ferry field school had the opportunity to tour the Nez Perce National Historical Park, located in Spalding, about fifteen miles outside of Lewiston in Idaho. The students were given a tour of the National Park, which included many activities such as watching a video about the history of the Nez Perce people, atlatl throwing, archery, viewing the archives and collections, and receiving a walking tour of the park.
Upon arrival to the Nez Perce National Historical Park the students were given the opportunity to assemble a tepee. One by one the students all helped to place the canvas cover, the stakes and the door. The students then all gathered inside to experience what the inside of a tepee felt like.
Afterwards, the students were presented a short film that explained the Nez Perce culture, history, and how they have maintained their traditions to this day. Kevin Peters, a National Parks Service Interpretative Specialist and member of the Nez Perce Tribe, and discussed historical photographs of Nez Perce figures and was able to answer questions pertaining to the Nez Perce culture.
After this introduction to the Nez Perce culture, the students were treated to a demonstration of the dart thrower (atlatl (say "at-lat-l")) and were given the opportunity to use the weapon on a cardboard target of Rocky and Bullwinkle. Of our group, only two were successful in hitting the target. Clearly, throwing the Atlatl takes years of training and precise technique, and had this been a real hunt we would have been pretty hungry.
Next, the students were shown how to string and use a bow and arrow system. Although more familiar to some students than the atlatl, the results were pretty much the same: only a few were able to hit the target. The bow was small and comparable to the same type of bow used traditionally by the Nez Perce peoples.
Once the students had their fill of trying to kill the cardboard animals, they were taken back inside to the museum portion of the park where they were given explanations of cultural materials from the Nez Perce culture. For this part, Diane Mallicken, Nez Perce interpretative specialist explained various materials such as the basket caps woven out of hemp and sometimes cornhusks. These caps were valued by the Nez Perce women as they were worn only by women of influence. The students also heard about the importance of camas root and the Nez Perce harvesting technique, which embraced the sustainable ideal of taking only as much as one needed.
To end the tour, Jason Lyon, a Park Ranger with archaeological experience, took the students to the rest of the park, which extends along the Clearwater River, downhill from the museum. He showed and discussed various archaeological sites, including semi-subterranean house pit depressions. The park is rich with contact and pre-contact period archaeological sites and provides the public with many educational opportunities.
Students of the Cooper's Ferry field school were given a unique and memorable adventure as well as a very informative and educational experience about the Nez Perce culture. The students were very thankful to receive such a wonderful tour and day of educational activities. Everyone gained invaluable knowledge that they will apply to their work at the Cooper's Ferry site. Many thanks to the staff of the Nez Perce National Historical Park!
On June 20, OSU staff and students converged once again on the town of Cottonwood, Idaho. In addition those of us from Oregon State University, this year's students also come from Georgia, Texas, Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Washington, Idaho, California, and New Mexico. Unlike last year, we arrived to clear skies and were able to set up tents in a dry field. The first week in the field was initially spent setting up our field camp. We've made a few improvements to our field camp this year, which should make camp life a bit better. We're using last year's dig shelter as this year's kitchen shelter and have added kitchen sinks, shelving, and new propane stoves.
We set up our new excavation shade shelter (40′ x 60′) and set to work uncovering our excavation block. Like last year, we had to re-excavate the thousands of sand bags we placed into the site, which protected our block over the winter. There's not getting past it: removing several thousand sand bags is hard work; however, our gang was able to empty the excavation block in about four hours.
With the excavation block opened once again, we set to work cleaning the floors and walls of loose dirt and fine roots. We reviewed excavation procedures and how we record archaeological data in different ways. By the end of the week, students had recorded the elevations of their excavation units and were ready to start this year's excavations.
Today, students began excavating in their units and immediately uncovered numerous lithic flakes and fragments of bone and shell. Everyone approached their first day of excavation at the site with care and enthusiasm. The day passed quickly and we were forced to close up the operation just before 3:00 pm as a black cloud rolled through the canyon, bringing a short but intense thunderstorm.
In all, this has been a good week. Everyone is settling in and cheerfully approaching this summer's field season. Tonight, we'll have a lecture on the archaeology of Cooper's Ferry and how it fits into the early prehistory of the Pacific Northwest. Tomorrow, the crew will go to the Nez Perce National Historical Park for a tour of the facility's collections and to learn through some hands-on activities.
People sometimes question the wisdom behind our choice to excavate at the Cooper's Ferry site. Mainly this questioning is based on information about the recent history of the site and on things that people know about the archaeology of the Salmon River canyon. In this entry, I attempt to dispel a common misconception about the work that we're doing at the site by addressing an important question that I've heard many times over the years.
Don't you realize that you're only digging through road fill?
In the 20th century, road construction took place in the lower Salmon River canyon in the vicinity of the Cooper's Ferry site. To make the modern road, construction workers removed gravelly sediments and basalt bedrock deposits, cutting a notch into the toe of the canyon slope. The geological materials that they removed to create the road needed to be moved elsewhere and some of this material was pushed over the edge of the bank toward the river in the area of the Cooper's Ferry site. Because road fill is a recent kind of deposit that will not contain intact archaeological evidence of ancient human occupation at the site, working only in these deposits would be a bad thing. So, before we spend our time and effort to carefully excavate at a potential site, we must know more about what the site contains. We can gain this advance knowledge of what's in a site in two ways: first, we need to understand what's already known about the site from any previous archaeological or geological excavations; second, we can dig a small hole into the site to quickly see what's under the ground.
During several summers in the 1960s, an archaeologist named B. Robert Butler excavated a trench toward the site's eastern end. Butler noted that they encountered thick deposits of fill dirt, likely from road construction; however, intact archaeological deposits were found toward the bottom of their excavation units. In the summer of 1997, Loren Davis directed the excavation of a single test pit (measuring 2 x 2 m or about 6 x 6 feet in surface area) on the western edge of the site to a depth of 2.5 meters (a little over 8 feet deep). This test pit gave us a window into the ground, so to speak, showing a series of different layers made of varying colors and kinds of geological materials—nearly all of which contained prehistoric artifacts. The 1997 test pit did encounter a layer of fill, which measured less than a foot thick, at the site's surface. In addition to finding artifacts, our 1997 test pits also found the intact forms of several ancient campfire hearth and two different pits. One of these pits contained a collection of stone tools, including beautifully crafted spear points, which were placed in the ground for safekeeping. We also sent small fragments of animal bone and charcoal to scientists at a commercial laboratory called Beta Analytic (you can learn more about this lab at www.radiocarbon.com) who conducted radiocarbon analyses on our samples. The results of these radiocarbon analyses showed that organic items held in the layers at Cooper's Ferry range in age between about 8,500 and 13,000 years old.
So, there clearly is road fill at the site, but the thickness of this deposit varies across the site. On the basis of information from prior excavations, we know that both disturbed road fill material and undisturbed archaeological deposits exist at the site and that the road fill deposits appear to be thicker on the upstream (east) end of the site's landform. Based on our study of the site, we also understand how to tell the difference between road fill and undisturbed archaeological deposits. Unlike undisturbed deposits in the site, road fill deposits show swirled coloration (like a calico cat), lack fine sedimentary layering produced by ancient floods of the Salmon River, do not contain intact archaeological features like pits and campfire hearths, and commonly contain items from the 20th Century.
This cross section model shows our expectation of what we would see if we cut a large trench through the site, based on previous archaeological and geological studies. The 1997 excavation unit is shown as the light orange rectangle and extended through deposits 3 and 5. Our recent excavations were built as an extension of the 1997 unit and have progressed through about half of the depth of the 1997 unit. The excavation units are actually oriented along an east-west line but are shown in a north-south orientation here in order to best illustrate how they relate to the site's deposits.


