text:
- Review
- Open Access
Biomimetic patterned surfaces for controllable friction in micro- and nanoscale devices
- Arvind Singh1Email author and
- Kahp-Yang Suh2
© Singh and Suh; licensee Springer. 2013
- Received: 21 September 2013
- Accepted: 6 December 2013
- Published: 18 December 2013
Biomimetics is the study and simulation of biological systems for desired functional properties. It involves the transformation of underlying principles discovered in nature into man-made technologies. In this context, natural surfaces have significantly inspired and motivated new solutions for micro- and nano-scale devices (e.g., Micro/Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems, MEMS/NEMS) towards controllable friction, during their operation. As a generic solution to reduce friction at small scale, various thin films/coatings have been employed in the last few decades. In recent years, inspiration from 'Lotus Effect' has initiated a new research direction for controllable friction with biomimetic patterned surfaces. By exploiting the intrinsic hydrophobicity and ability to reduce contact area, such micro- or nano-patterned surfaces have demonstrated great strength and potential for applications in MEMS/NEMS devices. This review highlights recent advancements on the design, development and performance of these biomimetic patterned surfaces. Also, we present some hybrid approaches to tackle current challenges in biomimetic tribological applications for MEMS/NEMS devices.
- Biomimetics
- Silicon
- Polymer
- Friction
- Wear
- Lithography
- Patterns
- Contact area
- Lubrication
In general, lubrication is the most promising solution to reduce friction. However, lubrication becomes difficult when the dimensions of machine elements decrease from macro- to micro/nano-scale. For example, as the size of the machine elements shrinks from 1 mm to 1 μm, the surface area decreases by a factor of 106 whereas the volume decreases by a factor of 109, yielding the surface area-to-volume ratio of 103. Hence, surface forces such as adhesion and friction become significantly influential at such small scales. Further in miniaturized devices, the gap (clearance) between the elements is small (< 1 μm), which prohibits the use of conventional liquid and/or solid lubricants. For example, a drop of liquid lubricant will be in millimeter size and the size of solid lubricants such as graphite or MoS2 is of the same order as the size of the miniaturized devices. In addition, retention of lubricants at the contact points between the moving elements could be a hurdle for further implementation. Thus, minimizing surface forces in miniaturized devices has remained a real challenge.
At micro/nano-scale, friction is in a regime where the contribution from intrinsic/inherent adhesion outweighs that from asperity deformation [4]. Therefore, friction becomes naturally reduced while minimizing intrinsic adhesion, which arises due to the contribution of various attractive forces such as capillary, electrostatic, van der Waal, and chemical forces under different circumstances [4]. Amongst these forces, the capillary force that causes the formation of meniscus-bridge arising from the condensation of water from the environment is strongest [4]. From a material point of view, silicon is the widely used material for the fabrication of MEMS/NEMS, and in recent years SU-8 polymer has become an attractive material [5]. Silicon is hydrophilic in nature and generates a strong capillary force, resulting in high friction that opposes easy motion of components (Figure 1) [4, 6]. Silicon is also brittle and undergoes wear (Figure 1) [2, 6]. In contrast, SU-8 polymer is hydrophobic, but exhibits high friction/wear due to its soft nature [7].
In the past, various chemical modifications of surfaces such as boundary lubricant thin films/coatings have been adopted to reduce intrinsic adhesion and friction by increasing hydrophobicity and lubricity of MEMS/NEMS materials. Examples include self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) [8], diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings [9], and also vapor phase lubricants [4]. In order to overcome some of the limitations of chemical modifications, bio-inspired topographical modification of surfaces has recently emerged as an effective route to minimize friction at micro/nano-scale. Biomimetic patterned surfaces lower intrinsic adhesion and friction via hydrophobicity (i.e. reduction in surface energy) and decrease in physical contact area between surfaces. The biomimetic surfaces, when applied with nano-scale boundary lubricants, exhibit even more remarkable capability to reduce surface forces, as well as to enhance durability, i.e. wear resistance.
Water contact angle (CA) values, and friction properties of various biomimetic patterned surfaces at nano- and micro-scales
CA (deg)
Nano-scale friction force (nN)
Micro-scale friction coefficient (μ)
Silicon flat surface
SU-8 thin film
PMMA nano-patterns
DLC nano-dot surfaces
PMMA micro-patterns (Replicated Surfaces)
Silicon micro-pillars
Silicon micro-pillars coated with DLC
Silicon micro-pillars coated with ZDOL
SU-8 micro-patterns
SU-8 micro-patterns coated with PFPE
SU-8 micro-patterns treated with Ar and coated with PFPE
SU-8 micro-patterns treated with O2 and coated with PFPE
Inspiration from Lotus Effect
Biomimetic nano-patterned surfaces
Polymers provide a fertile ground for biomimetic approaches as they offer a wide range of materials and easy fabrication routes capable of creating surfaces with controllable properties. In an earlier work, nano-scale polymer patterns resembling the protuberances on lotus leaves were created on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films spin-coated on silicon surfaces, using capillary force lithography (CFL) [13]. Figure 2C shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the patterns fabricated at a holding time of 60 min. Such nano-patterns are hydrophobic when compared to silicon surface. Moreover, approximate calculation of contact area based on simple geometry reveals that the contact area can be lowered by 7 times in the case of nano-patterns as compared to silicon flat surface. By the virtue of their hydrophobicity and the capability to reduce contact area substantially, the nano-patterns reduced friction force by 14–24 times at nano-scale, when the friction force was measured using an atomic force microscope [13]. In these measurements, when the applied normal load was kept zero, friction force in silicon was measured to be 20 nN, whereas for nano-patterns it was ~0.84 nN. It is worth noting that the friction force exists even at the zero applied normal load, at nano-scale. This is due to the influence of intrinsic adhesion on friction force [13]. The large decrease in friction force induced by the nano-patterns in the absence/presence of an applied normal load is indicative of the ability of the patterned surfaces to significantly reduce inherent adhesion and friction.
In general, contact area plays an important role in defining friction at micro/nano-scale. Unlike at macro-scale where friction is independent of contact area between surfaces (Amonton's law, [4, 14]), at small-scales friction is strongly dependent on contact area [4, 14, 15]. According to Bowden and Tabor, friction force directly depends on the real area of contact for a single asperity contact (Ff = τ Ar, where τ is the shear strength, an interfacial property, and Ar the real area of contact [16]). This law is effective at micro/nano-scale and any reduction in real area of contact directly reduces friction between surfaces at these scales. As a result, patterned surfaces directly reduce real area of contact as similar to the protuberances on lotus leaves.
Biomimetic micro-patterned surfaces
Taken together, the large scale inter-asperity distance and uneven heights of the asperities in the replicated surfaces retain the μ value at lower levels for the micro-patterns. Further, it is found that the surface topography of replicated surfaces follows the real leaves on a smoother scale (Figure 7), even though the real leaves have hierarchical roughness due to the presence of micro-scale protuberances and nano-scale wax on them. These findings have important implications towards controllable friction with topographically patterned surfaces. Specifically, a simple replication of the surface structures of natural water-repellent leaves would suffice in order to decrease micro-frictional property via the reduction in contact area. If one wants to reproduce the detailed surface topography of real leaves with high accuracy, it would be difficult, costly, and time-consuming, and further may not contribute to lower friction force at small scale.
Combination of nanolubricant and micro-patterned surfaces
In order to achieve low friction and delay the onset of plastic deformation/wear of polymer patterns, chemical anchoring/grafting of nanolubricant molecules onto micro-patterned surfaces is necessary. A recent biomimetic work reporting on the reduced friction for SU-8 polymer supports this argument [30]. In this work, micro-patterns in the form of micro-bumps were fabricated by nano-imprint lithography on SU-8 thin films spin-coated on silicon surfaces. Results showed that the micro-patterns exhibited μ values 2 times lower than that of SU-8 thin film, but underwent plastic deformation in short time duration of t < 0.5 min (100 cycles).
Surface modifications were conducted to the SU-8 micro-patterns by coating perfluoropolyether (PFPE) nanolubricant in two different ways: (i) direct coating and (ii) coating after their separate exposure to argon (Ar) and oxygen (O2) plasmas. The modified micro-patterns showed a decrease in μ value by > 1.4 times in comparison to that of un-modified micro-patterns, and by > 2.7 times than that of SU-8 thin film. No plastic deformation/wear was observed on the modified micro-patterns when tested for the time duration of t > 8 hours (100,000 cycles), at 0.3 N applied normal load and 15 mm/s sliding speed. The modified micro-patterns exhibited enhanced durability by > 1000 times when compared to that of un-modified micro-patterns and polymer thin film. With an increase in load and speed to 1 N and 42 mm/s, although the modified micro-patterns showed low μ values (≤ 0.15), clear difference was observed in their durability responses. In detail, micro-patterns directly coated with PFPE had durability of 14 min, whereas those pre-treated with Ar and O2 plasmas before being coated with PFPE had durability of 32 min and 60 min, respectively. This is because Ar plasma generates carbonyl groups (C-O and C-O-O groups), while O2 plasma carboxyl groups (COOH groups), each altering the surface properties differently. Thus, the plasma-treated micro-patterns have polar functional groups on their surfaces, to which the hydroxyl groups of PFPE nanolubricant at both their terminal ends get strongly bound, promoting the durability of micro-patterns.
