text: A CHIN COMPENDIUM Report by Project Maje September 1997 Project Maje, 0104 SW Lane St., Portland OR 97201 USA maje@xxxxxxxxxxx PART 2/2 Excerpts from "SLORC Abuses in Chin State", March 15, 1997, report by Karen Human Rights Group from information provided by the Chin Human Rights Organization Introduction: "The Chin Human Rights organization (CHRO) was formed in 1996 to begin independently documenting the human rights situation in Chin State of northwestern Burma. The information in this report was collected by CHRO and translated and organised partly with the assistance of KHRG. We have reproduced it in this form to help give the events in Chin State as wide exposure as possible. As can be seen in the information in this report (see also the related reports 'SLORC Orders to Villages: Set 97-A' (KHRG #97-04, 16/3/97) and 'The Situation in Northwestern Burma' (KHRG #96-06. 30/1/96), the Chin people (also known as Zo) are suffering human rights abuses at the same level as people in Burma's other conflict areas. The Chin National Front (CNF) is an armed resistance group which continues to actively fight SLORC forces in the area, though SLORC never includes the CNF in the list of groups which have not signed ceasefire deals, preferring to pretend internationally that the CNF does not exist." "Meanwhile the SLORC follows a policy of oppression, extortion and forced labour against Chin villagers and tortures or executes any of them suspected of having any contact with the CNF. A large proportion of Chin people are Christian, while many others (particularly in the south) are Animist or Buddhist/Animist. There are active SLORC campaigns to persecute Chin Christians and make them convert to Buddhism. A lot of forced labour on infrastructure and extortion is also now being conducted in the name of the '8th All-Burma Students' Festival', which SLORC has declared is to be held in Haka in December 1997. Arrest of Village Elders: "Between July and September 1996, the headmen of most villages throughout all of Than Tlang township were arrested by the SLORC Army and accused of having contact with the Chin National front (CNF). At various times during these 3 months, headmen were called from Than Tlang township to the town of Haka by Colonel Thein Lwin, Chairman of Chin State LORC, and Major Saw Hlaing, Chairman of Than Tlang Township LORC and commander of LIB #266 camp in Than Tlang. Those who came to Haka were arrested and detained in Haka police station. Those who could pay 20,000 Kyats were released immediately. However, the leaders of at least 11 villages (the villages of Than Zang, Banawh Tlang, Tlang Pi, Tlang Lo, Far Rawn, Cawng Thia, Tlang Rua, So Pum, Hriang Khan, Thau, Tlang Te) were detained longer because they could not pay." Attack on Nga Lang Village and Murder of Bawi Kung: "Hniar Ling, age 45, former village LORC chairman of Nga Lang village, was called by the commander of Than Tlang for a meeting on 12 July 1996. While he was travelling to Than Tlang he was told that there would be no meeting but that he would be arrested, so he did not attend. Due to his absence at the meeting, the commander Saw Haling sent troops to Nga Lang village in order to arrest him on 5 October 1996, but fortunately he managed to escape. Another group of troops led by 2nd Lt. Win Than were sent to arrest him on 9 October 1996, and this time also he escaped because he was in his farm field. He was therefore dismissed from his post as Village LORC Chairman of Nga Lang and replaced by someone else. The soldiers accused him of being a member of CNF and this means that if he were arrested he would surely be killed. He therefore left the village and went into hiding. His whereabouts are still unknown." "Second Lieutenant Win Than is commander of Hriphi post, Than Tlang township, under #266 LIB [Light Infantry Battalion] based in Haka. On 9 October 1996, he led a group of 20 troops to Nga Lang village to arrest former Village LORC Chairman Hniar Ling. Without any warning they surrounded the village. At about 5 p.m. that day, Bawi Kung from Haka town and his two friends 'Pa Sui' [not his real name] and Dawt Hlei Thang were on their way back from Mizoram State [in India], and arrived at Nga Lang village planning to spend the night there. As they were approaching the village, the Burmese soldiers suddenly fired many rounds towards them, without any questions or warning. Bawi Kung was wounded and later killed. Dawt Hlei Thang was arrested, taken away along with the soldiers and nothing is known about what happened to him. 'Pa Thang' managed to escape... The headman, Church secretary and other villagers were beaten, the village was ransacked and the troops took 16 porters and 4 horses to carry away their loot." [village witnesses] "I was ordered to bury the body of Bawi Kung immediately. They wouldn't allow us to carry his body to Haka, which is his native place [according to Chin tradition, a dead person should be buried at his native place]..." "Early the next morning the villagers went to bury his body. They secretly checked the body and found not only gunshots but also marks of knife stabbings and they saw pieces of intestine hanging out of his belly." Forced Portering and Beatings of the Elderly: Interview with "Pu Ar Ceh" [not his real name], age 63, Than Tlang township. "'Pu Lian Peng', aged 62, from our village, and I are very old but we want to stay active, so on 23 August 1996 we went together to the outskirts of the village to cut some bamboo. We met Major Naing Aye and 40 soldiers. We were questioned by Major Naing Aye in Burmese language about the situation. We told him that we could not speak Burmese. That Major said: 'You are under the control of the Burmese. Why can't you speak Burmese?' Then each of us was beaten five times with the bamboo we had just cut. After that, we were taken back into our village and we were forced to carry the Army's cooking equipment from there to [...] village, 4 miles away. We weren't given anything for this. I felt very weak because of exhaustion. When I asked the soldiers to give me medicine, I was told, 'We have no medicine for you.' As we were not able to carry anymore, we were sent back to our village. After the villagers heard about our beatings they were very afraid, so each time the Army comes to the village they run away and hide in the jungle." Forced Road Labour and Sentry Duty: "Throughout 1996, villagers in Haka and Than Tlang townships were forced to work on the Haka-Gangaw and Haka- Than Tlang roads. One person per household had to go in shifts of two weeks each. Working hours were from 5 a.m. to 6 p.m. No payment was given, and the villagers had to take their own food and tools. No health care was provided. Anyone who failed to do the work, even for health reasons, was fined 3,000 Kyats. Anyone whose work failed to pass inspection by the authorities was forced to do another shift of labour. Labour on these roads is continuing in 1997. In January 1997, the villagers were ordered to provide 22,500 kyin [1 kyin = 10 x 10 x 1 feet] of crushed stone for the Haka-Gangaw road. Any household failing to provide their quota is fined 135 Kyats per kyin..." "In June 1996 Major Saw Hlaing, Than Tlang camp commander of #266 LIB of Haka, forced the people from Than Tlang to build six sentry posts. Since then 5 people at a time have been forced to do sentry duty at each post....They are not allowed to sleep and soldiers are checking on them frequently to make sure they are doing their duty. If someone is not doing their duty properly, he or she will be beaten 20 times. If a person cannot do sentry duty for one night, he or she will be fined 50 Kyats. Even if they are sick, they have to pay this fine of 50 Kyats. On 25/9/96 at about 8:30 p.m., one Corporal and 5 soldiers came to check the sentry posts and said: 'You have been on duty for 4 months now but you have never arrested any CNF rebels'. For punishment, everyone was beaten five times each... On 9th June 1996 at 9:30 p.m. Rev. Biakkam, 65 years old, from Than Tlang Baptist Church, was coming home after a religious meeting. Two soldiers stopped him and asked him where he was coming from and what he had just done. Although Rev. Biakkam gave explanations, he was beaten up seriously. He had to be hospitalised." Haka, Paletwa and Other Locations: "SLORC began construction on a new road from Paletwa [southwestern Chin State] to Kuah Daw in January 1997. The road is being built entirely with forced labour. One person per household from every village in Paletwa and Kuah Daw areas has to be provided for the labour. Any household which fails to send a person is fined 1,500 Kyats each time they are ordered to go." "The All Burma Students' Festival is scheduled to be held in Haka in December 1997. This is the biggest Students' Festival ever held in Chin State. The festival is organised by SLORC. For this purpose, the SLORC has collected 5,000 Kyats from each landlord and 2,000 Kyats from anyone who is paying rent not only in Haka town but in all of Chin State. Each student has had to pay 50 Pyas (1/2 Kyat) every month since 1st December 1995. For this school year, every student will have to pay 100 Kyats more as a contribution to the Festival. At the same time, the people of Haka are being forced to work in order to extend the football ground and to build a stadium and roads. The people who have their homes along the main road leading to the festival ground were ordered to repair and repaint their houses, and all buildings in bad condition must be removed. Besides this forced labour for the Students' Festival, the people of Haka township also have to repair the Haka-Falam road, the Haka- Matupi road, the Haka-Than Tlang road and the Haka-Gangaw road. The people are complaining that they have no time to do their own work." Interview with "Pu Than Kil", 60 year old Chin farmer, Kalaymyo township, Sagaing Division (excerpts): Recently, we have not been able to afford sugar and milk. One viss [1.6 kg./3.5 lb.] of sugar costs 120 Kyats. The sugar comes from India -- we cannot get any sugar from our own country. There is no chance to do paid labour, even to earn 30 Kyats per day. Nobody can employ workers because they do not even have money to pay them... A high school teacher earns 1,00 to 1,500 kyats [per month]. Even lecturers [college or university] only earn between 1,500 and 1,750 Kyats. Now rice costs 50 Kyats per pyi [1.6 kg./3.5 lb.] and pork and other meat are at 200 Kyats per viss... A longyi [men's sarong] so 800 Kyats is of medium quality. To have one shirt with long sleeves sewn you have to pay 200 Kyats, and with short sleeves 140 Kyats." Interview with "Pu Than Ceu", 36 year old Chin carpenter, Kalaymyo township, Sagaing Division (excerpts): "The people now live in poverty. Some do not have enough rice to eat. Instead they mix some red beans with corn. And they cannot afford to purchase medicine when they are sick. We cannot eat like before. The cost of rice is getting higher and higher. In my village, the price of rice is 55 to 75 Kyats for one pyi [1.6 kg./3.5 lb.] but it can be higher according to the season... When I have work, I can earn 50 to 80 Kyats per day. But I don't have work everyday. If we do not do volunteer labour [i.e. forced labour], we have to pay more than our daily wage [as a fine]. So we have to do forced labour. Even though we do it, we don't earn anything from that. Moreover, for widening the main road and the railway each household has to provide the government with one kyin [10 x 10 x 1 feet] of small stones... In my area, the young soldiers aged between 13 and 15 are bad. They steal chickens and clothing from the villagers. Young boys who are found roaming around the town are forcibly