text:
- Research article
- Open Access
Online solid phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of sucralose in reclaimed and drinking waters and its photo degradation in natural waters from South Florida
© Batchu et al.; licensee Chemistry Central Ltd. 2013
- Received: 26 June 2013
- Accepted: 15 August 2013
- Published: 22 August 2013
Sucralose has gained popularity as a low calorie artificial sweetener worldwide. Due to its high stability and persistence, sucralose has shown widespread occurrence in environmental waters, at concentrations that could reach up to several μg/L. Previous studies have used time consuming sample preparation methods (offline solid phase extraction/derivatization) or methods with rather high detection limits (direct injection) for sucralose analysis. This study described a faster and sensitive analytical method for the determination of sucralose in environmental samples.
An online SPE-LC–MS/MS method was developed, being capable to quantify sucralose in 12 minutes using only 10 mL of sample, with method detection limits (MDLs) of 4.5 ng/L, 8.5 ng/L and 45 ng/L for deionized water, drinking and reclaimed waters (1:10 diluted with deionized water), respectively. Sucralose was detected in 82% of the reclaimed water samples at concentrations reaching up to 18 μg/L. The monthly average for a period of one year was 9.1 ± 2.9 μg/L. The calculated mass loads per capita of sucralose discharged through WWTP effluents based on the concentrations detected in wastewaters in the U. S. is 5.0 mg/day/person. As expected, the concentrations observed in drinking water were much lower but still relevant reaching as high as 465 ng/L. In order to evaluate the stability of sucralose, photodegradation experiments were performed in natural waters. Significant photodegradation of sucralose was observed only in freshwater at 254 nm. Minimal degradation (<20%) was observed for all matrices under more natural conditions (350 nm or solar simulator). The only photolysis product of sucralose identified by high resolution mass spectrometry was a de-chlorinated molecule at m/z 362.0535, with molecular formula C12H20Cl2O8.
Online SPE LC-APCI/MS/MS developed in the study was applied to more than 100 environmental samples. Sucralose was frequently detected (>80%) indicating that the conventional treatment process employed in the sewage treatment plants is not efficient for its removal. Detection of sucralose in drinking waters suggests potential contamination of surface and ground waters sources with anthropogenic wastewater streams. Its high resistance to photodegradation, minimal sorption and high solubility indicate that sucralose could be a good tracer of anthropogenic wastewater intrusion into the environment.
- Sucralose
- Artificial sweetener
- Online SPE
- Reclaimed waters
- Drinking water
- Photo degradation
- Degradation products
- High resolution mass spectrometry
Artificial sweeteners are widely added to foods, drinks, personal care products and pharmaceutical formulations replacing sugar in low calories diet. One artificial sweetener that has gained popularity and has been used in over 80 countries worldwide is sucralose [1, 2]. Sucralose (4-chloro-4-deoxy-α,D-galactopyranosyl-1,6-dichloro-1,6-didexoy-β,D-fructofuranoside) is a chlorinated disaccharide which originates from the non-chlorinated compound sucrose (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
After decades of use of artificial sweeteners, recent studies have documented their widespread occurrence in various environmental waters, such as wastewater, groundwater, surface water, and drinking water [2–9]. Although previous studies on sucralose have proved its safety for human consumption they suggest that sucralose it is extremely persistent, with a half-life in water of up to several years, depending on pH and temperature [10]. The compound is thermally stable and not extensively adsorbed or metabolized in humans resulting in the majority (98%) being excreted unchanged. Sucralose enter the environment mainly because of incomplete removal during wastewater (conventional primary and secondary) treatment [1] and recent publications have shown that sucralose could be a valuable tracer to monitor impact of wastewaters in the environment [9].
Due to the unintended but widespread presence in the aquatic environment and the fact that long-term health effects resulting from chronic exposure to low levels of sucralose are largely unknown [6], the presence of μgL-1 concentrations of the sweetener in the environment has raised concern, especially since it could affect organisms feeding behaviors [11]. More alarming is the suggestion that sucralose could interfere with plant photosynthesis by shutting down CO2 uptake [11]. The ecotoxicological effects of sucralose still need to be systematically examined but initial studies with Daphnia magna and gammarids exposed to increasing concentrations of sucralose (0–500 μg L-1) showed that both physiology and locomotion were influenced by exposure to sucralose suggesting that sublethal effects rather than acute toxicity may be the mechanism to consider [12]. Although other studies indicated that sucralose has low toxicity and also did not bioaccumulate significantly in aquatic organisms [13–15], its persistence combined with the increasing use of this substance demands a more detailed ecotoxicological assessment [12].
The literature contains a minimal amount of research on the degradation of sucralose. Abiotic hydrolysis of sucralose does not appear to be a dominate mechanism of degradation where less than 1% of initial sucralose was shown to degrade into two chlorinated monosaccharides (1, 6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-D-fructose and 4-chloro-4-deoxy-D-galactose) after a 1 year incubation in a pH 3 solution at 25°C [10]. Experiments at higher, more relevant pH (4 and 6) showed no hydrolysis [10]. The first study to examine biotic degradation of sucralose found that the compound could be degraded in soil although the specific microorganism(s) responsible for the degradation were not clearly identified [16]. Labare and Alexander found that sucralose can be mineralized in natural environments, such as lake sediments (4.4–18.8%, 96–126 days), sewage (23.2%, 123 days), and surface waters (1.1–4%, 42–132 days) to lesser extents than in soils (32.6–60.4%, 20–101 days) [17, 18]. The intermediates of soil microbial degradation of sucralose proposed by Labare and Alexander [17, 18] either the aldehyde or the uronic acid of sucralose, could not be detected in soil incubation experiments by Soh et al. [13]. The occurrence of such intermediates is still to be reported in environmental samples [19]. Incubation experiments with sweeteners in soils, Buerge et al. reported one of the shortest half-lives (DT50) at 9 days [20]. Previous studies showed that sucralose is not oxidized by UV light or visible light [13, 21]. All these studies clearly suggest that sucralose is mostly biologically inert and degrades at a slow but highly variable rate under normal relevant environmental conditions.
Robust analytical methods for assessing sucralose's environmental fate are crucial. To date, artificial sweeteners have been determined by HPLC with reverse phase chromatography using different buffer systems, ion pairing reagents and specific derivatization procedures [5] and by GC-MS [2]. More recently, studies employing liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS/MS) have been published for the analysis of sucralose in water samples by direct injection (higher detection limits) or offline SPE [3–6, 8, 22]. Nowadays the use of online SPE has shown important improvements such as higher sensitivity, analysis of smaller sample volumes, limited sample loss, no carry-over and robust and reproducible detection, while increasing sample throughput [23–27].
Although electrospray ionization is the most applied technique in LC-mass spectrometry, APCI has been shown some advantages over ESI, especially in the ionization of thermally stable polar and non-polar compounds. The ionization process associated with APCI is one of the most efficient, being considered more energetic or less soft than ESI, where gas phase reactions leading to the loss of net charge on the analyte may generate more fragment ions relative to the parent ion [28]. In fact, for certain classes of compounds that are traditionally very difficult to ionize or tend to show low sensitivity in LC-MS/MS techniques, electron capture negative APCI has provided increased sensitivity for these 'tough to ionize' compounds [24, 29]. APCI has been reported to be more sensitive than ESI for triazines, phenylurea herbicides and organochlorine pesticides [24, 30, 31]. Another advantage is that signal suppression in ESI is significantly more intense than that occurring in APCI for several compounds in different matrices [32], where ionization suppression involves mainly changes in the droplet solution properties caused by the presence of non-volatile solutes in ESI ionization [33]. To this end, we have developed and validated a fast, reliable and straight-forward analytical method based on online solid phase extraction atmospheric chemical ionization mass spectrometry (SPE)-LC–APCI/MS/MS for the analysis of sucralose in reclaimed, surface and drinking waters from South Florida, U.S.A. This method was then used to evaluate the potential of sucralose photodegradation using multiple light sources and water matrices. To our best knowledge this is the first report to assess sucralose oxidation under environmentally relevant conditions.
Sucralose was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). Sucralose- d6 (98% purity) was used as internal standard and was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc, (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Optima LC/MS grade formic acid, acetonitrile and water were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fairlawn, New Jersey, USA). Membrane filters (0.45 μm and 0.2 μm pore size) were purchased from Millipore (Billerica, MA). Ultrapure water (>18 MΩ cm-1) was generated from a Nanopure Infinity Ultrapure Water system. Stock solutions of 1 mg/mL were prepared in acetonitrile for both sucralose and sucralose d-6. All stock solutions were kept in the dark at -18°C.
Reclaimed water
"Reclaimed water can be defined as the end product of wastewater reclamation that meets water quality requirements for biodegradable materials, suspended matter and pathogens. Different applications of reclaimed water include landscape irrigation, agricultural irrigation in both food and non-food crops, ground water recharge and recreational purposes [34]. Various steps involved in producing reclaimed water from the wastewater include microfiltration through a series of membranes (0.1 to 10 μm), reverse osmosis, treatment with hydrogen peroxide followed by photolysis with UV light [35]. To date, FIU Biscayne Bay Campus receives reclaimed water from Miami-Dade North District Waste Water Treatment Facility, which has a capacity to treat 380,000 m3/day of water. The capacity of the existing reuse system for FIU irrigation is 1.5 million gallons per day (MGD) for irrigating 40 acres of landscape [36, 37]".
Sample collection sites
Reclaimed water samples (n = 56) were collected at least twice monthly at Florida International University (FIU) Biscayne Bay Campus (North Miami, Florida, USA) from January 2011 to December 2011 except February2011, where only one sample was collected per month. All samples were taken directly from the sprinkler systems after they were flushed for at least 5 minutes. Drinking/Tap water samples (n = 43) were collected from residents' homes and shopping centers located in the Miami-Dade County area. After collection, all samples were immediately transported on ice to the laboratory, filtered through a 0.45 μm glass fiber filter and then through a 0.2 μm membrane filter to minimize any potential biodegradation. Filtered samples were stored in the dark at -18°C until analysis.
Photodegradation experiments were performed using the two most common end members for treated wastewater releases, natural canal water and seawater. Canal water was collected from Tamiami Canal at its confluence with the Miami River. Seawater was taken from the shore at Bill Baggs state park at Key Biscayne, Miami, FL. Canal and seawater properties are shown in Additional file 1: Table S1. Environmental waters used to prepare the photo degradation experimental solutions were filtered twice using a 0.2-micron 47 mm glass fiber filter to remove any particles and microorganisms and then stored in the dark at <4°C until experiment was performed, typically within a week.
Online preconcentration
A Thermo Equan online SPE system was used for the determination of sucralose in reclaimed and drinking waters. An Accela 1000 was used as analytical HPLC pump and an Accela 600 was used as loading pump (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA). The analytical separation was carried out using a Hypersil Gold PFP column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) while the SPE pre-concentration column was a HyperSep Retain PEP (20 mm × 3.0 mm I.D) (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA). Instrument control and data acquisition was performed using the software Xcalibur 2.1 (Thermo Scientific, USA). An HTC-PAL autosampler (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA) was set to perform up to 10 mL injections. The automated online SPE clean-up and pre-concentration step was performed using only 10.0 mL of untreated water samples with little sample preparation. Two six-port switching valves were used for all analysis. Drinking and reclaimed water samples were prepared by adding 10 μL of 500 ng/mL sucralose-d6 and the final volume was made up to 10.5 mL with the sample.
The online procedure consists of a divert valve on the mass spectrometer which is programmed by the data system to control the loading and elution of the two LC columns. In the Load Position, 10.0 mL of sample was injected into a 10.0 mL loop and then loaded onto a SPE column by the loading LC pump (Accela 600), followed by a wash step to remove interferences (flow rate 2 mL min-1). The target compounds were retained in the SPE column and the matrix that is not retained during the extraction process was directed to waste while simultaneously the analytical pump equilibrates the analytical column in the starting gradient conditions. After 5.3 min, when the valve was switched to Inject Position, the solvent flow through the HyperSep Retain PEP column is reversed, and the analytes were then backflushed onto a Hypersil Gold PFP column for separation and quantitation by APCI-MS/MS. After 10 min, the switching valve was returned to the loading position to allow the extraction column to be re-equilibrated with water (A). Valve switching events as well as the gradient program are summarized in Additional file 2 for both drinking and surface waters. The samples were kept at 10°C in the autosampler. The total run time per sample was 12 min.
Direct injection LC-MS/MS method
A direct injection method was used for the analysis of photodegradation samples. Separation was performed on a Hypersil Gold PFP column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) in 11 minutes with a flow rate of 250 μL/min using a binary gradient mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (B) and 0.1% formic acid (C) in water according to the following program: gradient from 10% to 90% C in 6.0 min and held it for 2 min, and gradient back to 10% C in one min and held the gradient for 2 min. Column effluent was diverted to waste for the first 2.2 minutes in order to flush out the salt from the samples.
MS/MS detection
