text:
After reading this thread, I think one important subtlety was missed or not explained well enough. That is that explicit presentational hints provided through html will now be treated the same as all implicit html presentational hints. For example, when you use the tag p for paragraphs, you are semantically applying a definition of paragraphs. Additionally, most user agents give a default style of a margin of 1em on top and bottom. p elements have traditionally had their very own implicit presentational behavior. While a tag such as b has been used to style something bold, its semantic meaning is really to emphasize a section of content, to make it stand out in importance to the reader. The semantic definition is that the text inside a b tag is more important or emphasized than the adjacent text not in a b tag. Traditionally, user agents give b elements a font-weight of 700. Since the tag name suggests this styling, I describe this as explicit presentational behavior When thought of in this context, it seems more consistent to move presentational attributes to the user agent level because every html element has a default style associated with it. It equalizes the signficance of implicit and explicit presentational hints from html. Likewise, I do not see a significant issue for user style sheets. The reason is that if someone were to define b {font-weight:normal;} in a CSS2-compliant user style sheet, this would have had no effect in any browser on the market... meaning that no one would have purposely done this before... anyone wishing to override the font-weight on a b tag would have already made their declaration include !important. Similarly with font, i, etc. I don't see an obvious use case where setting a user style sheet declaration under the CSS2 cascade order that would have worked as expected before would not now do so because all declarations would have had to include !important declarations to override them. If a presentational html attribute is unspecified by the author, the user agent style sheet will still usually present a default styling, so again I see no issue with this change. -Dylan -- Dylan Schiemann http://www.sitepen.com/ http://www.dylanschiemann.com/Received on Sunday, 18 August 2002 18:19:03 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Monday, 2 May 2016 14:27:03 UTC


text:
UK Stockists: WH Smith, most supermarkets and all good magazine retailers.
To order the magazine online with worldwide delivery, please click here.
US Stockists:
Please note that shops listed here may have sold out or be out of stock, so please contact individual retailers to check.
Unless otherwise stated, all content is © Copyright 2011 - 2019 GMC Publications LTD or licensed for use by GMC Publications. All rights reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- The stars all aligned for our spontaneous Myrtle Beach mini vacation. The weather was gorgeous, the water was the PERFECT temperature, the friend we were staying with had off from work most of the weekend and we hit practically no traffic on the way down or coming home. So very, very successful trip. 🙂 Seriously, I think everyone could benefit from more spontaneoous vaca's in there life.
- Perhaps, it is not southern Maryland that is the land of crazies, rather it is College Roomie and/or me who attracts them. Because boy did we meet a couple of crazies while we were there. There was the bellig 40 yr old man who literally was air guitaring on top of me at the bar. He even kept bumping into me and instead of oh, I don't know, backing up he just laughed and said "haahaaaa, I'm like totallyyy air guitaring on you." Then there was the crazy 40 yr old surfer type DANCING HIS ASS off. Of course, he had to talk to us. "Did you two win the cute friends award or something? No? Well then, maybe the best smile award." Gotta love it. Capped the night off with CR laughing in a guys face when he tried to kiss her and his brother tickling my face and begging for my number. Only, us.
- Has anyone else ever been flipped the p symbol while driving? Let me explain that… I was waiting to turn left at a light. It was one of those times where I could have probably gone but I hesitated and decided to wait for a longer break in the traffic. WELL, Mr. Road Rage behind me starts beeping at me and when I look in my rear view mirror I see him screaming and making some sort of symbol with his hands when I realize that he yelling "P U S S Y !!" and the symbol is suppose to be a vag. Um, wow, get a grip, dude. Has this ever happened to anyone else? lol
- I'm going to Jack's Mannequin & The Fray concert on Friday and I"m super excited. It's pretty much getting me through this week.
- My mind has a tendency to wander back to this while I'm stuck in my freezing office and all I want is my toes to be back in the sand:
Hope everyone's week is off to a good start. 🙂


text:
BPM/SOA 5-layering Architecture
- GUI - In this layer in which thin and thick clients are using the Business Services.
- Business Services - In this layer the Composite Services, like the enterprise business processes are implemented.
- Services - In this layer the Services are implemented.
- Applications - This layer is the integration layer towards the encapsulated applications.
- Data - This layer contains the data


text:
One of the first things that our son Lachlan did upon learning that we were moving to Lausanne, Switzerland was to get on the internet in order to find out if there were any football teams that he could play for. Having recently developed a passion for the game in Toronto, he wanted to make […]
Archive | American football RSS feed for this archive
Allez LUCAF! Allez les gars!: "American" Football in Lausanne
October 14, 2013
New beginnings Part I: "le Foot feminin" and "American football"
August 31, 2012
The last few days here in Switzerland have been full of new beginnings for us. After spending much of the last two weeks holed up in our apartment in Vevey (vainly trying to get two grumpy kids excited about our surroundings) our new life began to take shape as we: enrolled Emma and Lachlan in […]


text:
|Own your ow legal marijuana business
Your guide to making money in the multi-billion dollar marijuana industry
|Major Studies of Drugs and Drug Policy
|Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding - Table of Contents
National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding
Chapter III
Social Impact of marihuana use
Progression To Other Drugs
As noted in Chapter 11, to say marihuana leads to any other drug avoids the real issue and reduces a complex set of variables to an oversimplified premise of cause and effect. If any one statement can characterize why persons in the United States escalate their drug use patterns and become polydrug users, it is peer pressure. Indeed, if any drug is associated with the use of other drugs, including marihuana, it is tobacco, followed closely by alcohol. Study after study which the Commission reviewed invariably reported an association between the use of tobacco, and, to a lesser extent, of alcohol with the use of marihuana and other drugs.
The fact should be emphasized that the overwhelming majority of marihuana users do not progress to other drugs. They either remain with marihuana or foresake its use in favor of alcohol. In addition, the largest number of marihuana users in the United States today are experimenters or intermittent users, and 2% of those who have ever used it are presently heavy users. Only moderate and heavy use of marihuana is significantly associated with persistent use of other drugs.
Some persons in our society are interested in experimenting with a series of drugs, and there is no uniformity regarding which drug these multidrug users take first. In some cases, the drug used is a matter of preference; in others, a matter of availability; and in further instances, it matter of group choice.
Citizens concerned with health issues must consider the possibility of marihuana use leading to use of heroin, other opiates, cocaine or hallucinogens. This so-called stepping-stone theory first received widespread acceptance in 1951 as a result of testimony at Congressional hearings. At that time, studies of various addict populations repeatedly described most heroin users as marihuana users also. The implication of these descriptions was that a causal relationship existed between marihuana and subsequent heroin use. When the voluminous testimony given at these hearings is seriously examined, no verification is found of a causal relationship between marihuana use and subsequent heroin use.
Again, we must avoid polarity on this issue. To assume that marihuana use is unrelated to the use of other drugs would be inaccurate. As mentioned earlier, the heavy or very heavy marihuana users are frequently users of other drugs. The stepping-stone theory holds that the adolescent begins the use of illicit drugs with marihuana, and later proceeds to heroin in the search for greater thrills. The opposing viewpoint holds that the large majority of marihuana users never become heroin addicts and denies the validity of a causal relationship.
In the National Survey, among the adult respondents, 70% thought that marihuana makes people want to try stronger drugs such as heroin; 56% of the youth in the 12-to-17-year-old category agreed with the same statement. These perceptions contrast with another finding in the same Survey which revealed that 4% of current marihuana users have tried heroin. On the other hand, very few respondents perceived alcohol and tobacco to be precipitants of other drug use.
Studies of the escalation process demonstrate that the rates of progression vary from one group to another and from one segment of the population to another. There is no set proportion of marihuana users who "escalate" to the use of other drugs. The other drugs which some marihuana smokers use vary according to the social characteristics of the population in question. Within some groups, heroin may be the choice; in other groups, it may be LSD.
Marihuana use per se does not dictate whether other drugs will be used; nor does it
determine the rate of progression, if and when it, occurs, or which drugs might be used.
As discussed in Chapter 11, the user's social group seems to have the strongest influence
on whether other drugs will be used; and if so, which drugs will be used.
|Library Highlights
Major Studies:
Schaffer Library of Drug Policy
Major Studies of Drug and Drug Policy
Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding - The Report of the US National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
Licit and Illicit Drugs
Historical Research
Short History of the Marijuana Laws
The Drug Hang-Up
Congressional Transcripts of the Hearings for the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
Government Publications
Frequently Asked Questions About Drugs
Basic Facts About the Drug War
Charts and Graphs about Drugs
Other References:
Medical Marijuana
Information on Alcohol
Guide to Heroin - Frequently Asked Questions About Heroin
LSD, Mescaline, and Psychedelics
Drugs and Driving
Children and Drugs
Drug Abuse Treatment Resource List
American Society for Action on Pain
Let Us Pay Taxes
Marijuana Business News
Reefer Madness Collection
Medical Marijuana Throughout History
Drug Legalization Debate
Legal History of American Marijuana Prohibition
Marijuana, the First 12,000 Years
DEA Ruling on Medical Marijuana
Legal References on Drugs
GAO Documents on Drugs
Response to the Drug Enforcement Agency
|Drug Information Articles
Taking a drug test:
How To Pass A Drug Test
Beat Drug Test
Pass Drug Test
Drug Screening Tests
Drug resources:
Drug Abuse
Drug Addiction
Drug Rehab
Drug Rehabilitation
Drug Addiction Treatment
Drug Treatment
Medical Marijuana
Hemp Clothes
Prescription information:
Discount Ambien
Discount Celebrex
Discount Cialis
Discount Drugs
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Discount Phentermine
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text:
Morgan Stanley gives Anaplan the award for Tech Innovation
San Francisco – May 31, 2016 – Anaplan, the Smart Business Platform™, today announced it received the CTO Award for Innovation from global financial services leader Morgan Stanley. The award recognizes a company's achievements in delivering an innovative technology solution that positively impacts Morgan Stanley's business. Anaplan received the award at Morgan Stanley's Tech Week, its annual gathering of industry leaders from the technology sector.
"We're honored to receive this prestigious recognition from Morgan Stanley," said Paul Melchiorre, Chief Revenue Officer at Anaplan. "Anaplan's platform is effectively delivering transformational business planning across a range of industries, including the most sensitive and highly regulated."
Anaplan provides companies in all industries, including financial institutions, with a secure and scalable planning and modeling platform that empowers advanced decision-making in all parts of the business. The Anaplan App Hub offers several apps designed for the banking industry, including the recently announced Global Compensation for Banking app that allows business users to run what-if scenarios, analyze results, and gain full transparency into the compensation model.


