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Many approaches to writing RDF in XML have been proposed. The revised standard RDF/XML still has many known problems. It is not intrinsically difficult to have a clear serialization of RDF in XML, and we present a simple solution. We add the ability to name graphs, noting that in practice this is already widely used. We use XSLT as a general syntactic extensibility mechanism to provide human friendly macros for our syntax.
Keywords: Semantic Web; RDF
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It is well known that RDF/XML presents problems.
A cursory search with Google reveals half-a-dozen suggestions for alternative XML syntaxes for RDF.
This paper presents another, which is called TriX. Distinctively we select the simplicity of N-triples [RDF Tests] as our guide, and have an explicitly minimalist set of requirements.
For cases where this set of requirements is insufficient we indicate the use of the stylesheet processing instruction to provide general purpose syntactic extensibility using XSLT [XSLT].
A further distinctive feature of our syntax is explicit support for naming of graphs.
Example 1: Here is a TriX document:
<TriX xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/trix/trix-1/"> <graph> <uri>http://example.org/graph1</uri> <triple> <uri>http://example.org/Bob</uri> <uri>http://example.org/wife</uri> <uri>http://example.org/Mary</uri> </triple> <triple> <uri>http://example.org/Bob</uri> <uri>http://example.org/name</uri> <plainLiteral>Bob</plainLiteral> </triple> <triple> <uri>http://example.org/Mary</uri> <uri>http://example.org/age</uri> <typedLiteral datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer">32</typedLiteral> </triple> </graph> </TriX>
Syntactic extensions to the minimalist core, require a processing instruction. Example 2 is the same graph expressed using qnames and XSD type support. These, and other, extensions are explained later in the paper.
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xml" href="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/trix/all.xsl"?> <TriX xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/trix/trix-1/" xmlns:eg="http://example.org/"> <graph> <uri>http://example.org/graph2</uri> <triple> <qname>eg:Bob</qname> <qname>eg:wife</qname> <qname>eg:Mary</qname> </triple> <triple> <qname>eg:Bob</qname> <qname>eg:name</qname> <plainLiteral>Bob</plainLiteral> </triple> <triple> <qname>eg:Mary</qname> <qname>eg:age</qname> <integer>32</integer> </triple> </graph> </TriX>
The requirements we address are the following:
The last requirement is the most important. We will see that one of the problems with RDF syntax is an excess of requirements from different communities creating a political problem that may get solved with a technical hack.
We argue later that the two additional features we add, naming of graphs and syntactic extensibility, are well-chosen and appropriate. Moreover they do not reflect the needs of any specific community, but meet general requirements of many RDF users.
The original RDF Syntax working group took input from Guha's MCF [GuhBra1997], Microsoft's Web Collections [HopBerHat1997], and Lassila's Lisp oriented PICS-NG format [Las1997].
Mixing these together, taking something from everything, resulted in RDF/XML in 1999 [RDF M&S]. Since its publication, there have been a steady stream of alternatives.
Berners-Lee started the process, by proposing an unstriped syntax [TBL1999]. Melnik followed up with an attribute based proposal [Mel1999a] which could be used to bridge [Mel1999b] between XML and RDF.
The next year (2000), Berners-Lee gave up on a usable XML syntax for RDF, and proposed N3 [N3].
In 2001, the RDF Core Working Group started, partly to fix the RDF/XML syntax. Adobe launched XMP [XMP], which uses a proper subset of RDF/XML. Robie [Rob2001] showed that a normalized subset of RDF/XML could be used effectively with XQuery [XQuery].
Seeing that RDF/XML was being revised rather than replaced, Bray proposed another XML syntax RPV [Bra] in 2002.
In 2003, while completing the revision of RDF/XML [RDF Syntax], Beckett proposed a simple XML form [Bec2003] inspired by N-triples [RDF Tests], a simple subset of N3 [N3]. Both N-triples, and Beckett's proposals stick very closely to the abstract syntax [RDF Concepts], which is a great strength. Meanwhile, Dubinko proposed another syntax [Dub2002], more suited for embedding within HTML. The problem of embedding RDF inside HTML is itself non-trivial [Pal2002], and is the topic of a recent W3C taskforce [ReaHaz2003]. Walsh tried a different approach, addressing the problem of RDF/XML syntax with extensions to XSLT [Wal2003].
Our history closes by returning to Berners-Lee, who in a recent keynote presentation [TBL2003] referred to the 'RDF syntax shock'.
The W3C has just completed a major clean up of the syntax [RDF Syntax], along with a clarification of the underlying data model [RDF Concepts], and its intended interpretation [RDF Semantics].
While many syntactic problems have been fixed, and it is at least plausible to have interoperability between RDF/XML implementations, some of the 'postponed issues' [McB2003] indicate the extent of the original mess.
In brief, RDF/XML does not layer RDF on top of XML in a useful way.
Meanwhile, there are other unresolved syntactic issues, involving qnames, collections, literals as subjects, blank nodes as predicates, reification and quoting. Hence, a further round of work on RDF/XML is likely to be a continuation of legacy hell, with additional requirements pulling in different directions, and old requirements not getting dropped.
The requirement that the graph be simply reflected in the XML, rules out most of the previous proposals. Many are based too closely on RDF/XML to be salvagable, for example: XMP [XMP], Dubinko [Dub2002] and Robie's normalized RDF/XML [Rob2001].
The two early proposals from Berners-Lee [TBL1999] and Melnik [Mel1999a] both use attributes that can be added to an arbitrary XML document, in a way that breaks DTDs and XML Schemata.
Bray's RPV [Bra] does not address blank nodes. This leaves Beckett's proposals [Bec2003], which, while incompletely worked out, do show that it is simple and straightforward to represent an RDF graph as a set of elements each with three children.
Given the number of suggestions for change and RDF/XML's lack of popularity with the practioners, why does it continue?
Once you get used to it, it is surprisingly concise. The RDF data model, in which everything is triples, is inevitable verbose - but writing these triples in RDF/XML tends to ameliorate things.
The use of qnames to abbreviate URI references is concise, and sufficiently liked that this convention is widely used, also in non-XML contexts, e.g. in N3 [N3], and the OWL Semantics [OWL S&AS] document. The use of typed nodes, to avoid making a common triple explicit, adds to the efficiency with which RDF/XML encodes the RDF graph, and permits syntaxes which, to some extent, hide the underlying triple structure.
This hiding of the triple structure makes it easy for users to get into an RDF application such as OWL with only a partial understanding of its representation in RDF.
However, RDF/XML neithers permits complete hiding of the underlying RDF, nor does it make it clear what that underlying RDF is. We suggest that it is better to have clarity in the basic syntax, with hiding achieved by using alternative syntactic forms that are transformed into the basic syntax.
RDF/XML also provides a number of syntactic features which are useful for certain sorts of construct:
Thus many communities find that while RDF/XML has many features they do not like, certain key features are highly attractive and keep them enagaged.
The core of TriX is the triple element, which contains three children, the subject, predicate and object of the triple.
Each of these children is either a uri element, an id element, a plainLiteral or a typedLiteral element depending on whether the corresponding node in the graph is an RDF URI reference, a blank node or a literal (plain or typed).
The element content contains the label of the node (or the blank node identifier). Whitespace normalization is applied to uri1 and id element content.
We strongly prefer the use of absolute URI references in uri. This ensures that XML based tools can easily compare two uri nodes for equality. Relative URIs, if used, are resolved against the base URL used to retrieve the document (as in RDF/XML without xml:base).
plainLiteral elements can be modified by an xml:lang attribute. xml:lang is prohibited elsewhere in the document (for example, it is not permitted on the root element). This avoids any confusion as to whether it applies to typed literals. It does not.
typedLiteral elements require a datatype attribute. As in RDF/XML. no whitespace processing is performed. We note it is difficult to write the legal lexical forms for rdf:XMLLiteral which have to be exclusive canonical XML [Excl XML C14N], which is escaped either with a CDATA block, or using XML character escaping conventions.
A graph element starts with a uri child element which names the graph, and then has any number of triple elements as children.
The root element of the document is a trix element, which has zero or more graphs as its child elements.
The ability to have more than one graph in a document and the ability to name graphs are both motivated by the extension of associating names with graphs.
TriX is described by a DTD, shown in figure 1 and by an XML Schema, shown in figure 2. This format is very close to the RDF abstract syntax [RDF Concepts], the only deviation being the ability to name graphs.
<!-- TriX: RDF Triples in XML --> <!ELEMENT TriX (graph*)> <!ATTLIST TriX xmlns CDATA #FIXED "http://www.w3.org/2004/03/trix/trix-1/"> <!ELEMENT graph (uri*, triple*)> <!ELEMENT triple ((id|uri|plainLiteral|typedLiteral), uri, (id|uri|plainLiteral|typedLiteral))> <!ELEMENT id (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT uri (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT plainLiteral (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST plainLiteral xml:lang CDATA #IMPLIED> <!ELEMENT typedLiteral (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST typedLiteral datatype CDATA #REQUIRED>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!-- TriX: RDF Triples In XML --> <schema xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsd = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:trix = "http://www.w3.org/2004/03/trix/trix-1/" targetNamespace = "http://www.w3.org/2004/03/trix/trix-1/"> <import namespace="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace" schemaLocation="xml.xsd"/> <element name="TriX"> <complexType> <sequence> <element ref="trix:graph" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> </sequence> </complexType> </element> <element name="graph"> <complexType> <sequence> <element ref="trix:uri" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> <element ref="trix:triple" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> </sequence> </complexType> </element> <element name="triple"> <complexType> <sequence> <choice> <element ref="trix:id"/> <element ref="trix:uri"/> <element ref="trix:plainLiteral"/> <element ref="trix:typedLiteral"/> </choice> <element ref="trix:uri"/> <choice> <element ref="trix:id"/> <element ref="trix:uri"/> <element ref="trix:plainLiteral"/> <element ref="trix:typedLiteral"/> </choice> </sequence> </complexType> </element> <element name="id" type="string"/> <element name="uri" type="anyURI"/> <element name="plainLiteral"> <complexType> <simpleContent> <extension base="xsd:string"> <attribute ref="xml:lang"/> </extension> </simpleContent> </complexType> </element> <element name="typedLiteral"> <complexType> <simpleContent> <extension base="xsd:string"> <attribute name="datatype" type="anyURI" use="required"/> </extension> </simpleContent> </complexType> </element> </schema>
TriX provides for graph naming by the use of an optional uri element before the triples of a graph. Example 3 shows a named graph including its own provenance information:
<TriX xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/trix/trix-1/"> <graph> <uri>http://example.org/graph3</uri> <triple> <uri>http://example.org/aBook</uri> <uri>http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title</uri> <typedLiteral datatype="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#XMLLiteral"> <ex:title xmlns:ex="http://example.org/"> A Good Book </ex:title> </typedLiteral> </triple> <triple> <uri>http://example.org/aBook</uri> <uri>http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment</uri> <plainLiteral xml:lang="en">This is a really good book!</plainLiteral> </triple> <triple> <uri>http://example.org/graph3</uri> <uri>http://example.org/source</uri> <uri>http://example.org/book-description.rdf</uri> </triple> </graph> </TriX>
Since we take an explicitly minimalist stance, we have to make a strong case for this feature in TriX.
We first give examples of naming of graphs in the field, showing how the current technology is used for this. We find the current solutions muddled and ad hoc, and believe a standardized approach will be highly beneficial.
Moreover, the requirement for graph naming, is not from one community within the Semantic Web, but a requirement that goes across the board. It is needed for metadata repositories, and for ontological systems. Graph naming occurs in Semantic Web programming environments and query languages. Nearly all users of the Semantic Web name their graphs, the base syntax should provide explicit support.
An obvious use for naming graphs is when many different sources need to be aggregated, and it is desired to retain clarity about which information came from which source. This is straightforward if there are distinct graphs, and also a union graph. If the graphs have names, then the provenance information can be attached to the names. Example 3 shows a graph including its provenance information.
