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Published in Int. Journal of Anthropology – Vol. 31 – n.1-2 – 2016
Key words: Jewish history, world history, logistic analysis, religious canon, Hebrew Bible, Talmud.
Using data on the birthdate and birthplace of authors for the books of the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, and the post-Talmudic rabbinic literature, this study quantitatively tracks Jewish history up to the 20th century revealing a series of pulses of cultural activity that can be represented as S-curves. The development of each of these main sections of the Jewish religious canon is shown to constitute an independent coherent development process. The pattern of successive pulses of books entering the Jewish canon persists over millennia. This shared canon, both stable and growing, allowed coordination between far-flung community networks. The geographic locations of the successive pulses trace the migratory pattern of the Jews over the course of world history spanning much of the globe. Analysis reveals a current 2000-year pulse of Jewish cultural activity with several centuries remaining before it reaches saturation. Modernity becomes evident in Jewish history with sustained pulses of activity in the arts and sciences beginning with the onset of political emancipation in Central and Western Europe and moving on to the United States. The method employed in this study sheds light on the continuous coherent development of a Jewish religious canon and offers new perspective on the historical migration of the Jewish people over the last three millennia.
Wernick, I.K.
Program for the Human Environment,
The Rockefeller University,
1230 York Ave,
New York, NY 10065, USA.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Buy: Euro 12.00


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English theatre seems heroically intent on keeping the construction industry in work. As Sheffield Crucible reopens after a £15.3 million makeover and Birmingham Rep heads towards a third space, the National has revealed more detailed plans for its £50m refurb. Such confidence, in the face of threats of "savage cuts" in public sector spending and the collapse of new developments across the land, is bracing.
Let's not exaggerate though – this is not another new theatre in London. We are talking foyers being buffed up, eco-fitting, participation spaces, and the rather modish idea of visible workshops (pity the techies who didn't go into theatre to end up onstage). Well, if Lasdun's social democratic bunker, which landed on the South Bank like a spaceship in the 70s, can be rendered a little less introverted, that's surely to the good.
So why do I feel so queasy? Perhaps because the eye-catching initiatives of the theatrical "grand projets" of the last decade all too often now resemble the other debris of Blairism. Britain is littered with millennium buildings laying off staff, acts of regeneration that didn't trickle down and iconic buildings too iconic for their inner purpose. And as the big beasts of theatre call down more cash to service their vision, how sustainable is theatrical life beyond their charmed circles?
I first started writing as a playwright for Hampstead theatre in the late 1990s. It was a sort of Nissen hut, with a tiny bar selling bagels, tatty carpet and brown velour chairs, like a comfy Granada Ghia from the 1970s. The pitifully small foyer gave new meaning to the term "crush bar", while seating the audience was a drama to bring tears to a safety officer's eyes. The sense of shared ownership and artistic connection was palpable.
The not-so-new Hampstead is actually a wonderful theatre space to work in. The bar is busy. The offices are user-friendly. Entrance and exit are no longer a problem. But it's harder to detect that elusive sense of ownership, not least because the hosts who run the building are scattered through it like figurines on an architects' plan.
This is of course sentimental. Having worked in a theatre this year (the Bush) which at one point had to decommission its lighting rig owing to water pouring down the walls and which is served by an indifferent over-priced pub, I've seen first-hand that changing or dying are all too often the only options.
But when you hear the word "modernisation", reach for your garlic and crucifix. Keeping a theatre vital involves close attention to scale and history. Haworth Tompkins, the National's architect of choice, is wonderfully aware of this, as the Royal Court and Young Vic testify. There's a platonic essence in any theatre that transcends building and personnel. Decanting that spirit from one environment into another is the delicate task of the architect. Somehow that change has to take place without sacrificing the whiff of shabby gentility, the smell of spilt drinks and fag ends, that embodies the unimproved, dandyish world from which most theatres emerged. Hygienic rationalisation alone all too often turns living stages into dead multiplexes.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Proceedings
- Open Access
A mixture model approach to multiple testing for the genetic analysis of gene expression
© Dalmasso et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007
- Published: 18 December 2007
With the availability of very dense genome-wide maps of markers, multiple testing has become a major difficulty for genetic studies. In this context, the false-discovery rate (FDR) and related criteria are widely used. Here, we propose a finite mixture model to estimate the local FDR (lFDR), the FDR, and the false non-discovery rate (FNR) in variance-component linkage analysis. Our parametric approach allows empirical estimation of an appropriate null distribution. The contribution of our model to estimation of FDR and related criteria is illustrated on the microarray expression profiles data set provided by the Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 Problem 1.
- Mixture Model
- Null Distribution
- Monte Carlo Markov Chain Algorithm
- Genetic Analysis Workshop
- Empirical Null Distribution
In the context of genetic studies for which high-density genetic maps are now widely available, a major multiple testing problem arises due to the large number of statistical tests that are performed simultaneously. In a recent study, Morley et al. [1] analysed microarray gene-expression data together with genome-wide single nucleotide-polymorphism (SNP) genotyping in 14 three-generation families to localize the genetic determinants underlying gene-expression variability (data provided for Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 (GAW 15) Problem 1). For the genome-wide linkage analysis, the authors calculated a non-parametric Haseman-Elston statistic and used the genome-wide significance thresholds proposed by Lander and Kruglyak [2] to identify linked loci. Thus, they controlled the classical family-wise error rate (FWER), i.e., the probability of falsely rejecting at least one null hypothesis.
Although the FWER is the oldest extension of the classical type I error rate, FWER-based procedures are often too conservative, particularly when numerous hypotheses are being tested [3]. As an alternative and less stringent error criterion, Benjamini and Hochberg introduced, in their seminal paper published in 1995 [4], the false-discovery rate (FDR), which is defined as the expected proportion of false discoveries among all discoveries (here, a discovery refers to a rejected null hypothesis). The opposing criterion, the false non-discovery rate (FNR), corresponds to the expected proportion of false non-discoveries among all the non-rejected null hypotheses [5].
More recently, Efron et al. introduced the local FDR (lFDR) [6], which can be interpreted as a variant of the Benjamini and Hochberg's FDR that gives each tested null hypothesis its own "measure of significance". While the FDR is defined for a whole rejection region, the lFDR is defined as the probability that a null hypothesis is true conditional on a particular value of the test statistic. As discussed by Efron [7], the local nature of the lFDR is advantageous for interpreting results from individual test statistics. Moreover, the FDR can be estimated directly from the lFDR [6].
Efron proposed an empirical Bayes' procedure [7, 8] to estimate the lFDR without any assumption about the distribution under the alternative hypothesis. From this procedure, only an upper bound estimate can be obtained for the lFDR and, indirectly, a lower bound for the FNR. One important feature of this approach is that it considers an empirical rather than theoretical null distribution. Indeed, as noted by Efron, these distributions may be very different and strong arguments support using the empirical one in genetic studies for which extensive data are available [5].
In this work, and for variance-component linkage analysis, we introduced a two-component mixture model based approach that allows estimation of lFDR, FDR, and FNR. We illustrate the contribution of our model to the analysis of real GAW15 data. Our results highlight the importance of correctly estimating the null distribution through the proposed mixture model based approach.
Consider the variance-component linkage analysis between a particular phenotype (here, the expression level of a defined gene) and a specific marker. The null hypothesis of no linkage (additive genetic variance due to the studied quantitative trait locus (QTL) equals zero) is tested by comparing the likelihood of this restricted model with that of a model in which the variance is estimated. Under the null hypothesis, the theoretical asymptotic distribution of the likelihood-ratio statistic X is a 50:50 mixture of a χ2 and a point mass at 0 [9]. When testing n markers, n likelihood-ratio statistics X i , (i = 1,...,n) are available, with each X i following either the null or the alternative distribution.
For modeling of the marginal distribution of X, we consider the following two-component mixture model, in which the marginal cumulative distribution F X of X is:
F X (x) = ω1 × {θ × 1{X=0} + (1 - θ) ×
F1(x|α1, β1)} + ω2 × F2(x|α2, β2),
where ω c is the mixing proportions for the c components (c = 1, 2; ω c ∈ [0, 1]; ω1 + ω2 = 1). Here, c = 1 corresponds to the null hypothesis component and c = 2 to the alternative hypothesis component, respectively. The parameter θ ∈ [0, 1] is the weight of the point mass at 0 for the null hypothesis component.
In this model, the conditional distributions F c (x|α c , β c ) are gamma distributions with parameters α c and β c , where α c is the mean and α c /β c the variance of the distribution. Here, we impose that α1 <α2.
As discussed in the Background, the empirical distribution under the null hypothesis can be very different from the theoretical distribution [8]. Therefore, we decided to not consider theoretical values (θ = 1/2, α1 = 1, and β1 = 1/2) for the first component distribution parameters but rather to estimate them. For the second component, we used a gamma distribution, which represents a convenient and parsimonious way to model the non-null distribution.
Parameters of interest are inferred by sampling from their joint posterior distributions using Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) samplers implemented in WinBUGS software [9]. All results presented correspond to 25,000 sweeps of MCMC algorithms following a burn-in period of 25,000 sweeps (period required to achieve algorithm stability). Convergence is checked by visual inspection of the curve of the plots for the different parameters of the mixtures.
For each marker, the posterior probabilities of belonging to the null hypothesis can be estimated directly from the algorithm output, using empirical averages. These probabilities are natural estimates of the lFDR for each marker. They can be used to compute model-based estimates of the observed FDR and FNR (conditionally to the data) [10, 11].
We started from the cell intensity files (*.CEL) obtained from the GeneChip® Human Genome Focus Array Hgfocus [12] that provide gene-expression measurements of 8794 probe sets for 276 samples. We normalized and summarized those measurements using the robust multi-array average (RMA) method proposed by Irizarry et al. [13]. A multipoint variance-component linkage analysis was performed with MERLIN [14] on the normalized phenotypes using all 194 individuals from the 14 Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) families and the 2819 autosomal SNP data. Using the proposed mixture model, we then estimated the lFDR at each marker, and FDR and FNR. Here, we present only the results obtained for the following 10 genes discussed in the article by Morley et al. [1]: CHI3L2, DDX17, PSPHL, IL16, HOMER1, ALG6, CBR1, TNFRSF11A, TGIF, and DSCR2.
Estimated parameters of the two-component mixture model for each of the ten genes analyzed
α 1
β 1
α 2
β 2
However, it is difficult to directly compare the two approaches because the selection strategies rely on completely different criteria. Moreover, it is worth noting that while the Bonferroni procedure depends on the order of the p-values, our procedure depends on the order of the posterior probability (lFDR) values, and the two can be completely different.
Herein we described a mixture model based approach to estimate FDR, FNR, and lFDR in the context of variance component linkage analyses. This approach allows the selection process to take into account both false positives and false negatives. Moreover, it provides an estimate of the empirical null distribution, which is a key component for any simultaneous inference procedure.
Indeed, in many situations, the empirical null distribution deviates from the theoretical one [8], leading to incorrect statistical inferences and resulting decisions. Traditional estimating methods in linkage analysis used simulation approaches in which marker alleles were randomly dropped from the genealogies. When markers are numerous or pedigrees are complex, that method can become very burdensome, with computations requiring several days of running time. New genetic studies for which large amounts of data are available open new opportunities by allowing the estimation of appropriate null and alternative densities without resorting to simulations. Hence, our approach is much easier to handle because examination of each of the different phenotypes analysed required less than 1 hour of computer time. It is important to note that this approach can be extended by incorporating different null distribution parameters for a set of phenotypes in a single model. In conclusion, we think that new insights on linkage analysis using genome-wide technologies might emerge from a mixture model-based approach.
This article has been published as part of BMC Proceedings Volume 1 Supplement 1, 2007: Genetic Analysis Workshop 15: Gene Expression Analysis and Approaches to Detecting Multiple Functional Loci. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1753-6561/1?issue=S1.
Authors' Affiliations
- Morley M, Molony CM, Weber TM, Devlin JL, Ewens KG, Spielman RS, Cheung VG: Genetic analysis of genome-wide variation in human gene expression. Nature. 2004, 430: 743-747. 10.1038/nature02797.View ArticlePubMed CentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lander E, Kruglyak L: Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results. Nat Genet. 1995, 11: 241-247. 10.1038/ng1195-241.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hochberg Y, Tamhane A: Multiple Comparison Procedures. 1987, New York: John Wiley & Sons, IncView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y: Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B. 1995, 57: 289-300.Google Scholar
- Genovese CR, Wasserman L: Operating characteristics and extensions of the false discovery rate rrocedure. J R Stat Soc Ser B. 2002, 64: 499-518. 10.1111/1467-9868.00347.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Efron B, Tibshirani R, Storey J, Tusher V: Empirical Bayes analysis of a microarray experiment. J Am Stat Assoc. 2001, 96: 1151-1160. 10.1198/016214501753382129.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Efron B: Local false discovery rates. Technical Report. 2005, [http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~brad/papers/False.pdf]Google Scholar
- Efron B: Large-scale simultaneous hypothesis testing: the choice of a null hypothesis. J Am Stat Assoc. 2004, 99: 96-104. 10.1198/016214504000000089.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Spiegelhalter D, Thomas A, Best N, Lunn D: WinBUGS User manual Version 1.4.1. [http://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/bugs]
- Newton MA, Noueiry A, Sarkar D, Ahlquist P: Detecting differential gene expression with a semiparametric hierarchical mixture method. Biostatistics. 2004, 5: 155-176. 10.1093/biostatistics/5.2.155.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- McLachlan GJ, Bean RW, Ben-Tovim Jones L: A simple implementation of a normal mixture approach to differential gene expression in multiclass microarrays. Bioinformatics. 2006, 22: 1608-1615. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl148.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Affymetrix website. [http://www.affymetrix.com]
- Irizarry RA, Hobbs B, Collin F, Beazer-Barclay YD, Antonellis KJ, Scherf U, Speed TP: Exploration, normalization, and summaries of high density oligonucleotide array probe level data. Biostatistics. 2003, 4: 249-264. 10.1093/biostatistics/4.2.249.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Abecasis GR, Cherny SS, Cookson WO, Cardon LR: Merlin – rapid analysis of dense genetic maps using sparse gene flow trees. Nat Genet. 2002, 30: 97-101. 10.1038/ng786.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Jets (for now) quarterback Tim Tebow has kept a fairly low profile this offseason, but he did appear at a speaking engagement on Saturday, saying he's not worried about his football future.
Tebow, who is expected to be released by the Jets at some point this offseason, told a crowd in North Naples, Florida, that he thinks God will guide him to the right place.
"I may not know where I'm going next, but I know what's guiding me," Tebow said, via WPTV.
Tebow compared his current situation to being in high school and trying to decide between attending Florida and Alabama. Tebow said he prayed for guidance on that decision and didn't get the answer he was seeking.
"That sounded like a great idea. So I prayed for the answer to come by morning. I woke up and I had no idea what school to go to," Tebow said.
There is, of course, a big difference between Tebow's situation as a high schooler and his situation now: When Tebow was picking a college, he had his choice among multiple suitors. This year, he may not have any team interested in him at all.


