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The ancestors of the peoples now called the
Aborigines began settling Australia at least 40,000 and possibly as early
as 100,000 years ago. Bêche de mer traders from the Indonesian islands
regularly visited Australia's northern coasts before the first European
settlement in 1788, but when they began doing so is unknown. European interest
in the continent dates from the 16th century, when geographers hypothesized
that a southern land mass must exist somewhere between Africa and South
America to help counterbalance the land masses of the northern hemisphere.
Its discovery by Europeans arose from the search for new routes to the
East Indies across both the Indian and Pacific oceans.
In 1567 Alvaro de Mendaña discovered the Solomon Islands; in 1606 Luis de Torres touched New Guinea and supposed he had seen the "great southern continent." Meanwhile the Dutch, rivals of the Spanish, were entrenching themselves in the trade of the East Indies. Explorer Dirk Hartog in 1606 landed on an island in Shark Bay, in present Western Australia. In 1642 Abel Tasman discovered the island that now bears his name, Tasmania. In 1644 he sailed into the seas lying between New Guinea and Australia but failed to find the Torres Strait passage into the Pacific Ocean.
In 1768 the British government promoted an expedition to Pacific waters for geographical and astronomical research. Led by Captain James Cook, the group reached the east coast of Australia in 1770. It followed the coast north for some 2,280 miles (3,670 km) from present eastern Victoria to Torres Strait. Naming the land New South Wales, Cook claimed it for Great Britain before proceeding through Torres Strait to the Cape of Good Hope and then home.
The British colonization of Australia resulted
largely from the cessation of the transportation of convicts to the British
colonies in North America. This practice had played a major part in the
English penal system until the American Revolution put a stop to it. After
a fruitless search for other destinations for the ever-growing number of
prisoners being kept in hulks moored in the Thames River, the government
adopted a plan for sending them to Botany Bay in New South Wales. The first
fleet, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, left England in May
1787 and arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788. Phillip disliked the location
and soon discovered a harbor slightly to the north that appeared more satisfactory.
A landing was made at Sydney Cove, on Port Jackson, and the work of clearing
land and constructing necessary buildings was begun.
The principal problems of the colony of New South Wales were the provision of an adequate food supply, proper management of the convicts, and the policy to be adopted with regard to convicts when they became free.
Providing food to meet the colony's needs was a problem in the early period of settlement. The colonists were unable to learn anything from the indigenous Australians, whose hunter-gatherer life was well adapted to local conditions. As it turned out, although the soil near Port Jackson (Sydney) was not fertile, crops could be grown farther inland, and after a time the colony averted the threat of starvation. In the absence of all luxuries and shortages, and even of necessities, rum was highly prized; people commonly bartered essential articles to obtain it.
Transportation continued on a large scale to New South Wales until 1840, to Tasmania until 1852, and to Western Australia until 1868; convicts were sent at the greatest rate between 1825 and 1845. Almost all of the 160,000 convicts were common criminals, but about 1,000 English and 5,000 Irish may be better described as political prisoners. While under sentence, a few worked for the government, and those convicted of further offenses were sentenced to penal settlements or to work in chains on the roads, but most were assigned to work under free persons. Convicts who behaved well might be freed from servitude by the governor, who also had the right to give "tickets of leave," which permitted convicts to work for themselves without being assigned to a specific person. Convicts whose terms of transportation had expired rarely returned home. Until 1822 they often received small grants of land, but usually before and always afterward they went to work as ordinary laborers. To colonists who had never been convicted, emancipists and expirees represented a social and political threat that became more acute with the passage of time.
The Administration of New South Wales
Arthur Phillip was the first colonial governor.
Bad health forced him to leave for England in 1792, and for the next three
years two temporary governors, John Hunter and Philip Gidley King, sought
in turn to administer the colony with the aid of a force known as the New
South Wales Corps, recruited in England. Their successor was William Bligh,
famous for his connection with the mutiny on the H.M.S. Bounty. Bligh attempted
to apply naval discipline to the colony and came into conflict with many
who were seeking to make private profits from the colony's struggles. Backed
by wealthy and powerful colonists, Major George Johnston, commander of
the New South Wales Corps, deposed and arrested Bligh. Johnston was tried
by court-martial for his part in this "Rum Rebellion," and in 1809 Colonel
Lachlan Macquarie became governor.
Macquarie brought his own military unit, the 73rd Highland Regiment, to Australia, and the New South Wales Corps was sent back to England. Macquarie considered many of the emancipists better citizens than some of the free settlers. He also undertook an energetic building program, greatly improving the appearance of Sydney, improving roads, and encouraging exploration.
Such development was costly. The British government, concerned about the expense and ready to believe Macquarie was treating convicts too leniently, sent Commissioner John T. Bigge to investigate. Bigge's reports led to the official encouragement of wool production, to the tightening of convict discipline, and to the first granting of civil rights to the free colonists.
It was impossible to proceed rapidly toward self-government in New South Wales as long as the differences between the emancipists and the free settlers remained unsettled. Emancipists insisted on their right to participate in the processes of government, while the free settlers feared the granting of political privileges to men who had once been convicts. A British parliamentary committee in 1837-1838 recommended that the transportation of convicts be stopped. In 1840 the British government put the recommendation into effect for New South Wales. The way was thus cleared for a further step toward colonial self-government. An act of 1842 granted to New South Wales a legislative council of 36 members. Emancipists were allowed to vote. The act was not democratic in the modern sense, in that a property qualification was set up for voters and for eligibility for membership on the legislative council.
Bills could be vetoed by the governor or sent to the British government for consideration, and the British government retained control over the sale of land. Continued British control aroused violent colonial opposition. Eventually, after seeing that a more liberal colonial constitution was working satisfactorily in Canada, the British Parliament passed the Australian Colonies Government Act in 1850, and the colonial legislatures were permitted, subject to the consent of the British government, to frame new constitutions for themselves.
By 1856, constitutions had been framed by Tasmania and South Australia as well as by New South Wales and Victoria. The new bicameral colonial legislatures had power over crown lands and were allowed to practice responsible government in the British and Canadian manner. Queensland, opened to free settlement after transportation of convicts to New South Wales ceased in 1840, was organized as a separate colony in 1859. Western Australia, founded in 1829 and sparsely populated, did not receive representative institutions until 1870 and responsible government until 1890.
All this time explorers had been discovering
the nature and extent of the Australian continent. In 1803 Matthew Flinders
circumnavigated the continent and prepared a map showing it in its entirety.
He urged that the term "Australia" should be used to denote the whole landmass.
Revelation of the general configuration of the continent, combined with
the fear of imminent French occupation of ports in the west and the north,
resulted in the annexation in 1824 of Bathurst and Melville islands, of
the area between east longitudes 135° and 129° in 1825, and of
the rest of the continent in 1829.
In 1844 there began a series of attempts to cross the interior. Captain Charles Sturt made an expedition to the drought-stricken center and Ludwig Leichhardt to Port Essington on the north coast. Robert Burke and William Wills, who set out from Melbourne in 1860 and reached the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1861, were the first to cross the continent from south to north. McDouall Stuart planted the flag in the center of Australia in 1860 and successfully crossed from Adelaide to Darwin in 1861-1862.
In 1851, the discovery of gold in New South
Wales changed the course of Australian history. A squatter brought gold
from a site near Bathurst to Sydney, and soon hundreds of miners were searching
for nuggets and gold dust. The diggings in Victoria were found to be the
most productive. The goldfields attracted large numbers of people from
the towns and countryside of Victoria and New South Wales, to the point
where other economic activities were often left shorthanded. And though
the population of the country as a whole remained largely British, immigrants
from abroad, pouring in to seek gold, boosted the population of Australia
from about 400,000 in 1850 to about 1,146,000 ten years later. The gold
rush greatly stimulated economic activity in the southeastern colonies.
It was necessary to construct buildings, manufacture equipment, and provide
cereals, meat, and dairy products for the new population. Prices rose,
and during these years the area under cultivation doubled.
Bushrangers -- that is, highwaymen roving the countryside singly or in gangs -- flourished along with the goldfields, preying on travelers, isolated farms, and stagecoaches. The lawlessness of some of the diggings paralleled that of the American Wild West. The most notorious of the bushrangers was the Kelly gang, whose leader, Ned Kelly, was finally captured in 1880 after a shoot-out in which the other three gang members died. Kelly, hanged in Melbourne in 1880 for murdering three police officers in 1878, has since become a popular hero of mythical proportions. Other violence in the goldfields included riots, sometimes targeted against Chinese diggers, and, in 1854, the Eureka Riots, when troops dispersed rebellious miners protesting police bullying and general poor administration of the digs. Six soldiers and 22 miners were killed in these clashes. (See also Eureka Riots)
The value of the gold produced in Victoria in the decade 1851-1861 varied greatly from year to year. The production of 1852, nearly £17 million (about U.S.$81.5 million) was never again reached, and the year 1861 saw a production of £7.8 million (about U.S.$38 million). At the same time, the number of diggers was increasing, and mechanical power and technology coming more and more into use. Individual miners who lacked funds for large-scale enterprise were forced to leave the goldfields for other activities. Gold rushes in Queensland in the 1880's and in Western Australia in the 1890's drew miners from the southeastern colonies, shifting the focus of goldmining to new mining cities such as Mount Morgan in the former and Kalgoorlie in the latter. In the same period, the mining industry diversified to other minerals, notably silver, lead, and zinc around Broken Hill in the far west of New South Wales, and copper on South Australia's Yorke Peninsula.
Eureka Riots, the rebellion in the Victoria, Australia, gold fields in 1854 of dissatisfied miners, who built an armed stockade. With the decline of income per digger, objections arose to the fee of thirty shillings per month levied by the government. On Dec. 3, 1854, government troops attacked the stockade and dispersed the rebels, who had gone so far as to raise the flag of the "Republic of Victoria." An inquiry followed, and in six months the government of Victoria had dropped the former fee and put in its place a "miner's right" which cost $5 a year and gave to the miner the right to vote. An export duty on gold was also levied to make up for the loss of revenue by the former system.