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Product Description
A rich blend of natural oil for healthy hair and scalp. 5 essential ingredients were carefully selected to help your baby's hair grow fuller, thicker and softer. Suitable for newborns as a hair conditioner and cradle cap cleanser.
*For every online purchase made, SGD$1 will be donated to charity


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Educated, kind and thoughtful care
Se Habla Español
an independent, woman-owned concept shop in West Seattle. Conceived by independent curator Tracy Cilona, to champion the work of women artists and designers, featuring original art, exclusive jewelry pieces and
handmade gifts for the home and body.
a focus on helping small to medium sized businesses tell their story: from a freelancer who needs their face to match their killer resume on LinkedIn to the artisan crafts-maker who needs to apply to an upcoming art fair to the massage therapist who needs to make a great online impression.
Author and premier wordsmith.
Books, reviews, readings, recommendations, and related endeavors, plus occasional sculpture and new haiku
Roots to Branches Counseling strives to provide safe and knowledgeable therapy services that respect all individuals as they are. We take a special interest in LGBT concerns and non-traditional family structures; adults and teens.
Dr. Brun is a general dentist with an emphasis on family dentistry. He is not only an awesome dentist, but he'll show you how hard it is to laugh and get your teeth cleaned.
Seattle, Washington, United States
Open today
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Sat - by request as available


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As seguintes resenhas foram recentemente publicadas pela Review of Biblical Literature:
Jim W. Adams
The Performative Nature and Function of Isaiah 40-55
Reviewed by Ulrich Berges
Joseph Azize and Noel Weeks, eds.
Gilgamesh and the World of Assyria: Proceedings of the Conference Held at the Mandelbaum House, The University of Sydney, 21-23 July 2004
Reviewed by Michael Moore
John M. G. Barclay and Simon Gathercole, eds.
Divine and Human Agency in Paul and His Cultural Environment
Reviewed by Thomas R. Blanton IV
Nina Burleigh
Unholy Business: A True Tale of Faith, Greed and Forgery in the Holy Land
Reviewed by Aren Maeir
Philip Cary
Reviewed by Jacek Stefanski
Deborah L. Ellens
Women in the Sex Texts of Leviticus and Deuteronomy: A Comparative Conceptual Analysis
Reviewed by Carolyn Pressler
J. Harold Ellens and Wayne G. Rollins, eds.
Psychology and the Bible: A New Way to Read the Scriptures (4 vols.)
Reviewed by Ron Clark
Douglas Estes
The Temporal Mechanics of the Fourth Gospel: A Theory of Hermeneutical Relativity in the Gospel of John
Reviewed by John C. Poirier
Eric Eve
The Healer from Nazareth: Jesus' Miracles in Historical Context
Reviewed by Tobias Hagerland
K. C. Hanson and Douglas E. Oakman
Palestine in the Time of Jesus: Social Structures and Social Conflicts
Reviewed by Panayotis Coutsoumpos
Xavier Levieils
Contra Christianos: La critique sociale et religieuse du christianisme des origines au concile de Nicée (45-325)
Reviewed by Stephan Witetschek
Tremper Longman III
Jeremiah, Lamentations
Reviewed by Francis Dalrymple-Hamilton
James L. Resseguie
The Revelation of John: A Narrative Commentary
Reviewed by Tobias Nicklas
Roman Vielhauer
Das Werden des Buches Hosea: Eine redaktionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung
Reviewed by James Nogalski
Paul Wilkinson
Archaeology: What It Is, Where It Is, and How to Do It
Reviewed by Aren Maeir
>> Visite: Review of Biblical Literature Blog