text: Hey all, I've been doing a lot of reading and somehow cannot come up with the answer so I'm hoping someone a lot wiser than me can help me figure out how much range would be loss from going 19" to 20" to 21" to 22". Also interested in how it would affect tire wear. Things I understand (please correct me if I'm wrong) - Bigger wheels will not affect range so long as the width of the tire remains the same and the weight of the wheel is not increased. Does this mean you'll get increased range with light wheels? - Staggered setup will decrease your range due to more tire contact with wider wheels. I know Tesla reported earlier that their staggered 21" increased range but now it's showing that it has a slight loss of range? My understanding is more contact, more traction, less range. - Tire wear greatly increases with the size of the tire due to thinner walls i.e. less rubber to wear. I think 19"s get roughly 45K, the 21"s get around 10K In consideration of everything, I think the best way not to decrease the usage of the car would be to get 20"s for aesthetics with a non-staggered setup (though it doesn't look as good) with similar width and same size tires. Would any experts like to weigh in? It would be greatly appreciated. Thanks


text: Family-founded in 1818, the Pillivuyt porcelain factory still employs skilled artisans who use the company's proprietary porcelain recipe and the original time-honored traditions of handcrafting each piece. Replacement molds are all handmade by craftspeople who have spent many years in training, and who shape them to the level of perfection that this superior bakeware requires. The result is a tough porcelain base that can withstand temperature extremes, making this baker safe to move among the oven, freezer, microwave, or broiler. And, with a little liquid in the baker, the pan can even be placed over a diffused flame on the stovetop. All pieces are glazed and fired at temperatures of about 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit, which produces a non-porous, rock-hard finish that easily cleans up by hand or in the dishwasher. The lead-free glaze is resistant to crazing and staining and won't absorb food odors or flavors. --Cristina Vaamonde


text:
To reduce the number of cars brought to campus, introduce sustainable transportation, provide a cost-effective alternative to car ownership, and to provide a great service to the local community, Luther has partnered up with UhaulCarShare to bring a car sharing program to campus.
Luther College students, faculty, and staff, along with Decorah community members, can drive self-service cars by the hour or day, 24/7. Gas, maintenance/roadside assistance, insurance and parking are all included. Use UhaulCarShare for errands, shuttling friends to the airport, shopping, or quick road trips any time of the day or night.
Luther College's UHaulCarShare Program features a 2013 Nissan Cube located in the Library Parking lot that is open for rentals to anyone with an account. The car is available for rentals 24/7 at a rate of $4.95/hour plus $0.49/mile or for the entire day for $62. When the car is booked for an entire day it includes 180 miles free of charge. UHaulCarShare will only bill you for what you use. Those who use the car do not pay for gas or for insurance. All of these features are included at no extra charge.
1. Go to UhaulCarShare.com on your computer or mobile device
2. Choose the vehicle you want and the time you need.
3. Fill out your information (This will make you an account so this step can be skipped for future reservations)
4. Upon picking the car up for your first reservation you will be asked to take a picture of your license and a picture of yourself with your license.
1. Go to UHaulCarShare.com on your computer or mobile device
2. Find the Car nearest you
3. Select your desired date and time
4. When the time of your reservation approaches, login and complete the brief verification process (picture of license and picture of yourself with license)
5. Follow the brief damage and odometer checks and you're all set to drive!


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Laser Scar Treatment in Richmond, VA
At our offices in Richmond, VA, one of the most common questions patients have is, "how much does laser scar removal cost?"
The site www.realself.com does a nice job of bringing patients together to share information and experiences, and to allow patients to learn about surgical procedures directly from facial plastic surgeons, general plastic surgeons and dermatologists. RealSelf also often gives a breakdown of costs of certain procedures, and a Google search of laser scar removal costs brings up RealSelf as one of the top organic hits. If you are searching for procedures like acne scar treatment in Richmond, VA, Washington, DC, or the surrounding areas, we can also arrange for you to contact some of our former and current clients to find out more about the experience firsthand.
Scar Treatment in Washington, DC
With laser treatments, smaller scars measuring an inch or less generally cost $200-$300, depending upon the location and the complexity of the scar. Larger scars might cost closer to $800-$1,000. Keloid scars are quite complex and require aggressive treatment and, therefore, cost around $1,800.
The reason for the expense in treating scars relates to the cost of the laser that a surgeon might choose to use. New lasers cost from $150,000 to $200,000, and require a great deal of skill and training in order to be used safely and effectively. Sure, you can go one of the multitude of spas in a shopping mall and probably save some money, but do you really know who is on the other end of the laser and what training they have had? I perform all laser treatments personally and do not use laser techs, nurses or any other physician extenders. If you're looking for scar correction in Fairfax County, Richmond, VA, or Washington, DC, my facilities and expertise are absolutely your safest option. In sum, with laser scar removal your price will ultimately depend on the experience of the technician, the size and complexity of the scar, the number of treatments and the standard price for your area.
The Lumenis Ultrapulse laser I use is state of the art for laser scar removal, and gives incredible results in 1-2 treatments. I also often combine laser scar treatment with platelet rich plasma (PRP) applied topically right after the laser. PRP has been shown in the medical literature to help speed the healing process and improve skin texture and color. Learn more about platelet rich plasma here.
If you would like to have a free consultation to discuss laser scar removal costs, please call our office at (804) 775-4559.


