text:
- Research article
- Open Access
Genome response to tissue plasminogen activator in experimental ischemic stroke
© Jickling et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
- Received: 9 December 2009
- Accepted: 21 April 2010
- Published: 21 April 2010
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is known to have functions beyond fibrinolysis in acute ischemic stroke, such as blood brain barrier disruption. To further delineate tPA functions in the blood, we examined the gene expression profiles induced by tPA in a rat model of ischemic stroke.
tPA differentially expressed 929 genes in the blood of rats (p ≤ 0.05, fold change ≥ |1.2|). Genes identified had functions related to modulation of immune cells. tPA gene expression was found to be dependent on the reperfusion status of cerebral vasculature. The majority of genes regulated by tPA were different from genes regulated by ischemic stroke.
tPA modulates gene expression in the blood of rats involving immune cells in a manner that is dependent on the status of vascular reperfusion. These non-fibrinolytic activities of tPA in the blood serve to better understand tPA-related complications.
- Ischemic Stroke
- Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
- Acute Ischemic Stroke
- Gene Probe
- Hemorrhagic Transformation
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is currently the only approved medical therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Its use is limited to the first 3-4.5 hours after stroke onset due to an increased risk of complications beyond this time window such symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation (HT) [1]. Factors predisposing to tPA related HT remain to be fully defined, though several features are associated with increase HT risk including time from stroke onset, hypo-attenuation on pretreatment CT, leukoaraiosis, NIHSS on admission, diabetes, high systolic blood pressure, age, and thrombocytopenia [2, 3]. tPA acts by cleaving plasminogen into the active enzyme plasmin, which degrades fibrin-based clots. The half-life of tPA's proteolytic activity on plasminogen is 3-7 minutes. In addition to tPA's fibrinolytic activity, a number of non-fibrinolytic properties have been described for tPA, some of which predispose to HT, blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and neuronal injury [4–7]. In this study, we sought to better define tPA's effects in acute ischemic stroke, determine if there is a blood gene expression profile that correlates with tPA administration, and determine if this blood gene expression profile differs from the profile associated with ischemic stroke.
Gene expression profiles are a useful tool to study complex diseases, including ischemic stroke, as shown in previous studies of blood gene expression in humans and animals [8–10]. The rationale for gene expression changes in the blood following ischemic stroke is largely based on the immune response to ischemic brain that is distinct from other neurological conditions [11, 12]. Gene expression is also affected by medications, as observed with aspirin in ischemic stroke and corticosteroids in Duchenne muscular dystrophy [8, 13].
Using a rat model of ischemic stroke, we performed gene expression analysis on whole blood samples to determine the expression profile for tPA. A difference in gene expression was observed between rats receiving tPA compared to rats not receiving tPA. Some genes expressed following administration of tPA interacted with ischemic stroke, with a different gene expression profile for tPA in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion compared to rats with permanent-MCAO. Despite the interaction between tPA and ischemic stroke, the majority of the genes regulated by tPA can be distinguished from genes regulated by ischemic stroke.
There were no significant differences in physiologic parameters between animals receiving tPA compared to those not receiving tPA (data not shown). The median neurological deficit score was 3 for both reperfused-MCAO groups, with no significant difference between rats treated with or without tPA (p = 0.32). The median neurological deficit score was 3 for both permanent-MCAO groups, with no significant different between rats treated with or without tPA (p = 0.32).
Analysis 1. tPA and Ischemic stroke
Gene expression associated with tPA administration was examined in an ANOVA model including tPA, ischemic stroke, anesthesia, and the interaction between tPA and ischemic stroke. tPA, ischemic stroke, and the interaction between tPA and ischemic stroke were found to affect gene expression.
tPA gene expression
List of gene symbol abbreviations.
Gene Symbol
Entrez Gene Name
Gene Symbol
Entrez Gene Name
annexin A1
integrin, beta 2 (complement component 3 receptor 3 and 4 subunit)
annexin A2
jagged 1 (Alagille syndrome)
B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6
lymphocyte antigen 96
calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV
ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1
collagen, type XVII, alpha 1
phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic, delta polypeptide
colony stimulating factor 1 (macrophage)
TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3
coagulation factor V (proaccelerin, labile factor)
toll-like receptor 2
Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIb, receptor (CD32)
xanthine dehydrogenase
Gardner-Rasheed feline sarcoma viral (v-fgr) oncogene homolog
matrix metallopeptidase 9 (gelatinase B, 92kDa gelatinase, 92kDa type IV collagenase)
granzyme B (granzyme 2, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated serine esterase 1)
selectin L
intercellular adhesion molecule 2
serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin), member 6
interleukin 1 receptor, type II
secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor
tPA and Ischemic Stroke
Analysis 2. tPA gene expression depends on the status of vascular reperfusion
tPA gene expression in rats with reperfused-MCAO
List of top 5 networks, canonical pathways and molecular functional pathways, for gene differentially regulated by tPA in the reperfused-MCAO group and permanent-MCAO group (p ≤ 0.01, fold change ≥ |1.2|).
IPA Score
IPA Score
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, Small Molecule Biochemistry
Gene Expression, Cell Cycle, Lipid Metabolism
Organismal Survival, Connective Tissue Development and Function, Tissue Development
Cellular Assembly and Organization, Cellular Function and Maintenance, Cancer
Lipid Metabolism, Molecular Transport, Small Molecule Biochemistry
Genetic Disorder, Metabolic Disease, Neurological Disease
Inflammatory Response, Connective Tissue Disorders, Inflammatory Disease
Cellular Compromise, Drug Metabolism, Endocrine System Development and Function
Cellular Compromise, Cell Morphology, Endocrine System Development and Function
DNA Replication, Recombination, and Repair, Cancer, Cell Cycle
Canonical Pathway
Canonical Pathway
Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism
FcgRIIB Signaling in B Lymphocytes
Hypoxia Signaling in the Cardiovascular System
p38 MAPK Signaling
Role of NFAT in Regulation of the Immune Response
Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling
B Cell Receptor Signaling
Estrogen Receptor Signaling
TREM1 Signaling
Molecular Functional Pathway
Molecular Functional Pathway
Cell-To-Cell Signaling and Interaction
Gene Expression
Cellular Assembly and Organization
Cell-To-Cell Signaling and Interaction
Cell Cycle
Cellular Movement
Cellular Function and Maintenance
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Cell death/Survival
Cellular Assembly and Organization
tPA gene expression in rats with permanent-MCAO
Functional analysis was performed using IPA. The 293 gene probes mapped to 181 annotated genes and generated 142 network eligible genes. The top molecular functional pathways were cell-to-cell signaling, cellular movement, and cellular organization (Table 2). These pathways predominantly reflect activities of immune cells and their interaction with endothelium. Top regulated genes include TIMP3 (+2.39 fold), ITGB2 (+1.21 fold), COL17A1 (+1.27 fold), GZMB (+1.74 fold), JAG1 (-2.09 fold), CSF-1 (-1.70 fold), SLP1 (-1.70 fold), FCGR2B (-1.51 fold), and PIK3CD (-1.31 fold).
tPA administration was associated with differential expression of 929 gene probes in the blood of rats with ischemic stroke. The genes expressed by tPA differed depending on whether or not ischemic stroke was accompanied by reperfusion. Most genes had functions related to modulation of immune cells. This data is important as it has potential implications for tPA treatment of ischemic stroke and understanding the pharmacogenomics of tPA.
tPA and the Immune System
tPA modulated gene expression related to the immune system. This is not unexpected, given that immune cells are intimately involved in tPA related complications of BBB breakdown and HT of ischemic brain tissue [5]. Moreover, tPA has previously been reported to act on a number of immune cells, including mast cells and neutrophils.
Mast cells play various roles in ischemic stroke, including altering BBB permeability, hemorrhage formation, brain edema formation, and regulation of local neutrophil infiltration [14]. tPA promotes mast cell degranulation, thus enhancing release of vasoactive, proteolytic, and fibrinolytic substances. Mast cell stabilization with cromoglycate reduces tPA related brain hemorrhage, brain edema and neutrophil infiltration [15]. In our study, we identified a number of genes differentially regulated by tPA that affect mast cells, including those involved in mast cell activation (FCGR2B) and mast cell degranulation (COL17A, PIK3CD, ORAI1).