It needs to be further emphasized that the difference in the observed durability amongst the plasma-treated micro-patterns coated with PFPE is attributed to the type of bonding that occurs between PFPE molecules and chemically activated micro-patterned surfaces. In general, hydroxyl groups form covalent bonds with carboxyl groups, whereas with carbonyl groups they form hydrogen bonds. Covalent bonds are stronger than hydrogen bonds and thus when nanolubricant molecules are covalently bonded onto micro-patterned surfaces, they exhibit significant enhancement in their durability in terms of wear resistance capacity. Hence, it was observed that the micro-patterns treated with O2 plasma followed by coating with PFPE showed higher durability when compared to those treated with Ar plasma followed by PFPE coating.
Based on the numerous research outcomes mentioned until now, polymeric micro-patterns with low friction and enhanced durability would be the best candidates for small-scale devices. Also, in other applications such as optoelectronics and photonics, polymer patterns are increasingly employed [31] for engineering reliable mechanical motion.
As described earlier, the area-to-volume ratio is extremely large at micro/nano-scale, leading us to conclude that friction depends on surface properties rather than bulk material properties. On a comparative note, the difference between thin films/coatings and biomimetic patterned surfaces lies in their approach to reduce/control friction. While the former is based on chemical modification of surfaces, the latter relies on topographical/physical modification.
Contact area in the case of thin films/coatings can be estimated by using the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) contact mechanics model [32]: Ar = π[R/K(Fn + 6πγgR + [12πγR Fn + (6πγR)2]1/2)]2/3. Here, R is the size of the counterface ball, K the effective elastic modulus (combination of elastic modulus of coating and counterface), Fn the applied normal load and γ the interfacial energy. For thin films/coatings, SAMs have low elastic modulus [33] and so the reduction in contact area is not significant. To reduce friction, a complex chemistry has to work such that the suitable selections of end groups, chain length and mixture of monolayers have to be taken into account [8]. Further, achieving uniform coating of SAMs on large surface areas without defects or polymerization poses a great challenge. On the other hand, in DLC coatings, elastic modulus is relatively high so that reduction in contact area plays a supportive role in reducing friction [15]. It is noted that lubrication in DLC coatings mainly occurs by the formation of 'transfer layer' [34]. During the formation of transfer layer, not all the material that gets removed from DLC coating is transferred to the counter surface; rather most of it gets released in the form of loose wear particles. Such free wear particles could play an adverse role by interfering physically and/or chemically with the functioning components (DLC has high hardness, electrical insulation, thermal conduction and chemical inertness [35]). Regarding vapor phase lubrication method [4], it is necessary to ensure the presence of lubricant vapor at the interfaces for the entire duration time of device operation. Given this situation, it requires a provision to store lubricant vapor within the device and continuously re-supply it to the interfaces. This remains a challenging issue yet to be addressed.
Given the above-mentioned limitations/drawbacks of thin films/coatings and vapor phase lubrication, biomimetic patterned surfaces have some noteworthy salient features: (i) they provide a simple and easy route to reduce friction via the direct reduction in contact area. In addition, their performance can be further enhanced by applying boundary lubricant thin films/coatings. (ii) Lithography techniques used to make patterns are the same as those used to fabricate MEMS/NEMS, indicating that patterning the surfaces of device components can be easily conducted during their fabrication. This makes the process even more convenient and cost- and time-effective compared to other methods. (iii) The main aim to reduce friction in small-scale devices is not to eliminate friction completely, since with zero friction sliding components cannot engage each other. Instead, friction should be controlled in such a way that it should be low enough to support smooth motion, but sufficiently high to engage relative mechanical motion between components, e.g. micro-gears. Taken together, making patterns on component surfaces with varying sizes and shapes along with the application of a variety of boundary lubricants provides greater flexibility and strength to control friction at micro/nano-scale, for desired smooth operations of MEMS/NEMS.
Considering the theoretical modelling of biomimetic surfaces, it is focused towards understanding the effect of hierarchical roughness on adhesion force [36–40], especially 'roughness induced superhydrophobicity'. The studies aim to support the design of low-adhesion, low-friction and non-wetting surfaces. Wetting involves interactions at different scale levels/sizes, namely macro-scale (water drop), micro-scale (surface texture) and nano-scale (molecules). Hence, understanding the role of hierarchical surface roughness, the transition between various wetting regimes and optimization of roughness etc., becomes important. Modelling has given some insights on solid–liquid interactions. As an example, studies on wetting of micro-patterned surfaces have shown that: (i) the wetting behavior depends on the spacing factor (a micro-scale non-dimensional parameter), and (ii) the contact angle hysteresis and Cassie-Wenzel transition are governed by micro- and nano-scale effects. These insights on the fundamental mechanisms of wetting are very useful in designing non-adhesive surfaces. It is to be noted that when compared to solid–liquid adhesion, dry solid-solid friction is a complex phenomenon that at times is influenced by wear, and so is rather difficult to model.
We have presented that the underlying principles in natural surfaces provide valuable insights towards solving intricate technological issues. Biomimetic engineering of surfaces is an exciting and practical way to control friction at small-scales. Examples presented in this review clearly indicate that by the design and development of biomimetic patterned surfaces, in combination with boundary lubrication, better solutions can be pursued to control friction at small-scales, for the efficient operation and application of miniaturized devices.
Authors' information
Arvind Singh received his doctoral degree from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), India in 2003. In his doctoral research work, he consolidated a new approach to understand metallic wear based on dynamically evolved microstructure. As a Materials Scientist at the John F. Welch Technology Center (GE India), he investigated tribological systems in aircraft engines and on super-abrasives. During his tenure as a Visiting Scientist at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), South Korea, he proposed micro/nano-patterns as biomimetic surfaces for tribological application in MEMS/NEMS. He continued his research on biomimetics at the National University of Singapore (NUS), where he formulated novel surface modification methods to functionalize SU-8 polymer for tribological applications in MEMS/Bio-MEMS and for indwelling biomedical devices. At Vestas Global R&D, he investigated tribology of wind energy systems. Currently, at the Energy Research Institute (ERIAN), Singapore, he is leading tribology and surface engineering R&D projects related to wind & marine renewables.
Kahp-Yang Suh received his doctoral degree from the Seoul National University (SNU), Korea in 2002. He specialized in micro/nano-patterning of polymeric surfaces using capillary force lithography/nanoimprint lithography, and made significant contributions to the field. He was a postdoctoral researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA. In 2004 he joined as an Assistant Professor at SNU. He was an outstanding faculty and researcher in the field of fabrication of micro/nano-polymeric patterns, whose applications ranged from tribology to lab-on-chip devices. He won a number of awards, including TR100 Young Innovator Award by MIT Technology Review, Best Graduate Student Award by the Brain Korea (BK) 21 Program of the Korean Government, Korea Presidential Young Scientist Award and Young Professor Award by College of Engineering of SNU.
Arvind Singh and Kahp-Yang Suh, shared the 'First Surface Engineering Best Paper Award', given by the Society of Tribologists & Lubrication Engineers (STLE), USA (2007), for their pioneering work on biomimetic approach as a robust solution for tribological issues in micro/nano-scale devices.
Arvind Singh dedicates this review article to Kahp-Yang Suh, for his memorable contribution to the field.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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CINCINNATI, Nov. 28 (UPI) -- The Cincinnati Bearcats have accepted an invitation to play the Southern Mississippi Golden Eagles in the Papajohns.com Bowl in Birmingham, Ala.
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Tuesday, May 31, 2011
4 comments:
- Ola. said...
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- tayla said...
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- July 22, 2011 at 3:47 AM
About Me
- tayla
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Think You'd Be a Better City Council Member? Here's How YOU Can Run
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text: In 2012 Tran co-designed a tabletop game for the World Bank to simulate a productive social safety net (PSSN) program that the Bank funded in Tanzania. Tran then spent 2 weeks in Tanzania adapting a version of the game Uwezeshaji Kaya Kuhimili (meaning "enabling households to withstand") alongside Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF) to use as part of a national rollout for their PSSN program. The adapted game was designed to be used in rural villages with subsistence farmers in order for them to understand how the PSSN's public works projects, conditional cash transfers for child education and health, and climate change adaptation measures can directly benefit their households in both the short- and particularly the long-term.