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Dinosaur show comes to Rovaniemi on July 18
10 Jul 2017, 12:24 ( 10 Jul, 2017) | updated: 10 Jul 2017, 20:16 ( 10 Jul, 2017)
A thrill awaits the people of Rovaniemi, particularly the children. For the first time, they will be getting an opportunity to see lookalikes of disparate kinds of dinosaurs that went extinct from the face of the earth millions of years ago.
Dino World that exhibits statues of these vanished reptile species will arrive in Rovaniemi on July 18 and continue to hold shows at the city's Old Market till July 23, Dino World sources said.
"This is our first visit to Rovaniemi. So, we can't guess the number of guests we're going to get. It has a lot to do with the weather, too," Dino World Marketing Manager Karolina Eklund-Vuorela told the Daily Finland.
Dinosaurs are a somewhat timeless thing, remarked Eklund-Vuorela, adding that people will always be interested in them. "They fascinate children and adults alike, maybe because of their massive size and the fact that we never can really know what they were like and what happened to them," said Eklund-Vuorela.
"In our show we have 35 dinosaur statues that move, make noises and some of them even breathe. There is also a live dino show where our visitors can meet a dinosaur mother and witness the birth of a baby T-Rex. The statues are made with care so as to look realistic and alive," the marketing manager added.
Dino World started its cross-country tour in April that will continue till the end of September. "We also travelled across Finland last year. This year we are focusing on places we didn't get a chance to visit last year," said Eklund-Vuorela, adding, "We will be visiting 25 to 30 places altogether."
The show will take place in a huge tent. There will also be an outdoor exhibition area where there will be a souvenir shop, bouncy castles, and slideshows of various sizes, among other things.
The show will remain open from 2:00 PM to 7:00 PM during the weekdays and from 12:00 noon to 6:00 PM during the weekend.
A ticket will cost 15 euros for an adult and 10 euros for a child of four to 14 as well as a pensioner. Children aged less than four coming with the adults will be admitted free of charge. There will also be no entry fee for the escorts of people with disability.


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O2 has stepped up its data plan for iPhone owners – offering truly unlimited data downloads, the company has revealed.
Apple's exclusive UK mobile network provider for the iPhone had previously confirmed data traffic would be confined to a paltry 200Mb per month, well below that supplied by competing vendors in the UK smartphone industry.
The company had originally announced that iPhone users signing-up for one of its three tariffs for the device would enjoy unlimited data downloads, though it later emerged that unlimited meant a pathetic 200 megabits of data per month under O2's fair usage agreement.
Potential iPhone users were annoyed at this, complaining the cap would reduce the functionality of the truly internet-savvy device.
A Telegraph report cites O2 chief executive, Matthew Key, who said of the decision to remove the usage cap: "Customers find 'unlimited with limits' confusing, plus most people don't speak in megabits or understand what they equate to."
He added: "We've taken the decision to remove the fair usage cap so that 'unlimited' really does mean 'unlimited' - this is a market first."
Apple's iPhone goes on sale in the UK this Friday and costs £269.


text:
Products summary
Status: BETA
The next project is called MicroPanel and is now released. It is based on micro-controller and is designed to control buttons, rotary encoders and LCD display in a simple way. MicroPanel has been recently updated to use ARDUINO board, replacing USB BitWacker, in order to be easiest to program and maintain.
Status: BETA
GCBlender is an XML merger, used to merge different instruments developped using GaugeComposer, into one big panel.
Status: RELEASED – FROZEN
The first released project is OnePanel, based on IOCard (available at http://www.opencockpits.com ). It is designed to embed Radio, Mode Control Panel in a single interactive device with rotary encoders.


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text:
Labor was a big theme of last week's Women's History in the Digital World conference. How to discover, analyze, and reclaim women's invisible labor. How to incorporate the labor of conversation within the digital humanities—yakking rather than, or in addition to, hacking. How to find support, at the top and bottom, to nurture digital humanities work in general and produce projects.
A recurring theme—present at this conference, and perennially discussed elsewhere1—was the specific issue of academic institutional support, or lack thereof. I see similar conversations in groups of public historians and archivists, though folks working outside of the faculty, or outside of academic institutions in general, do not have the same sets of concerns (e.g. tenure committees, course loads) as academics. WHDigWrld15 trended very academic.2 The experiences of full professors, varyingly contingent faculty, postdocs, grad students, and undergrads bring different perspectives, opportunities, and limitations to performing digital humanities work. While I feel comfortable using the umbrella term "academic," it's very important to be mindful of the wide variation of roles gathered beneath that umbrella, some drier than others.3
I had a brief conversation with someone who had attended the first WHDigWrld conference two years ago. She was encouraged because last time, there was more anxiety about finding support to get projects started. This time around, there was discussion of complete (or significantly underway) projects and questions about how to make projects sustainable. I noted that a lot of the labor referenced at this conference was being performed by students or students who transitioned to (poorly) paid workers, but agreed that it was trending in the right direction. (And certainly Rebecca Laroche's pedagogical point—intellectual work is labor, it requires expertise, it has been done in ways you may not be aware of, and you yourself are performing it—is underscored when students are able to secure funding, with the validation and practical benefits money brings.)
But to return to the core point: more digital humanities work is being produced. That begs the question of what work—and whose work—it is replacing.4
Is this just a case of everyone being a digital humanist now? The tools are available, sources are available digitally (and, increasingly, primary sources are born digital, though that's obviously less relevant to medievalists than those working in the liminal space between "history" and "current events"). Maybe some people can't get the hang of them, but that's sort of like saying they can't get the hang of Thursdays: whether read as charming self-deprecation or close-minded privilege, it doesn't change the fact that Thursday is right there on the calendar.
Is this a generational shift? And I don't mean generation in the Boomer/Gen X/Millennial sense, but rather in terms of cycles of professional theory and methodology. Of course, there is overlap: you will be immersed in the theory of the moment you are in school. That can map pretty well to age, especially among historians who want to train for academic positions and are likely to progress in a pretty traditional manner, getting hooded comfortably in advance of the age when they could run for President. (With a significant gap between my Bachelor's and Master's, I had a different perspective on the river I was swimming in.) But regardless of the theories and methodologies ascendant at the time of training, professional practice changes, and not just because of attrition. So are there just a lot of DH projects because it's a "turn"? Or is this a departments-versus-centers thing? In other words, digital humanities as something distinct from history-with-DH-methodology?
What are the percentage of new versus established scholars working in digital humanities, and what percentage of their work falls into that category? On the one hand, it seems like it should be possible to get statistics. On the other hand, part of the problem with digital humanities is categorization. Deciding what "counts" as digital humanities work could be as fraught as getting it to count for tenure committees…although that might be a useful metric. Ask people to self-report projects they worried wouldn't impress the committee, and that might be a good stand in for DH work in the academy, or at least work that was perceived as risky or non-traditional. From there, drilling down to figuring out who was performing the work (including finer-grain articulation, like undergrads doing transcription in service of a larger undertaking) and under what auspices (grad student research, post-doc in a center, full professor in a history department) would be comparatively easy.5
And then there's the question of work product. If someone is working on a DH project, what are they not working on? Are DH projects replacing articles and monographs? (And if there's a straightforward correlation—a particular type of mapping project equals two articles, based on likely alternate production—might that help with evaluations of scholarly production?) Or is it more complicated? History, as pointed out in Clair Bond Potter's keynote, is a field that has traditionally privileged the solitary creator (or the myth of the solitary creator). DH work doesn't strictly have to be collaborative, but trends that way. Might the opportunity cost of DH projects be more tangled: instead of mapping project equals two articles, is it more like mapping project equals half an article, a three month delay for another, but a significant footnote for a third? Is the corporate headcount mode—in which an individual's time is sliced between various responsibilities and departments—more useful than (my perception of) the academic mode of departmental allegiance, subdivided by the trifecta of teaching/research/service responsibilities? (People with experience in academia, please chime in.)
We're getting a sense of what we gain with digital humanities projects and labor. I'd like to get a sense of what we're losing, too. A willingness to make that trade might be the strongest argument for the value of digital humanities work.
- A reference both readily at hand and easily available in a fixed form is Ruth Mostern's "Student-Authored Digital Atlases and Digital Humanities Genres" presentation at the Penn DH Forum in 2013. But really, just mention institutional support (monetary and otherwise), evaluation of projects, legitimacy of digital projects versus traditional work products like monographs, etc., in any group of random digital humanists and collect your own anecdotes of practitioner anxiety. ↩
- WHDigWrld15 is an unwieldy abbreviation, but I typed it a lot as a hashtag so it is, at least temporarily, second nature. And speaking of the hashtag, there was a lot of tweeting, and Greenfield's planning to do some storifying in the near future. ↩
- A sizable caveat is the fact that I'm coming at this from the U.S. perspective, whereas scholarship—digital and otherwise—can and should be a transnational endeavor. I did attend a session devoted to international questions, with Jennifer Redmond pointing out the cultural differences to be accounted for even between countries that share a language and P. Ray Murray raising issues particular to the Global South, while Joyce Goodman interrogated little details like the meaning of time and space. But the footnote version: my U.S. perspective is a sizable caveat. ↩
- And I am going to use "replacing" as a fuzzy-but-probably-accurate term, in part due to AHA data on the profession, particularly this handy dandy Ph.D conferral chart. (U.S. perspective again.) I think it's a reasonable stand-in for academic historians, and since history is the slice of humanist pie of particular interest to me and the conference, that's where I'm looking. While higher education is a nuanced topic and there's no data for the past several years, for my purposes the main take away is that program enrollment over the past few decades involves rolling hills rather than jagged cliffs: even a "surge" constituted only a 7.8% increase in history Ph.Ds. ↩
- Does such data already exist? I'm aware of institutions, individuals, and organizations highlighting projects, but it feels kind of like anecdata. Not unuseful, but differently useful from a big pile o' quantitative data. If such data doesn't already exist, would anybody be interested in a) seeing it, b) collaborating on the contents of the survey, and c) signal-boosting and associated tasks? ↩