One approach to graphs as first class objects occurs in N3 [N3], which provides contexts: these are sets of triples which are treated as anonymous resources. They can then be named using owl:sameAs. Alternatively they can participate in other graphs simply like a blank node.
Query languages such as RQL [KarAleChrPleSch2002] and RDQL [MilSeaReg2002] obviously require the ability to refer to graphs. Often the document URL is used as the name of the graph it contains.
Systems with views, such as TRIPLE [MikNeuZduSin2003], RVL [MagTanChrPle2003] and Jena2 [CarDicDolReySeaWil2004], not only use the naming of graphs of actual triples, but permit the naming of views of virtual triples (in some systems the views may potentially be infinite). In RVL, the views are named using XML Namespaces names; in TRIPLE the views are named using resources.
One place in which graphs are named and referred to extensively is in the RDF Test Cases [RDF Tests] and OWL Test Cases [OWL Test]. In order to be able to name many graphs, and describe the relationships between them, each of these depends on a repository of hundreds of files. The relationships described in the test manifest files, such as entailment or equivalence, are described as relationships between documents. What is intended is in fact a relationship between the graphs contained within the documents.
The RDF recommendations provide for reification of statements as a mechanism for using RDF to talk about RDF. However, it is known not to work well. In typical use cases, such as adding provenance information, their is a large triple bloat. Adding a reification quad for every triple causes a five fold increase. Doing anything with these then requires minimally one extra triple to link the reified triple in with say a 'reified graph'. More frequently, the same provenance information, perhaps four or five triples, are duplicated and added to every reified triple. Thus the use of reification results in maybe a tenfold blow up. What is worse, is that having done this, the triples do not mean what one might hope. As is clarified in the RDF Semantics [RDF Semantics], reification is not a quoting mechanism.
The OWL Ontology element and the OWL imports mechanisms both try to refer to named graphs. They use the document URL as the name. This creates somewhat unclear semantics, stated in operational terms. The subject of owl:imports triples gets almost entirely ignored. The OWL recommendations fail to adequately account for the intended relationship between the ontology name and the ontology content (whether thought of as abstract syntax trees or RDF triples [BecCar2004]). This is particularly clear when trying to convert the imports closure of a document, which is a large graph, into a set of abstract syntax trees, one corresponding to each ontology element. There is no method for determining which triple is mapped into which tree. Explicit graph naming would help to make the intensions clearer.
Carroll [Car2003] presents an algorithm for generating a canonical names for the blank nodes and hence a canonical ordering of the triples of a (possibly slightly modified) RDF graph.
This could become a core part of the Semantic Web infrastructure by permitting verification of provenance information.
However, it requires the ability to separate out separate subgraphs of whatever data a system is using, so that the various pieces from different sources can have their signatures verified.
The name associated with a graph is a way of referring to the syntactic object. In RDF terms, it is the equivalence class of RDF graphs. Blank node labels, and the order of the triples, do not matter. The choice of which URI we use to refer to each resource in the graph does matter. Contrast with the semantics of reification which concerns the interpretation of, for example, the predicate URI, rather than the URI itself.
To say anything about the graph, e.g. provenance information, some triples are needed that involve this node. These triples can be included within the graph, which then includes assertions about itself, or they can be in a separate graph in the same document, or they can be in a separate document. Example 3 shows the first of these possibilities. In the second case, we may wish to state the provenance information, in a separate graph which can be believed even when the original graph is not. This is shown in example 4, modified from example 3:
<TriX xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/trix/trix-1/"> <graph> <uri>http://example.org/graph4</uri> <triple> <uri>http://example.org/aBook</uri> <uri>http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title</uri> <typedLiteral datatype="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#XMLLiteral"> <ex:title xmlns:ex="http://example.org/"> A Good Book </ex:title> </typedLiteral> </triple> <triple> <uri>http://example.org/aBook</uri> <uri>http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment</uri> <plainLiteral xml:lang="en">This is a really good book!</plainLiteral> </triple> </graph> <graph> <uri>http://example.org/graph5</uri> <triple> <uri>http://example.org/graph4</uri> <uri>http://example.org/source</uri> <uri>http://example.org/book-description.rdf</uri> </triple> </graph> </TriX>
Other possible additional requirements are dealt with in the next section as syntactic extensions. Graph naming might have been provided in a similar style by mapping a syntactic extension to the RDF reification vocabulary. However, this would be limited by the meaning of the reification vocabulary, as described in RDF semantics [RDF Semantics]. Since the intent is to provide a mechanism that can be used for quoting, which is explicitly excluded by the RDF semantics, providing core syntax is necessary.
The formal semantics of this construct is given by Carroll et al. [CarBizHaySti2004].
The intended informal semantics is that the URI used for naming a graph is interpreted as the RDF graph specified within the <graph> element. Thus, statements about the URI are statements about the graph. More strictly such a URI denotes an equivalence class of RDF graphs. RDF graph equivalence, as defined by RDF Concepts permits reordering of the triples, and relabelling of the blank nodes.
This differs from merely extending RDF triples to RDF quads, in that the full extent of the graph is known, and is not treated with the open world assumption. Unlike a subject resource, which may have additional properties not mentioned in a document, the assertion of a named graph asserts that this graph is exactly the triples given, and there are not any others that have been omitted. Significantly, this intended semantics is a quoting mechanism and does not suffer the 'two-stage interpretation process' discussed for RDF reification in RDF Semantics. A naive extension of the RDF model theory to cover quads rather than triples would replicate this defect in the reification semantics.
There is no unequivocal formal meaning given to a collection of named graphs as found in a TriX document. Instead, the formal treatment depends on the selection of some subset of the collection which is accepted as true. A meaning is given by taking the graph merge of the accepted subset and then interpreting that using the RDF semantics [RDF Semantics]. The choice of which named graphs to accept is viewed as task-dependent, and is made by the consumer of the graphs, possibly influenced by meta-information (included in one of the graphs in the document) from the publisher. This meta-information can include information about which graphs the publisher intends to assert, and which are merely quoted.
The formal semantics does not address the case when two graphs within a trix document share a blank node. Hence, this is not permitted.
TriX can be used as an alterative to RDF/XML for serializing unnamed graphs, simply by omitting the graph name. Such graph elements are understood in the same way as an RDF/XML document, and not as named graphs.
As well as provenance information, named graphs can be used to encode rules (such as using the log:implies connective in N3), and test cases.
Example 5 shows how an RDF test case might be formulated in TriX. The vocabulary is closely based on the vocabulary used in the RDF Test Cases [RDF Tests].
<TriX xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/trix/trix-1/"> <graph> <uri>http://example.org/graph6</uri> <triple> <uri>http://example.org/tests/language-tag-case</uri> <uri>http://example.org/entailmentRules</uri> <uri>http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#</uri> </triple> <triple> <uri>http://example.org/tests/language-tag-case</uri> <uri>http://example.org/premise</uri> <uri>http://example.org/tests/graph1</uri> </triple> <triple> <uri>http://example.org/tests/language-tag-case</uri> <uri>http://example.org/conclusion</uri> <uri>http://example.org/tests/graph2</uri> </triple> </graph> <graph> <uri>http://example.org/tests/graph1</uri> <triple> <id>x</id> <uri>http://example.org/property</uri> <plainLiteral xml:lang="en-us">a</plainLiteral> </triple> </graph> <graph> <uri>http://example.org/tests/graph2</uri> <triple> <id>x</id> <uri>http://example.org/property</uri> <plainLiteral xml:lang="en-US">a</plainLiteral> </triple> </graph> </TriX>
Unfortunately, named graphs combined with 'logical' vocabulary (concerning logical metaproperties such as entailment) can be used to encode the liar's paradox.
For example, in N3, we can say:
@prefix log: <http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/log#> . @prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> . @prefix eg: <http://example.org/> . { eg:liar log:implies { eg:noone a owl:Nothing . } . } owl:sameAs eg:liar . eg:liar a log:Truth .
The same example could be encoded in TriX, with the N3 formula construct using { and } corresponding to a skolemized URI naming a graph with the given triples. We could also make a similar example using vocabulary like the RDF Test Cases [RDF Tests] vocabulary (replacing the test:premiseDocument and test:conclusionDocument with eg:premise and eg:conclusion, as in example 5).
This is not an error with our proposal for graph naming. This is a pre-existing problem caused by poorly thought out descriptions of classes and properties in RDF. Such descriptions can be self-contradicatory, even without graph naming (for example, the Russell class). Great care in class and property definitions is needed when trying to define a 'logical' vocabulary, as described by Carroll [Car2004].
We have seen in section "What's Wrong with RDF/XML?", that there are many different communities with an interest in XML syntaxes for RDF. Each community brings their own requirements.
Moreover requirements related to ease of writing and reading an XML syntax for RDF tend, in general, to conflict with the core requirements of giving a transparent representation of the graph in a way that can easily be processed with XML tools. This is because the RDF graph tends to be too fine-grained and detailed for direct human consumption, and user-friendly syntaxes need to use 'macros' of some sort. In RDF/XML macros are provided for typed nodes, property attribtues, three parseTypes, striping, reification and container membership. These macros then create problems for XML tools.
The answer we suggest is to have a general purpose and interoperable extensibility mechanism. Each community can then define and use whatever syntactic extensions they wish, declaring the extensions they are using at the top of the data files. As long as the extensions are described in a standard way and are identified with URLs, any processor can apply them.
To be more specific we use XSLT as the syntactic extensibility mechanism, and the stylesheet processing instruction [XML Stylesheet] as the declaration.
We start by showing in detail how the TriX syntax can be made more user-friendly using qnames, using this mechanism. We then sketch other useful extensions, for xml:base, XMLLiterals, collections, and typed literals.
Using qnames to abbreviate URI references is popular, appearing most noticeably in many e-mail messages discussing RDF triples.
This convention is not strictly necessary, similar effect can be achieved in TriX using XML entities. If the size of documents using full URIrefs is an issue then standard compression techniques can be used.
However, human readers and writers of RDF documents would like to see and use qnames. We hence, extend the TriX syntax to include a qname element. Its content is a qname which abbreviates a URI reference, in the normal way. This can be transformed into a uri element using an XSLT program with the following rule:
<xsl:template match="trix:qname"> <uri> <xsl:value-of select="namespace::*[local-name()=substring-before(text(),':')]"/> <xsl:value-of select="substring-after(text(),':')"/> </uri> </xsl:template>
Example 2, in the introduction, shows this being used.
The use of relative URIs is often convenient when writing documents. They also may make a document easier to read, by eliminating redundant information.
A further transformation resolves any relative URIs inside uri elements, using the inscope xml:base value [XML Base].
Hence, the first triple of example 1 can be written using this extension:
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xml" href="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/trix/xmlbase.xsl"?> <TriX xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2004/03/trix/trix-1/" xml:base="http://example.org/"> <graph> <uri>http://example.org/graph7</uri> <triple> <uri>Bob</uri> <uri>wife</uri> <uri>Mary</uri> </triple> . . . </graph> </TriX>
Always using datatype with a URI for typed literals is repetitive. A solution for the XML Schema builtin simple types [XML Schema Datatypes], is to provide a transform that permits each such simple type as an element name, and converts it into an appropriate literal. This transform can perform the appropriate whitespace processing, as given by the whitespace facet of the datatype.
A sample XSLT template is as follows:
<xsl:template match="trix:decimal"> <typedLiteral datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal"> <xsl:value-of select="normalize-space(text())"/> </typedLiteral> </xsl:template>
which transforms, for example, <decimal>4.0</decimal> into <typedLiteral datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal">4.0</typedLiteral>. Again, this is illustrated in example 2.
Since the lexical form of an XMLLiteral has to be in exclusive Canonical XML, it is virtually impossible to create these except with machine support.
Since the definition of these in RDF concepts specifies that the InclusiveNamespaces PrefixList is empty, all the information needed to perform the canonicalization is in the XPath nodeset, and so, the transformation can be performed with XSLT (with some difficulty)2
So, the extensibility mechanism is powerful enough to support a transform that transforms say:
<xmlliteral><foo b="B" a="A"/></xmlliteral>
<typedliteral datatype="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#XMLLiteral"> <foo a="A" b="B"></foo> </typedliteral>
The rdf:parseType="Collection" construct of RDF/XML introduces many triples and blank nodes to represent list structures in RDF.
A similar TriX extension can be defined using an XSL transfrom. One slightly tricky detail concerns the names of blank nodes. Since the transform needs to introduce new nodes, it must be sure not to use names being used elsewhere. One way is to rename all preexisting blank nodes using a rule such as:
<xsl:template match="trix:id"> <id> <xsl:text>u.</xsl:text> <xsl:value-of select="normalize-space(text())"/> </id> </xsl:template>
Using this, and a more complex set of rules for the collections themselves, a transfrom can be defined that converts:
<triple> <id>aDescription</id> <uri>&owl;intersectionOf</uri> <collection> <id>one</id> </collection> </triple>
<triple> <id>u.aDescription</id> <uri>&owl;intersectionOf</uri> <id>t.23</id> </triple> <triple> <id>t.23</id> <uri>&rdf;first</uri> <id>u.one</id> </triple> <triple> <id>t.23</id> <uri>&rdf;rest</uri> <id>&rdf;nil</id> </triple>
Such a transform is indifferent to the nature of the collection content, and so can also be used with a collection of literals (or a mixed collection). This addresses the problem seen with the datarange construct in OWL DL exhibited in test oneof-004 of the OWL Test Cases [OWL Test].
In fact, it is possible to write an RDF/XML parser using XSLT. An example is Snail [Car2001], which while unusably slow3, does show that it can be done.
Hence it would be possible to view RDF/XML as a syntactic extension to TriX. Prepending an appropriate stylesheet processing instructions provides backward compatibility.
With such a web based approach to syntactic extensibility anyone can define their own extensions. Those that are useful will be used; those that are not, will not.
This will form an evolutionary system for designing useful XML serializations for RDF.
Since XSLT is not always the most efficient processing environment some TriX processors may be coded with prior knowledge of well-known extensions. For these, the stylesheets would not be invoked, but instead some equivalent code would be used.
Canonical TriX documents can be defined by:
Blank node labels can be assigned using the techniques described for signing RDF graphs in [Car2003].
The simplest rule for optional whitespace would be that there is none. It may be preferred to have a newline before each start element (except the document root), possibly indented by one space for children of the root, two spaces for grandchildren of the root, and three spaces for great grandchildren.
This suffers from the same limitations as for signing RDF graphs, and some graphs need to be modifed to semantically equivalent ones, before canonicalization. Details are in [Car2003].
TriX achieves the goal of being generically processable by XML tools. XPath [XPath] expressions to pick out triples and/or resources, are straightforward. Queries can be reformulated from RDF query languages, such as RDQL [MilSeaReg2002] into XML languages such as XQuery [XQuery].
RDF/XML is more user friendly and more concise.
TriX with syntactic extensions achieves both sets of goals, in that, by applying the transfroms, the advantages of TriX can be realized, or by not applying the transforms, the advantages of RDF/XML can be realized.
The simplicity of the TriX serialization reflects the underlying simplicity of the RDF conceptual model, rather than the misleading impression left by the baroqueness of RDF/XML.
In section "A Brief History of RDF Syntax", we identified Beckett's proposals [Bec2003] as the most promising.
He identifies choices such as:
We have used position to identify the role in the triple, the proposed subject element gives redundant information that might be useful to a human reader, but we do not really expect TriX to be very human readable.
For similar reasons, we avoid allowing qnames as abbreviations, except as a syntactic extension. The uniformity makes it easier to process the RDF graph with XML tools, since there is no need to consider the case where a node is represented by a qname element in one triple, and by a uri element in another. It also avoids the difficulties caused by the differences in treatment of qnames between RDF and XML. In RDF, a qname is merely an abbreviation, whereas in XML a qname is a pair: a namespace name and a local name.
We determined that using attributes for literal content creates unnecessary problems, concerning XML attribute value normalization [XML]. Hence, literal values, as in the examples in [Bec2003], must be expressed as element content. For uniformity, we hence also express urirefs and blank node identifiers using element content.
The naming of graphs and syntactic extensibility are not discussed by Beckett in [Bec2003].
The problem of how to serialize RDF in XML has produced many proposals. Most, particularly RDF/XML, obscure the nature of the RDF graph, hence making the problem seem difficult. Despite the revision of RDF/XML, discussions continue.
With little difficulty, we have produced a thought-out and simple proposal. We suggest that it is time that the Semantic Web community choose a simple serialization such as ours, and stopped wasting time with this problem.
The use of XSLT as an extensibility mechanism permits the inevitably rather unreadable machine-friendly syntax to be represented in a more human-friendly fashion. It also permits backward compatibility with RDF/XML.
Naming graphs is a necessary part of the Semantic Web, and should be included in the core syntax. More work on the semantics of graph naming is needed, particularly to address the difficulties of logical predicates.
The XML Schema in figure 2 uses the xsd:anyURI simple type for these elements. The whitespace facet with value collapse converts two successive spaces to a single space. This limits the ability to represent all RDF URI references, which may include multiple successive spaces. These problems will be resolved when the Internationalized Resource Identifier proposal[DuerSui2003], which prohibits spaces, works its way through to the definition of both anyURI and RDF URI references.
The sort in XSLT 1.0 leaves too much as implementation defined. It is possible in XSLT 2.0 to specify precisely the sort needed for attribute ordering in XML Canonicalization.
Snail's purpose was to illustrate an approach to defining RDF/XML rather than to be a serious implementation.
[Bec2003] D. Beckett, A retrospective on the development of the RDF/XML Revised Syntax, ILRT Research Report Number 1017, 2003 http://www.ilrt.bris.ac.uk/publications/researchreport/rr1017/report_html?ilrtyear=2003
[BecCar2004] Sean Bechhofer and Jeremy Carroll, Parsing OWL DL: Tress or Triples?, WWW 2004
[Bra] T. Bray, The RPV (Resource/Property/Value) Syntax for RDF, http://www.textuality.com/xml/RPV.html
[Car2001] J.J. Carroll, Snail: Excruciatingly Slow RDF Parsing, http://www-uk.hpl.hp.com/people/jjc/snail/, 2001
[Car2003] J.J. Carroll, The Semantic Web - ISWC 2003, Signing RDF Graphs, LNCS, 2870, 369--384, Springer, 2003
[Car2004] J. J. Carroll, Comment on log:vocab, http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-rdf-logic/2004Apr/0029
[CarBizHaySti2004] J.J. Carroll, C. Bizer, P. Hayes, P. Stickler, Named Graphs, Provenance and Trust, HP Labs Tech Report HPL-2004-57, http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2004/HPL-2004-57, 2004
[CarDicDolReySeaWil2004] J.J. Carroll and I.Dickinson and C. Dollin and D. Reynolds and A. Seaborne and K. Wilkinson, Jena: Implementing the Semantic Web Recommendations, WWW 2004
[Dub2002] M. Dubinko, Metadata for Grandma, http://www.dubinko.info/writing/meta/, 2002
[DuerSui2003] M. Duerst and M. Suignard, Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) draft-duerst-iri-04, http://www.w3.org/International/iri-edit/draft-duerst-iri-04, 2003
[Excl XML C14N] J. Boyer, D.E.Eastlake 3rd, J. Reagle, Exclusive XML Canonicalization Version 1.0, http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xml-exc-c14n-20020718/, W3C, 2002
[GuhBra1997] R.V. Guha and T. Bray, Meta Content Framework Using XML, http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-MCF-XML-970624/, W3C, 1997
[HopBerHat1997] A. Hopmann and S. Berkun and G. Hatoun, Web Collections using XML, http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-XMLsubmit, W3C, 1997
[KarAleChrPleSch2002] G. Karvounarkis, S. Alexaki, V. Christophides, D. Plexousakis, and M. Scholl. RQL: A declarative query language for RDF. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International World Wide Web Conference, pages 592-603, 2002.
[Las1997] O.Lassila, Web Collections using XML, http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-pics-ng-metadata-970514.html, W3C, 1997
[MagTanChrPle2003] A. Magkanarki, V. Tannen, V. Christophides, and D. Plexousakis. Viewing the semantic web through RVL lenses. In The Semantic Web - ISWC 2003, number 2870 in LNCS, pages 96-112. Springer, 2003.
[McB2003] B. McBride, RDF Issue Tracking, http://www.w3.org/2000/03/rdf-tracking/, 2003
[Mel1999a] S. Melnik, Simplified Syntax for RDF, http://www-db.stanford.edu/~melnik/rdf/syntax.html, 1999
[Mel1999b] S. Melnik, Bridging the Gap between RDF and XML, http://www-db.stanford.edu/~melnik/rdf/fusion.html, 1999
[MikNeuZduSin2003] Z. Miklos and G. Neumann and U. Zdun and M. Sintek, The Semantic Web - ISWC 2003, Querying Semantic Web Resources Using TRIPLE Views, LNCS, 2870, pp 517-532, Springer, 2003
[MilSeaReg2002] L. Miller and A. Seaborne and A. Reggiori, Three Implementations of SquishQL, a Simple RDF Query Language, The Semantic Web - ISWC 2002, 423ff., 2002
[N3] T. Berners-Lee and R. R. Swick and J. Reagle and S. Hawke and D. Connolly, Primer: Getting into RDF & Semantic Web using N3, http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/Primer, 2000
[OWL Ref] M. Dean and G. Schreiber, OWL Web Ontology Language Reference, http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/, W3C, 2004
[OWL S&AS] P. F. Patel-Schneider and P. Hayes and I. Horrocks, OWL Web Ontology Language Semantics and Abstract Syntax, http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-semantics/, W3C, 2004
[OWL Test] J. J. Carroll and J. de Roo, Web Ontology Language (OWL) Test Cases, http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-test/, W3C, 2004
[Pal2002] S.B. Palmer, RDF in HTML: approaches, http://infomesh.net/2002/rdfinhtml/, 2002
[RDF Concepts] G. Klyne and J.J. Carroll, Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/, W3C, 2004
[RDF M&S] O. Lassila and R.R.Swick, Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification, http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/, W3C, 1999
[RDF Semantics] P. Hayes, RDF Semantics, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/, W3C, 2004
[RDF Syntax] D. Beckett, RDF/XML Syntax Specification (Revised), http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/, W3C, 2004
[RDF Tests] J. Grant and D. Beckett, RDF Test Cases, http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-testcases/, W3C, 2004
[ReaHaz2003] J. Reagle and D. Hazael-Massieux, RDF in XHTML, http://www.w3.org/2003/03/rdf-in-xml.html, W3C, 2003
[Rob2001] XML 2001, J. Robie, The Syntactic Web, 2001
[TBL1999] T. Berners-Lee, A strawman Unstriped syntax for RDF in XML, http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Syntax, 1999
[TBL2003] Keynote address at ISWC 2003, T. Berners-Lee, SW status and direction, http://www.w3.org/2003/Talks/1023-iswc-tbl/all.htm, 2003
[Wal2003] Norm Walsh, RDF Twig: accessing RDF graphs in XSLT, Extreme 2003
[XML] T. Bray and J. Paoli and C.M. Sperberg-McQueen and E. Maler, Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Second Edition), http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006, W3C, 2000
[XML Base] J. Marsh, XML Base, http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xmlbase-20010627/, W3C, 2001
[XML Schema Datatypes] P.V. Biron and A.Malhotra, XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes, http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xmlschema-2-20010502/, W3C, 2001
[XML Schema Structures] H.S.Thompson, D. Beech, M. Maloney, and N. Mendelsohn. XML Schema Part 1: Structures. http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xmlschema-1-20010502/, 2001.
[XML Stylesheet] J. Clark, Associating Style Sheets with XML documents Version 1.0, http://www.w3.org/1999/06/REC-xml-stylesheet-19990629/, W3C, 1999
[XMP] Adobe, XMP -- Extensible Metadata Platform, http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/xmp/pdf/MetadataFramework.pdf, 2001
[XPath] J. Clark and S. DeRose, XML Path Language (XPath) Version 1.0, http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116, W3C, 1999
[XQuery] S. Boag and D. Chamberlin and M.F.Fernandez and D. Florescu and J. Robie and J. Simeon, XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language, http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-xquery-20030822/, W3C, 2003
[XSLT] J. Clark, XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 1.0, http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116, W3C, 1999


