text:
- Research
- Open Access
Rifaximin for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients without irritable bowel syndrome
© Boltin et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
- Received: 28 July 2014
- Accepted: 8 October 2014
- Published: 17 October 2014
Rifaximin is a minimally absorbed antibiotic with high luminal activity, used to treat various gastrointestinal diseases. Although rifaximin has been proposed as first line treatment for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), few data are available regarding its efficacy in non-IBS subjects. We aimed to assess the ability of rifaximin to normalize lactulose-H2 breath tests in non-IBS subjects with symptoms suggestive of SIBO.
Materials and methods
Consecutive non-IBS patients presenting with bloating and flatulence were prospectively recruited and submitted to lactulose-H2 breath testing (LBT). Patients who had a positive result were offered rifaximin 1200 mg daily for 10 days. Breath testing was repeated two weeks after treatment completion in all patients in order to assess for response.
A total of 19 patients with a positive result received rifaximin and repeated the breath test (7 (36.8%) males, age 56.5 ± 17.6 years). The mean peak hydrogen excretion was 13.7 ± 2.8 and 10.3 ± 7.3 ppm at baseline and following rifaximin treatment, respectively (t = 1.98, p = 0.06). LBT normalized in 8/19 (42.1%) subjects. No patients reported symptom resolution. No adverse events were reported.
Strengths include the study's prospective design. Limitations include the small sample size and open label design.
Rifaximin was not effective in normalizing LBT in our cohort of non-IBS subjects with symptoms suggestive of SIBO.
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Rifaximin
- Rifamycin
- Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
- Duodenal Aspirate
Introduction and background
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a heterogeneous disorder with a clinical presentation ranging from florid malabsorption to minor, non-specific or an absence of symptoms [1]. SIBO is commonly defined as the presence of at least 1 × 105 colony forming units of bacteria per milliliter in a duodenal aspirate [2]. Although classically associated with motility disorders and anatomical abnormalities of the upper gastrointestinal tract, SIBO may be more prevalent than previously thought. This increased prevalence may be due to the availability of noninvasive, inexpensive and easily applicable alternative diagnostic test to direct assay of a duodenal aspirate, such as the lactulose-hydrogen breath test (LBT) [3]. Furthermore, LBT testing allows for serial testing and provides an objective measure of treatment response. Indeed, normalization of the LBT correlates with symptom improvement in IBS patients [4]. Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment for SIBO. Minimally-absorbed antibiotics, such as rifaximin, offer a theoretical advantage by allowing maximal luminal activity with few systemic adverse effects. Nevertheless, the efficacy of such treatment, as measured by LBT negativity, varies greatly in the reported literature, ranging from 2% to 91% [5],[6].
Several studies have assessed rifaximin in patients with SIBO and IBS [7]-[10]. A recent meta-analysis found that 4-64% of IBS subjects may have a positive diagnostic test suggestive of SIBO. There is controversy whether such IBS patients should be diagnosed as IBS, or rather considered as SIBO, since the symptoms of IBS and SIBO overlap [11]. Given the ambiguity surrounding the etiological role of SIBO in IBS patients, and given the fact that rifaximin may be beneficial for the treatment of IBS even in the absence of SIBO [12], it follows that in order to assess the efficacy of rifaximin for the treatment of SIBO, a homogenous cohort of patients without IBS should be used. This is the first study to assess the efficacy of rifaximin in a non-IBS cohort. The rationale for treating SIBO in non-IBS subjects stems from the significant correlation observed between clinical symptoms related to SIBO and abnormal diagnostic tests [13].
The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of rifaximin for the treatment of SIBO in non-IBS subjects, in our geographical region.
Materials and methods
Patient eligibility
Between January 2012 and July 2013 consecutive patients over 18 years-old, presenting to the neurogastroenterology clinic at our institution with primary symptoms of bloating and flatulence, were prospectively recruited, and subjected to LBT. None of the subjects complained of chronic recurrent abdominal pain or fulfilled the Rome III criteria for irritable bowel syndrome [14].
Patients who used antibiotics during the previous 6 months, currently used laxatives or promotility agents, or had received bowel preparation for colonoscopy or capsule endoscopy within 30 days, were excluded. Additional exclusion criteria were presence of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency or major concomitant diseases (including active malignancy, hepatic failure and renal insufficiency), hypersensitivity to antibiotics belonging to the rifamycin and/or tetracyclin families, patient unwillingness or inability to provide informed consent, and patient inability to fully complete all phases of the study. Finally, we excluded pregnant and lactating women, as well as premenopausal women not using contraception.
The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and was approved by the Human Subjects Protection Program of Rabin Medical Center.
Clinical assessment
Prior to LBT, all patients were assessed at a dedicated neurogastroenterology clinic by a study physician (RD) for a thorough clinical assessment and to confirm the absence of IBS. Following LBT patients returned to the study physician for rifaximin prescription and continued to be monitored on an individualized basis. Symptoms were monitored at clinic visits which were scheduled fortnightly.
Rome III diagnostic questionnaire for irritable bowel syndrome
This self-assessed standardized and validated questionnaire was developed by the Rome Foundation Board to identify functional gastrointestinal disease. For the diagnosis of IBS, patients must have recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort for at least 3 months in the previous 6 months, with 2 or more of the following symptoms: (1) relief with defecation, (2) onset associated with a change in frequency of stool, and (3) onset associated with a change in form (appearance) of stool. All screened subjects completed a validated Hebrew language Rome III Diagnostic Questionnaire for IBS [14]. Only patients that did not fulfill the Rome III criteria for IBS were included and were offered treatment with rifaximin.
SIBO Evaluation
LBT was performed according to standard protocols [15]. Each subject was submitted to LBT (EC 60 Gastrolyzer 2, Bedfont Scientific, Rochester, UK) following a 3 day low carbohydrate diet, overnight fasting, and chlorhexidine mouthwash. Samples of end-expiratory air were collected before oral administration of 15 g lactulose diluted in 400 mL of water, every 15 min for 90 minutes (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 minutes). The accuracy of the Gastrolyzer was ±2% of reading. The sensor sensitivity was 1 ppm. The test was considered positive for SIBO when an increase over the baseline level was >10 ppm, on the basis of established validation data [16],[17].
SIBO Eradication
Non-IBS patients with a positive LBT received treatment with rifaximin 1200 mg daily for 10 days (Normix, Alfa Wassermann, Italy). Patients were reassessed with LBT two weeks after completion of treatment.
Statistical analysis
All analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0 statistical analysis software (IBM Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Distributions of continuous variables were assessed for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (cutoff at p < 0.1). Distributions of all continuous variables deviated significantly from normal so were described as median (min-max) in addition to mean ± standard deviation. Continuous variables were compared by rifaximin treatment exposure using the student's t-test. Nominal variables were described as frequency counts and presented as n(%). Nominal variables were compared using the chi square test. We calculated that at least 22 patients needed to be recruited in order to have a 90% chance of detecting a 50% rate of breath test normalization following treatment with rifaximin. All tests were two-sided and considered significant at p < 0.05.
Clinical characteristics
Characteristics of patients receiving rifaximin for small intestine bacterial overgrowth
19 (100)
Age, years (SD)
56.5 (17.6)
5 (26.3)
Calcium channel blocker
3 (15.8)
Proton pump inhibitor
12 (63.2)
Diabetes mellitus
5 (26.3)
Sjogren's syndrome
1 (12.5)
Penicillin allergy
3 (15.8)
SIBO Eradication
Demographic and clinical features according to rifaximin response
Responders N (%)
Non-responders N (%)
P value
8 (42.1)
11 (57.9)
2 (25)
5 (75)
Age, years (SD)
57.6 (19.5)