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The Civil Wars and The Third Century (AD 193 - 296) [ without thumbnail images ]
|Pertinax, AD
193, AR (Silver) Denarius, 2.50 gm,
Sear-6045, RSC-33
obv.: "IMP CAES P HELV PERTIN AVG"
Laureate head right.
rev.: "OPI DIVIN TR P COS II"
Ops seated left, holding corn-ears.
note: Nice portrait. Smallish flan takes part of legend. Reverse weak on upper left side. Sear prices this one at $800 in VF.
|The Emperors of the Severan
Dynasty, AD
193 - 235, AR (Silver) Denarii
This set
Some outstanding coins in this set presented in an acrylic holder for protecting your coins and facilitating display. A wonderful conversation piece and some beautiful coins to add to your collection.
|Septimus Severus, AD
209, AR (Silver) Denarius,
3.37 gm, SearM-6345v, RIC 240
obv.: "SEVERVS PIVS AVG BRIT"
Laureate head right
rev.: "P M TR P XVIII COS III P P"
Jupiter standing left between two children, holding thunderbolt and scepter.
note: A really nice coin.
|Septimus Severus, AD
193-211, AR (Silver) Denarius,
2.75 gm
obv.: "L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP X"
Laureate head right
rev.: "FORTVNAE AVGG"
Fortune seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.
|Septimus Severus, AD
200, AR (Silver) Denarius,
3.56 gm, SearM-6333
obv.: "SEVERVS AVG PART MAX"
Laureate head right
rev.: "P M TR P VIII COS II P P"
Victory hovering left, holding open wreath with both hands over shield set on base.
note: Amazing eye appeal with this impressive reverse.
|Septimus Severus, AD
193-211, Thrace, Pautalia, AE (Bronze), 19 mm,
4.26 gm
obv.: "AΛKΛ CEVHPOC"
Laureate bust facing right.
rev.: "OVΛПIAC ПAVTAΛIAC"
Eagle with spread wings facing, head right, standing on thunderbolt, wreath in beak.
note: Nice dark patina. This coin looks really good in hand but is difficult to capture on image.
|Julia Domna, AD
211-217, mother of Caracalla,
AR (Silver) Denarius, 3.60 gm, RSC-32
obv.: "IVLIA PIA FELIX AVG"
Bare-headed and draped bust right
rev.: "DIANA LVCIFERA"
Diana standing half-left, holding long torch in both hands.
note: Beautiful coin. Not much more to say.
|Julia Domna, AD
211-217, mother of Caracalla,
AR (Silver) Denarius, 3.35 gm, SearM-7108
obv.: "IVLIA PIA FELIX AVG"
Bare-headed and draped bust right
rev.: "VESTA"
Vesta standing left, holding Palladium and scepter.
note: Another beautiful coin.
|Julia Domna, AD
197, mother of Caracalla, AR (Silver) Denarius,
3.12 gm, minted in Laodicea, SearM-6614
obv.: "[IVLIA] AVGVSTA"
Bare-headed and draped bust right
rev.: "VESTAE SANCTAE"
Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter.
note: Nicely toned budget friendly specimen.
|Caracalla and Julia Domna, AD
198-217, Marcianopolis, Moesia Inferior, AE (Bronze),
30 mm, 14.36 gm
obv.: "ANTΩΓOVCTOCIOVΛIAΔ"
Busts, face to face, of Caracalla right, laureate, draped, and Julia Domna left draped.
rev.: "VПKVNTIΛIANOV MAPKIANOПOΛI / TΩN"
Zeus standing facing left, holding Nike and scepter, "Є" in left field.
note: Nice olive patina, a bit darker than appears in images.
|Caracalla, AD
198-217, AE 30, 16.08 gm,
Augusta Trajana mint in Thracia
obv.: Greek legends
Laureate bust right
rev.: Greek legends
Caracalla standing left, wearing tunic, holding patera and scepter.
note: Coin is much darker than it appears here. It is the normal dark green-brown patina. A bit of corrosion on the reverse.


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Way back when before he was famous, Jackie Gleason was fired by my Father-In-Law's Father, the Maitre De at a speakeasy called "The Lido Venice" located in Totowa, NJ. His performance was considered too vulger for the bootlegging establishment. This wasn't the case at the performance reviewed below. Jackie barely opened his mouth.
Tips on Tables - Robert W. Dana - February 16, 1953
Jackie Gleason in Orchestral Debut
On two miniature stages in La Vie en Rose, 123 E. 54th St., Jackie Gleason, the top-rating television and nightclub comic, is making his debut in the orchestral field, conducting his 27-piece orchestra in "Music for Lovers Only."
I was told that Mr. Gleason originally planned to have only 21 men for the engagement, but he found by putting his rhythm section on the smaller stage left he could do a little violin packing.
The fact that the hefty comedian is industrious enough, sensitive enough to pass up some lucrative engagements in Florida is a vindication of his greatness.
Pump and Feint.
From loud buffoonery to touching pantomime, Jackie has turned from a limited two weeks to music he loves, love melodies that are tender and appealing. Music, indeed, for lovers only, which his orchestra already has recorded on two long-playing sides for Capital Records.
There was no clowning either. Only on about two occasions during the opening night show did he acknowledge the audience with a bit of comic flair, like the remark which exaggerated emphasis: "this is the final group."
Music for the program was arranged by C. Dudley King Jr., and each song played is highlighted by a trumpet solo by Bobby Hacket, when the spotlight moves to the stage left to catch the great musician as he stands and plays.
Added Attraction.
The lovers' songs Mr. Gleason picked are "I'm in the Mood for Love," "I Only Have Eyes for You,""Love is Here to Stay," "Body and Soul," "My Funny Valentine" "Love Your Magic Spell Is Everywhere," "Alone Together," and "But Not For Me."
As an added attraction at La Vie en Rose, Monty Proser is presenting lovely Toni Arden. She looked charming the other night in a blue velvet gown with becoming neckline.
On each hearing she seems better, her showmanship growing with experience. I like her program of "All the Things You Are," "I've Got You Under My Skin," "Because of You," "La Mer," "Kiss" and "Come Back to Sorrento."
Between the four shows presented during the Gleason engagement, Van Smith and his trio continue their fine brand of music that that kept them at the club for over a year. The minimum charge is $5.


text:
The fact that there are countries on this planet which are packed with some jaw-dropping natural wonders, means that heading out and exploring them is a major must do. There are many ways you can do this, from hiking, guided tours, to bush walking, but you can also very easily take this one step further, and head out into the Great Outdoors for a true wilderness adventure.
Camping holidays are on the rise, and this is probably because the quality of camp sites and the quality of camping equipment and motorhomes has increased massively in the last few years. Nowadays you can head off and sleep (almost) under the stars with top quality equipment, which makes your stay comfortable and luxurious, when once upon a time this would have been a true 'roughing it' experience! Think about glamping for example; this is camping with true glamour thrown in for good measure!
Australia is a true camper's paradise, because there are literally thousands of camp sites on offer, and this means you can find one which suits your budget, needs, location, and of course, you can choose which amazing sights you get to see nearby. The best camping spots in Australia are likely to be popular, so you can expect other likeminded travellers to be there at the same time as you – this is a great way to meet new people!
Of course, there are some rules you need to adhere to, and these are generally about always choosing an official camp site, and not just pitching your tent or parking up your motorhome wherever you please. This is to keep you safe, and also to protect the environment. There is plentiful choice, so you won't have to search too much, with a myriad of Australian camping spots to choose from.
You can head into the Red Centre and camp close to Uluru, you can set up camp in a site near to the ocean, so you have the stunning sunrise and sunset before you every single day, or you can head into the mountains and gaze upon panoramic views. Of course, when heading out into the wilderness you need to be well prepared, and that is the case with many camp sites, as some aren't as packed with facilities as others – always check ahead of time and do your research, so you don't have any surprises which don't make you smile.
If you're so used to hotel-based holidays, perhaps it's time you thought about a wilderness break – this is one holiday you really won't forget in a hurry.