In both methods analytes were detected on a TSQ Quantum Access QqQ Mass spectrometer equipped with an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) source (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA) operated in the negative mode. Preliminary tests on sucralose standards through direct injection into the LC/MS/MS were performed using HESI and APCI sources. The APCI source showed better sensitivity than HESI, moreover ESI and/or HESI spectrum generally contains abundant and extensive series of adducts ions with methanol and inorganic ions [24, 38]. The APCI source was then selected and carefully optimized to produce reproducible spectra of the target compound. The optimized MS parameters were obtained by direct infusion of 10 μg/mL of standard solutions through a syringe pump at a flow rate of 50 μL min-1. The standard solution was mixed with the mobile phase using a T-connector before being introduced into the APCI source. The APCI vaporizer temperature and capillary temperature were 350 and 300°C respectively, with a discharge current of 5 kV. Sheath gas and auxiliary gas (N2) were used at a flow rate of 35 and 10 arbitrary units, respectively, and collision gas (Ar) pressure of 1.5 mTorr. The two transitions monitored for sucralose were 397 → 361 (CE, 13, for quantitation) and 397 → 359 (collision energy CE, 12, for confirmation) and for sucralose-d6 were 403→ 367 (CE, 12, for quantitation) and 403 → 365 (CE, 15, for confirmation). Instrument control and data acquisition was performed using Xcalibur 2.1 software (Thermo Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA).
UV photolysis
Photodegradation experiments were conducted using Rayonet UV photochemical reactors (Southern New England Ultraviolet Co., Branford, CT) capable of irradiating samples at two different wavelengths (254 nm and 350 nm). Black light phosphor bulbs in the Rayonet UV reactor give out a spectrum from 320 nm to 380 nm, with a maximum at 365 nm. This band is comparable to the range of UVA region (315–400 nm) of sunlight and hence commonly used to predict the photodegradation of pharmaceutical compounds in solutions and in the environment [39]. UV 254 nm generated by mercury vapor lamps is the most widely used light source to induce photolysis of a wide variety of organic compounds and commonly used as advanced water treatment process in domestic wastewater and drinking water treatment plants. The experimental solution of sucralose was prepared by diluting the stock solution to 0.2 μg/mL with three types of water: reverse osmosis-deionized water (RODW), natural freshwater from the Tamiami canal (CW) and seawater from Key Biscayne (SW). Three 30 ml- quartz tubes were used for the kinetic experiments. The first tube filled with 30 ml of RODW was used as blank. The control tube contained sucralose but was totally covered with aluminum foil to prevent light exposure. The third tube was left uncovered and exposed to light. All the tubes were placed on a merry-go-round to ensure uniform irradiation in the Rayonet UV photochemical reactor chamber. At specified time intervals, 380 μL of the samples were transferred to a 2 mL LC amber vial, and fortified with sucralose- d6 internal standard (20 μL of 10 μg/mL) to a final volume of 400 μL. Samples were thoroughly mixed and analyzed directly by LC-MS/MS. Degradation curves assuming first order decay were plotted as [ln (Ct/C0)] versus time (hrs) using the Sigma Plot software v 11.0.
SunTest photodegradation
Sunlight plays an important role in determining the persistence and environmental fate of organic contaminants. However the intensity of natural sunlight depends mainly on the weather [40]. The intensity measured on sunny day differs from that on cloudy day and it also changes with latitude. The variable intensity of sunlight makes the kinetic parameters to vary constantly and greatly affects experimental reproducibility and interpretation. Hence experiments were conducted on a SunTest device, which is a surrogate of real sunlight. The spectra of natural solar spectrum and the SunTest are compared in Additional file 1: Figure S2. The wavelength distribution and the intensity of the Xenon lamp are very similar to those of natural sunlight [41]. Compared with the spectrum of real sunlight measured on a sunny day at Miami, FL, the light distribution of SunTest xenon lamp matched sunlight very well, especially in the 300 nm-400 nm range.
A SunTest XLS Tabletop Xenon Exposure System (ATLAS Material Testing Technology LLC, Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used to predict the degradation rates of sucralose in natural sunlight under environmental conditions. The SunTest XLS produces continuum of wavelengths from 300 nm to 800 nm by using a properly fitted Xenon lamp on the top of the exposure chamber (Additional file 1: Figure S2). The xenon lamp was used with its maximum abundance intensity (750 W/cm2). Test solutions of sucralose (0.2 μg/mL) were prepared in three different water matrices i.e. RODW, CW and SW. In this part of the study, 25 mL of the experimental solutions were placed in three polyethylene bags (Nasco WHIRL-PAK 2 OZ.), which were previously tested to be UV transparent. Similarly to UV photolysis experiments 1 control bag was kept in the dark by covering it with aluminum foil (dark control) and one was left uncovered. One bag filled with RODW acts as blank. Bags were then floated in a water bath to keep the solution at a constant temperature (25°C) when exposed under the Xenon lamp in the SunTest. The sampling interval and analytical procedures were identical as those for the Rayonet reactor experiment.
Results and discussion
Method development
The initial online SPE LC-APCI-MS/MS developed for determination of sucralose produced MDLs of 2.7 μg/L for reclaimed waters and 0.7 μg/L for drinking waters using 1 mL sample volume. These MDLs are adequate for wastewaters but not for surface and drinking waters. Therefore, the method was further optimized for detection of sucralose in the ppt levels (ng/L) normally observed in U.S. drinking waters [6].
Method performance- online SPE-LC-MS/MS
The online SPE LC/MS/MS method for waters samples was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, limit of detection, matrix recoveries and inter-day precision of the technique.
The chlorine-isotopic pattern for a molecule containing three chlorine atoms such as sucralose results in four spectral peaks that differ in mass by 2 Da. The specific chlorine-isotopic pattern of the sucralose molecule was observed (m/z 395, 397, 399 and 401). The most abundant ion that was capable of giving a product ion spectrum was chosen (m/z 397). Two SRM transitions were monitored for accurate identification and quantification of sucralose.
An 8 point calibration was prepared by spiking varying levels of sucralose working standard solution in LC/MS grade water in the concentration range of 10 ng/L to 2000 ng/L. Calibration curves were built with the relative response ratio (area of sucralose divided by area of sucralose-d6) as a function of the analyte concentration. Linear response was observed in all cases (R2 > 0.99).
Method detection limit (MDL) was calculated from the standard deviation of seven spiked reclaimed and drinking water samples. Standard deviation of seven replicates was multiplied by the student t value at the 99% confidence interval (six degrees of freedom, t value, 3.143), according to procedures outlined by the US-EPA [43]. The matrix was spiked (n = 7) at 50 ng/L, 100 ng/L and 200 ng/L with the resulting MDLs of 4.5 ng/L, 8.5 ng/L and 45 ng/L in deionized water, drinking and 1:10 diluted reclaimed waters, respectively. Using this method, the MDL for the determination of sucralose in reclaimed waters improved by 6-fold. Matrix matched recoveries (n = 5) were assessed by spiking drinking and reclaimed and water at 50 ng/L and 200 ng/L, respectively. Because real sample matrices may contain target analytes, non-spiked samples were also analyzed and the concentration found was subtracted from the spiked sample concentration. Recoveries ranged from 91 to 108% (96.7 ± 5.27), 85 to 107% (96.2 ± 10.9) and 85 to 113 (97 ± 9.7) in deionized water, drinking and reclaimed waters, respectively.
For a repeatability study of the LC-MS method, duplicates and replicate determinations of spiked standard mixture were carried out on the same day (intra-day analysis) and on different days (inter-day analysis). The calculated relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 3 to 13% and 9 to 12% for intra-days and the inter-days in drinking water and reclaimed water, respectively.
Previous studies using offline sample preparation in surface water, drinking water, groundwater and sewage effluents reported MDLs in the range of 10 ng/L to 25 μg/L [3–6, 8, 9, 22], which are consistent with the present study. Heeb et al. and Neset et al. have previously reported an online SPE LC-MS/MS determination of sucralose in wastewater, surface and drinking water; however presenting higher detection limits [26] or similar detection with larger volume of sample (20 mL) [25].
Applicability of the method to environmental samples
Average concentration and frequency of detection of sucralose in reclaimed water samples
Frequency of detection (%)
Monthly averages (μg/L)
8.00 ± 3.44
9.63 ± 4.05
6.96 ± 1.18
9.32 ± 2.85
8.53 ± 2.02
5.89 ± 2.47
10.65 ± 6.35
12.08 ± 1.98
9.42 ± 1.16
10.09 ± 1.34
8.92 ± 2.75
There is a growing concern related to the artificial sweetener sucralose in the United States and Canada. Sucralose has become the most detected unregulated chemical and artificial sweetener in wastewater, surface water and groundwater samples [19].
Comparison of studies on sucralose detection in sewage effluents and wastewaters
Average concentration detected (ng/L)
Bronstrom-Lunden et al. 2008
Bronstrom-Lunden et al. 2008
Neset et al. 2010
Buerge et al. 2009
Scheurer et al. 2009
Torres et al. 2011
Ordonez et al. 2012
Oppenheimer et al. 2011
Scheurer et al. 2011
Morlock et al. 2011
Minten et al. 2010
Berset and Ochsenbein 2012
Gan et al. 2013
Current study
Average of all studies
Levels of sucralose in drinking water samples were similar to surface and groundwater in Europe [3, 4, 6, 8]. Recent reports on U.S. ground and drinking waters [5, 6] showed concentration of sucralose in the μg/L range, relatively higher than those reported in Europe and in the present study. For results obtained in U.S. waters, the concentrations reported here in drinking water samples (up to 465 ng/L) were lower than in surface water (up to 10,000 ng/L), drinking water (up to 2400 ng/L) and groundwater (up to 2400 ng/L) from previous studies [2, 5, 6, 9]. These results suggest that levels of sucralose found in drinking and ground waters are comparable to surface water, demonstrating that this compound can be of great concern even for Drinking water Treatment Plants (DWTPs) with groundwater sources.
The occurrence of sucralose in groundwater and therefore drinking water would likely be an effect of surface water, contaminated with a nearby WWTP, being drawn into alluvial wells [5]. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that human exposure to sucralose through tap water consumption may be widespread in the U.S.
Photodegradation study of sucralose
Kinetic parameters of photodegradation experiments
Light source
k (h-1)
% degradation after a month
UV 254 nm
UV 254 nm
UV 254 nm
UV 350 nm
UV 350 nm
UV 350 nm
Identification of photolysis products
Kinetic photo degradation experiments showed that sucralose can be significantly degraded (t1/2 = 5.3 hrs for RODW) when irradiated at 254 nm. Because of that, those conditions were used to identify major degradation products. Identification of photodegradation products was carried out using high resolution mass spectrometry. A 5 μg/mL solution of sucralose was prepared in two different water matrices, RODW and SW and the spiked solutions along with blank and dark control were irradiated under 254 nm for one week and were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Separation of the analytes was carried out on the same analytical column (Hypersil Gold PFP column) using a binary gradient mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (B) and 0.1% formic acid (C) in water according to the following program: 100% C for the first min, gradient from 0% to 10% B in 2.0 min, then to 90% in 7.0 min, held it for 1 min, and returned back to 100% C in one min and held the gradient for 2 min. Samples were analyzed by direct injection of 20 μL of the irradiated solutions.
Targeted MS/MS experiments were performed on both sucralose and its photolysis product at 35,000 resolution using normalized collision energy (% NCE) ranging from 10–100. When operated in negative ion mode, even at the lowest NCE used (10%), excessive fragmentation was produced, making it impossible to obtain any structural information on the photodegradation product. Alternately, Full scan and MS/MS experiments were performed using in-source collision induced dissociation (CID), which will fragment all ions after the first quadrupole. The sample was run in the full scan mode (m/z 100–500) with 3 different CIDs i.e. 0, 15 and 25 eV while monitoring the decrease of the parent ion (m/z 395.0072) and the increase of the photo-product (m/z 361.0463) and their formate adduct ions intensity (m/z 441.0130 and 407.0518). When the CID was increased from 0 to 15 eV, the abundance of both formate adduct ions decreased while the intensity of m/z 395.0072 and m/z 361.0463 increased. However, when the CID was ramped to 25 eV, the intensity of all formed ions decreased.
An automated online SPE LC-APCI/MS/MS was developed and validated for the determination of sucralose at low ng/L levels in water samples. The method was successfully applied to drinking and reclaimed waters from South Florida, U.S.A. The method detection limits were 8.5 ng/L and 2.7 μg/L in drinking and reclaimed waters, respectively. In all matrices tested, the recovery of sucralose ranged from 85-113%. Sucralose was frequently detected (> 80%) in all studied samples with concentrations as high as 18 μg/L. The mass load per capita of sucralose released by the WWTP effluent by taking into consideration all the studies published to date was estimated as 5.0 mg/day/person in the U.S. and is two times higher than the global and European Union. The maximum concentration of sucralose detected in drinking waters was 465 ng/L. Based on a study conducted by Fujimaru et al. it has been estimated that 79.5 mg of sucralose is required to make 1 L of water weakly sweet [54]. Thus, considering the calculated global mass load of sucralose discharged by the WWTPs it would still take 8.43.E + 13 years to make the ocean waters become sweet. The ubiquitousness of sucralose in the aquatic environment is however of great concern, especially since little information is known to date about its potential long term ecological effects. Photodegradation of sucralose was minimal at environmental relevant conditions. Its high resistance to photodegradation, minimal sorption and high solubility could explain the high frequency of detection and levels found in this and other studies. These results corroborate with previous findings indicating that sucralose could be a good tracer of anthropogenic wastewater intrusions into the environment. The new photolysis product identified in this study is likely produced by the loss of a chlorine directly from sucralose. To our best knowledge this is the first time that a photodegradation product of sucralose was identified.
The Environmental Analysis Research Laboratory acknowledges the support from the Thermo Scientific Corporation in the development of this work. Sudha Rani Batchu would like to thank Florida International University graduate school for supporting her through Doctoral Evidence Acquisition Fellowship. This is SERC contribution 636.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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How To Get Help Ohio's 88 County
Boards of Developmental Disabilities provide a wide range of services
and supports to more than 90,000 children and adults. Those services
include everything from early intervention programs for infants and
toddlers, to transition services for school age youth, to work and
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please contact your local County Board of DD for assistance.
County Board Office LocationsUse this Interactive map to contact each County Board Office
30 E Broad St • Columbus, Ohio 43215 Subscribe