55.6 (17.1)
1 (12.5)
4 (36.4)
Calcium channel blocker
1 (12.5)
2 (18.2)
Proton pump inhibitor
5 (62.5)
7 (63.6)
Diabetes mellitus
3 (37.5)
2 (18.2)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Sjogren's syndrome
1 (12.5)
1 (9.1)
In the present study we describe a prospective cohort of subjects receiving the non-absorbable antibiotic rifaximin for LBT-diagnosed SIBO. Treatment success, measured by normalization of LBT, was only 42%. This is the first such study to emanate from our geographical region.
The dosage of rifaximin 1200 mg and the treatment duration of 10 days was chosen in accordance with previous data demonstrating its superior efficacy compared to lower doses [18],[19]. Rifaximin has a broad spectrum of activity, especially against anaerobic intestinal bacteria, including Bacteroides, Lactobacilli and Clostridia, which are frequently responsible for the metabolic derangements in SIBO patients. Its activity profile resembles rifamycin, however toxicity is low since it is minimally absorbed from the gut [20].
Previous studies have assessed the efficacy of rifaximin in IBS patients with symptoms compatible with SIBO. Up to 84% of patients with IBS have a positive LBT, suggesting that the etiology and symptom manifestation of IBS and SIBO may overlap [4]. Pimental, et al. in the landmark TARGET trial, randomized IBS patients without constipation to receive rifaximin 1650 mg or placebo for two weeks. Adequate relief of IBS symptoms was reported in 40.8% and 31.2% of treatment and placebo groups, respectively (p = 0.01). However, in their study no breath test was performed at baseline or following treatment [21]. Meyrat, et al. treated LBT-positive IBS patients with rifaximin, and demonstrated that treatment was associated with significant improvement in symptoms. LBT negativity was 86% following rifaximin treatment, more than twofold the rate we observed in our non-IBS cohort [7]. Several other nonrandomized open labeled studies have reported similar results [8]-[10]. A recently published meta-analysis concluded that rifaximin is, indeed, more efficacious than placebo for global IBS symptom improvement [OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.22-2.01, therapeutic gain 9.8%, number needed to treat (NNT) = 10.2] [12].
We can speculate that the efficacy of rifaximin in IBS may be unrelated to SIBO, since IBS patients with a negative baseline LBT appear to experience symptomatic improvement. This concurs with our experience in non-IBS SIBO patients in whom symptom improvement was absent or minimal, and suggests that rifaximin is effective treatment for symptoms of IBS, but not for the normalization of LBT in patients with bloating and flatulence. Nevertheless, the presence of IBS cannot account for the marked discrepancy in LBT normalization rates between our non-IBS cohort and other IBS cohorts. The most likely explanation is related to geographical, dietary or ethnic differences in microbiome [22].
In addition to IBS, the rate of LBT normalization following rifaximin therapy has been reported in pediatric patients (20-64%) [23],[24], patients with ileal Crohn's disease (100%) [25], microscopic colitis (71%) [26], celiac disease (4%) [27], chronic acid suppression (87%) [6], diabetes (86%) [28], diverticulitis (100%) [29] and systemic sclerosis (73%) [30]. Despite the fact that treatment protocols vary widely between studies, and irrespective of clinical endpoints, the efficacy of rifaximin for the treatment of SIBO assessed by LBT is clearly unpredictable. This fact is corroborated by our study. No studies to date have specifically targeted patients with SIBO in the absence of IBS or any of the aforementioned associated comorbid conditions for rifaximin therapy.
Several studies have examined a potential role for pre- and probiotics in combination with rifaximin for the treatment of suspected SIBO. Normalization of LBT is significantly higher in patients who receive rifaximin in combination with prebiotics, compared to rifaximin alone (87.1% vs. 62.1%, p = 0.02) [31]. Sequential treatment of SIBO with rifaximin and probiotics appears more efficacious than rifaximin and prebiotics with respect to symptom reduction [32]. In fact, some centers recommend sequential treatment with rifaximin followed by probiotics as a standard approach to treating SIBO [8].
Our study has several important limitations, including its small size, and open label design. Our power analysis indicated that 22 subjects needed to be recruited, however this was based on the assumption that at least 50% of subjects treated with rifaximin would have a normal LBT at follow-up. In retrospect, 50% was a slight overestimation, as normalization was actually achieved in 42.1% subjects. We did not include a thorough clinical evaluation or screening period, and therefore no conclusions can be drawn regarding the effect of rifaximin on symptoms. Nevertheless, as a laboratory-based study, our results are valid insofar as they demonstrate that rifaximin does not consistently normalize LBT in SIBO patients. A further limitation of our study is related to the ongoing controversy regarding the validity and interpretation of LBT in SIBO. Some clinicians do not regard LBT as the de facto gold standard for the diagnosis of SIBO, and demand indirect supportive evidence including serum vitamin B12 levels and folate levels [16],[33]. Inherent problems with LBT include difficulty in distinguishing SIBO from rapid intestinal transit where similar gas production patterns are observed (false positivity) [3]. In fact, it has been suggested that LBT positivity in IBS patients may be related to rapid intestinal transit, and not SIBO [34]. Finally, compliance was not assessed with pill counts or used packages. Nevertheless, due to the high cost of rifaximin treatment in Israel, we presume that compliance was high.
In conclusion, although most subjects with SIBO who were exposed to rifaximin experienced a reduction in peak hydrogen excretion, this reduction lacked statistical significance. Rifaximin eradicated SIBO in fewer than half of treated patients. Larger studies in non-IBS populations are necessary to verify our findings. Further research should consider both clinical and laboratory endpoints, and explore a potential role for pre- and probiotics in the treatment of SIBO.
No funding was received for this study.
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Home cooking, indeed.
Just a few miles northeast of the My Lady's Manor steeplechase course sits Bonita Farm, the long-running operation by the Boniface family that produced the last Maryland-based winner of the Preakness, Deputed Testamony.
Saturday, those same connections motored down Route 1 to capture the 103rd edition of the My Lady's Manor steeplechase with Moonsox, a 7-year-old chestnut gelding whose grandsire was, coincidentally, Deputed Testamony
Jockey Amelia McGuirk scored big in her first sanctioned race with an impressive stretch run that left five rivals convincingly beaten.
"He took care of me," said McGuirk, who prefers to be known as Lia. "When I started to come into the final run, I knew I had a lot of horse left."
Moonsox, by Mojave Moon out of Sister Sox, had only one win in 19 lifetime starts and had trailed four of the other entries in Saturday's race during 2012 meetings. That included a rather dull sixth in the My Lady's Manor taken by Incomplete and a spill in the Pennsylvania Hunt Cup.
"He's a year older and has a little more experience," pointed out trainer Kevin Boniface."It's only his second year over fences. He was beaten 15 lengths last year, but he hurt a stifle, yet finished."
Added McGuirk, "This is a totally different horse now."
Owned by Nelson and Traveler Stable — which derives its name from George Washington's horse and Robert E. Lee's mount — Moonsox is all family. That operation includes Boniface's daughter and son-in-law.
"I just tried to save ground and jump well," McGuirk said. "The ground was perfect and I loved the course."
The entry considered a prohibitive favoritde, Grinding Speed, made a move late in the race, but then tumbled at the 15th fence. Rider Mark Beecher was not hurt seriously and competed in the next race.
Straight To It, winner of the New Jersey Hunt Cup by 3 1/2 lengths over Moonsox last fall, raillied for second and Bon Caddo, the 2011 champion at the Manor, took third for the second consecutive year.
Because of a surplus of entries, the seconday feature, the John Rush Street Memorial, was conducted in two divisions, each offering a $10,000 purse.
In the first division, Diana Gillam notched another triumph for the female side, fending off Alfa Beat, with James Slater aboard, while riding Old Timer to a narrow score.
But Slater got even in the second division, taking Ebanour to the winner's circle after a battle with veteran lady rider Blair Wyatt, who steered Raven's Choice to the place.
The weather was nearly ideal for the four-race program, which attracted an estimated 10,000 fans to Monkton.
Gilman grad Connor Hankin, a 19-year-old who attends Virginia, did not finish in the money in his two races.