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Our Wedding – The Bride
Whilst telling you about our wedding day I can't not tell you about myself – the bride!
I'll start with the story about my size – I was a plus size bride. I'm one of those gals, who has battled with her weight all my life. No, really. I've been overweight since the age of 5. I'm not going to go through the ins-and-outs of that now, it's not the time, but suffice to say, I did my hardest to lose weight for our wedding – I was going to the gym everyday, had a personal trainer, and whilst it got me somewhat in shape, I didn't lose the weight that I wanted, but, as with everything in my life as far as my weight and size is concerned, I worked it girlfriend! (wow, that was a loooooong sentence!)
I had my dress made for me, and I ADORED it once I got it on. In the pictures that they emailed me first, not so much, in fact, I shed many a tear. My mum said it was because it was shapeless and lifeless on the dressmakers dummy…and she was right. Once I got that dress on at my first fitting, I was instantly smitten with it!
It was made from white satin with an organza overlay. A sweetheart neckline with crystals embellishing the bodice, as well as along the hem/train. Because I don't like my arms, I had an organza shrug made, which also had crystals over it. My veil was also white, with pretty drop crystals at the ends.
I bought a very pretty, sparkly tiara to wear..
And my lovely hairdresser, Jackie, came to the venue on the day of the wedding to do my hair. I used to have red (dyed) hair, but a few weeks before the wedding I changed over to black. I've stayed that hair colour ever since! I love my black hair :)
My shoes…how could I forget my shoes?! They were purple. They were gorgeous. 'Nuff said!
Another purple accessory was my cute little heart-shaped clutch bag. I used hearts as decoration throughout the day, so when I saw this on a shopping trip with my mum, I had to buy it!
My hubby (to be) bought me my jewellery, which was handmade. The necklace was clear and purple crystals..so pretty.
And this GORGEOUS charm bracelet, where I was able to chose the charms and I talked more about in my post about the wedding jewellery.
I decided to treat myself to a make-up artist on the day. Not that I am lame at applying make up – far from it lol, but because it would be nice to relax and not stress. This is me after my make up trial. I went for bold coloured eyes, with purple shadow and dark eyeliner. I wear eyeliner every day, and I'm just not "me" without it! I also had some loooong false eyelashes applied – I loved them! A wonderful local lady called Janine did my make-up. I hired her last year for my 35th 'At The Hop' 50s Birthday Party.
I'm sure that most brides will say that their perfume is one of the smells that reminds them of their wedding day. Mine does to an extent, hubby bought me a bottle of Jean-Paul Gaultier Summer Fragrance, which was limited edition and has now run out *sad face*…
…but it's the smell of my lip gloss which was by Estée Lauder which reminds me of my wedding day! Whenever I wear it, I'm instantly transported to my wedding day and all the excitement that that day brought.
I put together an Emergency Kit for myself as well for the big day. I was so glad of that fan, let me tell ya! Our wedding day was hot, hot HOT!
Since I would be getting ready at our venue, we saved money by not hiring a car for myself and my bridesmaids, and I unceremoniously drove myself to the venue in our little blue Peugeot! We bought some car ribbon from eBay, just to show it was a wedding car :P
|I designed timelines for both myself, hubby and all the attendants,
so we knew what was happening when.
|My dresser in the room where I was getting ready.
|My Son and I ❤
|Me and My Brother ❤
|My Sister and Me ❤
|My Sister and Me ❤
|Me and My Bestie ❤
Since my wedding, and after being threatened with gastric surgery, which I don't want, I've lost nearly 85lbs. It's taken a couple of years to do that, because, sadly, my body hates me, and refuses to give up weight without a fight…but it's a battle I'm winning!


text:
I feel extraordinarily at peace with where I am in life right now. I have an incredible family, I live in a beautiful city, I'm able to pursue my passion for nutrition and fitness while living rent free with my parents and I have great friends who can make me laugh and remind me once again how lucky I am. My life is full of ups and downs, as most people's are. There's no such thing as someone having a problem-free existence. The happy moments wouldn't be so happy if it weren't for the unfortunate moments as well. And that's the thing I think most people forget: everyone has problems. Our own problems always seem exponentially larger than anyone elses because they are our own problems. So we lash out, we blame, we convince ourselves that the person who was rude to us has no right to be so mean.
Trust me, I've worked in the service industry since I was 13 so I know how awful people can get. Never worked as a waitress before? Well, you can really tell what a person is like by the way they treat people who "serve" them. So I came across my fair share of jerks and a**h****.
This is me at my first real job. I was a waitress for 2.5 years at a local breakfast spot in my hometown. My friend (on the right) and I used to watch a lot of "SpongeBob Squarepants" on rainy days when it was slow…
But letting those people who are having a bad day ruin your day as well will do nothing but continue the vicious cycle of people being dicks to each other. From my years of experience of working with and around jerks, I've learned that the only way to deal with these people while still coming out as a positive and happy person, is to spread some random acts of kindness to others.
Think of a time when someone was rude to you and you lashed out back at them. Did you feel better? Did the "lashing out" cause you to be happy? Did it solve any problems? Most likely, the answer is no. It can be hard to be kind to those who are so mean to you, but ultimately, you will be happier and in a better place because of it.
If being kind to jerks is too difficult, try first being kind to those you don't know.
When I was in school, I was living off of a very tight food budget. There was one particularly stressful day where I was freaking out about my future because graduation was approaching, I was scared to leave my friends and I felt lost in a sea of confusion and anxiety. I took a break from studying and walked to the store to buy some lunch. Outside of the store, there was this homeless lady who drew pictures to sell for food. She was probably in her late 60's. She never begged or asked for money. She just went along drawing pictures in exchange for food to keep her alive.
Seeing her made me forget my problems and think about her. I felt the need to bring some positivity to her life in any little way that I could. Instead of spending my money on lunch for myself, I bought a sandwich and a hard boiled egg with a water bottle to bring out to her.
She thanked me and I talked to her for a little about her drawings. She mostly drew pictures of the people that walked past. She told me she liked to draw people and imagine what their lives were like.
After I left to return to my studying, my anxiety was gone and I felt happy. Reaching out to someone else and displaying a little act of a humanity reminded me that happiness is all that matters in life. Instead of lash out from my anxiety and fear at the first person I could, I did the exact opposite. It made me feel happy. It spread happiness to another human being. My negative emotions were replaced with positive ones.
You don't have to be charitable in order to be kind. Just remember that none of us on this planet want to be sad or lonely. We all want to belong. We all want to be happy. Just the simple act of being kind is enough to spread happiness to all of those around you.
Laugh when you feel sad.
Smile when you've been wronged.
Hug those that have forgotten how to be happy.
Spend time with family.
Make time for friends.
Do what you love.
Simply be kind. And you will be happier for it.


text:
OnBlackheath – beyond the festival
It's OnBlackheath in Partnership with John Lewis this weekend, and we'll all be onsite, flying drones, looking after guests, eating with Gizzi, dancing to Massive Attack and Frank Turner, and many more, and it got us thinking, that we all know Blackheath, but do we really.
So here's 10 things you may or may not know about Blackheath
1. It's not called Blackheath because of the Black Death and lots of bodies being buried, it's named after the black soil.
2. There are lots of people called John Lewis who live in Blackheath (notice we said in, not on)
3.. Terry Waite lived in Blackheath before he was kidnapped in Beirut and held hostage '87 – '91, with nearly 4 years in solitary confinement
4. Every year there is a Kite Festival on Blackheath as a symbol of love for Winnie the Pooh (we actually made the last bit up)
5. The big pits on the heath were caused by mineral and gravel mining, and most of them were filled after WWII with blitz rubble
6. The 1st London Marathon March 1981 started at Blackheath, with 7,747 starters and 6,255 finishers. Now 46,500 run every year
7. Blackheath is not to be confused with Blackpool, there are very few places to drink on a stag weekend in Blackheath
8.. The earliest record of golf being played outside Scotland is on Blackheath Common by James I in 1608. The outfits have only gotten sillier.
9. In 1497, the 6000 Cornish rebels, headed by Lord Audley, were defeated on this heath by the forces under King Henry VII, with 2000 slain
10. OnBlackheath is on Blackheath 13th and 14th September.


text:
Prices of Ethereum and Bitcoin ceased their recent decline on Monday, bouncing back after suffering heavy losses over the weekend on the back of worries over a cryptocurrency bubble.
Bitcoin was at $2,081.10 on the U.S.-based GDAX exchange operated by Coinbase by 4:30AM ET (0830GMT), up about 6.6%, or $128.90.
The cryptocurrency plunged about 13% on Sunday from above $2,000 to as low as $1,758.20, a level not seen since May 16, as investors remained wary of initiating large positions amid growing concern over the future of the digital coin.
On August 1, Bitcoin improvement proposal 148 is scheduled to activate, and if the majority of developers fail to agree on the proposal, the cryptocurrency could split.
If that happens, Coinbase's GDAX exchange said in a blog post July 13 the exchange "will temporarily suspend the deposit and withdrawal of bitcoin on GDAX and may pause the trading of bitcoin as well."
Bitcoin prices have declined almost 30% since hitting an all-time high of $3,000 on June 11. Despite recent losses, it is still up nearly 62% since the start of the year.
Meanwhile, Ethereum, Bitcoin's closest rival in terms of market cap, was up 15.2%, or $23.70, to $179.64 in early trade. It dropped by more than 20% on Sunday to $130.26, its lowest level in more than a month.
Ethereum notched its fourth weekly loss in a row last week amid concern the cryptocurrency faces a period of correction after surging to record-highs.
Prices are down almost 55% since peaking at an all-time high close to the $400-level in mid-June, but still up about 1,8005 year-to-date.
The other outstanding cryptocurrencies such as Dash, Litecoin, Ripple and Zcash also overcame from weekend losses of 15-to-25% to trade higher.
The cryptocurrency area reached a peak market cap of around $116 billion in June and since then has lost a whopping $38 billion, an almost 30% correction over the past one month, meeting the technical definition of a bear market.