recruited by the Army..." SLORC Deserters in Chin State: "Four SLORC soldiers from #269 Battalion and one SLORC soldier from LIB #550 surrendered to CNF troops in December 1995. They then crossed into India and reached New Delhi on 25 January 1996. They applied to UNHCR (the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) in Delhi to be recognised as 'persons of concern'. The status was granted to them. Then they went back to stay in Manipur but were handed over to the SLORC by Indian authorities in August/September 1996. No one knows of their whereabouts. They have almost certainly been tortured, and have quite possibly been executed or sentenced to life imprisonment by SLORC." ***** News And Information Unit Date March 12, 1997 All Burma Students Democratic Front (Western Burma) SLORCs border development has reached to the Chin State. There are eight townships in Chin State. They are Tunzam, Teddim, Falam, Hakha, Thangtlang, Matupi, Mindat and Palatwa. SLORC will construct the roads in Chin State. There are 1. Hakha to Gangaw road 70 miles 2. Hakha to Kalaymyo via Falam road 115 miles 3. Hakha to Matupi road 173 miles and 4. Matupi to Palatwa via Mindat road 137 miles. And then in December 1997, SLORC will hold the students sport festival in Hakha, the capital of Chin State. Therefore the authorities of Chin State Law and Order Restoration Council has been collecting the funds from the students by force for the sport festival Kyats 20 per month each since 1996 January. Then TLORC ordered to each villager forcibly to come to Hakha and to clean the bushes and level the ground for the road construction. But some villages can not go to do the work because the villages are very far away from Hakha. Those villages are situated near the Indo-Burma border. We heard that the chairmen of Teddim and Tunzan township ordered the villagers who cannot come to contribute the work , the villager must pay 1200 Kyats each to TLORC through the Village LORC. Recent time is to prepare for the hill-side cultivation. If the villager cannot do the hill-side cultivation, they will lose their work for the whole year. The villagers do not want to go, they have to pay the taxes to TLORC. Therefore some villagers had to sell the paddies and their belongings to pay the taxes to TLORC. * TLORC = Township Law and Order Restoration Council ***** CHIN HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATION: RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION February 1997 (English slightly corrected by Burma Net for easier reading) 1. Chin Human Rights Organization (CHRO) Interview with a Chin pastor in December 1996: The monks who live at Zakam, Rezua, Leisen, Vangvai and Tinsi villages rule the communities. Anyone who doesn't abide by the monks' orders are reported to the SLORC army and he/she is punished by the army. The monks give judgment on all cases. For those who become Buddhist, they are free from any persecution such as forced labour, portering, extortion of money, etc. Whenever and wherever a monk visits, he is accompanied by the army and they arrange a porter to carry the monk's particulars. The villagers were forced to build a Buddhist monastery and temple. But they refused, insisting "we are Christians." Even though the army threatened action against them, they didn't build it yet. Now the monks and army are holding a meeting to discuss this. Nobody knows what will happen. One pastor gave a sermon with reference to certain passages in the Bible. While he was giving the sermon, the monk entered the church and made him stop the sermon and scolded him saying, "You can't give a sermon with reference to the above verses of the Bible. If you continue, you will be imprisoned." Furthermore, the monks prohibited pastoral visits to families and prayers for them at every village where monks are living. 2. CHRO Interview with a Chin farmer in his 40s (name with held for security) from Matupi Township, in December 1996 [This man had often been elected as a community leader and worked in the Chin National League for Democracy party in 1990.] I was invited to attend social welfare training by the [SLORC] authority from Matupi on 27/2/95. When I arrived at the place, the authority told us that it is to attend Buddhist hill tract missionary training run by a Buddhist monk named U Razinn at Mindat. As we are Christian, we said we didn't want to go. But the monk persuaded us saying, 'it is no problem if you are Christian, it is just religious training.' So 5 other persons and I took part in the 10 day training. In the training, we were taught the 17 facts of how to attack and disfigure Christians. The facts were to be spread to the Chin Christian community (see the attached document). And we should not get involved in national politics. We were promised that 1200 kyats per month would be provided to those families who became Buddhist and 800 kyats per month for those individuals who became Buddhist. Furthermore, we would not only be provided with rice and other materials, but we would also be free from portering, forced labour, and extortion of money. And our children would be provided with their education by the government. I became a Buddhist because of such privileges rather than because I think Buddhism is better than Christianity. And then I was called by Captain xxx, from Pakuku, and I was trained for 10 days. At the training, the captain taught me to report the activities of the Chin National Front and to create misunderstanding among Christian denominations. He told that now, Buddhism is supported by the government. The monk who lives in Matupi is a captain of Military Intelligence and the monks who live in Zakam, Rezua, Leisen, Vangkai, and Tingsi villages are sergeants in Military Intelligence. He encouraged me not to be afraid and said that whenever I needed assistance I could ask them and would be helped. After I had become a Buddhist, all the problems we faced in the kitchen disappeared. However, when I asked for assistance for my son who was studying in a theological college in Rangoon, they rejected my request and also told me not to let him continue his studies. I threatened that if you don't provide from my son, I will quit being a Buddhist. It is in vain, so I informed them that I had left Buddhism. They told me that if I wanted to join again, I could do so at any time and would be provided with more than before. For those who became a Buddhist together with me, they are provided with whatever they need and get many privileges from the government and now they are very happy. Now they became like real Buddhists. However, for Christians, the government doesn't allow them to ask for any assistance from foreign countries. As we are very poor and have suffered under forced labour, portering, and the extortion of money, some people are interested in becoming Buddhists. 3. Translation of "The facts to attack Christians" Missionaries, Honorable Monks, Cleansing Organization The facts to attack Christians 01. To attack Christian families and the progress of Christians 02. To criticize against the sermons which are broadcast from Manila, Philippines 03. To criticize God as narrow-minded and egotistical who himself claimed that "There is no god except eternal God" 04. To be against corrupted youth and inappropriate fashion 05. To criticize the preaching of Christians wherever it has penetrated. 06. To criticize Christianity by means of pointing out its delicacy and weakness 07. To stop the spread of the Christian movement in rural areas 08. To criticize by means of pointing out "it is not salvation but purchased by blood" 09. To counterattack by means of pointing out Christianity's weakness and overcome this with Buddhism. 10. To counter the Bible after thorough study. 11. To criticize that "God loves only Israel but not all the races." 12. To point out ambiguity between the two testaments. 13. To criticize on the point that Christianity is partisan. 14. To criticize Christianity's concept of the Creator and compare it with the scientific concept. 15. To study and access the amount given in offerings. 16. To criticize the holy spirit after thorough study. 17. To attack Christians by means of both non-violence and violence. Recopy, Myo Chit, Wah Mah Tah, 2639 True Copy (Sa Win) "Changing Tactics" Burma Issues, February 1997 by N. Chan The Chin National Front (CNF) is one of the smaller groups struggling for self- determination in Burma. They operate in the area where Burma borders with Bangladesh and India. Isolated from the international community, their struggle has never been documented as thoroughly as has the struggle of those groups operating along the Thai/Burma border. For many years the Burmese military did not even mention the Chin when identifying groups with which cease fire discussions had yet to be carried out. Recently, however, the Burmese military has begun to talk more about the need to dialogue with the CNF and its armed branch, the Chin National Army (CNA). There have also been increasing reports of Burmese military movements into the Chin area suggesting that major military campaigns may soon be launched against the people of the Chin State. In the past, the CNA carried out mostly guerrilla strikes against Burmese military columns and outposts. The military's response to these guerrilla strikes was consistent with their tactic in all other regions of Burma; they took retaliatory action against Burmese military columns and outposts. The CNA took the request seriously and began looking for other options to continue their struggle. CNF discussions resulted in the formation of a new group called the Urban Ranger Force, or URF. The URF was to operate in the major urban centers of Chin State rather than in the rural areas. The logic for this strategy was simple. First of all, it is more difficult for the military to retaliate against urban populations than it is for the to retaliate against villagers in isolated, unwitnessed terror raids. The villagers would, consequently, be safer. Secondly, if no guerrilla actions were taken against the rank and file would feel less inclined to carry out orders from their officers against the people. It is generally assumed that the rank and file of the Burmese army do not highly respect their officers who are often harsh and uncompromising with the men under their control. Young soldiers are usually from poor families and have very little education. They join the army, not for ideological reasons, but for financial reasons. The CNA decided that they should not consider these young soldiers as the enemy, but rather as victims of war. Therefore, no guerrilla actions should be aimed against them. The result could be a growing gap between the Burmese military officers and the men under their control. This would weaken the military substantially, thus strengthening the Chin people's struggle for self determination. In a recent interview, a CNF representative said that the URF strategy has already had positive results. "The URF is strictly controlled by regulations laid down by the CNA headquarters" he said. "They are not allowed to gather any taxes from the villagers, or take any food or supplies from the people unless it is freely offered to them. They are also not allowed to carry out any action without a direct order from the Chief of Staff of the CNA." This has gained the respect and acceptance of villagers who feel like the CNF took their concerns and their suggestions seriously and is really concerned about their safety and welfare. The CNF representative also stressed that after the URF stopped carrying out guerrilla actions in the rural areas, retaliation raids by the military has also decreased substantially. Burmese soldiers stationed in the