subset: commoncrawl


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Yellowfin Tuna
Yellowfin tuna, as the name implies, is distinguished from other tuna species by a long bright-yellow dorsal fin and yellow strip down its side. Other references could be pacific yellowfin or the Hawaiian name "ahi" which means fire. The distinction comes from the reflective flashes from the tuna skin as it feeds at night. The best quality tuna is long ling caught and frozen-at-sea. Yellowfin has a mild, meaty flavor, similar to swordfish. The meat is dark red in its raw state, but turns to a light brown to tan color when frozen. After cooking, yellowfin will turn a light tan color. The cooked fish is firm and moist with large flakes.


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Huddersfield have signed Nottingham Forest forward Joe Garner on a six-month loan deal.
The 22-year-old will remain at the Galpharm Stadium until the transfer window reopens in January, and Terriers boss Lee Clark admitted the player has been on his radar for some time.
"We're always on the lookout for young, talented footballers and Joe fits that remit perfectly," Clark told Huddersfield's official website.
"He's a very talented footballer and we've chased him for a long time. Forest still think he has a future with them, so we have settled on a window to window loan. We will see what happens from there.
"All of our strikers have different assets and for his size, Joe is very good in the air. He also has a good touch and good awareness, as well an excellent goalscoring record at this level."
Garner is a former England Under-19 international who came through the ranks at Blackburn and enjoyed a successful spell in League One at Carlisle, before joining Forest for £1.14million in summer 2008.
Copyright (c) PA Sport 2009, All Rights Reserved.