Neutrophils are recruited and activated early on following ischemic stroke. tPA has been shown to promote neutrophil degranulation [16, 17]. Upon degranulation, neutrophils release preformed granules containing proteolytic enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), that facilitate migration of leukocytes across the BBB to ischemic brain tissue [18]. The mechanisms by which tPA acts on neutrophils to mediate these effects are unknown. However, products of tPA clot degradation may contribute in part to neutrophil activation and infiltration [19]. A number of the identified tPA regulated genes in our study are associated with neutrophils. In the reperfused-MCAO group, tPA was associated with genes involved in neutrophil activation (SELL, ANXA1, SLPI) and neutrophil migration (MMP9, FGR, FCGR2B). In the permanent-MCAO group, genes involved in neutrophil attachment to endothelium (ITGB2) and genes involved in neutrophil recruitment (SLP1, CSF-1) was observed. Further study is required to delineate the effects of tPA on immune response in ischemic stroke, including determination of the specific immune cells and pathways affected by tPA. These potentially identify new targets to reduce tPA related complications in ischemic stroke and perhaps extend the therapeutic window of tPA.
tPA and Immune-Endothelial Effects
Endothelial cells form an integral part of the BBB along with the basal lamina and astrocytic foot processes. tPA can affect endothelial cells in both a direct and indirect manner. Indirectly tPA modulates immune cells that interact with endothelium. tPA increases endothelial adhesion molecule expression including ICAM2, P-Selectin, and E-Selectin [20, 21]. Direct effects of tPA on endothelial cells is mediated via the Lipoprotein Receptor Protein-1 (LRP-1). Binding of tPA to LRP-1 initiates a signal cascade that up regulates endothelial MMP-9 and disrupts the BBB [22–24].
Our study identified a number of differentially regulated genes involved in immune-endothelial signaling pathways, including genes involved in inflammatory cell adhesion, migration, and recruitment. In the reperfused-MCAO group, genes involved in immune-endothelial interaction include ICAM2, CEACAM1, ID1, and ACTN1. Notably, genes involved in immune-endothelial signaling were not as significantly affected by tPA in the permanent-MCAO group. This suggests that further study of genes involved in immune-endothelial interaction may provide insight into the increased risk of tPA related HT in subjects with reperfusion compared to permanent occlusion.
tPA and MMP-9
MMP-9 has been studied in ischemic stroke at both the protein and RNA level in blood and brain. MMP-9 is a protease that degrades extracellular matrix and promotes BBB breakdown. Protein levels of MMP-9 increase in the blood early on after ischemic stroke onset, and this increase is enhanced by tPA [25, 26]. In rats treated with tPA, the rise in blood MMP-9 peaks by 6 hours and return to baseline by 24 hours [25]. In human stroke patients treated with tPA, a similar rise blood MMP-9 occurs by 8 hours and with a return to baseline by 25 hours [26]. MMP-9 mRNA expression in the blood following tPA treated ischemic stroke remains poorly studied. We found MMP-9 mRNA to be reduced at 24 hours. This is consistent with an early rise of MMP-9 levels in the blood by 6-8 hours, followed by a reduction by 24 hours. This is in contrast to the pattern of MMP-9 expression in the brain, where levels remain elevated at the 24-30 hour time point [27, 28]. Further study is required to better delineate MMP-9 mRNA expression patterns in blood, including the relationship with vascular reperfusion, duration of cerebral ischemia, treatment with tPA, and correlation with expression patterns of MMP-9 in cerebral tissue.
tPA and Cerebral Reperfusion
The genes regulated by tPA in the blood were different depending on the status of vascular reperfusion. Rats reperfused after two hours of cerebral ischemia had a different tPA gene expression profile than rats with permanent-MCAO. Reperfusion of ischemic vasculature and cerebral tissue leads to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. This injury includes glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and necrotic or apoptotic cell death [29]. Our study suggests that tPA modulates IR injury beyond the effects mediated by reperfusion alone. This modulation includes alteration of immune cells and immune-endothelial interaction. I/R injury is a complex process and its impact on clinical outcome in ischemic stroke is dependent on numerous factors including intensity and duration of ischemic insult, time to reperfusion, and the microcirculation [30]. Further study of tPA's effects on reperfusion may aid in identifying targets to reduce the contribution of tPA to I/R injury.
tPA and Ischemic stroke
Blood gene expression profiling is a promising approach for diagnosing and understanding the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke [8, 9]. In this study of rat ischemic stroke we were able to identify a gene expression profile associated with rat ischemic stroke. Some of the ischemic stroke genes were also regulated by tPA, indicating an interaction between ischemic stroke and tPA. However, many genes associated with ischemic stroke are not affected by tPA including BCL6, F5, and LY96 which were previously found to be predictive of ischemic stroke in humans [8]. Of the 1355 genes previously identified in humans to be differentially regulated by ischemic stroke, only 79 overlapped with the 929 tPA genes we identified in this study of rats [8]. This suggests that although tPA affects the gene expression profile in whole blood and should be considered when evaluating gene expression profiles in acute ischemic stroke, it is possible to distinguish tPA effects from the effects of ischemic stroke on gene expression. A gene expression profile can also be used to identify exposure to drug treatment. We were able to correctly predict tPA use in 12 out 12 rats with 27 gene probes in the reperfused-MCAO group and 62 gene probes in the permanent-MCAO group.
A strength of our study is the measurement of all known genes in the blood to determine those altered by tPA in ischemic stroke. A limitation is the analysis of blood gene expression only. tPA is known to mediate effects on endothelium and brain, thus further study is required to correlate changes in the blood with changes in these tissues. Additionally, we were only able to investigate a single dosage of tPA at a single time point. The equivalent dose for non-fibrinolytic effects of tPA in rats compared to humans remains unknown, therefore results need to be interpreted with this in mind. Finally, anesthesia was used in the experimental model. Although accounted for in the ANOVA model, anesthesia may still have had some effect on gene expression.
A gene expression profile for tPA was identified in our rat model of ischemic stroke. The changes of gene expression by tPA reflect modulation of the immune cells. The patterns of gene expression by tPA were dependent on the status of cerebrovascular reperfusion. The majority of genes modulated by tPA in blood are distinct from those modulated by ischemic stroke. This suggests that in the blood of humans it should be possible to monitor gene expression profiles that correspond both to ischemic stroke and to the pharmacological effects of tPA.
1. Animals
Forty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 280-350 grams (Charles River Labs, USA) were used in this study with a mean age of 2.4 months. The University of California at Davis Animal Care Committee approved the animal protocol in accordance with NIH guidelines. Animals were randomly assigned to one of seven experimental groups (n = 6 per group, N = 42 total): (1) Naïve; (2) Anesthesia; (3) tPA at 3 hours with no MCAO; (4) Reperfused-MCAO (2 hours of MCAO followed by 22 hours of reperfusion); (5) Reperfused-MCAO + tPA at 3 hours (6) Permanent-MCAO (24 hours MCAO with no reperfusion); and (7) Permanent-MCAO + tPA at 3 hours. Neurologic examinations were performed at 4 and 24 hours. The neurologic findings were scored on a four-point scale: 0, no neurologic deficit; 1, right Horner's syndrome; 2, failure to extend left forepaw fully; 3, circling to the left [31].
2. Focal ischemia
MCAO was produced using the intraluminal suture technique [31]. Rats were anesthetized with 3% isoflurane and maintained on 1.5% isoflurane in 100% oxygen. The right common carotid artery was exposed, and a 3-0 monofilament nylon suture was inserted into the external carotid artery and advanced into the internal carotid artery 20-23 mm beyond the carotid bifurcation until resistance was felt. MCAO was maintained for 2 hours in the reperfused-MCAO group and 24 hours in the permanent-MCAO group. Reperfusion was achieved by withdrawing the suture at 2 hours after MCAO onset. A heating blanket was used to maintain rectal temperature at 36.5°C to 37.5°C. Three hours following ischemia onset, tPA (3.3 mg/kg IP) was administered to rats in the tPA treatment groups. This dose of tPA is within the range of previous studies on rats of 3-10 mg/kg [32, 33]. We opted for a dose of tPA on the lower end of this range to be more comparable to the dose used in rabbits and humans in the study of tPA's non-fibrinolytic effects. Recombinant human tPA used was a gift from Genentech Inc. (South San Francisco, CA). Animals were anesthetized with 3% isoflurane at 24 hours, and a blood sample drawn.