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Following Disney's Lucasfilm buyout on Tuesday, Star Wars poster boy Mark Hamill (Luke Skywalker himself) revealed that he -- much like everyone else -- was caught completely by surprise when he heard the big news.
"I had no idea that George [Lucas] was going to sell to Disney until I read it online like everybody else," Hamill told EW. "He did tell us last summer about wanting to go on and do [Episodes] VII, VIII and IX, and that [newly appointed Lucasfilm president] Kathleen Kennedy would be doing them. He seems to be in a really good place. He's really happy. And that's nice because I know that when we were making the movies, he was not a jolly guy on set. [Laughs]"
So what did Lucas have to say last summer about the third trilogy? "Last August, he asked Carrie and I to have lunch with him and we did," he said. "I thought he was going to talk about either his retirement or the Star Wars TV series that I've heard about -- which I don't think we were going to be involved in anyway... So when he said, 'We decided we're going to do Episodes VII, VIII and IX,' I was just gobsmacked. 'What? Are you nuts?!' [Laughs]"
Continued Hamill, "I can see both sides of it. Because in a way, there was a beginning, a middle, and an end and we all lived happily ever after, and that's the way it should be -- and it's great that people have fond memories, if they do have fond memories. But on the other hand, there's this ravenous desire on the part of the true believers to have more and more and more material. It's one of those things: people either just don't care for it or are passionate about it. I guess that defines what cult movies are all about. We'll see."
And as for the buyout itself? "I have mixed feelings about that, but [Disney hasn't] done badly by Marvel and the Muppets and Pixar," Hamill responded. "It's one of those big decisions that at first seems unusual but then the more you look at it, the more it makes sense."
According to a recent interview with Lucas biographer Dale Pollock, the original outlines for Episodes VII, VIII and IX called for an older Luke Skywalker. While this is by no means evidence of anything -- after all, those particular drafts might already be scrapped -- there is still a chance that Hamill could reprise his role in the new films. Of course, for now, this all remains under the bubble of fanboy speculation. Asked whether Lucas brought up the possibility of Hamill or Fisher reprising their roles, Hamill told EW, "Well, no, he was just talking about writers and the fact that he wouldn't be directing. I guess he wanted us to know before everybody else knew. He said, 'Now you can't tell anybody!' [Laughs] Even now I'm nervous about saying anything. I just don't know!"
Max Nicholson is a writer for IGN, and he still can't believe he can type "Episode VII" without having to add "Just Kidding." Geek out with him by following @Max_Nicholson on Twitter, or MaxNicholson on IGN.


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Editorial: Mindy Corporon and Jim LaManno challenge Kansas City to be kind
Helping families shaken by violence
Hate touched Jim LaManno and Mindy Corporon in a profound and permanent way. It claimed those whom they held dear — a wife, a father and a son.
United by that horrible experience, the two friends have been reaching back with kindness ever since.
It's why their names are recognizable to most Kansas Citians. In 2014, a white supremacist slithered into Overland Park intent on murdering Jews. He shot and killed Corporon's father and son, William Corporon and Reat Griffin Underwood. Then he turned his gun on LaManno's wife of 25 years, Terri LaManno.
Kansas City, mortified by the evil acts, would have understood if grief had consumed these two survivors.
But that hasn't happened. Shortly after the murders, planning began for what has evolved into SevenDays, a series of events focused on kindness, love and understanding.
Tuesday begins the third annual week-long effort to embrace diversity and tackle a range of complex issues. This year's events are especially noteworthy because SevenDays is diving deeper on complicated subjects, pushing the community to have more difficult conversations.
This year, Saturday will focus on mental health, with sessions led by experts who use improv as a means of therapy to deal with grief. The impetus for that addition illustrates how these two leaders continue to grow.
A year after the murders, Corporon's surviving son, Lukas Losen, began to struggle with post-traumatic stress disorder. When his family rushed to the scenes of the shootings that day in 2014, Lukas saw LaManno's wife in the parking lot where she fell after being shot. The memory, along with the sorrow of losing his older brother Reat, began to compound.
"I felt like a bad parent," Corporon said, remembering when Lukas' school called her with concerns. She hadn't realized how much her son was suffering.
She immediately decided that hate was not going to claim both of her children.
The family found Lukas the help that he needed. But the experience taught them much about how grief entwines with stress, stunting people's ability to function.
LaManno too, has learned, coping with the profound impact the murder of his wife has had on his family. When Terri died, their adult children were in college.
Suddenly, LaManno found himself alone, parenting solo as his children completed their educations and began their careers.
"It's just not the same family that I had before," he said.
But now, Corporon and LaManno are thinking of others and focusing on the violence that happens too often in urban Kansas City. Corporon speaks with concern about mothers, fathers and siblings who do not have the same access to care and therapists that she feels privileged to have.
On Saturday, two workshops will be offered, one focused on young people ages 14 to 21. A separate session will be for adults dealing with anxiety or loss. It's also designed for therapists, school counselors and other behavioral health professionals.
The slogan for the week remains the same, highlighting the impact one caring act can accomplish: Make a ripple, change the world.
Kansas City should heed that guidance and follow the courageous example of Corporon and LaManno.
A week of kindness and understanding
SevenDays is a challenge for young and old to embrace diversity across race, religion and culture. Each day has theme. Some events require registration.
Tuesday: Kickoff celebration at 6:30 p.m. at The Temple, Congregation B'nai Jehudah, 12320 Nall Ave. in Overland Park.
Wednesday: Violence, community and faith, an American Public Square event at 5:30 p.m., UMKC, Atterbury Student Center, Pierson Auditorium, 5000 Holmes Rd. in Kansas City.
Thursday: Edie Lutnick, president of The Cantor Fitzgerald Relief Fund and author of the book, "An Unbroken Bond: The Untold Story of How the 658 Cantor Fitzgerald Families Faced the Tragedy of 9-11 and Beyond" at 6 p.m., Church of the Resurrection, Wesley Chapel, 13720 Roe Ave. in Leawood.
Friday:Navigating through grief and the importance of organ and tissue donation. Program will be simultaneously translated in Spanish. 7 p.m., St. Anthony Catholic Church, 309 Benton Blvd. in Kansas City.
Saturday: Ali Kemp Educational Foundation's critically acclaimed self defense program, T.A.K.E. Defense Workshop. Girls and women are welcome, ages 12 years and older. 10 a.m., University Academy, 6801 Holmes Rd. in Kansas City. Also, using improv as a therapeutic tool, a daylong event from 1 p.m. to 9 p.m. at The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 15915 W. 143rd St. in Olathe.
Sunday: Youth Interfaith Workshop at 5:30 p.m. at Cleveland University at 8205 W. 108th Terrace, #100 in Overland Park.
Monday: 5:30 p.m. pre-walk events, 6:30 p.m. 5K walk followed by food trucks at Union Station in Kansas City.