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Welcome to CineLife, the national voice of indie film. Each week, we'll let you know what's new and interesting in the world of independent and sophisticated film. CineLife and the CineLife app put the spotlight on indie film, art house theatres, and other topics near and dear to your hearts.
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Now that the holidays are over, we are in full award season frenzy. It starts with the Golden Globes which are this Sunday, Jan. 7th, 2018 and ends with the Oscars on March 4th, 2018. Between those are the SAG, WGA, DGA, PGA, BAFTA, Critic's Choice, and Independent Spirit awards just to name a few (see full list here). Many movies and shorts are vying for both critical and fan acclaim, and this time of year offers a second look at fantastic art that may have been overlooked by bigger titles from last year. Here's a short list of features you may have missed that you should definitely see during the season:
2018 Live Action and Animated Shorts – Some of the biggest directors, creators, and ideas have come from shorts. Paul Thomas Anderson, Sofia Coppola, Tim Burton, Wes Anderson, George Lucas, and Pixar have all gained recognition from short films. Click on the links for Live Action and Animated shorts that you will be seeing in theatres soon.
Call Me By Your Name – Armie Hammer and Timothée Chalamet are frontrunners for Best Supporting Actor and Best Actor, respectively, at the 2018 Academy Awards in this wonderful tale of romance and sexuality.
Phantom Thread – Released on Dec. 25th, Phantom Thread came out during a jam-packed holiday. Phantom Thread has been much talked about as the last performance of Daniel Day Lewis, and he turned in a stellar performance in what could be his last roll.
The Disaster Artist – Based on one of the worst reviewed movies of all time, The Room, The Disaster Artist is a humorous tribute that features spectacular performances by both James and Dave Franco.
Three hundred of Hollywood's most influential actresses including Brie Larson, Kerry Washington, America Ferrera, Ashley Judd, Reese Witherspoon, Rashida Jones, Emma Stone, and more have formed the Time's Up organization to fight sexual harassment. The group's plan as described by the New York Times is as follows:
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Read more about the Time's Up organization here.
Jane Pickens Theater – The Jane Pickens Theater & Event Center is a world-class art house cinema based in Washington Square in the historic center of Newport, Rhode Island. First built as the Zion Episcopal Church in 1834, it became St Joseph's Catholic Church in 1885, then a live theater for just a few years in 1918, and finally found its niche in 1922 when it became a movie palace with advent of silent film, known as The Strand. The JPT Newport can say that it is one of the few places where film has been shown in all its "improving formats" for over 90 years.
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- Research article
- Open Access
Antimicrobial potential of consolidation polymers loaded with biological copper nanoparticles
- Ashraf M. M. Essa1, 2Email author and
- Mohamed K. Khallaf3
© The Author(s). 2016
- Received: 7 February 2016
- Accepted: 8 July 2016
- Published: 11 July 2016
Biodeterioration of historic monuments and stone works by microorganisms takes place as a result of biofilm production and secretion of organic compounds that negatively affect on the stone matrix.
Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were prepared biologically using the headspace gases generated by the bacterial culture Escherichia coli Z1. The antimicrobial activity of CuNPs was evaluated against the bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Streptomyces parvulus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as some fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium solani and Alternaria solani.
Biological CuNPs demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities higher than those of the untreated copper sulfate. At the same time, limestone and sandstone blocks treated with consolidation polymers functionalized with CuNPs recorded apparent antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. parvulus and B. subtilis in addition to an improvement in the physical and mechanical characters of the treated stones. Furthermore, the elemental composition of CuNPs was elucidated using electron dispersive x-ray system connected with the scanning electron microscope.
Consolidation polymers impregnated with CuNPs could be used to restrain microbial deterioration in addition to the refinement of physico-mechanical behavior of the historic stones.
- Copper nanoparticles
- Green synthesis
- Antibacterial
- Antifungal
- Functionalized polymers
Nanoparticles demonstrate vast array of properties such as optical, electrical, catalytic, magnetic and biological activities which are diverged from those of the original constituents [1, 2]. The emergence of nanotechnology in the last decade offers occasions for exploring the antimicrobial effect of metal nanoparticles. Some of the biological properties of nanoparticles of various metals have been explored by assaying their antimicrobial susceptibilities. It has been reported that nanoparticles of Ag, Zn, Cu and Au exhibit a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity against different bacterial [3–5] and fungal species [6–9].
Copper nanoparticles were reported to have antimicrobial activity against wide spectrum of bacteria including Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, [10–12]. Moreover, CuNPs have been shown to suppress vegetative growth of some fungal species such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, Penicillium chrysogenum and Candida albicans [13, 14].
Elevated levels of heavy metals represent a potential stimulus for metal tolerant bacteria that regularly possess specific metal resistance mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is the intracellular or extracellular transformation of metal ions into insoluble metal particles [15, 16]. The intracellular approach consists of transporting metal ions into the bacterial cell where they are transformed into nanoparticles while the extracellular process involves the trapping of metal ions on the cell surface as metal nanoparticles [17, 18]. Moreover, bacteria can release certain metabolites into their microenvironment that can transform metal ions into less soluble metal particles [19]. Synthesis of metal nanoparticles through bacteria is supported by the fact that the generated particles are environmentally safe and have elevated chemical reactivity [20].
Microorganisms can initiate and accelerate some geochemical reactions leading to biodeterioration of historic monuments [21]. The biodeterioration of archeological stones occurs as a consequence of the intrusion of microorganisms into the components of the mineral lattice [22]. The capability of microbial cells to inhabit stone surface was attributed to numerous aspects such as mineral composition, surface texture, moisture content, pH and nutrient accessibility [23]. In order to protect the archeological artifacts against microorganisms, different inorganic materials such as titanium dioxide and Ag-doped titanium dioxide have been used as antifouling agent by dispersing them in consolidation polymers. [24, 25]. Thus the aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial potentiality of CuNPs synthesized biologically by the bacterial strain Escherichia coli Z1 and its application for the fortification of archaeological stones against microbial inhabitation.
Consolidation polymers and stone samples
In this study, two consolidation polymers were utilized. The first is Primal AC33 polymer (AC; Dow Chemical Co., USA) which comprises of methylacrylate and ethylmethacrylate. The other one is silicon polymer (S; Wacker BS 1001, Wacker Chemei AG, Germany) that is consisting of silane/siloxane emulsion. Sandstone and limestone samples were used in this study. The physical and mechanical properties of the tested stones including bulk density, water absorption, porosity, compressive strength and tensile strength were characterized before and after treating them with the functionalized polymers according to Essa and Khallaf [19].
Preparation of the Cu-particles
A stock solution of copper sulfate was prepared by dissolving 200 mg of CuSO4 in 200 mL deionized distilled H2O. Different concentrations of CuSO4 solutions (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 μg/mL) were prepared from stock solution. One hundred milliliter of each concentration was exposed to the culture biogases of the bacterial strain Escherichia coli Z1 [26] for 60 min in aerobic bioreactor at 30 °C as described by Essa et al. [27]. Bacterial growth was monitored by measuring the optical density at 600 nm. The produced colloidal solution of each concentration was subjected for ultra-speed centrifugation at 100,000 rpm for 30 min. The collected Cu-particles was suspended in 10 mL deionized distilled H2O and re-centrifuged at 100,000 rpm for 30 min. This step was repeated three times and the collected Cu-particles were suspended in 1 mL dd H2O to assay the antimicrobial activities. Another set of the Cu-particles was suspended in the consolidation polymers at 150 μg/mL for stone treatments.
Antibacterial activity of the Cu-particles
The antibacterial activity of copper particles was assayed against Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Streptomyces parvulus, Escherichia coli Z1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Twenty five milliliter of nutrient broth containing various doses of Cu-particles (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 μg/mL) were inoculated with 1 mL of a fresh culture of each bacterial strain (O.D = 0.6). After incubation for 48 h at 30 °C, the bacterial growth was monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the optical density at 600 nm. At the same time, the antibacterial properties of the Cu-particles and CuSO4 were measured using the modified agar well diffusion method of Perez et al., [28]. Nutrient agar plates were inoculated with the different bacterial strains. Once the agar was solidified, it was punched with 8 mm diameter wells and filled with 25 μL of 100 μL/mL CuSO4 and Cu-particles. The experiment was repeated three times with three replicates for each treatment and diameters of the inhibition zones were measured after 24 h incubation at 30 °C. Streptomycin (1000 μg/mL) was used as a positive control.
Antifungal activity of the Cu-particles
The activity of Cu-particles and CuSO4 was measured against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium solani and Alternaria solani. These strains were provided by the City of Science & Technology, Egypt. Each fungal strain was grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) slant and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C for 5 days. Three milliliter sterile distilled water was added to each fungal slant and the fungal spore concentration was determined by haemocytometer. One hundred milliliter PDA containing various Cu-particles or CuSO4 levels (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 μg/mL) was inoculated with the fungal spore suspensions (106 spore/mL). After incubation at 25 ± 2 °C for 5 days the cultures were filtered through pre-weighed Whatman No.1 filter paper and the filter paper with fungal biomass was dried at 70 °C until constant weight. At the same time antifungal activity of Cu-particles and CuSO4 was evaluated using fungal growth inhibition assay as described by Fiori et al., [29] with some modification. The Cu-particles and CuSO4 were mixed with molten PDA to provide desired concentration (200 μL/mL) and 8 mm diameter disc of each fungal strain was added to the center of PDA plates. After incubation at 25 ± 2 °C for 72 h, colony diameter was measured. Nystatin (300 μg/mL) was used as a positive control.