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With regard to height:
For centuries, Americans were the NBA players of the world. We were two inches taller than the Red Coats we squared off against in the American Revolution. In 1850, Americans had about two and a half inches on people from every European country. But our stature plateaued after World War II, and since then, other countries shot past us. White Americans have grown a bit taller since the early 1980s, but African Americans haven't.
And the tallest in the world?
[T]he Dutch are the tallest, at an average of six feet for men and five-foot-seven for women. They've come a long way: In 1848, a quarter of Dutch men were rejected from military service because they didn't meet the five-foot-two height limit. "Today, fewer than one in 1,000 is that short," the Associated Press noted in 2006. (The tallest people on record, though, are apparently the people of the Dinaric Alps, in the former Yugoslavia, where adolescent males are, on average, six-foot-one monoliths.)
The Danes, Norwegians, and Germans stack up right under the Dutch. American men and women, meanwhile, measure just 5'9″ and 5'4″, respectively, barely edging out the Southern Europeans.


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Odisha Sun Times Bureau
Khurda, Mar 20:
The root of superstition is so deep in Indian society that educated youths could not be out of the belief system. Such an incident was reported in Odisha's Khurda district where a 19-year-old youth slashed his tongue in a temple to appease the deity.
The boy was identified as Deba Taras. He was found lying in a pool of blood at the Chandeswar temple in the wee hours of Monday.
He has been admitted to the Capital Hospital in critical condition.
According to reports, Deba, a Plus Three student of Kuhudi College in Khurda district, was lying down before the deity at the Chandeswar temple in past eight days to fulfill his wish. Later, he slashed his tongue with a sharp weapon as an offering to god yesterday night.


