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Coach Dave Daubenmire
July 18, 2013
Warning: Harsh lanquage.
Tough words , eh?
Makes some of you weenies cringe, doesn't it?
Well, thank God something offends you. Now if only I can get you to be offended by the right stuff.
Please don't email me about my language or "harsh tone" or my "poor witness." You are like the Pharisees…straining at a gnat and swallowing a camel. Go whine to your pastor but please keep your "prideful sanctified thoughts" to yourself.
This commentary is for the tough talkers…the straight shooters…the knuckle-dragging dude who is sick and tired of being sodomized by the left. We have become sooo weak-minded that we won't even moan "stop" while they are sodomizing those we care about.
At least the homosexuals use Vaseline. Christians only whimper while the ones they love are assaulted. We are being sodomized by the left.
Stop right there. Let me paint a word picture in your mind. Actually, it wasn't something I wrote, but something that I read that turned up the steam in my spirit. See if it does anything to you. Here is a report of a recent assault in a local paper.
"Authorities say that the young child was sodomized before he was thrown into the water."
Ok, let that picture form in your grey-matter. Ready? Here is your question. Why didn't the report say that the young child had been raped? What did they mean by "sodomized?" Is being "sodomized" worse than being "raped?"
What image does your word-picture conjure up?
According to the dictionary sodomy is "anal or oral copulation with a member of the same sex." To be sodomized, however, is "to subject to an act of sodomy, especially forcibly."
Do you get the picture? America, more specifically God-fearing Christian Americans, have been sodomized by the Left. They have been forced, if you will, to submit to the involuntary violation of their conscience by forcing the acceptance of behaviors upon them in direct conflict with their will. They not only have been "raped" by the left, but even worse, they have had it crammed down our throats by government.
(Sorry for the pictures this writing is forming in your mind. I only wish you would get as animated over the act as you are over the thought of it.) They have sodomized your sons.
Although sodomy can be performed by heterosexuals it is usually an act that is associated with men. In many cultures it is a disgraceful, degrading attack on manhood. Sometimes it is voluntary, but being "sodomized" is the ultimate spitting on masculinity.
Ambassador Stevens was "sodomized" in Benghazi. It was a final assault on his manhood. In its most simple form sodomy is the act of counterfeiting the use of a man's body for what a woman's body was designed to do. In the final moment of Ambassador Steven's life they made a point to let him know he was only a woman to them.
It is nothing more than the de-masculization of men.
Manhood is being destroyed in America as American Christian male gets bullied. They no longer defend the virtue of their children.
Pardon the picture, but they just bend over and let the Left have their way with them.
Are you aware of what is happening in Maine? Do you know that Governor Paul LePage had the audacity to point out the violation of all things Christian? Listen to his statement here.
Gov. LePage spoke for Christians in a way that most Christians say wasn't very Christian. It is sad he had to do the pastors' job. Many pastors have criticized him for saying he refused to be violated without "Vaseline." (His words).
Governor LePage speaks like a man. We need more of it…more straight-talking.
Yesterday my friend Mike Heath publicly stood up for the Governor. Mike Heath still has his manhood intact. Heath writes regarding the Governor's words;
"Thunderstorms leave in their wake purified air. That was the effect the youtube video had on me. When I was done watching it I thought, "This guy just spoke for me in so many ways." The truth is like that. It purifies all it touches.
The most refreshing aspect of this incident is the Governor using sodomy in its proper context. It is a negative. It is ugly. It is force. And it is violent.
This act of sodomy, which is the black heart and soul of sexual orientation theory, used to be universally condemned. Now it provides the basis upon which the West grants special legal privileges and rights."
Atta Baby, Mike. Atta Baby, Governor LePage. I say shame on the pastors who wince at words and wink at reality. They get uncomfortable talking about sodomy while the nation is being destroyed. Where are the masculine, Godly men?
The Left is made up of the "God-haters"…that is what they are called in Romans 1:30…those intent on the removal of all things Sacred in this nation. Their assault upon the Christian-American male has left him impotent and silent.
Words are the weapons they have used, ridicule are the darts they have thrown, tolerance is the anesthesia they have applied, the courts are the brothels they have visited, and politicians are the johns they have hired.
The pulpits are pabulum puking, people pleasing, and passive resisters in this battle for Truth. If our pastors won't fight evil in this nation, who will? Who will speak for God? Oprah?
Please take a minute and look at yesterday's short video.
Can I tell you the truth? Most of the pastors hate my message. The hate what I stand for, they hate what I say, and they hate how I expose them. They hate my message more than they hate sodomy and sin.
They say submission is the truest trait of Christianity. They demand obedience and submission to the wrong things. I submit to Jesus, I follow His voice, and I obey His Words. I refuse to follow edicts that violate the laws of Nature and of Nature's God.
"Resistance to tyranny is obedience to God." Thomas Jefferson
Sodomy is the harshest form of tyranny. It is the final act in the subjugation of manhood. Man was made in the image of God. The Left wants to sodomize God. They want to make him impotent rather than omnipotent. He speaks through men. Shut up the voice of Godly men and you silence the voice of God.
Our churches have produced Spiritual orphans. The landscape is splattered with the bodies of those who have been left on the doorstep of the world. Because they wouldn't comply and fall in line like little wooden soldiers to the demands and commands of man-centered Christianity they have been pushed to the streets where their cries for "justice" have gone unheeded.
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Manhood is not welcome in America any more. It has been expelled from the school house, the church house, and the family house. The sodomization by the Left is almost complete. The Left promotes their right to sodomy harder than Christians promote Christ.
"Ye adulterers and adulteresses, know ye not that the friendship of the world is enmity with God? whosoever therefore will be a friend of the world is the enemy of God." -James 4:4
Silence is approval. Not to act is to act. Submission is surrender. The pulpits are waving the white flag as they submit to the emasculation of the Christian male.
"Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them."
Bend over boys. Join the herd. It will feel better in the long run.
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� 2013 Dave Daubenmire - All Rights Reserved


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We have all seen aficionados with their noses in glasses; their arms extended admiring the drink; however it was never clear what they were doing exactly. Can't they just drink the cognac to see if it tastes good? Well, clearly there is more to cognac tasting. To successfully taste Cognac, you should keep the following steps in mind.
- First thing first, a good tasting glass. It is important that the glass be tulip shaped and medium size.
- Once you have the perfect glass, you will need just a small amount of Cognac, a mere 15ml will do.
- No don't drink it yet!! First you need to cup the bowl part of the glass with your hand in order to warm the cognac. Five to seven minutes will be enough. By warming it, the aromas are released for the smelling of the cognac. Don't use any type of fire or heating that is not palm warming.
- Now comes the "Eye": Extend your arm and hold the cognac to a light to see the clarity or any sediment in the liquid. A good cognac should be clear through and through with no sediments.
- Gently swirl the cognac against the sides of the glass. If there are "tears" or "legs" at the side of the glass, this means that it aged properly.
- Secondly the "Nose": This part depends on your own smelling ability; just try a few distances till you discover the scents of vanilla, nuts, flowers and caramel. Sticking your nose all the way into the glass is not necessary and the high alcohol presence will probably ruin your nose.
- And lastly, the "Palate": This is when you finally taste the cognac. You are not doing shots, so take small sips and let it coat your mouth and tongue. Let the cognac come in contact with the different taste sensors on your tongue. At the tip for sweetness, at the back for bitterness and at the sides for saltiness and sourness. The different flavors that you can detect are:
Fruity flavors indicate that the cognac is young. The fruits that you can recognize
are raisins, apricots, oranges, lemons, apples and peaches.
The middle aged cognacs usually have certain hints of flowers, either in the nose or the palate. Types of flowers that you can detect are roses, clover and/or honey. Small selections of Cognacs have notes of lavender.
Older cognacs, more precisely older then twenty years, have flavors of spices such as nutmeg, cinnamon, coffee and ginger.
The tasting of cognac is not something that you can master after only one try. However, keep in mind that cognac has a high alcohol level, so know your limit. Head over to Licores Maduro The Store and get the best brands of Cognac. Remember practice makes perfect!!

subset: commoncrawl


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Assistant Professor
Department of Medicine
Karima Addetia's clinical interests include various forms of echocardiography, including transthoracic, exercise and non-exercise stress, trans-esophageal and 3-D, as well as etic resonance.
Her research has been published in the Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, and the European Heart Journal–Cardiovascular Imaging.
Addetia received her MD from Memorial University of Newfoundland, where she also completed a residency and fellowship in internal medicine. She also completed fellowships in level III echocardiography and cardiology at McGill University, and in level III cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging and advanced multimodality clinical research imaging at the University of Chicago.