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Griselinia littoralis 'Broadway Mint'
Kingdom: Plantae
(Unranked): Angiosperms
(Unranked): Eudicots
(Unranked): Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Griseliniaceae
Genus: Griselinia
Species: G. littoralis
Cultivar name: Griselinia littoralis 'Broadway Mint'
Common name:Griselinia 'Broadway Mint', Broadleaf, Kapuka
Griselinia littoralis 'Broadway Mint' is a hardy round-headed branching tree with a short, gnarled trunk and will growing to a height 4 m with a width of 2 m.
It has leathery glossy ovate deep green leaves with an irregular wave on leaf edge.
In spring it develops small green flowers which are followed by green to black fruits.
It will tolerate dry exposed windy situations. It will grow in sun or semi-shade and will tolerate very hard frosts.
This shrub can be used clipped as a formal hedge to 0.5m - 2m.
Upper surface of a leaf
Underside of a leaf
Previous page: Griselinia littoralis (Broadleaf, Kapuka)
Next page: Griselinia littoralis 'Green Jewel'


text: Eliminating meat from a terrible diet doesn't really make it any healthier, according to a study released today in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology. In fact, the study found that participants whose mostly-plant-based diets (think vegetarian or vegan) included a lot of processed foods, such as sugary beverages and French fries, were more likely to develop heart disease or die during the study period than people who avoided processed food—even if that meant eating a little meat. Previous studies have found that people who adhere to vegetarian or vegan diets have better cardiovascular health. President Bill Clinton, who was once famous for jogs that detoured through McDonalds, went vegan to cope with heart disease. But those studies tend to lump all plant-based diets together into one group. The real world is a little more complicated.Read »


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We Play in Traffic so you don't have to - SEO: #$%(#&%#
SEO is the process of enabling your website to be read more effectively by the various search engines throughout Europe, Africa and around the world. Whilst Google currently stands as the primary search engine, there exists many others favored by millions of internet users globally; optimisation provides each with an equal understanding of your websites strengths and advantages.
The process involves developing your website to appeal to a global market impartial of their preferred search engine, language, location or arrangement of search terms. What this means is that your website (and other entities bearing your company name, such as Twitter Pages, Facebook pages, Google+ pages, Blogspots and similar) will be 'credited' by the relevance of its contents to a users search rather than exact words, or in a certain order. We can therefore choose a variety of search phrases rather than appeal to a limited selection of users
Website SEO Benifets
Included SEO Services
- Improve the opportunity of your customers locating your website
- Reduce your Adwords costs
- Display your website in stronger organic positions
- Achieve a greater capacity of business
- Present a better profile of your business to your customers
- Achieve a greater lead conversion than with the use of Adwords
- Appear on a multitude of search engines
- No 'click / impression' charges
- Reduce your marketing costs
- Researching keywords and phrases to select appropriate terms
- Obtaining quality backlinks from other related websites & blogs
- Optimization of text for various html tags, meta data, page titles
- Analysis and recommendations on optimal website structure
- Recommend, as required, additional web pages or content
- Configurations of Google Analytics for reporting purposes
- Competition analysis
- Copyrighting & Site protection to protect your content


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Main Page Content
Dining at Harrison Hall circa 1970
When the dormitory rooms in the school in closed in 1900 the dining room closed also, leaving only a lounge for students to eat their lunches in.In 1928 the Phi Alpha Zeta fraternity, working with Principal Thompson, renovated a room in the building and a cafeteria was opened, offering hot lunches. When in 1941 the new building was finished there was a cafeteria in the basement.
The cafeteria in the 1940s (basement, Hartwell Hall)
In 1952 the new Union opened, complete with snack bar and cafeteria. Later, in 1967, Brockway and Dailey opened, the first buildings built expressly as dining halls.
Student Union
Time for a smoke & a little conversation in the Student Union, sometime in the 1950s...
As mentioned in the caption to a photo on the first page of this section, the building we now call Lathrop Hall was, when built in 1952, the original Student Union. It was the first Union ever for Brockport and a source of great pride. Prior to 1952 students had the use of one or two rooms in the main building for a lounge or "reception area," but space had always been limited. Now the students had a building of their own! Frank Clifford was the manager and he and his family lived in an apartment in the building. There were dining areas, lounges, offices for student organizations like the Stylus, and a wide range of activities to choose from. Activities in the 50s included "sox dances", formal class dances, bridge or euchre tournaments, concerts and visits by guest lecturers.
As the college grew there became a need for a larger Union, and in 1969 Seymour Union opened. It was named after William Seymour, 19th century Brockport inventor and member of the school's board of trustees. The director was Terrin Hover and in addition to continuing services like dining facilities, bookstore space and the like, new features such as a radio station and automatic teller machines have come along.