The history of Australia after adoption of the constitutions of the 1850's shows a strong desire to achieve democracy. The constitutions embodied the principle of universal manhood suffrage, although women's suffrage did not come until later (South Australia, 1894; Western Australia, 1899; New South Wales, 1902; Tasmania, 1903; Queensland, 1905; Victoria, 1908). The secret ballot was adopted in Victoria in 1856. In the powerful upper houses of the colonial parliaments, however, where real decisions were made, democracy was compromised by the fact that each member, wealthy and conservative, had more than one vote. There was also considerable difficulty in the relations between the upper and lower houses of the parliaments.
Land Tenure
Colonial governments wished to build up an
independent farming class and, despite the opposition of graziers (ranchers),
passed a number of acts designed to help prospective buyers purchase as
agricultural freeholds lands then being used as sheep runs. However, ranchers,
helped by credit from financial institutions, bought the land for themselves
in a process known as "dummying" and gradually came into formal ownership
of much of the land they had been using. Although the land acts stimulated
some expansion of mixed farming, typically based on varying combinations
of grain growing, dairying, and meat production, sheepherding for wool
continued to be the leading rural activity. The dominance of sheepherding
can be seen by the fact that in 1883 more than 8 million acres (3.2 million
hectares) in New South Wales were held in only 96 estates.
The graziers met with economic hardship in the last quarter of the 19th century. World prices showed a downward trend, and overstocking and lack of adequate rainfall hastened the development of dust-bowl conditions. Millions of acres were abandoned; the number of sheep declined by 33 percent between 1891 and 1901, as the dingo and the spreading rabbit plague reduced the carrying capacity of the land. Improved breeding, the introduction of shearing machinery, and the building of paddocks fenced with barbed wire failed to solve the graziers' problems.
The farmers were better off. Although hit by falling prices after 1880, they were helped by new agricultural machinery, fertilizer, better strains of wheat, the provision of "rural credit," and the penetration of the railroad into agricultural areas. On the Queensland coast the sugarcane industry attracted settlers and capital.
Labor Movement
Labor organizations of the modern type date
from the 1850's, when unions in the building trades began agitation for
the eight-hour day. Labor unions were not, however, politically powerful
until after 1890. By that time miners, seamen, dockworkers, and sheep shearers
had become organized. The failure of strikes between 1890 and 1892 strengthened
the arguments of those in the labor movement who stressed the need for
political action.
Some typical goals of Australian labor in the 1890's were the restriction of immigration and exclusion of Asians; abolition of sweatshops; adoption of systems of wage control and labor arbitration; and old-age pensions. Victoria passed a factory act in 1885, and during the 1890's, in all the colonies, acts for regulating factories, mines, and public health, for the early closing of shops, and for the control of conditions on ships followed in rapid succession. Compulsory arbitration in industrial disputes and the fixing of wages by the government were first introduced in South Australia in 1894 and in the other colonies by 1901.
Between 1860 and 1900 all of the Australian colonies except New South Wales made efforts to encourage industry by tariff protection. The decline in profits from placer gold mining had created unemployment, and Victoria had been forced to resort to the customhouse for revenue, lacking as it did the extensive receipts derived from the continuous sale of Crown lands in New South Wales. Victoria's tariff was slowly pushed up by pressure groups of manufacturers and workmen and by politicians wanting revenue yet opposed to direct taxation. The differing policies of Victoria and New South Wales caused many disputes on their border, but it seems impossible to prove that either protective tariffs or tariffs for revenue were primarily responsible for the prosperity enjoyed by the Australian colonies in the 35 years before founding of the commonwealth.
The Making of the Commonwealth
The British government suggested the formation
of a central federal governing authority in 1847, but withdrew its
proposal in the face of colonial opposition. Conditions did not favor such
a development until the last two decades of the 19th century, when railroad
construction made colonial union more feasible. The feeling of being safe
from foreign threats was shaken by the growing interest of European powers
in the islands of the western Pacific. Convicts escaping from the French
penal colony of New Caledonia entered Australia illegally, and many feared
that France would annex the New Hebrides. Rumors of German interest in
New Guinea caused the Queensland government to annex the southeastern part
of that island in 1883. The British government quickly repudiated the annexation,
but in 1884 Germany annexed northeastern New Guinea and adjacent archipelagoes,
and Great Britain then reannexed the area Queensland had claimed earlier.
In the early 1880's, a federal council representing the colonies was empowered
to enact minor legislation, but had no real executive power and no authority
to collect revenue.
Great Britain agreed to contribute toward an Australian naval squadron in 1888, and the inadequate condition of Australia's defenses was linked to the need for federation. The first federal convention took place in Sydney in 1891. It produced a first draft of a constitution modeled on that of the United States, with power divided between the federal and state governments. The lower house would have representation based on the population of each state, while the upper house would represent the states equally.
Because of severe economic depression in the eastern colonies, little more was done for five years. Propaganda in favor of federation continued, however, and in 1895 the colonial premiers agreed to call another convention, to submit any constitution it might draw up to the voters, and, should that be accepted, to ask the British parliament to enact it as law. In 1897, the second federal convention adopted a draft based on the one produced in 1891. Amendments suggested by the colonial parliaments were then considered at second and third sessions. Referendums held in the three southeastern colonies, Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania, accepted the draft constitution by large majorities. In New South Wales, however, the majority in favor, only 5,367, fell far short of the prescribed minimum of 80,000 affirmative votes. New South Wales feared domination by the other, less populous colonies as well as the imposition of a protective tariff.
Amendments were adopted to appease New South Wales; they related to revenue sharing and the site of the federal capital. A second referendum, in 1899, resulted in all five eastern colonies accepting the amended constitution. Western Australia held back until 1900, but assented to it at about the same time the British parliament approved it. The desire for internal free trade, and for common action in defense, immigration, and industrial and financial matters, eventually persuaded all the colonies to join the union. The Commonwealth Constitution Bill passed through the British parliament in spring 1900, and Queen Victoria granted royal assent on July 9. The Commonwealth of Australia was instituted on Jan. 1, 1901.
Early Years of the Commonwealth
In the political life of Australia between
1901 and 1914, there were both free trade groups and protectionist groups,
with labor holding the balance of power and eventually supporting the enactment
of tariffs. Other important measures that were passed during this period
provided for old-age pensions and for a system of conciliation and arbitration
in labor disputes.
The trend of the period was toward a strengthening of the central power at the expense of that of the states, principally because economic problems were increasingly national. Tariffs and immigration policy were handled by the federal government. The High Court of Australia gave considerable, but not unlimited, support to the increase of federal power. Customs duties brought large sums to the federal treasury; the federal government took over the existing debts of the states in 1909 and compensated the state governments for their loss of customs and excise receipts with a small annual payment per person.
At the peace conference in Paris at the close of the war, Prime Minister Hughes represented Australian interests with considerable asperity and demanded the maximum of reparations. Fearing the proximity to Australian territory of a potential enemy, he demanded that Australia be allowed to annex any lands that it had conquered during the war and opposed the proposal that the former German colonies become mandates. He had to be content to allow Japan to hold the former German Pacific possessions north of the equator; Australia accepted a Class C mandate for, and became responsible for administering, German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the northern Solomon Islands.
Foreign Policy and Defense
The government of Australia, despite its lack of independence in foreign and diplomatic affairs, showed decided interest in certain problems, especially those involving the Pacific. Australian spokesmen defended Australia's interests at the Colonial Conference of 1902 and at the Imperial Conferences of 1907 and 1911. In 1909 the government established the post of high commissioner for Australia in London. Australia made no claim to autonomy in the control of its own foreign affairs but desired to be able to state its wishes to the British government and to be informed of British policies. Australia also showed considerable concern for military and naval defense. In 1905 a Council of Defense was created, and a federal act of 1909 adopted the principle of compulsory military training. A system was established whereby there was an exchange of officers between the British army and the Commonwealth staff. Similar interest was shown in naval matters, and the Royal Navy was created in 1909.
Economic Development
Between 1901 and 1914 the population of Australia increased from 3,750,000 to almost 5,000,000. Economic development was highly encouraged and optimism for the future was shown by government borrowing for public works, particularly railroads, of which some 5,000 miles (8,000 km) were constructed in these years. The number of factories and factory workers increased. By 1914 the labor unions contained a larger share of the total population than the unions of any other country.
Immigration Policy
During these years, the Commonwealth government took over the immigration policies previously controlled by the states. It strongly encouraged immigration from Great Britain, but enacted legislation to restrict the entry of Asians and Pacific Islanders. After federation, the commonwealth decreed that newcomers be tested for their ability to take dictation in a "prescribed" language. This became the principal means of enforcing the "White Australia policy," which largely restricted immigration to people of European descent until the 1960's. The commonwealth also repatriated the Kanaka sugarcane laborers who had worked in Queensland, and further protected the sugar industry against imports produced by cheap labor. This policy also had racial overtones, although it was largely economic.
When war broke out in 1914, Australia's Labor prime minister, Andrew Fisher, promised to help Great Britain "to the last man and the last shilling." The Australian Imperial Force (AIF) received its baptism of fire at Gallipoli on Apr. 25, 1915. April 25 (Anzac Day) has been a national day of commemoration ever since. After Gallipoli was evacuated in December 1915, most of the Australian force was transferred to France. Near the end of 1916 Labor Prime Minister W. M. Hughes decided that conscription had become necessary. He was forced by his political opponents to hold a referendum on the issue, and his proposal was defeated. In 1917 Hughes formed a new war cabinet formed of five Laborites who favored conscription and six non-Laborites. The Nationalist Party thus came into being, but another attempt to introduce conscription failed.