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Miami-Dade Police: Gun fired at the Falls in Kendall
For the second time this week, a gun was fired at a South Florida mall on Friday.
Miami-Dade Police said a man fired a shot in the air around 8:30 p.m. Friday at The Falls, an open-air mall in Kendall. No one was injured in the incident.
Cops said two men got into a scuffle at the mall when a third man fired a shot in the air and fled the scene.
Police are still looking for the suspect.
Earlier this week, a Miami-Dade detective shot at a man driving a minivan at Dadeland Mall. The suspect was fighting with his wife, police say, and ignored commands to stop the vehicle and drove toward detectives when the gun was fired. No one was hit by the gunfire, and police later arrested the man.


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Tommy Keene has been making sterling guitar-based rock for more than 30 years, and with "Laugh in the Dark" he continues the welcome trend.
The Washington, D.C.-based singer-songwriter bases his sparkling sound on tried-and-true rock 'n' roll archetypes: the melodic drive of Big Star, the slashing power of the early Who, the yearning ache of the Replacements.
"Out of My Mind" shows Keene at the top of his game, his youthful voice set against a dense tangle of driving guitars that push the song's bright tune with such force that its melancholy undertones take a couple listens to surface.
"Last of the Twilight Girls" explodes out of the speakers, the energy rippling from its fiery concoction of supercharged riffs making it sound like a long-lost track from Big Star's 1970s power-pop classic "Radio City."
"All Gone Away" ends the album spectacularly. This dramatic epic borrows heavily from late-period Beatles — you can't miss those "Dear Prudence" guitar licks — but adds a mesmerizing chorus, a feel of loss and desolation in the lyrics, and a climactic glowing two-minute guitar solo. It's that rare creation, an extended track so involving that its seems to end too soon.
Keene sounds revitalized on every track on "Laugh in the Dark," fully at ease with himself and unapologetic about his old-school influences. His previous album, 2013's "Excitement at Your Feet," a superb collection of cover versions of deep cuts by his favorite artists, may have played a part.
Whatever the cause, "Dark" is one of the best albums of Keene's long and distinguished, if not chart-topping, career.
Hear a sample
Rating: 3 1/2 stars
Album: "Laugh in the Dark"
Genre: Rock
Label: Second Motion
Online: Hear "Out of My Mind" from "Laugh in the Dark" at http://bit.ly/1JHvApv


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New PLR Report: Apple Cider Vinegar
I have a new PLR report in the store all about Apple Cider Vinegar. I am really excited about this one because not only do I think it can be helpful and has tons of uses, but I have started adding ACV to my life as well. I know your readers will enjoy the health benefits.
This is an 8-page report with 7 sections and 2,945 words. It goes over the basics of ACV, plus the health benefits, and a lot of different ways you can use it. I wanted to give you some options for how to use this report, but first here is what you get in the report:
1. The Health Benefits of ACV
2. Beauty Uses For Apple Cider Vinegar
3. How Apple Cider Vinegar Can Help With Weight Loss
4. Easy Smoothie Recipes With ACV
5. How to Detox Your Body With Apple Cider Vinegar
6. Salad Dressings That Use Apple Cider Vinegar
7. What to Add to Your Apple Cider Vinegar Drinks
3 Ways to Use This Report
I love writing PLR reports because they have so many uses. You can use them as a content upgrade to get more email subscribers, or just give them away as a nice gift for your current subscribers. Here are three more options:
- Turn it Into a Blog Series
The first thing you can do is break up the report into its 7 sections, and use each of these sections as a different blog post. I would keep the first section as the first blog post, which introduces your readers to ACV and its benefits, but the rest you can choose the order.
- Incorporate an Email Series
Another way to use the sections individually is to do an email series instead. The other option is to do the blog series, then incorporate emails for each blog post that correspond with it, and also get people to go over and click on the posts. For example, when talking about detoxing your body with apple cider vinegar (section 5), the email that day can be about different natural ways to detox your body, then link to the ACV blog post.
- Add it to a Natural Health eBook
If you want to create something a little more substantial, take this report and turn it into one chapter in a book all about natural health remedies.
As you can see, there is a lot you can do with this one!
Click here to grab the Apple Cider Vinegar PLR report.


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Tigers set sights on outright C-USA crown at UAB
=== Tigers set sights on outright C-USA crown at UAB ===
(Sports Network) – The third-ranked Memphis Tigers have their sights set
on the outright Conference USA title this evening, as they go on the road
to battle the UAB Blazers in a key conference matchup from Bartow Arena. John
Calipari's Tigers have already clinched at least a share of the league title
thanks to a perfect 12-0 conference ledger. The team brings a lengthy 15-
game win streak into this game and earned that share of the league crown
with a 78-67 win over Tulsa last weekend.
The Blazers are not out of the mix to share the conference championship
either, as they sit two games behind Memphis with two to play. UAB comes
into this contest with a four-game win streak in tow and has won six of
its last seven games to move to 20-5 on the season. Last weekend, the
team was able to get by SMU on the road, 73-68.
Memphis holds a comfortable 21-9 lead in the all-time series and has won four
of the last five meetings, overall. The Tigers are trying to complete a
regular-season sweep of the Blazers, after posting a 73-66 victory at
FedExForum on January 26th.
Freshman Shawne Williams was once again masterful in leading the Tigers to a
share of the conference title this past weekend against Tulsa. The 6-8
youngster erupted for 21 points, while grabbing eight rebounds in the victory.
Senior forward Rodney Carney had a strong outing as well, pouring in 20 points
and grabbing six rebounds. Darius Washington Jr. added 13 points in support
for Memphis, which shot a rather pedestrian .426 from the floor in the game.
As has been the case most of the season, Memphis won the battle on the
boards, 42-37.
The top rebounding team in Conference USA, Memphis boasts a +7.3 rebounding
margin. The team is also one of the most explosive offensive units in the
nation, averaging a robust 83.1 ppg. Carney is certainly the catalyst
offensively for this team, averaging 18.0 ppg. Washington has proved to be
both a capable scorer (13.8 ppg) and distributor (3.6 apg), while
Williams (13.3 ppg, 6.4 rpg) has come on as one of the nation's premier
The Blazers got by a pesky SMU squad, thanks to the hot shooting of Marvett
McDonald. The 6-2 senior erupted for a career-high 39 points and hit a school
record-tying eight three-pointers in the game. McDonald was 12-of-21 from the
floor and 8-of-12 from long distance. Richard Jones came off the bench to add
10 points in support, but the game belonged to McDonald. The game was closer
than it had to be because UAB once again struggled on the boards (just 22
That is the one glaring weakness on this team in 2005-06, with the Blazer
ranking 12th in the conference in rebounding margin at -8.4.
Offensively however, this team has something going on. The Blazers are
averaging a healthy 76.1 ppg this year, led by McDonald's 15.3 ppg. Wen Mukubu
is a valuable asset off the bench, chipping in with 10.0 ppg. Senior Squeaky
Johnson is an exciting player at the point for UAB, averaging 7.6 points, 2.9
rebounds and a whopping 6.3 assists per game.


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Eddie "Skate" Hunter
1st appearance: Streets of Rage 2, 1992
Species: Earthling
Team Affiliations: None
Legal Status: Unknown
Weight: Unknown Height: Unknown
Eyes: Brown Hair: Black
Relatives: Parents (Deceased), Adam Hunter (Brother)
Skills and Abilities: Skilled Street Fighter.
Powers: None
A playable character in Streets of Rage 2 and Streets of Rage 3. He joined the fight against Mr. X when his brother was held hostage in Streets of Rage 2, they were reunited after these events. He rejoined another fight against M.X when his brother was busy for the events of Streets of Rage 3.


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Muji Splash-Proof Speaker For Smartphones
• $69.50
• Muji
Fess up...you like to bring your smartphone into the tub, don't you? It's certainly not uncommon for people to listen to music while getting ready in the morning, browse the internet, or even email/text from the bathroom. Muji offers those tempting fate (and humidity) with this splash-proof speaker housing, which augments both sound and water resistance. Audio playback is rated for 30 hours with three AAA batteries, and the see-thru touch panel permits use of the device screen even with damp or wet hands, all in Muji's signature minimalist modern style.


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Recognised by NACO and APSACS, RDT's ART plus centre is an accredited Integrated Counselling and Testing Centre (ICTC), ART provider, and has a robust Prevention of Mother to Child transmission (PMTCT) programme.
Approval of DMC Centre (Designated Microscopic Centre for Diagnosis of TB) and treatment adherence centre by District Collector and Chairman, District TB Control society, Ananthapuram
Approved for DOTS plus Centre (Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis treatment and supervision centre) by District Collector and Chairman, District TB Control society, Ananthapuram
Medical Education
Continuing medical education consists of activities which serve to maintain, develop, or increase the knowledge, skills, and professional performance and relationships that a physician uses to provide
services for patients, the public, or the profession. Doctors and medical staff are motivated to attend internal and external training programs in well-recognised educational institutions and international
and national conferences.
Regular Continuing Medical Education (CME) workshops are conducted with the help of eminent speakers from various hospitals in South India to deliver lectures to Doctors, Nurses, and Technicians. The Medical Superintendent is responsible for organising at least one interdepartmental CME every month in the hospitals.