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Earlier this week, basic bitches celebrated two things: new Starbucks menu items, and #NationalSelfieDay. That's right: there's now a holiday worse than Valentine's Day, and it was invented by something more insidious than the greeting card industry. No, not the selfie stick industry — some random DJ from Texas.
That's right, some guy you never heard of (unless you listen to Fishbowl Radio in Arlington, TX) straight-up made up a holiday two years ago and everyone just… went with it. Good for him, I guess?
Now, on the one hand, selfies are a way for people to rebel against traditional Western beauty standards that normalize European features as attractive. They allow people to define their appearance however they want to, an important part of a healthy self-image.
But on the other hand… this:
Source: twitter.com / Via: twitter.com
Yeesh. Giiiiiirls, you basic.
What do you think? Is #NationalSelfieDay worth celebrating, or no? Let us know in the comments below or @WhatsTrending on Twitter!


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They're finally here! The baby hamsters! What do you do now? Just sit back and watch!
When they're first born, they're pink, hairless, deaf, and blind. But, not to worry, mom will take good care of them. Campbell's usually give birth to an average of six in a litter but it can range from 1 to 14 pups!
Your new hamsters will grow quickly. By day three, they should have whiskers. By day six, they will grow body hair.
By day ten or around then, your hamsters' eyes will open. Still, you long to hold them, but there isn't much you can do. You can offer them tiny pieces of apple.
On day fourteen, you can finally hold your baby hamsters and clean out their cage. Don't worry if mom panics a little bit; this is normal. She might run around a bit, but she will calm down in a few minutes.
By day eighteen, they will be weaned. If you don't want anymore babies for awhile, consider housing the mom and her daughters in one cage and the father and his sons in another cage. This will keep everyone happy.
Now for the sad part: finding your hamsters a new home. Whether selling them to the pet shop or giving them away, make sure they will have a decent home. They are old enough to be given away at about 4-5 weeks of age. They will be sexually mature in 2 months. Baby hamsters are not too much work for you but for mom they are. Be sure to give her a few weeks of rest before breeding her again. If you plan on breeding hamsters, good luck and be sure you have homes lined up. You'll be surprised how quickly pups can add up.
If you're having trouble finding homes, consider posting an ad in the paper or on bulletin boards in vet clinics, humane societies, or pet shops.
Thanks to hamperhams.co.uk for the wonderful baby hamster pictures!


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Earlier this year I had the privileged of attending the CSS Houdini Task Force face-to-face meeting in Sydney, Australia. While there I got to meet many of the Houdini members (most of whom work on browser rendering engines), and I got to see a bit of how the standards process works.
I firmly believe that what's happening with Houdini represents the biggest and most important shift in how styling and laying is done on the web since the invention of CSS itself. That being said, it's still something most developers aren't aware of, and I wanted that to change.
In this article on Smashing Magazine I explain what the Houdini Task Force is and why web developers should care about it now.


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Abim Onasanya - Vice Chair UAE
Abim is the Senior Manager, Digital Media - Research and Insights at Middle East Broadcasting Corp in UAE. Abim heads MBC Group's Research & Insights unit, with responsibility for market, media, and revenue-support research - as well as consumer data strategy development. Prior to MBC Group, Onasanya was European Media Director at Donovan Data Systems, responsible for the strategic development of global agency cross-media research, planning & transactions systems. Recognising the challenges faced by media owners, advertisers and media agencies in a digital age, Onasanya worked closely with clients' category management divisions; technology partners; digital media transaction platforms; research and data providers; as well as media owners.
Before DDS, Onasanya was Head of Client & Analytic Services at AGB Nielsen, UK, with responsibility for data quality and daily delivery of TV audience ratings in UK, jointly developing solutions with BARB for the measurement and reporting of new televisual technology.
Amaia Lasa - Vice Chair Belgium
Amaia Lasa works as Director at HazelHeartwood where she is responsible for Business development and Consumer Experience & Digital consultancy projects. Amaia is passionate about the value that consumer data, proximity data and technology can bring to companies and to consumers by enhancing communications, consumers experience and companies bottom-line.
Amaia helps her clients increase the ROI of direct marketing activities and maximize their results from their investments on consumer data. She works with teams of business and data scientists that are passionate about analyzing and identifying insights in consumer data and finding solutions and services to better connect companies with their clients.
Her clients include Fortune 500 companies and companies across Europe, in several industries: FMCG, Entertainment, Automotive, Retail, Fund Raising and Media.
Amaia is responsible for the commercial teams and the operational teams, ensuring that her clients' objectives and goals are met and that operations run smoothly in terms of cost, quality and privacy.
Her career combines direct marketing, digital and social marketing, technical and projects knowledge. She has a passion for data, marketing and technology and helping her clients drive value from the available data and technology – in simple and effective ways. She likes working with engaged people that challenge her and push her further.
Ari Meneghini - Vice Chair Brasil
Ari Meneghini is I-COM's Vice Chair for Brasil. Ari is also a Digital Marketing Consultant. His core expertise lies in digital advertising, tech advertising, mobile and performance.
He served as the Executive Director of IAB Brasil for 5 years. He started in the digital marketing industry in 1994. He started his Digital Agency and a vertical adnetworks. He was also Manager of Partnerships and New Business at UOL, the first among the largest content portals in Brasil.
Ari earned his Bachelor's degree in History at University of Sao Paulo with specialization in History of Art at UNAN - Universidad Nacional de Mexico.
Gemma Muñoz - Vice Chair Spain
Gemma Muñoz is the CEO of El Arte de Medir. She holds a Computer Technology certificate and a Web Analytics Master's degree at the British Columbia University. She was named in 2012 as one of the 100 Leading Women in Spain in the category of Entrepreneurs and Innovators for Women & Cia (www.lastop100.com ).
She is the author of the books "Marketing Analytics" (Anaya, 2015), "Web Analytics in a Week" (Management 2000, 2012), "The Art of Measure" (Profit, 2011) and "Marketing Metrics" (ESIC, 2010). She is the only spaniard that has become a finalist in the Awards Digital Analytics Association in the category of Web Analytics Rising Star. Since June 2013, she's the official speaker of Google via Cardinal Path for Spain and LATAM. She is also a regular speaker at international events related to Data Science.
Paul Dovas - Vice Chair Australia
Paul Dovas is Chief Executive Officer at Circulations Audit Board (CAB) and Chief Executive Officer at Audit Bureau of Circulations, Australia (ABC Australia) since August 2010. In these capacities, he is currently guiding the local media industry through the reformation of traditional print metrics to an expanded model which includes digital versions. Paul also sits on the Executive Board of the International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Certification (IFABC) where he serves in the WWW Standards Committee.
Paul joined the ABC and CAB in 1998, driving the delivery of new products and services for the digital era. As director of Audit Services, Paul successfully developed and launched new services including digital publication audits, web traffic audits and email newsletter audits.He has been involved in many digital measurement initiatives including IANA, IASH and several IAB Australia Sub-Committees.
Roy Patel - Vice Chair UK
Roy Patel is I-COM's Vice Chair for UK.
Roy has over 25 years worth of sales experience, in managing sales operations globally from $5M - $100M. Roy himself has experience from selling financial data and market research services on the ground in the UK and Europe as well as the Asian and North American marketplace.
Having worked agency and supplier side, selling everything from print advertising, software, syndicated services through to market research solutions, he is well placed to advise and provide strategic advice for companies who want to grow. He was one of the first hires for Media Metrix now owned by comScore in the early days of dotcom boom and also opened the UK office for Global online MR agency MetrixLab. His last role was SVP Sales & Business Development at Kantar agency Lightspeed Research. Since leaving 18 months ago, Roy has been working as an Consultant and Adviser to companies in the market research, intelligence and data analytics field.
Wendy Hogan- Vice Chair Singapore
Wendy Hogan has worked in the media, marketing and technology space across Asia Pacific for more than fifteen years. Currently, Wendy is the Chief Operating Officer for mig.me , a social platform aimed at connecting and entertaining the next 2bn. Prior to that, Wendy built the CBS Interactive business in APAC over more than a decade, first in Australia and then in Asia. With reach of over 100m readers across Asia Pacific, Wendy managed over 150 staff in the region, focusing on the growth of audience, product and monetisation for brands such as CNET, ZDNet and GameSpot.
Based in Singapore since 2010, Wendy is also an active member of the broader industry, serving as non-executive director for MediaBeach.com, APAC advisor to ExchangeWire.com, as a member of the Marketing Society SEA and previously as Chairperson of the Interactive Advertising Bureau, Singapore chapter.
Frederic Colas - Vice Chair France