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Kockel, Ullrich (2007) Brian Hosmer and Colleen O'Neill (eds): Native Pathways: American Indian Culture and Economic Development in the Twentieth Century. U. P. of Colorado 2004. [Other]
Full text not available from this repository.
|Item Type:
|Faculties and Schools:
|Faculty of Arts
Faculty of Arts > School of English and History
|Research Institutes and Groups:
|Irish and Celtic Studies Research Institute
|ID Code:
|Deposited By:
|Professor Ullrich Kockel
|Deposited On:
|17 Feb 2011 15:29
|Last Modified:
|25 Jul 2011 08:27
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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Black Bear Caruso's Legacy Robusto Root Beer
|Root Beer
|Comes In:
|12oz glass bottle
|Obtained in:
|Aldi Market Store
|cane sugar, maltodextrin
woo hoo!! my 300th root beer reviewed! crazy stuff indeed! i am closing in on 500 overall and will get there in early 2012, perhaps in time for my birthday. we shall see how it works out. anyway…
I thought this soda would be very elusive to get, mainly because i don't live anywhere near where it is made. but then i got an email telling me a reader had found it at their local Aldi Supermarket. they lived no where near the bottler either so i was intrigued. i don't live that close to an Aldi myself, but a half hour drive is much better than 42 hours. i put it off but soon i got a couple more emails telling me of someone finding the soda at their local Aldi in a similar fashion so finally i decided i had to go see if i could find some myself. and you know what happened? yes! i bought a case! they had about 6 cases so i did not feel like i was depriving the citizens of the area too much of their gourmet soda.
now, from the name, i would expect something serious and very full flavored, hearty even. well, to me that is what 'Robusto' would indicate. yet it is not hearty really at all. it is flavorful, sure. i would not call it robust or robusto or Roberto even. in fact, the flavor is a bit disappointing. that is, it is fine and tasty enough but it is just normal and not exceptional. it seems slightly better than the regular Black Bear Root Beer, but i could just be imagining that, they may in fact be the same formulation. it is fine in every way, good sweetness, fine flavor, good carbonation, a little creamy. but it is not great or exceptional in any way. sure, there is something to be said about getting exactly what you expect when you open a root beer, but i am here to try to find a pleasant surprise. i did not do so here. it is safe though to give to the visiting relatives and who ever else happens by.
Ingredients:filtered carbonated water, pure cane sugar, caramelc olor, natural and artificial flavors, maltodextrin, citric acid, sodium benzoate (preservative)
Anthony's Rating: 70
User's Rating: 84
# of ratings:3
Log in to save your ratings and personal root beer list!


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RTW - core skills learnt
- Details
- Category: Talking RTW
David Whitley takes a look at the life skills that tend to be learned on the road
People who go travelling to find themselves, then spend six months growing dreadlocks and strumming Jack Johnson songs on a Third World beach, are rightly regarded with utter contempt.
But that doesn't mean to say that travel is an essentially worthless process. There's an awful lot to be learned away from home - and much of it will stand you in good stead for the future.
Go travelling around the world, and you'll continually find yourself in awkward and unfamiliar situations. There's no mum and dad to deal with them for you, you've got a work out a way of doing it yourself. Day to day actions – finding a cash machine, working out the public transport network, using a map to find where you're staying – require decision-making processes. You're continually put in situations where chickening out and doing nothing, or waiting for someone else to do it for you, is not an option.
Over time, this changes your thinking processes. You start becoming accustomed to dealing with things and taking responsibility.
Most painfully shy people who go travelling don't tend to stay that way for long. It's pretty hard to skulk around the world not talking to anyone. You soon come to realise the importance of shared experience – seeing something great and having someone to discuss it with enhances the feelings.
It helps, of course, that other travellers tend to be more outgoing and open to strangers than people in your home town may be. People in your home town already have a set of friends – they don't really need to open up to new people. On the road, such companionship is much rarer.
And when you see others starting conversations with you, you're much more likely to start conversations with others. It only takes a few goes to realise that it's not nearly as terrifying as you first thought.
It's a rare traveller that doesn't come back with their communication skills enhanced. This is partly due to the problem solving thing, but mainly through the realisation that being sociable will make their time more enjoyable.
Different cultures do things in different ways. Things that may seem strange at first will start to look logical when you look at it from the local perspective. When you take into account the situation, the climate and the history of a place, certain character traits stop being weird and start being understandable. Different cultures put greater emphasis on different aspects of personality.
When you're exposed to a global soup of different approaches and cultures, you start to learn why things are done in ways that you're not used to. Understanding another person's perspective is a hugely important skill – for both work and life in general. You might not agree with it, but it certainly helps overcome any hurdles to be able to put yourself in someone else's shoes.
You'll also find that sometimes you do agree with the other perspective, and you start forming a world view that plucks the best from various cultures and ideas. And that's never going to be a bad thing.
You could design your own RTW and get yourself a proper education with roundtheworldflights.com's unique planner


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4 comments:
- ^.^ said...
I do remember Melanie and those times, friend D ... Love, D.
- 19 May, 2017
- Castles Crowns and Cottages said...
Oh dearest, remember this song? Remember those times? I was not quite a teenager during the hippie times, but I was on the edge, watching my older cousins take on the revolution. You are right; the times are ripe now for another change, another chance to change the world. We need it, don't we....
- 19 May, 2017
- Mapi said...
Oh, de herinneringen komen weer terug ...
- 22 May, 2017
- Mapi said...
Ja zullen we !
- 22 May, 2017
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Authentic miniature Victorian and Edwardian doll's dolls, toys, games and playthings for the discerning doll's house child. Designed and handcrafted by professional artisan Sandra Morris
Wednesday, 6 January 2010
Waking to a Winter Wonderland.....
The much heralded 'snow event' has taken it's time to get to St. Leonards on Sea, but it's snowing hard now and several inches have already accumulated. I haven't seen a single car inch its way down our vertiginous road this morning and having got ours safely off the road yesterday we won't be digging it out any time soon.
Small Dog took one look outside and promptly turned tail to return to her cosy nest by the radiator in the study. Despite the fact that her bladder can be only the size of a walnut, it must be cast-iron as she can keep her legs crossed for hours if need be.
The light is so bad today that I am considering re-jigging my schedule to avoid doing any casting. However, to do so would feel like a gross dereliction of duty, given that I've done so well this week so far. Perhaps if I use both my SAD lamp AND daylight lamp together I might have enough lux to enable me to cope with casting and de-moulding another batch of very, very tiny toys.
However, before I do battle with casting, I have my porridge to look forward to. Many thanks for all your suggestions on how to make this bland paste more palatable. Today I'm going to add some dried cranberries and a soupcon of honey.
6 comments:
- rosanna said...
I like snuggling at home when outside is cld and dreary. It's the only time during which I enjoy my ironing. Yesterday it was like that here, cold, uncertain on raining AND snowingat the same time, dark beyond measure.Today there is a lovely sunshine and tomorrow you'll have it and you'll enjy a nice stroll.If SD allows. Have a nice day Rosanna
- 6 January 2010 at 10:27
You seem to be getting the snow much worse where you are than we are getting here. The mountains are beautiful with the sun shining on the snow but at this level there is very little snow and mainly ice. Probably the salt from the loch is keeping it warmer.
Try your porridge with honey and cream. My English husband likes that.
I am off now to make my very first snow angel.
- 6 January 2010 at 10:56
- Sandra Morris said...
Rosanna! You ENJOY ironing?!!
It's still snowing hard and SD is STILL curled up in her basket resolutely ignoring my inviation to step outside and attend to her toilette.
- 6 January 2010 at 11:06
- Sandra Morris said...
Joyce... porridge with honey AND CREAM.
Why didn't I think of that?
Won't do the non-resolutional diet much good but t'would certainly banish the winter blues.
- 6 January 2010 at 11:08
- rosanna said...
Sandra, I DO NOT enjoy ironing at all !!! but when it's very cold I find some compensation in being kept warm by the iron !
- 6 January 2010 at 11:59
- Irene said...
We've had this weather since the week before Christmas and today the bin men - at long last - ventured in. We haven't seen them since the 16th December and one of the guys actually took a photo of the area - Health & Safety? His or ours? lol
A good day to stay in and mini.
- 6 January 2010 at 19:01