After the peace conference, the wartime coalition
fell apart. The refusal of rural interests to support a Nationalist government
led by Hughes forced his resignation in 1923 and led to the formation of
a Nationalist-Country Party coalition. In 1927 this government began the
moving of the federal capital to Canberra. It brought 300,000 immigrants
to Australia and began the transformation of the Commonwealth Bank into
a central bank by giving it the power to issue paper money and fix discount
rates and by making it the depository for commercial banks.
In the late 1920's the government adopted a policy thought by the opposition to be hostile to labor. It took strong action against strikes and proposed to abandon arbitration in most cases. Faced also with a growing industrial depression, it lost popularity. In 1929 the Labor Party took office, only to face worldwide economic depression.
Labor Government
As an important producer of primary commodities,
Australia quickly felt the effect of falling prices from 1929 to 1931.
To meet the serious situation, the federal government decided on a reduction
in government salaries, a cut in pensions, and a scaling down of interest
rates on bonds. The Arbitration Court ordered a 10 percent cut in real
wages. The currency was stabilized at a depreciated ratio. Finally, the
Commonwealth Bank agreed to make credit available for unemployment relief
works and rural relief to meet government deficits.
In December 1931 the United Australia Party elected an absolute majority of the 75 members of the House of Representatives and formed an anti-Labor government. By 1932 the Labor Party had lost control of all but one state government.
International Relations
After the end of World War I, Australia joined the League of Nations. The Australian navy was reduced. During the depression compulsory military service was abandoned. In the early 1930's defense expenditures were extremely low. Although there was some increase after 1935, there was little real armament until after the Munich crisis of 1938. Through the first two years of World War II, the Australian government continued to maintain a policy of good relations with Japan, despite the fact that Japan objected to its unfavorable balance of trade with Australia.
Robert G. Menzies had been prime minister
for only five months when his government joined Great Britain in declaring
war on Germany on Sept. 3, 1939. Supporting the "Motherland" was regarded
as a duty of empire. The government immediately raised an expeditionary
force, the second AIF, which fought in the Middle Eastern and North African
campaigns of 1940-1942. Menzies' coalition government encountered increasing
opposition, however, and eventually the Labor Party leader, John Curtin,
was commissioned to form a new government on Oct. 7, 1941.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, came exactly two months later. Japan's simultaneous attack on Malaya, where the AIF's 8th division was supporting the British, caused Curtin's government to declare war on Japan the next day. The Japanese rout of the allied forces in southeast Asia over succeeding weeks shattered Australians' trust in the ability of the British navy to protect them from invasion. On December 26 Curtin signaled a fundamental shift of national allegiances by announcing, "Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links of kinship with the United Kingdom." Defying British prime minister Winston Churchill, Curtin withdrew the AIF's 6th and 7th divisions from the Middle East to defend Australia. The Japanese landing in New Guinea in January 1942, followed by air raids on Darwin, Broome, Townsville, and other northern Australian towns added urgency to this decision. In April 1942 U.S. General Douglas MacArthur arrived in Australia to become commander in chief of the southwest Pacific region, in charge of the Allied military counteroffensive. Both the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force expanded and became more active, and by May the threat of a Japanese invasion had receded. Germany's surrender in May 1945 allowed the Americans and British to begin an all-out drive against the Japanese, which Australia had been urging for three years.
During World War II, the Labor government
had adopted the British Statute of Westminster of 1931, which gave some
dominions, including Australia, legislative autonomy. The government greatly
expanded independent Australian diplomacy, and the external affairs minister,
Herbert V. Evatt, played an active role as a spokesman for the smaller
nations in drawing up the United Nations charter and supporting the move
toward independence of Indonesia and other new nations of the region.
The war ended on a note of optimism and confidence in Australia. The Labor government under Prime Minister Joseph B. Chifley, who replaced Curtin after the latter's death in July 1945, put forward plans for economic development. Between 1946 and 1949 legislation was passed providing for a welfare state, with a comprehensive system of health, old-age, unemployment, and other disability benefits. Social services were transferred to federal control. The government fostered enterprises in aviation, shipping, and banking that steered Australia midway between a free-enterprise and a planned economy. It introduced a system of commonwealth scholarships for university education, designed both to raise the intellectual and professional life of the country and to ensure careers for those with talent. It created the Snowy Mountains Authority in 1949 to irrigate the dry interior of southeastern Australia and generate cheap electricity. It also assisted immigration to meet labor shortages in the postwar boom.
Massive postwar immigration helped transform Australia from a remote British outpost of empire to an independent nation. Increasingly, immigrants came from a variety of countries, so that Australia ceased to be an almost exclusively British nation. Between 1949 and 1968, about 1,018,000 immigrants came from Great Britain and about 808,000 from elsewhere in Europe. Many arrived with financial assistance from the Australian government under the subsidization plan it sponsored beginning in 1947. With the official ending of the White Australia policy in 1966, increasing numbers of immigrants came from the Middle East and Asia. After the Communist victories in southeast Asia in the mid-1970's, large numbers of refugees came from the countries of that region, many as boat people who risked storms, unseaworthy vessels, and pirates to reach the freedom and opportunity Australia represented. By 1991 Asian-born people made up 4.1 percent of the Australian population, compared with 0.3 percent in 1947. The largest number of Asian immigrants came from Vietnam (133,440 Vietnam-born residents in Australia in 1991), Malaysia (84,090), the Philippines (74,330), Hong Kong (73,210), China (68,510), and India (65,430). The Vietnamese, Malaysians, Filipinos, and natives of Hong Kong were among Australia's 11 largest immigrant populations. Other groups in the top 11 were people born in the United Kingdom and Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, the nations formerly comprising Yugoslavia, Greece, Germany, and the United States. Australia's population passed 17 million in 1991, an increase of more than ten million in 50 years. Despite the long-term movement toward ethnic and cultural diversity, people from the British Isles (1,222,000 or 7 percent of the total population) remained the largest group of those born overseas.
Following the war, great political change swept Australia. By 1949 it was clear that the Labor government had lost touch with the drift of political events and sentiments. Despite Communist gains in Europe and the Communist victory in the Chinese civil war, the government's defense plans were based on fear of military resurgence in Japan. Dissatisfaction with Labor's domestic policies mounted. Gasoline rationing continued, although, beginning in 1948, the highly popular General Motors "Holden," Australia's first locally manufactured, mass-produced automobile, was placing private automobile transportation within the reach of the average family. Wartime economic controls seemed out of place as the nation entered a long, consumer-driven postwar boom. In pursuit of Labor's socialist ideals, Chifley endeavored, ultimately unsuccessfully, to nationalize the privately owned banks. The same year, 1949, labor struggles in the coal industry, initiated by the Communist-dominated unions, disrupted industry, business, and private lives, a problem Chifley tried to solve by sending troops to run the mines. Such events raised doubts about Labor's ability to govern, and fanned popular fears of creeping socialism and the "Red menace." In December 1949 R. G. Menzies again became prime minister, swept back to power at the head of a Liberal-Country Party coalition on an electoral platform of free enterprise and anti-Communism.
Under Menzies, who remained prime minister for 16 years and instituted an unbroken 23-year period of Liberal-Country Party rule, Australia became the "lucky country," its citizens enjoying the affluence of industrial prosperity. As private home ownership became an achievable reality for people of all classes, the suburbs of the capital cities expanded rapidly while the new skyscrapers of corporate capitalism transformed the central business districts into traffic-filled canyons of glass and concrete. Canberra, once derided as the "bush capital," a well-lit sheep paddock of widely interspersed monuments, became a neat and leafy city of noble public buildings displaying the confidence of the new wealth. Secondary and university education facilities multiplied rapidly with government support, for the first time opening educational opportunity to the wider population. The use of the international jet airplane; the exportation of coking coal, iron ore, copper, alumina, gold, silver, lead, and zinc; the opening up of new Asian and American markets for wool, wheat, and meat; and the discovery of oil and natural gas finally destroyed the remnants of the old bush culture and dependence on Great Britain. Australia emerged as a highly industrialized and urbanized middle-sized world power.
Menzies, an avowed royalist and Anglophile who boasted he was "British to the bootstraps," nevertheless strove to cement Australia's alliance with the United States as the latter sought to "contain" Communism. Under his government's foreign policy, Australia's realignment of allegiances away from Great Britain and toward the United States became more pronounced. At the onset of the Korean War he sent Australian naval forces to assist the United States and soon assigned a contingent of volunteers from the regular army. In 1951 Australia formed the ANZUS pact with the United States and New Zealand, a treaty that was to remain the crux of Australian defense policy for almost four decades. In 1954 Australia joined SEATO, and in 1955 Australian military forces were stationed in Malaya to help the British suppress Communism there. The Liberal-Country Party coalition committed troops to Vietnam 1965-1972; later a Labor government gave support to the U.S.-led action in Iraq in 1991 and to that in Somalia in 1992.
The conflict in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos proved to be a turning point for Australia. Menzies responded to the Vietnamese civil war by introducing a selective plan for compulsory military service and sending 800 troops to South Vietnam in 1965. In April 1966 Harold Holt, who had succeeded to the prime ministership on Menzies' retirement that January, increased the Australian force in Vietnam to 4,500. The death in action of the first of the Australian conscripts sparked a bitter, long-running debate on the wisdom of the government's defense policy and its allegiance to the United States. Government supporters believed it was necessary to back U.S. policy on Vietnam because Australian security depended on the promise of U.S. assistance under the ANZUS treaty. They also maintained that military intervention on the Asian mainland was justified in order to prevent Australia from becoming the "last domino" in Communism's southward advance. The Labor Party, some church leaders, intellectuals, university students and academics, and the more liberal newspapers emerged as the vocal and demonstrative opponents of the government's unwavering acceptance of U.S. policy in southeast Asia epitomized in Holt's promise to go "all the way with L.B.J." The mounting unpopularity of the war did not persuade the government to change its policy. John Gorton, who succeeded to the prime ministership in January 1968 (after Holt's disappearance while surf swimming), pursued the same foreign policy. Gorton and the Liberal-Country Party coalition retained power after the 1969 elections, but with reduced support. Faced with dissension within the party, Gorton resigned in 1971 and was succeeded by William McMahon.