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Last year I wrote an article entitled "Confidentiality in Mediation – Right or Risk". That article examined some cases which had been decided in Ontario over the two years preceding the article. At that time I directed attention among other cases to the case of Rudd v Trossacs Investments Inc. In an interlocutory decision, the Judge on a motion ordered the mediator to give evidence related to the mediation despite a Mediation Agreement containing a confidentiality clause and a non-compellability clause respecting the mediator's recollection and notes.
At that time, I was Chair of the Ontario Bar Association Section on Alternative Dispute Resolution and I and my Executive were sufficiently disturbed by the decision compelling a mediator to testify, that we took steps to have the Ontario Bar Association seek intervenor status on an appeal which was filed.
In interlocutory matters in Ontario, the rules provide for an appeal to the Divisional Court. This court is composed of three judges of the Superior Court of Justice and is for all intents and purposes a Court of Appeal. It was necessary first therefore, to seek leave for an order granting the Ontario Bar Association intervenor status and that motion was brought at the same time as the motion for leave to appeal to the Divisional Court.
Because of the importance of this issue, in the absence of statute or rule of practice at the time in Ontario, it was essential to have case law preserving the right of the parties to confidentiality in mediation. For that reason, I am setting out below the decision of Justice Howden granting leave to appeal and granting intervenor status to the Ontario Bar Association. His Honour notes that this is the first case dealing with the exception to mediation confidentiality.
"March 7, 2005
"1) On motion by Ontario Bar Association, order to go in terms of para
(p.2) of Notice of Motion for leave to intervene. The O.B.A. is an
organization of lawyers, law students and judges with a genuine and
substantial interest in the confidentiality and exceptions to
confidentiality issues raised in this proposed appeal. This
organization, several hundreds of whose members are in the ADR section
and all of whose members will or may be affected by the outcome of this
appeal, can make a useful and distinct contribution.
"2) As to the Motion for Leave to Appeal, I find that the decision of
Lederman J. conflicts in the principles not applied where a
confidentiality agreement is in effect and in the reasoning process and
conclusions in Porter v. Porter (1983), 40 O.R. (2d) 417 (U.F.C.);
Davidson v. Richman, [2003] O.J. No. 519 (S.C.J.); Bard v. Longevity
Acrylics Inc., [2002] O.J. No. 1373 (S.C.J.) and Pearson v. Pearson,
[1992] Y.J. No. 106 (S.C.Y. Terr.). The principle applied by Lederman
J. derives from the "without prejudice" rule and not from the strict
analysis required by Wigmore's 4 fundamental conditions for
confidentiality privilege, despite the sessions of mandatory mediation
being subject to the confidentiality agreement.
"It is desirable that leave be granted because any added
exceptions to the confidentiality principle in mediation will arise
again, and as compelling testimony by order is per se an interlocutory
matter there is no other way for the issue to be determined.
"In addition, I find that subrule (b) of 62.04 is also met. I
do not necessarily believe that the decision in question is wrong but I
have doubt in its correctness because it requires a mediator to in
effect cast a tie-breaking vote in a case where he wrote the agreement
during the latter stages of the mediation session with input from
counsel. (See O.V. Gray, "Protecting the Confidentiality of
Communications in Mediation" (1998) 36 Osgoode Hall L.J. 667; G. Adams,
Mediating Justice (2003) pp. 299-300.)
"The public importance of this (as the first decision re:
exception to mediation confidentiality known to counsel who appeared
before me) issue in respect of the expectation and significance of
confidentiality in mandatory mediation is, I think, self evident.
"As to Mr. Pitch's undertaking not to question the mediator
beyond one question - was Kaiser a party to the agreement - the order
appears to allow more and whoever "loses" when the mediator answers,
will have to insist on the full extent of the order.
"Beyond these findings, where counsel and a legally trained
mediator draw an agreement and it is signed by or on behalf of all
parties, and that was easily determinable at the session, it seems to
detract from the court's role to bring finality to disputes to go any
further than the agreement itself, on which motion for judgment can be
brought without further parol evidence. For any claim arising from the
signing of the mediation agreement, there is errors and omissions
"Apart from the final comment above, for the foregoing reasons
leave to appeal is granted as asked. Costs are reserved to the hearing
of the appeal. Time to appeal is extended to March 31, 2005 on
"[signature of judge]"
"(Howden, J.)"
The appeal was heard in December 2005 before a panel of three judges of the Divisional Court. The decision was reserved and ultimately released on March 9, 2006. This decision is very important because it is now the law of Ontario. The case has not been appealed to the Ontario Court of Appeal. The decision of the court was unanimous. Further the decision of the court was thoroughly reasoned and made reference to four principles from Wigmore on evidence which are generally known as the Wigmore rules with respect to privileged communications. These rules were set out in the case of Slavutych v Baker which is a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in 1975. These rules were very important to the decision made in the Divisional Court. The decision sets out the four rules clearly and then analyzes them in a very systematic fashion. The analysis of the fourth principle is particularly compelling.
Because of the importance of this decision, I am setting out the reasons in their entirety.
MARTIN RUDD, JACK SCHWARTZ, LOYS LIGATE, GORDON SAWA, WILLIAM CRYSDALE, VIOLET DICECCO, SAM KOTZER, PETER EDWARDS and IAN C. GRAYSON
Harvin D. Pitch and Matthew Sokolsky, for the Plaintiffs (Respondents)
Paul Dollak, for the Defendants (Appellants)
- and -
Ian D. Kirby, for the Intervenor
HEARD at Toronto: December 8, 2005
[1] This appeal raises the important issue whether a mediator who conducted a mediation pursuant to rule 24.1 of the Rules of Civil Procedure can be compelled to give evidence as to events which took place during the course of such mediation.
Background Facts
[2] The Appellants (Trossacs Investments Inc., Fanlon Services Inc., Trossacs Associates, Kaimor Management Limited, Trossa Holdings Inc., Morris Kaiser and 645262 Ontario Limited) are defendants in this action.
[3] The Respondents (Martin Rudd, Gordon Sawa, William Crysdale, Violet DiCecco and Peter Edwards) were investors in a limited partnership. They were represented by counsel Garth Low in this action, in which they sued the general partner and various related or associated companies and their principal Morris Kaiser, as well as the investors' accountants.
[4] In 2003, Morris Kaiser brought a motion for summary judgment to dismiss all the claims against him personally. The motion was not opposed when brought before Himel J., and on September 23, 2004, she dismissed the action against Mr. Kaiser and ordered the plaintiffs to pay him costs of over $39,000.
[5] After receiving correspondence from Mr. Low suggesting that she had made a clerical error in calculating costs, Himel J. invited further submissions. While she considered those submissions, the litigation continued between the other parties.
[6] The parties commenced mandatory mediation on January 12, 2004 and continued on January 28, 2004. A mediation agreement was executed prior to the start of the mediation. It contained a confidentiality clause in the following terms:
2. Confidentiality
The parties agree that all communications and documents shared, which are not otherwise discoverable, shall be without prejudice and shall be kept confidential as against the outside world, and shall not be used in discovery, cross examination, at trial, in this or any other proceeding, or in any other way.
The mediator's notes and recollections cannot be soepenaed (sic) in this or any other proceeding.
[7] Mr. Kaiser was present at the first mediation session. The Appellants claim that he was there in his capacity as an officer, director, or signing officer of the remaining defendants.
[8] A settlement was reached on January 28, 2004, a date on which Mr. Kaiser was in attendance by telephone. The terms of the settlement were drafted by the mediator with input from counsel. The terms are set out in Minutes of Settlement that are largely handwritten. However, they are headed by the typed style of cause of the action, cut from another document and attached to the Minutes of Settlement. Mr. Kaiser's name is included, as he is one of the named defendants in the action.
[9] The terms of the settlement are handwritten and state:
The Plaintiffs William Crysdale, Peter Edwards, Martin Rudd & Gordon Sawa (the "Plaintiffs") and the Defendants signing below agree to settle the within action and counterclaim on the following terms:
1.) Each of the Plaintiffs shall pay to the Defendants the amount of $32,000.00 all inclusive of all claims, interest, costs, GST & disbursements payable to Paul Dollak in trust.
2.) The Plaintiffs & the Defendants shall execute mutual releases in a form satisfactory to counsel.
3.) The action & counterclaim respecting the Plaintiffs herein shall be dismissed without costs.
This was dated January 28, 2004, and the names of the plaintiffs were written in, and they signed.
[10] The names of the following defendants were in typed form, cut from another document by counsel for the defendants, Mr. Dollak, and inserted: Trossacs Investments Inc., Fanlon Services Inc., Trossacs Associates, Kaimor Management Ltd., Trossa Holdings Inc. and 645262 Ontario Limited. Mr. Dollak then signed as counsel on their behalf. Mr. Kaiser's name is not included among the signatories.
[11] A "Settlement and Mutual Release" was executed separately by each of Mr. Low's clients, including Ms. DiCecco. For example, Mr. Rudd signed on February 12, 2004, while Mr. Crysdale signed on February 16, 2004. Both signatures were witnessed by Mr. Low. The parties of the second part were the defendants named in the Minutes of Settlement. Mr. Kaiser's name does not appear, although he signed each Settlement and Mutual Release on behalf of the named defendants.
[12] An order was obtained from the Superior Court of Justice dismissing the action against these same named defendants on February 19, 2004.
[13] On March 5, 2004, Himel J. released her amended costs order from the summary judgment motion. In it, she reduced the costs payable to Mr. Kaiser to just over $21,000.
[14] When counsel for Mr. Kaiser sought to enforce the revised costs order, Mr. Low alleged that he had made a mistake and never noticed that Mr. Kaiser had not signed the settlement documents in his personal capacity. Mr. Low then brought a motion seeking an order to compel the mediator to testify about communications at the mediation, for rectification of the Minutes of Settlement and for enforcement of the settlement.
[15] The motions judge, Lederman J., gave his decision on July 8, 2004, ordering that the mediator could be examined as a witness on the pending motion. At para. 23 of his reasons, he stated:
Accordingly, an order will go permitting the examination of the mediator as a witness on the pending motion with the questions being limited to his knowledge and understanding, if any, as to whether Kaiser was or was not a party to the settlement agreement that was arrived at in the mediation.
[16] The motions judge discussed the common law principle that settlement discussions are privileged. He also made reference to the parties' confidentiality agreement. He then went on to say that once a settlement has been reached and its interpretation is in question, it may be necessary to disclose mediation discussions to ensure substantive justice. However, he stated that privilege and confidentiality should not be lightly disturbed and continued at paras. 20 to 22:
Some evidence must be adduced on the motion to demonstrate that the mediator's evidence is likely to be probative to the issue and that the benefit to be gained by the disclosure for the correct disposal of the litigation will be greater than any injury to the mediation process by the disclosure of discussions that took place.
In the instant case, there is evidence that the mediator himself drafted the minutes of settlement in his own handwriting with input from counsel and, therefore, is in a position to provide important information as to whether the minutes of settlement as executed are inconsistent with any prior oral agreement of settlement among the parties.
If, indeed, the omission of Kaiser's name from the minutes of settlement was mere inadvertence, as the plaintiffs contend, it would be of benefit to the court to have the evidence of the mediator on this issue in order to prevent a possible miscarriage of justice. Any impairment to the mediation process would be minimal in this case.
[17] Leave to appeal this decision was granted by Howden J. on March 7, 2005. He also made an order granting intervenor status to the Ontario Bar Association.
The Issues
[18] The Appellants argued that the motions judge erred by dealing only with settlement privilege and failing to consider whether there is a general mediation privilege or a privilege protecting mediators from testifying based on the Wigmore principles. In addition, they argued that the confidentiality agreement between the parties bars the testimony of the mediator. Finally, they argued that the evidence was neither relevant nor admissible, because of the parol evidence rule and because a settlement at mediation is enforceable only if in writing.
[19] The Intervenor supported the Appellants' position that discussions with the mediator are privileged at common law, and the motions judge was in error in ordering the mediator to testify.
[20] The Respondents took the position that the motions judge correctly concluded that the mediator's evidence was necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice.
[21] Rule 24.1 of the Rules of Civil Procedure deals with mandatory mediation in civil matters. The purpose of the rule is set out in rule 24.1.01:
This Rule provides for mandatory mediation in case managed actions, in order to reduce the cost and delay in litigation and facilitate the early and fair resolution of disputes.
The nature of mediation is described in rule 24.1.02 as a situation in which "a neutral third party facilitates communication among the parties to a dispute, to assist them in reaching a mutually acceptable solution."
[22] Rule 24.1.14 of the Rules of Civil Procedure states that all communications at a mediation session and the mediator's notes and records are deemed to be without prejudice settlement discussions. In Rogacki v. Belz 2003 CanLII 12584 (ON C.A.), (2003), 67 O.R. (3d) 330 (C.A.), Borins J.A. (Armstrong J.A. concurring) concluded that the rule codified the common law principle that communications made in an attempt to settle a dispute are inadmissible in evidence "unless they result in a concluded resolution of the dispute" (at para. 18).
[23] The issue in that case was the availability of a contempt order against a party who had published the content of confidential discussions during mediation. The Court of Appeal held that such an order was not available.
[24] The motions judge interpreted the words of Borins J.A. to mean that mediation privilege is not absolute. He then went on to say that if settlement discussions result in an agreement, communications are admissible evidence if the existence or interpretation of the agreement is in issue (at para. 14).
[25] The Court of Appeal in Rogacki did not deal exhaustively with the issue of privilege for communications in mediation, as the issue before it was the availability of a contempt order. While the majority discussed rule 24.1.14, they never addressed the common law principles relating to privilege.
[26] Common law principles have recognized a privilege for confidential communications in certain important societal relationships. In Slavutych v. Baker (1975), 55 D.L.R. (3d) 224, the Supreme Court of Canada held that the four conditions from Wigmore on Evidence should be applied to determine whether communications are privileged (at 228):
(1) The communications must originate in a confidence that they will not be disclosed.
(2) The element of confidentiality must be essential to the maintenance of the relationship in which the communications arose.
(3) The relationship must be one which, in the opinion, of the community ought to be "sedulously fostered".
(4) The injury caused to the relationship by disclosure of the communications must be greater than the benefit gained for the correct disposal of the litigation.
[27] In Slavutych, the Court held that a document submitted in a university tenure process was privileged - in part because the document was labelled "confidential", and in part because of the importance of confidentiality in the tenure process, where individuals are asked to give their frank opinion of colleagues.
[28] In M.(A.) v. Ryan 1997 CanLII 403 (S.C.C.), (1997), 143 D.L.R. (4th) 1 (S.C.C.), the Supreme Court reaffirmed the approach in Slavutych, making it clear that privilege is to be determined on a case by case basis (at para. 20). In addition, McLachlin C.J.C., writing for the majority, stated that there could be circumstances of partial privilege (at para. 37):
My conclusion is that it is open to a judge to conclude that psychiatrist-patient records are privileged in certain circumstances. Once the first three requirements are met and a compelling prima facie case for protection is established, the focus will be on the balancing under the fourth head. A document relevant to a defence or claim may be required to be disclosed, notwithstanding the high interest of the plaintiff in keeping it confidential. On the other hand, documents of questionable relevance or which contain information available from other sources may be declared privileged. The result depends on the balance of the competing interests of disclosure and privacy in each case.
[29] A number of courts have applied the Wigmore conditions to determine whether communications during mediation are privileged: Porter v. Porter (1983), 40 O.R. (2d) 417 (U.F.C.C.) at 421; Sinclair v. Roy reflex, (1985), 20 D.L.R. (4th) 748 (B.C.S.C.) at p. 755; Pearson v. Pearson, [1992] Y.J. No. 106 (S.C.Y.T.) at p. 2 (Quicklaw); Sambasivam v. Sambasivam reflex, (1988), 73 Sask. R. 230 (C.A.) at p.231; A.H. v. J.T.H., [2005] B.C.J. No. 321 (B.C.S.C.) at paras. 31-33). The communications at mediation have been held to be privileged unless there were overarching interests in disclosure – for example, to protect children at risk from criminal activity (Pearson, supra).
[30] In this case, the motions judge failed to conduct an analysis based on the Wigmore conditions. Instead, he focussed solely on without prejudice settlement privilege. In so doing, he erred.
[31] In this case, it is clear that the communications to the mediator originated in confidence and, therefore, the first Wigmore condition has been satisfied. The parties to this mediation signed a confidentiality agreement, which expressly stated that the communications at the mediation were to be confidential. More importantly, the parties agreed that the mediator's notes and recollections could not be subpoenaed in this litigation.
[32] The second condition requires a determination that confidentiality of communications during the mediation is essential to the functioning of the mediation process in which the parties were engaged. In order for mediation to succeed, parties must be assured of confidentiality, so that discussions can be free and frank. The following quotation from Owen V. Gray provides a useful summary of the reasons that confidentiality is vital to the operation of the mediation process (from "Protecting the Confidentiality of Communications in Mediation" (1998), 36 Osgoode Hall L.J. 667 at 671):
The mediator encourages the parties to be candid with the mediator and each other, not just about their willingness to compromise, but also and especially about the needs and interests that underlie their positions. As those needs and interests surface, the possibility of finding a satisfactory resolution increases. The parties will be wary and guarded in their communications if they think that the information they reveal may later be used outside of the mediation process to their possible disadvantage. When they have resorted to mediation in an attempt to settle pending or threatened litigation, they will be particularly alert to the possibility that information they reveal to others in mediation may later be used against them by those others in that, or other, litigation. The parties may also be concerned that their communications might be used by other adversaries or potential adversaries, including public authorities, in other present or future conflicts. The possibility of prejudice to legal rights, or of exposure to legal liability or prosecution, may not be a party's only concern. Parties may also be concerned that disclosure of information they reveal in the mediation process may prejudice them in commercial dealings or embarrass them in their personal lives. Accordingly, mediation works best if the parties are assured that their discussions with each other and with the mediator will be kept confidential.
[33] The third Wigmore condition requires a determination whether the relationship in which the communication is given is one which should be "sedulously fostered". The Rules of Civil Procedure require mandatory mediation of many civil disputes in order to assist the parties in arriving at settlement and thus reduce the costs of litigation. There is clearly a significant public interest in protecting the confidentiality of discussions at mediation in order to make the process as effective as possible.
[34] That brings me to the fourth stage of the Wigmore test, where it is necessary to balance the public interest in disclosure against the interest in preserving the confidentiality of communications during the mediation process. In this case, the Respondents seek to examine the mediator as a witness on a pending motion in which they seek rectification of the written settlement agreement. The remedy of rectification rests on proof of a common intention to agree to terms different from those in the signed document (Stephen Waddams, The Law of Contract, 5th ed. (Aurora: Canada Law Book Ltd., 2005) at pp. 232-4). While evidence relevant to the issue of mistake and the parties' intention is available from the parties themselves, the mediator is being asked to give evidence as, in effect, a tiebreaker.
[35] The motions judge was of the view that the disclosure of the settlement discussions would not undermine the mediation process, since the disclosure is "sought not as an admission against a party's interest, but solely for the purpose of determining the specific terms of an agreement that both parties have arrived at" (at para. 19).
[36] It is true that the mediator's evidence might be of some assistance in determining the terms of the settlement. However, it is not the only evidence available on the scope of the parties' agreement. Both the parties and their counsel can give evidence of what the agreement was. Indeed, it is the intention of the parties that is key to the resolution of the motion for rectification.
[37] Weighing against disclosure is the fact that the parties entered into a confidentiality agreement in which they agreed not to make the mediator a witness. This is not a case where the parties, by their confidentiality agreement, seek to block a third party's access to information that is important for the resolution of a case. Here, the parties agreed on the rules for the mediation, which included confidentiality and non-compellability of the mediator. Absent an overriding public interest in disclosure, their agreement should be respected.
[38] The motions judge concluded that the potential harm from disclosure was minimal because the parties had reached a settlement. In doing so, he assumed that the reason for the privilege was to protect parties from disclosure of admissions against interest during the mediation process. However, as set out in the earlier quotation from Mr. Gray's article, confidentiality is important not only because parties may make admissions against interest. Parties may also reveal information to a mediator which they wish to keep confidential even after a settlement is reached, perhaps because the information is private, or because it may injure a relationship with others.
[39] The ability of parties to engage in full and frank disclosure is fundamental to the mediation process and to the likelihood that it will lead to resolution of a dispute. There is a danger that they will be less candid if the parties are not assured that their discussions will remain confidential, absent overarching considerations such as the revelation of criminal activity.
[40] Moreover, there is a danger that a mediator will lose the appearance of neutrality if required to testify in proceedings between the parties. In her concurring judgment in Rogacki, supra, at para. 37, Abella J.A. discussed the importance of confidentiality, quoting from Jonnette Watson Hamilton, "Protecting Confidentiality in Mandatory Mediation: Lessons from Ontario and Saskatchewan" (1999), 24 Queen's L.J. 561 at 574:
In any process forced upon parties, they must have confidence in the integrity of the process and those who have a major role in it. One of the results of requiring mediators to testify or produce documents may be a perception that the mediator, the program or the process itself does not keep confidences. While such a perception might normally cause parties to avoid mediation, they cannot do so where it is mandatory. They might, however, treat mediation as a mere formality.
[41] The motions judge found that any impairment to the mediation process would be minimal since the mediator would only be asked about the terms of the agreement. However, it is unlikely that the questions to the mediator could be restricted to a narrow question of who the parties were meant to be in the Minutes of Settlement. Indeed, it is likely that the questions to the mediator would open up discussion of the course of negotiations in order to determine the scope of Mr. Kaiser's role.
[42] The fourth condition of the Wigmore test requires a balancing of the public interest in disclosure against the public interest in preserving the confidentiality of the relationship at issue. In this case, there is an important public interest in maintaining the confidentiality of the mediation process that, in all the circumstances of this case, outweighs the interest in compelling the evidence of the mediator.
[43] The appeal is allowed, and the order of the motions judge is set aside. If the parties cannot agree on costs of the appeal and leave to appeal motion, the Appellants may make written submissions within 21 days of the release of this decision, with the Respondents making submissions within 14 days thereafter.
[44] At the end of the hearing, the Intervenor indicated that it would not be seeking costs and asked that costs not be awarded against it. Given the assistance provided to the Court by the Intervenor, no costs are awarded against it.
Released: March 9, 2006
The court leaves no doubt as to the importance of confidentiality in the mediation process. Subject to matters such as fraud or other criminal situations, it is clear that the court emphasizes that confidentiality is necessary in order for mediation to be successful.
It is worth noting that this was a case where the mediator drafted the Minutes of Settlement and I think that after reading this case, everyone would agree that it is best to leave the drafting of Minutes of Settlement to counsel. The mediator may review the Minutes of Settlement and make some suggestions, but should never be the draftsman. Equally, it is important to have a Mediation Agreement between the parties which includes a confidentiality clause. There was nothing wrong with the clause in this case; it was just that the first judge did not consider it as important as the public interest in substantive justice. Clearly, the court on appeal disagreed.
For jurisdictions which have no statute and no rules governing confidentiality in mediation, it will be necessary to look to the case law. In an area as relatively new as mediation is, there is likely to be little case law available. For those jurisdictions particularly, it was thought to be worthwhile to reprint the body of the decision in this important case in Canadian jurisprudence.
Copyright: Paul Jacobs, Q.C., C.Med., C.Arb.