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Singer/songwriter Akon recently filed a lawsuit against his former booking agency American Talent Agency, alleging the company has booked shows without the crooner's consent and pocketed hundreds-of-thousands of dollars of performance deposit fees.
The multi-platinum singer and his company Kon Live Touring Inc. filed the lawsuit yesterday (March 4) in United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, claiming break of contract, trademark infringement and unjust enrichment.
According to the suit, Akon cut ties with ATA last September, alleging the company was booking him for unapproved appearances, in addition to failing to pay earned performance fees.
Kon claims he ordered the company to cease using his name, image and likeness for commercials purposes, but they instead booked him for several overseas shows without his knowledge, keeping deposit fees paid out by naïve promoters.
The Konvict CEO is claiming in the complaint that he is owed more that $750,000 in performance fees.


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• The third leading cause of cancer in males and fourth in females
• Worldwide, colorectal cancer ranked 3rd (1,230,000 cases per year) in cancer incidence and 4th (608,000 case per year) in cancer mortality
• Most colorectal cancers develop from polyps; removal of colon polyps can prevent the cancer
• Colon polyps and early colorectal cancer can have no symptoms, therefore regular screening is very important
• Colorectal cancer can be present for several years before symptoms develop
Risk factors associated with colorectal cancer (see table): Average-Risk 0-1
• Older than 50 Moderate-Risk 2-3
• African American or Eastern European descent High-Risk 4-7
• Diet high in red or processed meat
• Colorectal polyps
• Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
• Family history of colorectal cancer
• Personal history of breast cancer
• Cigarette smoking
• Alcohol consumption
• Excess body weight (BMI >30)
• Type 2 diabetes
Many cases of colorectal cancer have no symptoms. If there are symptoms, the following may indicate colorectal cancer:
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Phyllis Stephens was only a child when she first operated her father's John Deere tractor. Her father, Cameron St. John, used the 1939 unstyled Model BO as the sole tractor on the family's apple orchard in upstate New York for nearly 20 years.
Phyllis was too short to reach the pedals, so her father operated the clutch and engaged the throttle as he walked beside the machine. Phyllis fondly recalls how she slowly navigated the tractor through the apple trees, while hired hands placed bushel baskets brimming with fresh fruit aboard the trailer behind.
Remarkably, Phyllis still owns the tractor her father purchased new for $935 from a John Deere dealer in Whitney Point, N.Y., just two months before she was born. Judging by its spit-polished appearance, she cares for the farm machine as much as her father once did. 'My dad just loved this tractor,' Phyllis says, choking back tears.
Phyllis shared those memories and showed the tractor last April at the Power From the Past Association's annual show held in Tucson, Ariz. She and her husband, Wayne, are both avid old-iron collectors and charter members of the club since it was founded in 1988. Although they collect many kinds of vintage farm equipment, Phyllis says nothing could ever replace Dad's John Deere.
Yet, the story of her father's tractor almost ended unhappily. Phyllis and Wayne moved to Tucson in 1967 from their dairy farm near Scranton, Pa. When the family decided that Cameron needed to live closer to relatives because of his failing health, he moved to Tucson as well, but not before he auctioned nearly everything he owned - except the Model BO.
On auction day, Phyllis recalls, no one bid more than $250 for the tractor. Since Cameron dearly loved the tractor, he removed it from the auction to keep the orchard tractor in the family. 'He pulled it out of the auction,' Phyllis says. 'And thank goodness he did.'
Actually, that was the second time her father tried to sell the tractor. His first attempt happened in the 1950s, Phyllis says, but no one would pay the $500 asking price. 'I guess it was meant to stay in the family,' Phyllis jokes.
In fact, that's exactly what Cameron wanted. After he died, his children discovered a note scrawled on the back of an envelope stashed away in Cameron's few remaining possessions: 'When I'm done with this tractor, give it to Phyllis,' was all the note read.
The tractor is in good condition, considering it's never been completely restored, but it's definitely taken a few knocks through decades of dedicated service. Those familiar with orchard tractors immediately notice that the sheet metal - meant to protect fruit trees from whirling mechanical parts - is missing entirely. 'It was knocked off,' Phyllis explains, a common casualty in orchard tractors. The only evidence that the tractor was an orchard model besides the BO decal is the sleek, curved design of the gas and radiator covers.
Excluding its orchard-protecting sheet metal, the tractor retains many original components. The tires are the same set Phyllis's father purchased in 1951, and only the second set ever mounted on the tractor, Phyllis says. It also uses the original magneto.
The tractor was especially suited for orchard work because it was geared lower than other models to allow slow travel through the trees, she adds. It's merely a Model B with some modifications such as protective sheet metal and lower gear ratio, which are signified by the 'O' designation after the 'B.'
Like many farmers, Cameron modified the machine to meet his purposes, Phyllis says. Finding the seat uncomfortable, Cameron replaced it with a McCormick-Deering reaper and binder seat. He also welded an Army surplus ammunition container onto the tractor's fender to serve as a toolbox.
Cameron took good care of the tractor, even though he religiously used it, Phyllis explains. In fact, one reason for its near-immaculate condition is that he always kept the tractor under cover when not in use, thus weather didn't wreak havoc on the farm machine.
As part of that good care, Cameron devised a peculiar method for oil changes, which Wayne learned the hard way one day when he offered to replace the oil. 'You'll ruin it,' was all that Cameron said to the offer. Apparently, Wayne says, Cameron only used 10-weight motor oil in the tractor, which was first removed from his farm truck's engine. Surprisingly, the tractor has only had new oil four times since it was purchased, Wayne adds.
The only major work done to the tractor was a valve job in 1998. Phyllis and Wayne also replaced a water hose and some water pipes, but that's the extent of the restoration.
Although the old tractor served Cameron for decades, he eventually purchased a Massey-Harris Pony and a Caterpillar D-2 crawler, Phyllis adds. She and Wayne both treasure the John Deere, which shares space in their collection with a restored 1937 Allis-Chalmers Model WC on steel wheels, a 1952 Farmall Super M, a 1947 Ford Model 8N and even a David Bradley Tri-Trak with accompanying cultivators. Vintage washing machines and stationary gasoline engines round out their collection.
While the couple shares love for all their old iron, nothing could ever replace the special connection between Phyllis and the John Deere.
'It'll be passed as long as we can in the family,' Phyllis proudly declares.
The old Deere is far from a mere display piece, and Phyllis eagerly demonstrates that the tractor will likely be around a few more years. With a hand on the flywheel, Phyllis turns it once, twice, and on the third spin the engine pops to life. Donned in her flowered hat, perched upon the tractor she's ridden since childhood, Phyllis slowly drives away with a smile as she takes her place in the tractor pull to again show off the power of her dad's John Deere.
The Model BO at a glance
Unveiled in 1936, the John Deere Model BO - or orchard model - was a variant of the Model B with sheet metal covering the rear wheels to protect trees and was produced with some modifications until 1947. The tractor came with individual wheel brakes, an underhood air intake and a four-speed transmission. Models produced after 1938 used a 175-cubic-inch engine that produced 17.5 hp on the belt pulley and 13.8 on the drawbar. The tractor weighed about 3,375 pounds.
'I guess it was meant to stay in the family,' Phyllis jokes, In fact, that's exactly what Cameron wanted. After he died, his children discovered a note scrawled on the back o f an envelope stashed away in Cameron's few remaining belongings: 'When I'm done with this tractor, give it to Phyllis,' was all the note read.
- To learn more about Phyllis and Wayne Stevens' John Deere Model BO tractor or their other farm collectibles, write to them at 10110 N. Bluebonnet, No. 2, Tucson, AZ 85742.