McMahon's government finally withdrew Australian troops from Vietnam in February 1972, but foreign policy remained an issue in the December 1972 elections, when the voters returned Labor to federal office for the first time since 1949. Popular fears about Labor's susceptibility to Communist influence, an issue over which the party split disastrously in 1955, had kept Labor in an electoral wilderness for a generation. Rejuvenated after 1967 under the leadership of E. Gough Whitlam, who now became prime minister, Labor launched an ambitious program of reform. The new government immediately ended military conscription, freed the draft resisters from jail, and established diplomatic relations with China. It went on to introduce bills to promote education at all levels, expand welfare, institute universal health insurance, and provide tax relief for the poor. Other key elements of the program included the establishment of a federal Department of Aboriginal Affairs to bring to Australia's generally disadvantaged indigenous peoples, the Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, the benefits other citizens enjoyed. The Labor government also created regional urban growth centers to relieve the continual outward sprawl of the capital cities; formed the Australia Council, a federal agency for promoting and subsidizing the arts; and, in 1975, granted independence to Papua New Guinea. Labor was unable to implement other reforms because doing so depended on the good will of the Senate, which it did not control. In 1974, Whitlam dissolved parliament when the Senate rejected an appropriations bill. Labor retained its majority in the House of Representatives in the subsequent elections, but again failed to win control of the Senate.
By this time worldwide recession and inflation were having profound influence on the Australian economy. Labor's generous wage concessions, big-spending policies, and slashing of tariffs worsened inflation and unemployment. After a series of ministerial firings, some attended by allegations of financial or personal impropriety, the public perception that Labor had lost direction grew throughout 1975. In October the opposition leader, J. Malcolm Fraser, refused to pass budget bills in the Senate until the government called an election. In an unprecedented action, the governor-general ended the deadlock by dismissing Whitlam and appointing Fraser interim prime minister pending elections. Bitter controversy over the governor-general's action divided the nation. In the elections that followed, the voters delivered their verdict by giving the Liberal and National (formerly Country) party coalition a record majority in the House and a majority in the Senate.
Despite the continuing political controversy over the coalition's accession to power, the new government's main problems were economic -- a sluggish economy and rising inflation and unemployment. Fraser gave top priority to fighting inflation, and at first enjoyed success by reducing the rate from the double-digit figures of the Whitlam years. His government was returned in two further elections, in December 1977 and October 1980. During the late 1970's and early 1980's rising inflation and worsening unemployment eroded the coalition's support. Meanwhile, Fraser's confrontational manner toward the union movement was a factor in the mounting rate of industrial disputes.
In February 1983 Fraser called an early election,
hoping to catch the Labor Party, diverted by a leadership struggle, unprepared.
This strategy failed, for the newly installed Labor leader, R. J. L. (Bob)
Hawke, not only enjoyed great public popularity but was able to offer voters
a clear-cut choice between policies as well as between leadership styles.
In elections in March Labor defeated the coalition decisively and Hawke
became prime minister. His consensual approach to labor-management issues,
resulting in a wage accord, gave the nation a period of industrial peace
unusually long in Australian experience. A striving for consensus became
the hallmark of Hawke's prime ministership, extending into areas as diverse
as taxation reform, job creation, restructuring of the education system,
and improving relations between the indigenous peoples and other citizens.
Under Hawke and his treasurer, Paul J. Keating, Labor turned its back on its mildly socialist tradition. For decades this had been built on a pro-worker philosophy that emphasized the need to extend social services and maintain a mixed economy embracing both public and private enterprise. Labor now adopted pro-business policies and courted the private business sector. It kept wage increases to a minimum, deregulated financial markets, and allowed foreign banks to begin operating in Australia. It then began opening publicly owned enterprises to private ownership and allowing privately owned firms to compete in industries once monopolized by government agencies. The finance industry boomed for a time, until the international stock market crash of October 1987. Mounting public and private debt, a succession of spectacular corporate failures, crises within the rural and manufacturing sectors (the products of which were increasingly uncompetitive in both overseas and domestic markets), a large balance of payments deficit, and high inflation characterized the economy as it slid into recession in 1991. The government's response was to depreciate the currency, cut public spending, maintain high interest rates, and avoid making tax concessions. Unemployment rose despite such measures: 6 percent in 1989, it passed 10 percent in 1991 and in 1992 reached 11 percent -- the highest rate since the Great Depression 60 years earlier.
Hawke's government had been reelected in 1984, 1987, and 1990, becoming the first federal Labor government to be reelected for more than two consecutive terms. Despite his successes here, his parliamentary colleagues deposed him in December 1991, opting for Keating instead. Although Keating seemed unpopular with the electorate, being the politician the public regarded as most responsible for the recession, his colleagues believed Labor had better chances of reelection with him as leader rather than Hawke.
After 16 months as prime minister, Keating, in March 1993, led Labor into an election in which the party was widely expected to lose office after a decade in power. Following a campaign fought largely over the Liberal-National opposition's proposal for introducing a general consumption tax, Labor won a surprising victory and increased its majority slightly. Electorally confirmed as prime minister, Keating faced urgent problems, chief among which was to lead the nation out of recession. Another was to respond to the High Court's 1992 finding in the "Mabo" case, which had far-reaching implications for Australia's system of land tenure. (In ruling that certain indigenous citizens still held "native title" to the land, the court had upset two centuries of accepted legal assumptions about the validity of Great Britain's occupation of Australia.) At the same time Keating took the nation in new directions -- for example, initiating debate on whether Australia should abandon the monarchy to become a republic and instituting a ten-year process of "national reconciliation" between the nation's indigenous and non-indigenous peoples.


text:
STUDENTS: Below are links to several essential CU websites that contain information on your course, staff and University services. YOU CAN DELETE THIS PAGE WHEN YOU NO LONGER NEED THESE LINKS BUT ENSURE YOU BOOKMARK THEM FOR CONTINUED USE.
Timetables – get your latest timetables here
Coventry University Portal features links to Moodle, Webmail, Solar & more
contains all of your essential module information, links to module resources and information on your coursework submission.
University Coursework Submission Portal – submit your coursework here.
features information on courses as well as important contact information for staff members
Itunes U – Art and design
The Media and Communication iTunes U features podcasts from key lectures, seminars, coventry conversations and other sources
Media Loan Shop
Once you have had an induction to the loan shop you will be able to book out media production equipment from this website
Students' Union provides access to content, events and societies organised by the SU.
CU Student Services provides a range of central services to support all students.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Server Rules
Underground Resistance Servers :: UR DarkRP :: Important Info and Announcements :: Server Information
Page 1 of 1 • Share
Server Rules
DONATIONS: http://ur-darkrp.donations.gmchosting.com/
RULES: These are the rules by which players & admins must abide. Anyone caught breaking these rules will be dealt with in a reasonable matter, decided by a moderator or an administrator. Anyone who isn't caught by an admin can be reported on our forums, along with any naughty admins.
General rules
#1 Do not prop spam/block/climb/surf.
#2 Do not minge with props.
#3 Do not build any sort of traps, or minge devices.
#4 Do not be a general minge.
#5 Do not argue with admins, if they are breaking rules, please report them.
#6 The use of any hacks or exploits will result in an immediate and permanent ban.
#7 Do not do anything annoying/harmful in general.
Role-play rules
#1 Do not RDM (random death match) - harming/killing/shooting a player for no reason.
#2 As a CP, do not baton rush (attempting to arrest a player who shoots at you).
#3 As a CP, do not shoot a suspect, you can only fire at someone if they fire at you.
#4 Roleplay as your job; no custom jobs such as Murderer or Serial Killer that break server rules.
#5 Do not self supply weapons larger than a handgun. All other weapons you must purchase from another dealer.
#6 Do not randomly demote or demote for an admin reason, call an admin if someone has broken the rules.
#7 Do not warrant someone without a reason or a random reason.
#8 Do not metagame (Using OOC info IC, for example: if you hear someone talk about having a gun in OOC; you may not arrest them)
#9 Mayors laws may NEVER contradict server rules.
#10 ANY gun larger than a pistol is automatically illegal, regardless of licenses.
#11 Do not AFK farm.
#12 Printer carriers/holders/movers are allowed, so long as there is a keypad on it so that someone may rob you of it.
#13 Corrupt CP's are not allowed.
NLR "New Life Rule"
#1 When you die you forget everything except the location of your base.
#2 If someone steals from you, and then you die, if you see the man, with you're printer, you may attack and take back your item.
#3 if being raided and you die, You may go back to you're base but you must not have weapons ready.
#1 You may only mug/scam as a criminal class.
#2 You cannot mug for more than $15,000, there is no limit to scamming.
#3 You may not mug the same person twice within five minutes.
#4 You must give the person a reasonable amount of time to drop cash before you kill them (10 seconds).
#5 Do not mug CP classes.
#6 Only kill if mugees refuse to pay, wastes time beyond the reasonable time limit, run or go "AFK".
#7 You may not pull out a weapon while being mugged. This is considered breaking FearRP.
Car/Driving Rules
#1 Criminal classes may steal cars by picking the doors.
#2 Do not lock cars inside places without being able to enter it yourself. No propblocking cars. Same as do not block car spawn points.
#3 Do not use cars to block doors or alley ways.
#4 If your car is stolen, do not leave and return back to the server in an attempt to de-spawn your car.
#5 Do not prop-push cars. If your car becomes stuck ask an admin for assistance.
Raiding rules
#1 Do not raid more then once in a 5 minute period, do not raid the same person in a 20 minute period.
#2 Only criminal classes may raid.
#3 Do not raid only to shoot up the loot, this will be classed as trolling.
#4 Do not camp inside the enemy's base to print farm.
#5 You are always allowed to be raided, even when AFK. The only exempt situation would be if you are building with a building sign.
#6 You may not raid someone who is building a base with a building sign.
#7 You can be chain raided by unlinked players.
#8 You do not need to call raid to be able to raid someone.