3. Sample processing and microarray hybridization
Blood was collected into PAXgene vacutainer tubes via cardiac puncture (PreAnalytiX, Germany). RNA was isolated using the PAXgene blood RNA kit (PreAnalytiX, Germany). Reverse transcription, amplification, and sample labeling were carried out using Nugen's Ovation Whole Blood reagents (Nugen Technologies, San Carlos, CA). Each RNA sample was hybridized and scanned according to the manufacturer's protocol onto Affymetrix Rat Genome 230 2.0 GeneChips (Affymetrix Santa Clara, CA). The arrays were washed and processed on a Fluidics Station 450 and scanned on a Genechip Scanner 3000. Microarray data have been deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database Accession Number GSE21136.
4. Probe-level data analysis
Raw expression values (probe level data) were imported into Partek software (Partek Inc., St. Louis, MO) and processed using GC-RMA normalization [34]. Statistical analysis, principal components analysis, and hierarchical unsupervised clustering analysis were performed with Partek Genomics Suite 6.04. Probe lists were analyzed using PAM (Prediction Analyses of Microarrays) nearest shrunken centroids to identify the minimum number of gene probes able to differentiate specified groups [35]. PAM analysis uses a 10-fold leave-one-out cross-validation, meaning the model is fit to 90% of the samples and the class of the remaining 10% of samples are predicted. This procedure is repeated 10 times to compute the overall error in the model. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA, Ingenuity Systems®, http://www.ingenuity.com) was used to determine whether the numbers of genes regulated within given pathways or cell functions were greater than expected by chance.
5. Statistical analyses
To evaluate gene expression differences related to tPA, two analyses were performed. The first analysis was designed to identify gene expression associated with tPA administration and determine the relationship between tPA and ischemic stroke on gene expression. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA) the effects of tPA, ischemic stroke, anesthesia, and the interaction of tPA*ischemic stroke were evaluated. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering and principal components analysis were used to evaluate relationships between tPA treated and non-tPA treated rats. Gene probes with a p value ≤ 0.05 and a fold change ≥ |1.2| were considered significant.
The second analysis was designed to examine the genes regulated by tPA in rats as a function of reperfusion status. ANOVA was performed comparing tPA treated rats to non-tPA treated rats in the reperfused-MCAO groups. Similarly, ANOVA was performed comparing tPA treated rats to non-tPA treated rats in the permanent-MCAO groups. Given the smaller sample size relative to analysis 1, gene probes with a p value ≤ 0.01 and a fold change ≥ |1.2| were considered significant. Student's t tests were performed to determine differences between tPA treated and non-treated groups. The Mann-Whitney rank sum test was performed for analysis of neurological score. All data are presented as mean ± SE.
This study was supported by NIH/NINDS grants NS028167, NS043252 and NS054652 (FRS). Dr. Glen C Jickling is a fellow of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). This publication was also made possible by Grant Number UL1 RR024146 from the National Center for Medical Research to the CTSC at UC Davis. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of NCRR or NIH. tPA was supplied by Genentech, Inc (San Francisco, California). We appreciate the support of the MIND Institute, the Genomics and Expression Resource at the MIND Institute, and the UCD Department of Neurology.
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The story continues with the second journal. This is an entry from her personal diary, by Elizabeth Lancaster Carsey 80-years-ago. Click here to read more.
Telegram collect from Mary Jo saying she had to have $25 and $14 and I sent her 2 checks signed but not filled out! Surely peeved me!
Here's what else was happening 80-years-ago today.
The Groundhog saw his Shadow at 9:09 AM after an encounter with a skunk! 6 more weeks of winter.
This Ohio River crested Paducah, KY as the Great Ohio River Flood of 1937 continued. Flood waters covered 90 percent of the city.
Senjūrō Hayashi became the new Prime Minister of Japan.
A 9-year-old from Tennessee is married

subset: commoncrawl


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From Ian:
PMW: Jews` usury caused Antisemitism – speech by PA Chairman Abbas
The main antisemitic elements of his talk were:
1. The Jews brought Antisemitism upon themselves because of their "social roles" connected to "usury and banks"
2. It was this Jewish behavior that led to "massacres by some state every 10 to 15 years from the 11th century until the Holocaust"
In addition, Abbas denied Jewish history and the connection of the Jewish people to the land of Israel. He argued that Ashkenazi Jews are the descendants of the Khazar Kingdom – "a Tatar-Turkic state" – who have no connection to the 12 tribes of Jacob in the Bible. He rejected completely any Jewish connection to the land of Israel:
"They are talking about longing for Zion and that's why they are going [there] and so forth. I say – not me, rather history says that these words are baseless."
[Official PA TV, April 30, 2018]
The following are the main parts of Abbas' talk concerning these subjects. Abbas defends his antisemitic claims, citing Jewish sources for some of his remarks. (See below):
1/3 PA President Mahmoud Abbas: Holocaust, Massacres of European Jews Due to Their Function in Society as Usurers Hitler Struck a Deal with the Jews pic.twitter.com/qAkCvH8SzL
— MEMRI (@MEMRIReports) May 2, 2018
2/3 PA President Mahmoud Abbas: Hitler Struck a Deal with the Jews pic.twitter.com/uV6Qsl3dJR
— MEMRI (@MEMRIReports) May 2, 2018
3/3 PA President Mahmoud Abbas: The U.S. Behind the Arab Spring pic.twitter.com/ihyYC42YiD
— MEMRI (@MEMRIReports) May 2, 2018
German Newspaper's Israeli Flag Test Yields 'Frightening Results'
As Germans continue to probe the connection between antisemitism and hostility to Israel in the wake of recent antisemitic incidents across the country, a leading newspaper on Monday carried out a live experiment to determine how long an Israeli flag could be displayed in major urban thoroughfares before being removed.
Israeli flags hung in three locations by reporters from the Bild newspaper were removed within ninety minutes by individuals who happened to be passing by, video revealed.
"The results are frightening," the newspaper reported. "At the Hermannplatz in Berlin-Neukölln, the Israel flag flew for 42 minutes, for 61 minutes in Munich's Bahnhofsviertel, and for 81 minutes in the center of Frankfurt."
Video shot in Munich caught two men walking past an Israeli flag draped over a bicycle railing. Moments later, the men returned and angrily tore the flag down. Meanwhile in Berlin, two youths were filmed at the entrance to a rail station ripping the flag and throwing it to the ground, before one of them tried – and failed – to set it on fire with a cigarette lighter.
German politicians from across the spectrum interviewed by Bild were unanimous in their condemnation of the flag removals.
"The tearing down of the Israeli flag is something we will not tolerate in Germany," Foreign Minister Heiko Maas told the paper. "We will clearly stand against any form of antisemitism." His colleague Horst Seehofer, the Interior Minister, pledged to show "zero tolerance" for antisemitic displays.
Netanyahu: Abbas peddles the 'most contemptible anti-Semitic slogans'
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and other Israeli leaders condemned Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas on Wednesday as an anti-Semite for a speech in which he suggested that the Holocaust was caused by the "social behavior" of European Jews.
Abbas "made another anti-Semitic speech," Netanyahu said in a statement, accusing the PA leader of recycling "the most contemptible anti-Semitic slogans.
"Apparently a Holocaust-denier remains a Holocaust-denier," Netanyahu said, alluding to Abbas's 1982 doctoral dissertation, and called on the international community to condemn the speech and its expression of an anti-Semitism "whose time has come to disappear off the face of the earth."
During a long-winded speech Monday evening in Ramallah in front of hundreds at a rare session of the Palestinian National Council, the 82-year-old PA leader alleged that the Holocaust was not caused by anti-Semitism, but rather by Jews' "social behavior, [charging] interest, and financial matters." The incendiary content of Abbas's Monday speech, which was reported by The Times of Israel late that night, was not included in the official Palestinian news agency's English press release about his address or in most initial international coverage of his speech.
Netanyahu: Abbas was a Holocaust denier, has remained a Holocaust denier
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu issued a scathing attack against Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas on Wednesday morning for his speech the day before that relied on classic antisemitic slogans connecting Jews with money lending.
Abbas' views on the Holocaust have long been suspect because of his academic work, in which he gave space to an argument that disputed the death of 6 million Jews in the Holocaust, claiming that less than one million were killed.
"Abu Mazen [Abbas] gave another antisemitic speech," Netanyahu said.