rural outposts feel less threatened, and have begun treating villagers much more respectfully. While it is too early to ascertain whether or not the URF has been successful in driving a decisive wedge between the officers and the rank and file of the Burmese military, villagers report that young Burmese soldiers who pass through their villages now often voice support for the URF. For many decades the Burmese military leaders have successfully held on to power by using an army made up mostly of poor rural men to fight against the uprisings of the poor rural communities. The approach of the URF may well break that strategy by highlighting the fact that the rank and file of the Burmese army are not the enemy to fight against, but rather they too are victims. When they no longer submit to military orders, the military will lose its power over the country and democratic change will become more possible. ***** News and information unit: All Burma Students Democratic Front (Western Burma) Indo-Burma border news Date 24th Feb 1997. On 1st Feb 1997 Township Law and Order Restoration Council chairman of Leshi township, Saggaing division, Naga hill tract U Mya Han sent a letter to the command of (222) Burma Regiment mobile column Maj. Aung Swe Oo to call civilian porters for carrying ration for (1000) soldiers. Therefore Maj. Aung Swe Oo ordered the villagers from the following villages to come to Leshi town without failure. Name of the village Number of porters 1. Summra village 130 2. Kuki village 125 3. Phontharet village 85 4. Pansat village 115 5. Ngachan village 100 6. Kokailong village 108 These porters have to carry ration from Leshi to the places where the soldiers are deployed inside Leshi township. But there is no car road between Leshi and Summra and on foot it takes two days journey. The villages were informed that they would not get any wages and for food they have to arrange by themselves from their homes. Villagers are busy at hill-side cultivation at the moment and due to that the village chiefs requested to the army to reduce the number of porters. But Maj. Aung Swe Oo replied that if the villagers can not fulfill the number of porters that they had been asked, the villagers have to supply the ration for (1000) soldiers. Thus they had to send their full quota of porters to the said place. Due to this forced porterage the villagers from respective villages had to leave Summer season hill-side cultivation. ***** All Burma Students Democratic Front February 8, 1997 REPORT: FORCED LABOR CONTINUES TO REIGN IN CHIN STATE Since after taking over power in the bloody military coup in 1988 in Burma, SLORC has been carrying out its infamous "national development programs" which primarily include repairing bridges, building roads throughout the country. The programs are basically aimed at beautification of the out-look of the deteriorating conditions of the country. Through this cosmetic changes, SLORC expects attractions of tourists coming to Burma. However, the programme is being implemented at the cost of local inhabitants. The roads are being built and the bridges are being repaired with forced laborers. The materials required for the constructions were also forcibly collected from the people of projected sites. In addition, people are fined for being unable to contribute the labor. A person per household is ordered compulsory for unpaid labor. Ironically this became official rule in Burma under the SLORC regime. On 28 December 1996, U Khin Latt, President of Tun Zan township in Chin State of SLORC came under the order of Phalam-based SLORC regiment 268 and Tetain-based regiment 269, the order being to build 100 miles long road connecting Kale Town and Phalam Town. He then passed the order to the villages viz, Hai Tuu, Tui Ton, Tan Twon, Phon Tong and Phai Tun which happened to exist along the projected road to send a person per household for the construction. The people who are living in all the colonies of Tun Zan township are also included in providing free-Labor for the same. Most of them are local ethnic Chin nationalities. Under the dead-cold weather severed by freezing wind at the mountainous site, unexperienced road builders are forced to carry rocks and dig the ground. Besides, they have to work at their own expenses. Some of them even do not have rice to eat. Therefore they survive with boiled maize and work at the road construction site. The rocks are being collected from the 3 hours away Manipur Streams. Each household is ordered to dig six ditches of 10x10x1 foot big ditch. The construction is still going on till date. The completion of the project is scheduled in April. Therefore, people of that area are not even allowed to go for harvesting their field. A group of 300 people with 6 group works for the construction in rotation. Students in spite of being young under 16 years old, three female and two male teachers of No.8, No.9 and No. 10 of Tun Zan Township State High School are also ordered to provide free Labor for the construction. The question remains unanswered in regard to whom the road will benefit to. According to the local inhabitants of the projected regions, the road surely will benefit the army for the better communication which will help in hunting down the dissidents who are operating in the area. Information Unit All Burma Students League ***** Excerpts from an overseas Chin's letter of advice to the Chin National Front January 15, 1997 "The Burmese Army knows that your movement is too weak to challenge their authority. They use your movement to justify their brutality towards the Chin. They sent out a large contingent of Burmese soldiers, the relation to your strength of 1:1,000, that means they sent out 1,000 soldiers to fight one CNF soldier. They are not interested in fighting you. Their object is purely to fight the Chin society. They are there to bring fear to the Chin people... Now that they control the Chin, they will grow opium. They will make opium available at a cheap price so that the Chin youth will be addicted to it. In a few years time some section of the Chin society will be corrupted like the Burmese society." "The Burmese Army is in the Chin Hills to divide the Chin people into opposing sections. It will be easy for the Burman to do this because the Chin does not have a common language and they have been suspicious of each other. The only factor that holds the Chin together is that they know from the bottom of their hearts that they are one people. These bonds could easily be broken with the help of the Chin themselves. One denominator is the Chin National Front." "The forceful takeover of the power from the former president No Than Kap had divided the CNF into two opposing factions, the Haka/Thantlang group against the Falam group. Since the CNF split it became very difficult to unite the Hakha and Falam people. Because of the same reason there is a noticeable division between the Mizo community and the Chin community in Mizoram. Some people were working for it. The death of Lalsanga, who was detained by the CNF unnecessarily for six months which had caused his death. Small events at the hands of undisciplined CNF soldiers had created more and more suspicion and animosity between the Mizo and Chin." "The killing of the YMA [Young Mizo Association] president of Khuangleng by three CNF undisciplined soldiers had tested the tolerance of the Mizo. It will be up to the leadership of the CNF whether this kind of stupid action be continued or stop. At present time the reports coming to me from the border areas indicate that there would soon be real disturbances between the Haka/Thanthlang and the Paite (Tedim)." "...I am told that the SLORC is encouraging the people to fight the CNF and the SLORC would supply arms. The Tedim people is of the opinion that the CNF is a Haka/Thanthlang set up, and if the situation continues the Tedim might declare war on the Haka/Thanthlang. I was told that those who call themselves Zomi should separate from those who call themselves Chin." "...If the CNF wants to work for the people they must have discipline. Without discipline the people will turn against you. I have written to you about the Khuangleng incident. A revolution has to work for the people, that means it should treat its people most respectfully, and gently. The worst would be to fight your own people." "...You are fighting the Burmese Army because they have no discipline and they abuse their power. Do not follow their examples." "...It is most important to know who your enemies are. Definitely the Chin are not your enemies. If you abuse your power because you have arms then they will turn against you and become your enemy." "...The taxes you collected are too difficult for many people...You have to have guidelines and principles..." ***** Notes from a Chin information source (India), December 13, 1996: Narcotics: "According to the letter of my friend which I received this morning from Aizawl, Mizoram that some opium fields are found in the Ton Zang area and Falam, Haka township of Chin State. According to local people, these opium fields are made by the local people with the permission of the authority in Chin State." Human rights: "Human rights violation in Chin State is getting worse nowadays. Since the SLORC army are increasing in Chin State, the violation of human rights are also increasing. Forced labour for road construction and projects of Hydro Electric, Buildings etc. which is called Border area development program led by SLORC, is daily routine for the people of elsewhere in Chin State. Portering is also very much effected to the people of bordering area where CNF are operating. No time is left to work for their survivals. Forced conversion into Buddhism is reported from Northern Chin State. Many of crosses built by Christians were [demolished] by the SLORC army. Even the Christians are forced to work in the construction of Buddhist pagodas. The SLORC authorities took advantage of poverty of the people and they ask the parents to [send] their children in Rangoon for their education. However, the children were sent to monastery instead of sending to the schools. Forced relocation is seen in elsewhere. Soldiers are allowed to rent in the town giving many excuses that camps are being constructed. Rape cases are also reported where SLORC soldiers are being camped." "M.P.s [Members of Parliament elected in 1991 but not allowed to take office] are confined. According to Dr. Rodinga, son of Mr. Do Thawng who is being jailed in Mandalay jail because of his attendance in National League for Democracy conference held in July (1996), a lot of restriction have been made for the M.P.s. Out of 13 M.P.s from Chin State, 4 had fled for abroad and one is in jail. The rest of the M.P.s are in Chin State under the strict law. The Chin National Front is getting stronger and the SLORC are trying to control the entire Chin State. Curfew is being exercised in Chin State and nobody is allowed to travel without Identity card issued by SLORC in 1990. There is no Chin students movement in Chin State. No party or organization in Chin State have any movement in the region except CNF. Even Churches organizations are facing many restriction when the curfew is being remained. Christmas celebrations will also be restricted." Environment: "Since the electricity is not available, people have to use wood for cooking and firewood. Even in the town people are facing big problems for this. Now the cost of wood is 5,000 per ton. So people have to cut trees for sale for firewood. There are many orchid in Chin State. Now, orchid is very expensive and become good to make money for the people of Chin. Therefore, people are rushing for getting orchid and they even cut big trees just