#10 If you die during a raid you may go back but you must obey NLR.
Building Rules
#1 Vehicles are not allowed.
#2 Any buildings you create MUST have a way in and a way out, no "prop blocking" of any kind.
#3 Any entities you have cannot be blocked off, and if they are contained, must be secured with a keypad and fading door.
#4 Do not make any buildings that take up a massive amount of space such as Meta bases.
#5 Do not make your building impossible to enter or impossible to raid.
#6 Do not open or close a fading door with the key its assigned to, (no using direct input) instead use the keypad its self.
#7 Do not close a fading door when a raider cracks it open.
#8 Do not open/close a door multiple times to shoot at someone, a fading door must be left open for 5 seconds before you close it.
#9 Do not block off your keypad or make it in a hard to reach or hard to find area.
#10 Do not make any sort of shield that prevents you from being shot back.
#11 Building a minge device is not allowed.
#12 Do not use vehicles to gain access to someones building.
#13 Max of 3 fading doors per entrance.
#14 You are not allowed to have 2 or more fading doors right next to each other, as this is impossible to raid.
#15 No K.O.S signs.
#16 Do not block off a section of the map unless you're gang owns all of the buildings in that area.
#17 You may turn the apartment buildings into a hotel but you must own all of the doors in the building.
#18 Keypads must be at least 5 seconds long.
#19 You may only build on rooftops if you are able to get there without props and/or ulx commands.
#20 You may build inside PD as CP, Chief, SWAT, Military or Mayor only, but no fading doors.
#21 You may have a building sign if you are building. Otherwise your base is raid-able.
#22 You may not have any entities (printers etc.) in your base if you have a building sign posted, this will be punished.
Default Illegal:
#1 Firing off a gun in the public. (Can NOT be changed)
#2 Selling any drugs beyond the legal drugs. (Can be changed)
#3 Being intoxicated/high. (Can be changed)
#4 Having an illegal weapon besides a pistol. (Can be changed)
#5 Lockpicking/raiding. (Can NOT be changed)
#6 Throwing bugbait. (Can be changed)
#7 Murder. (Can NOT be changed)
#8 Assault. (Can NOT be changed)
#9 Robbery. (Can NOT be changed)
#10 Money Printers. (Can NOT be changed)
#11 Prostitution. (Can be changed)
#12 Sub machine Guns. (Eg UMP-45, Mac-10) (Can be changed)
#13 Shotguns. (Eg Pump-Shotgun, Auto Shotgun) (Can be changed)
#14 Assault Rifles. (Eg AK-47, Galil, M4A1, AUG) (Can NOT be changed)
#15 Sniper Rifles. (Eg SG-552, AWP, Silenced Sniper) (Can NOT be changed)
#16 Light Machine Guns (Eg M249 SAW) (Can NOT be changed)
#17 Fight Clubs. (Can be changed)
#18 Lockpicks. Can NOT be changed)
#19 Rifle Ammo. Can NOT be changed)
Default Legal:
#1 Owning a handgun. (Can NOT be changed)
#2 Having a pistol out in a Private area/your own home (Can NOT be changed)
#3 Having a pistol out in public (Can NOT be changed)
#4 Self defense (Can NOT be changed)
#5 Rave clubs (Can NOT be changed)
#6 Jay walking (Can NOT be changed)
#7 Insulting public/police (Can be changed)
#8 Pistol Ammo (Can NOT be changed)
#9 Shotgun Ammo (Can be changed)
Last edited by Kroka on Wed Jan 13, 2016 2:20 am; edited 2 times in total
- Admin
- Posts : 62
Join date : 2015-11-24
Re: Server Rules
rule #4 of raiding rules: Killing unarmed people inside a base is rdm
Reason: a bad rule.
also cleaned up mis-spelling.
rule #4 of raiding rules: Killing unarmed people inside a base is rdm
Reason: a bad rule.
also cleaned up mis-spelling.
- Posts : 40
Join date : 2015-11-26
Re: Server Rules
Cleaned up in general, removal of some old rules, contridicting rules, etc.
Cleaned up in general, removal of some old rules, contridicting rules, etc.
- Posts : 40
Join date : 2015-11-26
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Filing Basics
Federal tax returns must be filed if you earn enough income to be subject to tax, want to receive a refund, or are required to report certain information. A tax return must be filed if income was received that was not reported by the payer, such as service people earning tips, or if income exceeds a statutory amount that would incur a tax liability. This statutory minimum amount generally equals the personal exemption plus the standard deduction. For the self-employed, the minimum is $400, since that is the minimum amount that must be reported for self-employment tax purposes. More information is provided on tax filing requirements based on income in Tax Filing Requirements. Additionally, there are several refundable tax credits, such as the earned income credit and the Additional Child Tax Credit, where the taxpayer may receive a refund even if there is no tax liability. Filing requirements also depend on filing status, since minimum income requirements vary from the lowest for single people, higher for head-of-household taxpayers, and highest for married filing jointly.
For those still filing paper returns, the address to which the return should be sent are listed in the instructions of the tax form, and also at Where to File Paper Tax Returns With or Without a Payment. The address differs depending on:
- where you live
- whether you are enclosing a check or money order or not
- whether you live in a foreign country, US possession or territory
- use an APO or FPO address
- file Form 2555, Foreign Earned Income, 2555–EZ, Foreign Earned Income Exclusion, or Form 4563 Exclusion of Income for Bona Fide Residents of American Samoa, or
- you are a dual-status alien.
Due Dates for Tax Filing, Tax Payments, and Reporting Certain Information
The filing and payment of taxes and other reporting requirements have due dates. If the required action is not performed by the due date, then additional interest or penalties may apply. If the due date falls on a weekend or holiday, then the due date is extended to the 1st business day after the 15th. Taxes must also be paid by the due date, even if an extension is granted. Otherwise, interest and late-payment penalties may be added to the amount of the tax due. In many years, the due date may be extended by an additional day because of Emancipation Day, which is a legal holiday in the District of Columbia, but since the headquarters of the Internal Revenue Service is located there, all its offices throughout the country are closed. So the due date for 2017 is April 18, since April 15 is a Saturday, and Emancipation Day is on Sunday, so Monday is a legal holiday for IRS employees.
For taxpayers based on a calendar year, which is most, tax returns must be filed by April 15, unless an extension is requested. An automatic 6-month extension will be granted if you file Form 4868, Application for Automatic Extension of Time to File U.S. Individual Income Tax Return by the due date of the return. The 6-month extension sets the due date for October 15, unless that day falls on a weekend, in which case, it will be the next business day. Note, that this is true even if the initial filing date was extended because of a weekend or Emancipation Day, so it may not be exactly 6 months after the initial due date.
If you are a US citizen or resident living and working outside of the US or Puerto Rico or you are in military service in those areas, then you have until June 15 to both file and pay your tax. A 4-month extension will be granted if you file form 4868 by the due date; this extension date will also fall on October 15. Likewise, alien residents with earned income that was not subject to withholding must also file and pay any tax by June 15.
If the taxpayer uses a fiscal year rather than a calendar year, which is any year that does not end in December, then the due date is the 15th day of the 4th month after the fiscal year ends. An automatic 4-month extension will be granted by filing Form 4868.
If you receive any income for which tax was not withheld, such as self-employment income, then you may also have to make estimated tax payments, which are due on April 15, June 15, September 15, and January 15, although the last payment may be skipped if the tax return for that year is filed before February. Note that although there are 4 payments for the year, they are not quarterly, since the June payment is due 2 months after the April payment and the January payment is due 4 months after the September payment.
Which Tax Form to Use: 1040, 1040A, 1040EZ?
Any taxpayer can use Form 1040, U. S. Individual Income Tax Return, but lower income taxpayers may be able to use the simpler Form 1040A or Form 1040EZ. You can use the simpler forms if your income is less than $100,000.
Additional requirements for Form 1040A include:
- income consists of wages, salaries, tips, interests, ordinary dividends, capital gain distributions, unemployment compensation, IRA distributions, pensions, and annuities, Social Security or Railroad Retirement benefits, taxable scholarships or fellowship grants, or Alaska Permanent Fund dividends
- you claim only the standard deduction or additional standard deduction for those 65 or over or who were blind by year-end
- the only adjustments to income are deductions claimed for contributions to a traditional IRA, student loan interest, and for tuition or fees for educator expenses; the only tax credits claimed are the earned income credit, child tax credit and the Additional Child Tax Credit, the saver's credit, the dependent care credit, the premium tax credit for healthcare insurance premiums, and the credit for the elderly or disabled.
The requirements for Form 1040EZ, Income Tax Return for Single and Joint Filers with No Dependents include:
- single or married filing jointly
- income consists of employment compensation, unemployment compensation, taxable scholarships or fellowship grants, taxable interest not exceeding $1500, or Alaska Permanent Fund dividends
- younger than 65 and not blind by year-end
- no claims for dependents
- the only deductions are the personal exemption and the standard deduction, but not the additional standard deduction for those 65 or older or who are blind by year-end
- the only tax credit claimed is the earned income credit based only on income (no dependents).
Starting for the tax year 2018, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, passed by the Republicans at the end of 2017, has consolidated Form 1040EZ, 1040A, and Form 1040 into a single Form 1040, along with 6 new supporting schedules.
Filing a Tax Return for an Incompetent Person
If a person is incompetent, then a legal guardian must file and sign the return. If a person has a spouse, and the competent spouse can file and sign the return for the incompetent spouse without a power of attorney and if no legal guardian has been appointed for the incompetent spouse. However, if the spouse is mentally incompetent, then a joint return cannot be filed because the incompetent spouse cannot agree to the joint filing.