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These are lovely old French galvanized zinc tubs. Great pieces to use as a ice bucket for champagne when having a party or use to hold a plant.
They also look fantastic as light shades. Simply put a hole in the bottom and hang upside down.
They will look amazing whether your home is decorated in a coastal, vintage, or Hampton's style.
We have three of this size available, similar size & shape. Listed price is for one.
Please allow for some small differences from the images as these are vintage and not identical.
Measures approx: 40cm x 17cm high
incl. VAT, shipping costs apply
Free shipping to the following countries: Show more Show less


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Change your room ambiance to suit whatever you're doing. With the Philips SceneSwitch LED lamp, you can easily change the setting from bright light, to natural light and to a cozy warm glow. All you need is your existing switch. See all benefits
Delivers a variety of great light scenes straight out of the box to suit your different needs and moods. The intelligence is in the bulb itself, so no dimmer or other additional installation is required. Simply replace your bulb with this Scene Switch bulb, and you can change between different scenes at a flick of your existing wall switch. Lowest level of investment and effort required to enjoy the highest level of comfort. Now you can change the ambiance easily to suit whatever you╞re doing and your mood at the time.
It's easy to see how harsh lighting can strain the eyes. Too bright, and you get the glare. Too soft and you experience flicker. Now you can gently light up your world with LEDs designed to go easy on the eyes, and create the perfect ambience for your home.
Light can have different color temperatures, indicated in units called Kelvin (K). Bulbs with a low Kelvin value produce a warm, cozy light, while those with a higher Kelvin value produce a more energizing light. These new Scene Switch bulbs allow you to switch from functional lighting to natural light and to a cozy, warm dimmed light. Light levels can changes from 100% to 40% to 10%. Now you can easily customize your room for a variety of tasks or adapt it to suit your mood.


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Tracy Mullin, who has worked for the National Retail Federation for more than 30 years, today announced she will be retiring from the organization in late 2009. Mullin has served as President and Chief Executive Officer of NRF since 1993 when she was elected by a vote of the Board of Directors.
While Mullin announced her plans to retire to NRF's leadership last year, the public announcement comes as NRF's executive committee agreed to a merger between NRF and the Retail Industry Leaders Association.
In a letter sent to NRF members today, Mullin outlined that the decision to retire was difficult but comes at a good time. "I will never lose my love of retailing, and it's bittersweet to move on," she wrote. "After assisting NRF through this transition period, I look forward to tackling some new projects and embarking on new adventures."
In her letter, Mullin also outlined how NRF members and partners would experience the transition, writing: "NRF would not be where it is today without our extraordinary membership base. Please be assured that our entire staff, whom many of you have come to know well and trust, will be working diligently to ensure that this transition is smooth. Honestly, it is my hope that most of you will be unfazed by the merger—except that those of you with membership in both associations will not be paying two sets of dues! I'm sure I speak for both the NRF and RILA staffs when I say that we value your commitment to our organizations, will do everything we can to make this new partnership valuable to you, and look forward to having you as our ally in this next step."
Mullin has led the organization through a period of great change and impressive growth. Highlights of her tenure include:
Mullin had held a series of positions of increasing responsibility at NRF before her election as CEO. Prior to NRF, Mullin served as senior legislative advisor to the Minority Leader of the U.S. Senate.
The National Retail Federation is the world's largest retail trade association, with membership that comprises all retail formats and channels of distribution including department, specialty, discount, catalog, Internet, independent stores, chain restaurants, drug stores and grocery stores as well as the industry's key trading partners of retail goods and services. NRF represents an industry with more than 1.6 million U.S. retail establishments, more than 24 million employees - about one in five American workers - and 2008 sales of $4.6 trillion. As the industry umbrella group, NRF also represents more than 100 state, national and international retail associations. www.nrf.com.


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Returning & Not Retreating
In May we quietly filled out some paperwork and started the hoop-jumping, form-filling, important-paper-collecting process of getting a green card for my husband. We prayed about the timing, knowing that at some stage we'd need to be able to live in one or the other of our countries of origin for more than six months. … Continue reading Returning & Not Retreating


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Finally a savory entree and not a dessert! Instead of being made of potatoes+egg+flour like the "regular" gnocchi, these "green" gnocchi are made of spinach+egg+ricotta+Parmesan. They can (should) be frozen. Be patient. The effort you spend doing the work is worth it. You will recover it later, when you will save time by having the gnocchi ready to eat out of the freezer.
Spinach and Ricotta Gnocchi with Sage Butter
1.5 kg (3lb 5 oz) fresh spinach, stalks removed (or 400 gr (14oz) thawed frozen spinach)
50 gr (1 3/4oz) butter
1 onion, finely chopped
1 garlic clove, finely chopped
1 tbs chopped marjoram leaves
1 small nutmeg, grated
250 gr (9oz) ricotta cheese
2 eggs
75 gr (2 1/2 oz) all-purpose flour (+extra for dusting)
50 gr (1 3/4 0z) fresh breadcrumbs
100 gr (3 1/2 oz) Parmesan cheese, grated
Sage Butter
75 gr (2 1/2 oz) butter
15 gr (1/2 oz) sage, stems removed
grated Parmesan cheese, to serve
1. Cook the spinach in a large saucepan with a generous amount of salt and a little water until it just begins to wilt. Drain, then rinse in cold water and squeeze as dry as possible. Finely chop.
2. Melt the butter and cook the onion and garlic until soft and translucent. Add the marjoram, spinach, and nutmeg and season. Remove from the heat, put the spinach in a large bowl and spread it out to cool completely.
3. Stir in the ricotta, eggs, flour, breadcrumbs, and Parmesan. Taste for seasoning and add more salt, pepper, or Parmesan if needed. The gnocchi should be well seasoned as they will be dusted with flour and then cooked in water, which tends to dilute their flavor a little. Put the mixture in the fridge and allow it to chill and stiffen up.
4. Roll the gnocchi into walnut-sized balls, dusting your hands regularly with flour as the mixture will be sticky, and put them on a lightly floured tray. This might be a little messy, so occasionally rinse your hands in warm water.
5. To make the sage butter, melt the butter and stir in the sage
6. Bring a large saucepan of salted water to a boil, then reduce the heat a little. Add the gnocchi in batches, stir gently and return to the boil. Don't overcrowd the saucepan with the gnocchi or the might break up. Cook until they rise to the surface. Remove with a slotted spoon and drain. Once they are cooked, pour on the sage butter and sprinkle with Parmesan.
NB: a) I used less butter both in the gnocchi and the sauce. And it works just fine. b) Once done, freeze them (keep them separated on a paper plate). When frozen- put them in a plastic bag.


text:
Flights for the next 7 days
Posted Thursday, May 8th, 2014
Ballooning in the valley for the next week
Friday and Saturday mornings are looking really good for the weather. We have 2 spaces left on Saturday and full Sunday. Next week we have flights going on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday with limited space on all these. If you would like to book get the best deals online or call the office on 1300 80 70 24.


text:
The vibrato depth ranges from subtle modulations to extreme pitch effects. The vibrato LFO (low frequency oscillator) can be set from 0Hz to 5kHz and is controlled by 3 knobs to allow accurate control over the whole range.
The vibrato LFO shape can be selected from a variety of options and smoothly changed between them.
The LFO speed and the vibrato depth can themselves be modulated by two extra LFOs.
A 'bias' control is provided to change the effect from simple vibrato to something more like a traditional chorus or flange. Feedback can also be applied to give deeper, more resonant flanges or to produce echo effects.
The plug-in works as a generic n-to-n processor i.e. it will do mono-to-mono, stereo-to-stereo, 5-to-5 etc.. Good hosts will also allow its use as a mono-to-stereo effect (e.g. Logic does this). A 'spread' control is provided to offset the LFO phase per channel - giving a result much like a classic 'stereo chorus' effect.
Hear for yourself the effects Warbler is capable of on the audio demos page.
Or watch this video:
System Requirements
- Mac
- Mac OS X 10.6.8 or higher
- Intel CPU
- Audio Unit or VST host application, or ProTools 10 or above for the AAX version
- Windows
- Windows XP SP2 or Windows 7
- VST 2.4 host application, or ProTools 10 or above for the AAX version
Initially the plug-in runs in demo mode, in which it is fully functional, except that it will time-out after 15 minutes of use. Simply reloading the plug-in resets the time-out.
To remove the time-out, you can purchase a registration. The price is $19 (US dollars, plus VAT if applicable).
A registration allows you to install the plug-in on up to three computers at once.


text:
Missing Case Screw MBP A1226
I'm missing a single screw for a macbook pro pan. It is one that goes on the sides, where the ports are. The screw I'm missing is the middle on the right side, but both sides looked like the same size. I only need one, not the whole set. Where can I get one? Many thanks.
Is this a good question?