to get a single orchid flower. As far as I know, a lot of trees where orchids can be found have been cut elsewhere. Chins are totally depend on shift cultivation and they have to clear all the jungle and make fields in order to cultivate for their survival since the place is very backward and no development at all. Therefore if this cultivation continues we have to suffer in near future." Economy: "Since the cost of animals are good in Mizoram state [India], animal merchants are rushing for getting animals from the villagers in Chin State. Now, goat and cow, buffaloes and about to finish. When the people of Chin are very poor, they have to sale their cattle for getting money. I heard that most of Than Tlang township youths are trying to go for abroad particular in Malaysia to work illegally. In order to go to Malaysia, at least 130,000 kyats is required to get passport and air-ticket and the fee of broker in Rangoon. Therefore they sold all their belongings to get that amount. About two to three thousands of Chin youths are working in Malaysia. The reasons why these youth have made high risk are that since the villagers accused them that strong supporter of CNF. They have to carry as army porters all the times and sometime they were beaten inhumanly." "The economic situation is very bad now. These are the approximate cost of consumer goods in Chin State. Rice (30 kilograms bag) is Kyats 1,500. Cooking oil, 1 kilogram is 300 Kyats. The salary of primary school teacher is 800 per month. How can a family survive with this amount? Bus services are still not available but only private car service. The cost of petrol is 150 Kyats per litre in black market. So, transportation fare is also automatically high and people could not afford it for their travel. Taxes are illegally taken by various authorities such as immigration, police, tax office and army, etc. The Student Festival is going to be held in Haka by next year and the authorities are taking donation Kyats 5,000 per family of landlord and 300 Kyats per family of renters, by force. All the nearest villages of Haka township are [forced] to work in the construction of Student Festival." Military situation: "Now they [SLORC troops] are a big number. About 10 battalions have been set up. They can create enough problems for the Chin. There was no report of battle or fighting but bomb blast in the town were made by CNF. No casualties are reported. There were 11 defectors to CNF recently and five of them have been recognized by UNHCR as refugees of concern. Unfortunately, all of them have been arrested and handed them over to SLORC by Indian intelligence. One of the UNDP [United Nations Development Program] officer, namely Ming Hnin, belonging to Chin tribe, was shot to death by SLORC army but they denied it. his wife was forced to claim that the killers are CNF. But she rejected it since she did not believe that the killers are CNF. The incident took place in just near Haka in the summer." Refugees: "Refugees are sneaking into India for their safety. Unfortunately, the local Mizoram government is not willing to give them shelter in Mizoram. The Chin Refugee Committee (CRC) is trying to establish the refugee camp in Mizoram State since the UNHCR and the government of India is not willing to treat their case in Delhi. Many of the Chin refugees have applied for UNHCR status in Delhi but their request is not yet approved. Some of them have been waiting for their result for almost two years. Their policy on the Chin refugees is still unchanged. Now the CRC is approaching the government of Mizoram and local Churches organizations in Mizoram for establishing the refugee camps. There were many mass detentions of Chin refugees in Mizoram state in this year. Early this year, when former CNF president [John K. Thang] was shot, there was mass detention and many of the refugees who are considered to be a supporter of CNF were tortured inhumanly, even women were not spared. Again, in July and August (1996), mass detentions took place in the whole Mizoram State. Excerpts from a letter from a Chin in exile, November 20, 1996: "We are very afraid that there will soon be starvation in the [Chin] State as people there are restricted in their movement in time as well as in distances, not able to work in time in their farm work as there is no security under the military rule who kill civilians at random in addition to the forced labour and conscription of the civilians as porters by the Burmese armed forces, giving them no time to work for their living..." "What we are informed constantly is the Burmese military in their attempt to wipe out the existence of the Chin nationality and other minority nationalities are encouraging any Burman soldiers to marry these ethnic women by all means. Any Burman soldiers who get married with an ethnic minority woman are to be promoted to the higher rank which means encouraging the soldiers to rape and to kill the ethnic women to [force them] to accept them." "...80 to 90 percent of the Chin population in the Chin State are all Christians of different denominations. The SLORC force the Christians to become Buddhist by force and built so many pagodas everywhere with the money collected by force for the purpose from the Chin Christians. Any person who has the least complaint about it are arrested and tortured and put in jail without any proper trial. Christians are forced to receive and entertain Burmese monks against their will. Christians are not given freedom to convene their religious conferences and they are ordered to pull down their Christian signboards in many places. On Buddhist festivals, prizes up to thousands in cash are announced to be given to the Christians who would convert to Buddhism. Those Christians who convert to Buddhism are given special privilege to be appointed I the government posts and in appointing councils of local authorities. They create enmity tactics in creating divisions among the Karens Buddhist and Karen Christians. This surely is waging war against Christians by the SLORC which is very difficult for Christians to tolerate." ***** Chin Women's Organisation: "Request for Chin School in India" Chin Displaced Women's Primary School has been opened in Aizawl, Mizoram state, India on 19th October 1996. More than twenty thousand Chin families have been staying in this north eastern state of India since the Burmese Army's take over in 1988. Most of the children of these families have been growing without proper schooling since then. At the moment, the school is more like a grammar school. Volunteer teachers have been teaching Burmese and Chin so that the children can read and write first. (Though we want to teach them English too, we cannot afford to hire an English teacher yet.) As we cannot afford to rent a room, we have been using a small flat of a Chin refugee as our class room. The students sit on the floor and write on their laps. Due to limited resources, we can take only 37 students (29 children and eight adults) this year. If you can help us, we would like to take more students. Our aims and objectives are: 1) To give education to the Chin displaced people so that they develop Burma in the future. 2) To teach the displaced people Chin, Burmese and English languages. 3) To promote and preserve our language and literature. A Chin refugee said that it was too hard to survive in this foreign land when she could not read signboards written in English and when she could not read, write or speak even "one-two-three" in English. We would like to request everyone to provide us with assistance for this primary school so that we can run it better and continuously. Contact address: Mrs Zatawni, C/O Dr. Za Hlei Thang, Down Queen Colour Photo, Zion Street, Aizawl, Mizoram 796001 India. Zatawni Chairperson Chin Womens Organisation Aizawl, Mizoram, India. ***** "No Peace in Chinland" June 24, 1996 Chin National Front, Information Service 1. Hospitalization Mr. Kawngluaii: When Mr. Kawngluaii, the middle school headmaster of Pidawta block, Ha Ka (the capital city of Chin state) is returning back after worship service the two soldiers of No.226 BN [battalion] had seized and tortured him without any interrogation on 19th May '96 at 09:00 P.M. Later, the soldiers had taken him to the battalion. The soldiers allege him for 2 points (1): He was involved on the three bombs explosion at Ha Ka in January 1st week. (2): He has give and take with CNF. Therefore, he was tortured seriously. He is in hospital now. 2. Preparing the Whole Burma Students Festival: The 7th anniversary of the Whole Burma Students Festival will be held in December 1997 at HaKa. As for that the SLORC has collected Ks 5,000/- to the landlords and who staying by rents are collected Ks 2,000/- by ordered in HaKa. The same time the people were forced to extend the football ground and roads. Some landlords are drove out those who are include their's house without any assistance, buildup army camps and other gruff works. The local people are suffering a lot and no time for their's own works. Therefore, some familys fled to India. 3. Mr. Dothawanga (MP) arrested: Mr. Dothawanga (MP) No.2 Kale township was arrested by soldiers with full arms of No.89 BN on 21st May at night. He has been detained till today and no one can meet him. The SLORC had tried to seize Dr. Rodinga son of Dothawnga (MP) and Mr. Zakunga who are activities opposition the SLORC, fled to India. 4. Held condemnation ceremony of Aung San Suu Kyi and Democracy: A 7,000 over people in Kale township the SLORC called by ordered to the condemnation ceremony of Aung San Suu Kyi and Democracy held on 5-6- 1996. The SLORC propagates it in local TV and shows it video to the villages. Likewise, 3,000 over people in Haka held on 5-6-96. It will be held in other townships in June. 5. Again, 5 SLORC's soldiers joined CNF: The repentant 5 soldiers with full arms joined CNF on 8-6-96. Therefore, the border soldiers press more upon the local people and business men. 6. The local army commander strongly ordered in Haka and Thlan Tlang township who so ever must be taken identity card where ever they go. In case of without card is will fine Ks 1,000/-. 7. When Rev. Biakkam, 65 years old Thlan Tlang Baptist pastor is coming back after religious meeting the two soldiers asked him, "What he did and where from?" Although, Rev. Biak Kam explained his points, the soldiers tortured him seriously on 9-6-96 at )9:30 P.M. Now he is in hospital. 8. Different kinds of the refugees who are from Burma because of bad situation ruling of SLORC. Illegally, staying in India especially in Mizoram. Almost servants in Mizoram are from Burma. Some ladies are faced the problem of rape/pregnant and some gents are faced no get salary properly from their masters. The school teachers who are serving were tried to drive out, collecting their name list. When having case of robbery, murder, drug-smuggler, etc. etc., the local people allege, who were fro Burma. The local authorities (CID and police) disturb/arrest as foreigner case and other cases oftenly. By the time some are staying safely. A 300 over Burmese refugees are in Delhi, some are trying to get the recognition of UNHCR. 9. Mr. Van Hmung (B.Sc. - Rgn.), a headmaster of Parva village high school, was arrested by India authorities in April 1st week. He is in Saiha Jail now. Likewise, Mr. Sa Bah is at Champhai jail (India). Mr. Hre Tling, Mr. Tuli and their friends are in central jail of Aizawl (India). Sa Buh was arrested in May. Others were arrested in May also. 10. The SLORC extending army's new camp at Len-Tlang -- Tiddim township nowadays. Who so ever (local people - or - business men) cross there must do some works for one hour, the SLORC ordered by force. ***** end.