text: Hello everyone, I have been experiencing the ConnectionError with adbapi & cp_reconnect=True. I know that because of the cp_reconnect=True param tha is reconnects and that the query is not re-run. I have written some code that should re-run the query in that case (if I get a Failure back because of a ConnectionError), but it doesn't seem to work. My question is if anyone knows how to make mysql's idle timeouts shorter so that I can debug my code? I searched google and the mysql site with no luck. thank you, Gabriel


text:
JamPlay Review
In this Jamplay Review we show you both the pros and cons that will help you understand why we rated Jamplay as the #1 Best Online Guitar Lesson. Our Jamplay Review is based on 26 years of experience as professional guitar players and private one-on-one teachers from our Austin, Texas learning studio at 114 6th Street.
O.K., are you ready to learn how to play a Guitar with the largest and most respected online guitar lessons community? Jamplay has over 276,000 guitarist that have experienced there video-based online course.
Jamplay is for the beginner, intermediate and advanced guitarist that wants to improve his or her guitar skills. Check out the Pros and Cons Below.
- 68+ professional instructors
- Tons of HD-quality video guitar lessons
- 1,000+ of genres & styles covered (Country to Heavy Metal)
- 10,000′s of online members to chat with and learn from online (276,000+ guitarists have used JamPlay!)
- Very-organized, active forum
- Live webcast lessons from the professionals instructors
- Software: Guitar Tuner & Metronome
- Built-in backup tracks for perfecting your performing skills
- Awesome Chord, Scale & Riff Libraries
- JamPlay has an iPhone app so you can view guitar lessons on your iphone or ipad device.
- Not the lowest cost course available (But the best)
- Must have both Computer and Internet
- Subscription is a must for these lessons
Visit Jamplay signup page and add the 25% off coupon code here 7A508817CB. This Jamplay coupon code is only good for the 1st month of a monthly membership fee allowing you to only pay $14.96 Today!
With many thousands of active users, Jamplay is like a social network community for Guitarists. Learning to play guitar online has its challenges and there's nothing better than knowing your community will be there to offer you advice and support at any time.
Cords Library:
The JamPlay Chord Library has more than 950,000 chords available allowing the student to easily print and save chord sheets from ongoing sessions.
Guitar Scale library:
This scale library is the most robust and complete guitar scales library available online.
JamTracks Scale Library:
The JamPlay community has the only Guitar Lessons JamTracks library with more than 500 professionally recorded tracks.
Interactive Games:
Learning to play the guitar can be a challenge, Jamplay Interactive Games allows you to have fun while it helps you identify the notes on the fretboard, trains you to recognize the hundreds of various symbols in multiple choice format, teaches you to reading music notation and further your ability to develop pitch recognition skills,
Lick & Riff library
This section will allow you to watch short videos of soloing and rhythm ideas, you will be inspired to be more creative as you learn.
Customized Progress Reports:
This feature allows the student to modify, monitor, and create personal reports to show there progress through the lessons.
Jamplay Review Notice: Jamplay is a membership community with over 188,000 active guitarists online, so you will be paying a small monthly fee of $19.95 per month or you can pay quarterly or yearly for even more discounts. If you become a member of Jamplay you will not only learn how to play the guitar, but perform, read and write music, learn multiple styles of play like rock, country, metal, jazz and more.
Jamplay updates there video content daily with new lessons and as a beginner gives you the choice between learning guitar on Acoustic or electric guitar witch is amazing.
The Jam Play video player is like no-other online guitar course, all the video lessons are recorded in High definition from multiple angels so you can see clearly what your guitar instructor is doing. If you have a question for your instructor, just leave a comment on the comment form and the teacher will answer it or read others questions and answers that may help you out faster.
Click Image to see full member interface
Below is a (Basics Guitar Lesson) Example video that shows you how JamPlay guitar lessons are presented, plus above we give you our in-depth JamPlay Reviews including Pros & Cons.
Please watch this Jamplay Reviews Basics Guitar video
With our 26 years experience as private guitar teachers we have concluded in this JamPlay Review that JamPlay is without a doubt The Best Online Guitar Lessons Course we've ever reviewed or used.
While many people think that private Guitar lessons are the best way to go, well that can be very costly and overpriced, an average 30-minute guitar lesson costs about $35 (and can go up to over $55 or more), meaning just two lessons per week will cost you about $2,080/year!
A monthly membership with JamPlay only costs $19.95, Quarterly Membership: $49.95, Yearly Membership $139.95 and you get full access over 60 guitar instructors instead of 1, HD Videos, Live video chats and become apart of the largest online guitar lessons forum.
Likewise, it's important for you to understand that within 7days of your purchase, still you don't think JamPlay deserves your $14.96 payment (with the 25% off coupon code) for limitless access to more than 5,000+ High-definition video guitar lessons, you can have 100% of your money back, no questions asked – there's no risk!
JamPlay Coupon Code 7A508817CB (Save 25%) on 1st month
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The best Jamplay Review coupon code gives you a savings of 25% OFF your first month membership fee (Savings you $4.99) Just click on the gold check out button below and insert coupon code 7A508817CB on the Signup page and pay only $14.96.


text:
Is Lana Del Rey scared to step out on stage? Conflicting stories have emerged about whether the pop sensation has cancelled a tour, with suggestions that she is "running scared" after a much panned appearance on US TV show, Saturday Night Live. The New York Post claimed a 30 date theatre tour was scrapped because management decided she wasn't ready, quoting an anonymous source who said she needed to "clear her head" and that "the extra time gives them more distance from SNL". Del Rey's representatives have responded that a Spring tour had neither been announced nor cancelled. Del Rey has been the object of furious internet attacks at a level almost unprecedented for a debut artist, with conspiracy theories abounding and accusations flying of all kinds of backroom industry machinations being behind her sudden rise. The demure chanteuse, however, is having the last laugh, with her album at number one in the UK, and number two in the US (where it is the best selling new entry this week). The truth that is gradually emerging from the smoke of accusation and obfuscation is that the singer, who previously recorded and performed under her real name Lizzy Grant, is a talented songwriter who has honed her distinctive musical style and visual identity with the aid of musical collaborators, management and record company. In other words, it's the music business as usual (see everyone from Bob Dylan to Lady Gaga).
The often very vicious attacks have not left her unaffected however. When I met her in New York in January, the day after she was mercilessly criticised for a faltering performance on SNL, her vulnerability was plain to see. "My publicist and my label, what their job is to do is to keep things small and easy for me," she told me. "Everything I do now is to ensure that the music has integrity, and that I am shown to be a good person. That is all I care about. Cause that is actually how I live my life and I didn't want people to think I was out doing terrible things. I just want to keep things manageable and small."
Clearly that is not going to happen, with her album set to become one of the year's biggest sellers. In January, she insisted to me that she did not want to play in venues larger than 900 people, and even suggested that while she would consider "a short, one month tour", she would prefer "a residency" in New York, while maintaining her voluntary work for alcohol and addiction charities. Her ideas were, frankly, unrealistic. Contemplating fame, she admitted, "I have no reference for what that life would be like," and expressed the conviction that she would still be able to walk the streets unmolested, because "I don't really look the way I look in my videos. No one's gonna say that's Lana Del Rey." Talking to her, I was struck very strongly by the sense that she was scared of what she had unleashed, and was, effectively, a victim of a pernicious new form of internet bullying. "I've always been influenced by the bully at the back of the class," she conceded. "That's always got to me." But it also appeared to me that she had the strength of mind and intelligence to overcome the attacks.
While a storm of controversy has raged around her, the people working with Del Rey have effectively adopted a wait-and-see attitude, convinced that with the release of her album, issues about her authenticity will abate, and that she will adjust to her new reality. Stardom in the 21st century can be a brutal business, and the accelerated pace with which people leap from obscurity to mega fame can be hard to come to terms with. Only last year Adele was similarly insisting that she did not want to play large venues, with the result that she could be seen performing in 2,000 capacity theatres whilst selling tens of millions of records. It was a field day for ticket touts, rather than her audience.
This latest Lana Del Rey controversy is just another in storm in an information vacuum. The plan, according to her representatives, is that she will continue promoting Born To Die and embark on a North America tour in October, presumably in venues that can accommodate her growing audience. Far from running scared, I think we will witness the young star growing in confidence, and growing into her role.


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The Attorney to Call First
Ashley L. Schiavone
The Attorney Atlanta Calls First
675 Ponce de Leon Ave NE # 223
Atlanta, GA 30308
- BA in English from Florida State University (graduated magna cum laude), (Tallahassee, Fl) 2004
- Juris Doctor of Law from Walter F. George School of Law (Macon, Georgia), 2008
- Admitted to the Georgia Bar in November, 2008
- Admitted to all Georgia courts, (State, Superior and Appellate courts including the Georgia Court of Appeals and the Georgia Supreme Court)
- Member of the American Bar Association
- Member of GACDL (Georgia Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers)
- Member of GAWL (Georgia Association of Women Lawyers)
- Member of NCDD (National College of DUI Defense)
- Completion of 24 hour DUI Detection & Standardized Field Sobriety Testing under the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration, 2009
- Completion of DUI Detection & Standardized Field Sobriety Instructor Course under the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2009
- Completion of the Bill Daniel's Trial Advocacy Program under GACDL (Georgia Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers), 2009
Law Firm
- After passing the Georgia Bar in 2008, Ashley was hired as an Associate Attorney at Head, Thomas, Webb and Willis, LLC (one of the leading DUI and traffic law firms in the country). 2008-2011.
- Opened up her private practice in Atlanta, Georgia, Schiavone Law, P.C., January 2012.
- Practices in criminal defense (misdemeanor and felony), traffic, DUI, uncontested divorce, and personal injury.
Honors and Awards
- Named one of "Atlanta's Finest 2014" Professionals by Creative Loafing and Proactive Resources.
- Named one of "Atlanta's Finest 2012" Professionals by Creative Loafing and Proactive Resources.
- See profile at www.avvo.com
- Defending DUI: Case Outline and Traffic Manual. http://www.iclega.org/defendingDUI/


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You are constantly growing. You are constantly changing! New ideas and experiences are happening to you every single moment, even this moment as you read this post.… Read more "Advice."