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Cameron: Labor Day, the real New Year's
Labor Day is one of the best holidays, coming, as it does, with nice weather and a long weekend. There is, however, a strum of anxiety that crosses this day. We sense the last call of summer and we want to order one more round of fun before the house lights come up and we are forced to look at our lives in a way that summer's warm intoxication allowed us to deny.
I love Labor Day. It's not just because this day requires no special shopping, decorating or cooking. I love Labor Day because it is all about change and beginnings.
My love of this day is woven of deeply personal threads that defined my early life.
The first, of course, is the true nature of this day. I grew up in a union family, city and state. Our family could mark time with labor movement milestones the way other families used births or anniversaries. We might not remember where my niece was born, but we all remember that my sister went into labor while my brother-in-law walked the furious picket line that led to Pittsburgh's teachers union. In a family that made corrugated paper, steel and glass, Labor Day was taken seriously.
And then there is the cultural thread. Labor Day is the real start to our year. For at least 12 years, most of us started life over in early September.
That sense of new beginning came from years of gearing up for back to school. It's practically cellular to shop school supplies and new clothes even if your last class was 30 years ago. This week we want to buy new pens and paper and notebooks and maybe knee socks and a red plaid shirt.
This time of year motivates us to crave inner and outer changes. September is the time to not only promise yourself a new exercise program, but to start it. It's light out after work and not too cold. And September is so much better than January for changing how you eat. You are coming off a summer of fresh foods and you're not bloated by a month of holiday treats and booze.
Then Labor Day kicks off a season of learning. Don't you feel that pull to study something new? To take a class or workshop?
This is the perfect time to say yes to the book club and to reach for books that will make you stretch. Now, as adults, we can buy our new pencils and circle all the classes we fantasize about in the continuing education catalogs flooding our mailboxes. Labor Day adds just that tiny push to say, "Go ahead, try..." But are you hesitating to sign up for the class at the computer store or the vegan-cooking workshop?
I've just learned a subtle way to move through that hesitation. A friend gave me a magic word that helps to keep the door to willingness open. The magic word is yet You use it like this: Any time you hear yourself resisting or avoiding something, you add "yet" at the end of your sentence.
For example, "I can't figure out how to use my new phone ... yet." Or "I'm no good with languages ... yet." or "I don't like to cook ... yet." Pick your favorite fear, and add "yet."
It works for internal challenges as well. Consider, "I just can't get along with that person ... yet." Each of these "yets" leaves just enough room for you to shift to how rather than whether you will learn to use your new phone, or stream movies or get along with your ex's new wife. Yet is the bridge to change.
So if you sit quietly this morning you'll hear the soft bell beginning to sound. It's coming from inside you signaling a new year and we're glad for it.The trees show us how it's done. Shed the old layers; try some new colors.
It's Labor Day. Happy New Year!
Diane Cameron is a Capital Region writer. Her email address is firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Meet international change makers, local heroes and influential people from different industries. The Leadership Network meets six times a year – including at the Rebuild21 conference. The 2012/2013 schedule is:
21st Century Leadership Skills: October 4, 2012 09.00-13.00
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Summer party & Academy Graduation: Wednesday, June 12, 2013 09.00-17.00
Apply for membership of the Leadership Network. The Leadership Network accepts members by invitation only! This to ensure we get a unique mix of passionate, influential and capable individuals.
More questions please see contact Managing Partner, Sofus Midtgaard: firstname.lastname@example.com or +45 30 220 111 for more information.


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Once again the bizarre convergence of Halloween and the beginning of the NBA Season are upon us and once again, both are set to be absolutely bonkers. Halloween is of course on Friday this year which guarantees ridiculous shenanigans; the NBA season has no clear favorite for the first time in four seasons because LeBron James improbably reversed "the decision" and even more improbably became one of the first athletes in history to return to Cleveland voluntarily! Do not discount this as being important, it has never happened before.
If only the Halloween similarities ended there…but they do not. Many athletes will appear as if they are in costumes as they play their first games with their new teams. These "costumed" athletes include (but are not limited to): Kevin Love – Cleveland; Lance Stephenson – Charlotte; and, in the most ridiculous looking uniform swap ever, Paul Pierce on the Washington Wizards (maybe the most bizarre guy in a new spot ever).
A few teams are also looking rather terrifying going in to the new season, and a few are terrified for other reasons entirely…
Looking Terrified: OKC (have to play without Durant for at least ¼ of the season which means we get to see Russell Westbrook go off); LA Lakers (Kobe is going to jack between forty and forty-five shots per game, if there is a joke here I am not seeing it); Indiana (no PG-13 = horrific offense and an almost certain trip to the lottery! Yah!); Philly / Orlando / Milwaukee / Utah (none of these teams is good, none of these teams is good at all); Miami (no LeBron to save the day, probably okay, but the safety net is forever gone); Houston (A lot of pressure, and Dwight Howard probably could care less); New Jersey / Brooklynn (older and not as good and they no longer have Jason Kidd as their coach, which may be a blessing in disguise)
Looking Terrifying: San Antonio (they bring everyone back, albeit, a slightly older everyone); LA Clippers (They have a top five Coach in Doc Rivers, a PG with everything to prove in Chris Paul and an emerging MVP candidate in Blake Griffen – what else does a contender need?); Golden State (They have two star guards and will be running and gunning, expect epic offensive outputs); Chicago (Rose. Is. Healthy. Maybe.); New Orleans (New Orleans?!? Ever heard of the third best player in the league…Anthony Davis?); Sacremento (Amazingly, DeMarcus Cousins and Rudy Gay may lead a team to the playoffs); Toronto (A playoff lock, and with one of the best backcourts in the league as well as an emerging center); Cleveland (Let's count the reasons, shall we? – 1) Kevin Love will be shooting wide open shots. 2) Kyrie Irving is a pretty decent third best player on a Championship team. 3) David Blatt may be the right coach for this team. 4) LeBron James, the world's best player has returned home and is determined to win a Title for his team. In preparing he has lost weight, added more post moves and now no longer has to handle the ball if he does not want to. He will be literally unstoppable in the paint, where he will be getting the ball, and is surrounded by the best collection of shooters he has ever had around him. At this point he is an unkillable bad guy headed for the cinema hall of fame and numerous title worthy sequels. He is Freddy Krueger or Jason and he is ready to feast on completely unprepared teenagers. It does not seem like the league has fully comprehended this yet, as they are still hiding in their cabins hoping they get passed by without losing their heads. The only thing that can slow LeBron down at this point is a chainsaw…not unlike those movie villains of yore.)
The MVP will probably be: LeBron James
The Champion will be: Cleveland, Chicago, San Antonio, OKC or LA Clippers
Without picking five teams, who will be the Champion: (deep breath) the Cleveland Cavaliers for the simple reason that LeBron is going to lift that team to crazy heights…and the fact that he will now have Kyrie Irving and Kevin Love on his team shooting open shots. No one can double team anyone on the Cavs and LeBron will feast upon soft defenses. Never bet against the greatest player in the world, especially when he is a man on a mission…and not just to lose weight.
The Cavs?!? (yes, I just wrote that) will win the 2015 NBA Title.


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Project 1007 is now on her way to Makkum to enter the final phases of construction; however, thanks to our sources at Dutch Yachting, we've been given an early glimpse into the project.
With Michael Leach Design attached as exterior designer, this distinctively styled superyacht uses flowing lines to merge seamlessly with the superstructure and create a cohesive profile spanning a speculative 110m.
Feadship's largest yacht project to date, 1007 is primed to sit amongst the upper echelons of the future Top 100 and will surely turn heads upon her official launch slated for 2017/18.
This is a project still shrouded in secrecy, however we look forward to bringing you more details surrounding 1007 as and when they emerge.