In a display of "ignorance and insolence, he claimed that the Jews of Europe were persecuted and murdered not because they were Jews, but because they engaged in interest-bearing loans," Netanyahu said.
"Abu Mazen once again recites the most despicable antisemitic slogans.
Abbas "was a Holocaust denier and has remained a Holocaust denier," Netanyahu said.
"I call on the international community to condemn Abu Mazen's grave antisemitism," Netanyahu continued and added that it's time for such antisemitism to disappear from the world.
Lipstadt: With 'classic anti-Semitism,' Abbas ending career the way he started
"It's classic anti-Semitism," and "classic blame the victim," said Lipstadt, a prominent American scholar and Holocaust denial expert whose triumph in a libel suit over British Holocaust denier David Irving was adapted into a 2016 film, "Denial."
"This brings one back directly to his dissertation, to his distortion of history," she added, referring to the PA leader's 1982 writings. Penned in Moscow under Soviet rule, "The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism," alleges that the six million figure of Holocaust victims was exaggerated and that Zionist leaders cooperated with the Nazis.
The Palestinian Authority leader's tirade was also condemned by US Jewish groups on Thursday.
"Laden with ahistorical and pseudo-academic assertions, the Palestinian president's latest diatribe reflects once again the depth and persistency of the anti-Semitic attitudes he harbors," said CEO Jonathan A. Greenblatt.
"With public speeches like these, it is not surprising that under Abbas's leadership, the Palestinian Authority has failed to renounce and combat Palestinian anti-Semitic incitement, including narratives that Jews are to blame for the Holocaust and other anti-Semitic persecution, and which deny or diminish the millennial Jewish presence in and connection to the Land of Israel."
J Street also condemned the remarks that it said "featured absurd anti-Semitic tropes and deeply offensive comments on the history of the Jewish people and Israel."
'Security Council must condemn Abbas' anti-Semitic statements'
Israel's Ambassador to the United Nations Danny Danon sent a letter to the UN Security Council demanding condemnation of the latest anti-Semitic remarks by Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas.
"Such a hateful diatribe against a people who have undergone thousands of years of intolerable persecution, is completely unacceptable. I call on all leaders of good faith to condemn these repeated hateful remarks and demand a full and sincere apology from Mr. Abbas. The Security Council must not stand idly by in the face of this incitement and apparent denial of Israel's right to exist," Ambassador Danon wrote.
Responding to Mr. Abbas's comments that "Those who sought a Jewish state weren't Jews," Ambassador Danon wrote that "This claim was a dangerous attempt by the Chairman to rewrite history and claim that the Zionist movement was a result of a European conspiracy, rather than the millennia-old realization of the Jewish people's prayers to return to our historic homeland in the Land of Israel."
Ambassador Danon concluded his letter by writing that "For there to be true progress towards peace in our region, the Palestinians will need leaders who are committed to promoting hope and seeking a better future, rather than peddling in hate and inciting bigotry. We hope that this day comes soon."
US Ambassador to Israel decries Abbas speech as 'a new low'
The United States Ambassador to Israel David M. Friedman responded sharply to Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas's caustic speech delivered to a meeting of the Palestinian National Council in Ramallah on Monday.
Abbas claimed that European Jews had been massacred over the centuries because of their "social behavior related to interests and banks," a common antisemitic trope, and repeated the widely disavowed theory that Ashkenazi Jews are descended from the medieval Khazar converts to Judaism, and not ancient Hebrews, among other statements.
Writing on Twitter, Friedman castigated Abbas's speech as a "new low," and said his remarks show that Israel is not responsible for the continued failure of American-led efforts to secure a final peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians.
Jason Greenblatt, President Donald Trump's special envoy to the peace process, also condemned the speech.
German Palestinian assoc. slams Abbas' 'antisemitic' Holocaust remarks
In an unusual move, the main Palestinian lobby group in Germany condemned what it called "antisemitic" remarks by Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas about the Holocaust.
The German-Palestinian Society, or DPG, in a statement Tuesday said it "dissociates itself clearly and unequivocally" from the remarks by Abbas.
Speaking Monday in the West Bank city of Ramallah, Abbas said that Jews caused the Holocaust with their "social role," such as money lending. He also said that Jews do not have a historical connection to the land.
"To suggest that Jews in some way share a responsibility for the Holocaust is a grotesque distortion of historical facts," DPG wrote in its statement. "The claim that the Jewish people have no roots in the Holy Land is equally erroneous."
The statement called Abbas' address a "speech riddled with antisemitic remarks."
EU calls Abbas Holocaust remarks 'unacceptable'
The European Union's foreign service condemned remarks on the Holocaust by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas as "unacceptable," echoing criticism on Wednesday by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
In strikingly blunt language from Brussels, the European External Action Service said in a statement: "The speech Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas delivered on 30 April contained unacceptable remarks concerning the origins of the Holocaust and Israel's legitimacy.
"Such rhetoric will only play into the hands of those who do not want a two-state solution, which President Abbas has repeatedly advocated."
Netanyahu called for international condemnation of "antisemitism" by Abbas over remarks on Monday in which the Palestinian leader suggested historic persecution of Jews in Europe was caused by their conduct.
The EEAS added: "Antisemitism is not only a threat for Jews but a fundamental menace to our open and liberal societies.
"The European Union remains committed to combat any form of antisemitism and any attempt to condone, justify or grossly trivialize the Holocaust."
Congress Seeks Showdown On Ending U.S. Aid to Palestinians
A delegation of leading Republican members of Congress are urging newly installed Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to cut all U.S. taxpayer funding to the Palestinian government over its continued use of American dollars to pay the salaries of terrorists and their families, according to communications between these lawmakers and the State Department.
A group of 14 lawmakers formally petitioned Pompeo this week to "immediately suspend all aid payments to the Palestinian Authority" due to recent reports these funds continue to be used to pay convicted terrorists and their families, a material breach of newly passed laws barring American aid money being used for such purposes.
The lawmakers seek a public showdown with the Trump administration over the future of U.S. aid to the Palestinian government, which has publicly refused to comply with new U.S. laws mandating the terror payment program known as "pay to slay" be stopped.
While similar efforts to cut U.S. aid to the Palestinian government for its open support for terrorism have not gained traction under past administrations, the latest call is expected to gain steam as President Donald Trump executes a more hardline stance on Palestinian terrorists and their regional supporters, including Iran.
The letter, the existence of which was first disclosed by the Washington Free Beacon, follows another recent report in this publication disclosing that the Palestinian Authority continues to spend U.S. aid dollars on terrorists. Palestinian officials have also made clear that they have no intention of following the new law and will continue to provide terrorists and their families with compensation.
While these payments have been a source of congressional concern for some time, the recent passage of the Taylor Force Act—a bill meant to end these payments—has provided the legal grist necessary for congressional opponents of U.S. aid to the Palestinian government to see this aid cu
Palestinians said set to withdraw recognition of Israel
The top-level governing body of the Palestine Liberation Organization is reportedly set to adopt a resolution freezing its recognition of Israel and conditioning it on Israel recognizing a state of Palestine.
Sources close to Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas told the London-based Arabic daily Al-Hayat that the Palestinian National Council is expected to pass the resolution during its current gathering, and will also put on hold all other agreements with Israel.
Abbas is reportedly to announce the measures during a speech to the council on Thursday evening.
The sources said the PNC, which is holding a rare gathering this week in Ramallah, will make a number of decisions against Israel. Among other things, the council will allow the filing of war crimes complaints against Israeli figures and organizations, the sources said.
The PNC is the legislative body of the PLO, the official representative of the Palestinian people all over the world, including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
The PA, headed by Abbas, was created as a result of the 1993 Oslo Accords, in which the Palestinians agreed to recognize Israel. The PA is responsible for governing the Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Decisions made by the PNC are usually also adopted by the PA.
Rivlin lands in Ethiopia for first visit by an Israeli president
President Reuven Rivlin on Tuesday began the first visit of an Israeli head of state to Ethiopia, telling a welcoming party at the airport that he was "returning the visit of the Queen Sheba, and coming on behalf of King Solomon."
Rivlin said he wanted to develop and deepen cooperation between the two countries in some of the many fields in which Israel excels, as well as in the battle against terror.
The president, who will return to Israel on Thursday, is set to meet with his Ethiopian counterpart Mulatu Teshome, Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, the Ethiopian Patriarch Abuna Mathias, and other senior figures.