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Info Overview
|Product Name
|Secret Web Assets Ranking Report
|Standard Price
|http://www.secretwebassets.co m/
|Our Rating
|E-business & E-marketing SEM & SEO
|Special Offers
|Bonus Available
Sales PerformanceI am an exceptionally fair reviewer and will always take as much into account as I can when taking you through all the ratings a product's obtained. First off, I check out the sales figures, which are provided by the payment processor used by the merchant. These figures are obviously crucial to you, since you need to understand how well a product has been selling so that you can make your buying decision in as much of an informed manner as possible. The payment processor provides a rating for the product by would mean of something they call Gravity, which basically shows you how well or poorly the product's been selling on a scale between 0 and 1000+. Secret Web Assets Ranking Report has scored 5.02323. I prefer my own ranking system because Gravity can usually get quite complex simply because scores can be so disproportionate. My system ranks products between 0 and 100 and does so by comparing the product under consideration to all the others on my site. I give all the goods I review a rating out of 100 and Secret Web Assets Ranking Report has been ranked 40.22/100, which normally indicates it's sold quite well but it could definitely do with selling even more.
Does it get a lot of refunds?Not so long ago, I mentioned that I was going to let you know about the retailer's other products. I start this in the shape of the Overall Retailer Rate of returns, another ranking from the payment processor. So, this time the rating's not just about Secret Web Assets Ranking Report but all of the merchant's products. Products are scored between 1 and 5 with 1 meaning that a product's seen a ton of returns and with 5 meaning it's a low scorer, which in the returns sense is great! If you see a product with a score of 3, it means that it's a new entry or there is not enough info available at this point. Secret Web Assets Ranking Report has scored 3. This means that this vendor is doing reasonably well – even though they have had some returns, this is to be expected, so nothing to be concerned about.
The site's domain – what you should knowMoving on to the retailer's actual domain, secretwebassets.com, there are a few things worth knowing before making any kind of purchasing decision about Secret Web Assets Ranking Report. The first is to find out about how well established the site is. Why? I hear you ask. Well, the more established a website is, the more reliable it should be, which means you can be safe in the knowledge you're buying a product from a well-known, trusted merchant. You can first look at the number of webpages the web site has. secretwebassets.com currently has 11. Having this number of pages is just fine – it's most likely that it's been around an acceptable period of time and is slowly building up its authority in the specific niche market. A site's dependability can also be determined by examining how many back-links exist. Of course, the more backlinks a website has, the more we can say that they're an authority in the niche market because others want to link across to them. This site is OK, not too high and not way too low, so you probably don't have to be concerned about its dependability. This isn't an amazing score but having said that, is perfectly acceptable and shows that there are quite a few other sites wanting to link across, which is good. Just as you would study a opponent before a big game, it is wise to look into the domain's registration details, which I have. I can see that Domains By Proxy, LLC registered the domain and if you're thinking about looking into this in greater detail, click the link.
Is the vendor selling additional products?When it comes to other research I've done, take a look at the retailer's additional products:. It's always decent to know what else can be bought, so I can tell you that 3 additional products can be found on this merchant's site. Make sure you have a good look around at the products because, even though you aren't interested in buying, you'll be able to learn a lot more about the product owner. The list currently stands at: Ezbacklinks Membership ($37.00), Ezbacklinks Membership Lifetime ($297.00) and Secret Web Assets Pro Membership ($37.00) .
Current SpecialsThis merchant currently has 2 special offers, as well as upgrades available. If you don't want to miss the opportunity, you should buy now by clicking on a product link:
|Buy Now
|Ezbacklinks Membership Upgrade - Ezbacklinks Membership Upgrade
|Buy Now
|Secret Web Assets Pro Membership Upgrade
|Buy Now
Where to BuyIf, like me, you are fed up having to scour the internet looking for fab products, then you'll be pleased to know that you only have to go to one place. You will not find these products anywhere else offline or on the web, as all of them are sold directly from the website, secretwebassets.com. In the case that you're not able to find what you're looking for on the site, don't panic. Check to see if you've got any unopened emails in your inbox or even junk mail, as these may contain the special or the link to the product that you're after. The hyperlink to buy the product will always be detailed somewhere in that email. Many people complain they can't find something first, only to find it's actually their error, they just haven't looked hard enough. Check first, grumble later. Alternatively, give the links above a go and you'll be taken through to the marketing promotions or products pages immediately.
Bonus OfferYou should already be conscious that if you end up getting a product after clicking on one of my hyperlinks, then I may get a commission. This is ideal for me but what do you get? Well, I've made a decision to thank you in my own unique way through the channel of a special bonus offer. To uncover what this includes, click here.
Product: Secret Web Assets Ranking ReportJames Robinson's Google+
Reviewed By: James Robinson
Reviewed on: 2013-12-29
Overall score:
Reviewed By: James Robinson
Reviewed on: 2013-12-29
Overall score:

subset: commoncrawl


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2. Plan your meals
Meal planning is a great way to save money, save time, eat healthier, and keep family dinner time a priority in your home. By planning ahead you can save money by planning meals based on what goes on sale in the store, what you have in your pantry, or what you have in your garden. With a plan in place, you will eat out less and make fewer trips to the store, thus saving money and time. Planning ahead helps to ensure that your family is getting balanced, healthy meals.
Today I want to share with you the way we plan our meals to save money and time.
Today I want to share with you the way we plan our meals to save money and time.
Breakfasts around here tend to be spontaneous and flexible. For special occasions, I plan bigger or fancier breakfasts, but usually we just eat the following:
- Sugar-free Oatmeal - this is our standby breakfast that we have 2 or 3 times every week. It is fast, easy, and healthy. I love it when we have fresh fruit around from our garden because it makes it even better!
- Whole-grain waffles - 5-Grain Waffles with Flax Seed, Wonderful Waffles, or Whole-Grain Waffles are some of our favorite waffles to make. I especially love making this refrigerator waffle mix to keep in the refrigerator for a quick breakfast. I also like having a couple of batches of frozen waffles to have on hand that we can warm up in the toaster.
- Muffins - I usually have a couple of different kinds of muffins frozen for quick breakfasts. Pumpkin Chocolate Chip, Yellow Squash Muffins, Toasty Banana Nut Muffins, Poppy Seed muffins
- Smoothies - We love to make smoothies for breakfast. We've been trying all kinds lately with all the fresh greens that we have growing in our garden. Here's a green smoothie formula that we use a lot.
- Yogurt & Granola - We love to eat homemade yogurt and this granola, especially in the spring and summer. Sometimes we add fresh fruit or jam to make it even tastier!
Lunches for us are usually leftovers, freezer burritos, sandwiches, or the like. I love simple, low hassle lunches. When we are running around, I make sure we have things in the freezer to pull out for on-the-go lunches or snacks.
I am a huge advocate of family dinner time. I think it's so important to sit together with your family at the end of the day and enjoy a delicious meal together and each other's company. Family meals help you create a healthy family. The biggest roadblock to having dinner with your family is knowing what to make. In fact, I think dinners are the most challenging part of meal planning. I love the food nanny's approach to planning dinner with a theme-night each week. Here's the menu plan that I use that you can download at the link below.
You can either keep a consistent them for each night every week or you can switch it around a bit. We do a little of both. We usually have 3 or 4 nights that are a consistent theme and the rest we switch around to adapt to our activities for the week.
Here's an example of some meal themes that we use.
Monday: Mexican
Tuesday: Fish/Meatless
Wednesday: Leftovers
Thursday: Italian
Friday: Pizza
Saturday: Grill/Meat
Sunday: Comfort Food/Traditional
Other themes ideas include: Soup, Breakfast, Asian, Favorites, Picnic, Fiesta, Cultural, etc. Be creative and make it fun! What kinds of food does your family love? Use those to set your theme nights.
After you pick the theme, you select dinner recipes that fit within that theme and your budget. As you plan your menus, you write the ingredients for the meals that you need at the grocery store (that you don't have already in your pantry or freezer). One of the reasons I love this plan is that I only need to go grocery shopping every two weeks. Sometimes I do have to do a quick run to pick up perishable items one more time, but often I can plan so that I don't (especially when our garden is in season). Having only one main shopping trip every two weeks saves me a lot of time and money.
In the future, I will be sharing with you some of our family's favorite meal plans. But for now I hope that gives you something to get started with in planning your family's meals.
Have you tried meal planning? What has worked or not worked for you? What are some of your family's favorite meals?
Linked to: Frugal Friday, Thrifty Thursday, Homemaking Linkup, Hearts 4 Home


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This is the 1oth entry in our series entitled "Top 10 Application Tips." The last tip is quite simple and something we hope you are already doing – following this blog.
This blog is the number one source of communication and information from our office. In the coming weeks we will answer common questions such as . . .
When will I find out my decision?
How will I be informed of my decision?
Will there be an admitted student day? When?
If I am admitted, how long do I have to respond?
How do I apply for housing?
What financial aid might be available?
We also hope to provide informative and entertaining content relative to the process so stay tuned and Happy New Year!


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Friday, June 20, 2014
June: It's A Big Month
Father's Day
People make declarations for their spouses on social media these days. It made me chuckle this year because everyone said that their husband was the best father ever, along with many other well deserved compliments. I joked with Kev that I was going to write something sarcastic about him on Facebook like, "Happy Father's Day Kev, you're hanging in there," or "maybe you'll get the hang of parenting next year." I didn't though, I feared some well meaning church folk would find my joke less than respectful.
The truth is, he's not perfect. He is however, mine and I couldn't be more proud of that fact. What most people do not realize when the meet us is that he gave up everything he knew, everything he was comfortable with, friends, family, culture, even something as simple as food to build a life with me.
With me!
That is huge. Who does that? It's scary, it's crazy, I still can't believe he did it.
No, he's not perfect. He is human, he is patient, he is kind, he is hard working, he is adventurous, and he loves us well. How about that for well deserved compliments.
Posted by Art Teacher at 2:08 PM
2 comments:
- Laura said...
He is good one, that Kevin John Jones.
- June 23, 2014 at 5:54 AM
- Sandra said...
Can't argue with Laura's comment!
- June 23, 2014 at 6:22 AM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Kirsty says – Thanks for a great party. Kitty and all the other kids had a ball!
Click here to book/enquire now.
© Copyright Sandra Entertainment 2019 All Rights Reserved
SANDRA does Children's Parties in Harrogate, York, Leeds, Collingham, Clifford, Bramham, Boston Spa, Tadcaster, Towton, Bardsey, Wetherby, Scarcroft, Shadwell, Horsforth, Poole in wharfedale, Otley, Spofforth, Tockwith, Carlton, Colton, Thorner, Ripon, Boroughbridge, Bilton Ainsty, Sherburn in Elmet, Stutton, South Milford, Pontefract, Normanton, Featherstone, Knottingley, Ferrybridge, Castleford, Garforth, Purston, Ossett, Horbury, Cleckheaton, Oulton, Woodlesford, Rothwell, Hemsworth, Crofton, Sharlston, Walton, Sandal, Halifax, Bradford, Dewsbury, Huddersfield, Keighley, Colne


text: MSU topped Wisconsin on Saturday, moving on to the Big Ten Final! It's the first time in the 17 year history of the Big Ten Tournament that MSU and Michigan will meet in the Big Ten Tournament Championship game on Sunday afternoon! WKAR's Al Martin reports from Indianapolis on just what this means to the Spartans and how this one could be a bit of payback for the team.


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Mobile Commerce Minute Episode #410:
A recent study by American Express shocked both Chuck and I when it comes to how consumers will be using mobile during the coming shopping season. 2 minutes, 2 shocked hosts, 2 different reasons. Watch on.
With Rob Woodbridge and Chuck Martin
Subscribe to this podcast: Video Audio


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|Balladeer is a Scrabble word. Scrabble point value for balladeer: 12 points.
|Balladeer is a Words with Friends word. Words with Friends point value for balladeer: 12 points.
Above are the results of unscrambling balladeer. Using the word generator and word unscrambler for the letters B A L L A D E E R, we unscrambled the letters to create a list of all the words found in Scrabble, Words with Friends, and Text Twist. We found a total of 155 words by unscrambling the letters in balladeer. Click these words to find out how many points they are worth, their definitions, and all the other words that can be made by unscrambling the letters from these words. If one or more words can be unscrambled with all the letters entered plus one new letter, then they will also be displayed.
1. a singer of popular ballads
|Words that start with balladeer
|Words that end with balladeer
|Words that contain balladeer


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I think I have been to the island of Ischia more in the past 6 months than in the past 23 plus years that I have been in Italy. And each time that I visit the green island, I discover something new thanks to my amici veraci like Ivano Veccia and Pasquale Raicaldo.
|Giuseppe Giovan, Iano Veccia, Pasquale Raicaldo
A stroll through the picturesque neighborhood of Ischia Ponte became an impromptu' opportunity for an aperitivo, an aperitif. And since it happened to be one of the early primavera, spring, \weekends, it seemed natural to stop for an artichoke aperitif. Roasted artichoke- carciofo arrostito, or as they say in Ischia, carciofola arrustuta.
The location was not a swanky bar or restaurant. But a clean, colorful fruit and vegetable stand. We arrived around one pm one sunny Saturday afternoon alongside dozens of others who could not wait to try Peppe Giovan's bbq magic. Location - Garden Fruit - Ischia.
|Giuseppe Giovan
Peppe's recipe is simple but special…
He begins with a Roman artichoke and cleans the leg. He then thinly slices a little garlic and Italian parsley. He opens up the artichoke, adds salt, the leg, and parsley. Sometimes a little pancetta! A drizzle of extra virgin olive oil and then wraps it all in aluminum foil.
Straight to the grill – head down – for about 20 minutes – flips it over – opens the foil.
Peppe adds a little more oil and tests to see if the carciofola is done by using a simple toothpick and years of experience.
Paired with laughter, smiles, a fantastic neighborhood, and a promise to be back soon. The perfect pre aperitif aperitif verace!
Street food on the street!!