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The 9th floor condo easily sleeps 4-6 with 2 Full Beds and sleeper sofa.Oceanfront Balcony off the living room, this condo has an open floor plan with the living room, dining room and kitchen together in 1 place. Having a 1 bedroom with the 2 full beds is a bit unusual at Ocean Walk, most have the king bed and sleeper sofa.
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- Full Kitchen
- Washer & Dryer


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The Lagos State Police Command has arrested a native doctor, Ifatade Elegbeleye, for allegedly duping and impregnating a female client, Cecilia (pseudonym), in the Ipaja area of the state.
Punch Metro learnt that 42-year-old Elegbeleye, who hails from Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, was arrested by the X-Squad section of the command after the victim complained to the police. The suspect was said to have been arrested on December 21, 2015.
Elegbeleye, who told Punch Metro that he had s3x with the lady, added that he and the woman fell in love with each other, while the s3x was by mutual consent. Elegbeleye added that the victim had given birth to a baby girl for him.
According to the police, the native doctor allegedly had a culture of turning his female clients into house maids after having s3x with some of them.
The police added that Cecilia's mother, who is a trader in Abesan Estate, Ipaja, had also been allegedly defrauded by the native doctor to the tune of N7.9m in 2015.
Our correspondent gathered that Cecilia was taken to Elegbeleye in November 2014, to seek spiritual help on issues bordering on late marriage and spiritual husband.
It was learnt that Elegbeleye, who had his centre at Olude bus stop in the Ipaja area, however, allegedly took advantage of the situation to impregnate Cecilia, as well as dupe the family.
The police alleged that the native doctor had built two houses ─ one in Lagos and the other in Ekiti State ─ from the proceeds of the fraud.
Speaking with Punch Metro, Cecilia, said she met the native doctor at a bus stop on an evening in November 2014, adding that he allegedly hypnotised her into having an affair with him.
She said, "I met him as a cab driver at the Iyana Ipaja Roundabout. We never knew that the man was a fraudster and was into occultism. He first became friendly with my mother. After that, one thing led to another until he s3xually assaulted me and defrauded my mother."
However, Elegbeleye told our correspondent that there was no truth in Cecilia's claims, adding that after she gave birth to a child for him, he rented a two-bedroomed apartment for her.
He said, "It is true that I am a native doctor and I treated her for ulcer and spiritual problems. She had a spiritual husband. She was having 'promise and fail offer' from men. So, we started befriending each other and in the process, she got pregnant for me.
"The woman now brought policemen to my house to arrest me. She has a girl for me. I did not use force to sleep with her. Can you hypnotise a woman who does not love you? It is not possible. She loved me. Her family wants to take all my property. That is why they are lying against me. Where did they get the N7m they are claiming? Are they rich?"
A police source told our correspondent that Cecelia's child was living with the victim's parents in Abesan Estate.
He said, "The suspect had been in the Kirikiri Prison on remand bordering on a similar offence. It was when he came out that we arrested him for this case. He took advantage of the lady's problems to have sex with her and she became pregnant and had a girl for him. The girl is with the victim's family. We are investigating the native doctor for a case of conspiracy, stealing and sexual harassment."
The Police Public Relations Officer, SP Dolapo Badmus, confirmed the arrest.
She added that Elegbeleye would be charged to court as soon as investigations were concluded on the matter.
She said, "The matter is being investigated by operatives of the X-Squad after a petition was received by the Commissioner of Police. Investigation is still ongoing on the matter, and the suspect will be charged to court once investigation is concluded."


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GORHAM, ME - The University of Massachusetts Dartmouth's women's basketball team outscored Western Connecticut State in overtime, 10-0, and defeated the Colonials, 74-64, in the semi-finals of the Little East Conference Tournament at Southern Maine's Hill Gymnasium Friday evening. With the victory, the Corsairs advance to the LEC championship game for the first time ever.
Senior forward Colleen Moriarty (Canton, MA/Canton HS) broke a 64-64 tie when she hit a driving layup at the start of the overtime period. Sophomore guard Kelsey Garrity (Somerville, MA/ Somerville HS) followed with another layup to make it 68-64, and then another layup by Moriarty made it 70-64. Garrity hit another driving layup and drew a foul to make it 72-64, and when Garrity missed her free throw, Moriarty grabbed the offensive rebound and connected on a jumper to make it 74-64. The Colonials failed to score after Moriarty's basket, and the Corsairs ran out the clock.
UMass Dartmouth overcame a 58-54 deficit towards the end of regulation time and tied the game at 59-59 on Moriarty's jumper with 3:19 remaining. Junior forward Erika Bornemann (Canton, MA/Canton HS) hit a three-pointer with 2:08 left to make it 62-59 and Garrity's jumper with 1:30 to play made it 64-59. Jackie Zilnicki hit a layup for WCSU eight seconds later to make it 64-61 and Carly Murphy's free throw with 44 seconds left made it 64-62. Sha'Quira Palmer's layup with 32 seconds left tied the game and sent it to overtime.
Moriarty led the Corsairs with 25 points, Bornemann added 17, and Garrity and freshman guard Beth Castantini (Newburyport, MA/Newburyport HS) each scored 11. Murphy had 21 and Zilnicki 17 for the Colonials.
"This was an overwhelming, emotional victory and it shows how far our program has come," said UMass Dartmouth Head Coach Amanda Van Voorhis. "I can't be any happier for the seniors. I promised them we would turn things around, and a 20-win season and a berth in the championship game helps solidify that. It was a great all-around performance. We just put emotion aside and fought hard for the victory. Now we have a challenge in front of us tomorrow, but we're going to ride the momentum, and we're up for it."
UMass Dartmouth improved to 20-7 with the victory, winning 20 games in a season for the first time, while Western Connecticut fell to 19-8 with the defeat.
The Corsairs advance to the championship game against host Southern Maine, a 73-62 winner over Rhode Island College in the opener. The championship game is scheduled for 4 p.m. Saturday afternoon. Western Connecticut was eliminated from the tournament with the defeat.