On Tuesday evening, he was due to meet with representatives of the Ethiopian Falash Mura community waiting to emigrate to Israel.
Falash Mura is a colloquial, albeit pejorative, term from the Ge'ez language that describes Ethiopian Jews who converted to Christianity in the 19th and 20th centuries, largely due to persecution and economic strife, but who maintained a distinct communal identity.
The president's delegation includes two Knesset lawmakers of Ethiopian extraction — Avraham Neguise (Likud), chair of the Knesset Immigration and Absorption Committee and a member of the Caucus for the Jewish Community in Ethiopia, and Penina Tamanu-Shatahair (Yesh Atid), chair of the Caucus to Promote the Status of Jews From Ethiopia.
Also accompanying the visit is popular Israeli singer Ester Rada.
The president is also travelling with a substantial delegation of public, business, and community leaders from Israel and overseas — among them Shraga Brosh, President of the Manufacturers Association of Israel.
Rivlin Asks Ethiopian President to Help Secure Release of Israeli Held by Hamas in Gaza
Israeli President Reuven Rivlin asked Ethiopian President Mulatu Teshome on Wednesday to help secure the release of Avera Mengistu, an Ethiopian-Israeli held by Hamas in Gaza.
"I ask you to do what you can for his return," Rivlin said to Teshome during a state visit to Ethiopia, according to the Hebrew news site Walla.
"Avera Mengistu is an Israeli citizen with Ethiopian roots, but before all else he is a human being," Rivlin continued, "and I ask you also to do everything possible in order to put the necessary pressure on Hamas for the sake of his release."
Rivlin added, "This is a humanitarian issue in every way and we must combine our efforts in order to bring about his return together with two of our soldiers held by [Hamas] since the last fighting in Gaza."
Teshome pledged to raise the issue with Hamas and work to bring about Mengistu's release.
Mengistu was 28 at the time of his capture by Hamas in September 2014 after he crossed the border with Gaza on his own accord. He is said to be mentally ill and his family believes his disorder was the reason for his action.
Netanyahu on Moving the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem: Trump Did a 'Historic Thing,' 'Our People Will Remember It for Many, Many Generations'
Tuesday on Fox News Channel's "Fox & Friends," Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu applauded President Donald Trump for moving the U.S. embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
Netanyahu said the gesture would be remembered by his people for "many, many generations."
"President Trump did a historic thing and, I think, our people will remember it for many, many generations," he said. "I'm sitting right now in the prime minister's office. It is in Jerusalem. Right next to me is our parliament, the Knesset. It is in Jerusalem. Right next to that is our supreme court. That's in Jerusalem. The seat of our president — that's in Jerusalem. Everybody knows Jerusalem is the capital of the Jewish people. It's been the capital since King David's time. That's 3,000 years ago."
"It took President Trump's leadership to say something so clear — a simple fact, to put forward a simple truth, but an important one," Netanyahu added. "And I think there's tremendous excitement in Israel for the upcoming moving of the American embassy to Jerusalem. And we appreciate it. It was a great act. My relationship with President Trump is terrific."
'Time to celebrate' U.S. embassy move, says CBN head
It may have been destiny – or prophecy – that orchestrated US President Donald Trump to move the American Embassy to Jerusalem, the same year as Israel's 70th anniversary.
But whatever conviction one holds regarding the forces that created such apt timing for this event, Christian Broadcasting Network's CEO, Gordon Robertson, does know one thing for certain: This is a time of celebration.
"I think it's a wonderful time to celebrate. Certainly, 70 years has biblical significance, whether its the period of exile – what Jeremiah predicted and Daniel later interpreted – so here we are 70 years after the founding of Israel in 1948," Robertson told The Jerusalem Post Magazine.
"I think [this move] is monumental and long overdue.
Israel is a sovereign state, and as a sovereign state, it has the right to designate its own capital. Israel is unique in the world, the only sovereign state in the world that has designated a capital that other countries do not recognize," he explained.
"This is a time to celebrate in Jerusalem," he asserted.
Guatemala raises flag over new Jerusalem embassy site ahead of May 16 opening
Guatemala raised its flag at the site of its new embassy in Jerusalem on Tuesday, ahead of its official opening next week following the inauguration of the United States' own new mission in the city.
The official opening of Guatemala's new embassy at the the Malcha Technology Park in Jerusalem will take place on May 16, two days after the US cuts the ribbon on its own new embassy on May 14.
Guatemalan President Jimmy Morales is likely to attend the event, Haaretz reports.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu welcomed the new Guatemalan mission to Jerusalem, saying he was "moved" to see the Guatemalan flag raised in Israel's "eternal capital."
"I was moved to see the flag of Guatemala waving in Jerusalem in advance of the opening of the Guatemalan embassy later this month. Dear friends, welcome back to our eternal capital," Netanyahu said.
Yuval Rotem, Director General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs wrote on Twitter: "Wonderful to see Guatemala's flag flying proudly above the new Guatemalan embassy in Israel's capital, Jerusalem. Looking forward to seeing many more flags joining Guatemala's in the city of peace." (h/t Elder of Lobby)
Japan's PM said to tell Abbas there are no plans to move embassy to Jerusalem
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe told Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas on Tuesday that Japan has no plans to move its embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, according to Palestinian media reports.
Abe touched down at Israel's Ben Gurion International Airport and then drove to the West Bank city of Ramallah to meet with Abbas.
On Wednesday, he is scheduled to visit a Japan-backed agro-industrial Park in the West Bank desert city of Jericho, near the Israeli-controlled border with Jordan, before meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
The industrial zone was set up by Japan more than a decade ago as part of the Corridor for Peace and Prosperity Initiative aimed at promoting economic cooperation between Israel, the Palestinians, and Jordan.
PreOccupiedTerritory: Stymied In Real World, Palestinians Hoping To Stop Move Of Pretend Countries' Embassies To Jerusalem (satire)
Incipient moves to transfer international embassies to Israel from Tel Aviv to the country's declared capital threaten to grow from a trickle to a torrent despite intense lobbying and threats by Palestinians officials, leading them to concentrate their diplomatic efforts to prevent further such developments on governments that exist in the safer realm of the make-believe, where Palestinians have shown renowned prowess.
First the United States, then Guatemala, and then other nations stated their intentions to transfer their embassies in recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of the Jewish State, against Palestinian wishes and in defiance of decades of international opinion regarding the status of the holy city. Troubled by their sudden impotence to forestall the anticipated wave of embassy moves, Palestinian diplomats and officials now seek to shore up their position to ensure that countries such as Molvania, Elbonia, Oz, Freedonia, Vulgaria, Mordor, Atlantis, Narnia, Never-Never Land, Florin, Guilder, Eternia, Xanth, and other places that exist only in the literary, cinematic, or metaphorical universes do not follow suit, reasoning that given emerging trends, their efforts stand a better chance of success in the pretend realm than in physical reality.
"We have already dispatched high-level delegations to numerous such places," disclosed Saeb Erekat, a senior Fatah official who once led the team negotiating peace with Israel but now devotes his time to receiving advanced medical care in Israel and the US while bad-mouthing those countries. "I am pleased to report that we have received reliable assurances from Vulgaria, Freedonia, Xanth, Atlantis, Mordor, and Elbonia that they will never jeopardize a peaceful, just resolution of the conflict and of the occupation by recognizing baseless Israeli claims to Al-Quds," referring to the city by its Arabic moniker.
Michael Oren: 'Important to Keep Your Eye on anti-Semitism on the Left' – 'That Is the Greater anti-Semitism' on Campus
On Tuesday's "Hugh Hewitt Show," Israeli Deputy Prime Minister for Diplomacy Michael Oren stated that anti-Semitism is growing in the United States and that while the focus tends to be on right-wing anti-Semitism, "it's very important to keep your eye on anti-Semitism on the left. Because that is the greater anti-Semitism on American campuses."
Oren said, "Anti-Semitism is a rising threat in the United States. But people very much focus on anti-Semitism on the right. I think it's very important to keep your eye on anti-Semitism on the left. Because that is the greater anti-Semitism on American campuses. And I follow it very closely, with growing concern, and I think that there has to be much more open discussion about it and awareness."