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Chaim Zadok, former Minister of Justice in the Labor government, has resigned his Knesset seat because "I find nothing to do there" as a member of the apposition. He said he would remain a member of the Labor Party and would continue to identify himself with party policy. "I shall always be ready to assume any appropriate public task outside the Knesset," he wrote in a letter to party chainman Shimon Peres who had tried vainly to dissuade him from resigning.
Zadok, 60, who served 19 years in the Knesset, five of them as minister, is returning to private law practice. His resignation, which, he affirmed in his letter to Peres, was based on personal, not political considerations, is regarded in Labor Party circles as another blow to the party after its defeat in last May's general election.
Imri Ron, 41, a Mapam kibbutznik from Mishmar Ha'emek, will replace Zadok. A former senior officer in the paratroopers, Ran served as secretary of the Kibbutz Artzi movement in recent years. He will be the fifth Mapam member in the Labor Alignment Knesset faction.
The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. Archive stories reflect the journalistic standards and practices of the time they were published.

subset: commoncrawl


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Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Orange County Cerebral Palsy Association, d.b.a. Inspire.
One of my favorite places in Orange County is the Heritage Trail. When I first began working at Inspire, I was very excited that the trail would literally be in my backyard! I enjoy physical fitness and being outdoors; as soon as the snow melts and the sun is out, you can find me there walking, running, and bike riding. As the days began to grow warmer, I began thinking about the individuals that we serve here at Inspire. Are there places for them to get out and enjoy being healthy? How can we incorporate the community in our purpose of supporting individuals with special challenges?
One of the programs we have at Inspire is Community Habitation. This program matches individuals with a mentor to assist the individual with skill building both inside the home and out in the community. It can be a challenge for mentors to come up with activities in the community that do not feel monotonous. As a solution to this, I wanted to offer these individuals a free, routine activity that could involve any agency and any member of the community. I wanted this activity to be a place for individuals meet peers and build relationships.
So we came up with Abilities on the Move!
Abilities on the Move meets every Monday in the months of June, July and August between 4 and 5 PM. We start at the Heritage Trail in Goshen off of St. James Street. Everyone is welcome! We have marked out the trail with mile markers and upon completion participants get a key chain with their miles. Participants can walk, run or roll!
We are trying to spread the word about this program and, slowly but surely, participation is growing! Parents are bringing their children, mentors are bringing the individuals that they work with, and even a residential home came out with their clients! It's so great to see their faces and see how excited they are to track the mileage week after week!
Written by: Jill Rothschild, Habilitation/Recreation Manager at Inspire
Abilities on the Move participants having fun on the Heritage Trail
About Abilities on the Move: Run, walk, or roll for healthy living and make community connections with peers! Open to all agency members and their families at no cost. This activity is not staffed and is intended as a community event where individuals may come with their mentor or family member and engage in physical activity. Inspire will provide mile markers and tracking of cumulative miles. This is an opportunity to have fun and make friends.
Read more about Abilites on the Move and how to enroll your child here.


text: Terms of Use Privacy Policy Hide Fashion Trends New York Fashion Week: Fall 2012 New York Fashion Week: Fall 2012 J.Crew Jared Leto x Bryan Boy Billy Reid Carlos Campos Street Style Levi's Billy Reid Richard Chai Band of Outsiders Simon Spurr Tommy Hilfiger Michael Bastian Hyden Yoo Theophilus London Billy Reid Sachin Bhola February 17, 2012 Share Tweet Flip 0 Shares "I spent some great time in Paris and London this past year, and I've thoroughly enjoyed mixing that vibe into the collection," said Billy Reid. His collection was an example of the fusion of American heritage (in this case, Reid's Southern flavor) and European style that will be influential next fall. This demonstrates mastery of the mix. Not sure how to pull it off? Then read this. Prev Next Recommended Reading Fashion Advice All Of Our Favorite Looks From New York Fashion Week Fashion Trends Our Favorite Looks From New York Fashion Week Fashion Trends Need Insight On What To Wear This Fall? We Asked The Experts Fashion Trends Presenting The Absolute Worst Fall Fashion Trends Of All Time Fashion Trends Get Ready for the Beach With Essentials From Target and Vineyard Vines


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After a number of years as a Residential Designer and Design Manager and having a hand in over 1500 homes at three different major home builders in Edmonton, Dan Wildeboer was asked to start his own design firm. He had been working on numerous "side jobs" designing homes for friends, family and acquaintances and a major builder and developer approached Dan to consider taking this on full-time to fill a niche that the builder/developer had determined was there. Since that time, he has continued to grow the business through personal care, exceptional service and competitive rates.
The design and drafting team now includes Josh Steenbergen, Jenn Surkovic, Randy Kowaluk, Cassie Cove, Diana van der Voort, Karla Ramos-Ladino and Janelle Ogonoski. We are ready and eager to help you out – with our vast collection of custom home plans and extensive experience, we can work with you to create your dream.
Contact DRAW Designs today to find out how they can help you design your dream home.


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welcome to the Bridgeport Tabernacle SDA Church in Bridgeport, CT. We are a Christian community and would love to have you join our family. To learn more about what we believe you can visit our About Us page. Please join us for Bible study, worship, and prayer.
Pastor Nicardo Delahaye
Bridgeport Tabernacle SDA Church
Join Us This Saturday
Service times:
Sabbath School: 9:30 AM to 10:30 AM
Worship Service: 11:00 AM -1:30PM
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Sternothyroid Muscle: The sternothyroid muscle is one muscle of the infrahyoids, a group of paired muscles of the anterior neck located below the hyoid bone. The sternothyroid muscle originates on the sternum and inserts on the thyroid cartilage. The sternothyroid muscle is involved in swallowing and speaking by pulling down the thyroid cartilage.
Conditions that can afflict the sternothyroid muscle include overuse injuries, tears, strains, myopathy, atrophy, infectious myositis, neuromuscular diseases, lacerations and contusions.
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Breaking news, guys! Okay, maybe just for me – but! I just found something really cool. Whitehaus has a full line of hot water dispensers. No, not like those big Sparklets jugs and not like every other faucet that you can turn to hot – these babies are beautiful, compact faucets that spit out perfect 190 degree (F) water with the touch of a button. As an avid tea drinker, sometimes cocoa-sipper, periodic recipient of the benefits of instant coffee and theraflu, and periodic oatmeal eater, this is approximately the coolest revelation since sliced bread. Why, you ask? Why!! (Okay, here's why).
No More Waiting For Hot Water
I don't know about you (and of course every house is different), but in a lot of places it can take quite a while for your tap water to get hot. And even if you get the hottest hot water the second you turn the handle, if you follow any kind of safety regulations, chances are that water caps out at about 120 degrees. That can make a nice beverage, sure, but by the time its in the cup and you've mixed in your leaves/choco-packet/crystals/magic health dust/oatmeal, it's probably erring toward lukewarm. Something like this Gooseneck hot water dispenser puts out an even 190 degree water which is just shy of boiling – no microwave, tea kettle, stovetop or WAITING needed. It's even hot enough to cook frozen vegetables without ever putting them anywhere near the stovetop.
No Complicated Water Purification Routine
For tea and French press or gravity brew coffee drinkers, there's a whole ritual you have to go through with your water. Pour, Brita, chill, heat, brew, which is only five steps but is often both clumsy and time consuming. With something like this Traditional hot water dispenser, you can actually hook the faucet directly up to a built-in purifier so the water that comes out of the tap is not only hot on demand, but also already up to the crystal-clear quality standards you want for the best beverages.
Smart For Cold Clean Water, Too
A subset of that is that something like this Self Closing hot water dispenser can produce cold water as well as hot, which means that linking it to a water filter can provide you all the clean drinking water your family can handle. This is a very, very good option in my eyes for the simple reason that built in water filtration can be kind of frustrating. It's either installed directly to your main kitchen faucet, in which case most of the filtration power is wasted on dirty dishes, or you wind up with a bulky, awkward contraption on your faucet to try to combat that waste. Having a separate drinking water faucet takes care of both problems at once, streamlining the look of your kitchen and extending the life of your filter.
Spectacular Temperature Control
The one drawback of hot water dispensers like this Q-Haus is that the temperature tops out at 190. Now, of course you're not going to get actively boiling water out of a tap, but this makes it a little less ideal for stickler black tea drinkers. That said, most models can be adjusted between 140 and 190 degrees with a fair degree of precision, so if you're a white, green, or oolong tea drinker (or if you just have a sensitive palate), you can get exactly the right temperature water you want, no waiting, and no thermometer or fancy temperature controlled kettle needed.
Effectively Unlimited Hot Water
So how do hot water dispensers work? Simple: you install a small point of use water heater like this 5/8 gallon Forever Hot Tank to your sink, which maintains a separate, smaller store of very hot water for your drinking needs. With the ability to put out about 60 cups of hot hot water an hour, I'd be willing to bet that even the thirstiest tea or cocoa seeker won't be able to drink a hot water dispenser dry. Plus, most of Whitehaus's hot water dispensers are self-sealing (meaning that when you let go of the handle, the water turns off), so you won't have to worry about a cat, small child, or absentminded housemate getting burnt or wasting the water by leaving it on.
Streamlined Elegance
What all this comes down to, really, is that installing a hot water dispenser is a great way to streamline your kitchen design, whether you hate your bulky water filter (on your faucet or in your fridge!) or if you're bogged down with gadgets from trying to make the perfect morning brew. Something like this Forever Hot hot water dispenser installs perfectly either in a separate prep sink or right alongside your main kitchen faucet, can be picked to match another Whitehaus kitchen faucet, and totally eliminates the need for everything from your tea kettle to that huge Sparklets water stand.
Are you anywhere near as excited as I am about these cool hot water dispensers? Have you seen ones like this before, or am I just late to the party?