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- Research article
- Open Access
Prioritization of gene regulatory interactions from large-scale modules in yeast
- Ho-Joon Lee1Email author,
- Thomas Manke1Email author,
- Ricardo Bringas2 and
- Martin Vingron1
© Lee et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008
- Received: 09 May 2007
- Accepted: 22 January 2008
- Published: 22 January 2008
The identification of groups of co-regulated genes and their transcription factors, called transcriptional modules, has been a focus of many studies about biological systems. While methods have been developed to derive numerous modules from genome-wide data, individual links between regulatory proteins and target genes still need experimental verification. In this work, we aim to prioritize regulator-target links within transcriptional modules based on three types of large-scale data sources.
Starting with putative transcriptional modules from ChIP-chip data, we first derive modules in which target genes show both expression and function coherence. The most reliable regulatory links between transcription factors and target genes are established by identifying intersection of target genes in coherent modules for each enriched functional category. Using a combination of genome-wide yeast data in normal growth conditions and two different reference datasets, we show that our method predicts regulatory interactions with significantly higher predictive power than ChIP-chip binding data alone. A comparison with results from other studies highlights that our approach provides a reliable and complementary set of regulatory interactions. Based on our results, we can also identify functionally interacting target genes, for instance, a group of co-regulated proteins related to cell wall synthesis. Furthermore, we report novel conserved binding sites of a glycoprotein-encoding gene, CIS3, regulated by Swi6-Swi4 and Ndd1-Fkh2-Mcm1 complexes.
We provide a simple method to prioritize individual TF-gene interactions from large-scale transcriptional modules. In comparison with other published works, we predict a complementary set of regulatory interactions which yields a similar or higher prediction accuracy at the expense of sensitivity. Therefore, our method can serve as an alternative approach to prioritization for further experimental studies.
- Positive Predictive Value
- Functional Intersection
- Transcriptional Module
- Coherent Module
- High Positive Predictive Value
There have been many studies about groups of genes and their transcription factors (TFs), called transcriptional modules, by integrating heterogeneous data sources such as chromatin immunoprecipitation on microarray (ChIP-chip), gene expression data and cis-regulatory motifs [1–8]. ChIP-chip data alone do not possess functional regulatory information and gene expression data alone do not contain physical binding information. Data integration tries to compensate for such limitations of a single type of data source alone. This process can often generate more complete biological hypotheses than those from each data source separately. A particularly important issue in biology is to discriminate regulatory binding of TFs from mere physical binding events. One way to tackle this problem is to integrate functional data such as gene expression with physical binding data such as ChIP-chip [1, 9].
Modules are believed to be a fundamental organizational unit of cellular networks [10, 11]. Transcriptional modules are one type of such modules related to gene regulatory networks of TFs and target genes. The computational studies mentioned above aimed at the identification of such modules as independent or inter-connected functional units in regulatory networks. Experimentalists face the challenge to verify predicted modules in their functional contexts at the level of all individual links. This is currently impossible as the number of regulatory links in modules predicted from large-scale data analysis is in the order of thousands. In this work, we aim to prioritize regulatory interactions in transcriptional modules as an attempt to overcome this issue.
Our method is applied to ChIP-chip data by Lee et al. [13], gene expression data by Spellman et al. [14], and MIPS functional category data [15]. We evaluate our method in terms of the number of true functional links between TFs and target genes among our predictions with respect to two reference datasets (one from literature and the other from conserved binding motifs). We also compare our method with two previous algorithms, GRAM [1] and MA-Networker [9], which integrated two of our data sources, ChIP-chip and gene expression data. Finally, we investigate our predictions in more detail and focus on those predicted TF-gene pairs whose expression profiles are highly correlated with each other. This further enables us to suggest functional interaction among gene products and novel conserved binding sites for those pairs.
Putative transcriptional modules
We generated a total of 584 putative transcriptional modules (PTMs) by taking all non-empty subsets of 106 TFs from ChIP-chip data by Lee et al. with a binding p-value threshold 0.001 (see Methods; Step1 in Figure 1). We imposed a constraint of the minimum number of target genes in all modules being 5 for the purpose of statistical assessment in our subsequent analysis. The list of PTMs was examined in subsequent analysis by incorporating gene expression and functional annotation data.
Prioritization of TF-gene functional links from coherent modules
Comparison of performance measures. For evaluation of our method, we compared our predicted TF-gene functional pairs (fourth column in bold, 'Our_final') with ChIP-chip results with annotated genes only (first column, 'ChIP-chip'), two prescription steps of our method (second and third columns, 'CM' and 'FI_TM'), and two other previous algorithms (fifth and sixth columns, 'GRAM' and 'MA-Networker'). Two performance measures were calculated, PPV and SNST for two reference datasets (see Methods). CM = all TF-gene pairs from coherent modules; FI_TM = TF-gene pairs from functional intersection among the initial putative transcriptional modules from ChIP-chip; lit = literature reference; con_mot = conserved motif reference; N_pairs = number of TF-gene pairs; N_genes = number of genes in the pairs; N_TFs = number of TFs in the pairs. Further comparison analysis is performed in Additional file 1. See the main text for details.
PPV (%)(lit; con_mot)
4.6; 32.7
6.0; 35.8
18.2; 24.5
13.6; 48
6.3; 24.6
6.5; 38.6
SNST (%)(lit; con_mot)
13.7; 40.2
4.2; 10.5
1.7; 0.9
2.0; 2.9
7.9; 12.8
6.9; 16.8
We also investigated whether coherent modules themselves or functional intersection alone could have given us better performance than our combined strategy (see Methods). First, taking all pairs in coherent modules without functional intersection does not yield higher PPVs at the expense of SNSTs for both reference sets (column 'CM' in Table 1), indicating that functional intersection is an important step. Second, we took TF-gene pairs from functional intersection of the initial PTMs from the ChIP-chip data (584 modules in total) without applying the expression coherence test. This functional intersection from the initial PTMs yields higher PPV than our predictions (18.2% vs. 13.6%) for the literature reference but lower PPV than ours (24.5% vs. 48%) for the conserved motif reference (column 'FI_TM' in Table 1). This suggests that functional intersection is the key to good performance with respect to literature. However, using conserved motifs as a reference, the PPV (24.5% after functional intersection) is lower than the PPVs from either the ChIP-chip results alone (32.7%) or coherent modules above (35.8%) (see Table 1). On the other hand, the SNSTs after this functional intersection are lower than our predictions for both reference sets (Table 1). Therefore, the combination of both prescriptions is important for detecting regulatory signals from ChIP-chip data. Further support for validation of our method is presented in Additional file 1.
Comparison with other methods
The performance of our validated method was compared with results from two previous algorithms, GRAM [1] and MA-Networker [9], using the literature and conserved motif references. Both studies used the same ChIP-chip data by Lee et al. and different expression datasets which they combined from diverse publications (see Methods). We used the published results in their original papers for comparison. The GRAM algorithm predicted 1518 TF-gene pairs (in rich media condition) and the MA-Networker 1272 pairs. 66 pairs from GRAM and 67 pairs from MA-Networker overlap with our 177 pairs and 39 pairs were predicted by all the three algorithms (see Additional file 3; 469 pairs overlap in GRAM and MA-Networker). We observe that our method has higher PPV than the two methods and lower in SNSTs for both reference sets (columns 'GRAM' and 'MA-Networker' in Table 1). On the other hand, the two overlaps of 66 pairs and 67 pairs with the two algorithms give rise to yet higher PPVs with respect to the literature reference: 27% and 18% respectively. For the conserved motif reference case, the overlaps yield 50% and 45% PPVs respectively, which are similar to our performance of 48%. Of the 39 pairs predicted by all three algorithms, 10 pairs are found in the literature reference and 16 pairs in the conserved motif reference (25% and 41% PPVs respectively).
To illustrate the generic applicability of our approach, which does not depend on our definition of modules, we applied the functional intersection to the 106 final modules of the GRAM algorithm. This may be considered as analogous to our expression coherent modules in the absence of incorporation of functional annotation data. Then, PPVs were calculated and compared with those of their final modules for the two reference sets. The functional intersection yielded 23 pairs between 13 TFs and 9 genes (i.e., coherent linker genes) with higher PPVs than their own modules; 43.5% and 30.4% for the literature and conserved motif reference sets respectively (as compared with 6.3% and 24.6% in row 'PPV' and column 'GRAM' in Table 1). This illustrates that our approach of functional intersection may be applied to any set of modules identified in other works to yield more reliable regulatory links.
Finally, we present results of an additional comparison with a recent module prediction study by Lemmens et al. [7]. Their work integrated three types of data sources (ChIP-chip, gene expression, and conserved motifs), rather than two as in GRAM and MA-Networker. By applying our method to the same ChIP-chip and gene expression data [14, 16] as in their study, we predicted 108 regulatory interactions and yielded 14.8% PPV with respect to the literature reference. For a comparison, we used their "seed modules" which contain 134 TF-gene interactions, a comparable number of predictions to ours. Their 134 predictions yielded 12.9% PPV with respect to the literature reference we used. Although the prediction accuracies are similar, there is only little overlap between the predicted sets of regulatory interactions (9 interactions in common, 3 of them are found in the literature reference). See Additional file 1 for more details on this comparison with Lemmens et al.
We now continue with detailed inspections of some of our systematic results shown in Figure 2. It is well-known that activity profiles of TF proteins are not necessarily reflected in expression profiles of the corresponding genes because of post-transcriptional and post-translational regulations of TFs [17]. We took, however, any such correlation as an additional indicator of a functional relationship among our predictions and aimed at identifying all TF-target pairs with high correlation for detailed analysis. To this end, we calculated Pearson coefficients for our predicted TF-gene pairs and compared them with a background distribution of Pearson coefficients for all pairs between ~200 TFs of Harbison et al. [16] and all other genes. By taking those observed pairs whose coefficients fall within 5% of both tails from the distribution of all the coefficients (the two thresholds being 0.661 and -0.628), we obtained a list of 46 highly correlated pairs between 13 TFs and 27 target genes: 33 positively and 13 negatively correlated pairs (Figure 2). In the following we restricted ourselves to some of these more specific TF-gene pairs.
Functionally interacting proteins
As an application from our functional TF-gene predictions, the 46 pairs with high expression correlation can provide a basis for identifying functional interactions of proteins. We hypothesize that those target genes regulated by the same TF(s) with high expression correlation have related roles in more specific biological processes than those encapsulated by the 3rd level MIPS category. In Figure 2, we observe that some groups of genes are highly correlated with their common TFs. They include known examples such as the associations between Hir2 and the six histone genes [18], and the known role of Ino4 in the regulation of FAS1 and FAS2 [19].
As another such group of genes, our method yielded a group of 5 genes, KRE6, EXG1, SCW4, PSA1 and HXK2, which are highly correlated with their common regulator Swi6 (Figure 2). All these genes share a high-level annotation of 'C-compound and carbohydrate metabolism'. There is no literature evidence for the transcriptional regulation by Swi6, but all genes were found to have binding sites of Swi6 conserved in at least one other yeast species [16]. Previous experimental studies show that 4 out of the 5 gene products, Kre6, Exg1, Scw4 and Psa1, are related to the cell wall synthesis and that cell wall genes are controlled by cell cycle progression where Swi6 has a regulatory role [20, 21]. The 4 proteins are specifically implicated in synthesis of either glucose chains (glucans) or mannose-bound proteins (mannoproteins) which are two main inter-connected components of the cell wall.
The remaining protein, Hxk2 (hexokinase 2), is known to be a major upstream regulator of the glucose signalling pathway, which also impedes on cell wall genes. Specifically, a glucan synthase subunit, Gsc2, is regulated by Hxk2 via Snf1 and Mig1 [20, 22]. Hence, it is possible that Hxk2 is functionally related to the 4 other gene products through glucose regulation and utilization for glucan synthesis. Glucose signalling is also known to act downstream on the cell-cycle, although the precise mechanisms are not yet fully understood [23]. Our result may suggest a possible feedback onto glucose regulation through the regulatory interaction of Swi6 with HXK2.
Conserved binding sites for three regulators of CIS3
We predicted two target genes CIS3 and UTH1 regulated by three TFs, Swi6, Fkh2 and Ndd1. The expression profile of CIS3 (glycoprotein-encoding gene in cell wall) is highly correlated with all those three TFs (Pearson coefficients are 0.856, 0.801 and 0.765, respectively), which additionally supports functional regulation of the gene by the three TFs. On the other hand, UTH1 is not well correlated with the TFs (Pearson coefficients are between -0.1 and 0.3), hence we do not postulate a functional interaction between CIS3 and UTH1, in contrast to the analysis in the previous subsection. While conserved binding sites for all the three TFs were found upstream of UTH1, Harbison et al. [16] did not identify any conserved binding sites upstream of CIS3.
It is worth noting that Ndd1-Fkh2 interactions have been suggested to be important in regulating G2/M-specific genes in cell cycle together with the MADS box protein, Mcm1, forming a permanent protein-DNA complex [26]. In fact, the position specific frequency matrix of Ndd1 from the study of Harbison et al. is very similar to that of Mcm1, so we were able to detect a binding site overlapping with that of Mcm1 (Figure 3). This indicates that Ndd1 could act as a functional co-factor, which cannot be distinguished from Mcm1 in ChIP-chip assays and motif scans. Similarly, Swi6 is known to have a regulatory function forming SBF or MBF complexes with Swi4 or Mbp1 respectively [27]. We found a binding site of Swi4 overlapping with the binding site of Swi6 (Figure 3). As before, it may not be possible to differentiate between the binding properties of these two factors. These inspections show that our method correctly predicted TFs which have a regulatory function among the components of the TF complexes, even though the regulatory relationship may be indirect. Taken together, this detailed investigation highly supports our prediction of the functional regulatory links between CIS3 and the three TFs.
Modular organization has been proposed as a fundamental principle in cellular systems and many computational algorithms have been developed to identify such modules. In particular, transcriptional modules have been extensively investigated using genome-wide data sources in yeast. It is practically impossible to verify all regulatory links identified in those modules in a single laboratory. As an attempt to overcome this problem, we developed a simple 3-step method to prioritize regulatory links in modules using three types of data sources (Figure 1). First, we defined putative transcriptional modules based on genome-wide binding data from ChIP-chip. We then identified coherent modules using gene expression data and functional annotation data. Finally, and in contrast to other works, we focused on coherent linker genes which appear in several coherent modules by way of functional intersection. These genes and their regulators from coherent modules resulted in a list of 177 regulatory interactions which have a high level of support and serve as reliable candidates for further experimental validation.
Our analysis showed that the proposed approach increased the positive predictive value (PPV) when compared with two previously published results by Bar-Joseph et al. and Gao et al., at the expense of sensitivity. This should be expected considering the fact that we integrated one additional data source of functional annotation with the two data sources of ChIP-chip and gene expression which the other two algorithms used for their predictions. One point to make, however, is that while we utilized functional annotation data for the purpose of prediction, they used annotation data for validation of their prediction. Note also that because the validation using annotation data involves over-representation or enrichment of genes in sets of genes, it cannot serve for validation of all predicted functional target genes. In addition, while those works utilized gene expression data to derive coherent modules from ChIP-chip binding data, their published work did not focus on individual regulatory interactions. Their predicted interactions are simply all members of statistically predicted modules themselves. In contrast, our predictions do not exclusively aim at modules, but individual regulatory interactions, which we obtained by means of functional intersection. By this prioritization approach we purposefully predicted less functional associations (less sensitivity), but doubled PPV with respect to the literature reference (13.6% vs. 6–7%). Although this validates our approach, it may illustrate a limitation of the literature reference which covers only a fraction of all experimentally verified genes to date. Because of this limitation we also compared the different methods with respect to a more comprehensive reference set of predicted regulatory interactions. These predicted interactions are based on updated ChIP-chip data and sequence conservation across other yeast species. We took them as an indication for functional interactions. Using this reference set, we achieved 48% as compared to 25–39% from the two other works. We stress that all methods compared here have their own specific aims and merits although they share the overall goal to derive functional interactions from physical interactions (as provided by ChIP-chip). A conservative strategy to identify functional interactions, would combine the results from multiple algorithms. We provide our results of such analysis in Additional file 1.
Using the updated ChIP-chip dataset by Harbison et al. [16] also enabled us to compare our approach with a recent algorithm (ReMoDiscovery) by Lemmens et al. [7]. Their algorithm is similar in spirit to the GRAM algorithm but integrates three types of data sources (ChIP-chip, gene expression, and conserved motifs) in a concurrent way. This is different from our sequential approach, but yielded similar prediction accuracy. Yet, in terms of predicted regulatory interactions, there was only little overlap with our results, indicating the complementarity of these two methods.