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Apple Bay Beach
Apple Bay Beach is just over the hill from Long Bay. Here, on any day in season you can see at least a dozen surfers from all over the world. The bay is also known for its full moon parties at Bomba's Surfside Shack, as well as the Friday night fish fries hosted by local residents under the banyon trees. In the evenings, you can usually find music playing at one of the bay's two hotels and several local restaurants.
Brewer's Bay Beach
Brewer's Bay, once the site of several sugar plantations and distilleries (hence its name) is just around the eastern point by boat or over a steep hill by car from Cane Garden Bay. Ruins can be seen on the beach and along the road going out of the bay to town. In winter, the campground here is home to an interesting group of travellers who return year after year. The water offers some of the best snorkelling on the island because of its many reefs.
Cane Garden Bay
Centrally located on Tortola's north shore, Cane Garden Bay is a long, lovely, curved bay sheltered from heavy winds, making it a favoured anchorage for boaters. Attracting both tourists and residents, an abundance of activities can be found here: boating, windsurfing, water-skiing, and swimming. Some of Tortola's most popular bars and restaurants line the beach, and island music can be heard at many of these spots nightly.
Elizabeth Beach / Lambert Bay
Elizabeth Beach is without doubt, one of the widest on Tortola, providing sun worshipers plenty of room to stretch out and enjoy the beautiful views of the British Virgin Islands. Also known as Lambert Bay, it is one of the north shore's finest beaches and is a favourite picnic spot for residents because of its sheltering palm grove and fine white sand. A resort is located behind the beach.
Josiah's Bay Beach
This beach on Tortola's East End has a long and wide swath of sand that makes it ideal for sunbathing. There is a small beach bar on the beach and several guest houses and restaurants nearby. At certain times in the winter when the waves reach their optimum peak, it is a favourite surfing spot.
Long Bay
Long Bay is a mile-long stretch of white sand beach, perfect for a tranquil sunset walk. A resort and several guest houses line the eastern portion of the beach. The western end, fringed with palms and sea grapes, offers greater solitude and good swimming.
Smuggler's Cove
Located at the western-most end of Tortola, Smugglers Cove is secluded, sheltered, serene, and hard to reach. The road to it is unpaved, but passable. The water is exceptionally warm, clear, and calm. Snorkelling off both points is good and sometimes sea turtles can be found swimming close by
The Baths
A National Park made up of a series of small sea pools lying beneath a canopy of giant granite boulders. These sheltered light-filled grottoes create a unique setting to swim and explore. Snorkelling along the outside perimeter of both The Baths and Devil's Bay reveals an area rich in colourful fish and coral.
Devil's Bay Beach
This National Park is accessible by boat or by walking through the trails of The Baths. The beach is pure white sand and sprinkled with large granite boulders. Its deep blue waters make for excellent diving and snorkelling.
Mahoe Bay Beach
This remote quiet beach with vivid blue water is located north of Savannah Bay. The bay lies at the end of a tropically landscaped drive leading to a restaurant, beach resorts, and villas. Its gentle sandy curves and two picturesque reefs afford wonderful water activities.
Savannah Bay Beach
Located to the north of Virgin Gorda Yacht Harbour and with spectacular sunsets, Savannah Bay is a beautiful long curving stretch of sand perfect for relaxing on the beach and swimming.
Spring Bay Beach
Sprinkled with boulders, this stretch of white sand is one of Virgin Gorda's loveliest and features some of The BVI's clearest waters.
Trunk Bay
Trunk Bay is one of a series of spectacular white sand beaches that line Virgin Gorda's western shore. Bordered by a private estate and a palm grove, Trunk Bay can be reached by boat or along a path from Spring Bay.
Great Harbour Beach
The island's arrival point with its white sandy horseshoe shape, offers a fabulous water sport facility with a host of friendly and casual beach bars and restaurants. Dinghy docks available.
Sandy Cay
Sandy Cay is a tiny island off the southeast coast of Jost Van Dyke that has a spectacular white sand beach perfect for sunbathing or snorkelling. A path leads to the cay's interior and just to its north is the smaller, but also beautiful, Sandy Spit (noted below).
Sandy Spit Beach
Totally remote but within reach by boat, this spectacular beach is definitely worth the trip! Enjoy marvellous snorkelling in a relaxed atmosphere.
White Bay Beach
With a long stretch of pure white sand, this palm-lined beach was voted one of the top ten beaches in the world by Caribbean Travel & Life. Protected by a great snorkelling reef, anchor close to shore and swim to the beach. Visit the award-winning beach bars.
Cow Wreck Bay Beach
Anegadians offer many stories as to how this beach got its name. Found on the north western end of Anegada, Cow Wreck Bay Beach is a pristine beach that features a small beach bar and restaurant, and a few villas.
Flash of Beauty Beach
With coral sand and crystal clear water, Flash of Beauty Beach features a unique trail of conch shells leading from the beach bar to the shoreline. In addition to beachcombing and sunbathing, excellent snorkelling is also found here.
Loblolly Bay Beach
Comprised of miles of secluded pristine beach, Loblolly Bay Beach is ranked as one of the world's best beaches. With a 360 degree lookout and a 50 foot walkout into the ocean, Loblolly Bay Beach features two beach bars and restaurants, as well as sun shelters and hammocks within the sea grapes.


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MDI quality.
Our promise for your value.
We set high standards for ourselves! For successful cooperation with our customers we established the MDI quality triangle. It illustrates the USPs from us and our services.
Quality at MDI consists of:
Learning effectiveness
It's all about maximizing the transfer from learned content into practice. We ensure learning effectiveness and transfer by:
- Online learning transfer platform to directly manage and measure learning transfer
- E-learning elements and webinars as an answer to the manner people learn nowadays
Get to know our learning transfer platform >>
Find out more about learning effectivess and transfer at MDI >>
Content Leadership
The requirements for being successful as a leader are changing as fast as conditions and challenges within organisations. Therefore we're always take care to consider the latest concepts, ideas and methods in our programs. At the moment these are:
- Employee engagement with Drive – The original concept from Daniel Pink (view details)
- Kirkpatrick certification for evaluation of development (view details)
- Lateral leadership at eye level – Thought leader, author and trainer Gunther Fürstberger in cooperation with Tanja Ineichen (view details)
Global partner
No matter where your development shall take place, we will follow you. Therefore we fall back on:
- A worldwide trainer network
- and therewith local development in national language.
Your contact
Mag. Gunther Fürstberger
Managing Director & Head of Business Development
Kirkpatrick Certified Professional Bronze Level
+43 1 524 17 17 17


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If there would be one most significant works of the decade as far as personal development is concerned, that is going to be Earl Nightingale's strangest secret. What is fascinating about this program is that it provides a life transforming truth. Earl Nightingale's strangest secret had answered many of life's unanswered questions. This transforming truth offers an answer to the bad circumstances, striving and desperation of most people.
Today, Earl Nightingale's strangest secret is no longer a secret. The truth behind this secret is that we become what we think about. Accept it or not, our thoughts have ultimate powers in our lives. The life of every one of us is governed by this law and no one is exempted. We are all living in our exact universe. Things like chance, fate or luck are nothing but natural laws exerting itself. What governs our entire being is the law of mind and thought.
There are already many times when this transforming truth had been revealed. But still, there are many people who did not believe and they are still living the lives that they should be living.


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Billions spent on roads, rail will benefit us all
Opinion Piece
12 April 2017
The Weekly Times
Connectivity in all its forms is critical to the future growth and prosperity of regional Victoria.
Keeping our communities connected with better roads, rail services, airports and telecommunication links provides more opportunities for people to live and work outside of the increasingly congested greater Melbourne area.
All levels of Government need to work in partnership with industry and the community to prioritise infrastructure investment decisions, which address community needs now, and into the future.
We need to be focused on building the infrastructure that our kids and grandkids will thank us for.
I recently announced a National Freight and Supply Chain Strategy, which will help to inform some of those decisions and provide an investment blueprint for the future. Getting our products to market in a cost effective and timely manner will help us to capitalise on Free Trade Agreements and deliver more jobs in regional areas.
Projects, like the Murray Basin Rail Project, are already underway and will make a real difference in the north-west of the state.
In the not too distant future, the Melbourne-Brisbane Inland Rail line will allow for more freight to be taken off the roads and transported by rail along the eastern seaboard more efficiently. It is an historic project that will provide benefits to communities along its route and our nation as a whole.
Connecting our freight products to market is one thing, connecting our communities is even more important.
Last year the Federal Government was able to negotiate a $3 billion infrastructure deal in partnership with the Victorian Government to help get our state moving again. Those projects are rolling out across Victoria: creating safer roads and better transport links.
There's no secret that Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull also wants the Commonwealth to be an active partner in passenger rail projects and I have been meeting with the Victorian government about possible projects.
It is too early to speculate on the outcomes of those discussions but both levels of government recognise the value of connecting regional communities to Melbourne and providing better links within each part of the state.
Travelling by rail for work, medical appointments, or leisure needs to be improved in regional Victoria with a more reliable network and greater frequency of services.
I am confident that the Federal Government can make a real difference for regional Victorians.