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PI: Brian Ward WP1/WP9: As member of the WCRP Data Advisory Council (WDAC), acting as an interface between the design of the observing system and science policy WP3/WP6: Support in the development of sensor for the Argo float programme
Country: Ireland
T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TELAB)
TELAB was established in 1991. TELAB's chief activity is as an independent INAB/ISO 17025 accredited testing laboratory specialising in water and soil analysis. TELAB has grown and diversified since it was founded to include the following divisions: environmental analysis, machine care analysis, marker dyes manufacture, analysis of transformer oils, research and development, pharmaceutical testing, chemical… Read more »
Daithi O'Murchu Marine Research Station Ltd. (DOMMRS)
The DOMMRS has been in operation since 1991 originally as part of the Aquaculture and Development Centre (ADC), University College Cork. However in late 2005 it was established as an independent research station with a hatchery. It has sister companies with commercial scale shellfish and finfish farms (60ha) which are organically certified by Naturland. Research… Read more »
Marine Institute (MI)
The Marine Institute is Ireland's national agency for marine research, technology, development and innovation and promotes sustainable development of Ireland's marine resources. The Marine Institute was established in 1991. The majority of the 172 staff are based in our Headquarters and Laboratory Facilities in Oranmore, County Galway; which is a purpose-built world-class marine research facility… Read more »


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|Kaffe Bona 91st & Yale
Anyway, on to the reason for this post: cookies! Meg and I only got drinks that day, but I did try a sample of something delicious. Kaffe Bona often has samples of their different cookies and sweets to try, and that day they had samples of Otis Spunkmeyer's Red White and Blue Cookie. It was delightfully surprising! It's not quite the same as a regular cookie dough with sugar and brown sugar, which has a depth and richness to it. This light sugar cookie with white chocolate chips, cranberries and blueberries, has a bright and fruity flavor. And the white chocolate just brings it all together with a smooth creamy touch. Check it out.
I had my next recipe challenge! So here we go! It had been a while since I'd made sugar cookies, so I needed a recipe. Who better to look to than Betty?
|Start with Betty Crocker's Melt-in-Your-Mouth Sugar Cookies.
|Add Aidan, Alec and Hippo in the peanut gallery.
|Mix, mix, mix.
|Add dried fruit and white chocolate. I used a cherry and blueberry
blend because I had it on hand, though the recipe calls for
cranberries. I thought it sounded good!
|Before and after baking.
|Happy Campers!
Here's the recipe I used, let me know if you can make it better!
Missy's Version of Otis Spunkmeyer's Red White and Blue Cookies
Preheat Oven to 300
1/2c butter, softened
1/2c shortening
2c sugar
1t baking soda
1t cream of tartar
1/4t salt
3 egg yolks
1/2t vanilla
1 1/4c all purpose flour
1c white chocolate chips
1c cherry berry blend (Peterson Farms, got it at Sam's)
Mix butter, shortening and sugar until incorporated. Add soda, cream of tartar, salt and mix well. Separate three eggs, and beat into mixture. Add vanilla, then flour. Fold in chips and dried fruit by hand. Drop by teaspoon (no bigger or they mush into each other) onto cookie sheets lined with parchment paper. Bake for about fifteen minutes per batch, remove and let sit on cookie sheet to firm up for one minute before transferring to cooling rack.
Pour some milk and enjoy!


text: Mid-America's line of "ULTRA_DURABLE" WATER-BASED and 100% SOLIDS UV FINISHES contains nearly zero VOC's, (volatile organic compounds). These products help our customers reduce or eliminate solvent waste in their manufacturing process. Since we specialize in environmentally friendly waterborne and UV curable finishes, these coatings are not a sideline but our primary product line. Mid-America's chemists use the most advanced raw materials in the coatings industry to design a "Green" Finishing solution for you. Tell us your finishing problems and we will show you how to solve them in a cost effective and environmentally friendly manner.


text:
Document Shredding Service Serving Chicago Area Businesses
For your business we provide custom document shredding solutions that are convenient as well as dependable. Whether you are looking for an On-site service to perform regularly scheduled document shredding at your business location, or you are interested in simply performing a one-time purge of a large or small volume of documents, we have a solution for your business.
Since 2005 Shark Shredding has been the trusted choice for document destruction in Chicago, the suburbs, and NW Indiana. We offer certified document shredding services to the medical, legal, financial industries as well as commercial businesses with the need to protect employee and customer data. As a member of N.A.I.D. (National Association for Information Destruction), the Mobile Shredding Association (MSA), PRISM and the American Records Management Association (ARMA) we provide all of our customers with the proper documentation to certify the destruction of their documents. If you are ready to enjoy peace of mind and superior customer service, contact us today.