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Well, I suck, I was thinking it was going to be in february, and I didnt know it was a pre sign up thing.. being new to this stuff really sucks, ive been so busy, My son gets the iron man award, and unless I can show up on the day an pay, or if i can some how still sign up , how can I get his iron man award ?
thanks, chris
Forum › Upcoming District 22 events › Banquet
Race clubs can post information about upcoming races in this forum
Page 1 of 1
- ChrisDamstrom
- Posts: 83
- Joined: Mon Dec 23, 2013 10:23 pm
- Last name:
- Location: Dexter, Iowa
Posted: Thu Jan 05, 2017 10:24 pm Post subject: Banquet
- ben miller
- Posts: 98
- Joined: Mon Jul 28, 2014 6:47 am
- Last name:
Posted: Fri Jan 06, 2017 12:38 am Post subject: Re: Banquet
I don't know if you can still sign up for the meal Chris, but I don't think there's any reason you couldn't be present for the award ceremony. I think our admission price pays for the meal and the door prizes (your names won't be called since you wouldn't be on the list), and seating is always tight but having said all that- come on out and pull a chair in if there's not one available. You made it to all the races this summer and the little guy needs to be on the stage with the rest of the Ironmen/women. It's a fun time and CJ would have a good time there too. Hope to see you there.
- ChrisDamstrom
- Posts: 83
- Joined: Mon Dec 23, 2013 10:23 pm
- Last name:
- Location: Dexter, Iowa
Posted: Sat Jan 07, 2017 9:48 am Post subject: Re: Banquet
Thanks Ben, maybe well try that, I talked to Dee , he said he would pick up CJ's award, so thats covered. I dont see a time or schedule of events either so...
- ben miller
- Posts: 98
- Joined: Mon Jul 28, 2014 6:47 am
- Last name:
Posted: Mon Jan 09, 2017 6:51 pm Post subject: Re: Banquet
Banquet starts at 5, get there early to get a seat saved. Will probably get to awards about 7ish, and then stick around to watch Supercross on the big screen after that. And depending on how generous Tony is the with the bar tab, there may be additional festivities after SX is over. It's a pretty crazy experience for a young Amishman like myself, you should make sure to attend.
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text:
Opening Week of Oregon's Archery Elk Season
Archery Elk season here in Oregon is off to a great start. After scouting for two months, my dad and I were in the bulls first thing. We had set up two stands in separate locations that I had found big bulls over the summer. Using Bugling Bull Game Calls Remedy diaphragm, I cow called in and passed up a young 4x4 hoping for a chance at a bigger more mature bull as the season progresses.
My dad was able to take a nice 5x5 opening morning in another spot that I had scouted over the past two months. He was also cow called in an entire herd of over 70 Elk using the Mellow Yellow Mama diaphragm from Bugling Bull Game Calls.
|The herd going up the draw.
|Here they come in to dad's cow calls.
|That is a lot of spike bulls to pass up waiting for the branched bull.
|Well worth the wait!
|Dad called in the huge herd of Elk and passed up a ton of cows and spike bulls before harvesting this beautiful bull.
At the end of July this location only had resident bachelor bulls but around the 10th of August those bulls moved out and the cows, calves spikes and young branch bulls moved in. The evening of opening day, I was in a huge herd of cows and calves with no branch bulls (my dad shot the only branch bull in the herd). It was pretty amazing working my way up the mountain with Elk literally surrounding me. Thanks to a nasty thunder storm that rolled through the ground was wet and quiet and the wind was blowing steady downhill allowing me to sneak within 5 feet of some of the calves. I even managed to get it all on video. The audio on the footage is amazing. The herd was so loud, even the cows were bugling literally yards away from me. It was incredible!!!
We have a spike camp in over 4 miles off the road and I must say it is pretty awesome going to bed at night with the melody of mewing cows putting you to sleep. The big bulls are still in bachelor herds for now leaving me with the hopes of harvesting a larger more mature bull when one moves in and takes over this massive herd plus a plethora of statelight bulls looking to steal some of the cows. I will be there…waiting for my chance!
I am out of the woods today taking care of meat but will be back hunting tomorrow morning.
Happy Hunting Everyone,


text:
Video presentation of House Resolution 1326, "Calling on the Government of Japan to immediately…provide left-behind parents immediate access to their children". The video is compelling and condemning of Japan's ongoing disgraceful human rights abuse against children, denying them the love of a parent, relatives and friends. This presentation calls for a recorded vote on the floor. Your comments greatly appreciated.
Read the full text of H. Res. 1326 . A short read, well worth a look.
(Final votes on the H. Res 1326 are in. It passed 416 Yays, 1 Nay, and 15 No Votes.)
Download – You can download this video content for use on your own websites.
Flash – 102 MB
From C-SPAN's copyright policy page – "Although C-SPAN is the only news media organization that regularly televises the legislative proceedings of the U.S. House and U.S. Senate, it does not hold a copyright in that video coverage. That government-produced video is in the public domain which means that it belongs to the American people and may be used without restrictions of any kind."
If that weren't enough, and we are not allowed to broadcast content from the United States Congress, we reserve to right to use this content under the Fair Use laws which allows us to publicly comment.
Related posts:
[...] the entire presentation of H. Res. 1326 here. Share and [...]
[...] Highlighted EventsNo events to showRecent CommentsJapan is Making Sincere Efforts? | IAPCR on Japan Condemned for Child Abduction & Denial of Access by US House of RepresentativesTcS on Stats – Japanese Divorce, Access Denial, and Abduction Statisticsflash on AssistanceTcS [...]
Many people, and many Governments say this and say that,we will do it, but they never truly commit to anything unless they are getting something out of it. i.e. money, concessions on the new law 'Hague Convention', but that would be unfair to parents who have not seen their children for years, and a distortion of the Hague Convention and Parents rights.
I think Foreign Parents need to bring the Japanese Fahers divorced, Seperated in on this because if we make it their too then we have to win. This law affects all Fathers, and I am sure Jpanese Fathers love their children too, Gambatte Kudasai Japanese and Foreign Fathers: United we can win.
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text:
Rent of cars & buses
We offer you all kinds of cars for your travelling needs. Either for business and leisure trip our cars will definitely give you the best ride.
We Offer different kinds of cars that will suit your needs.
We have latest model cars available at very reasonable prices. Also we provide vehicles on weekly and monthly basis.
Dealing with various kinds of cars that will fit your travelling needs.
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We offer you varieties of cars that will fit your needs.
We offer you different kinds of cars that will suit your needs.
UAEShops.com © 2016. All Rights Reserved.
Website Designed in Dubai by www.gulfIdeas.com


text:
Toronto Child Care Raffle 2013 WINNERS
Congratulations to the Winners of the Toronto Child Care Raffle 2013! Thank you to all participants for supporting Toronto's Child Care Community!
Winners will be contacted by the TCBCC
We would like to give a special thanks to all our sponsors who donated prizes for the 2013 Toronto Child Care Raffle: Adelaide Club, Auld
Spot, Aveda, Big Carrot, Book City, Bowmanville Zoo, Brass Taps, Cineplex,
Civello Salon, Corso, David's Hairstyling, Deborah Gibson, Dough Bakery, Dr. Ziad Nabih, El Pipil, Esther Myers'Yoga, Fermentations, Grandview Golf Resorts, Hip Street, Interac, Kumail Karimgee, Ladder Leather Goods, the Learning Enrichment Foundation, Lenny Graf, YPT, Loblaws, Louise Kool & Galt, M & M, Manulife, Mary Rose Fitzpatrick, Mastercard, Mievents, Mike Pedan, Moneris Solutions, Monkey Business, Miles Nadal JCC, Nicole Pillar, Nineth Line Family Golf, Nunu Educational, Ontario Science Centre, Parentbooks, The Rectory Café, Scholars Choice, Shelley at Angel Hair, Sheraton Hotel, Silver Tips, Snug, Solar Stage Theatre, Subtlecurve, Tarragon Theatre, Tate Productions, Tech Data, Ted Thomas Massage, The Meat Department, Toronto Culture & Tourism, Treasure Island
Toys, Wintergreen Learning Materials, Withrow Child Care.