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Fight over access to Black Lake comes down to a 116-year-old document
The Black Lake, about 12 miles north of Bemidji, is a largely private body of water that's a poorly kept secret.
Anglers have long known it's a pan fish honey hole. In summer, canoeists and kayakers use binoculars to bird watch. In fall, hunters arrive to thin the abundant migrating flocks.
The lake lacks a public boat ramp, but near the gravel crossroads of Black Lake Road and Black Creek Lane, there's an opening maybe 30 feet wide and five feet deep. The narrow strip gently disappears into the water, which makes for an ideal spot to back in a trailer, slide in a boat, and spend a day out on the lake.
But those days could be numbered.
Five landowners along the lake have sued Turtle Lake Township, alleging that the road was built incorrectly and cuts into private property. They've grown tired of the public using the spot like they own the place. They want a court to make the trespassing stop.
"It was never intended to be a ramp to get into the lake," says their attorney Jim Peters. "This was an old wagon road meant to help people get around, not a place to plop your boat in. I think the public understands what a public boat launch is. This is private property."
"It's kind of the direction of America," Peters added. "People that are getting free stuff are now complaining it's no longer good enough free stuff and they want more."
Township lawyer Sam Rufer says nothing could be farther from the truth.
"This is about landowners who don't want anybody using their lake," he says. "I think this has been brewing for a long time."
State law says all Minnesotans have a right to access public waters if a public road's "right of way" extends to the body of water.
A township order from 1901 called for the road's creation. The document includes a legal description of where the road goes, spelled out long hand, cursive writing.
"Basically, you got a document that says you start at a stake and then you go this way for a while and then you go that way for another while," Peters says. "It doesn't specify how wide the road should be. It was never intended to be a ramp to get into the lake."
Turtle Lake's position isn't one of boat access, according to Rufer, but of right of way. How the patch of ground is used is secondary to the public's ability to use it. And decades of public use grandfathers its right of way designation, he says.
The dispute is now in the hands of a survey crew. By researching land records, it'll be tasked to recreate a map of the road using its historical legal description. That map will be compared with a map that shows where the road now exists.
If they match up, the plaintiffs' case is lost.
Peters is betting that something got screwed up between the township's order and the road's construction, which means it was misplaced to such a degree that private property rights will trump the grandfathered public access.
Rufer understands this unknown is the weak link in the township's defense.
"This is an arcane legal deal," he says. "We don't know exactly where that 1901 road is. It's not uncommon that roads described a long time ago are nowhere close to where they were supposed to be."
Rufers gave no timeline as to when the surveys might be completed. A hearing is scheduled in May in Beltrami District Court.


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Considering V205/X2/X1 - Advice Requested
Hello all:
We are located in Spokane WA. We have decided to make the plunge into an inboard boat and have somewhat zeroed in on the V205/X2/X1 hull as (hopefully) within our budget $35K and meeting out needs (25% wake boarding, 25% tubing, 25% lounging, 10% skiing and hopefully being able to try wake surfing.
One question we had is can we make the boat have very little wake for beginning wake boarders?
Are we on the right track with looking at this boat?
Here is one:
This one is newer but has more hours and is probably out of our price range but maybe it's so much better we should try to stretch? I'd be interested in thoughts on that please:
What other things should we consider, ask the dealers/owners about? Is a motor compression check necessary or advisable for purchase? How important is a water test (it's been a bit chilly lately)
I know these are newbie questions, please feel free to point me to other threads that I should consider. From what I've read you guys know A LOT about boats and I appreciate any advice.
Thanks much, Steve
The '05 X2 has the MCX Motor 350 hp (upgrade) almost half the hours of the other (bonus)which has the base 310 hp Raptor motor. That X2 looks sharp, I like the colors.
205v hull sounds like a good choice for you. I wouldn't worry about making the wake small for beginners. If the wake with no ballast is still intimidating to them you can always shorten the rope to get them a mellower wake that's not as steep and let them ride there until they get better.
X2-X1 best all around boat in the used market
'05 looks clean should be able to pick it up in the low $30s
350 hp MCX, clamping swivel board racks, Perfect Pass, JL stereo system, tandem axel trailer w/ aluminum wheels. Pull the graphics and its a sharp boat
'07 is a nice boat with zero upgrades, the listed boat was the budget/entry level offering
310 hp standard board racks, no perfect pass, aftermarket stereo, sgl axel trailer w/steel wheels, not worth more than $30k
If you put the two of them side by side you'll most likely be driving away with the '05 at least that's what I would do
just researched a little and found this, offer low $30k, If I could I'd drive home with this one just for grins
Another '05 X2 for <30k
Last edited by snork; 02-15-2014 at 01:51 PM.
X2 on snorks opinion. Best used boat money can buy. Can take you from beginner wakes to advanced easily. The 05 x2 is also my choice due to the upgrades that will save you money long term.
2016 X30-Wetsounds galore
2017 Misty Harbor Tri-Toon
1985 S&S- Gone but never forgotten
I just purchased a 08 X1, but I would also vote for the 05 X2. It has all the upgrades you are going to want long term.
In my obviously biased opinion the 05 X2 is the way to go. Should be able to nail one for $30k give or take. The one in Chehalis looks promising. How far from you?
As has been stated, the wake is doable for beginners.
We ski, board, and surf with ours. It's one of MC's classic hulls that's hard to beat.
2005 X2, Viper Red, MCX, OJ TZ-X5 prop, PPass, rear 750 sacs, KBS, IBS, Bennett Wake Plate
(previous) 2001 X5, 1991 TriStar 190
Is the top deck on the 05 the same color as the lower hull? The blue color? That's a sweet looking boat!
Based on your list the 205v will work great for you, for the lounging you might find you are a little tight for space. There is a x30 in the classifieds that is in your price range that would give you more room.
Whatever you decide on, as many options as you can get are nice going in, everyone likes to tweak their boat to make it their own but it's an expensive habit and this forum has a bad habit of pushing that addiction.
If the boat you pick comes with perfect pass, heater, shower, racks, good prop, aftermarket or added ballast, dual axle trailer, etc, etc, it will save you thousands. I would just say don't buy the cheapest stripped down boat, you have a good budget and should be able to find a great boat. I would take a loaded 2005 long before a basic 2007/8.
I wouldn't ignore any 205v with the rtp engine, lots of Power to do whatever you want with the right prop, I think the MCX is more desirable and looks cooler so it might help your re-sale a bit or cost you more to buy in.
Good luck with your search.
You had asked about what to check for, compression test, etc.
There is an excellent buying checklist on this site here http://www.mastercraft.com/teamtalk/...4&postcount=47
Obviously, in your (and my) area of the world a lake test is out of the question this time of year. If the boat is in heated storage running the engine is possible.
But if this isn't possible, I wouldn't let it deter you. I bought both of my previous boats in the dead of winter, one of them sight unseen (apart from getting many pictures from the owner.) In fact, I was able to use NOT being able to lake test to my advantage in terms of price negotiation.
Assuming you are able to view possible boats in your area, a careful visual inspection tells you alot, especially if you are purchasing from a private owner. Plain and simple -- has the boat been taken care of? Things like the cleanliness of the bilge speak volumes. Are their receipts and records of maintenance? Talk to the PO -- lots! You will get a sense of his knowledge about boats and boating, his level of commitment to maintenance, etc. If he doesn't know an oil filter from a sparkplug chances are he didn't do much maintenance. (Now, if there are records for complete dealer maintenance, that might be a good thing!) Plus good old fashioned conversation helps to assay whether or not you think the guy is trustworthy.
If you are purchasing from a dealer I would ask for some sort of warranty, even short term, at least until the boat is de-winterized and you have a chance to run it. But you will also likely pay more on a dealer purchase than privately on any comparable boat.
This is a great site -- lots of knowledge (and humor.) Welcome! And enjoy your hunt for your perfect boat.
2005 X2, Viper Red, MCX, OJ TZ-X5 prop, PPass, rear 750 sacs, KBS, IBS, Bennett Wake Plate
(previous) 2001 X5, 1991 TriStar 190
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Stacye Zeisler is the chief marketing officer for The Jewish Federation of Greater Washington. Prior to this position, she served as vice president for marketing at The Associated: Jewish Community Federation of Baltimore. With more than 14 years in the Federation marketing field, Stacye has committed herself to promoting the role, value and importance of The Federation in Jewish community. As CMO, Stacye is responsible for overseeing all aspects of Federation marketing including messaging, print and digital design, event production, e-communications, public relations, web, social media and analytics.
For the past two years, Stacye has also served as the managing director of the Jewish Food Experience, an outreach program that uses on-line tools and off line programs to nurture and build connections through food.
Show-Stopping Programs: New Ways to Engage New Audiences I
Show-Stopping Programs: New Ways to Engage New Audiences ISee full schedule