In general, it is difficult to directly compare the performance of different algorithms which are designed for different purposes. Our comparison of published results highlights the fact that different approaches have so far been used with different aims and yield different trade-offs between specificities and sensitivities. A more comprehensive evaluation study would require re-running different algorithms in different regions of parameter space. Notice though that in this work we did not vary p-value thresholds of ChIP-chip results to adjust PPV or sensitivity as was done by Bar-Joseph et al. [1], for instance.
Another strategy to improve all methods is to incorporate activity profiles of TFs (i.e., protein concentrations). Experimental data of protein concentrations are currently lacking and using mRNA expression profiles of TF-encoding genes is not promising because of weak correlation as we discussed earlier [17]. Also notice that the computational effort to infer activity profiles of TFs, as attempted by the MA-Networker algorithm, did not result in better performance than our simpler approach. Here we focus on TF-gene pairs with high expression correlation (coloured edges in Fig. 2) only for the purpose of a detailed analysis, but not as part of the systematic study.
Specifically, we suggested 5 functionally interacting proteins in cell wall formation and a possible feedback regulation of glucose utilization through Swi6. We also predicted that the glycoprotein-encoding gene CIS3 is regulated by three cell-cycle regulators, Swi6, Ndd1 and Fkh2. In addition, our detailed analysis revealed that the conserved binding sites of the three factors are located very close to each other. We further identified binding sites of Swi4 and Mcm1 which overlap with those of Swi6 and Ndd1 respectively, suggesting formation of two complexes, Swi6-Swi4 (SBF) and Ndd1-Fkh2-Mcm1. The two complexes may interact with each other through Fkh2 on the basis of the identified binding sites. On the other hand, a previous study on cell cycle by the Young laboratory identified CIS3 as a target of two cell cycle activators, the SBF complex and Fkh2, but not as a target of the Ndd1-Fkh2-Mcm1 complex. See Table 1 in [28]. Hence, our results suggest a new regulatory link between the Ndd1-Fkh2-Mcm1 complex and CIS3. It might also be the case that Fkh2 recruits either the SBF complex or the two other components of the Ndd1-Fkh2-Mcm1 complex according to distinct cell-cycle phases.
By the design of functional intersection, our predictions suggest multiple transcription factors for each gene. This could be taken as a sign of combinatorial regulation. We would like to caution, however, that the inference of combinatorial regulation requires further analysis, such as the vicinity of binding sites, as in the example of CIS3, or a clear indication that the combination of factors is required for synergistic expression [29]. Our predicted list of multiple transcription factors did not result from such an analysis since we did not pursue the issue in this work.
Here we proposed a simple method to obtain functional regulatory interactions from physical interactions (e.g. from ChIP-chip data). To this end, we utilized gene expression and functional annotation data which helped to refine transcriptional modules and identify coherent linker genes for prioritization. We demonstrated that our method is able to increase the fraction of functional interactions with respect to two reference datasets and complementary to other existing methods. Finally, we suggested several novel individual interactions for further mechanistic analysis and experimental validation.
Data sources
ChIP-chip data
We used genome-wide ChIP-chip data of the laboratory of Richard Young [13]. They experimented 106 TFs in rich media conditions. We used a binding p-value threshold 0.001 as suggested in their paper to define putative functional target genes. They provided a data matrix where each intergenic region assayed is assigned to a downstream neighbouring gene. From this matrix, a set of potential target genes for each of the 106 TFs can be identified with the p-value threshold. Although this original dataset has been supplemented by new data with more TFs and conditions [16], we apply our method to the older data to compare our results with other methods which also used the same data of Lee et al. [13].
Gene expression data
It is biologically important to have independent experimental datasets in which cellular conditions are comparable if one tries to integrate them for analysis. Therefore, we selected gene expression data in view of the experimental conditions of the ChIP-chip data we used in this study. Only gene expression experiments were extensively done in many diverse conditions on a genome-wide scale. ChIP-chip experiments by Lee et al. [13] were conducted under normal growth conditions in rich media and so we focused on elutriation conditions (size-based synchronization) in expression data by Spellman et al. (1998). Two other methods they used for the synchronization of cell cycle were involved with alpha-factor pheromone treatment and temperature-sensitive cdc15 mutation, which introduced characteristic artifacts of mating and heat shock respectively [14]. Those artefacts are not expected in the conditions of the ChIP-chip assays. Therefore, we used the elutriation data as the experiment was not involved with such artifacts. The data consist of 14 time points taken every 30 minutes for 6.5 hours.
Functional annotation data
We used the functional categories provided by the Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences [MIPS, [15]] upto the 3rd level of the category hierarchy (classification version 2.0). More detailed annotations were pruned at the 3rd level, resulting in about 200 categories examined in total. They contain upto ~750 proteins with an average of 56, excluding the category, 'unclassified proteins', which contains about 2000 proteins.
Reference datasets
Literature collection
The first reference set we used is 1207 TF-gene pairs compiled from three literature-curation sources: (1) Lee et al.'s curation of 1049 pairs excluding computational regulatory motif results [13] (2) TRANSFAC database for 342 pairs [[30], version 10.4] (3) Siddharthan et al.'s curation of 72 pairs [31]. Notice that the reference data may contain TF-gene pairs where TFs act as mere DNA-binding factors rather than functional regulators.
Conserved motifs
The laboratory of Richard Young recently advanced their ChIP-chip technology and applied it to yeast with 203 TFs [16] (compare with 106 TFs in Lee et al. [13]). Based on their binding data and sequence data from four yeast species, they identified conserved binding motifs for 102 TFs using a variety of motif detection algorithms (this was not done in the work of Lee et al. [13]). It is widely believed that conserved motifs across species indicate their functional roles [32–34]. While the 'phylogenetic footprinting' approach will introduce errors, it provides a more comprehensive picture of regulatory links than manual curation of literature. Hence, we take the dataset of conserved motifs as a second reference set independently of the literature-based reference. We compiled 2922 TF-gene pairs from the motif analysis results of Harbison et al. [16] maintained in the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD) [25]. The list of 2922 pairs is derived from predicted binding sites which are conserved in at least two Saccharomyces species, other than S. cerevisiae. Note that this set contains more than twice as many predicted interactions as the literature reference set.
Main procedure to predict regulatory TF-gene interactions
Identification of putative transcriptional modules from ChIP-chip data
Enumeration of large bicliques
Regulatory interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and target genes can be represented as a bipartite graph, with edges going from a set of TFs to a set of target genes. A biclique K is a bipartite graph such that an edge is realized from every vertex of a TF set (F) to every vertex of a gene set (G), i.e.,K = (F + G, E),
where E is a set of all possible edges from F to G. (i.e., ||E|| = ||F|| * ||G||). Input to our method is a set of bicliques. Our data typically are quite sparse, i.e., the number of edges in a bipartite graph is much smaller than the size of the entire TF set multiplied by the size of the entire gene set. For example, in the case of the ChIP-chip data introduced above, a p-value threshold of 0.001 results in a total of 4611 regulatory interactions and 584 bicliques generated by our program described below. Generally, a bipartite graph will contain a large number of bicliques. We have implemented a simple enumeration algorithm for large bicliques with the constraint that ||G|| >= 5 (for the purpose of statistical assessment in our subsequent analysis).
Let the set F of all factors be ordered. In the first pass of our program, each factor is inspected whether it is connected to 5 or more genes. These constitute the first set of (trivial) bicliques. The idea is then to extend those bicliques to find the bicliques with 2 factors, then with 3 factors, etc. Now assume that a set of all bicliques with m factors has been determined. The algorithm then runs iteratively through all the bicliques with m factors and adds an additional factor from the ordered list of factors to each biclique, if that factor targets 5 or more genes from the set of genes in the biclique in question. Thereby we obtain a new biclique with m+1 factors. The gene set of this new biclique is the intersection of the gene set in the old biclique and the set of target genes of the newly introduced factor. Since this procedure observes the order of factors, bicliques are not discovered repeatedly. However, at each step the algorithm may generate a new biclique with an identical set of genes already contained in the old biclique, in which case we discard the old one. Notice that this prescription may still result in bicliques with the same set of genes after the whole iteration has finished.
Putative transcriptional modules
Since our subsequent analysis will deal only with the gene sets induced by the bicliques derived above, we first merge those redundant bicliques which contain identical sets of genes, so as to avoid any computational overhead. The merged biclique is designed to have those transcription factors which belong to two or more of the redundant bicliques (i.e., TFs with multiplicity >= 2). In this way, we generated 584 non-redundant bicliques from the ChIP-chip data by Lee et al. [13], the maximum number of TFs in a biclique being 7. We also call them putative transcriptional modules (PTMs), and they are the input to our subsequent analysis of coherent modules (see Step 1 in Figure 1).
Identification of coherent modules
Expression coherence
where k is an index for random modules. Transcriptional modules with p-values less than a threshold, τ e , are deemed expression coherent modules.
Function coherence
where f is a functional category, N is the number of all genes which are annotated to at least one functional category, M f is the number of all genes which are annotated to the functional category f, S is the number of all target genes in a module of interest, and K f is the number of target genes in the concerned module which are annotated to the given functional category f. A functional category for each module is deemed coherent if p f is less than a prescribed threshold (τ f ). Note that we may obtain multiple coherent functions in each module. We do not correct p-values for multiple testing. For each module, p f is defined for only those categories in which K f is greater than 0.
Coherent modules (CMs)
A transcriptional module is called a coherent module (CM) if both p-values, p e and p f , are less than the two thresholds, τ e and τ f , for expression and function coherence test respectively (Step2 in Figure 1), i.e.,CM = {TM = (F, G) | p e <τ e and p f <τ f }.
Identification of coherent linker genes
For a given list of coherent modules (CMs), we further focus on those functional categories which are coherent in multiple CMs. For a particular coherent function, we identify all CMs which share that function. Then, we identify common target genes in those CMs which are annotated to that function. We refer to this identification step as "functional intersection". Those filtered genes are called "coherent linker genes" as they link CMs. It should be noted that we require those coherent linker genes to appear in all those CMs. In other words, they are claimed to possess the strongest functional signal among others in CMs. Regulation of coherent linker genes by associated TFs in corresponding CMs constitutes our prediction of functional TF-gene pairs (Step 3 in Figure 1).
Evaluation of the method
As performance measures, we calculated (1) positive predictive value (PPV) and (2) sensitivity (SNST) which are defined as the number of true positives (predicted TF-gene individual pairs that are found in a reference set) divided by (1) the number of predicted TF-gene pairs (2) the number of all reference TF-gene pairs. Notice that true negatives cannot be defined because there is no reference for the absence of regulatory relationships between TFs and genes. We used the above-mentioned two reference datasets for evaluation.
For the purpose of validation of our method, we compared the performance measures from our predicted TF-gene pairs and the original ChIP-chip data we used at a binding p-value threshold of 0.001 (4611 TF-gene pairs between 96 TFs and 2326 genes). We removed all uncharacterized genes from the ChIP-chip results for the validation to avoid a possible bias of our method towards annotated genes resulting from MIPS function data we incorporated. This leaves us with 3598 TF-gene pairs between 95 TFs and 1837 genes (Table 1). In addition, we validated each of the two steps in our strategy separately, (1) identification of coherent modules and (2) functional intersection among modules. The two performance measures were calculated and compared with our predictions from the combined strategy by taking (1) all TF-gene pairs from coherent modules themselves and (2) TF-gene pairs from functional intersection among PTMs, respectively.
We compared our predicted TF-gene pairs with those of the previous two algorithms: GRAM [1] and MA-Networker [9], using the results provided in their original papers. Bar-Joseph et al. used the same ChIP-chip data along with a compiled expression dataset (over 500 conditions) to produce clusters of genes and regulators. We took TF-gene pairs in their final 106 clusters in rich media conditions. Gao et al. also used the same ChIP-chip data along with a compiled expression dataset (over 700 conditions). Their algorithm aimed to identify functional and non-functional target genes based on TF activity profiles they inferred using a multivariate regression model. We used the results of functional target genes and their TFs for comparison.
We thank Gavin Sherlock (Stanford University) for comments on the data of Spellman et al. [14], Harmen Bussemaker (Columbia University) for discussions about the paper by Gao et al. [9], Maria Costanzo and other staff members at SGD for their prompt correspondences with precise and helpful informations, members of the Vingron department for discussions, and the anonymous reviewers for critical comments and helpful suggestions. This work was partially supported by a grant from the National Genome Research Network (NGFN) and was part of BioSapiens project funded by the European Commission within its FP6 Programme, under the thematic area 'Life sciences, genomics and biotechnology for health', contract number LHSG-CT-2003-503265.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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PROVO A Utah County interfaith group is refusing to participate Thursday in a National Day of Prayer event in Orem because national and state organizers won't allow members of the LDS Church to lead prayer services.
Instead, the Utah Valley Interfaith Association, which represents 40 faiths and includes members of the LDS Church, will hold a separate service later this month.
Linda Walton, a UVSC chaplain who has chaired National Prayer Day events in Utah County for three years, said the prayer event's state coordinator, Gregory Johnson, told her she needed to be "more selective about who was leading out."
"I didn't understand what he was getting at at first," said Walton, a Seventh-day Adventist. "But then it hit me that he was saying they didn't want anyone who isn't a traditional Christian."
President Truman declared an annual National Day of Prayer in 1952, and President Reagan designated it as the first Thursday in May. The National Day of Prayer Task Force is a nonprofit, grass-roots organization that helps local groups organize events across the country to observe prayer day. The services are open to members of all faiths but only members of evangelical Christian churches can lead prayers.
The event's national chairwoman is Shirley Dobson, wife of James Dobson, founder of Focus on the Family. James Dobson can be heard daily on KSL NewsRadio 1160, which is owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
LDS congregations weren't invited to the Orem event, which will go on without support from the Utah Valley ministerial association, according to one of the event's organizers, Pastor Gene Short of the Orem Christian Center. The association pulled out April 20.
The national group's objections to the LDS Church are doctrinal, according to national spokesman Mark Fried.
"Our services reflect our beliefs under the Lausanne Covenant, and the volunteers who host our events agree with that," he said.
The Lausanne Covenant is a 1974 declaration of beliefs accepted by evangelicals during an international meeting in Switzerland. Among the tenets are a belief in the Holy Trinity and acceptance of the New and Old Testaments as the only written word of God.
"People who don't agree with our beliefs are welcome to attend," Fried said. "It's similar to the fact that anyone can attend a church on Sunday, but what's said from the pulpit is going to reflect the beliefs of that church."
But Walton said LDS Church members helped lead services in past events.
Johnson didn't know if that was the case but said the national organization has always represented a distinctly evangelical expression, and he simply clarified that to Walton.
Not allowing LDS Church members to lead prayer "is indefensible, in my opinion," Walton said. "I'm not a member, but I have too many friends that are LDS that I want to pray with, and I can't imagine having this event without them. It's no different than saying we won't include blacks or Hispanics. They are a private group, so they have every right to do this, but I don't have to play into it. We'd rather find those things we agree upon and go from there."
Short agreed with the task force regarding who may lead prayer services.
"We all need to be praying because our nation needs prayer, but I definitely know that there are differences between the LDS Church and what most Christians believe, and they are very substantial differences," Short said. "For me, it would be hard to pray in agreement with LDS people because we have great doctrinal differences. I love the LDS people, and I know they love me, but there are differences."
A spokesman for the LDS Church declined comment, but Scott Daniel, who is LDS and president of the Utah Valley Interfaith Association, said people of all faiths and beliefs should be included.
"I believe that prayer is prayer, and I think that we encourage prayer, whatever faith it is," he said. "If you're praying, and you're sincere in your prayer, then it can't help but make you a better person. I'm of the opinion that I know who LDS people are, I know our beliefs, and I know that we're Christians, and I also know that these folks don't have a clear understanding of us.
"We definitely support the concept of a National Day of Prayer; we just don't believe that it should only be limited to a particular religion," Daniels said. "We felt ostracized, and we are definitely going to do something akin to the National Day of Prayer, but it just won't be on the same date."
A National Day of Prayer service will be Thursday in Salt Lake City in front of the state Capitol at 7 p.m. and in the Orem City Building, 56 N. State, from 7 to 7:30 a.m.
The Christ Evangelical Church, 280 S. 400 East in Orem, will hold services at noon and 7 p.m. Other services will be held in Brigham City, Logan, Manti and Ogden. For more information on services, see www.nationaldayofprayer.org.
The Orem prayer service once had ties to the America's Freedom Festival at Provo, which now hosts a separate prayer breakfast planned by Provo Mayor Lewis Billings. That breakfast will be Friday.
E-mail: [email protected]