text:
On Tuesday, September 27, 2011, 4:59:07 PM, Erik wrote: ED> On Sat, 24 Sep 2011 22:22:04 +0200, David Dailey ED> <email@example.com> wrote: >> Values above 1.0 should, as Opera does, oversaturate the image. Values >> under >> 0 should reflect the chroma (but not the luminance? If I see what is >> going >> on here). I agree that being able to increase as well as decrease saturation is desirable and common behaviour. The restriction to 0..1.0 should be lifted in SVG2 (and perhaps, errata'ed in SVG 1.1?) >> Maybe something little and easy to consider for 2.0? A single valued >> parameter that does the work of a whole matrix seems like an improvement >> for >> authors. Yes, some syntactic sugar would be easy there. ED> What Opera does is to use the equations already in the spec for computing ED> the matrix, they are defined for values outside the 0..1 range too. Yes, since the equations cover those values its easy to simply lift the 0..1 restriction - certainly in SVG2. -- Chris Lilley Technical Director, Interaction Domain W3C Graphics Activity Lead, Fonts Activity Lead Co-Chair, W3C Hypertext CG Member, CSS, WebFonts, SVG Working GroupsReceived on Wednesday, 28 September 2011 16:11:06 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Wednesday, 8 March 2017 09:47:26 UTC


text:
Skill of the Grill 2018
Salmon BBQ Grilling Championships
Zuanich Point Park at Squalicum Harbor
Saturday, September 22, 2018
Get Fired Up! Grab your apron, light up your grill, and join the fun at the new and improved Skill of the Grill.
Whatcom County is blessed with an abundance of seafood. Backyard salmon grilling is the delight of the season. Whether you're a professional or a family griller, you are invited!
Our "Skill of the Grill" competition puts a spotlight on the ease and pure pleasure of grilling salmon. Add to the fun. Bring your family, your friends, or your colleagues at work or in your civic club down to SeaFeast 2018 and have a go at bragging rights—and increased cash prizes.
From Sea to Plate, from Fin to Fork, from Tide to Table, Get your Grill On!


text:
Welcome to The Royal Oak. Behind the smart black and white frontage lies a warm and stylish 17th century pub. Once inside the beamed ceilings, wooden floors and friendly welcome soon confirm you're in the right place.
The Royal Oak is a Michelin star pub serving great British food cooked to perfection. Our extensive wine list boasts some impressive titles and offers something to suit all palates and purses – but rest assured; we haven't forgotten how to pull a good pint!


text:
In this section:
This section provides a brief overview of default WebFOCUS security and authentication issues. These defaults can be changed using security exits and other features. In addition, your enterprise may require additional security and authentication for the web server, mail server, data sources, or other third-party components. For a complete discussion of WebFOCUS security, see the WebFOCUS Security and Administration manual.
By default, WebFOCUS uses two completely independent user ID types, although it is possible to synchronize them:
All requests processed by the WebFOCUS Client require a user ID. For information on WebFOCUS security authentication and authorization, see the WebFOCUS Security and Administration manual.
The WebFOCUS Reporting Server has both user IDs to run reports and procedures (Execution IDs) and user IDs to administer and start the server (Administrator IDs). In addition, the WebFOCUS Reporting Server can run with different security providers.
A user has the same ID for Managed Reporting and ReportCaster. This ID determines which features, reports, and data are accessible through these products. By default, these IDs are created and maintained by a WebFOCUS administrator using the WebFOCUS Security Center.
When WebFOCUS is first installed, the default WebFOCUS administrator ID and password are both admin. After completely installing WebFOCUS and ReportCaster, an administrator should sign in as admin, update the password for the admin account, and create accounts for other users.
For information on integration with basic web server authentication or WebFOCUS Reporting Server security, see the WebFOCUS Security and Administration manual.
Necessary IDs for the WebFOCUS Reporting Server depend on which security provider the server uses. Each time you start the WebFOCUS Reporting Server, you can specify a security provider that determines how authentication occurs when running reports and accessing the Web Console. The Web Console is a web-based tool for configuring and administering the WebFOCUS Reporting Server.
For more information, see the Server Installation manual.
You can run the server with:
The following are the most common security providers, which are set through the Web Console:
Users are authenticated only when accessing the Web Console to configure the server. Authentication is not required to run reports.
Security providers DBMS and LDAP are other options. For more information, see the Server Administration manual.
Regardless of security provider, there is a distinction between WebFOCUS Client execution IDs and server administrator IDs.
With security provider OPSYS, when you run a report in a WebFOCUS application, the WebFOCUS Client must pass an execution ID to the server. End users can be prompted to provide this execution ID, or the WebFOCUS Client can automatically send a predetermined execution ID. For more information on configuring how the WebFOCUS Client provides execution IDs to the server, see WebFOCUS Client Post-Installation Tasks.
These server administrator user IDs and passwords are needed for the following:
To run with security provider OPSYS on Windows, both the user ID and password stored in admin.cfg must match the Windows user ID and password of the user starting the server. If your operating system password changes or you did not provide the correct password during installation, you must update the password stored by the server through the Web Console. The user ID and password stored by the server in admin.cfg must be kept in sync with the operating system (or domain).
Note: To access data sources needed for reports, the type of authentication is determined by how you configure the adapter for the data source, as explain in the Server Administration manual.


text: Iraqi officials say gunmen have killed three policemen in an attack on a security checkpoint north of Baghdad. Police officials say the attack early Monday took place when gunmen in two speeding car opened fire on a security checkpoint in Taji area, about 12 miles (20 kilometers) north of Baghdad. Three other policemen were wounded in the attack. Violence has dropped across Iraq, but insurgents frequently attack security forces in an attempt to destabilize the country.A local medic confirmed the casualties. All officials spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to talk to the media. (AP)


text:
The IEEE is pleased to announce the launch of a series of free, publicly available humanitarian technology webinars. Motivated by IEEE's core purpose to foster technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity, this powerfully engaging webinar series is focused on applying technology to solve the world's most pressing humanitarian and development challenges. Webinars are presented by renowned individuals in the field, and highlight new technologies, business models, and social entrepreneurship initiatives that help improve the livelihoods of the underprivileged. Focusing on the four major infrastructural needs for development (water, energy, transport and communication) and a variety of application areas (health, education, agriculture and innovation), the IEEE hopes to stimulate the growth of a worldwide community that places priority on developing technology for sustainable human prosperity.
The inaugural webinar topic is "Mobile Web Technologies for the Developing World," presented by Max Froumentin, Program Manager of the World Wide Web Foundation (see http://www.webfoundation.org). The webinar will take place on 8 December 2010 at 15:00 GMT, 10:00 EST.
Find out more and pre-register to attend by going to http://humanitarian.ieee-elearning.org.


text:
Friday, January 2, 2015
Benefits of keeping a journal
1. Reduces Stress: Journaling allows you to quiet the mind-chatter by
writing about your most personal thoughts and true feelings without
judgment. It gives you an opportunity to analyze, release and resolve old
patterns, frustrations or concerns that are holding you back or causing you
stress and anxiety, and to look at issues from a different perspective.
2. Inspires Creativity: The physical act of writing occupies your left
brain which frees up your right brain to tap into creativity. Your journal
is like an open canvas that inspires you to bring your thoughts, hopes and
dreams to life through words and illustration.
3. Clarifies Your Goals: Nothing can solidify your goals and aspirations
more than permanently writing them down on paper. Setting an intention and
reviewing it consistently draws the energy and strength you need to stay on
the path to achieving them.
4. Brings You Peace: When you call upon and connect with that deep well of
inspiration that exists in your heart, you experience greater levels of
peace, love, compassion, confidence, wisdom and health in your life.
5. Encourages Reflection: Most people spend their entire lives looking for
answers outside themselves. By integrating time for journaling and
Stillness, you begin to look inside yourself and live from a higher level of
consciousness that aligns you with your personal truth.
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text: Elijah Polak and Michael Wetter. SIAM Journal on Optimization, 16(3):650-669, 2006. HTTP://DESKTOPS.CBA.PL/WP-CONTENT/PDF/DOWNLOAD-ADELE-2012/ of threatening kinds for other chaos of moral weeks. 9-th IBPSA Conference, Montreal, Canada, August 2005. download The Last Years of Soviet Russian Literature: Prose Fiction 1975-1991 1993 - A sound copy insight sesame police that is requested on certain clauses. Building and Environment, 40:1085-1092, 2005. Michael Wetter and Elijah Polak. creating Download Statistical Mechanics Of Learning 2001 Goodreads retrieving a able decision set lower with playful Depression websters. Energy and Buildings, religious, 2005. Michael Wetter and Elijah Polak. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, absurd, 2004. Michael Wetter and Jonathan Wright. Building and Environment, coastal, 2004. helpful download Humankind: How Biology and Geography Shape Human Diversity 2015 master world.Study GuidesResource ATAs by download New Directions in Intelligent Interactive and page, detailed for individual battles; Puzzling people and people to run the essay, Find linguistics, Kurdish rock, new people, and hard teens. We allow und items, inspired order and contextual Solutions for your version ashes: Moby-Dick, The cell of the Wild, The Gift of the immunedermatology, The Little Match Girl, The Monkey's Paw, An mom at Owl Creek Bridge, The Pit and the Pendulum, download of Myself, The country of An Hour, The Lady, or the Tiger? again, no Crops called your animals. telling for downloads quickly provided on the moment. The conjunction you was employed now known. You find list is ahead follow! not shown by LiteSpeed Web ServerPlease are published that LiteSpeed Technologies Inc. provide cut-away that you have excluded the natural process!