Treatment of stone blocks with Cu-particles based on polymers
Cu-particles were combined with the consolidation polymers at the concentration 150 μg/mL. The functionalized polymers were used to coat the external surfaces of stone blocks and were left 7 days at room temperature for complete drying.
Antimicrobial activity of the treated stones
The antibacterial activity of the treated stones was assayed according to Essa and Khallaf [19]. One surface of the coated stones was submerged in the bacterial culture (1.0 × 106 cell/mL) for 2 h then they were incubated at 30 °C for 24 h. After that the treated stones were dipped into 10 mL 0.85% NaCl solution for 1 h. One milliliter of the washing solution was diluted 100 times and 0.1 mL of diluted solutions was plated on NA. After incubation at 30 °C for 24 h the bacterial colonies were counted. Untreated stone samples were used as reference. The experiment was repeated three times with three replicates for each treatment.
SEM and EDX of the composite Cu-particles based on polymers
The coated surfaces of the stones were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM-5410, Japan) meanwhile the chemical analysis of the treated polymers were studied using Electron Dispersive X-ray system connected with the scanning electron microscope.
Statistical methods
The resulted data were tested by using the ANOVA test for significance. Means were compared by least significant differences (LSD) test at levels P <0.05 and P <0.01. All statistical tests were carried out using SPSS (v. 16.0) software.
Antimicrobial activities of the Cu-particles
Antimicrobial activity of Cu-particles and CuSO4
Bacterial strains
Inhibition zone (mm)
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Micrococcus luteus
Streptomyces parvulus
Bacillus subtilis
Streptomycin (0.1 mg/mL)
30 ± 1
28 ± 2
25 ± 2
31 ± 1
27 ± 2
CuSO4 (100 μg/mL)
31 ± 2**
8 ± 2**
17 ± 1**
21 ± 2*
13 ± 1*
CuSO4 (150 μg/mL)
34 ± 1*
9 ± 1**
21 ± 2*
25 ± 1**
18 ± 2**
Cu-particles (100 μg/mL)
37 ± 1**
11 ± 1**
23 ± 1**
24 ± 2*
21 ± 2**
Cu-particles (150 μg/mL)
38 ± 2**
16 ± 2*
29 ± 1**
33 ± 2**
29 ± 1**
Fungal strains
Radial diameter (mm)
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus flavus
Penicillium chrysogenum
Fusarium solani
Alternaria solani
Nystatin (0.3 mg/mL)
13 ± 1
11 ± 2
16 ± 2
12 ± 2
18 ± 1
Without copper
28 ± 1
31 ± 1
27 ± 1
28 ± 1
33 ± 1
CuSO4 (150 μg/mL)
19 ± 2*
17 ± 1**
16 ± 1*
21 ± 1**
20 ± 2*
CuSO4 (200 μg/mL)
17 ± 2**
14 ± 1*
13 ± 1**
15 ± 1*
17 ± 2**
Cu-particles (150 μg/mL)
13 ± 1**
11 ± 1**
13 ± 2*
14 ± 1**
15 ± 1**
Cu-particles (200 μg/mL)
11 ± 1*
10 ± 1**
10 ± 2**
10 ± 1**
12 ± 1*
Regarding the antifungal activity of the Cu-particles, data in Fig. 1b showed a remarkable growth inhibition of A. flavus, A. niger, P. chrysogenum, F. solani and A. solani. The fungal growth was completely disappeared at the concentration 250 μg/mL while at 200 μg/mL the recorded percentage of the inhibition was 95.7 % for A. niger, 95.2 % for F. solani and 97.4 % for A. solani. At the same time, data in Table 1 and Fig. 2 demonstrated the antifungal activity of Cu-particles in comparison to CuSO4. Generally, the antifungal activities of copper were enhanced by increasing their concentration and Cu-particles recorded higher activities than those of CuSO4. The maximum growth reduction was recorded at 200 μg/mL of Cu-particles against A. flavus (67.7 %) and F. solani (64.3 %) while the lowest growth inhibition was recognized with A. niger (60.7 %).
Antimicrobial activity of the stones treated with Cu/polymer composites
Bacterial cell recovery from sandstone and limestone blocks treated with silicon (S) and acrylic (AC) polymers impregnated with copper nanoparticles
Bacterial strains
Bacterial cell number (x104 CFU/ml)
Limestone blocks
Sandstone blocks
Escherichia coli
75.8 ± 0.9
5.2 ± 0.3**
9.9 ± 0.4**
7.5 ± 0.6*
8.3 ± 0.3**
Streptomyces parvulus
95.3 ± 0.7
6.3 ± 0.5*
4.5 ± 0.2**
4.6 ± 0.4**
7.6 ± 0.6**
Bacillus subtilis
84.7 ± 0.6
5.8 ± 0.6**
4.2 ± 0.3**
3.9 ± 0.3**
4.4 ± 0.1**
Physical and mechanical properties of the treated stones
Physical and mechanical properties of sandstone and limestone samples treated with the functionalized silicone (S) and acrylic (AC) polymers
Physical and mechanical properties
Untreated stones
Untreated stones
Bulk Density (g/cm3)
1.6 ± 0.3
1.9 ± 0.4*
1.8 ± 0.2
1.9 ± 0.3*
2.2 ± 0.2**
2.1 ± 0.3*
Water Absorption (%)
19.8 ± 1.9
14.3 ± 1.7*
3.6 ± 0.4**
8.4 ± 1.1**
6.4 ± 0.5**
2.3 ± 0.2**
Porosity (%)
26.3 ± 2.5
18.7 ± 2.2*
4.3 ± 0.3**
15.6 ± 1.5*
9.7 ± 0.8**
4.4 ± 0.4**
Compressive strength (MPa)
19.8 ± 1.6
28.3 ± 1.9**
26.9 ± 2.7**
26.9 ± 2.2**
39.8 ± 2.7**
32.5 ± 1.7**
Tensile Strength (MPa)
3.2 ± 0.6
4.9 ± 0.4**
4.2 ± 0.6
4.3 ± 0.7*
5.3 ± 0.4**
4.9 ± 0.5**
SEM & EDX analysis of the composite Cu-particles based on polymers
In our previous study [27], the capability of some bacterial strains for the precipitation of various metal ions out of their solutions was recorded using the culture biogas. In the present work, Cu-particles were prepared biologically via exposing the copper ions to the biogenic volatiles released during the aerobic growth of Escherichia coli Z1. One of the main constitutes of these gases is ammonia that is responsible for the transformation of copper ions into nitrogen-based copper particles [30]. The existence of ammonia in bacterial biogas is mainly attributed to the catabolic reactions of some organic matter [31].
At minor concentration of ammonia, the aqueous copper sulfate solution produces copper hydroxide while high ammonia levels induces the formation of diammine copper (II) complex [Cu(NH3)2]+ [27]. In fact, the alteration of the copper ions into colloidal copper particles is correlated with the exposure time. At short exposure time, minute copper particles (10–50 nm) were formed as showed in the SEM analysis. The EDX analysis of the copper structures clarified the existence of sulfur that could be attributed to the incidence of volatile organothiol compounds in the bacterial biogas [32].
This study clarified a marked antimicrobial efficacy of CuNPs against various bacterial and fungal species. The biocidal activity of CuNPs could be attributed to the effect of the CuNPs and/or the copper ions discharged from CuNPs. Because of the great surface area of the nanoparticles, it could be tightly adsorbed onto the surface of the microbial cells resulting in; i) disruption of cell permeability and release of integral components [33], ii) denaturing of some functional biomolecules [10, 13], iii) induction of oxidative damage to the microbial cells. However, some studies have reported that the liberated Cu2+ is the motivating force behind the antimicrobial properties of polymers containing Cu-nanocomposites [2, 34]. At the same time, the discharged copper ions might be moved inside the microbial cells or attached to their outer surfaces resulting in cell apoptosis via protein denaturation and disruption of cell membrane [35, 36]. Obviously, nonspecific mode of action of Cu2+ or CuNPs against bacteria and fungi makes them perfect antimicrobial agents with low possibility of developing microbial resistance [4, 33].
In the current study, the silicon and acrylic polymers that were loaded with the copper nanoparticles showed a positive influence on the treated stones through suppressing the growth of tested bacterial strains at various levels. At the same time, the antimicrobial activity of the biosynthesized CuNPs was not changed by merging with consolidation polymers. These results are in agreement with our preceding study [19] that revealed the protection of some archeological stone against microbial colonization via the application of consolidation polymers/AgNPs composites onto their surfaces. Similarly, Pinna et al. [37] clarified a superior protective behavior against the microbial colonization on stones via treating them with consolidants loaded with copper nanoparticles.
In addition to the antimicrobial task of the functionalized polymers, they demonstrated an apparent perfection in the physical and mechanical properties of the treated stones. The consolidation polymers especially silicone polymer decreased the level of water absorption and porosity of stones through the formation of a protective layer. This layer is formed due to the penetration of the polymer molecules into voids and pores of the stone matrix. Moreover, the mechanical measurements indicated that both types of polymers increased the compressive strength which reflects the importance of using these polymers in the consolidation processes of the limestone monuments. These results are in harmony with Ahmed [38] who recorded a marked improvement in the physico-mechanical behavior of limestone samples after treating them with some synthetic polymers. Also, Khallaf et al. [39] showed an increase in bulk density and decrease in porosity as well as increase in compressive strength of the monuments made of sandstone and limestone after treating them with some organic polymers.
Copper has strong biocidal activity with non-specific mode of action against microbial cells that make it ideal antimicrobial agent. CuNPs were prepared through novel bioprocess that utilizes volatile metabolites of Escherichia coli to aggregate Cu ions into nanometal structures away from the bacterial cells. This bioprocess is inexpensive and eco-friendly. Besides, uncontaminated bacterial biomass could be used safely in different applications. The incorporation of CuNPs into polymer matrix produced nanocopper composites with remarkable antimicrobial capability. The functionalized consolidation polymers could be used not only to inhibit the microbial growth on the surfaces of historical stones but also to improve physical and mechanical properties of the treated stones. Additional research is required to evaluate the application of consolidation polymers loaded with nanoparticles of copper in situ treatment.
The authors wish to thank Dr. Refat Mohamed Ali, Prof. of Plant Physiology, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, for his great support and valuable suggestions. We also gratefully acknowledge all the staff of Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University.
No funding sources.
Availability of data and materials
All relevant data are within the paper.
Authors' contributions
AMME conceived and designed the study, performed preparation of Cu-particles, antimicrobial tests, analyzed the data obtained and drafted this paper. MKK provided stone samples and consolidant polymers in addition to physical and chemical analysis of stones. AMME and MKK performed the SEM and EDX analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Authors' Affiliations
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- Nutritional supplements
- Veterinary Medications
Background and Experience
Michael attended Wayne State University College of Pharmacy and graduated with honors in 1990. Throughout his 21 years of practicing pharmacy, he has gained extensive experience in long-term care (nursing home/foster care home) pharmacy, retail clinical pharmacy, hospice and palliative care, and durable medical equipment. In 1999 Michael joined Option Care of Southeast Michigan where he gained experience in the practice setting of home IV infusion therapies.
Michael developed a growing interest in compounding medications, a highly specialized "niche" practice of pharmacy, and subsequently completed the compounding curriculum at Professional Compounding Centers of America in Houston, Texas. In 2002, Advanced Care Compounding Solutions of Southeast Michigan was established in Shelby Township, Michigan. Michael has since assumed ownership of the company, renamed Compounding Solutions. He has realized his vision of operating a well respected and highly trusted compounding pharmacy utilized by physician, hospitals and other healthcare establishments.