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The best service at the Hotel Granduca is from the excellent Housekeeping Staff and the Valet Parking Services. Room Service waiters are excellent. Restaurant and bar are okay. As for the front desk… it's a lottery… Then there's the owner! Everytime you watch TV you are forced to watch Giorgio Borlenghi do his BORE-LENGHI spiel about this hotel before you can watch ... Read More »
She came in on the glamorous SUPER CHIEF… The train of the stars!
A movie star arrives in Pasadena from the East Coast aboard the Santa Fe Extra Fare All-Pullman Super Chief in the 1950s. She came on the Super Chief national magazine advertisement. The Santa Fe Station in Pasadena is now La Grande Orange Café. The orignal Santa Fe Station in Pasadena. The Santa Fe Station in Pasadena was home to the ... Read More »
Art Deco Masterpiece – The SS NORMANDIE
The extraordinary French ocean liner began her maiden voyage from Le Havre to New York on May 29, 1935. Acknowledged as the center of High Society on the North Atlantic, the Normandie was the grandest, most luxurious and artistic ocean liner ever built. A video history of the Legendary French Luxury Liner SS Normandie in service from 1935 to 1939. ... Read More »
Night-boats in the "Roaring Twenties"!
The SS Yale and SS Harvard became known as "white Flyers of the Pacific"! The sister ships each made four sailings a week, carrying 565 First Class passengers at an average speed of 23 knots between the two major California cities. The fast coastal ships provided an overnight cruise on the Pacific. They were a very popular way of traveling between ... Read More »
Retro Thursday – Cruising to Alaska in the 1950s aboard the SS Alaska…
A nostalgic and historical video of a 1954 sailing aboard the SS ALASKA on a cruise to Alaska and the Inside Passage. A style of cruising and travel now vanished. Cruising The Past's video celebrating the Alaska Steamship Lines Views of the ship leaving the Port of Seattle, with streamers, confetti and visitors waving goodbye — something rarely seen today. ... Read More »
Sailing to Cuba in 1959 aboard the SS Homeric
In October 1959, Ruth and Harry Hotz boarded the SS Homeric in New York and sailed south on a seven-day voyage that would turn out to be one of the last cruises to the island until briefly in the late 1970s and then recently. SS Independence, SS Homeric, SS Constitution docked in New York. Bob Hotz, their son, recalled his ... Read More »
David Bowie traveled by ship and train. No flying for this star!
British pop legend, David Bowie (8 January 1947 – 10 January 2016), who starred in the film The Man Who Fell to Earth, had a long-standing fear of flying. Bowie sailed aboard Cunard's QE 2, the Italian Line's Leonardo da Vinci, P&O-Orient Line's Oronsay and Canberra along with many other ships. So while other superstars would take the Concorde or ... Read More »
Home movies onboard the SS FRANCE and SS LIBERTE
Sailing in the 1960s onboard the French Line's SS FRANCE and SS LIBERTE round-trip from New York to Europe. A fun home movie from www.shipgeek.com sailing on the France and Liberte. With the loss of the Normandie in New York Harbour in 1942, the Ile de France became the only French Line largest Trans-Atlantic liner. The elegant German liner Europa, ... Read More »
"Give em Hell Harry" wins election on campaign train.
Faced with the likely loss of the 1948 presidential elections, President Harry S. Truman set out from Washington on September 17 on a twelve-day cross-country political barnstorming trip aboard the "Truman Special" from Washington Union Station. The barnstorming "Truman Special" makes a whistle-stop. At the last minute, wealthy Democrats had come through with last-minute contributions to make sure the "Truman Special" ... Read More »
Hitler's Cruise Line
The Germans (Nazis) developed the VW, created the first cruise line and built the first ships designed exclusively for cruising. The first cruise line… The Germans operated the first steamship line with ships exclusively devoted to cruising. The Kdf – Kroft durch Freude (Strength through Joy) leisure organization, a part of the national German labor organization, was dedicated to instilling ... Read More »
Throwback Thanksgiving Thursday: When flying was fun in economy class and not a nightmare.
Once upon a time, flying was fun, comfortable, and glamorous. And this was flying in coach or what we call economy class today. But this all ended on Oct. 24, 1978, when President Jimmy Carter signed the Airline Deregulation Act, the airline industry changed forever, and it can be argued we're feeling the repercussions still to this day. Unless you ... Read More »
Travel the Now: On board the Indian Pacific streamliner across Australia in 2017
Traverse the full distance between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, from Sydney to Perth, in a 2,700-mile odyssey. One of the world's great long-distance trains. The Indian Pacific rolls across this vast continent like a miniature city on wheels, illuminating the colorful, quirky history, cultures and countryside of Australia as it goes. Stephen & Jess document their trip on the ... Read More »
TSS Awatea – 1930s crossing between Australia and New Zealand.
The TSS Awatea was one of the most beautifully designed compact liners to be built in the mid-thirties and was, without doubt, the ultimate statement in luxurious service. The Awatea followed the Art Deco trend of the day. The interiors were distinguished by fluorescent lighting, aluminum motifs, and gentle pastels throughout the ship that created an understated elegance. She was ... Read More »
SS LIBERTE – Crossing the Atlantic with Elizabeth Taylor and all the stars!
As the SS LIBERTE, the liner became the stop gap flagship for CGT French Line as a replacement for the legendary SS NORMANDIE that had been lost during the Second World War. If the time before the Second World War is indexed within the annals of history for its aspirations of achievement and advancement of technology and design, then, the ... Read More »
Photos of the RMS TITANIC rescue and the "Unsinkable" Molly Brown sold at auction for US 42 K
The album belonged to Louis M Ogden, a New York socialite aboard the RMS Carpathia – the ship that rescued survivors of the Titanic. Carpathia passenger's scrapbook of the Titanic rescue – including a photo of the Unsinkable Molly Brown's lifeboat New York socialite Louis M. Ogden's scrapbook includes several pictures showing the rescue of survivors of the Titanic sinking. Ogden ... Read More »