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Miami-Dade's education system has made incredible strides. Our public school district has received national recognition for improved student performance and sound leadership and our collegiate institutions are expanding rapidly.
Access to quality education is critical for preparing children and young adults to be successful contributors to society. Our collective investment in every young person's development, regardless of income level or cultural background, will yield a higher quality of life for them and all Miamians.
We identified the three goals and metrics below as good targets for our success:


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March 16, 2012
•IADT Chicago, Interior Design
• 0 Comments
Many homeowners and designers like floral patterns, but they can be tricky to implement. If you don't use florals appropriately, they can set the wrong tone in a room by making it appear overdone or ultra-feminine. If you want to try something new or expand your design scheme, try these interior design tips for using floral patterns.
Before you make any major design decisions, consider the types of design materials and accessories you can use to incorporate floral patterns:
Choose what you like. There's no point in adding florals to your interiors if you don't like them, so pick what you're comfortable with. Not all florals display bright, detailed representations of flowers. They can be understated, especially if the detail is small, and the patterns can range to large, bold, and colorful designs.
Layer different patterns. To achieve the correct balance in your style, layer your floral prints and blankets with other solid colors and patterns in the same color scheme. This can add variety and texture to a room and prevent the florals from appearing too feminine.
Pick masculine colors. You have a couple of options if you want to use florals without creating an ultra-feminine style. First, choose patterns that are based on more abstract shapes rather than intricately detailed flowers, and pick leaves over blooms. Second, pick patterns in gender-neutral hues including blues, greens, and browns.
Start with a pattern you love. Your desire to add florals to your design might arise from your affection for a certain blanket, pillow, or artwork. If you're designing a room around such an item, make sure you focus on achieving balance through the color schemes. Figure out the central color and complementary colors, and make sure some elements of the room are solid neutral hues if your central pattern stands out. Add accessories that match the style and atmosphere conveyed by the floral as well.
Go to your local craft or fabric store if you're not sure how you want to implement florals in a room. You can easily browse different fabric patterns to get a sense of the color and style you're looking for. If you fall in love with a fabric, you can make your own throw pillows or contract someone to design curtains or other accessories for you.
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I know it seems like we maybe lost our minds (again), but really, this was a very reasonable thing for us to do. See, the kids have been BEGGING us for years to get a dog. We've been putting it off for years. Good, legit excuses like, not until we have our own house, or not until we build a fence, or not until everybody is out of diapers. While they waited for all our excuses to run out, we discussed the fact that if we were to ever give in, we'd need to do it on a dog that worked for us. We decided it couldn't be a puppy, meaning it needed to already be house trained. That it should be medium-sized and good with kids. Well, to turn this (already) long story, that dog materialized and was being offered to us by a family we know that needed to find a home for their dog for totally reasonable reasons. The kids were over the moon and covered the walls of our house with signs like these:
And so Porter joined our crew! And suddenly found himself the center of SO MUCH ATTENTION. And yes, L is petting J and Dude is petting L. Sometimes they get confused.
He joins them for school
and keeps on eye on things
until he gets sleepy.
M was alarmed to discover on the first day that he runs faster than she does.
Ha. She's kind of proud of her speed, and rightly so. But he's faster. The kids are absolutely in love, and from the way he acts whenever we come home, I'm quite certain the feeling is mutual. My favorite thing? When he's outside and wants to come in he stands up on his two back feet and jumps straight up and down. I could watch that endlessly. Oh, and watching L try to play tug-of-war with him is absolutely hilarious.
So now we have a dog. An extremely well-trained dog but a dog nonetheless. Heaven help us.


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Construction started in 1965 and was completed in fall 1966.
O'Shaughnessy Hall530 Washington St. SW
O'Shaughnessy Hall is home to 341 male and female residents.
Louis O'Shaughnessy
O'Shaughnessy Hall is named for 1903 alumnus Louis O'Shaughnessy, who worked at his alma mater from 1918 to 1954 as a professor, head of applied mechanics, acting dean of engineering, and director of graduate studies. Renowned for his memory, O'Shaughnessy taught mathematics and engineering-related courses before becoming the first head of applied mechanics, which he built into a strong department. He served the Athletic Council for a quarter-century and spent years heading freshman orientation week.


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Review: Ocelot Robot album release party at Molly Malone'sSeptember 30th, 2013 by Siegz | Concert/Festival Review, Pop, Rock |
Last Thursday, I witnessed one of my favorite emerging pop rock acts out of Los Angeles in Ocelot Robot. This group knows how to shred as they headlined a kick ass concert at Molly Malone's in Los Angeles for their new album release, Etheldo (iTunes).
I love how their set started with harmonized vocals really getting the crowd to sing along to new hits like "Undercover" and "Lost in L.A.". Ocelot Robot is kind of a throwback band and unlike many of the new bands coming out in that you know your going to get a kick ass show seeing the quartet of drummer, guitarist, bassist and lead vocalist. However they jam out, are super fun to watch and even did an unexpected rocking cover of Rihanna's "Stay", which everybody seemed to enjoy.
Look out for an upcoming music video from the band but until then, stream Etheldo below. My favorite songs are "Back To Buffalo", "Undercover", Lost In L.A." and "Black Mini Skirt". Stream and DOWNLOAD below.


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Hypnosis today
Hypnosis continues to show promise in reducing pain and soothing anxiety.
By Brendan L. Smith
January 2011, Vol 42, No. 1
Print version: page 50
The first task for many psychologists who use hypnosis is telling patients what hypnosis is and what it isn't.
"If you watch hypnosis on TV, the subject always ends up clucking like a chicken, being naked or assassinating a president," says Eric Willmarth, PhD, founder of Michigan Behavioral Consultants and past president of APA Div. 30 (Society of Psychological Hypnosis).
Even though stage hypnotists and TV shows have damaged the public image of hypnosis, a growing body of scientific research supports its benefits in treating a wide range of conditions, including pain, depression, anxiety and phobias.
"Hypnosis works and the empirical support is unequivocal in that regard. It really does help people," says Michael Yapko, PhD, a psychologist and fellow of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis. "But hypnosis isn't a therapy in and of itself. Most people wouldn't regard it that way."
Hypnosis can create a highly relaxed state of inner concentration and focused attention for patients, and the technique can be tailored to different treatment methods, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy. Patients also can become more empowered by learning to hypnotize themselves at home to reduce chronic pain, improve sleep, or alleviate some symptoms of depression or anxiety.
Hypnosis has been used for centuries for pain control, including during the Civil War when Army surgeons hypnotized injured soldiers before amputations. Recent studies have confirmed its effectiveness as a tool to reduce pain. Among the leading researchers in the field is Guy H. Montgomery, PhD, a psychologist who has conducted extensive research on hypnosis and pain management at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, where he is director of the Integrative Behavioral Medicine Program.
In one study, Montgomery and colleagues tested the effectiveness of a 15-minute pre-surgery hypnosis session versus an empathic listening session in a clinical trial with 200 breast cancer patients. In a 2007 article in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute (Vol. 99, No. 17), the team reported that patients who received hypnosis reported less post-surgical pain, nausea, fatigue and discomfort. The study also found that the hospital saved $772 per patient in the hypnosis group, mainly due to reduced surgical time. Patients who were hypnotized required less of the analgesic lidocaine and the sedative propofol during surgery.
"Hypnosis helps patients to reduce their distress and have positive expectations about the outcomes of surgery," Montgomery says. "I don't think there is any magic or mind control."
In a 2009 article in Health Psychology (Vol. 28, No. 3), Montgomery and colleagues reported on another study, which found that a combination of hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral therapy could reduce fatigue for breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy.
Research has also shown the benefits of hypnosis for burn victims. In a 2007 report in Rehabilitation Psychology (Vol. 52, No. 3), Shelley Wiechman Askay, PhD, David R. Patterson, PhD, and colleagues at the University of Washington Medical School found that hypnosis before wound debridements significantly reduced pain reported by patients on one pain rating questionnaire.
No cure-all
People vary widely in their ability to respond to hypnotic suggestions, a trait which can be measured by standardized scales. But it isn't well understood what causes the varying levels of "hypnotizability" or their significance.
Yapko says few clinicians use hypnotizability scales because responses to a structured test don't predict how a patient will respond to hypnosis in treatment. He served as guest editor for a recent special issue of the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis (Vol. 58, No. 2) that examined research on hypnosis and depression. In an editorial, Yapko urged more research and a rejection of outdated views that hypnosis can precipitate suicide or psychosis in depressed patients. Other articles examined how hypnosis can be integrated with cognitive-behavioral therapy or used with depressed patients and their families.
Willmarth says he doesn't always use hypnotizibility scales with his patients, but will try a hypnosis session and measure the patient's response to see if it is effective. "You have to be a little bit willing to fail in order to do it often enough to succeed," he says.
Hypnosis may not succeed in all cases and can actually be detrimental in some instances, especially in the realm of retrieving memories.
Joseph P. Green, PhD, a psychology professor at Ohio State University at Lima, has researched how hypnotic suggestions can produce distorted or false memories. He also found that people may believe hypnotically induced memories are more reliable, mirroring a mistaken cultural belief that hypnosis acts like a truth serum. Hypnosis is "on thin ice" when used to recover memories, as is the case with most other memory retrieval techniques, Green says.
Hypnosis got a bad name in the 1990s when some therapists convinced patients they had been molested or abused as children because of hypnotically induced memories, which often had no evidence to support them. As a result, many innocent people were wrongly accused of abuse in hundreds of court cases, Yapko says.
"People didn't really understand the suggestibility of memory," he says. "That whole issue has pretty much fallen by the wayside now" because of advances in research.
In a 2007 decision, the Supreme Court of Canada established a precedent that post-hypnosis evidence is inadmissible in court because of its unreliability. In R. v. Trochym, the court overturned a murder conviction after a witness changed her timeline of events following a hypnosis session that was requested by detectives. The jury wasn't told that the witness had been hypnotized or that she had changed her recollection.
"In sum, while it is not generally accepted that hypnosis always produces unreliable memories, neither is it clear when hypnosis results in pseudo-memories or how a witness, scientist or trier of fact might distinguish between fabricated and accurate memories," the decision stated.
Up in smoke
Smokers also should be wary of the plethora of hypnosis programs and tapes peddled online with guarantees of instant success. "Despite the widespread use, the science warranting that popularity is suspect," Green says.
Green began studying hypnosis and smoking cessation more than 25 years ago after seeing overblown claims from itinerant hypnotists who held weekend sessions in hotels before moving on to the next town. In a January article in the American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis (Vol. 52, No. 3), Green and Binghamton University psychology professor Steven Jay Lynn, PhD, wrote about the body of research on hypnosis and smoking cessation and found mixed results.
In a literature review published in 2000 (International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Vol. 48, No. 2), Green and Lynn analyzed 59 studies on hypnosis and smoking cessation. While hypnosis was more successful than no treatment, it was generally equivalent to other smoking-cessation methods. However, many studies had combined hypnosis with cognitive-behavioral therapy or other treatment methods, so it was impossible to determine the effectiveness of hypnosis alone. Green says hypnosis may help smokers quit, but more research needs to be done. In a 2008 report published by the Cochrane Library, Neil C. Abbot, operations director for ME Research UK, and colleagues examined nine randomized trials and also found insufficient evidence to recommend hypnosis as a specific treatment for smoking cessation.
Learning the ropes
While more research is being conducted on the benefits of hypnosis, graduate schools are lagging behind in incorporating hypnosis training into psychology programs, say Yapko, Willmarth and Montgomery. "The universities have really dropped the ball by thinking hypnosis is a sideshow rather than being relevant to effective psychotherapy," Yapko says.
Some graduate schools may not be convinced of the effectiveness of hypnosis or the research supporting its use, but other schools have developed clinical hypnosis classes, including Saybrook University's Graduate College of Mind-Body Medicine in San Francisco, where Willmarth teaches a hypnosis course. At Washington State University, psychology professor Arreed Barabasz, PhD, directs the hypnosis laboratory and teaches graduate-level hypnosis courses and research seminars. He also is editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis.
Since many psychologists have never taken a hypnosis class as part of their education, they often seek training later in their careers. It can be bewildering to find a class, though, since a search for "hypnosis training" generates more than 600,000 hits on Google.
"You can go anyplace on the weekend and get a hypnosis certification," Willmarth says. "You have thousands of lay hypnosis schools that are willing to train anyone who will pay the tuition."
To make sure psychologists don't end up with charlatan teachers, Willmarth recommends courses approved by the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis. ASCH also offers a certification in clinical hypnosis for licensed health-care professionals with at least a master's degree. Certification requires at least 40 hours of ASCH-approved workshop training, 20 hours of individualized training and two years of independent practice using clinical hypnosis.
Willmarth says interest in clinical hypnosis is growing and more psychologists are learning how hypnosis can help their patients.
"It goes in waves," he says. "Right now, we're on an upswing."
Brendan L. Smith is a writer in Washington, D.C.
Call Linda Alexander, Glasgow Tel: 0141 632 1440 or 07875 493 358 or e-mail via website: www.hypnotherapy-glasgow.net or e-mail email@example.com
Back to About Hypnotherapy