Rabbi Who Publicly Rebuked Trump at AIPAC Interrupts D.C. Council To Protest Failure To Censure Anti-Semitic Member
In March 2016, Shmuel Herzfeld, the modern Orthodox rabbi of Washington D.C. synagogue Ohev Sholom, grabbed headlines when he publicly interrupted Donald Trump's speech at the AIPAC Policy Conference. "This man is wicked," he declared. "He inspires racists and bigots. He encourages violence. Do not listen to him." Draped in his prayer shawl, he was carried off by security.
Today, Herzfeld again donned his shawl to protest politicians for coddling hatred. But this time, his target was the Washington D.C. council, comprised of eleven Democrats and two Independents, who had refused to censure the anti-Semitic conduct of one of their own: Council member Trayon White.
White first gained infamy when he posted a video on his Facebook page in which he blamed the Jewish Rothschild banking dynasty for controlling the weather. Seeing White as more the victim of ignorance than a purveyor of malice, the D.C. Jewish community attempted to make amends with White, and he soon embarked on a trip to the U.S. Holocaust Museum. He bailed on the tour halfway through, however, and shortly after that episode, the Washington Post revealed that White had donated funds meant for constituents to Louis Farrakhan, the notorious anti-Semite who claims Jews are "Satanic" and behind 9/11, among other calumnies. Subsequent reporting discovered that White had also helped distribute The Final Call, the virulently anti-Semitic newspaper of Farrakhan's Nation of Islam.
AP Stealth-Edits Report After Omitting Democratic Party ID of D.C. Official Peddling Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories
The Associated Press stealth-edited a story about anti-Semitic conspiracy theories peddled by a Washington, D.C. government official Wednesday after initially omitting he was a Democrat.
City council member Trayon White drew controversy in March for blaming a snowfall on a Jewish conspiracy, posting a Facebook video where he said the "Rothschilds controlling the climate to create natural disasters they can pay for to own the cities, man. Be careful." The Rothschilds are a European business dynasty descended from a Jewish banker, and they have often been the subject of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.
White said he was unaware at the time that he was peddling such a conspiracy theory, but his efforts to repair the damage made matters worse, culminating in him asking questions during a Holocaust Museum visit that showed a severe lack of knowledge about the genocide.
In a story entitled "Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories Roil DC City Government," the Associated Press reporter identified the controversies, but he did not initially indicate White was a Democrat, according to the Washington Examiner.
The initial report read, "White said he was unaware the Rothschild theory could be construed as anti-Semitic. The first-term African-American councilman reached out to try to mend fences, but several of the gestures seem to have made things worse."
Anti-Zionist NYU Students Arrested at Israel Independence Day Party, Charged With Reckless Endangerment, Assault
Two members of anti-Zionist groups at New York University were arrested while protesting a celebration of Israel's Independence Day on Friday.
The unnamed students — who are affiliated with Students for Justice in Palestine and Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP), respectively — were taking part in a demonstration at Washington Square Park, where hundreds had congregated for a "Rave in the Park" celebration held by Realize Israel, a pro-Israel club at NYU.
While some protesters waved the Palestinian flag as their peers danced to Israeli music in blue-and-white garb, others wiped their feet and stomped on an Israeli flag, according to video footage. Police officers interrupted the protest at around 1 PM, arresting a member of JVP who set an Israel flag on fire, the student-run NYU Local reported.
Later in the afternoon, a male student was filmed grabbing the arm of a Realize Israel member who was singing "Hatikvah" along with dozens of students and forcibly taking her microphone before shouting, "Free Palestine, end the occupation." Several members of the surrounding group quickly circled the protester before he was removed from the premises by police officers. The same student had allegedly stolen an Israeli flag from participants of the rave.
The students were held overnight at the New York County Criminal Court and released on Saturday. Dozens of peers attended their arraignment in a show of support organized by the Governance Council of Minority and Marginalized Students at NYU and 16 other groups, including NYU College Democrats.
Michael Lumish: This Week on Nothing Left
This week Michael Burd and Alan Freedman have Prof Andrew Markus in the studio responding to last week's criticism of the Gen 17 survey by Prof Bill Rubinstein and then welcome back Isi Leibler who has had a couple of weeks off.
We have an in-depth conversation with Luke Walladge, a former ALP staffer on the direction that party is taking with Israel, and finish up with Eytan Meir from an organisation called Im Tirzu which does a magnificent job in holding left wing NGOs to account.
3 min Editorial: Israel, two-state solution and Yishai Fleischer visit
8 min Prof Andrew Markus, responding to criticism of Gen 17 survey
37 min Isi Leibler in Jerusalem [Isi doesn't hold back}
50 min Luke Walladge, former ALP staffer on the ALP and Israel
1:18 Eytan Meir, Im Tirzu which monitors leftist NGOs
In the Wake of Mass Migration, Germany Struggles to Keep Its Jews Safe
Earlier this month, an Israeli Arab living in Germany, skeptical of the claim that Jews can't walk Germany's streets without risking harassment, decided to test it out by donning a kippah and taking a stroll. He was soon assaulted by a Syrian refugee, and posted a video of the incident that has since gained much attention, as James Kirchick writes:
[T]he plain fact is that most of the migrants who have come (and continue to come) to Europe hail from Muslim-majority countries that long ago expelled their once-vibrant Jewish populations, where anti-Semitism figures prominently in state propaganda, and where belief in anti-Semitic conspiracy theories is widespread. To take just one obvious incongruity between Germany and the migrants it is accepting: Holocaust denial, a crime punishable by prison in Germany, is pervasive across the Muslim and Arab Middle East. Of course, it would be wrong to presume that every Syrian refugee holds the anti-Semitic attitudes of the country's former defense minister, who published a book repeating the ancient blood libel about Jews killing Gentile children to bake matzos for Passover. But it is equally misguided to deny that many have been profoundly influenced by the anti-Semitic environments in which they were raised.
So concerned were they not to appear indifferent to the sufferings of foreign Muslims, however, that many Germans welcomed them without properly considering the impact this move might have on their Jewish fellow citizens. . . . The chaotic nature of the influx and lack of border checks meant that most of the approximately 2 million people who entered Europe in the great wave of 2015-2016 were not refugees but economic migrants seeking jobs. . . .
Danish ruling party risks split over looming vote on circumcision
An impending vote in the Danish parliament on non-medical circumcision of boys risks splitting the country's ruling party, local media reported.
The internal conflict is over an online petition from February calling for a ban on the practice. The petition has received 92 percent of its authors' goal of collecting 50,000 cosignatories by August. In the likely event of reaching that number in time, the petition will become a draft resolution for parliament to vote on.
Last month, Defense Minister Claus Hjort Frederiksen of the ruling Venstre centrist party said his party would vote against the draft resolution, the Berlingske newspaper reported. But several members say they would break party discipline and vote in favor, the report said. If they leave the party over the issue, it could jeopardize the coalition.
Across Europe, the Jewish and Muslim customs of non-medical circumcision of boys are under attack by liberals who say it is a violation of children's rights and nationalists who argue it is foreign to European culture.
Yeshiva student reported assaulted in Crown Heights
For the third time in three weeks, a person affiliated with the Chabad-Lubavitch movement was assaulted in Crown Heights, a local paper reported.
The victim, a 22-year-old yeshiva student, was reportedly walking home from the Chabad-Lubavitch headquarters at 770 Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights when he was attacked at around midnight on Tuesday night.
It was not immediately clear what the motive for the attack was, but the victim's father said the assailants did not try to rob him.
The Crown Heights Info news website reported that the victim felt he was being followed and crossed the street, only to discover someone coming at him from the other direction as well.
The two African-American assailants punched and kicked the yeshiva student until he managed to break free and run, catching the attention of police officers. One officer took one of the assailants into custody immediately, and another officer chased after the second assailant, catching him two blocks away. Both assailants were armed with knives, according to the report. Both assailants had prior arrests.
Anti-Semitic posters hung in Durham, North Carolina
Anti-Semitic and white supremacist posters were removed from downtown Durham, North Carolina, near the Duke University campus.
City workers removed the posters on Monday, the local Herald Sun newspaper reported.
One of the posters showed a silhouetted man pointing a gun at an image of a bearded man with a long nose, wearing a kippa, with tentacles wrapped around the earth. The poster reads: "Right of revolution. Your ancestors threw off foreign oppression, time for you as well."
Other posters read: "Greedy Jews" and "End Zionist Oppression."