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Your health and safety responsibilities will not change when the UK leaves the EU. This guidance is under review.
Close co-operation and co-ordination between enforcing authorities is crucial to the effective enforcement of REACH in the UK. The REACH Enforcement Regulations 2008 require enforcing authorities to co-operate and share information with each other to assist compliance with, and the effective enforcement of, REACH. The Regulations also give enforcing authorities power to agree arrangements with each other to allow the carrying out of an enforcement duty by another authority. This means that there is flexibility for the most suitable enforcing authority to carry out enforcement in any particular case.
To further strengthen co-operation and co-ordination, the MoU sets up a UK REACH Enforcement Liaison Group. This Group is composed of representatives from all UK REACH enforcing authorities and meets at least twice per year. Its functions include:
You can access the agendas and minutes of previous meetings of the Enforcement Liaison Group below:
|November 2008
|Agenda Nov 08
|Minutes Nov 08
|June 2009
|Agenda Jun 09
|Minutes Jun 09
|January 2010
|Agenda Jan 2010
|Minutes Jan 2010
|July 2010
|Agenda Jul 2010
|Minutes Jul 2010
|February 2011
|Agenda Feb 2011
|Minutes Feb 2011
|November 2011
|Agenda Nov 2011
|Minutes Nov 2011
|May 2012
|Agenda May 2012
|Minutes May 2012
|January 2013
|Agenda January 2013
|Minutes January 2013
|September 2013
|Agenda September 2013
|Minutes September 2013
|May 2014
|Agenda May 2014
|Minutes May 2014
|December 2014
|Agenda December 2014
|Minutes December 2014
|November 2015
|Agenda November 2015
|Minutes November 2015
The REACH Enforcement Liaison Group has agreed a strategy and guidance for REACH enforcement in the UK. This contains guidance for enforcing authorities on REACH enforcement, and sets the strategy for REACH enforcement in the UK. The objective of this strategy is to ensure that high standards of compliance with REACH are achieved and maintained, but in ways which minimise the burden of verifying compliance for both businesses and for public authorities.


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Yesterday, a few of our readers wondered if we paid actual money for the copy of Going Rogue we reviewed. We did, but you can win it back — to turn into awesome Palin art. Details after the jump.
If you've got a great idea for transforming Sarah Palin book into more than the sum of its parts — hollowing it out and filling it with Moose Tracks ice cream, say, or folding the pages into an origami death panel — email us at email@example.com by Friday at 5 PM EST, with "Going Rogue contest" in the subject line. We'll pick the best one and mail you our copy of the book. Then you have your way with the book, send us a pic, and we'll feature it on the site. I promise, it'll be a lot more fun than the all-nighter I pulled reading the thing — although in answer to your questions, I did have some cake.


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I have a male blue crown conure and a female nanday conure. I was told they couldn't reproduce, but they laid 2 eggs today. Could these eggs be viable? If so, what do I need to do? The birds have very little interest in them and just rolled them to the corner of the cage. They did not lay the eggs in the "nest" they had made, and they are not sitting on them.
Comments for blue crown nanday mix?
Click here to add your own comments


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Closed – Ecco Wallet Giveaway
Happy December!
We are starting off the month of giving, with a gift for you. This awesome Canadian product by Ecco Canada is perfect for a stocking stuffer. This multipurpose wallet is durable and perfect for any occasion.
How awesome would it be to receive this product? Well, with a special thanks to Ecco all you have to do is click the link below, follow the instructions and consider yourself a candidate! Hurry, Hurry you only have two weeks to enter.
The winner will be announced on Monday Dec 16 on twitter @TOCityGossip! – Congratulations to our winner Carly Bacon!!
Good Luck & Happy Holidays
Andrea McDonald
Get more updates on the latest gossip within your city and everything else fabulous before your friends do!
Click here for our exclusive newsletter and Like us on Facebook to stay up-to-date.