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Chelsea and Manchester City are the two favourites for the Premier League title, I think everyone will agree, but are they the only contenders?
Well, based on the performances of other regulars in contention for the title you would have to say so. Manchester United, even with the embarrassment of riches they have in attack, look like they won't come close due to their defensive shortcomings.
Related Articles
- Chelsea might be forced to start Didier Drogba up front against United
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- Manuel Pellegrini facing Manchester City sack for Champions League form
Lack of contenders
Liverpool seem like they're in for the same sort of season having, so far, failed to produce anything like the form they did last season so far. You'd have to say that's down to the departure of Luis Suarez and also due to the recruitment's brought in by Brendan Rodgers.
£16 million signing Mario Balotelli has been a huge flop so far, having yet to find the net domestically since his return to the Premier League, and committing some horrible misses along the way.
Arsenal are maybe the only team who can even compete with the top two, they proved they can battle it out against the best in the league after they held Man City to a 2-2 draw at the Emirates Stadium.
Even so, they just seem to lack that power in the core of their starting 11 and also poor depth in squad considering what is required to be at the top when it comes to the end of the season.
Chelsea have such strength in every area of the pitch, from their keeper Thibaut Courtois, all the way through to their inform striker Diego Costa, who looks like he can emulate Didier Drogba and become a legend at the club.
Over to Manchester City, who like Chelsea, have amazing talent all the way through the team, and if Yaya Toure is having an off day, then Sergio Aguero or someone else will step up.
Saying this, people seem to be dismissing City in the title race.
But we must remember they are the reigning champions and most of their players have won the league and been in this situation before.
Then you look at Chelsea's team who only have John Terry and Branislav Ivanovic in the starting 11 that have won the Premier League, so you could argue that Manchester City have more experience in this field therefore giving them an advantage.
So, back to original question, are Chelsea and Manchester City the only title contenders? Yes, I believe they are, but in the Premier League you never know what surprises it can muster up.


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So we went out tonight and then cuddled and laughed at home for 6 hours. He held me close and so did I.
We also, uhm, kinda touched and cuddled some more.
He kissed me goodnight (at least) on my cheeks so I don't really know if he actually likes me or he's using me.
Ugh I'm so into him, I sniffled him up and godfuck if he smells good.
Oh my god. I'm so screwed.


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News & Press
Texas Neurology Announces the Addition of Dr. Frederic N. Nguyen
Dr. Nguyen will be joining Texas Neurology at its new location in Richardson on the Methodist Richardson Campus.
Dr. Nguyen, a diplomate of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, practices general Neurology with fellowship trained specialization in electro-diagnostics. He received his medical degree through the combined Junior Honors Medical Program at the University Of Florida College Of Medicine (UF COM). He completed neurology residency at UT Health, University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, Texas. Following fellowship training in Clinical Neurophysiology from University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dr. Nguyen has practiced in the Dallas MetroPlex. He has authored several publications which have appeared in prestigious medical journals. He is affiliated with Methodist Richardson Medical Center and Baylor Garland. In his spare time, he enjoys spending time with his family, watching golf and refining his culinary skills.


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Random 15-12
by Schnauzevoll
Hey there, Internet!
Monthly Post of Random Pictures / Thoughts & Questions / Links and other things that happened during the past month and would not fit into another post…
(whee, thank you frilly frenchie for the drawing! My Winklepickers / Pikes arrived, detailed blogpost will be done in January!)
Maybe these thoughts / questions would be useful as inspiration or someone knows the answer? (If none of these, hopefully at least they would be entertaining.)
* I think I need tiny bat-images to put in front of lists (the stars were nice in the beginning but now it is time for some tiny changes to make the blog look better… Edit: tried but sadly it seems wordpress or my browser will add a border around every picture, need to find out how to change that so the tiny bat below will be able to move in…)
* Thank you so much, This month Justkeepbrains hit 500 followers (as well as publishing my 100th post here), so grateful for every single one of you! Love reading through your posts & comments, the blogging community feels like a second family to me!
* Surprised to see that the Hallway in my flat is nearly finished already and for the first time in maybe 5 years I have more space for things than actual things that should be in said room! Feels good and I hope it will be the same with the other rooms soon!
* Fighting with trust issues after two really bad experiences with 'friends', one of them I thought I would have known for 4 years now. Of course things like these happen all the time but this time it was really dramatic to me and also triggered some memories from the past… ('nuff said.)
* Got told I do my creative things wrong because most of my 'whatever' is done sitting on the floor instead of a desk. So I obviously met another person who is trying to tell me that creativity has to be done a special way to be right…
* That warm or even hot weather. Everyone who ever met me knows i start shaking from cold at maybe 15°C and am happy for every day the temperature is above that point but the weather being so warm, spring / summer like here in Germany this December is scary, maybe nature now is fed up for good with that human-pests and what we have done?
And here are my most favourite / inspiring posts from other blogs / websites this month:
* Lorkyn from Dark Wooden Path shared some amazing wooden art in her blogpost Yggdrasil – and since then you will find me looking for information on this kind of art since I only did sculptures from wood so far…
* Amy from She might be a Faerie is writing a story and teased us with an excerpt this month! (Gifts for Witches)
* Trend Predictions for 2016 – I have to agree with The Mutant Stomp Friends, would also like to see a more extreme (goth-)style for the new year!
Most played songs this month:
* Dreadful Shadows – A Sea of Tears
* Sound for Nights – Falsche Feuer
* Burntime – It is still…
* And One – The Great Commandment
* Mono Inc. – Forgiven
Plans for the next month (this time for the year…)
* Stay in contact & meet (new) friends
* Attend something exciting every month
* Finish the flat (except livingroom)
* Finish the Pokémon sleeve tattoo
* So the von Cyborgs said my ears would be able to be pointed, maybe we can already do that in 2016, if not: first 2017 plan already XD
* Re-pierce nostril
* Continue Working out throughout the year
* Continue Blog & Youtube, get better with my camera
* Repair some of the things my car needs
* Work on my arts
What has been inspiring for you this December? Have a nice evening and best wishes for a great, positive new year 2016!