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That's because the first charity shared your contact information with other charities. One way to prevent that is by taking advantage of Charity Navigator's Giving Basket. This donation platform lets you, the donor, decide how much personal information you want to share with the charity - from your full contact information to none of it. Giving anonymously kills two birds with one stone - the charity itself can't pester you with endless appeals nor can it sell your contact information to others.
Join the more than 6,000 donors who, last year, gave over $7 million to 18,000 charities. Get started donating now!


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I can share a couple of layouts that I created for Sarah's Cards using the lovely American Crafts Romance collection.
This month I've been working with the kit, which you can see a sneak of on the website here - http://www.sarahscardsltd.com/gallery_45.htm. Such fun bright colours, it's perfect for summery photos, just the thing to brighten up a dreary february afternoon.
Sunday, 1 February 2009
2 comments:
- rachel said...
i love these, i do like a soppy layout!
- 2 February 2009 at 20:43
- CloClo said...
Lovely layouts Jen - I love that close up of the back of your wedding dress xxx
- 8 February 2009 at 19:35
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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With this design step I imported the "evil red LED light" .svg file into Maya 2013 and messed with converting the paths into planar geometry, and then extruding/beveling the geometry. Eventually I came up with sort of a landscape. I finished it off with a basic texture and a couple of lights.
The final step involved arranging each design iteration into a composition. I started with the original photo and arranged the steps so that they progressed into the posterized cropped images and then the vector images. From there you can see the split between the orange and pink images and their variations and the "Sinister"-themed images.


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Feb 2014 – April 2015
There are major roadworks being undertaken to improve the link from the M1 to London Luton Airport and ease congestion, particularly for people flying out of London Luton Airport. So if you are travelling to London Luton Airport for a flight, please make sure you allow extra time. The roadworks will take just over one year from February 2014 and local authorities are putting in place a number of measures in order to minimise the disruption. Please check our Flight Tracker before travelling as we aim to keep you up to date with any further developments.
"Welcome to London Luton Airport and on behalf of easyJet I wish you a pleasant journey through our corner of the network. I have a great team here in Luton who are all looking forward to being of service to you, making it easy, at every step. We have put this guide together to try and make your journey that little bit easier! Have a great journey." (Denise, Airport Manager)
- All easyJet international arrivals are required to proceed through passport control before going to baggage collection and arrivals hall.
- Should you have any questions surrounding lost or damaged baggage our baggage team have a desk located immediately after passport control in the baggage hall.
- London Luton operates an automated boarding announcement system in the departure lounge for boarding and final call for each flight. Individual named announcements are not made.
- Individual passenger calls for flights are only made within the gate area and not in the main departure lounge.
- You can expect to be boarded into a pre-boarding room at certain departure gates, other gates have open lounges.
- Please ensure you allow plenty of time to get to your gate as the journey times from the departure lounge vary from 15 minutes to 5 minutes.
- If you are a passenger with reduced mobility you must make yourself known to the service provider who has a special assistance desk near the easyJet bag drop area, as well as in the departure lounge.
For more detailed information on on the airport view terminal map.
The main access road into the airport can at busy times of the year become congested, please ensure that if travelling to the airport by car you allow plenty of time.
By Car
Find a great deal on car rental from the airport with our car rental partner Europcar.
With Europcar's Airport Connect service you can even collect, or return a rental car near your home.
Find a great deal on parking at the airport.
By taxi
Pre book your door-to-door airport transfers with our transfer partner Holiday Taxis.
Airport hotels
Take a look at our selection of comfortable and convenient airport hotels.
More Information
Find out more information on travelling to and from the airport including details on local bus and train services.
Check-in online
Remember to check in online and print your boarding pass for your flight. The service is free and is available from 30 days and up to 2 hours before the scheduled departure of your flight.
Cabin bags only?
If you only have cabin bags you can head straight to the departure gate. Remember to check in online 30 days and up to 2 hours before the scheduled departure and to print your boarding pass ready for your flight.
Hold luggage
If you have hold luggage, check in online and print your boarding pass, then once at the airport, take your bags to one of the easyJet 'Bag drop' desks located in the departure hall.
Need some help?
If you have any specific needs or access requirements during your trip, please let us know online or by calling 0843 224 4165, no later than 48 hours before your scheduled departure time.
On time
We recommend arriving at the airport with plenty of time before you depart so you can get through security and find your boarding gate.
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See the schedule, services offered, & information about the after-ride festival. Learn more >>
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Four routes to choose from. Find the one best for you! Learn more >>
See where our net proceeds go and how we are helping to make a difference. Learn more >>
Interested in seeing who is helping us out? Or want to help us out? Learn more >>
Learn about Escape New York and New York Cycle Club. Learn more >>


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Enticing traffic to your website through the use of entertaining social systems like Facebook® and Twitter® is called social media. You can use social media systems (Facebook, Tweets, Google, LinkedIn®), social media discussing (Pinterest®, YouTube®, Flickr®), and social bookmark management (Digg™, StumbleUpon®) to declare news about your company, and produce enjoyment about your web page.
Social networking can help you build an system around your production or company. Add a Fan Page to your current information to set up a relationship with your clients, and then link your social media information to your web page. This motivates audiences inquisitive for more information to visit your website.
Why social media? First off, it's affordable and immediate. Most of your clients already have records on Facebook or myspace, Tweets, and more. You can use company information to make significant relationships with a different system of people who are inquisitive about your products or services. Individuals are ideal for getting immediate reviews, with a weight of in on conversations, and responding to questions. Plus, your existence helps keep your item in existence in the thoughts of your consumer base.
Stay appropriate in the social area and add social media symbols to your web page. Just do a quick on the internet search engine question to find symbols you can use on your website. These symbols help emphasize your visitors to discuss your material with their buddies and supporters. This important word-of-mouth promotion is a more natural way to distribute your concept among buddies.
An effective social media technique is one that is effective and up to date. Use your social media information to advertise activities, discuss discount rates and deals, and keep your clients current on the newest styles in your industry. When you discuss exciting, exciting material with your viewers, you'll set up your item as a innovator and become part of the system.


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Family Reports Cigar-Shape UFO Moving Overhead
Primary tabs
Roger Marsh
UFO Examiner
A Wisconsin witness leaving a church program 25 miles southwest of Oshkosh reports watching a "metallic, elongated" shaped object move overhead at 8:09 p.m. on July 26, 2011, according to testimony from the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) witness reporting database.
The witnesses' daughter first saw the object.
A Wisconsin family was leaving a church event
when a cigar-shaped object moved overhead.
Credits: Wikipedia.
"My 9-year-old daughter spotted a bright object in the sky over the building, to our west," the witness stated. "We watched it for a minute as we walked to our car. The kids got into the car and I stood watching this object advance towards us, going due east, at a steady speed. The object came into view as a metallic, elongated shape, like a stick or a cigar or a rectangle. It was slender. It continued coming directly over us."
The witness also reports seeing wings on the object half way through the sighting - "two wings out either side, like a double-wing or bi-plane aircraft."
The object appeared to be larger than other double wing aircraft the witness had seen before.
"But this was bigger than any double-wing aircraft I had ever seen, and higher in sky than they would normally fly. This was confirmed by my 7-year-old son who also saw the craft. I asked him to draw what he saw and he showed a cross-type object, and then said, 'But there was another part on top of it that I didn't know how to draw, like another wing.' I thought, Aha! Yes, he saw that too."
The witnesses' two daughters also described the object.
"The 9-year-old saw it as a whitish-yellowish rectangular-type object, or rather two ends to the object, with a space in the center. One object held together by something in the center. My 16-year-old saw a rectangular object, two objects flying front to back, with a space in the center where the wings would be if it were an aircraft (only she didn't see wings), and she said both sections were lit up like incandescent lights (yellowish). My 7-year-old son and I both saw this cross-type object, rectangular, with the two pieces, but we could see faint 'wings' on it, like a bi-wing plane. It would be a safe guess to say the object was segmented."
The witness thought that perhaps the object was associated with the Experimental Aircraft Association fly-in at Oshkosh upcoming this week, approximately 25 miles northeast of their location.
No images or videos were included with the MUFON report, which was filed on July 26, 2011.
Continue reading on Examiner.com


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Sunshine Eyes
You never cease to amaze me, the happiest child about.
The biggest smiles, the screams of glee, jolly without a doubt.
Some people who are dear to me, you may never come to know.
A grandma passed, an uncle gone, your brother whose soon to go.
You'll not show a care, for your heart is here and now.
You're sunshine eyes, dimpled cheeks, wonder of why and how.
Simple joys consume you, the way they should a child.
Lots of laughing, always smiling, within your eyes a look of wild.