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…it is deeply rooted in Scripture.
The words the priest speaks during a mass aren't words written by some old spiritual man of some old forgotten days. The Holy Mass (and the missal therein) draws deeply from the Bible, some verses are taken as is, others are derivations but it all has one single root, The Holy Scriptures. Let us go through a regular mass and see where these words come from. The text of the missal is in normal font, the biblical references are in hyperlink:
Sign of the Cross
All make the Sign of the Cross as the Priest says.
In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. (Mt 28:19)
The people reply:
Amen. (1 Chr 16:36).
Then the Priest greets the people:
Either: The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Spirit be with you all. (2Cor 13:14)
Or: Grace to you and peace from God our Father
and the Lord Jesus Christ.
Or: The Lord be with you. (Ruth 2:4)
The people reply:
And with your spirit.
Penitential Act
The Priest invites the faithful to the Penitential Act.
Brethren (brothers and sisters), let us acknowledge our sins, (James 5:16) and so prepare ourselves to celebrate the sacred mysteries.
A brief pause for silence follows, and then one of the following Penitential Acts:
All say:
I confess to almighty God
and to you, my brothers and sisters,
that I have greatly sinned,
in my thoughts and in my words,
in what I have done and in what I have failed to do,
And, striking their breast, they say:
through my fault,
through my fault,
through my most grievous fault;
therefore I ask blessed Mary ever-Virgin,
all the Angels and Saints,
and you, my brothers and sisters,
to pray for me to the Lord our God.
The absolution by the Priest follows:
May almighty God have mercy on us, forgive us our sins, and bring us to everlasting life. (1Jn 1:9) Amen.
The Kyrie
The Priest or another minister says invocations naming the gracious works of the Lord to which he invites the people to respond, as in the example below:
You were sent to heal the contrite of heart:
Lord, have mercy.
The people reply:
Lord, have mercy.
The Gloria
When indicated this hymn is either sung or said.
Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace to people of good will. (Luke 2:14)
We praise you, we bless you, we adore you, we glorify you,
we give you thanks for your great glory,
Lord God, heavenly King, O God, almighty Father.
Lord Jesus Christ, Only Begotten Son,
Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father,
you take away the sins of the world,
have mercy on us; you take away the sins of the world, (Jn 1:29)
receive our prayer;
you are seated at the right hand of the Father,( Mt 26:64, Acts 2:33, Rom 8:34, Col 3:1)
have mercy on us.
For you alone are the Holy One, (Lk 4:34)
you alone are the Lord,
you alone are the Most High, (Lk 1:32)
Jesus Christ,
with the Holy Spirit,
in the glory of God the Father.
The Collect
The Priest says:
Let us pray.
And all pray in silence with the Priest for a while. Then the Priest says the Collect prayer, at the end of which the people acclaim:
The Liturgy of the Word
First Reading
To indicate the end of these readings, the reader acclaims:
The word of the Lord.
All reply:
Thanks be to God.
After the First Reading the psalmist or cantor sings or says the Psalm, with the people making the response.
Second Reading
On Sundays and certain other days there is a second reading. It concludes with the same responsory as above.
The assembly stands to sing the Gospel Acclamation to welcome the Gospel. They remain
standing in honour of the Gospel reading, the high point of the Liturgy of the Word.
At the ambo the Deacon, or the Priest says:
The Lord be with you.
The people reply:
And with your spirit.
The Deacon, or the Priest:
A reading from the holy Gospel according to N.
He makes the Sign of the Cross on the book and, together with the people, on his forehead, lips, and breast.
At the same time the people acclaim:
Glory to you, O Lord.
At the end of the Gospel, the Deacon, or the Priest, acclaims:
The Gospel of the Lord.
All reply:
Praise to you, Lord Jesus Christ.
After the proclamation of the Gospel the congregation is seated.
The Homily
At the end of the Homily it is appropriate for there to be a brief silence for recollection. The congregation then stands.
The Creed
On Sundays and Solemnities, the Profession of Faith or Creed will follow. During Lent and Easter Time, especially, the Apostles' Creed may be used.
The Prayer of the Faithful (Bidding Prayers)
After each intention there is a pause while the faithful pray. The minister says:
Lord, in your mercy.
All reply:
Hear our prayer.
The Priest concludes the Prayer with a collect. When the Liturgy of the Word has been completed, the people sit.
The Liturgy of the Eucharist
The Offertory
When he has received the bread and wine for the celebration, the Priest offers prayer of blessing quietly at the altar. Sometimes these prayers are said aloud. If the priest says the prayers aloud the assembly's acclamation each time is
Blessed be God for ever.
The Priest completes additional personal preparatory rites, and the people rise as he says:
Pray, brethren (brothers and sisters), that my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God,
the almighty Father.
The people reply:
May the Lord accept the sacrifice at your hands for the praise and glory of his name, for our good
and the good of all his holy Church.
Then the Priest says the Prayer over the Offerings, at the end of which the people acclaim:
Extending his hands, the Priest says:
The Lord be with you.
The people reply:
And with your spirit.
The Priest, raising his hands, continues:
Lift up your hearts.
The people:
We lift them up to the Lord. (Lam 3:41)
The Priest, with hands extended, adds:
Let us give thanks to the Lord our God.
The people:
It is right and just.
The Priest continues with the Preface.
The renewal of all things in Christ
The following Preface is said in Masses that have no proper Preface, and for which a Preface related to a specific liturgical time is not indicated.
It is truly right and just, our duty and our salvation, always and everywhere to give you thanks, Lord, holy Father, almighty and eternal God, through Christ our Lord. In him you have been pleased to renew all things, giving us all a share in his fullness. For though he was in the form of God, he emptied himself and by the blood of his Cross brought peace to all creation. Therefore he has been exalted above all things, and to all who obey him, has become the source of eternal salvation. And so, with Angels and Archangels, with Thrones and Dominions, and with all the hosts and Powers of heaven, we sing the hymn of your glory, as without end we acclaim:
The Priest concludes the Preface with the people singing or saying aloud:
Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God of hosts.
Heaven and earth are full of your glory.
Hosanna in the highest. (Is 6:3; Mk 11:9-10).
Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord. (Mt 21:9)
Hosanna in the highest.
The Priest alone recites:
To you, therefore, most merciful Father, we make humble prayer and petition through Jesus Christ, your Son, our Lord: that you accept and bless these gifts, these offerings, these holy and unblemished sacrifices, which we offer you firstly for your holy catholic Church. Be pleased to grant her peace, to guard, unite and govern her throughout the whole world, together with your servant N. our Pope and N. our Bishop, and all those who, holding to the truth, hand on the catholic and apostolic faith.
Remember, Lord, your servants (N. and N.) and all gathered here, whose faith and devotion are known to you. For them, we offer you this sacrifice of praise or they offer it for themselves and all who are dear to them: for the redemption of their souls, in hope of health and well-being, and paying their homage to you, the eternal God, living and true.
In communion with those whose memory we venerate, especially the glorious ever-Virgin Mary, Mother of our God and Lord, Jesus Christ, and blessed Joseph, her Spouse, your blessed Apostles and Martyrs, Peter and Paul, Andrew, (James, John, Thomas, James, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Simon and Jude; Linus, Cletus, Clement, Sixtus, Cornelius, Cyprian, Lawrence, Chrysogonus, John and Paul, Cosmas and Damian) and all your Saints; we ask that through their merits and prayers, in all things we may be defended by your protecting help. (Through Christ our Lord. Amen.)
Therefore, Lord, we pray: graciously accept this oblation of our service, that of your whole family; order our days in your peace, and command that we be delivered from eternal damnation and counted among the flock of those you have chosen. (Through Christ our Lord. Amen.)
Be pleased, O God, we pray, to bless, acknowledge, and approve this offering in every respect; make it spiritual and acceptable, so that it may become for us the Body and Blood of your most beloved Son, our Lord Jesus Christ.
On the day before he was to suffer, he took bread in his holy and venerable hands, and with eyes raised to heaven to you, O God, his almighty Father, giving you thanks, he said the blessing, broke the bread and gave it to his disciples, saying: Take this, all of you, and eat of it, for this is my body, which will be given up for you.
In a similar way, when supper was ended, he took this precious chalice in his holy and venerable hands, and once more giving you thanks, he said the blessing and gave the chalice to his disciples, saying: Take this, all of you, and drink from it, for this is the chalice of my Blood, the Blood of the new and eternal covenant, which will be poured out for you and for many for the forgiveness of sins. Do this in memory of me. (Mt 26:26-28)
After the words of Consecration the priest says:
The mystery of faith.
The people continue, acclaiming:
We proclaim your Death, O Lord,
and profess your Resurrection
until you come again.
When we eat this Bread and drink this Cup,
we proclaim your Death, O Lord,
until you come again. (1Cor 11:26)
Save us, Saviour of the world,
for by your Cross and Resurrection
you have set us free.
Then the Priest alone continues:
Therefore, O Lord, as we celebrate the memorial of the blessed Passion, the Resurrection from the dead, and the glorious Ascension into heaven of Christ, your Son, our Lord, we, your servants and your holy people, offer to your glorious majesty from the gifts that you have given us, this pure victim, this holy victim, this spotless victim, the holy Bread of eternal life and the Chalice of everlasting salvation. Be pleased to look upon these offerings with a serene and kindly countenance, and to accept them, as once you were pleased to accept the gifts of your servant Abel the just, the sacrifice of Abraham, our father in faith, and the offering of your high priest Melchizedek, a holy sacrifice, a spotless victim. In humble prayer we ask you, almighty God:
command that these gifts be borne by the hands of your holy Angel to your altar on high
in the sight of your divine majesty, so that all of us, who through this participation at the altar
receive the most holy Body and Blood of your Son, may be filled with every grace and heavenly blessing. (Through Christ our Lord. Amen.)
Commemoration of the Dead : Remember also, Lord, your servants N. and N., who have gone before us with the sign of faith and rest in the sleep of peace. Grant them, O Lord, we pray, and all who sleep in Christ, a place of refreshment, light and peace. (Through Christ our Lord. Amen.)
To us, also, your servants, who, though sinners, hope in your abundant mercies, graciously grant some share and fellowship with your holy Apostles and Martyrs: with John the Baptist, Stephen,
Matthias, Barnabas, (Ignatius, Alexander, Marcellinus, Peter, Felicity, Perpetua, Agatha, Lucy, Agnes, Cecilia, Anastasia) and all your Saints; admit us, we beseech you, into their company, not weighing our merits, but granting us your pardon, through Christ our Lord. Through whom you continue to make all these good things, O Lord; you sanctify them, fill them with life, bless them, and bestow them upon us.
At the conclusion of the Eucharistic Prayer the Priest takes the chalice and the paten with the host and, raising both, he alone says:
Through him, and with him, and in him,
O God, almighty Father, in the unity of the Holy Spirit,
all glory and honour is yours,
for ever and ever. (Rom 11:36)
The Communion Rite
The eating and drinking together of the Lord's Body and Blood in a Paschal meal is the culmination of the Eucharist. The themes underlying these rites are the mutual love and reconciliation that are both the condition and the fruit of worthy communion and the unity of the many in the One.
The Lord's Prayer
The congregation stands and the Priest says:
At the Saviour's command
and formed by divine teaching, we dare to say:
Together with the people, he continues:
Our Father, who art in heaven,
hallowed be thy name;
thy kingdom come,
thy will be done
on earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread,
and forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive those who trespass against us;
and lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil. (Mt. 6:9-13)
The Priest alone continues, saying:
Deliver us, Lord, we pray, from every evil, graciously grant peace in our days, that, by the help of your mercy, we may be always free from sin and safe from all distress, as we await the blessed hope and the coming of our Saviour, Jesus Christ
The people conclude the prayer, acclaiming:
For the kingdom, the power and the glory are yours now and for ever. (Mt 6:13)
Then the Priest alone says aloud:
Lord Jesus Christ, who said to your Apostles: Peace I leave you, my peace I give you, (Jn 14:27)
look not on our sins, but on the faith of your Church, and graciously grant her peace and unity in accordance with your will. Who live and reign for ever and ever.
The people reply:
The Priest adds:
The peace of the Lord be with you always. (Jn 20:19)
The people reply:
And with your spirit.
The Deacon, or the Priest, adds:
Let us offer each other the sign of peace.
And all offer one another the customary sign of peace: a handclasp or handshake, which is an expression of peace, communion, and charity.
Breaking of the Bread
During the breaking of the host the following is sung or said:
(Jn 1:29)
Lamb of God, you take away the sins of the world,
have mercy on us.
Lamb of God, you take away the sins of the world,
have mercy on us.
Lamb of God, you take away the sins of the world,
grant us peace.
After the Lamb of God, the people kneel.
Invitation to Communion
After his private prayers of preparation the Priest genuflects, takes the host and, holding it slightly raised above the paten or above the chalice says aloud:
Behold the Lamb of God, behold him who takes away the sins of the world. Blessed are those called to the supper of the Lamb. (Rev 19:9)
And together with the people he adds once:
Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof, but only say the word and my soul shall be healed. (Mt 8:8)
After the priest has reverently consumed the Body and Blood of Christ the communicants come forward in reverent procession, and make a preparatory act of reverence by bowing their head in honour of Christ's presence in the Sacrament. They receive Holy Communion standing.
The Priest says:
The Body (Blood) of Christ.
The communicant replies:
After the distribution of Communion, if appropriate, a sacred silence may be observed for a while, or a psalm or other canticle of praise or a hymn may be sung.
Prayer after Communion
Then, the Priest says:
Let us pray.
All stand and pray in silence. Then the Priest says the Prayer after Communion, at the end of which the people acclaim:
The Concluding Rites
The brief Concluding Rite sends the people forth to put into effect in their daily lives the Mystery of Christ's Death and Resurrection and the unity in Christ which they have celebrated. Their mission is to witness to Christ in the world and to bring the Gospel to the poor. Any brief announcements to the people follow here. Then the dismissal takes place. Sometimes this takes a more elaborate form than that given below.
The Priest says:
The Lord be with you.
The people reply:
And with your spirit.
The Priest blesses the people, saying:
May almighty God bless you,
the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
The people reply:
Then the Deacon, or the Priest himself, says:
Either: Go forth, the Mass is ended.
Or: Go and announce the Gospel of the Lord.
Or: Go in peace, glorifying the Lord by your life.
Or: Go in peace.
The people reply:
Thanks be to God.
Note: The order of mass was take from : http://www.universalis.com/static/mass/orderofmass.htm. Also, these are my own findings and it may not be exhaustive or even accurate. I would welcome feedbacks from those who are more knowledgeable than me in these matters