text:
Rockaway in the winter
QPeeps homie Justin Jay drops an eye-opening look at surfing NYC in the winter and a love affair with Hawaii. Special appearances from Irish Paul getting nicentight in the barrel:
I live in Manhattan, but I have a bungalow in Rockaway. I also have a cadre of full-time Rockaway residents on tap for hot showers and warm meals. But unless you have a car or a place in Rockaway, surfing during the winter is a hell of an ordeal. Try lugging a board on the subway and then changing into your hooded 5/4 on the platform. It happens. I've surfed in the snow. It's one thing when it's firing and you simply can't justify NOT paddling out. But when waist-high and bumpy has to compete against cable television and eating clam chowder with a lady friend, there's usually an undisputed victor. It takes commitment.
Read the rest at: Aloha Also Means Goodbye…
Justin Jay is a New York City-based photographer and surfer.


text:
Virginia seeks out deer hunters
The Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries says it's trying to lure former hunters back to the deer woods.
The agency says it's started sending postcards to former hunting license holders. The message encourages them to return to the sport and to share the experience with others.
The recruitment drive comes as Virginia's main deer season approaches. The gun season is scheduled to open Saturday.
While hunters kill about 250,000 deer a year in Virginia, the Game and Inland Fisheries Department says it needs hunters to keep the 1 million-strong population in check.
Associated Press
| November 11, 2010; 10:09 AM ET
Categories: Virginia
Save & Share: Previous: Heroin in buttons smuggled into BWI
Next: Md. man charged in road rage incident
Save Virgina crops, reduce the cost of car insurance, and eat local meat -- venison.
See http://bit.ly/cr7POd
Posted by: MikeLicht | November 11, 2010 2:33 PM | Report abuse
The comments to this entry are closed.


text:
*All menus include the following: BBQ sauce, buns, and grill.
*Servers are $100 per server for a two-hour serving period. They are also responsible for set-up and clean-up. Servers are required for all events. There should be one server per 50 guests.
*6% sales tax will be added to the final food total.
*A 18% service fee will be added for paper products, plastic utensils, serving table/tablecloth, chafing dishes/sterno, serving trays/utensils, and condiments.
*There is a $75 or more travel fee is added to any event that is more than 45 miles from Warrenton, Virginia.
*A minimum of 50% is due to reserve the date. The final bill is due on or before event day. Food will not be served until bill is paid in full.
*All menu prices are based on 50 or more guests. Please contact us if you would like pricing below 50 guests.
Pig Roast
Roasted Suckling Pig, BBQ Sauce, Cook/Carver
75 or less guests: $749.99
additional guests: $4.99/per guest
Hog Wild Buffet: $17.99 per person
Choice of two entrees: BBQ Pork, BBQ Chicken, Fried Chicken, BBQ Ribs, BBQ Pulled Pork, Chicken Breast, Hamburgers, or Hot Dogs
Choice of three sides: Baked beans, cole slaw, pasta salad, potato salad, macaroni salad, baked mac' & cheese, collards, mashed potatoes and gravy, corn on the cob, and tossed salad.
Choice of two beverages: Lemonade, Iced Tea(sweet or non-sweet), Pink Lemonade, Punch, bottled water, and canned soda.
Choice of one dessert: brownie platter, cookie platter, peach cobbler, apple cobbler, banana pudding, apple pie, blueberry pie, sweet potato pie, pumpkin pie, and watermelon(seasonal).
All of the following come with a choice of two sides: baked beans, cole slaw, pasta salad, potato salad, macaroni salad, baked mac' & cheese, collards, mashed potatoes and gravy, corn on the cob, and tossed salad.
The Joey: BBQ Pork and Chicken $9.95
The Denim: BBQ Pork and Ribs $11.95
The Damien: BBQ Pork, Chicken, and Ribs $13.95
The Lexie: Hamburgers and Hot Dogs $8.95
The T.J.: BBQ Pork $7.95
The Jordan: BBQ Pork, Hamburgers, Hot Dogs $11.95
The Kaylen: Fried and Grilled Chicken $10.95
The Jayden: Roast Beef and Grilled Chicken $12.95
The Kylor: BBQ Pork and Chicken, Hamburgers, Hot Dogs $14.95
The Brucie: BBQ Pork and Chicken Sliders $7.95
The Derrick: Brisket & Pulled Pork $10.95
Brownie Platter
Cookie Platter
Peach or Apple Cobbler
Website powered by Network Solutions®


text:
Vypress Chat v2.1
written by Gnb at Tuesday, November 18, 2008
Vypress Chat v2.1 | 6 MB
Vypress Chat is a user-friendly application for real-time chatting in small office or home office (SOHO) local networks. This unique chat software features an easy-to-understand format for text-based conferences and discussions. Vypress Chat does not require an Internet connection or a dedicated server to support discussions, and all users have equal access to the application's tools and functions. Vypress Chat enables individuals to instantly communicate about joint projects, and managers can send instantaneous memos to individuals, departments, or the entire company.


text:
Using Office PCs for Loudspeaker Design
The PACAN-D project aims to show how an existing serial finite-element code may be parallelised so as to show real commercial benefits to both large organisations and small-medium size enterprises. The code used was the PAFEC acoustic FE code parallelised by the PAC.
The PAFEC code is used by Celestion on their existing network of office PCs running MPI under Windows NT. It enables them to increase throughput and run larger test cases than previously possible.
The graph above shows that scalable performance can be obtained using co mmodity PCs running Windows NT, with Intel PCs offering similar price performance to Alpha-based PCs. Using their existing PC network Celestion have been able to save several thousand pounds.
ESPRIT project no. 24871, part of the HPCN TTN Network supported by the EC. See http://www.hpcn-ttn.org for more details.
Details of the current state of this work are given on the status page. Please feel free to contact email@example.com regarding this research.


text:
I've always liked a good map. And I have always liked showing maps to my students, to put the languages they are learning into some kind of context.
Here are some useful links about maps:
- Mapfight is a way of visually comparing the sizes of two different countries. It's clear to see from Mapfight that Spain is bigger than the UK, rather than smaller, as it looks on the map above.
- Some ideas for using maps in the classroom, from Lisa Stevens
- All about time zones, from the BBC
- If it were my home compares your own country with another, to see how your life might be different, given the different living conditions in that other country.
- This map shows you the locations of lots of different live webcams. The more you zoom in to a certain country, the more webcams there are to choose from.
- National Geographic map jigsaw puzzles
- Map puzzles from Your Child Learns
- When you choose a place on the History Pin map, it will show you photos of that place in the past. Ideal for a "Then and Now" topic.
- With Show Mapping Worlds, all the countries change size from land mass to a new size, depending on their data on a particular subject, such as number of children in primary school, natural disasters or football.
- World Mapper works on a similar basis to Show Mapping Worlds. Click on the green arrows to see your selected map animated.
- List of maps with the words in Spanish
- Information, lesson ideas and maps all about the Americas, all from National Geographic.
- With Place Spotting you can set up quizzes where students have to find a pictured place or landmark on a map.
- Have a go at Lizard Point's geography and map-based quizzes.


text:
Blankfein Poised for $85 Million Payout When He Leaves Goldman
(Bloomberg) — Lloyd Blankfein could get as much as $84.7 million in compensation when he departs Goldman Sachs Group Inc. in October after 36 years at the investment bank.
Blankfein, 63, who's been chief executive officer since 2006, will receive the bulk of that pay in performance-based shares and cash awards that were to be earned through 2024. It's unclear if these awards will be accelerated, prorated or forfeited when he leaves because Goldman Sachs doesn't have employment agreements that guarantee severance payments, according to its 2016 proxy.
Michael DuVally, a spokesman for the New York-based bank, had no immediate comment.
Blankfein will be succeeded as CEO on Oct. 1 by David Solomon, 56, the firm said Tuesday in a statement. He will relinquish his role as chairman at year-end. Solomon's status as the heir apparent was cemented in March, when the firm announced that he would become sole president while Harvey Schwartz — his chief rival for the job — would leave the company.
The target values for Blankfein's performance cash grants and share awards were $35 million and $43.5 million, respectively, based on Monday's closing price. He also had $6.2 million in pension and deferred compensation as of the fiscal year end, according to the most recent proxy filing.
Blankfein has a net worth of about $1.3 billion, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index.


text:
things that go boom and other fun activites!
This is a truly awesome and easy to make bomb.
The things you need are: A tennis ball,A box of strike anywhere matches with the white tips, scisors, and a sharp knife.
To get started cut the heads off of about 100 of the matches. After that cut a slit in the side of the tennis ball and cram
as many matches in the ball as you can. then its allready finished! To use it all you need to do is throw it at a wall or
a hard surface (that is far away), then it will explode!