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ANZPT Adelaide: Day 2, level 12 (blinds 1000-2000, ante 200)
5.45pm: First shout for railbirds
It's beer o'clock here at Adelaide Casino, with the 9-5ers out in force for a night on the tables after a long week in the office. But the remaining 53 players in the PokerStars.net ANZPT Adelaide Main Event still have 90 minutes until they clock-off for the day.
Having started the day third in chips overall with 84,500, Australian PokerStars Qualifier
Sam Rotar was crippled down to just 19,500 after being halved by fellow Aussie Mark James. James moved his last 34,900 over the line before the flop with 5♦ 5♣ and found himself flipping for his tournament life against Rotar's A♦ J♠. However Rotar lost the race when the board ran out 3♥ Q♦ 3♣ K♠ 6♦, much to the delight of James who whooped and high-fived his mates on the rail.
Meanwhile day one overall chip leader Roy Hills continues his solid run, moving up to 123,500 after his A♠ J♦ led all the way against the K♦ Q♦ of Graeme Nobbs when the board was spread Q♣ 2♣ A♥ 3♠ 5♥.
Nobbs has been joined on the rail by Australian PokerStars Qualifier Daniel Laidlaw, who moved all in with K♦ Q♠ but was called down by Andrew Scarf's A♦ K♥, which caught a pair on the flop of A♥ 9♦ 5♠ and held as the turn and river came down 5♣ J♣, eliminating Laidlaw.
5.30pm: Moose let loose
The pork-pie hat, glasses resting low on the nose and sartorial wit are the signatures of one Raemin "Jake the Moose" Alexander, who's been one of the big movers on day two of the PokerStars.net ANZPT Adelaide Main Event.
Alexander has joined a handful of players holding more than 200,000 in chips, along with Pankaj Gogia (228,000), Sam Haddad (210,000) and Bruno Da Silva (200,000) heading into the final two hours of play.
5.15pm: Hachem crowned on the river
PokerStars.net ANZPT Player of the Year Tony Hachem is up to almost 100,000 after eliminating Dan Smith. The American youngster moved his short stack over the line with 5♠ 5♦ and found himself flipping for his tournament life against Hachem's A♠ K♦. The flop of Q♦ J♠ 2♥ helped neither player but Hachem caught a few more outs when the 9♥ appeared on the turn, but the river K♥ was enough to take the pot, and Smith, down.
5pm: Hinrichsen eyes top spot
Unusual day here in the Poker Zone at Adelaide Casino, with the rate of eliminations seemingly increasing as the day progresses. With two hours of play remaining, the field has already been slashed from 122 to 56, and we won't be far off the money (27) by the time play wraps-up.
One of the main benefactors of the carnage is 2009 PokerStars.net ANZPT Queenstown runner-up Andrew Hinrichsen, who is up to 159,500 after eliminating another player. The opponent moved the last of his money all-in before the flop with A♥ K♦, but Hinrichsen woke up with K♥ K♣. The dealer spread the board of 5♠ 5♣ J♣ 4♣ 3♠, reducing the player count by one.
• Compiled by Sean Callander and Landon Blackhall


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Farm to Fire
Open Fire Wedding Catering
We take great pride in using locally sourced ingredients from many farms in the Hudson Valley. From seasonal vegetables to sustainably raised meats, the best ingredients are the heart and soul of our food. To celebrate the change in food focus, we have a huge dedication to vegan and other non meat options. Any item on our menu can be made vegan, gluten free, or vegetarian.
This whole focus goes back to customized menus. Tell us your story and what you want on your wedding day. The days of picking a package that the chef puts on the website are gone.
When you find that you have narrowed down your menu ideas to:
Fresh Pasta, BBQ, Tacos, Family Style, Grilled Meats, Sliders, Asian Steamed Buns, a Clam Bake, and a Pig Roast. 7 Food Genres shouldn't be a problem, right? The guest list includes 5 vegans, 8 vegetarians, 4 gluten free guests, and one person allergic to peanuts.
The Hudson Valley BBQ Co. was born out of necessity.
our story
Brandon Snooks, executive chef
Growing up in the cattle country of Montana, there was always locally sourced food on our family table. From vegetables that my family grew in the garden to cattle raised on the land we farmed, there was no other way to eat in rural Montana. I honestly did not know that everyone didn't sit down to a farm to table experience for every meal. Seeing my grandmothers, mother, and many other "Farm Chefs" making the most of every piece of food available to them was commonplace. From canning to curing, the name of the game was feeding hungry family, friends, and farm hands.
What I also did not know is how much that environment shaped my life. Many family rug rats grow up and have a passion for running the family farm. My path was on a crash course for cooking in the kitchen. While many of my friends were out on the tractor plowing fields with a family member, I was home with Grandma Jean tending the garden or bugging Grandma Ceece about her raspberries. My mother is one of the most amazing "Farm Chefs" I will ever meet. She can bake like a rock star and was able run a scratch farm kitchen feeding hungry workers every single day. Oh, did I mention she did that all while raising kids, working at the post office, and helping dad with whatever needed done. I realize now that this story started early as a little guy, washing vegetables and making sure the beaters were clean after stirring freshly made cookie dough.
I found that cooking food and feeding people made me happy.


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The Weinstein Company President and COO David Glasser was reportedly fired Friday night, perhaps clearing a major obstacle to the film company's sale.
"The board of the Weinstein Company has unanimously voted to terminate David Glasser for cause," the board said in a brief statement late Friday, the Los Angeles Times reported.
A Wall Street group was about to close on a $ 500 million acquisition of the beleaguered film company earlier this week and planned to name Glasser as the CEO.
The sale, however, came to a screeching halt when New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman filed a lawsuit calling out Glasser for enabling Harvey Weinstein's reign of sexual harassment.
AG details abuse that sparked his suit against The Weinstein Co.
The AG's four-month probe into the company found through documents and interviews that Glasser was an "enabler" to Weinstein's conduct.
Schneiderman's office had asked the group for assurances that there would be a victim compensation fund and a future protection for the company's employees.
The AG filed the suit after discovering Glasser's imminent promotion.


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The original report was produced as a CIRIA publication, and was also made freely available through the HSE and RSSB websites. The update is being produced as a web-based document with the intention that subsequent material can be added at regular intervals. It is considered that this addresses the importance of the subject area.
sign in to your account or register now to download the publication.
The document is arranged in four sections that can be accessed individually:


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Food security describes the global challenge of ensuring everyone has access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life.
More info about Food security
Although the BigPicnic team includes a range of organisations with different specialisations, the majority of them are botanic gardens, chosen for their expertise in plant science and public engagement.
More info about Why botanic gardens?
BigPicnic Partners use co-creation to develop exhibitions and events in collaboration with their communities and stakeholders, combining expertise to produce relevant and engaging activities on food security.
More info about Co-creation
Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) aims to align the outcomes of scientific and technological advances with the values and needs of society by involving diverse groups of people throughout the entire process.
More info about Responsible Research and Innovation
Team-Based Inquiry (TBI) enables BigPicnic Partners to reflect on their work using a practical approach to data collection and evaluation, built on a cycle of question, investigate, reflect and improve.
More info about Team-Based Inquiry