"Three centuries ago setting out to climb a mountain would have been considered an act of lunacy." ~ Willem Dafoe I'm not exactly sure why this thought… Read more "Healers."
Late Night Light.
Light is interesting. It helps us see. It cancels out the darkness. Light holds no secrets. The most fascinating thing I realized just now about light, light… Read more "Late Night Light."
Life's Journey.
Life is awesome, isn't it? Even when it has endings, there's a new beginning. So far this year, I have ended a job, I have ended a… Read more "Life's Journey."
Trying to keep it healthy!
It has been a busy day!! Had a Hungry Man dinner for lunch about 1:30. Okay, so that was not so healthy. And went to work at… Read more "Trying to keep it healthy!"
Fearfully And Wonderfully Made.
Last night I had a sleep study. I got to the appointment at 9:30p.m. And I was asleep by 10:30p.m. The nurse told me that two times… Read more "Fearfully And Wonderfully Made."
Missed Opportunities.
Not sure why this memory has been in my head since yesterday, but I guess it means I need to share it. Picture, if you will, the… Read more "Missed Opportunities."


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"Every Thing Will Be Fine" with Mistika at ARRI Mitte
World Première in Official Selection of the Berlin International Film Festival 2015
Wim Wenders' production company Neue Road Movies entrusted online artist Christian Tröger and SGO's Mistika at ARRI Mitte to complete the post production of "Every Thing Will Be Fine".
The film celebrates its World Première in the Official Selection at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival this week. It was produced by Gian-Piero Ringel with DoP Benoît Debie, and director of stereography, Joséphine Derobe. Director Wim Wenders was also nominated for three Oscar© Awards for Buena Vista Social Club, PINA and The Salt of the Earth.
Christian Tröger is a key member of the creative team at ARRI Mitte's state-of-the-art facility, in the heart of Berlin. He chose Mistika to perform the online, conform, depth grading, finishing and subtitling in the film. The solid relationship that exists between Neue Road Movies and the team at ARRI Mitte dates back to 2008, when they worked together on high-profile films such as Palermo Shooting, PINA, and most recently, all six episodes of Cathedrals of Culture.
"Mistika has established a successful track record which has made a lasting impression on our clients. The system played a central role in the post production of many complex film projects, and always served as the main hub for each department. Aware of how incredibly reliable and powerful the Mistika is from previous experience, it was great when Neue Road Movies approached us to do it all over again for "Every Thing Will Be Fine", notes Christian.
"Mistika was an asset at every stage of the project. It handled the native camera formats and was involved in overcoming challenges throughout the entire post process for the 2K-S3D delivery." Christian reflects. "Mistika's efficiency and speed enabled the team at ARRI Mitte to expediently execute the depth-grade at the same time as the colour grade, in two separate suites and dedicated artists. This also had a unifying effect by including the DoP, Director and Stereographer into the post production process and enabling the completion of the project's final stages to take place collaboratively."
Synergy of A Perfect Timeline in a Mistika-Centred Workflow
Christian briefly describes the harmonious workflow process at ARRI Mitte and how it helped to bring about a productive outcome, "Our Mistika-driven workflow ensured that the online and conform always led to a perfect stereo timeline which only ever required touching-up colour grading-wise, for the final look. The shared pipeline also catered for the VFX department that required perfectly aligned images for precise tracking and roto-scoping tasks. It meant that right from the start, the colorist's source files were adjusted and received directly from the Mistika timelines."
Christian adds further, "Step-by-step, the final depth-graded version took form within a 2K-framed scope 16bit file. Mistika perfectly stereo-matched the left and right eye images that were made at earlier stages of the two symbiotic grading sessions. The synergy between the colour and depth grading suites are now part of the standard procedure at ARRI Mitte, owing to Mistika's unique capabilities and polished toolset. We have a streamlined process in place here now which is a time-efficient way to work."
The Finer Details in Clever Subtitling Techniques
During two weeks of grading, the subtitle versions were then prepared over various shifts in a dedicated Mistika timeline created by using the DCI XMLs. Oscar award-winning director Wim Wenders and stereographer Josephine Derobe were eager to present the subtitled version of the film to the festival in a more creative way. They wanted the subtitles to appear outside of the film's frame. Although it is not a convenient design for distribution purposes, they knew it would work well for a première.
Christian explains how they designed it, "We conducted a few tests to set-up a scope picture inside a flat DCP, but with very low luminance and within the "letterbox" shape of the film frame itself." He continues, "Darkening the images helped to eliminate "ghosting" and we kept the image as clean as when it had first originally been shot by the DoP. I then finished the scope and continued working with the finals in the prepared subtitle environment, which retained all the metadata, leading to a flat derivative with subs. We then spent an additional session concentrating fully on defining the detailed depth of each sub for the final stereoscopic version. This formed the foundation template from which all of the other language versions were to proceed from later on."
Mistika's Interactivity Made "On-Demand Screening" a Breeze
Another great advantage of having Mistika on board was that both the director and stereographer could quite comfortably focus on their own specific areas at their own convenience. Mistika's immediacy, speed and real-time capacity, along with its batch render, played a crucial role in making this a reality.
"It literally took us a matter of minutes to combine their respective depth and colour grading work for prompt viewing on a big screen at our in-house theatre." Christian reveals. "We called them "On-Demand Screening Sessions" and they were designed to be delivered on impulse and as often as the client required for their visual ease which Mistika smoothly facilitated."
Christian expands, "It was a great opportunity for our clients to address and analyse various elements in the dedicated sessions, and always in regard of one another. They were able to see what a decision about contrasts in the colour-timing session would look like, for example, combined with a certain depth budget defined at the same time in the other suite. Another illustration was how the VFX and depth of a certain scene would come across with a different look, and so forth. This coefficient workflow was down to Mistika's flexibility and would not have been possible if the software was not able to connect openly with our existing technology and communication modes that most modern post facilities like ours comes with."
Stereographer Joséphine Derobe says, "As a stereographer, I have worked with a variety of companies in Europe that use Mistika. I believe in SGO's remarkable technology and admire its accuracy, versatility and beautiful toolset, that provides me with a plethora of options to choose from in order to deliver a truly great picture with sheen, even after filming has taken place."
Christian and the team at ARRI Mitte achieved exceptionally high quality results and met the tight deadlines and high-level demands with coordinated professionalism that an international feature film involves. Christian closes with the following statement, "As a Mistika operator, I have the confidence that I can deliver uncompromising image quality perfection of the highest standards to our clients – producers and creatives on all of our projects. I can therefore conclude by echoing this specific film title, that "Everything Was Absolutely Fine with Mistika at ARRI Mitte" and the production team was very pleased with the results."
"Every Thing Will Be Fine" is based on a script written by Bjørn Olaf Johannessen, which portrays a traumatised writer's life-changing struggle to make sense of what happened after accidentally running over and killing a child. It will be released in cinema theatres on 2nd April 2015.
Post Production System and Technology – SGO's Mistika
Post Production Facility – ARRI Mitte Berlin
Online Editor – Christian Troeger
Cast: James Franco, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Rachel McAdams, Marie-Josée Croze
Director: Wim Wenders
Script: Bjørn Olaf Johannessen
Producer: Gian-Piero Ringel
Director of Photography: Benoît Debie
Stereographer: Joséphine Derobe
Music: Alexandre Desplat
3D Producer: Erwin M. Schmidt
World Sales: HanWay Films
Release Date – 2 April 2015 distributed by Warner Bros.
Arri Film & TV Services Berlin GmbH, Auguststr. 48, 10119 Berlin , Phone +49 30 726267-150
Visit them at http://www.arrimitte.de/en/
SGO's official German Reseller.
Haferweg 26, DE-22769 Hamburg, Tel: +49 40 851507-0
Visit them at www.creativetools.de
Berlin based independent production company NEUE ROAD MOVIES was established in 2008 by director/producer Wim Wenders and producer Gian-Piero Ringel. The company is dedicated to working with innovative directors and focuses on international co-productions with a crossover potential. The producers in the company are Wim Wenders and Gian-Piero Ringel. They are supported by Martina Hedwig, Bernadette Kamp and Christine Rennert.
Contact: Neue Road Movies GmbH, Saarbrücker Straße 24, D-10405 Berlin, fon: +49 30 8145293 50; fax: +49 30 8145293 75
Visit them at www.neueroadmovies.com


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Flipping the classroom isn't just for those who are teaching in a physical classroom with their students right in front of them, Edudemic reports. Online learning presents its own unique set of challenges as it is, so flipping the online classroom might seem out of the question. But when you take a step back and look at it, it really is quite feasible! The handy infographic below (from the ever-useful Mia MacMeekin) takes a look at how you can flip your online classroom. She offers some great tips and tricks to get you started. Keep reading to learn more…
How to flip an online course
By staff and wire services reports
August 29th, 2013


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Set up needed positions when you don't yet know who you want to schedule but you know you will need a certain number of people to fill a position. Then, easily schedule people by selecting the needed position.
Add Needed Positions
From inside any plan, hover over add people then choose the Needed Positions option.
You can also add people by clicking the People tab in the sidebar, which will move your Teams to the center screen.
Once you select Needed Positions, add the number of people you'll need in each position. Select the team in the sidebar then indicate the number of people you will need for each position shown.
Only teams with at least one position will show in this window. If you need to edit teams or add more positions, select Teams in the yellow box at the top.
When you've added all the position, select Accept.
Schedule People
Using needed positions makes your scheduling easier: select the x person needed to add a person to that position.
These are the people you have assigned to your position. Check the box next to a name to select the person then select Accept to schedule them to your plan.
- Next to each person, you'll see any conflicts or scheduling preferences related to the times assigned to the current position. You can still schedule people that have a conflict, but it will warn you first.
- Yellow shows conflicts with other positions.
- Red shows blockout dates.
- Orange shows scheduling preferences to avoid, like if they have set to serve three times a month, and this would be their fourth time.
- Green shows household scheduling preferences, like if they have set to serve at the same time as another family member, and that other family member is already scheduled to the same date or plan.