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Khloe Kardashian Speaks Out On $67 Million Dollar Divorce Report
Khloe fights for her marriage — HollywoodLife.com spoke EXCLUSIVELY to a close friend of Khloe's, who responded strongly to this morning's report that the couple is divorcing.
Despite a cover story claiming that reality TV princess Khloe Kardashian and her NBA baller husband Lamar Odom are divorcing, Khloe's girlfriend tells HollywoodLife.com EXCLUSIVELY that the report is "100-percent not true" and that the couple "couldn't be happier."
"It's so not true what they're saying," Khloe's close friend EXCLUSIVELY tells HollywoodLife.com about Star magazine's cover story claiming the two are on the brink of divorce. "It's completely bogus! She seriously couldn't be happier. She and Lamar are totally fine."
Our source goes on to reveal that "Khloe never reads those magazines and this new cover story is completely bogus. They live together happily.
"Despite what people may think, Lamar and Khlo live private lives. They do reality shows and things like that but once the cameras are off, they're very private. They really don't have many people, other than their families, in their lives. They are fine and are 100-percent not divorcing."
These sorts of rumors are quite common when it comes to the Kardashian family and many outlets, like Gossipcop.com, thought the story sounded false so HollywoodLife.com reached out EXCLUSIVELY.
"Look, she gets it. People are going to write whatever they want to about them and that's fine," a source reveals. "But she's so content and so happy with her life and her marriage. She puts her life on reality TV and is honest with who she is but some people will try to judge you her at every turn. It's not right, but she gets it."
What do you think, HollywoodLifers? Do you think Khloe and Lamar will last forever?
— Eric Ray
Watch More ENTV Videos!
Click here for more Khloe and Lamar news:
- Lamar Odom Meets With Divorce Attorney Behind Khloe Kardashian's Back — Report
- Khloe Kardashian & Mario Lopez To Co-Host 'The X Factor Officially
- Khloe Kardashian's Family Thrilled She Is Official 'X Factor' Host


text:
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BENGHAZI, Libya (Reuters) - Armed groups in eastern Libya shut off half the North African country's oil exports to press demands for more autonomy ahead of the first free national election on Saturday.
A helicopter carrying voting material made a forced landing near the eastern town of Benghazi on Friday after being struck by anti-aircraft fire in an attack which killed one person on board, local officials said.
The election for a temporary national assembly is Libya's first free nationwide vote in over half a century and comes barely a year after Muammar Gaddafi was ousted in a NATO-backed uprising.
But a spate of attacks on election facilities in the east and calls for a vote boycott there show how regional loyalties suppressed under Gaddafi have come to the fore in a country where armed militias dominate under-resourced security forces.
"There is no security in this country," Emad El-Sayih, deputy head of the High National Election Commission (HNEC), told Reuters. "The Interior Ministry and the army are incapable of protecting the elections. The (election) commission is in a state of depression."
Shippers said half Libya's oil exporting capacity had been shut down and production cut by about 300,000 barrels per day (bpd) because of protests by groups demanding greater autonomy in the east, home to the bulk of its reserves.
At least three major oil exporting terminals were closed the previous evening and by Friday the first delays to oil shipments were reported by oil traders waiting for cargoes to load.
Oil companies hoping to lift shipments of crude from the ports affected by the shutdown received a note from agents warning vessels would not be able to berth or load while the strike continued.
"The strikes will continue for 48 hours if the government does not respond positively to their requests," the note said.
The new 200-strong assembly will elect a prime minister and cabinet and will be charged with preparing full parliamentary elections next year on the basis of a new constitution.
It was also due to have named the panel that will write that constitution but, in a concession to the easterners, the interim government abruptly announced on Thursday that the panel will be elected directly by Libyans in another election.
Easterners are angry that their region, one of three in Libya, has only been allotted 60 of the 200 seats in the new assembly compared to 102 in the west around the capital Tripoli - a formula the interim government says is based on their weighting within a national population of six million.
"There is no doubt there could be a civil war between us in the east and the west because we do not have an equal number of seats as the west," said Hamed al-Hassi, head of the High Military Council of Cyrenaica, the name of the eastern region.
"The country will be in a state of paralysis because no one in the government is listening to us," said Hassi, whose group of ex-rebels is charged with securing the east but has fallen out with the government over the representation dispute.
In the third attack this week on election facilities in the east, a helicopter carrying voting material was struck by anti-aircraft fire as it approached Benghazi, the town that was the launchpad for last year's uprising.
"We were preparing to receive the voting material as it arrived on a helicopter from Tripoli but it was hit and one man died," Ahmed Abdelmalik, an employee at the local branch of the election commission, told Reuters.
On Thursday, the main storage centre for election materials in the eastern town of Ajdabiya was badly damaged in a suspected arson attack and last weekend armed men stormed the local election office in Benghazi and destroyed equipment.
Additional reporting by Ali Shuaib in Tripoli; Writing by Mark John; Editing by Janet Lawrence


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We would like to take this opportunity to thank you for your role in helping us purchase our new home. From the first meeting at the house, to the day we picked up the keys we found your service to be not only reliable but with an honest maturity that isn't always easy to find in the real estate industry. The avenues for communication were always available, phone, email, text and the turn around time quick, we were never give time frames that weren't met or had questions that weren't answered. What was also admirable is we were confident that the vendor was represented well, and this was one of the most important things. We were left with a very positive experience and would and already have told others of this. We love our house, and hope to have many happy years here, so thanks again Paul for your role in making this happen.
The Crawford Family - on June 16, 2014
When I was interviewing real estate agents to sell my home, Paul Nuske gave me an appraisal that I felt was a realistic figure and reflected the current state of the market. His honest and straightforward manner gave the impression of someone with integrity and many years of experience in the industry which made deciding to go with Triwest an easy choice. My 70 year old renovated home had structural issues and prospective purchasers wanted me to reduce the price significantly. Despite knowing I needed to sell urgently, Paul believed the asking price was reasonable even given the work that needed to be done on the house, and never pressured me to reduce it at any time. His dealings were professional at all times, he was always available to answer questions, and he worked well beyond normal business hours when it was needed. I'll happily recommend Paul to anyone looking for a real estate agent and have already done so to many friends.
Pam Bradford - on May 5, 2014
It is an honour to speak highly of you and your company, Professionals Triwest Werribee and, the excellent customer service you provide (especially in this day and age when many businesses don't seem to have a clue what customer service . . . but you do! Thank you so much for your professionalism, eagerness to be of help without being in your face! Many thanks for the regular updates: from the progress of inspections to offer of sale and beyond. Thank you for making time to meet with me at my convenience even though it was a Sunday and you should be having a day off. I'm sure with your excellent time manangement skills you've made it up to your family, too! More than recommending you to my friends and family who could need to purchase or even to rent, I would certainly go back to Triwest and none other real estate agent in Werribee should I need your services again! All the very best!
Anthony & Rose Wild - on March 4, 2014