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Who the heck are they anyways? What makes them Gurus in the prototypic place?
The expression "guru", in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is circumscribed as:
Who the heck are they anyways? What makes them Gurus in the prototypic place?
The expression "guru", in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is circumscribed as:
There are oodles holding that you could try to win your ex back, that will not work, no entity what you do. Stop doing these belongings now. Doing the same entry that is not in employment is not active to construct a antithetical consequences. Doing something contradictory will help you.
Once you have dealt next to the realities of your situation, and worked done your emotions, it is time to novice communication next to your ex. You may be in communication because of social unit issues or your children, which is all the recovered. The problematical assignment of initiating interaction is not basic. When you do build contact, the most basic thing you should do is defend for your relation in the break-up and propose it. Do not justify to your ex next to the goal of successful them back, they will select up on this, so spawn confident your acknowledgment is real and candid.
Producing picture is required for promoting your business organisation on the Internet. Most those know that, but the noisy dependable of groans tells me best picture novices have a vexed occurrence reckoning it all out.
Video production can seem to be like a lot to revise. For me, it's easy because I did it for several lifetimes. (OK, basically 30 age. It FELT resembling various lifetimes.)
For acquiring realized peace of mind, it is burning that no big or unimportant strain roughly speaking anything should be troubling you. If assets are your design and your hostility is active the high calibre which is hunted that you do not have, an simplified medication is endowment. This medication is called unfastened loans UK.
Unsecured loans UK outstandingly unmistakably make obvious from their term itself that they do not ask any related to security interest near the loaner. They are whole collateral-free for the receiver and no danger is display to the borrower's principal if the reimbursement is not made on occurrence. Moreover no demand of indirect opens up this chance for the borrowers who do not have any resources nakedness in constituent to folks who do not deprivation to reassurance it. This includes tenants and non-homeowners and also those adults who are alive in their parent's habitation.
When being asks you to dub a young lady detective, I bet you involuntarily move near Nancy Drew. You belike don't cognize a piece roughly Trixie Belden. But the reality is, Trixie kicks Nancy's stock. As a character, she is far more than fascinating than Ms. Drew could ever be!
There are various way that Trixie is more appealing, but frankly, the peak transparent is the fact that Nancy is look-alike Mary Poppins - she's "practically unfaultable in every way." Trixie, on the some other hand, is greatly real, near enough foibles to create you consider she's the true young lady adjacent movable barrier.
You have somewhat a few options regarding your new website. Are you going to have it professionally designed? This will be the furthermost steep opportunity. Will you logo it yourself? Much cheaper option, but you requirement to have both method ease. Or will you use a prison guard website? Inexpensive derivative instrument and no precise skills are requisite.
A peace officer website is a fully functional and running website spot. In record cases, it includes hosting and thing else required to run the holiday camp such as as pre-installed interactive scripts for forms, purchasing carts (with commodity images, descriptions, and prices), and even associate programs. The consumer of a prison guard website can be in business rapidly. As an intercalary benefit, you will recurrently get unconfined hosting or to a great extent discounted hosting if you adult the website on their servers. However, it is not a duty for the purchase. You can push your website to any adult you chose.
Some replies we ofttimes get from IT Vendors:
1. "All our clients are large, sapphire chip companies, who don't have need of finance" - Due to the significant tax benefits related to near leasing (making it cheaper than paid currency), 89% of Times Top 100 companies are now leasing their IT Equipment.
Payroll management requires particularly accustomed race to bar the drudgery. If now in stock collection can be relied upon, it is a pen that is expected to shoot by almost cardinal percentage in the adjacent v geezerhood. Such development gives surge to a digit of job opportunities. There is a unending demand of qualified personnel in companies that cater to the backbone office desires of different minute and midsize enterprises by substance payroll control services.
They demand rivalrous individuals who are competent to keep administrative commercial interaction. Customer resource and idiosyncrasy completion are segment of the job. Other plummy attributes are outstanding spongy skills in electronic equipment etiquette, viewing and networking skills in cooperation near recommendation in accounting, register fundamentals, guidance and support systems.
Customers are occupied in the region of their condition and they stare for the pad-lock deity at the nether perfectly of you viewer.
Why would a website beside online bookings necessitate SSL?
Want to be paid your sentient celestial even more engaging and happen larger in a genuinely user-friendly way? Add the illusion of mirrors!
Mirrors have been a beefed-up shape factor ever since they were initial unreal. Consider the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, for example, or the incalculable mirrors hung in the palaces of Florentine princes. See them quondam and you'll think them always!
A Personalized payment is more than full of character than a expected gift. Giving a Personalized payment shows that you have a signal thinking to the individual who receives the contribution. Moreover, personalization of a grant adds more personality and plus point to a payment. It makes the occurrence more treasured and pleasant.
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For any alliance to displace it is copernican to first see what factors limit its natural event. Organization's goals and objectives, factors that impart towards its success, everything wishes to be noticeably outlined up to that time a gauge of its occurrence is defined. An organization's occurrence is known by how immediate it grows, in new words, its productivity. An organization's fertility in bend depends on the success of its organization. Hence, it is indispensable to judge employee fertility to read the direction of cancer of an foundation.
How to instrumentation it? Numerous methods have been devised to device employee prosperity depending on its parent commercial enterprise or arena. Methods to activity worker profitability are named Productivity Metrics. To be able to mensuration productivity mistreatment effectiveness metrics, you have need of to statement why you impoverishment to measure, how you scheme to weigh and after measuring what will be your management areas. Why you impoverishment to calculate answers the goals and objectives that your alliance requests to bring home the bacon. How you contrive to determine will be your effectiveness prosody. And, instruction of goings-on suggests the activities you will bring to recognise definite goals and objectives.
My Student Loans - Hi, my pet name is Jake Madden and I was casualty of novice loan scams.
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If a individual alive in the United States is sounding for thing more affordable than what is locally available, he or she may face out of its borders. And there's no better-quality or easier way to do it than online. When it comes to material possession suchlike products, services, and even coaching in the descriptor of online courses, Canada is a uncultured end for United States residents.
Understandably, many an online courses Canada-based are engaged deliberately for the use of Canadian citizens. The Canadian government places a super value in workforce training, as evidenced by its local feature programs. In the inner of 2007 the Canadian organization invested $425,000 in online courses particularly to give a hand in work immigrants superior cut to the area culture, as well as the philosophy of the work they come about to be in, even earlier they footfall onto Canadian grease.
We connect you beside professed exciting companies, companies that know heart-rending and can lend a hand you in making it as undecomposable as viable spell maintaining the matchless level of expertise. All of the companies we slog near have been pre-screened and operate in respect next to situation or federal rules and statute. All of the quotes you acquire are completely FREE and have no requisite.
When choosing one of heaps billowing companies, it may be rock-solid to classify which one is accurate for you. This bit of records will help out you see the differences relating the wriggling companies and oblige you to single out the apt one.
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As you're utterance finished the utilized car ads you're leap to come through crosstown what looks close to undeniably grotesque car loan handiness from the car dealers themselves. You'll see nought proportionality offers, low pay offers that seem too goodish to be right. Of course, they are! These ads are meant to lie to you, receive you come in and apply, and end up exploit a loan at 10 to 18 percent finished the modular rates! Yes, interest-free offers are available, but solitary if you have undefiled thanks. Most previously owned car buyers do not drop into this collection. In general, used car loan wonder rates top those of new cars by several per centum points on normal.
A selling enterprise can be a deeply swell finance if you cognize how to run it. The two record significant factors to reckon are arrangement of machines and how utmost a apply for near is for your trade goods in that position. Here are a few tips in the region of the marketing business concern you may find sharp.
1. The front entry to bring to mind is the fact that in that are a lot of choices out location when it comes to goods. You will want to breakthrough which will put on the market champion in the voted site. Candy and gumball machines can be reasonably advantageous but you may status to have more than one tool in plop to get the gross sales volume you hope.
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The notion of victimisation subject matter gifts as a agency of acquirement bargain hunter devotion has been a booster of microscopic and humongous firm aliveness ended the age. Everyone likes to get thing for nothing and when the point comes in the style of a computer rodent mat, you've as apt as got your foot in the door. Ta da! There is not different substance component part that gives as some probable optical striking than thing that lies on your activity scope and can be seen exactly hundreds of nowadays a day. The mouse mat dominates when it comes to glorious eye-traffic spatial relation.
My most recent article looked at the traits of a concern that has in recent times begun, may be with of late a thought, and how it moves into a start-up state. This nonfictional prose looks at the next 2 phases as the firm begins to bear body and grow, later stretch parenthood.
3. Growth phase
Strategic reasoning is indispensable to up your business celebration. And in directive to lift up the bar of ceremony in your business concern from where on earth you are now to where you want to be will necessitate a even of strategical thinking that is in faultless chord next to our phantasm for the company. Strategic Thinking will bring into being a organized and liberal course of action headfirst to your daydream.
Your Strategic Thinking Business Coach believes here are ten (10) crucial requirements to become a acute plan of action mind. Those ten (10) include:


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Progressive Enhancement
One of the things I was doing while working for the College Board was researching strategies for accessible Web content. So it became apparent that Pragmatic Progressive Enhancement, or what we used to call Graceful Degradation, was in fact the best architectural strategy for ensuring an accessible and robust user experience.
Think of a document being viewed in a Web browser as an MVC application (I found this idea in Ajax in Action),
HTML is the Model: HTML contains only structured data (content and markup).
JavaScript is the Controller: JavaScript is used to change the structure of HTML model, based on user decisions.
CSS is the View: CSS is used to filter and style data from the model so that it is displayed in a way the user understands.
In order to maintain separation between these 'application tiers,' there should be no JavaScript or CSS at all in the HTML.
Therefore, the 'inline event handler' attributes ONCLICK, ONMOUSEOVER, and their ilk are not needed and should never be used. And the STYLE attribute is never needed either.
An immediate benefit is that it then becomes trivial to lint and validate all of the HTML, JavaScript and CSS contained in a project just by filtering for file extensions. Of course there are many other benefits which are described at some length in articles such as those I have listed here on delicious.com.
Not directly related, but speaking of standards, this is the College Board's beautiful HTML page which I use as a reference and style guide when designing templates.
And finally, for amusement, I found in my notes that, according to PPK, the term 'unobtrusive JS' was coined here.


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BITA's Technical Policy Committee (TPC) exists to establish and promote the Association's technical policy through Sector Parties, sub committees and working groups.
The TPC is currently chaired by Steve Noakes of Pyroban and meets twice a year. It is engaged with leading international standard-setting bodies including:
Via the TPC, BITA ensures that when regulators and standard-setters maintain and extend best practice, they hear the voices of BITA members whose businesses will be affected by fresh regulations.
The TPC adds further value by alerting operators and users to the requirements and consequences of new standards, distilling the key points and actions required via regular executive briefings to BITA members, and in the frequently updated BITA Guidance Notes.
Recent TPC activities have included:


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Rail Network.org ("Rail Network") is a social networking service that allows Members to create their own unique personal profiles online in order to find and communicate with other members. The services offered by Rail Network. include the Rail Network.com website (the "Site"), the Rail Network Internet messaging service, and any other features, content, or applications offered form time to time by Rail Network in connection with the Rail Network Website (collectively the "Services"). Users who are not Members may access some but not all of the Services. The Services are hosted in England and use of the Services are subject to the following Terms and Conditions:
1. Use of the Services (whether as a Member or otherwise)constitutes your acceptance of these Terms and Conditions, which take effect immediately on such use. Rail Network reserves the right to change these Terms and Conditions, via postings on this site, at any time and for any reason without further notice to you. It is your responsibility to review any changes to these Terms and Conditions. Your continued use of Services after changes are posted constitutes your acceptance of such changes . If these Terms and Conditions and the Privacy Policy (including any applicable changes) are not accepted in full, you do not have permission to use the Services and therefore should cease using the Services immediately.
Rail Network reserves the right to amend, suspend or terminate any Services provided via the Site at any time and for any reason without further notice to you.
2. Users of the Services who are aged 16 years or under require consent from their parent or guardian to use the Services. By using the Services, you warrant that you have appropriate consent from your parent or guardian.
3. Members may at any time and for any reason terminate their membership with Rail Network by emailing Rail Network to that effect. Rail Network reserves the right to cancel a Member's membership or otherwise prevent Users from accessing the Services at any time and for any reason without further notice to you. These Terms and Conditions will remain in force after any such termination.
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Hey loves! I've been meaning to post this yesterday morning, but I just didn't have time to edit the photos. This December is very hectic, as I work most of the days, and then try to squeeze college, training and blog in a few free hours I get. I fell in love with this top from Love & Other Things, but I wasn't sure how it's gonna look like on me. That's a bit of a downside of online shopping, but luckily all good this time! I'm gonna head to bed now, and I'll be back with new post and hopefully more rested head and something more interesting to say later this week! Stay tuned, and enjoy the festive December.
TOP: LOVE & OTHER THINGS (get it here)