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Stargazers across Derbyshire are to be treated to one of the best meteor showers of the year.
Up to 120 shooting stars could streak across Derbyshire's night sky during the Geminid display, which will take place between Sunday and Tuesday, December 16.
The meteor shower is expected to peak on the night of Saturday, December 13 into the morning of Sunday, December 14.
Your best chance of seeing them is between 10pm and 3am. A predicted cold snap means there is a good chance of clear night skies.
A spokesman for the Met Office said: "To see the meteor shower, you don't need a telescope, binoculars or any other equipment – all you need is your eyes.
"You don't need to look in any particular direction as meteors appear randomly anywhere in the sky."


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Warren County/Front Royal Market Report – 10/13/09
Two very interesting things are happening in the Warren County and Front Royal housing market. The first is that inventory is getting tighter and both closed and pending sales are increasing. The second interesting fact is that properties are staying on the market longer, causing prices to to fall. Typically, you would not find both instances occurring. As supply decreases and sales continue to increase, prices would normally rise and days on the market (DOM) would decline. However, the opposite is happening. The main reason is this is not a normal market—so buyers are not dealing with traditional sellers. An added factor is that banks and asset managers are thrown into the recipe by the way of short sales and REO properties on the market. Secondly, the government has gotten involved. There are now required approaches to keep the defaulting borrower in the property and prolonging eventual foreclosure, which would add to inventory. The following statistics were reported in Warren County for the month of September 2009.
- New listings: 87
- Closed sales: 48
- Average sale price: $161,900
- Average DOM: 125
- Total inventory: 456 units
The number of new listings last month are down by more than 12% from September 2008. While closed sales and pending sales increased by 33% and 31.4% respectively, the average sale price declined by almost 16%. Also, the percentage of original list price received at sale only fell by about 2% from last September.
Comparing last year's totals to this year's, new listings have dropped 13.7%. Closed sales have increased by over 29%, and pending sales have also increased, by 44%. The average sale price in Warren County year to date has dropped almost 27% to a mere $153,000.
The short sale process is lengthy and the cause for increases in pending sales. The low volume of new listings is due to the try and modify approach before listing as an REO. Take these factors out and prices would fall, inventory would increase, and buyers would began to gobble up the inventory. Eventually price levels would hit equilibrium and continue on like business as usual. But with current trends, this scenario is not so certain. My recommendation is if you want or need to sell, now is the time to do it. When interest rates go up and prices will fall, which will be when all of these limbo foreclosures will hit the market–further dropping prices. I predict another 15% drop in Warren County, but you would be better in the long run buying now and locking into a lower rate than waiting for the price drop and more than offsetting the cost with a higher interest rate–especially if you plan on living in the house for more than five years.
Market data and commentary provided by Steve Mayes, Managing Broker, Avery-Hess, Realtors.
Search for Homes in Warren County, and all the DC Metro: www.averyhess.com
Latest posts by akulkarni (see all)
- 2011: The First-Time Buyer Re-Emerges (Again) - February 1, 2011
- AVMs? What do we do with AVMs? - December 8, 2010
- The On-line Quandary - October 26, 2010