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Golden Desert Details
Golden Desert Granite Slab
Slabs of Granite are broad and thick, four sided pieces of stone larger than tiles. Particular application and usage of granite slabs varies with the finish, color and thickness of the slab. Different size of slabs are used for different purposes such as large sized slabs are mostly used for laying floors in huge halls, used as counter tops and table tops, thicker slabs are used as gravestones, tables tops, mortuary slabs, cremation urns and tombstones. Due to granite's hardness and polish, slabs of granite provide a very charming and elegant appeal to your home. The application therefore varies with the finish, color and thickness of the slab.
You can customize your own product dimensions and finishes,contract with us! I'm Online Chat Now or Leave a message
1) Finish:Polished.Honed,Flamed
2) Slab size:
a) 2400upx1200upx20mm
b) 2400upx1200upx30mm


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- Animal Welfare Act RA 8485
- RA 10631 Amended AWA
- AWA Rules & Regulations
29 March 2010
Stop Bill that Seeks to Declare Cockfighting as Part of our National Cultural Heritage
Dear advocates,
Please see the article below about Agusan del Sur Congressman Rodolfo "Ompong" Plaza who has filed a bill to declare cockfighting as part of Philippine heritage.
While cockfighting is legal (this was a concession when we were lobbying for the Animal Welfare Act), it remains one of our country's cruel sports and does not deserve to be declared as part of our "national cultural heritage".
Please write to Rep. Plaza - whose contact details appear below - and politely urge him to drop this bill and focus on more important laws instead:
Honorable Rodolfo "Ompong" G. Plaza
Rm. N-403
House of Representatives
Constitutional Hills 1119, Quezon City
Phone: 931-5001 local 7362, 9315430
ompong_plaza_ agsur@yahoo. com
Please read more about the cruelties of cockfighting here: http://www.humaneso ciety.org/ issues/cockfight ing/facts/ cockfighting_ fact_sheet. html
On top of the animal cruelty issue, it is important to point out that Rep. Plaza seeks to sugarcoat this attempt to PROMOTE GAMBLING by saying that "..cockfighting should never be exploited as an object of commercialism ..nor made a tool of uncontrolled gambling."
The fact remains that cockfighting IS gambling and we are sure majority of Filipinos would not want any gambling activity declared as having anything to do with our national heritage.
Thank you.
-The Philippine Animal Welfare Society (PAWS)
Related news article below:
Solon seeks to declare cockfighting as part of national cultural heritage
21 March 2010 10:19:01 AM
Writer: Jennifer Arteche-Valenton, MRS-PRIB
Cockfighting may soon be declared as a part of the country's national cultural heritage.
Rep. Rodolfo "Ompong" Plaza (Lone District, Agusan del Sur) has filed a measure urging the National Commission for Culture and Arts and the National Historical Institute to declare cockfighting as part of the intangible Philippine cultural heritage.
Plaza said cockfighting is a popular, traditional and customary form of recreation and entertainment among Filipinos especially during holidays, fiestas, fairs and other events.
Plaza said even Presidential Decree No. 449, or the Cockfighting Law, recognizes that cockfighting is a vehicle for the preservation and perpetuation of native Filipino heritage that enhances national identity.
"Intangible cultural heritage includes practices, representations expressions and skills, as well as the objects, instruments and artifacts that communities, groups and individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage," Plaza said.
"Cockfighting should neither be exploited as an object of commercialism or business enterprise nor made a tool of uncontrolled gambling," Plaza said.
"Cockfighting must be recognized and institutionalized as part of the national cultural heritage and must be promoted, protected and enhanced," Plaza said.
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If you're overweight and want to see a production at St. Paul's Circus Juventas, consider yourself warned.
Under the heading "Patrons of Size" on its website, the youth circus is now urging the overweight to "proactively book the number of seats needed" before the performance or risk being moved to a different location when the show is starting.
The circus says the seats, installed in March, are 18-inch molded plastic seats with no separation between them, meaning that a heavy person could spill over into the space next to them.
"We want to advise people that if they do need special seating to plan in advance, because Circus Juventas usually sells out and it's very uncomfortable for a larger person to be unable to find a seat that works without crowding others," said Connie Shaver, who does publicity for the circus. "It's being proactive."
The circus appears to be among the first to publicly request such measures. Other venues have increased seat widths to keep pace with a growing population.
A study released Monday by the national Theatre Projects Consultants said chair width and legroom have expanded to accommodate the larger size of American theatergoers. The standard seat width was increased from 19 inches in 1900 to 20 in 1990. Since 1990, it has expanded to 21 to 22 inches.
The Guthrie Theater is keeping pace. The seats at the old Guthrie at Vineland Place ranged from 18 to 21 inches. At the new theater, seats at the Proscenium Stage are 20 to 22 inches wide; in the Thrust Stage, a few are 19 inches wide, but they range up to 23.
Officials at Target Center, Ordway and other venues in the Twin Cities said they often accommodate overweight patrons, just as they do taller or shorter patrons or those who are hard of hearing. Most said they place heavy patrons on detached seats in the handicapped area, if space allows.
"Really, the goal is to make everyone comfortable and avoid a last-minute situation where you're trying to seat someone," said Shaver. "If it can be addressed in advance, it won't be a problem."
At the brand-new Target Field, heavier patrons are put in one of the 794 handicapped spots, if there is room there, said team spokesman Kevin Smith. Overweight fans also have the option to go to the standing-room-only areas, he said. A more complicated issue, he said, is when a smaller person feels his or her space is compromised by an overweight person in the next seat. In the Metrodome, it was easy to move a fan to a different seat because so many were available. But games at Target Field are sold out.
When that happens, there's not much the team can do, he said. "You have to work with the person next to you to try to figure out a way you can both coexist for three hours," he said.
Suzanne Ziegler • 612-673-1707


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Performance ranges
- Unit coolers capacity: from 1,92 to 13,9 kW *
- Airflow: from 1.100 to 9.300 m3/h
- Brine coolers and CO2 coolers: customized on demand
Coil Features
- High heat exchange efficiency
- Designed with special profile aluminium fins and inner grooved copper tubes
- According to the room temperature, the employed fin spacing is the following:
- DFE H3 for high temperatures (>= +2 °C): 3,5 mm
- DFE L7 for lower temperatures (>= -25 °C): 7 mm (electric defrost version ED is recommended)
Standard Defrost
Electric (ED) 400V/3/50Hz
Casing Features
Made of a magnesium aluminium alloy, with a smooth finish covered by a plastic protection film
Fan Motor Features
- Diameter: 315 mm
- Dual speed
- Single-phase, with external rotor and inner capacitor
- Voltage: 230V/50-60 Hz
- Protection grade: IP 44
- Class of insulation: F
- Inner thermal contact protection
- Maximum operating temperature: +40 °C
Fan Guard Features
Manufactured in fibreglass charged polyamide, according to EN 294 standards
Air throw
The aeraulic combination grants a considerably high air throw, measured in Modine's Technical Lab according to CECOMAF GT6-001 standards
Heat exchangers are supplied clean and tested at a pressure of 30 bars
All the fan motors and electric heaters are connected in separate terminal boxes, with IP 54 protection grade
* Nominal capacity: assessed in practical operating ambient, i.e. wet conditions; refrigerant R404A; air inlet temperature = 0 °C; evap. temperature = -8 °C; ΔT = 8 K.


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The question is, are CFS researchers manipulating results with selective reporting of their findings? By PENNY SWIFT The latest research report based on the widely criticized 2011 PACE Trial Study that recommends exercise for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients, is thwart with issues that compromise its credibility, according to a psychologist in New Zealand. In addition the discovery by the ... Read More »
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