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The automobile of today is digitally enhanced, navigation system ready and virtually self-driving. These advances lead the majority of drivers to expect the same engagement from their cars as they do from their smartphones. That's why automakers from Fiat-Chrysler (UConnect) to Hyundai (BlueLink) are focused on and offer in-car infotainment systems that keep drivers and passengers engaged and connected on the road. Being entertained and communicating with whomever and whatever you want with a swipe of a finger or simply speaking a phrase is considered the standard by which all in-car infotainment (also called in-vehicle infotainment) is based, but the experience has been around a long, innovative time.
What is in-car infotainment?
In its simplest terms, a vehicle infotainment system is the hardware and technology that allow drivers and passengers to experience audio/visual in-car entertainment while inside a vehicle. Today we view it as hands-free calling, touch screens giving us access to different music interfaces, backseat displays with built in DVD players or wireless streaming capability, and voice recognition/commands. And yes, all of that is in-car infotainment for the 21st century, but the first true vehicle infotainment was offered over 80 years ago and has been steadily evolving ever since.
William Lear teams up with Paul and Joseph Galvin to develop the first dashboard mono-radio for a car, calling it the "Motorola" for "motorized Victrola." It was the 5T71 installed in a Studebaker–sold separately, of course. The cost? $130, which would be approximately $1788 today. Just to give a bit of context, the average car was selling for $540 at that time, or approximately $7426 in today's dollars. That's almost ¼ of the total cost of buying the car.
The British Crossley Motors–not to be confused with the Crosley Turntable or Crosley automobile–becomes the first car to be equipped with a factory standard radio.
1956 and 1960
Chrysler contributes to in-car entertainment with offers of record players–actual turntables—in the automobile first in the 1956 model year. The limitations of not only playability, but the kind of music available (only Columbia Recording artists) saw the idea scrapped at the end of that year. Chrysler tried again, however, in 1960 this time with a different system. Again, the player kept skipping, as with the first model, and lasted until 1962.
Ford partners with Motorola to install eight-track tape players in their cars.
Early 1970s
Aftermarket car stereos take off, welcoming in the era of the Alpine, Blaupunkt, Kenwood and Pioneer brands.
Cassette players trump the eight-track with their smaller, writeable format–say hello to the mixtape.
The CD rears its head, signaling the beginning of the end for cassette players in general and showing a decrease in those for cars.
Mercedes-Benz comes off the line with the first factory installed in-dash CD player (Becker's Mexico).
Touchscreens make their way into the Buick Riviera, allowing drivers to change their radio stations by tapping their fingers rather than turning a knob or pushing buttons.
Early 1990s to the mid-2000s
More and more technology starts to be included in cars. Navigation systems become more the norm and satellite radio is introduced to expand listening options.
In-car technology, Ford Sync, is introduced, enabling hands-free calling and voice-controlled music choice.
The Lexus SC430 becomes the last OEM to offer a cassette tape deck in the car.
A Ferrari FF is the first car to fully integrate the Apple CarPlay app.
Brought to life thanks to human machine interface
In-car infotainment owes its existence to telematics and human machine interface (HMI). HMI systems combine software and hardware to bridge the human with automated programs. HMIs do this through specialized software or panels. It's the connection that allows you and I to talk to and control those displays that make things happen in our cars.
The push for more in-vehicle infotainment devices is driving growth in the HMI sector, per the SandlerResearch.org Global Automotive Human Machine Interface (HMI) Market 2015-2019 report. Much of that expansion comes from the public's ever growing desire for more connectivity on the road and an avid interest in accessing what infotainment has to offer.
OEM and aftermarket vehicle infotainment systems
The connected car is bringing forth an immersive experience like never before. We've come a long way from the mono-radio being the singular form of in-car infotainment. And just as back in the days when we wanted to either upgrade our older car with the newest, coolest removable CD player or splurge on a newer model with a top-of-the-line factory installed stereo system, we can experience this via two different types of devices–OEM and aftermarket.
You may recall in our article outlining telematics in which we discussed the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). In the car world, this means the automaker has installed whatever feature into the vehicle there at the factory. Here are two examples of OEM infotainment systems available now:
Fiat-Chrysler UConnect 8.4
Per Consumer Reports, this is the standout of the factory installed in-car infotainment systems. The touchscreen is user-friendly and successfully incorporates Bluetooth and voice recognition/commands capability along with traditional knobs and buttons.
Hyundai Blue Link
The Blue Link also brings together an easy to read and use touch screen and knob control. It is standard in all Hyundais that are model year 2015 and newer.
Items that are aftermarket are those things that are installed and/or purchased for your vehicle post-sale–basically, non-OEM. There are a few ways you can connect these devices to your car–via Bluetooth, USB or replace your head unit with a brand new, high-tech infotainment device. Again, we're sharing two of the top examples of aftermarket infotainment systems:
Pioneer Avic-8200NEX
This Pioneer unit is considered by many to trump the quality of today's factory in-car infotainment system. Features include both Android Auto and Apple CarPlay, a way to switch between the two, a 7-inch touchscreen, CD and DVD playability, and everything an OEM infotainment system offers.
JBL Legend CP100
This simple, straightforward unit allows you to link your smartphone to your in-car infotainment via Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. It plays off of whatever smartphone apps you have as well as connects you to your vehicle's parking cameras and steering wheel buttons.
Apple CarPlay & Android Auto
These two platforms give you a dynamic in-car infotainment experience by allowing smartphone functionality across various car screens. Approximately 100 vehicle models support either one or both of these programs. However, older model cars cannot interface with them without an aftermarket infotainment unit.
But what exactly do these platforms offer? Apple CarPlay and Android Auto gain you access the same things for which you use your mobile device through your vehicle's built-in display. Instead of taking your eyes off the road to plug in a phone number, go to a navigation app or bring up your music, you can use voice recognition/commands or interact with a display that is more eye level. This creates a safer ride.
Haptics and the effect on the human-to-car interaction
While we don't spend as much time in our cars as we think we do–our automobiles are dormant 95% of the time–drivers have come to expect to be as engaged as they are in their homes. This has led to a much more expansive human-to-machine experience in our vehicles.
Got a road trip with the kids? A rear seat entertainment screen makes for a more relaxed ride. Want the ability to make and take mobile calls or browse your music safely? Voice recognition and infotainment systems that react to voice commands allow you to keep your hands on the wheels and eyes on the road while connecting with others or getting your jam on. New displays are becoming even safer with the addition of haptic feedback or haptics.
To explain haptic feedback, imagine a typical touchscreen experience. You press your finger on the display, feel only smooth glass, see the button or key you touched light up or slide or simply hope it's doing something. This means you have to get visual information, keeping your eyes on it, not the road, creating a safety hazard. But with haptics, you feel your display respond through a sense of pressure, vibrations or motion. By adding this technology to your infotainment system means your glance time–the measure by which you look away from the road–decreases.
Haptics go beyond infotainment systems to just about anything you, as a user and driver, can control in your car. For all of these in-car technology innovations, however, the effect of infotainment on the driving experience–good and bad–are leading to a great many conversations.
Changing the state of the driving experience
One of the clearest benefits of in-car infotainment is how it enhances the driving experience. Whether it's the ability to be fully hands-off with voice recognition/commands or providing more salient vehicle information than was available before, smarter cars create better prepared drivers. Another is the way it keeps eyes on the road for a safer, more connected commute. The heads-up display (HUD) is available on more vehicles as standard, and not just in premium styles like BMW and Lexus. Most models have information projected on the windshield while some, like the 2016 Mini Cooper, offer a retractable screen that rises from the dash when the driver needs it. All of the options are crafted to allow for eye level interface that lowers glance time.
There are some concerns over these immersive systems, however. Cyber-security and the possibility of having your car hacked while connected to your smartphone are a big issue. The software that allows the communication between your in-car infotainment system and mobile device leaves your vehicle open to remote attacks. Researchers at both George Mason and New York University discovered this anomaly and outlined potential security risks in some models.
Distracted driving is another worry that has arisen from the in-car infotainment explosion and connected cars, in general. While some believe the smarter automobiles actually cut down on driver error, others feel these innovations are akin to having a television set or entire computer at your fingertips as you motor down the highway. Per the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, "Fiddling with an in-car infotainment system can leave a driver distracted for as long as 27 seconds." At 25 mph, that is the same as traveling the length of three football fields blindfolded. This is, of course, the worst case scenario, but it is something safety experts and carmakers are working together on as these units are designed.
The look of tomorrow
The connected car is here, growing stronger, and in-car infotainment systems are part of that. Whether OEM or aftermarket, these innovations are creating a more immersive driving experience and making the human-to-machine interaction safer and more dynamic. Standard models are beginning to offer this technology as part of their package and only time will tell if it helps drivers stay more focused on the road or not.