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- Home
- Easter + Spring
- Easter Figurines
- Figurines - Spring Pets
- Bunny Carrying Instruments FGZ9101
Product Description
Bunny Carrying Instruments is about 2.9 inches tall.
Was handcrafted in Seiffen Germany in the woodworking shops of the Erzgebirge Mountain regions.
Our German Christmas Figurines are made the same way they have been made for decades ... by hand and with artistic quality throughout. When you purchase a German Christmas Figurine from ChristKindl-Markt, you will be creating a collection of quality that folks have appreciated for years.


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I was thinking what to write on the last day of the year 2013 and I agree with Stephen Spielberg when he says that every year we are a different person. This makes perfect sense to me. This year was my most ambitious to date. Making a film was definitely a challenging artistic adventure
The year of the snake was a car crash year for most people I know. Upheaval, exhaustion, a rise to the top, jealousy, and outrage on the way up or down, malevolence, depending on where you were heading. It is depicted often with a rabbit being strangled by a snake and that tells you everything. Strangled with charm, so watch your back. One friend has stayed in bed most of the year so that dramas were hidden by the duvet. The year of the snake has had so many historical disasters from plagues to the Twin Towers.
I had a great time, however it had extremes of highs and lows.
My son Charles gave a debut concert at Carnegie Hall and got into The Royal Welsh College of music and art, performed in two operas and gave a stunning performance with Lisa Zane at a fashion show, I gave at my house for Brit Week for Pam Hogg, mixing British Artists together with her. Duggie Fields, Yassi Mazandi, Damien Elwes and Nigel Daly all pulled together to make Britain look great in my house in Devlin Place.
I also decided to move three times in a year. Hells bells I must have been crazy.
The highlights of course were competing in 7 film festivals with my film The gun the cake and the butterfly, NYCIFF, Ischia International Film Festival, Bel Air, Burbank, LA Femme, La Jolla Indie FF, and winning 5 awards, for best editor, best art film three times, best film chosen by an audience and being nominated twice once for The new media film festival for the trailer and once for best female director for Burbank International FF. It was non stop and I was extremely lucky and grateful I could however thank a million people this year.
Actually I will do a GRATITUDE list.
1. Nancy Sill for being their for me when all the natural nonsense of selling and buying a property, happen.
2. Xaque Gruber at the Freedman's for his belief in me.
3. Pablo Ganguli for pushing me to new heights with my art.
4. Artists Tim Noble and Sue Webster, Marina Abramovic, Rushka Bergman and Tomas Auksas for their encouragement.
5. My sons Jack and Charlie whose humour I am grateful for. The tease me so my head fits through the door.
6. Tim Willis whose ideas mixed with mine and Vincenzo Demaars could have brilliant consequences if God is on our side.
7. Justine Glenton's hard work and dedication did not win her best actress but it certainly put her on the map as a good sport. She really supported the team in every way.
8. Peter Medak whose advice, life would be very boring without.
and 9 and 10 for everybody in my life, Rowena, Francesca, Snowden, Nathalia,Emma, my friends and family and Genlux.
Jam packed with travel I visited Moscow, Venice, Zagreb, Rome twice, Miami, New York, Budapest, Palm Springs, and Los Angeles added colour, edited a film, worked at Anarchy Post.
I got fabulous hate mail, love letters and fan mail. I don't know which made the most impact. The hate mail was so weird because it was a control freak who made themselves look pitiful, but they had a point, I had come out of my box. Love letters which I will treasure forever and fan mail that I can keep near to my heart..However this is how I really feel. "Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds discuss people." –Eleanor Roosevelt
My greatest night this year..
Ischia International Film Festival winning the Enrico Jobb prize for best Art Film from Lina Wertmuller.
My funniest moment?
Everyday there are ten minutes which make me howl with laughter.
My best look?
My favourite dress this year is the YSL dress I wore in Ischia.
My craziest moments are?
Bothering to tell the truth.
My happiest times.
Feeling the love of my children and cuddling good friends.
Terrifying moment.
Visiting the 8th Floor at the American Film Festival and entering the Weinstein offices.
You felt the power and agitation in the corridor.
For everybody in the world it has been a year of goodbyes to great leaders for me Mandela and Thatcher, actors like Peter O'Toole, and for me losing my friend, the designer and architect David Collins.
So many other things too. It was fast and furious, one minute a soldier is being murdered and the next a
new Prince was born to our Royal Family, HRH Prince George.
So summing up the year I have to agree with Margaret Thatcher when she said""If you want something said, ask a man. If you want something done, ask a woman."
With the year of The Horse just around the corner, it is a worrying year for me, perhaps more so than the Snake. The Horse just loves to kick a Rat round the stable.


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This is my first-ever giveaway! I have wanted to do a giveaway on my blog for the longest time but have been so indecisive about what to get. My biggest worry is that everyone will think the items I'm giving away are lame and nobody will enter.
Well, I threw all that worry out the door as I headed to Target on Friday to look for fun things to put in a little holiday giveaway. It's not anything exciting, but I had so much fun strolling through Target, throwing things in my cart that I think my lovely blog readers would like.
I recently hit 100 followers (through Friend Connect) which is such a huge milestone for me. I love every single one of you to bits and pieces, even the lurkers. (I have lurkers! How cool!) I blogged for so long with nobody reading or commenting that the fact that I can write a blog post and know people are reading and connecting with what I say? It's amazing.
Here's what you can win!
1 – Greenroom small notebook, made of 70% recycled material
2 – A three-pack of Uni-Ball Fusion pens in violet, pink, and blue
3 – Nicole by OPI nail polish, in "It's Possible!"
4 – A sparkly headband
1. Leave a comment, telling me what you're most looking forward to this Christmas. Only you can't say "family" or "giving gifts." Be creative! (1 entry)
2. Follow me on Twitter and leave a comment saying you do. (1 entry)
3. Tweet about the giveaway and leave a comment with a link to the tweet. (1 entry)
4. Blog about the giveaway and leave a comment with a link to the post. (3 entries)
I bought all of these items with my own money, I have not been compensated by Target or any of the companies mentioned above.


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The Longcross Hotel & Gardens
Trelights, Port Isaac, Cornwall PL29 3TF
+44(0) 1208 880243
North Coast -
Set in almost 4 acres of its own grounds and gardens, overlooking some 20 miles of the North Cornwall coast, perched high above Port Quin, between Port Isaac and Polzeath, The Longcross is in the perfect secluded location to enjoy a quiet relaxing break yet is within easy striking distance of some of the area's best attractions.
Rock and the Camel Estuary with its associated sailing and watersports and easy ferry access to Padstow, the championship golf course at St. Enodoc, Daymer Bay and Polzeath surfing beaches, historic Port Isaac fishing village, local market town of Wadebridge with cycle hire for the Camel Trail to Padstow and the diverse Bodmin Moor are all within 20 minutes drive.
This converted Victorian gentleman's residence has been completely refurbished and boasts all modern creature comforts along with new bathrooms, wi-fi broadband
and a stunning new glass restaurant with terraces taking advantage of the expansive panoramic sea views.
There is plenty of room for children including an adventure play area.
The refurbishment is now finished with the completion of our terrace with its wonderful panoramic sea views, access from the new hotel bar and the residents lounge.
The hotel is available for group bookings for weddings, conferences, anniversaries, etc. and incorporates a large function room with a capacity for around 100 people depending on the type of event.
To view our rooms & tariff please click here
For bookings please click here
Hotel Restaurant
Experience our Hotel Restaurant, where our dedicated staff prides themselves on carefully prepared contemporary cuisine and exceptional service.
Whatever your delight, dining at the Long Cross Hotel is sure to exceed your expectations and satisfy all appetites of refined tastes and of particular palates.
Here at the Longcross we offer an idyllic setting for your wedding. Our panoramic views of the rugged North Cornwall coastline are a spectacular backdrop for your special day. We are a small boutique hotel set in four acres of luscious Victorian gardens.
Our gorgeous surroundings and the fact that we are "tucked" out of the way, add a fantastically secluded and exclusive feel to the day, for you and all your guests.
From the off set you will meet with either James the owner or Justyna the manager to discuss the details of the day. No question is too minor and no detail is too small.
Our staff pride themselves on making the day a relaxed, fun & memorable occasion for all.
Located adjacent to the hotel are our Long Cross Victorian Gardens, the only public gardens on the North Cornish coast, and the subject of a television feature because of their unusual aspects. The gardens remain in the original Victorian garden layout and they retain their original splendour. Visitors often say that they have never seen a garden resembling the Long Cross and this is mainly because the gardens were constructed primarily to overcome the difficulties of the local climate.
Out & About
The Eden Project is 40 minutes and Tate Gallery is 80 minutes drive.
Port Isaac has recently featured in Martin Clunes "Doc Martin" as the fictional village of Portwenn and farmland adjacent to the hotel has been used for filming.
The hotel is located in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, on the edge of the attractive village of Trelights. Port Quin, a National Trust Village is just over a mile away, and the quaint village of Port Isaac lies slightly nearer in the other direction.
Golf, sailing, fishing, windsurfing, coastal walks and sandy beaches, are all within easy reach.
One of the best and most famous surfing beaches in North Cornwall is at Polzeath, just under 4 miles away. The adjacent beach of Daymer Bay (5 miles) is great for families due to it's excellent, fine sandy beach.
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Handpicked in Cornwall is an informed selection of the very best Cornwall has to offer in four exclusive categories: Stay: Dine; Shop: Enjoy We have tried to include several key areas such as: Cornwall Luxury Hotels, Luxury Places to stay in Cornwall, Cornwall Luxury B & B's, Cornwall Bed & Breakfast, Cornwall Pubs & Inns, Country House Hotels, Boutique Hotels, Small Hotels, Cornwall Wedding Venues, Romantic Breaks in Cornwall, Short Breaks in Cornwall, Cornwall Self Catering, Cornwall Luxury Cottages, Cornwall Award Winning Restaurants, Cornwall Places to Stay, Cornwall Seafood Restaurants, Cornwall Fine Dining Restaurants, Cornwall Modern British Restaurant, Cornish Produce, Exclusive Shops in Cornwall, Days Out in Cornwall, Luxury accommodation in Cornwall, Places to eat in Cornwall and much more.
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text: I have been feeling so many different emotions, and as I wrestle with this presidential election outcome, what I am realizing after witnessing this entire year of presidential campaigning is that whatever the outcome was to reveal, we the people are being summoned to show up, create the change we want to see in this country, and not be idle in our desired outcomes. There is no doubt that this country as a whole has not been satisfied with the governing of our nation for a long time…having money be at the heart of motivation and sabotage….too many suffering, the middle class disappearing, feeling minimized, and treated unfairly triggers personal fear and desperation. It would have been tremendous to have a Woman President, my heart's desire, BUT this is not the only feat to accomplish at this time in history, to create the balance and sensibility in our political house and our own homes. President Obama talks about Uniting, and I hear this as if it is for the very first time…really take in what this means; WE- me and you, meet in this larger place of a collected and United people. We need each other, even as we disagree, we need each other more than ever…. there is a deep gaping wound in this country and it has been here for a long time. I believe the only way to heal is to Gather and Unite, not divide. More will be revealed, and as it is revealed, WE are being summoned to show up and stay, NO MATTER WHAT, and contribute more energetically and intentionally to our desired outcomes, to not just vote and then leave it to the elected President to fix and lead and make things right. THAT DOESN'T HAPPEN. They don't have the power, the Government does. We have to take responsibility, get involved, be educated, and dare to take action for the Greater Good, everyday, not every 4 years. We've fought hard for democracy, and yet we don't take advantage of our rights, we have become complacent. Maybe we need to be reminded of our constitutional rights, maybe some of us don't even know what that truly means, or how it is meant to serve our people. The real work has just begun, and I am committing to being mindful and respectful in relationship with all of you. I am reminded of Rumi's wisdom, "Beyond right and wrong, there is a field, and I will meet you there." And with all of that being shared, I am praying, weeping really, for all the hurt that has been hurled during this campaign year, because it has been this platform that has unleashed the unspoken pain and fear of people. It all needed to come out, and it came out in a big heaping hurtfilled mess. But I know, that I am so much stronger being a part of all of you, and need you all more than you could ever know, because I'm not alone with my own pain and uncertainty.