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- Review
- Open Access
Characterizing glycosylation pathways
© BioMed Central Ltd 2001
- Published: 1 May 2001
Numerous factors that influence cell-surface carbohydrate composition remain to be elucidated. The combination of novel biochemical and metabolism-based approaches with emerging genomic methods promises to accelerate efforts to understand glycosylation.
- Sialic Acid
- Molecular Defect
- Polysialic Acid
- Glycosylation Pathway
- Glycosylation Process
Deciphering the molecular details of oligosaccharide synthesis and biological activity is one of the major challenges now confronting the cell biologist. Unlike other structural biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, synthesis of which is template-driven and well defined at a molecular level, oligosaccharides are not primary gene products [10]. An understanding of their biosynthesis remains rudimentary. This review briefly describes current understanding of glycan biosynthesis and the methods that have been used to garner this information. It then addresses the exciting prospects that emerging genomic and metabolic techniques, coupled with established methodologies, offer for rapid discovery of the glycosylation processes of a cell.
Conversion of monosaccharides into complex oligosaccharides
The common sugars, requisite co-substrates, and many of the enzymes necessary for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates are already known. Knowing the complete human genome ensures that the remaining enzymes involved will be identified soon. What remains mysterious is how these molecular players work in concert to convert a few simple monosaccharides into the exact pattern of complex cell-surface glycans that gives each cell type a unique and reproducible identity (Figure 1). This gap in knowledge not only precludes a detailed understanding of how these molecules are regulated during the healthy lifespan of an organism but, more importantly, also hinders our ability to intervene in pathological situations. Answering questions about glycan biosynthesis will lead to insights into basic biological processes and also opens the door to therapeutic intervention in disease processes.
Once a phosphorylated monosaccharide of the desired stereochemical configuration is achieved, conversion to the UDP, GDP, or CMP analog (depending on the sugar) creates a nucleotide-sugar donor. The nucleotide functions as a high-energy leaving group to facilitate the assembly of the monosaccharides into complex carbohydrates by the stepwise action of a group of enzymes, known as glycosyltransferases, most of which reside in the Golgi apparatus (Figure 2c) [11]. Each step, although seemingly straightforward, involves the correct choice of one of several possible glycosyltransferases with similar, but subtly different, substrate specificities. The exact composition of the final product is determined, at least in part, by the route of transit the growing oligosaccharide follows through the secretory pathway, allowing (or avoiding) contacts with particular glycosyltransferases. As a result, one protein can be decorated by a particular oligosaccharide while a different protein, another copy of the first protein, or even an alternate glycosylation site on the same protein, can be endowed with distinct oligosaccharides (Figures 1 and 2c).
Endogenous regulatory mechanisms
The glycoconjugate diversity found on different cell types in a healthy organism is a consequence of intracellular metabolic mechanisms responding, in many cases, to external stimuli (Figure 3). In theory, the entire human genome sequence, coupled with methods to measure the expression level of each gene, provides tools for thorough study of glycan biosynthesis. For example, microarray analysis of cell populations selected at various stages in development, or derived from different tissues, promises to explain the distinct oligosaccharide expression pattern of each cell type. Despite the fact that different cell populations also experience gross morphological changes involving many genes that are not related to glycosylation, the development of sophisticated computational algorithms should allow glycosylation-specific effects on gene expression to be deconvoluted from irrelevant secondary effects. This type of genome-wide approach will provide an elegant picture of how the internal glycosylation processes of a cell are reflected on the cell surface as a diverse array of oligosaccharides. Nevertheless, such an approach, by itself, may leave a number of key issues in glycan biosynthesis unresolved.
Microarray studies have the remarkable ability to describe the interplay of numerous enzymes comprising multiple metabolic pathways and reveal system-wide perturbations in gene expression. But, unfortunately, the overwhelming volume of data generated from these studies presents difficulties in distinguishing a primary molecular defect from ensuing secondary (and higher order) effects. As a consequence, subtle changes affecting enzymes that play key regulatory roles may be obscured amid quantitatively larger, but functionally less significant, alterations. The molecular defects responsible for a pathology may be similarly concealed. If so, it will be difficult to identify candidate enzymes as targets for pharmaceutical intervention, or for replacement by gene therapy. Accordingly, a more traditional study of disease states leading to the exact identification of a molecular defect responsible for a pathological phenotype remains a sensible experimental route to complement more recent methods to assess genome-wide changes in gene expression.
Glycosylation changes associated with disease states
Abnormalities associated with disease states are major contributors to diversity in glycan expression (Figure 3c). These defects, in many cases, ultimately arise from the dysfunction of an individual enzyme, often as the consequence of a single amino-acid mutation. Determination of the molecular defect responsible for a disease phenotype can therefore reveal the normal function of a particular gene product [6]. A fundamental limitation, however, of relying on human-disease or whole-animal models is that the critical role of glycans in fertilization and development means that many glycosylation defects are embryonic-lethal. Although fortunate from the perspective of human health, this situation prevents potentially interesting metabolic perturbations from being observed clinically (or in animal models) and results in an incomplete understanding of the glycosylation processes of a cell.
To circumvent limitations inherent in the study of animal disease models, researchers have found that it is possible to mutagenize large cell populations and select rare-event mutant cell lines that often mimic disease states at a molecular level [12,14]. The experimental advantage of such cell-based 'forward genetics' screens is that requirements for cell-surface glycosylation are significantly less stringent in cell monocultures than for whole organisms. Consequently, cells with potentially embryonic-lethal mutations can survive to be isolated and studied, resulting in an enhanced picture of the glycosylation machinery.
The use of toxic lectins, while experimentally easy, can lead to unintended selection outcomes. For example, most of these toxins require retrograde transport into the Golgi or endoplasmic reticulum before they can be translocated into the cytoplasm [15]. Not surprisingly, selection outcomes therefore include transport defects that have little relevance to glycosylation processes. A superior cell selection method, with mutational outcomes more closely targeted to the intended glycosylation pathways, is the use of fluorescently labeled, non-toxic lectins (or carbohydrate-specific antibodies) coupled with a cell-sorting method based on flow cytometry or magnetic particles (Figure 4b). These sophisticated, high-throughput methods allow the selection and subsequent propagation of living cells, thereby avoiding the multiple mechanisms that cells can exploit to reduce the deleterious effects of exposure to toxins. Also, such methods permit both positive and negative selection for the desired glycosylation phenotype (Figure 4b).
A final concern with current selection techniques is that mutational outcomes are biased toward the later steps in glycoconjugate biosynthesis, typically either the Golgi transporter or glycosyltransferase stages (Figure 2c) [16,17]. As illustrated in Figure 2b, the earlier stages of glycosylation involve multiple interconversions between structurally related monosaccharides. Many early-stage defects can be 'masked' by re-adjustment of metabolic flux through these intersecting pathways. Clearly, experimental access to such masked mutations is crucial to gaining a complete understanding of the glycosylation processes of a cell. An emerging metabolism-based method that we have developed has the potential to illuminate this class of masked molecular abnormalities.
Externally supplied substrates can illuminate 'masked' metabolic defects
External inputs can modulate the glycosylation pathways of a cell (Figure 3c). As mentioned above, extracellular signals can trigger changes in oligosaccharide biosynthesis by as-yet poorly understood regulatory processes. External manipulation of glycosylation can also be achieved by the direct delivery of small molecule metabolites into biosynthetic pathways [18,19]. For example, compounds as simple as ammonia can have a profound effect on the display of cell-surface carbohydrate epitopes [20]. A substrate-based approach can establish linkages, many of which may be unanticipated, between various components of metabolic pathways. Also, in contrast to changes effected by the manipulations of enzymes, substrate-based intervention is easily reversible, and it is amenable to quantitative analysis by altering the concentration of the externally delivered agent.
Another advantage of substrate-based metabolic selection is the ability to rapidly compile comprehensive libraries of mutations. To continue the sialuria example, only three mutations have been characterized from human patients, because the disease is rare [25]. In the absence of structural characterization, this limited data set led to the tentative suggestion that the mutation affected a regulatory domain in UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase. The high-throughput nature of the substrate-based approach allowed a large set of mutations to be obtained rapidly, and the resulting array of mutations has firmly established the existence of the putative regulatory domain.
Another early-stage masked molecular abnormality that is only accessible by using the metabolic selection method is a defect in sialic acid synthase (Figure 6, 2). In normal cell culture conditions, this mutation would be complemented by intake of sialic acid from the serum in culture media. In an animal model, the inability to produce sialic acid is likely to be embryonic-lethal because of the crucial role of this sugar in development. A substrate-based approach is therefore the only strategy capable of detecting this abnormality in a 'forward genetics' screen. Another important feature of the substrate-based approach is its suitability for selection of gain-of-function or overexpression mutants. To give a specific example, ManLev-based selection produced mutant Jurkat cells that had begun to express polysialic acid (poly-Sia), as a consequence of upregulation of NCAM expression (Figure 6c) [24]. This abnormality parallels changes in cell-surface carbohydrates observed in highly metastatic cancers.
In the future, application of metabolic substrate-based forward genetics methods will extend beyond the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. Our recent demonstration that cells can incorporate 'ketoGal', a ketone-containing analog of GalNAc, into cell-surface glycans [27] has opened the door for selection strategies that explore molecular defects affecting internal positions of a complex polysaccharide chain. Together, selection strategies based on unnatural substrates that target the terminal sialic acid residues (accessed by ManLev) and the position proximal to the peptide backbone in O-linked glycoproteins (accessed by ketoGal) promise to facilitate the identification of new genes and regulatory control points that impinge on the target pathways.
Future challenges
Currently, characterization of molecular abnormalities uncovered by genetic screens proceeds largely by using classical molecular biological and biochemical techniques. This process has been compared to a search for a needle in a haystack, requiring a large input of manpower and resources per gene that is hard to reconcile with the wealth of genetic information now available [28]. Now that the entire human genome is (nearly) in hand, the exact sequence of a gene suspected of harboring a glycosylation-related defect can be determined with relative ease by direct sequencing methods. Nevertheless, with dozens, and potentially hundreds, of enzymes involved in oligosaccharide biosynthesis, a direct sequencing approach remains daunting. Even more problematic are situations in which the cause of a glycosylation abnormality is distant from the enzymes directly involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
The up-regulation of NCAM in ManLev-selected Jurkat cells [24] exemplifies molecular defects that do not occur directly in the oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathways yet nevertheless affect the composition of cell-surface sugars. Neo-expression of NCAM, leading to cell-surface polysialic acid display, may result from regulatory perturbations in one or more currently unidentified transcription factors. In this case, no single gene can be readily implicated as a causative factor. Instead, molecular resolution awaits the exploitation of genome-wide methods that have yet to reach maturation. For example, microarray analysis based on comprehensive libraries of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are now being compiled [29], and developing proteomic approaches, will shed light on how the molecular players physically interact with each other and their environment.
A final necessity is to translate the effects of the primary molecular defect to the overall metabolism of the cell and functioning of the entire organism [30]. As discussed previously, a genome-wide approach, when used alone, faces the challenge of identifying a primary metabolic defect amidst an overwhelming number of compensatory secondary and tertiary effects. Conversely, traditional approaches used to identify a primary, causative defect typically ignore overall effects on cellular metabolism. As an illustration, we again consider the 'sialuria' cells (Figure 6a). The effects of a single amino-acid mutation in the UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase are likely to reverberate throughout the cell, affecting metabolic events far removed from the glycosylation pathways. For example, the increased sialic acid synthesis in these cells requires a large diversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) from its normal role in energy production. Similarly, production of CMP-Sia diverts CTP from its normal cellular functions that include RNA and DNA synthesis. Nevertheless these mutant cells continue to thrive, probably as a consequence of rearrangement of flux throughout multiple metabolic pathways, a type of change that can only be assessed through a genome-wide approach.
In conclusion, the ultimate goal of studying glycosylation is to learn the role of glycans in a whole animal. Methods that extend lessons learned from cell models to multicellular organisms are therefore crucial [30]. In the future, with the entire genomes of higher organisms becoming known, the molecular defects observed in single cells can be introduced into the analogous enzymes in stem cells. Already these 'reverse genetic' methods are feasible in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans [31,32]. With efforts to sequence the mouse genome well underway and the rat genome now in progress [33], such methods will soon be extended to mammalian systems. When necessary, sophisticated temporal and tissue-specific gene expression systems [34,35] can be used to avoid the problem of embryonic lethality. We conclude that the integration of constantly improving molecular biology techniques with emerging substrate-based and genome-wide approaches promises rapid progress in determining the molecular forces that govern oligosaccharide biosynthesis.
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