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The leaked specs of the LG Lucid 4G mark the second LTE-enabled LG phone rumor for the day. The Lucid 4G (also known as Cayman) is a Gingerbread droid of the mid-range variety that is heading to Verizon.
It has a 4" NOVA IPS-LCD display with 480x800 and Gorilla glass protection. There's a 1.2GHz dual-core processor powering the LG Lucid 4G (the chipset isn't clear yet). There's also 8GB of built-in memory.
The connectivity side is well covered - LTE is present (obviously) and you can share that data connection with up to 10 other devices, EVDO Rev. A as fallback, then there's Wi-Fi b/g/n with Wi-Fi Direct support, Bluetooth 3.0 and USB 2.0.
The LG Lucid 4G measures 119.1 x 62.2 x 11.4 mm and weighs 142 g. Its 1700mAh battery is good for up to 350 hours of standby and up to 8 hours of usage.
The Lucid 4G might launch next Thursday (March 29) in the sub $200 price range, but as usual with rumors this isn't set in stone.


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Artie Lange is sitting in a NJ jail again, but it's not for drugs this time — it's for missing a court date … about a drug arrest.
Cops busted the comedian Tuesday evening at his home in Hoboken, NJ for failing to appear in Essex County court. He was supposed to face charges of heroin possession and drug paraphernalia from his arrest in May.
Artie took quite the mug shot this time around — still rocking what looks like a busted, or infected, nose. He'd posted a pic over the weekend where it looked like he'd been punched in the face, with a cryptic message about fearing nothing.
He's still sitting in jail, waiting to see the judge.
This is not the first time this year the troubled comedian has had problems. Artie has had medical problems and was busted buying drugs earlier this year.
I hope Artie gets his act together, but at this point I think its a lost cause……
Artie has new book coming in July 2018 , which you can pre-order now :


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