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I'm Edan Brooke
Welcome to my website, which is currenty under construction.About me Curriculum vitae
About me
Tinkering with tech, drinking tea and coffee, enjoying good food and hanging out with friends and family is my ideal way of life. I also spend a fair bit of time learning to play my guitar and I consider myself a fair weather cyclist, though living in Manchester makes this a rare occurrence.
I'm 19 years old, though my interest in computers started at a very young age. I started my first IT-based project when I was 14 with many friends and family members making use of it. Since then, my passion has only grown and I'm always wanting to learn more and do more.
Experience and Skills
I am proficient in diagnosing and repairing computer systems to industry standards. This is why so many friends and local organisations call on me to help with their IT woes.
I hold a Cisco ITE vendor qualification which reflects my capabilities in computer hardware.
Planning, installing, configuring and maintaining computer networks of various topologies and sizes is something I take delight in doing. I am familiar with all networking fundamentals and have worked with server operating systems and tools in both Windows and Linux environments.
Having worked as a web developer for upwards of 1 year, I am familiar with modern web technologies and am an experienced software engineer. I specialise in backend PHP development but am also knowledgeable in frontend development.
I still do software development as a hobby and continue to develop the My Church platform.
After experimenting with VoIP technologies in my early teen years, I was finally given the opportunity to put my skills to good use at Block 8 Digital where I was asked to install and maintain an Internet-based phone system for the company.
Using Asterisk and FreePBX, I achieved this goal and also integrated the system into the company's internal dashboard using Asterisk AGI. Good stuff!
Customer service
I firmly believe that delivering a good experience to users and customers is the most important element of providing IT services. That's why I go above and beyond to establish a positive rapport with each person I work with.
I am experienced in customer service following my time at Block 8 and I always maintain a professional yet friendly and approachable behaviour.