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Renate De James 48 Chevy
Every car has a story. Some are interesting, some boring. Others are just too bizarre to be made up—like the story attached to Renate De James' sweet Fleet. The first part is all good: the beautiful '48 Fleetline was built in California for the late Harold Olsen by a who's who of customizers—Gene Winfield, Bill Reasoner, Rod Powell, Art Himsl, and Ryan Falconer. It spent some time on the show circuit and even won an award at the Oakland Roadster Show (now the Grand National Roadster Show). According to legend, Mr. Olsen asked his wife to "keep an eye on my car" just before he passed away. Apparently she took him a bit too literally and had his glass eye mounted on the horn button.
The car was later purchased by Rhys Hallet and taken to Pennsylvania, where it was eventually sold to Rick De James as a gift for his wife, Renate. It was still in pretty good shape after 10 years on the road, but Rick wasn't satisfied with pretty good, so he had it updated. One thing that Rick was adamant about leaving intact during the refurb was Harold's eye in the steering wheel. He feels it adds to the history of the car, making it that much more interesting—as well as adding a bit of creep factor when he tells the story. Either way, the car's a winner.


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Rain on Water is a 30X20 original digital art design. It comes already framed. The frame is black metal 1.0 inches wide, with a smooth-wrap finish. The frame is for wall mounting only. The work is quite large. Please note dimensions.
This work is pure abstract. It uses colors paired with and against each other to create an uncertain physical and emotional landscape. It asks the viewer to contemplate, and even revel in, uncertainty.
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TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLESMedium: Comic books
Published by: Mirage Studios
First Appeared: 1984
Creators: Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird
Please contribute to its necessary financial support.
Amazon.com or PayPal
When you've got a property called "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", it can probably be marketed as a reasonably lucrative fad on the basis of the
name alone. If it also has a good storyline and an appealing cast of characters, there's a chance it might rise above fad status, and become an enduring cultural artifact — and that's exactly what the Turtles have done.
Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird had been collaborating in comics for a couple of years without notable success, when, while working on something entirely different, they started batting ideas about weapon-toting turtles back and forth. By the time the conversation was over, the "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" concept had been completely worked out.
The Turtles are Michaelangelo, Leonardo, Raphael and Donatello. They became mutants following one of those superhero-spawning accidents you see so many of in comics. In fact, this particular accident apparently had spawned a superhero — it was staged to look as though the radioactive canister that had given Daredevil his super senses had then fallen into the gutter and mutated four escapees from a pet store. They became ninjas through the training of a rat named Splinter, who was strongly reminiscent of a character named Stick, from Frank Miller's version of Daredevil. And they became teenagers through the simple passage of time.
Turning the concept into an actual comic book story involved considerably more effort than simply dreaming up the name and situation — and, since it didn't seem the sort of thing Marvel or DC would go for, getting the comic published took more effort yet. They wound up doing it themselves, using the name "Mirage Studios" as their publishing imprint. To finance the initial run of 3,000 copies, they used tax refunds, emptied bank accounts, and borrowed money from Eastman's uncle.
They were hoping to at least break even, while providing themselves with a portfolio piece. Instead they became millionaires, as proprietors of comics' biggest hit since X-Men.
The first issue's second printing was twice as big as the original one; and the third was bigger yet. Within a few months, new issues were routinely being printed in quantities of 50,000 and up. Then came Mark Freedman.
Freedman was a licensing executive, who first heard of the Turtles in 1985 from Palladium Books, which had just started publishing them in the form of a role-playing game. From the name and the basic concept, he knew it had "International Phenomenon" written all over it. Before long, Turtles T-shirts, Halloween masks, coffee mugs, and all kinds of other paraphernalia were appearing in stores. The merchandise really took off in 1987, when the animated version started on television.
The animated Turtles remained in production for an entire decade, then started again in 2003. In 1988, Archie Comics licensed the TV version, giving fans a second track of Turtles stories in comics — Mirage Press continued to publish them in black and white for a mostly-adult audience, while Archie did them in color, aimed at kids. A third track was added on December 10, 1990, when Creators Syndicate (Miss Peach, Baby Blues) launched the Turtles' daily newspaper strip. Tho the Mirage series moved to Image Comics (Spawn, Witchblade) in 1996, when Eastman and Laird stopped doing their own publishing, all three ran side-by-side for years.
In 1990 the Turtles, like Howard the Duck before them and Inspector Gadget after, starred in their first live-action movie. Nowadays, they're available as video games, read-aloud books, and a very wide variety of merchandised products.
Since then, their popularity has waned somewhat — but even after a couple of decades, they are very much a part of America's popular culture scene, with a new animated version beginning in 2003. Not bad for a self-published black and white comic book that came out of a single bull session.
BACK to Don Markstein's Toonopedia Home Page


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|USDA Accredited Veterinarian Signature
|Original Ink
|APHIS Veterinary Medical Officer Signature
|Original Ink
Details: Health certificates require original ink signatures from the issuing USDA Accredited Veterinarian and the endorsing APHIS Veterinary Medical Officer with the application of the APHIS embossed seal. Submissions through the online Veterinary Export Health Certification System (VEHCS) cannot be accepted at this time.
View a list of European Union countries.
5 or less dogs, cats, and ferrets traveling
6 or more dogs, cats and ferrets traveling
NOTICE: Finland, Malta, Norway, and Ireland have specific requirements based on the type of pet you are traveling with. To get the appropriate Health Certificate, read requirements 1-6 listed above and choose the option that applies to you.
My Pet Travel...
INCLUDES Dogs DOES NOT INCLUDE Dogs
Please note: The EU health certificate is valid for travel within the EU for up to 4 months from the date it is issued by the USDA Accredited Veterinarian as long as the rabies vaccine documented on it does not expire. After entering the EU, dogs subsequently traveling to the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, Malta, or Norway will need to be treated for tapeworms by an EU veterinarian within 1-5 days before entering those countries. The EU veterinarian will add the tapeworm treatment information to the EU health certificate issued in the United States. It is your responsibility to ensure your pet meets the import requirements of each country you visit.
This means the USDA Accredited Veterinarian you are working with has agreed to supervise your bird's 30 day quarantine in your home.
Pet birds in the U.S. are not vaccinated for Avian Influenza so this choice is not an option for U.S. origin birds.
This means your pet bird must be isolated (kept away) from other birds for at least 10 days prior to leaving the U.S. and tested for Avian Influenza H5 and H7 with either a RT-PCR or virus isolation test on both a cloacal and an oropharyngeal swab at least 3 days after the 10 day isolation starts.
This means that you have made arrangements for your pet bird to be quarantined in an approved facility in the EU once your pet bird arrives in the EU. This option is not available in all EU countries.
Once the conditions of the EU Health Certificate have been met, your pet bird must be examined and an EU Health Certificate must be issued by an Accredited Veterinarian within (48) hours of travel or the last working day prior to the date of departure to the EU.
International Health Certificate
Call ahead to your local USDA APHIS Service Center to make arrangements for the APHIS veterinarian to sign (endorse) the certificate after it is issued.
For pet travel requirements not listed, APHIS has not been officially informed by the foreign country about the requirements for your pet's travel. We recommended that you contact a government official of the country you are traveling to for more information.
Country of destination contact information:
Airlines may have separate and additional requirements. Check with your airline to determine what requirements they may have, if any.
Additional information for pet owners, airlines, and others about APHIS endorsement of international health certificates.
Carefully read ALL of the requirements related to your pet on this page.
♦ This page provides the most recent entry requirements and can change without notice.
♦ It is the responsibility of the veterinarian to make sure the pet has met all the requirements of the destination country before issuing a health certificate.
♦ Failure to meet the requirements may result in problems gaining certificate endorsement or difficulties upon arrival in the destination country.
♦ Health certificates must be legible, accurate, and complete.
Helpful References for Pet Travel
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Earlier this week from the 2013 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), I tweeted: #2030NOW means #GettingtoZero: Zero new #HIV infections. Zero #AIDS-related deaths. Zero stigma. Not only is getting to zero new HIV infections entirely possible, recent signs of progress indicate that it is more likely than ever.
Across the world, the rate of AIDS infection is declining. In June, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) announced that 13 new countries had reached the programmatic "tipping point" in the fight against HIV/AIDS -- meaning more people are now on treatment than are newly infected. The rate of children born HIV-positive today is 52 percent lower than it was in 2001, according to a report issued this week by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). And governments are stepping up to provide much-needed funding. On Monday, the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID) pledged £1 billion to replenish the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria on condition that other countries agreed to follow suit.
Taken as a whole, this progress indicates that we are well on our way of achieving the AIDS-free generation we've been fighting for during the past three decades. I applaud this recent headway and the work being done now to develop new goals and criteria for the post-2015 agenda, but that doesn't mean we can ignore the goals laid out for 2015 that still have not been met. The Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) are set to conclude in 2015, and one of those goals was to halt the spread of AIDS and provide universal access to HIV treatment for all those who need it. These last 1,000 days will prove to be a pivotal time in navigating the remaining hurdles in newly creative and strategic ways -- hurdles that include weak health care infrastructure, ongoing stigma, and a growing sense among many that AIDS has been "solved" and the focus should shift to other global health issues.
But the harsh reality is that many of the women and children who need our help are still difficult to reach. Each day, more than 700 babies are born HIV-positive, almost of all whom live in sub-Saharan Africa where HIV/AIDS remains at epidemic levels. And without treatment, more than 80 percent of these children will die by their fifth birthday. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) is one of the most effective weapons we have against HIV/AIDS because it stops the virus from reaching the next generation. We have tools available now to offer universal and lifelong access to treatment for HIV-positive mothers and women around the world.
Women are key to achieving zero new infections by 2015. At the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF), we work tirelessly to ensure that women and children around the world are able to live longer and healthier lives. By empowering women to protect themselves and their unborn babies through PMTCT and lifelong ART, we can serve a dual purpose of keeping HIV-positive mothers healthy and ensuring they don't pass the virus along to their children. But this effort requires a unified global commitment to prioritize the science, programs, and funding necessary to reach every vulnerable woman and child around the world.
The global health community has come far, but we have a tremendous challenge in front of us. We must ensure that heads of state and other key partners are actively engaged in the effort to get to zero. No one country or organization can do it alone. The commitments being made at UNGA are crucial. What's more important still are the decisions and actions taken to realize those goals when leaders get home. A generation free of HIV must be spoken of in the halls of the UN, yet it can only be achieved in the communities of every effected country.