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SC-KeyLog 2
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Review for SC-KeyLog 2
sc loger
please down load sc loger now
Its great but. . .
Umm yea i think its great. . . What the hell do i put in the SMTP servers appropriate for my email address, IP DNS if the SMTP servers - I am putting the download in a site then they download it but the logs never come to me through my email. . . Help!


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Copied from ebay:
Up for auction is my Escort RS Turbo Cabriolet.Its a Mk4 model.
I have had the conversion done properly and everything has been transferred over even the number plate (DVLA Informed!!!).
The donor car was a 1 owner escort rs turbo.I have all the documents for it inc. original bill of sale.I know the history of the donor car as it was my nans from new! As you can imagine,the car didnt have a hard life engine wise as my nans hardly a boy racer so the engine is very reliable and runs very well.Unfortuantely the shell was so bad that it had to be used for this conversion.
I found this solid cabriolet shell and had it thoroughly checked.Only bit of welding done was on one rear sill.Last MOT it flew through with no advisories (this and all other old mots can now be checked on the DVLA website).
Everything RS Turbo Spec including Engine,loom,interior,bodykit,bonnet and wheels were transferred over to the cab and the cab was stripped right down and rust proofed inside before being built back up.
The engine has had a top end rebuild using a stage 3 head and piper cam running 15psi as the old head was a bit tappety.A new headgasket and bolts were used. Also the clutch was replaced for a new one during the engine rebuild.Also the head gasket was replaced with the new head.
It has K&N filter,samco hoses,dump valve and stainless exhaust fitted.It comes with tv mounted in the vents with kenwoods in the car all round.I also fitted a decent hood and electric kit so has a working electric hood now too.Im currently using an amp and sub but going to be removing these to put in my new car.I will leave the wiring kit in so whoever buys it can just put a new amp and sub in if they wanted to.
MOT is till november 2009 and tax has just been renewed and runs out november.
I also have some cosworth calipers and pads to fit to it too which will be included in the auction.
The logbook is in my name and i have plenty of paperwork for the car the engine come from and also the cabriolet.
Ive also got a white rs spoiler to fit which are quite rare in itself.I hadnt fitted it as could do with a respray though it would look ok if it was fitted now.
It still is a 1.6i on the logbook so up to new owner to change and the numberplate has been valued at £490 (Have paperwork for evaluation).
The only downside to the car is the rear ns rear arch could do with a better respray and as its a 22 year old car there is a few scratches on the bumpers etc but nothing a bit of t-cut wouldnt sort out.
A new door was fitted drivers side after an attempted break in and its in the same colour.There is no rust anywhere on the car apart from bottom of passenger door.I was gonna get both sorted out and was quoted £200 for rear arch and door to be sorted. Its hardly noticeable but this would make the car perfect.
The car runs well and recently been tuned. Similar setups on a similar spec should be looking at around 180-190bhp.It has definitely got some pull!!
It also comes with a CAT2 immobiliser which i have paperwork for.
Only gettin rid of as ive decided im after an MR2 Turbo.
The car is very reliable and i use it on long distance journeys as i get bored driving my work car. The mileage for the engine is 130k and i swapped the clocks over to the cab to show this so everything is ok.These clocks have white dials and a white boost gauge mounted next to them.Dont let the mileage put you off as the car had new waterpump ,cambelt ,new top end and has had an easy life from my nan so runs really well with no smoke and not the usual tappety noise.Its nice and quiet and very reliable.Starts 1st time everytime.
As always with a 22 year old car there are some small things that could be sorted.However, these are just small things that would need doing if you wanted to make the car immaculate and show worthy.I never used the car for show,just for driving as i believe thats what a car is for!!!They are so minor that i never ever bothered getting them done as the car was used rarely as i have a work car.
Paintwork - Has already been mentioned - Rear NS Arch could do with being done again as the paint job isnt that good on that corner.Ive been quoted £200 to get this and the bumpers redone (The bumpers only have a few car park scratches in them)
Roof - Needs adjusting very slightly to sit right.I have some spare rubbers somewhere to go with it.It doesnt leak when driving along so your not gonna get wet!
Exhaust - Its a stainless example (been told magnex) and hangs just a little bit too low in the middle for my liking as we have loads of ramps round my way so i just got to take it easy going over the bumps.A simple hanger job at the local exhaust place would sort this.
And thats about it for faults.
Ive always ran it on the higher octane unleaded and its recently had a service with new oil,filter and plugs.
I have a fair few spares including a set of s2 rs turbo alloys (there is a set on the car also) with good tyres that i will let go with it.
I also have a set of cosworth calipers and pads to go with it and the escort brakes arent the best when running this sort of power.
I have a white tannoy cover to go over the roof when its down but never used it and its a bit dirty in the boot.
Like i said im selling this to get an MR2 Turbo. Im not allowed to swap but if i sell this one then i will be looking to get an MR2 Turbo and an MR2 Turbo only!!!
Car Insurance is very cheap as its classed as a classic car.
Any viewing is welcome as long as you bring insurance documents or I will take you out in it.No test drivers or test pilots please as this car is quick and will wheel spin in third! And viewing must be done before auction ends.
Its advertised elsewhere so i reserve the right to end auction.
Any questions please phone me on 07790483540 or email me via ebay. I WONT ANSWER WITHHELD NUMBERS AS IVE HAD ENOUGH OF SADDOS WASTING MY TIME!!!!!
THE WINNER MUST PAY £100 DEPOSIT VIA PAYPAL 24Hrs AFTER AUCTION ENDS AND CAR MUST BE PICKED UP WITHIN 7 DAYS OF AUCTION ENDING UNLESS OTHERWISE ARRANGED.THE REST MUST BE PAID BY CASH ON COLLECTION.
No reserve and £1000 starting bid only!!!! Its worth alot more than that as ive seen these go for £2k upwards!!!
I would take £1100 cash no offers for anyone on here due to the help i received building it.
Just fone me on 07790483540 to arrange a viewing if your interested.
Auction at http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/ws/eBayISAPI.dll? ... 0351611697


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Brooke and The Beach - Ormond Beach, Florida
Oh my sweet, sweet beach. You cheer me up every time I drive by, sit in your sands, or (try to) ride your waves. The happy, messy murals, sunshine streaming from every direction, and the sounds and smells of that beautiful, beautiful water. I used to hear that I'd get tired of taking pictures at the beach. But I never do. Probably because I never get tired of going there. Whatever the weather, it's my happy place. I met gorgeous Brooke by chance at a store (ok, it was a candy store because my kids looooove sugar!) and I just had to photograph her. She has a face like sunshine and I'm beyond happy with these turned out! It felt so good to keep stretching myself as an artist, trying new things, and having a blast with such a rad girl. And I like to think that the beach would be happy with these. ;)


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The semi open-plan dining and living areas are kept cool by coastal breezes. Here, lime-washed daybeds face each other to inspire lounging, chatting (TV's are kept in the Bedroom Suites), enjoying music and browsing through a selection of architectural and modern living magazines.
Wooden sculptures, Javanese puppets and an impressive teak dining table (seating 14) bring a local flavour to the wedding-inspired white interior while, adjacent to this, the fully-equipped kitchen with black marble bench tops, dark grey cupboards and wooden floor features a large walk-in storage room with extra space for catering large events.
A barbecue is available for out-door grills along with perfect spaces for casual out-door feasting!