Netanyahu meets chairman of e-commerce giant Alibaba in Jerusalem
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu met Wednesday with the visiting chairman of the Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Jack Ma, touting the opportunities for collaboration.
"There are amazing opportunities here," Netanyahu told Ma during the visit in Jerusalem. "The most important thing is that we have here a convergence of your excellent business sense and your technology together with our technology and our innovation, and innovation is key."
"You are a very successful leader in a very competitive business and in a very competitive world, and the world belongs to those who innovate. Israel is the innovation nation," Netanyahu added, calling on Ma to invest in Israel.
Ma said that he has received a lot of requests and is meeting a lot of people in Israel. "In the coming two days we will be very busy," he said, adding that he was exploring business opportunities in the country.
Ma noted that Israel is a much more peaceful country than he expected, with a strong economy and security.
Israeli arms sales skyrocket, increasing 41.5% in one year
Israeli arms sales increased dramatically — by 41.5 percent — from 2016 to 2017, according to figures released by the Defense Ministry on Wednesday, including a massive missile defense system sale to India.
Defense exports brought in $9.2 billion last year, compared to the $6.5 billion in 2016 and $5.7 billion the year before, according to the International Defense Cooperation Directorate at the Defense Ministry, known as SIBAT.
"This is an extraordinary achievement in every sense, which was reached thanks to the hard work of SIBAT and the defense industries and due to a number of agreements with foreign countries," Defense Minister Avigdor Liberman said in a statement.
This dramatic increase can also be credited to efforts made by the Defense Ministry over the past year to deregulate the arms industry and make it easier for Israeli firms to export their wares.
SIBAT chief Michel Ben-Baruch told reporters he expects similar levels of defense exports in 2018.
The Giro d'Italia's Secret Holocaust Hero and Cycling Champ
In the darkest days of World War 2 Italy, record-breaking Italian cyclist Gino Bartali used his bicycle frame to smuggle forged documents, saving 800 Jews from death. His act of defiance against Nazi antisemitism made him a WW2 hero and inspired the Giro d'Italia 2018 to begin in Israel, the first time the race has opened outside Europe. The story – one that screams "made-for-netflix" – begins in 1938, when life under the Mussolini dictatorship though hard, was a relative refuge from Nazi-occupied Europe. All this changed in 1943 when the Nazis invaded and started transporting Jews to concentration camps. At the time Bartali was a celebrity and sports hero, two-time winner of the Tour de France and three-time winner of the Giro d'Italia. He used his status to support an underground group of fellow Catholics and partisans in WW2, including document-forging priests and nuns. Instead of using his fame to help himself, Bartali risked his life, stepping up to save as many Jews as possible. Incredibly, Bartali kept his wartime activities secret. Only after this WW2 hero's death was he recognized by Yad Vashem as "Righteous Among the Nations;" the highest accolade awarded to individuals who risked their lives to save Jews from the Nazis during the Shoah (holocaust). As the Giro d'Italia 2018 begins in Jerusalem, Israel, we remember Bartali's awesome legacy and share his mantra that "good is something you do, not something you talk about."
NASA technology helps decipher hidden Dead Sea Scrolls fragment
Rare sections of the Dead Sea Scrolls that have never been published or properly inspected – including a section of the Temple Scroll and a version of a chapter of Psalms shorter than the one familiar today – were presented Tuesday at a special conference titled "The Dead Sea Scrolls at 70: Clear a Path in the Wilderness."
In the 1950s, researchers and a group of Bedouin discovered a trove of tens of thousands of scraps of parchment and papyrus comprising parts of about 1,000 manuscripts that had been inscribed 2,000 years earlier. Because of their small size and delicate condition, many of the fragments were stored in cigar boxes and shelved.
Recently, the Israel Antiquities Authority took the fragments off the shelves as part of its ongoing project to digitize the entire body of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The special imaging equipment in use for the project, originally developed for NASA, not only shed new light on some of the scrolls but raised the tantalizing prospect that there could be an entire additional Dead Sea Scroll whose existence was unknown until today.
One section written in proto-Hebrew did not appear to belong to any of the 1,000 manuscripts known today, causing researchers to wonder if there were parts of the Dead Sea Scrolls that had never been discovered.
Granddaughter of Holocaust survivors makes jewelry featuring Nazi tattoo numbers
Robert Tanen bought his wife Meredith a necklace for her last birthday. He hoped she would like it, but when she opened the box, her emotional response surpassed anything Tanen had imagined.
"My wife broke down in tears and hugged me tighter than ever before. She had a very visceral and powerful reaction when she saw what was inside," Tanen said.
What she saw was a platinum chain with a disc pendant engraved with a series of digits: 94980. It was her late grandfather Abraham Stein's Holocaust number, the one assigned to him by the Nazis.
"Meredith wears the necklace every day. She was very close with her grandfather," said Tanen, who lives in Boynton Beach, Florida and is Southeast regional director for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
The necklace is part of a collection of Holocaust remembrance jewelry by Jakob Ella Jewelry, a company founded in 2017 by Dana Rogozinski, the Jacksonville, Florida-based granddaughter of Holocaust survivors. A portion of the proceeds of every purchase from the company is donated toward Holocaust education and scholarships for Poland trips for students.
We have lots of ideas, but we need more resources to be even more effective. Please donate today to help get the message out and to help defend Israel.


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Ever been to an race? Do you have a hankering for some authentic Malaysian cuisine? Well, if you plan to be in or around Kuala Lumpur at the end of this month—specifically the weekend of March 23-25—Tourism Malaysia is ready to provide you, the American tourist, with a complementary ticket to the 14th annual F1 Petronas Malaysia Grand Prix. Tickets carry a face value of around $200 (USD) and are limited to one per traveler, while supplies last.
The Malaysian Grand Prix, held at the Sepang International Circuit, will be the 2nd of 20 rounds of the 2012 F1 season. The 19 round USGP is currently scheduled for the Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas...which is, ahem, still under construction. If you don't feel like holding your breath that long then it's time to book a plane flight and Tan Tess at for your free grand prix pass.
More information and travel packages are available .
Related posts:


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All Aboard: The Kirkwood City Blog
Monthly Archives: October 2012
But What Does It Mean??
We have written a lot, here on the Blog and in other places, about Kirkwood Electric, how it operates, how rates are set, and much more. As a writer, I sometimes find myself writing about important issues where I don't … Continue reading
Posted in City of Kirkwood Blog Comments Off on But What Does It Mean??


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This publication assists engineers in understanding the common challenges of building tall.
This guide aims to enable designers to realise their aesthetic aspirations using concrete.
An all-you-need-to-know guide on the specification of sustainable concrete.
This guide focuses on concrete and masonry housing, and presents requirements for Part L1A of the Building Regulations.
Gives likely structural options for a concrete frame, with useful points to note - written by engineers for engineers.
This publication widens the understanding of post-tensioned floor construction and illustrates the considerable benefits.
This document provides information on the material and resource efficiency of concrete and masonry.
This guide sets out how concrete's attributes can be used to minimise CO2 emissions.
This guide focuses on the use of concrete at Coin Street Neighbourhood Centre and its part in creating a low energy building.
This publication summarises the material used in the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges using Eurocode 2
The buildings from 70 years of Concrete Quarterly.
This publication seeks to provide information for structural engineers who are designing tall buildings in concrete.
A magazine to celebrate 10 years of the concrete industry sustainable construction strategy.
This guide provides information on the simple, passive design techniques that can be applied in masonry and concrete dwellings to take advantage of their inherent thermal mass on a year-round basis. Reading this document, it will quickly become apparent that the design of a typical house needs very little alteration to reap this benefit, and that there are negligible capital cost implications.


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System Update Required, Unable to install or run the application
I am trying to update Window XP but when I try to update Window of my system, then I receive the below error. Why I want to update my system window? Its reason is when I start my system then I receive some errors.
I want to remove those errors.
Error detail is given below. This system is part of the network.
System Update Required
Unable to install or run the application, The application requires that assembly WindowBase version 22.214.171.124 be installed in the Global Assembly Cache (GAC) first.
Please contact your system administrator.


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Information Sheet
Hamilton Zoo is open from 9am to 4.30pm; last admissions at 3.30pm. If you would like your group to arrive earlier than 9.30am please contact the education team and discuss the options.