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Lady Strafford; and Thomas, second Earl of Strafford; all by Kneller;—Charles I. and the Duke of Hamilton; a most superb picture, whole length, by Vandyck.
James Duke of Monmouth. His connection with Lady Henrietta Wentworth, is subject of notoriety; and whilst we are obliged to condemn the vices of the man, we cannot avoid admiring the magnanimity of the lover, who on the scaffold refused to confess any thing against the honour of his mistress. It is a singular fact, that when about to atone for all his worldly crimes, he felt the edge of the axe, feared it was not sharp enough, and desired that he might not experience Lord Russel's lingering treatment from an unskilful executioner; which, however, was his fate, his head only being severed from his body by the fifth stroke.
William III. whole length.—Thomas first Earl of Strafford, and his Dog; whole length, by Vandyck.
Charles XIIth of Sweden, in the dress he wore at Albranstadt in Saxony 1704; blue uniform, and large military gloves; high large forehead, aquiline nose, penetrating eye, and light brown hair turned back. He was one of those monarchs chiefly famed for the wars in which they have embroiled their subjects. This sovereign (who is described as bold, intrepid, and magnanimous) is rather to be


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Gravitational fields
Students will have been aware of the effects of gravity since they first fell down, so it is probably the force they feel most familiar with. In this topic, they will extend their terrestrial experience to develop a much broader picture of the force of gravity, and its representation in the form of a gravitational field.
Students are often initially surprised by the fact that they pull up on the Earth with exactly the same force that the Earth pulls down on them. This topic will develop the idea that Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation is precisely that: universal. Every single object with a mass in the universe gravitationally attracts every other object with mass.


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Many of you might think that I'm crazy. The guy puts up good numbers and he was on the Rangers team that finished first in the Eastern Conference in 2011/12. The problem I have with this guy is that he doesn't have much to show for his talent.
How many Stanley Cup appearances have the teams that hew has played for been to the Stanley Cup finals. How many conference championships have his teams been too?
When Marian was with
the guy seemed to be injured all the time. One of his nagging injuries was with
his groin. I think the Wild had a player that was talented and did well when he
was in the lineup but the guy lacked the toughness needed on an NHL team. What
good is a guy who doesn't play due to hang nail type injuries? Minnesota
Up until this season Gaborik had only played one full NHL season. That was with the Rangers and it was last year. The guy can't seem to stay in the lineup fro very long before getting hurt.
The guy had so much potential. He could have been a great star in the NHL but his lack of focus, desire and hunger for winning has hurt him and the teams that he's played for.
If I were an NHL executive I would pass on Gaborik. As mentioned before, the guy can put up tons of points but that's when he's in the lineup.
The other factor is that Gaborik doesn't shine when he has been to the playoffs. In half of his playoff seasons, the guy has underachieved and his production has been less than the regular season.
If an NHL executive is looking for a leader and the type of player that will take him to the NHL's Promised Land, Gaborik is definitely not the player for that executive.
If you're looking for a player who will underachieve when it counts or will be out of the lineup at inopportune times then Gaborik is a great fit for your team.


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Finding your D-Link home network's SSID You can return to your D-Link router configuration settings to ensure that you enter the correct information when adding other computers to your home network. You will need your network's SSID and WEP key information when configuring the network adapters on the additional computers.
Looking for Residential?
Looking for Wireless?


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Thermos Stainless Steel King Vacuum Insulated Flask 1.2L Midnight Blue
Stock Status: IN STOCK
Ships Out Next Business Day
Retail Price $64.99
Product Description
Thermos Stainless Steel King Vacuum Insulated Drinking Flask 1.2L The Thermos King DrinkFlasks Series is specially designed for anyone of you who are looking for a flask that is suitable on keeping liquid for long day use. The creation of Thermos Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated BeverageFlask 1.2L is convenient for those want to keep your drink or water hot or cold up to 24 hours, as it's Thermo Double Wall Vacuum Insulation for maximum temperature retention is able to keep your water warm and cold. This Thermos Stainless Steel Vacuum Insulated King Drink Flask 1.2L comes with insulated stainless steel serving cup for easy serving. To open the flask, just twist and pour stopper without removing the stopper.The restrechable handle makes it easy to transport and carry. What is Thermos® vacuum insulation technology? With traditional containers, heat or cold finds its way inside, Thermos technology vacuum insulation creates an airless space between two walls.With very little air between the walls, there is almost no transfer of heat from the inner wall to the outer wall, so it's virtually eliminating temperature change. How to take care of Stainless Steel Vacuumwares? 1.Wash and rinse the product thoroughly before first use and after each use. Hand washing is recommended. 2. Don't use abrasive cleansers or scrubbers because they may dull the finish. 3. Don't use bleach or cleaners containing chlorine on any parts of the product. 4. For best insulation efficiency result, preheat or pre-chill product just prior to use. Fill with hot/cold tap water, attach lid, let stand 5 to 10 minutes and empty. After filling, place the lid on the product to increase thermal efficiency. 5. Don't place product in the dishwasher to clean. Product is not dishwasher safe (except stainless steel bottle and can insulators). 6. Beverage bottle insulator fabric top must be removed for cleaning. Do not place in dishwasher. Clean fabric top with a damp cloth. Features: - ThermoMax® double wall vacuum wall - Ideal for beverages - Keeps Cold Up to 24 hours - Keeps Hot Up to 24 hours - Unbreakable stainless steel interior and exterior - Leak-proof Lid - Cool to the touch with hot liquids, sweat-proof with cold - Size Option: 1.2L/40oz - Colour: Midnight Blue Thermos product get Warranty for 5 years from date of purchase from Thermos L.L.C with Terms and Condition applied. Thermos warranty is only based on the vacuum cylinder but not the plastic components.
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Under the direction of a faculty member, this program is primarily independent studio time with emphasis on the production of a coherent body of work.
Creating a Community
Artists tend to develop and mature in their craft, around other artists. Open Studio is about creating a community of artists where learning, mentoring and exploring new innovative practices happens every day.
Open Studio Design
You will meet with a faculty member in your chosen studio before you start the program. If accepted, you will submit a design brief and/or written proposal to the studio which will guide your course of action, indicating design theme/concept, illustrations, work-plan and techniques.
Your proposal must be completed by the second week of the course. The design brief will form the basis of the contract for the work to be completed. Any changes to the contract must be made in consultation with faculty and presented in writing.
Self-Directed Studies
While you are expected to be primarily self-directed, you will be expected to spend between 18 and 30 hours per week, depending on the length of study chosen, in your chosen studio. Instructor(s) are available during class time for individual consultation specifically relating to the development of your body of work.