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A set visit embargo was lifted this morning for the upcoming David Ayer "Suicide Squad" feature with numerous reports going online about this highly anticipated film adaptation of the DC Comics title.
A couple of key quotes from those involved have also revealed how Ben Affleck's Batman fits into the overall storyline, and some vague details of the 'Adversary' – a villain that has yet to be shown in the promotional material. First up, producer Charles Roven talked about Batman's appearance in the film and why he was essential to it:
"He has purpose for what he's doing, and you couldn't tell the story of the Suicide Squad – as you mentioned so many of the characters that are in that squad had some interaction with him in order to get into Belle Reve, so you have to deal with that at the very least.
The film's director David Ayer says that 'Squad' boasts an incredibly complex story with flashbacks and different convergent storylines, plus it also offers a unique take on the Dark Knight from a point of view we don't normally see:
All the Batman movies have been from Batman's point of view. He's the good guy. He's the hero of his own movie in all the movies we've seen. If you look at what Bruce Wayne has done in creating the Batman persona, his idea was to terrorize criminals. It's sort of psychological warfare against criminals. This wraith that comes in the night and attacks and pulls criminals from society. For the first time, we're seeing Batman from the point of view of the criminals and he's freaking scary."
Then there's the villain itself, dubbed 'The Adversary'. Even those on set weren't privy to whom or what it is, but producer Richard Suckle did talk about the multiple black-eyed Lovecraftian-style footsoldiers seen in the trailers:
"They're known as the Eyes of the Adversary…. As you can tell, it's not a guy… that's probably a good way to describe it. And they play a very important role in this movie and is something that G-Squad has to contend with. I don't think it's anything you ever, for sure, have seen. That image, that idea, is something that David… I remember when he came into the office at Warner's because we were discussing, 'What are these things going to look like that the Squad has to come up against?' He was like, 'I had a dream last night. Let me draw it for you.' We were literally on a white board and he drew this head with these circular… You want to call them eyes, whatever they may be, and he drew it. It's almost verbatim, honestly… That is exactly what he came up with.
The supernatural plays a big part of it from the sounds of it, and introduces that element to the DCEU:
There's magic in this movie. There's things that are happening that are unexplainable. Some of them may be attributed to magic. Some of them may be attributed to other things. Maybe they're scientific, but, yes, it's not just someone coming into the city and laying waste. This obviously is clearly…Something has happened and the Squad is sent into Midway City to try and fix a problem, but that problem is something that you learn more and more about as the movie unfolds.
There's also no Thanos-style puppet master here, you will know who the Adversary is in this film and not in a potential sequel down the line:
You will find out who the Adversary is. That is for sure. You will find out not only who the Adversary is but why they exist, who is part and parcel, and who is behind them. You definitely find that out in this movie, for sure."
Ayer admits the backbone of the story is based on one specific comic story but wouldn't say which one, though is happy to say that the DC Universe is so infinite and complex that "Suicide Squad could be a zillion films" in terms of sequels and spin-offs by the time it's done. He also says he thinks people: "will be really surprised by how much humor is in the movie."
You'll be able to see for yourself when "Suicide Squad" opens August 5th. Check out a new TV spot from the film below to celebrate advance tickets going on sale from this Friday.


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5 Questions That Will Help You Find Your True Self
The quest for personal fulfillment is universal. Even when we don't consciously recognize this, we stumble from circumstance to circumstance in search of a space that feels right. Underneath it all, we desire a life that fits. Who wants to cram themselves into an existence that's two sizes too small? Or one that's not even your style?
It's time to get real and answer some basic questions that point you in the direction of your truest self. Here's an exercise to be used at any time in your journey to get and keep you in alignment with the path you desire.
1. Where are you most at ease?
Choose a physical location where you feel complete peace. There can be no distractions or any potential for a situation needing your immediate attention. It might require a small trip or it could be your comfy bed. Be in that space for the remainder of the exercise.
2. What makes you come alive?
List 25 things that bring you to life. Perhaps it's a scoop of your favorite ice cream. Maybe it's a meaningful quote. It might be a phone call to your zany aunt. Whatever it is, bring it to the space you chose in the first question. Indulge and enjoy. Don't go through the motions. Savor the pleasure of the moment. Make sure you are in a joyful state of mind before advancing to the next question.
3. What is possible for you?
Your mind should be clear at this point. Write down whatever comes to mind. Don't censor. Probability is not to be considered. Dwell in possibilities. Write down even the things that seem absurd. No one will ever see this list. (Burn it if you must.) Get everything out of your head and down on paper...or iPad. Make it concrete. Dreams are abstract and will remain abstract until you take this first step to materialize them.
4. Who do you want to be?
Look at your list. If you're honest with yourself, some things will resonate more than others. What makes you tingle? Narrow it down to your top choice. Envision the kind of person who'd live this dream. What kinds of characteristics do they possess? What do they value most? With whom do they surround themselves? Imagine the totality of this individual.
5. For who you want to be, what is necessary?
Take a deep breath. It's time for real talk. Be honest with yourself but there's no need to fret. Look at the profile you've created and look at where you are. Where do you need to leap? What needs to be cultivated? Break it down into manageable steps. This is your road map. It doesn't matter how many steps there are, it only matters that you begin. There is no "beam me up, Scotty" transporter. You have to walk towards your peace and claim it each step of the way.
Once you've gone through the exercise, revisit the last question daily. Your progress depends on keeping your focus on essential actions. Anything leading you astray needs to be phased out. Get these five questions in order and your truth will emerge in the form of a life you love.
Ready to learn more about how to unlock the power of food to heal your body, prevent disease & achieve optimal health? Register now for our FREE Functional Nutrition Webinar with Kelly LeVeque.


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Deer in headlights/a wineglass.
Delicious nachos. Plus, Sarah could NOT stop cracking up most of the night. Good times.
Birthday girl, being bashful about her cake "surprise."
This is a photo I took of Katie taking a photo of us.
Pensive. Or maybe thoughtful.
Despite the fact that this looks like it could be from CSI, this is just Lindsay getting her back cracked.


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NCOTB is my new favorite blog. I stumbled upon it today and its filled with internet awesomeness. Its actually what this blog should really be…
See more at NCOTB.
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Rev. Fr. Clarence Victor Cuevas Marquez, O.P.
Rev. Fr. Napoleon M. Encarnation, O.P.
Rev. Fr. Jude Guesler P. Roquero, O.P.
Rev. Fr. Lauro De Dios, O.P.
Rev. Fr. Delfo C. Canceran, OP, PhD, SThD
Rector and President
Executive Vice President
Vice President for Administrative Affairs
Vice President for Financial Affairs
Vice President for Religious Affairs
Asst. Prof. Randy S. Castillo
Dr. Cristina M. Castro-Cabral
Prof. Mary Rosaleen Bustos-Agaton, DBA, CEEPA
Asst. Prof. Raem Mendoza
Asst. Prof Jayson Nicholas Viray
Ms. Carolyn R. De Jesus
Mr. Efraem Janairo, M.Ed., RGC
Asst. Prof. Maria Cristina M. Mirania
Dr. Jose M. Rapsing
Mr. Ariel D. Delas Alas, CPA
Asst. Prof. Marvin M. Ibabao
Mr. Gabriel Jessie T. Guevarra
Mr. Markwin T. Legaspi
Ms. Alma V. Perol
Asst. Prof. Edessa Flordeliz
Director, Planning and Development Office
Vice President for Academic Affairs
Dean, Collegiate Department
Assistant Dean, Collegiate Department
Executive Assistant - Office of the Executive Vice President
Chief Librarian, Library and Media Services
Director, Guidance and Counseling Center
Director, Office of Student and Cultural Affairs
Registrar / Basic Education Principal
Comptroller, Finance and Resources
Director, Human Resource Department
Director, Office of the Alumni and Public Affairs
Director, Auxiliary Services Department
Directress, Information Technology Center
Directress, Letran Bataan Research Office


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We are just a few days away from the 27th annual Survivor Series and it has shaped up to be one of the most influential.
This year we will see Team Cena (John Cena, Erick Rowan, Dolph Ziggler, Ryback and Big Show) take on Team Authority (Seth Rollins, Kane, Rusev, Mark Henry and Luke Harper) with the losing team suffering very heavy consequences.
If Team Cena lose, every member will see their time in the WWE come to an end and the roster will lose some of its biggest names.
Should Team Authority lose in the big five-on-five elimination tag team match on Sunday, they will lose their control over the WWE and Triple H and Stephanie McMahon will have some tough choices to make.
Over the years, power in the WWE has been decided by this very type of match but some of the biggest moments in Survivor Series history have also come away from those matches.
- The WWE have a big problem with Rusev at Survivor Series
- A loss at Survivor Series could see the divas division crumble
- WWE issue statement over fears of rioting during Survivor Series
The five-on-five elimination match is a Survivor Series tradition but the matches and moments that have kept us talking have sometimes come away from this tradition.
This year we will be treated to the highly anticipated match between Bray Wyatt and Dean Ambrose as all the mind games come to an end.
So ahead of this Sunday's big night in St Louis, Missouri, We have taken a look through the best moments in Survivor Series history.


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Available ebook formats: epub mobi pdf rtf lrf pdb txt html
James Coyle was born in 1945 and died in November, 2009. This is the first of three detective novels he wrote. Educated at St. Louis University, Rice and Fordham, he relished life long passions for reading, writing and film. In his 40's he studied the detective genre and found it ripe territory for his talent and his uniquely "literary" approach. His narratives weave in rich tapestries of places he lived in and loved including San Francisco and Northern California (the settings for this novel) and New York City. His novels are punctuated with clever and often humorous references to his wife and close friends.


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Two questions first:
1. Do you use one or more of: Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Google+, Instagram, Flickr, LinkedIn, or Foursquare?
If you don't use at least one of those, you may want to skip the rest of this; however, if you use one or more (especially if more), then you may want to read on.
2. Do you play any casual, browser-based/mobile app games?
If you do, then Empire Avenue (EAV) may well be the best game you're not playing.
You can read more of Chris M's blog post here
This is an entry in Empire Avenue's Blog_a_thon which takes place on 25th /27th July
To enter your blog post simply join the forum here


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We had sent a survey out to all clubs and they had their choice of filling it out as a club, asking the board to complete on behalf of the club or individuals responding from their viewing point. We ask district members to complete in order for us to get an idea of topics of interest and the 'delivery channels' such as webinars, speakers and conference sessions.
This is the result. If you have any questions or suggestions, please contact Kathleen Douglass at [email protected].