text: Shurtleff Stormwater Solutions invites visitors to explore their new website that has been designed to provide the ultimate user-friendly experience. With easy to use navigation and improved functionality throughout, the new website allows easy access to detailed product information and educational resources. April 16, 2015- W.H. Shurtleff Company's Shurtleff Stormwater Solutions, located in South Portland,… Read more »


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New Year's Eve was a bit quieter this year on the strip. The weather was warm, and people were on their best behavior. All in all, it was another great celebration and I was happy to broadcast the excitement LIVE from the strip. Happy 2018! Let's make it a great year! #VegasStrong
Category Archives: Las Vegas Happenings
Local News Lives On. Thoughts From A Grieving But Proud News Anchor.
It's been a tough couple of months, that's for sure. Hurricanes in Houston, Florida, Puerto Rico… a mass shooting in Las Vegas, and now deadly and destructive fires in California.
As a newscaster, it's been tiring, challenging, but rewarding. I think these events have proven, local news is important, it lives on.
Obviously the one that affected me the most was our very own horrible incident. A mass shooting on the Las Vegas strip. A madman shooting from the windows of his suite at Mandalay Bay down on a crowd enjoying country music at the Harvest 91 Festival. Chaos.
For me it all started with OJ Simpson. I got called into work Saturday into Sunday to anchor coverage with my morning co-anchor. OJ left prison and was on his way to Las Vegas. I got home from a late movie so I grabbed about an hour or so of sleep. I anchored the 5am, 6am, and 8am newscasts Sunday morning. When I got home I didn't want to sleep too much because I get up early the next morning for my regular Monday through Friday schedule. I went back to bed at 7:30pm on Sunday. I was out cold. For some reason I woke up at 12:10 and my phone was on fire. Work, my brother and mom, my friends back east. There had been a shooting on the strip, people were hurt, people were dead. I realized our night crews had stayed over and we were on the air. I knew work would need me all day so I got myself ready for a long one. I was a bit out of it, scared, nervous, and still half asleep because I was "off " from the Sunday morning call-in. I took the elevator down to the lobby of my building to head to work by 2:30 a.m. and I was met with people in our community room. They had come in from the festival. One of them, who I have met before, came up to me and showed me the video he had taken. He seemed startled and upset, obviously, he played it for me and that's when I knew. Gun shots, people running. This was bad.
Continue reading Local News Lives On. Thoughts From A Grieving But Proud News Anchor.


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Rental Home Management: Save Time & Money on Your Investment
We offer a full range of property management services tailored to you as an investor, homeowner, or landlord. We have an extensive portfolio of single family homes, townhouses and condos in the Orlando area.
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- Providing round the clock maintenance.
- Video taped and / or digital photos at inspections.
- Annual survey reports on property. (Including photos sent to owner)
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- Handles all communication with tenants.
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Please return completed form to office with a voided check.
Orlando Area Information
Perhaps the most critical event for Orlando's economy occurred in 1965 when Walt Disney announced plans to build Walt Disney World. Although Disney had considered the regions of Miami and Tampa for his park, one of the major reasons behind his decision not to locate there was due to hurricanes – Orlando's inland location, although not free from hurricane damage, exposed it to less threat than coastal regions. The vacation resort opened in October 1971, ushering in an explosive population and economic growth for the Orlando metropolitan area, which now encompasses Orange, Seminole, Osceola, and Lake counties. As a result, tourism became the centerpiece of the area's economy. Orlando now has more theme parks and entertainment attractions than anywhere else in the world.
Today, the historic core of "Old Orlando" resides in Downtown Orlando along Church Street, between Orange Avenue and Garland Avenue. Urban development and the Central Business District of downtown have rapidly shaped the downtown skyline during recent history. The present-day historic district is primarily associated with the neighborhoods around Lake Eola where century old oaks line brick streets. These neighborhoods, known as "Lake Eola Heights" and "Thornton Park," contain some of the oldest homes in Orlando. Source From Wikipedia


text: So much more can be achieved if African researchers work together. EPA/DANIEL IRUNGU May 18, 2016 Why it's time African researchers stopped working in silos Thomas Kariuki, African Academy of Sciences There are a number of stumbling blocks to intra African collaboration. These must be addressed to ensure that research is not duplicated and that findings are shared.


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Homesick Again
Reissues recognize the work of unheralded bluesman
By Ron Wynn
APRIL 24, 2000: Homesick James is a wonderful vocalist and sorely neglected guitarist, yet even many longtime blues fans have lost track of this musician. That's partly due to the murky details of his career--so much is shrouded in mystery, including the year of his birth. What is known is that James was born in Somerville, Tenn., sometime between 1905 and 1915, and his earliest musical influences were his parents. His father played in a fife-and-drum band, and his mother was a guitarist. By his teens, James was already working with several major figures, including Sleepy John Estes, Blind Boy Fuller, and Sonny Boy Williamson I (John Lee).
Homesick James had one 1939 recording session in Memphis, then headed to Chicago. He subsequently worked with Big Bill Broonzy, Lonnie Johnson, and Memphis Minnie, among others. But he's best known for the sides he cut with his famous cousin, Elmore James, as part of the Broomdusters. The two cousins teamed with pianist Little Johnny Jones and tenor saxophonist J.T. Brown, plus various drummers and occasionally a second saxophonist. They were among the first great Chicago ensembles, with Elmore James' gritty vocals and splayed riffs adroitly complemented by cousin Homesick's rhythm licks and bass work, Jones' bustling piano, and Brown's robust honking.
But Homesick James never acquired the profile of his cousin, even though he cut numerous dates for such labels as Chance, Colt, USA, Bluesway, Blues on Blues, Spivey, Vanguard, and Trix, among others; he also did plenty of session work as a bassist. Now the label 32 Blues is reissuing two prime James titles, one from the '70s, the other recorded almost two decades later.
Got to Move was initially released in '94 and was among a string of titles James recorded in the '90s after a long hiatus from music. An LP of standards, the selection ranged from spirited versions of numbers immortalized by his cousin, along with songs previously done by Memphis Minnie, Curtis Jones, and Blind Boy Fuller, among others. Sadly, the Trix label folded only a couple of months after this was released, and the disc quickly disappeared from sight. This remastered version not only reaffirms James' vocal splendor, it also affirms his skills as lead guitarist and soloist.
The other James release, Goin' Back Home, will be issued late next month. A solo acoustic work, it got rave reviews when initially released in the '70s, only to drop out of sight soon thereafter. Perhaps these discs will trigger enough interest to persuade 32 Blues to reissue James' finest date, the classic Blues on the South Side.
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