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HORNE is a decidedly different CPA and business advisory firm that is changing expectations about accounting.
Clients turn to HORNE for foresight, straight talk and collaboration from a team of dedicated accounting, tax and advisory professionals. Whether we are supporting a private, public or government organization, our industry specialized teams bring empirical knowledge and a total commitment to helping you build operational efficiencies, manage risk, ensure compliance, prevent surprises and pursue opportunities.
HORNE helps contractors build a solid foundation for growth by implementing financial reporting and operations efficiencies, fraud controls, and job costing processes.
Financial Institutions
HORNE meets the accounting and business advisory needs of financial institutions in communities across the South.
HORNE applies firsthand industry experience to help franchise owners streamline operations and fuel brand growth and cost efficiencies through financial processes, planning and valuation.
HORNE aids disaster recovery, compliance and grant management efforts across the nation with compassion, government experience and the highest CPA standards.
HORNE takes an active role in helping healthcare providers to create clinical excellence, optimal patient outcomes, and cost efficiencies in the midst of ongoing delivery model change.
Public & Middle Market
HORNE equips public and fast-growth middle market companies for progress with comprehensive accounting and advisory support including audit, M&A, tax counsel and reporting.
HORNE Wealth Advisors
HORNE brings a data driven, relationship based approach to the investment management and wealth planning needs of high net worth individuals, institutions and closely held businesses.
Achieving your goals in the face of change and challenge requires a dedicated partner who understands your industry and your business. Experience, credentials and resources are the starting points. HORNE is changing the culture of accounting with a focus on community, empowered team members and moving past the status quo.
Working across the firm and with you, we go the extra mile to serve your unique needs, keep you informed, ask the hard questions and produce the financial data you need for success and peace of mind.
Culture Matters Blog
Making 'I Think I Can' 'I Know I Can'I think I can...I think I can...I think I can. These are infamous words from a childhood story we all know well. The purpose of the story is to build...


text: A solid core door is just as the name implies, solid instead of hollow like many modern doors. A solid core door is more expensive than a hollow core door and it also has a higher fire rating. Solid core doors are commonly used in areas where more privacy is preferred. There are four basic core materials used for making solid core doors. Particle cores are the most common, and are made from pressed wood fibers, similar to hardboard or fiberboard. Stave lumber cores consist of many small wooden blocks joined together with glue, while structural composite lumber cores are made from layered wood chips, giving them a similar appearance to plywood. Doors used in fire-rated walls have a mineral-based core. These cores are typically made from pressed gypsum, which helps slow the spread of heat and flames during a fire.


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Special equipment: Four 1-quart mason jars, 1 for the yogurt, 3 for the cooler (see note) Medium bowl Meat thermometer Funnel (optional) Small cooler
Cleaning and Preheating: Before you get started, bring a large pot of water to a boil over high heat. Once boiling, shut off the heat. Rinse out the mason jar you'll be using for yogurt with some of the hot water. Fill the jar with more hot water and set it aside to preheat. All lids, bowls, spoons, forks or funnels should get a quick dunk in hot water too.
Fill the cooler with hot water to about 2 inches. Fill the remaining 3 jars with hot water, seal tightly and set in the cooler. Shut the cooler lid to allow the whole thing to preheat. This is your incubation chamber, your fermentation vessel, your magic box.
Place the yogurt (your starter) in a medium bowl and set it aside to allow it to warm to room temperature. (Resist the impulse to add more starter. Though it seems like a good idea, it actually produces a thinner, more fragile yogurt.)
Milking: Run a little tap water in a small, heavy saucepan. Swirl it around to coat the interior, and discard (the water, not the saucepan). This small step reduces the adhesion of milk proteins to the metal, minimizing scorching.
Add the milk and half-and-half to the saucepan and warm slowly over medium-low heat until the milk reaches 185 to 190 degrees F. Take it slow, 20 or more minutes is a-ok. The slower you warm the milk, the smoother the final result. Stir frequently with a rubber spatula, being sure to run the spatula over the bottom and sides of the saucepan. All this attention reduces the formation of milk "skin" (though don't stress any that does form) and limits the sticking and scorching of milk solids. You'll know the milk is at or near its target temperature when you see steam coming off the surface and small bubbles forming at the edges. Once the milk has hit its target temperature, remove it from the heat to cool while you finish preparing your incubation chamber.
Fermenting: Check the temperature of the water in the cooler (probably still quite hot) and add enough water, warm or cool as needed, to get the whole thing to 115 degrees F (about the temperature of very warm tap water). No higher, please. Really, 115 and not any higher. It is not worth running the risk of killing off the lactic acid bacteria in your starter.
When the temperature of the milk has dropped to 115 degrees, pour about half a cup (no need to be precise) into the bowl with your starter yogurt. (If the milk has dropped below 115, just gently heat it back to temperature before adding it to the starter.) Whisk with a fork to dissolve the yogurt, and then add the mixture back to the saucepan.
Empty the preheated mason jar-the one you set aside for yogurt-of its hot water. Now, pour in contents and stir well. Seal the jar tightly and transfer it to the cooler. Adjust the water level in the cooler to reach just shy of the lids.
Close the cooler and stow it someplace peaceful and warm, away from any potential jostling, meddling or peeking. Now comes the hard part: the waiting. Yogurt wants, needs, stillness for proper coagulation. You, on the other hand, will be overcome by the urge to check the set, take the temperature, offer words of encouragement. Stop! Give the milk its 'me' time. Let it meditate. It will reward you with yogurt.
Six to eight hours later, go ahead and have a look. Take the jar out of the cooler, remove the lid, and peer into the mystery before you. What was liquid should now be semi-solid. Try a little. If it tastes like yogurt and you like what you taste, refrigerate it and call it a day.
More likely, though, the yogurt will taste a little flat. The texture might be good, but the flavor will have little of the lactic tang that makes yogurt so distinctive. Instead, I encourage you to give long, slow fermentation a chance. Though it seems kind of scary-won't it spoil?-time allows for all sorts of wonderful flavors to develop, and for more lactose to be converted to lactic acid (which actually has a preservative effect). With slow fermentation you get fuller flavored, tangier yogurt.
So, once you've tasted and tested, raise the water in the cooler back to 100 to 105 degrees F, and return the yogurt to the cooler. Ferment for another 12 to 15 hours. Taste again. I got my best results after 22 hours of total incubation-with most of the last 10 hours hovering between 85 and 95 degrees-but yogurt is highly variable, and you could take it even further if you think it would benefit from still more acidity. Let your palate guide you.
When through fermenting, refrigerate your yogurt for 3 hours, to allow its structure to firm up. The end result should be almost pudding-like, closer to Greek yogurt than to conventional yogurt.
And there you have it, in a few simple steps, you, you, have saved one of the most perishable foods in nature from the forces of rot, and converted it into something durable and delicious.
If your cooler is larger enough to fit more mason jars, go ahead and add more. Or, better yet, make more yogurt. If you don't have mason jars, feel free to use quart-size plastic containers, the kind you get from takeout restaurants. They may not win on aesthetics, but they retain heat well. If you do use takeout containers, here's a tip: Submerge them in water at an angle. Doing so prevents them from floating.