- Hover over a person to see the details of their conflicts and preferences. Select edit preferences to change their preferences; however, each user can set these preferences from their profile.
- Each Team and Service Type has its own options for how to determine the last date a person is scheduled for. If you'd like to use a different date, choose from the dropdown.
- If this is not a Tag Team, add new people to this position using the bar at the bottom or remove people by hovering over them and clicking the red minus button.
- Filter this list of people to only show those who are available by clicking hide x people with conflicts. This setting will be saved until you click to show people with conflicts, so the next time you fill a needed position, people with conflicts will be hidden by default.
You can set up needed positions in your templates, so they are automatically added to new plans.


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About Xere Motel
Xere Motel is located in the Rakops Village in Botswana, along the Rakops-Maun road. Xere Motel offers eleven comfortably furnished en-suite thatched chalets. The units are air-conditioned and furnished with double beds and satellite TVs are provided. The motel also has a cocktail bar and an a la cart restaurant, and lunch and dinner are available on request. Conference facilities are also available for use.
When staying at the motel, guests can enjoy activities like fishing at the Boteti River, which flows through the village. Cultural activities and traditional dancing can be organized on request.
Xere Motel is a good stopover for guests on their way to the central Kalahari Game Reserve and also ideal for tourists who would like to visit Makgadikgadi Game Reserve. The Makgadikgadi Game Reserve incorporates Ntwetwe Pan, Makgadigadi Pans, Nxai Pan, Baines' Baobabs and Kudiakam Pan and visitors will have pay park fees at either the Xhumaga or Nxai Pan Game Scout Camp. Four-wheel drive is recommended throughout this area, throughout the year.
We have 4x4 vehicles providing game drives in the following tourist areas: Central Kalahari game Reserve, Nxai National Park, Makgadikgadi Game Reserve and Lekhubu Island.
The rates are for Package A; one night accommodation at Xere Motel and half day game drive per person at P1600. Package B is two nights' accommodation at Xere Motel and half day game drive per person to any of the above P2100. Package C is one night accommodation at Xere Motel and full day game drive per person to any of the above P1900. Package D is two nights' accommodation at Xere Motel and full day game drive per person to any of the above P2400.
Please note a trip should have a minimum of three people and a maximum of 10. The will be a discounted prices for accommodation for couples sharing a room.
- Response Rate: 100%
- Enquiry Response Time: 2 hours
- Type: Hotel
- Sleeps: 22
- Check-in: 1:00 PM Check-out: 10:00 AM
- Reviews: 12 Reviews
- Conference Venues
Languages Spoken
- English
Reviews for Xere Motel12 guest reviews Reviews of
3 out of 5 stars
Xere Motel Map
*Distances are shown as the crow flies and not necessarily the actual travelling


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Sunday, 30 October 2011
The Elves Christmas Garland - Christmas Tutorial no 11
You will need:
Felt - I used 8 squares of 9" x 9"
Embroidery thread or fabric paint
Scissors and Pinking Shears
Aqueous Marker Pen
Ribbon and/or hairy twine
Wool scraps
Knitting needles
Crochet hook
Sewing machine
Greaseproof paper
Access to baby clothes...
First you need to create a template for your mitten and sock... this is where your access to baby clothes is really helpful as you can trace around a baby's sock and mitten. Well OK, I suppose that you could also Google for a template but it really won't be quite as much fun!
Now the great thing with felt is that it has not warp or weft which means that you can place your template wheresoever you wish as there is no right way for the fabric to sit, however you cut it will always be right.
You will need to cut out 14 of each shape - I decided on green mittens and red socks.
Mark the letters out on each mitten or sock.* I used a simple chain stitch in white embroidery silk and for the snowflakes, a star stitch. You could use a stencil and fabric paints if you do not feel confident in your hand sewing skills and you can further decorate the socks and mittens with buttons, sequins and you might even want to consider using your glue gun and the table decoration snowflakes.
Pin the mittens and socks together and sew them together with a .5cm seam leaving the tops open. Using your pinking shears, trim around the socks and mittens and across the top to give your garland a decorative edge.
Now you need to decide if you are going to hang your garland from ribbon - I chose a cheery tartan ribbon - or if you want a more rustic look, use hairy or garden twine. Cut a piece of ribbon or twine that is long enough to loop over the ribbon or twine, now sew the across the top of the sock or mitten.
To make a really simple set of scarves, I used leftover scraps of Debbie Bliss Baby Cashmerino, a pair of size 3.75 needles. Casting on eight stitches, I worked a simple rib pattern, knit 1, purl 1 to the end of each row, to get the stripes, I worked four rows then changed colour and worked a further four rows and then back to the first colour. Continue to work until your mini-scarf measures 12" and then cast off the eight stitches.
Using short pieces of wool approximately 3" in length, put your crochet hook into the cast off stitches, loop the yarn around the hook and pull it through, leaving two tails behind, pull the the tails through your loop and now you have your fringe. When all the cast off stitches have been fringed, trim the fringe so that the fringing is of equal length.
Finally slip the mittens and gloves onto the ribbon or twine, remember to put it in the right order by starting from the back and work through to the front, I mean only an idiot would get that wrong (Ros looks embarrassed). You can now tie the scarves on at the beginning middle and end of your garland and find somewhere to hang it up for Christmas.
Now if this has whetted you appetite for all things crafty, get yourself over to the lovely Wendy's Handmade Monday which is now in its 40th week - wherever does the time go?
And finally if you would like me to make anything that you have seen on the blog, like the rag wreaths, scarves or garlands, please do not hesitate to drop me an e-mail.
21 comments:
- mcrafts said...
Ros you always come up with such gorgeous things to make! (I am loving your fireplace by the way.) Mich :)
- 30 October 2011 at 21:13
- Wendy said...
What a gorgeous cute project! I also love your fireplace. I'd have been tempted to make the garland in blue and white just to show off the fireplace! :-)
- 30 October 2011 at 21:18
- Jam Dalory said...
All your tutorials make things look incredibly simple. If I can find the time i'm going to have a go at this as it looks great. x
- 30 October 2011 at 21:31
- CHRISTMAS PIE CRAFTS said...
How lovely this looks - your tutorials are fantastic and I really look forward to each week's post.
- 30 October 2011 at 21:38
- Susie said...
I really like this, so easy and so cute. And now...I WISH I HAD A FIREPLACE! This is the first place I have lived without one in 30 years! Bah humbug. :( BTW are you not on Pinterest?
- 30 October 2011 at 21:45
- Polly Polkadot said...
Will the garland stay up until Christmas?! Good clear tutorial as always.
- 30 October 2011 at 21:58
- Kazies Magical Designs said...
what a lovely project and great tutorial xxx
- 30 October 2011 at 22:50
- itsamistry said...
What gorgeous project and what patience you have. Love the mini scarf that's just too cute.
- 30 October 2011 at 23:06
- Stephen said...
A very nice festive garland. If Santa sees it though, will he think it's the modern day version of stockings and fill every glove and sock with Christmas treats? Or is that what you are hoping for? :-D
- 30 October 2011 at 23:49
- Caroline Lovis (Redneedle) said...
Nothing more satisfying than a neat little pile of cut out felt shapes! I love the chain stitch detail, I've not done that since primary school. Great tutorial and I love the B/W photo to the left of your fireplace. (Nearly forgot looking forward to the crochet poppy)x
- 31 October 2011 at 10:01
- Emma Tustian said...
Would love to try this as an advent calendar...maybe next year! Although then I'd have to find somewhere to hang it.
- 31 October 2011 at 10:30
- Ali said...
What a great Christmas craft project - I just wish that a: there were more hours in the day so that I could fit in making one; b: I had a hearth to hang a garland on and c: I could sew!
Ali x
- 31 October 2011 at 13:06
- The Bathtime Team said...
I love this! I cannot seem to crack the sewing skill!
- 31 October 2011 at 13:14
- Fiona Maclachlan-Morris said...
Very, very cute and excellent instructions as usual.
- 31 October 2011 at 16:54
- Dr Sonia S V said...
What a gorgeous creation.
Cheers from Bangalore ,India
Dr Sonia S V
- 31 October 2011 at 17:02
- Planet Penny said...
Very sweet, love the fireplace!
- 31 October 2011 at 17:18
- Pickle Lily said...
Another fab creation - thank-you for sharing! Do you think these up throughout the year or are they all just swirling in the crative ether - you have so many good ideas!
Jo x
- 31 October 2011 at 18:08
- Picto said...
Really festive Ros, I may just have to do one for my grandson.
Jan x
- 31 October 2011 at 20:41
- Helen said...
I love your tutorials ros, keep them coming :)
- 31 October 2011 at 20:57
- Mrs A. said...
Such cute little socks and mittens. Thanks for the easy to understand tutorial. Hugs Mrs A.
- 31 October 2011 at 21:51
- Martha said...
what fab christmas creations! love the sewing and the interchanging colours! your picture makes me wanna hang my own decorations already!
well done!
im planning tiny socks and gloves as a decoration too!
- 1 November 2011 at 19:28


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Coating thickness gauges are used for the measurement of coatings on all metal surfaces whether for Powder coating or Painted finishes.
A lot of work we carry out requires testing of the coating thickness to achieve the correct standard or DFT (dry film thickness).
This is to ensure that metal is protected, or in the case of a shot blasting to cover the surface profile and build the correct protection for the substrate.
In some cases three to four coatings will be tested as the job progresses and a final overall test to ensure conformity.
Below are a number of examples of our work:


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WANTING: I want to go some place different and special this summer. I have a few ideas in mind. I just need to make a decision.
NEEDING: This month will go by so fast. I need to quickly figure out how I want to end the year. My problem tends to be I have so many ideas swirling around in my head. I just need to narrow them down!
SURPRISE: I love so many blogs it was hard to decide but Sandy from Kinder~Gardening is such a loyal follower. She leaves me the sweetest comments that make my day. Check out her blog. She has great ideas.