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'Served with a respectful heart and received with gratitude'
Tea to soothe the soul
Inside tea-ceremony instructor Taeko Shiozawa's room, nothing -- not even the water bubbling in the kettle -- disturbs the tranquility.
Outside, politicians plot and scheme. Businessmen argue over boardroom tables. Whole economies heave and gasp.
Inside, however, things are kept simple. Shiozawa prepares the ceramic bowls and adjusts a flower in its vase, just so. This is a time to focus not on the hurly-burly beyond these walls but on tasks immediately at hand. Everything, after all, must be precisely in order for the guests coming to tea.
Remove your shoes, forget your everyday worries and step into the otherworld of sado -- the Way of Tea -- where a steaming bowl of frothy green matcha represents far more than mere refreshment. Serious students of this ancient art spend their lives striving to perfect a ritual that some see as a path to spiritual transcendence.
"Doing the same routine over and over, always paying attention to detail, you understand your own mind better by the day," explains 69-year-old Shiozawa, who has been practicing sado for more than five decades. "It's a lifelong study."
Tea ceremony is one of Japan's most important cultural institutions, a system of choreographed movement and actions designed -- like India's yoga and the Chinese martial art tai chi -- to impart on its practitioners a sense of wholeness and calm. Its centuries-old notion that the tearoom, like the mind, should be an uncluttered space has influenced almost every other form of Japanese creative expression, from architecture to haiku.
Though once practiced mainly by the leisured classes, tea ceremony is far from being a leisure activity. As well as encompassing elements of esoteric belief, it also embodies a strict code of ethics -- a guideline for personal bearing and social interaction that today boasts more than 3 million followers in Japan and the rest of the world. The vast majority of practitioners in Japan are female.
"The trickling sound of tea water fills me with a great silence deep down inside," said Tokyo office employee Minako Tahira, 30, who has practiced sado for six months "to balance work with enjoyment." "But there's more to it than that. I also want to find a place for Japanese tradition in my life."
Measured routine
It takes decades to master the countless forms of tea ceremony, some of them so complex that they are performed only by the highest-ranked tea-school officials. However, even a novice attending an hourlong practice session can feel something of its rapture.
The uninitiated are advised to stretch their legs first, as the five or so guests are obliged to sit in seiza (on folded knees), a position many people find uncomfortable if not downright painful. They may find some consolation, though, in the traditional omogashi sweets -- often in hues suggestive of the season -- offered before tea.
With the reverence of a nun, the hostess makes her entrance in the doorway. She approaches the water kettle and, having also assumed the seiza position, removes a cloth from her belt and folds it so methodically that it seems she is searching for imperfections in the weave. She wipes the cloth over a jar containing the powdered green tea, carefully scoops a few heaps into her bowl, ladles in hot water and then, with a pear-shaped whisk, whips the concoction into a bubbly lather. The bowl is placed on the tatami with the decorative pattern gracing its side facing the guest.
The first guest, following a similarly measured routine, walks -- or, if space is limited, crawls -- to fetch the bowl. Bowing to the others present, she holds the bowl slightly aloft as a sign of thanks, turns its decorative pattern away from herself in two measured mini-rotations, and brings the rim to her lips to drink.
This is perhaps the most sublime moment. The slightly bitter tea mingles with the sweet aftertaste of omogashi before warming the body on the way down. As the guest tips the bowl to her mouth the bottom fills her field of vision with a slow cascade of green froth. It is stress-therapy at work: Any tension the guest may have brought vanishes with the bubbles.
"Served with a respectful heart and received with gratitude, a bowl of tea satisfies both physical and spiritual thirst," Soshitsu Sen XV, grand master of the Urasenke school of tea ceremony -- the country's largest -- recently wrote.
If it sounds like religion, that's because in some respects it is. Though most forms of tea ceremony do not involve any particular form of worship (some do include offerings to the Buddha or to Shinto deities), it nevertheless borrows philosophical concepts from Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism. Some authorities even believe the use of the cloth may have been inspired by the pall that covers the chalice in the Mass introduced by early Roman Catholic missionaries from the West.
Jennifer L. Anderson, a Stanford University anthropologist and tea-ceremony devotee, wrote in her 1991 book "An Introduction to Japanese Tea Ritual" that many followers are attracted to the repetitive, formal nature of the tea ceremony because it assures them that the universe has maintained its " 'correct' order" -- a reflection of Confucian thought. Meanwhile, mystical symbolism in the ceremony allows participants to draw elements of the cosmic into their own lives. As an example, Anderson cites the use of fire, water, wood, metal and earth -- the five elements of Taoism -- throughout the ritual.
Everlasting life
Rather than focus on any external sacred realm, however, some votaries of the Way of Tea pursue the sudden, inner transformation known in Buddhist philosophy as satori -- enlightenment. For this reason, the ritual has long occupied a central position in Zen.
Most comprehensible to outsiders, perhaps, is sado's attention to seasonal changes -- the budding of new leaves in the spring or their withering in the autumn -- which followers say helps them accept their own mortality as a natural part of life.
"It teaches us how to live and it teaches us how to die. To die beautifully," said Urasenke representative Takeya Yamasaki.
Tea-drinking was closely associated with spiritual life long before it ever came to Japan. Sometime midway through the first millennium, the belief arose among Taoist scholars in China that potions with tea as an ingredient could bring everlasting life, and monks began incorporating it into Buddhist ritual. After being brought from China by monks and priests, the elixir debuted centerstage in Japan in 729, when Emperor Shomu invited 100 monks to share the beverage at his palace.
For centuries after that, tea was primarily consumed by monks who wanted help staying awake during grueling meditation sessions. Common folk rarely had access to the delicacy, though one 13th-century holy man, the priest Eison, did give it to sick villagers as a health tonic.
In the following centuries, the elite, bored with their lives in the court and desperate for novel forms of entertainment, threw parties where attendants competed for expensive prizes by guessing the origin of tea samples. A depiction of the Buddha or other religious imagery was often on display, but otherwise these were very secular affairs.
It was all getting too worldly, decided Zen monks. They began exhorting sado disciples to use their study as a means of keeping swelled egos in check rather than an excuse to show off erudition. One avid follower of this minimalist approach to tea was a 16th-century aficionado named Sen Soeki Rikyu -- today better known as Sen no Rikyu, the most influential figure in the history of the tea ceremony.
Rikyu, born into a powerful merchant family in 1522, studied sado as a young man and, impressing top masters of the art with his innate talent, quickly rose to fame. Due to both his pedigree and his skill, he was appointed as tea master to two shogun, Oda Nobunaga and his successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, both credited with putting Japan on the road to nationhood. A warrior, Hideyoshi nevertheless took his tea very seriously: During battles, he is said to have performed the ceremony in plain view of his enemies to awe them with his calm.
Rikyu exploited his position under Hideyoshi to create a standardized national system of tea ceremony based on the principles of his Zen role models. His campaign included quiet, but risky, opposition to the severe class-segregation of the times. Many of Rikyu's samurai guests surely grumbled on being asked to remove their swords and then having to crouch to get through the tiny nijiriguchi tearoom entryways -- requirements designed to humble haughty visitors from the ruling strata. There is speculation that the policy may have played a role in Hideyoshi's demand, in 1591, that Rikyu commit seppuku (ritual disembowelment) -- an event whose true circumstances largely remain a mystery.
Today, Rikyu's spiritual descendants, as heads of Japan's three main schools of tea ceremony (which also include Omotesenke and Mushanokojisenke), are still the guiding force in the world of sado. And the challenge to keep alive their famous ancestor's legacy is greater than ever.
For one, tea has coffee to compete with, since meeting at Starbuck's for a caffe latte is considered far more chic than enduring the seiza position for a bowl of matcha. And generations raised on action movies and Nintendo generally don't have the patience for anything as subtle as tea ceremony.
"Turning the bowl a set number of times and all that, the whole thing is such a formal pain in the butt," scoffs 18-year-old college student Hitomi, interviewed as she emerged from a video-game parlor in a Tokyo suburb. Her girlfriend Shiori, also 18, nods in agreement. "I tried tea ceremony once when I was in junior high school, but only because I knew they'd serve sweets. It wasn't fun, so I quit."
Tea for the times
But a freshened-up look may now be giving the ancient art of sado what it needs to face-off with flashier pastimes. For example, the angled exteriors of up-and-coming designer Kimiko Nakamura's stainless-steel sado vessels are evocative of ultra-modern architecture. And trendsetting old Rikyu -- who is said to have used earthy, rough-hewn bowls -- would perhaps be pleasantly surprised if he were to see people today drinking from an ice-like glass vessel crafted by Hiroshi Kojitani, another designer experimenting with materials previously alien to tea ceremony.
"Rikyu understood eccentric things. I think he would've gone for glass," chuckled Kojitani, 64. People today are no less open-minded, he said. "Japanese realize that change is necessary."
Changing, too, is the profile of tea ceremony's following. During the early decades of the Showa Era (1926-89), the once male-dominated ritual became the domain of women, who were required to study it as a prerequisite for marriage. The women's liberation movement subsequently left tea ceremony with a reputation as an old-fashioned hobby for elderly women. Now, however, growing numbers of working women manage to fit tea ceremony between corporate meetings. And, Urasenke school's Yamasaki says, males -- mostly businessmen -- now appear to be returning to the tradition as well.
No matter their gender, new adherents seem to be looking for the same thing: a way of coping with the uncertainties and frantic pace of 21st-century life. And the way things are going out there, says Yamasaki, demand for the calm, formal certitudes of the tea ceremony can only rise.
"When Sen no Rikyu was alive, the country was plagued by war. Well, it's war out there today, too. There's competition between corporations, competition between workers . . . Japanese don't have time to breathe." He pauses. "People are coming to tea ceremony to get some peace of mind."
The Japan Times: May 26, 2002
This story originally appeared in a Japan Times package on tea:
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Here are some photos from last week's Sunday Parade Service with our Uniformed Organizations. Our Minister, Ruth Dillon, introduced the theme, which was 'Knowing God' – how we can know God through the world around us. Rainbows and Brownies illustrated this by their poems, an interpretation of the Creation story from Genesis, and by showing […]
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Sorry it took so long to post my report guys but It's been a long, hard, drunken weekend. Thursday night I went out with some friends and closed the local pub, Friday morning got up at 6am and drove an hour and a half to Sandusky / Bellevue for my weapons qualification. Shot 296 out of 300, not bad considering the hangover I was fighting! Finished at 1:30, and headed to the Bay, caught the 2:45 Jet Express and made it to "A" dock around 3:15. Spent the afternoon hanging with Paul, Don, Stu and his woman, Mike, and a couple of Canadians two boats down. Great time guys! We headed into town at some point, things get hazy right about now, I remember heading to some bars, doing shots and beers, then I think I lost Paul and the other guys. Next thing I know I'm at the midnight Jet heading back to Post Clinton, fell asleep on the Jet and had to be woken up by one of the deck hands. Slept in the jet parking lot over night, and drove home Saturday morning.
Started party'in with my friends at 11 am on Saturday, all day long cook outs and parties, got up on Sunday and did it all over again, watched the Cavs win Sunday night and headed home around 1 am.
At work now, feeling like crap, on the bottom of some ones shoes!
Thanks for the party Paul, can't wait to see every one else real soon. If you can fill in the blanks I'd appreciate it, unless I did some thing totally stupid them PM me!


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1 piece EUR 148.25
2 pieces EUR 141.19
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Out of stock, we order this product for you from our supplier, we expect a delivery time of approximately two weeks
This 12 loudspeaker has been designed to reproduce the
low and mid frequency range. It features a 2.5 (62.4 mm) voice coil made with
high quality materials: copper round wire with high temperature bonding strength
and fiber glass former. Combining this with a massive magnet system with an
appropriate rear air ventilation results in a excellent power handling: 300 w
AES. Moreover, it incorporates a lightweight curvilinear cone that allows the
driver to be used in the low-mid frequency range. The SM-212 offers a compromise
between good efficiency, extended frequency response and reduced harmonic
distortion. It is recommended for small two or three way systems.
Key Features - High power handling (300 w AES)
- Excellent sensitivity: 98 dB
- 2.5 (62.4 mm) copper voice-coil with polyimide fiber glass former
- Optimum winding length for increased linear excursion
- Lightweight curvilinear cone
- Designed for low-mid frequencies reproduction
Specifications Nominal diameter
300 mm. 12 in. Rated impedance
8 ohms. Minimum impedance
6.8 ohms. Power capacity
300 w AES Program power
600 w Sensitivity
98 dB 2.83v @ 1m @ 2pi Frequency range
45 - 6000 Hz Recom. enclosure vol.
30 / 100 l 1.06 / 3.53 ft.3 Voice coil diameter
62.4 mm. 2.5 in. Magnetic assembly weight
3.8 kg. 8.38 lb. BL Factor
12.8 N / A Moving mass
0.044 kg. Voice coil length
20 mm. Air gap height
7 mm. X Damage (peak to peak)
27 mm.
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