The group total cost must be paid in one amount. Payment can be made by cash, cheque or credit card (we do not accept American Express or Diners Club) or we are able to invoice your institutions (we require at least four working days advance notice for this option).
Concession rates are available – please contact us for further information.
Annual memberships, special offers or promotions can not be used in conjunction with a concession tertiary visit. For non-contact (institution tutor-led) observation on Zoo grounds normal zoo entry rates will apply.
Planning your visit
The Education Team can help you organise your visit to Hamilton Zoo. Please contact us to discuss options to meet your needs and organise a tutor pre-visit if you require one.
We can assist you in planning your unit. We have a range of resources available. Some of these are available here but we also have other resources and web pages that we can refer you to for more information on your chosen focus. By contacting the education team we can help you decide what will work best for you.
You might consider attending our 'Meet the Keeper' talks. These are free to the public and keepers will talk about specific animals and are available to answer questions. By looking at the schedule you will be able to plan your day around these. Please let the Education Team know if there is a specific one you would like your group to attend. This way we can ensure keepers are prepared for larger school groups.
For an additional cost we also offer booked animal encounters. These are an extra cost to the entry rate. They are keeper-led behind the scenes encounters where your students will get up close and personal with one of our animals. Contact us for more information about what encounters we have available. The cost is $125 for a group of five people or less; additional people at $25 per person. Please let us know at least two weeks prior to your visit if you are interested in booking an encounter.
Once the education team has received your booking form then we will be able to confirm your booking.
Prior to visit
We provide a limited number of free maps at Hamilton Zoo but we do encourage people to use and then recycle these. There are maps situated around the zoo and a copy can be printed from here.
Safety at the Zoo
Please stay on public paths and boardwalks, and behind the barriers provided for your safety.
If any object is accidentally dropped into an enclosure please report this to reception staff. The keeper will be requested to retrieve it where possible.
Animals are on special diets – do not feed the animals.
First aid supplies are available at Reception. Most Zoo staff are trained to assist with minor medical problems. If someone has an accident or near-miss a zoo accident pack needs to be completed.
Please have a list of all students in the group as this will be essential in an emergency (e.g. evacuation of the Zoo) in marking everyone off at the assembly point in the car park.
Please encourage students to move quietly at a walking pace around the zoo, keeping together and being considerate of other patrons.
On Arrival
Upon arrival we ask that one tutor sees the receptionist and provides them with the final numbers. If an education visit has been booked your educator will meet you at reception. Rather than gathering in the car park, students may be escorted through to the cafe/playground area while one teacher is at reception.
It takes about 2 hours to get around the zoo.
General Information
You are most welcome to bring your own food into the Zoo or you may choose to purchase from the zoo on-site cafe. The cafe has a delicious menu of both hot and cold food. Only food and drink purchased in the café may be consumed there (both inside and out). If you require food for your group from the cafe please contact us for a suggested menu.
Picnic tables: There are a number of picnic tables situated around the zoo. Please ensure that these areas are left tidy and that rubbish and recycling bins are used.
BBQs: The Zoo has two electric BBQs which operate on $1.00 coins (12mins). They must be booked in advance.
Drinking fountains can be found in the upper zoo and lower zoo picnic areas.
Are located behind the café (upper zoo) and near the grassed picnic area (lower zoo).
We have three lockable lockers available; each fits approx 30 bags. Please let us know if you require lockers.


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If your Nonprofit Healthcare Organization's patient mix is not what you want, go to the web.
We get it. Nonprofit Hospitals and Nonprofit Healthcare Providers can sometimes find themselves struggling to balance duties and reality.
It's often a dichotomy of two parts of your mission that can feel like they're conflicting with one another — causing you stress and confusion about which way to go. A universal struggle among all Nonprofit Healthcare Organizations is having to write off hundreds of thousands of dollars of care to the community, while [at same time] having to pay the bills that keep you operational. It's one of many struggles, but it's something that might be a little bit easier to balance than you thought.
It all begins with perception. Take a moment and ask yourself: How does our community regard us?
Do they think of you as a charity?
Or, do they think of you as a provider of world-class medical care?
How you're perceived greatly influences where you are and where you're going, because your brand belongs to your audience and they control how you're shaped. And if you don't know what people think about you, maybe it's time for an assessment. Go out into your community, survey current patients, hold focus groups, and talk to your staff to try to get some insight. What's the climate of thoughts and feelings surrounding your organization? Like I said, it all begins with perception, and you can influence perception if you're in control of it.
So let's say that most people think of you as a charity. Now, I've often said that embracing your nonprofit status can be your most powerful tool for creating emotional connections with the community. However, too much emphasis can cause an issue on the financial side of things. Because if you only focus on the charity aspects of your organization, you're likely to find your waiting room unbalanced. And most importantly, from a business perspective, you want insurance carriers and private pay in the mix to even things out. So how do you influence this? Look to the web.
The Internet has become such a significant "front door" for healthcare providers. And hospitals that lack an online presence are missing out on all those potential patients who might find themselves in the waiting room — especially those blue chip insurance holders and high-end private procedures. A powerful website, social media engagement, and some online marketing can greatly change your patient mix for more stimulating patients and cases.
Because even if your Nonprofit Healthcare Provider is well-liked by the community and booked with patients on a day-to-day basis, being busy is no assurance for attracting an optimal balance of cases and patients.
Click the button below to download our Social Media & Nonprofit Healthcare Organizations eBook and better understand how to implement social media within the framework of your organization.


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Tags: wet lab
Here follows a list of papers dealing with wet lab experiments for molecular communications
Joint experiments CNIT-UNIPG (publications):
– Luca Felicetti, FEMMINELLA M., Gianluca Reali, Paolo Gresele, Marco Malvestiti and John Daigle. Modeling CD40-Based Molecular Communications in Blood Vessels. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOBIOSCIENCE 13:230–243, 2014, DOI
– Luca Felicetti, FEMMINELLA M., Gianluca Reali, Paolo Gresele and Marco Malvestiti. Simulating an in vitro experiment on nanoscale communications by using BiNS2. NANO COMMUNICATION NETWORKS 4:172–180, 2013, DOI
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Bracket Finder
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37 Inch TV Bracket
Please select a Brand for your 37 Inch TV Bracket
TV brackets are a functional and safe way of hanging your flat plan television. There is a wide range of 37 inch TV brackets depending on purpose, functionality, color, design as well as the type of TV that you have. There are different considerations that you may want to take when choosing the TV bracket that will suit your 37 inch television and give your TV room a great, stylish look. Its is true that quite a number of folks have a puzzling time deciding which bracket they should pick for their TV and whether they should even be mounting the TV on a wall. It does not have to be that difficult though and yes it is not a bad idea to hang the TV off the wall. But choosing a TV bracket is however not a matter left to your style only, you have to consider the safety of the TV as well. So what are the factors that you should bring along with you as you come to shop for your 37 inch TV bracket?
Where are you going to place the TV? In other words will the TV bracket offer you maneuverability? The different varieties of brackets are made in such a way that they can accommodate the functions of the flat panel TV itself. Therefore it is important to know how you will be watching the TV and the setting that it will be placed. This factor will help you decide on whether you want our swivel and arm model, the tilt ones or the simple flat panel 37 inch TV bracket. The swivel and arm is a very flexible one as it allows you to move the TV from one direction to another such that you can watch the TV from most of the angles; this is however quite heavy. The simple flat panel brackets are just that, simple and are fixed straight to the eye-level view without the provision f moving it around; the tilt bracket allows you to tilt the TV to a comfortable eye-length from where you are seated. All these have holes and screws that will complement the holes on your TV to provide the perfect fix.
It is a good idea to take into consideration the color of the 37 inch TV bracket that you would like to purchase. Although the color does not enhance or diminish the functionality of the bracket it goes a long way to suit your style, the TV color and make as well as the general color scheme of the house or whichever setting the TV will be placed. There are generally two color types which are black and silver; many folks choose the silver TV bracket due to the chic look that it offers to the overall outlook of the home and the flat TV panel as well. The black ones are also great as they will compliment any color of the TV flat panel; being a neutral color black will also comfortably fit into the color scheme and décor of your home.
One factor that may seem trivial while deciding on which 37 inch TV bracket to buy is the nature of your wall. This is however a very important factor because the type of walls that you have may compromise the safety of your flat panel TV as well as the maneuverability of the TV bracket. If your walls are the thin cardboard-filled types then it is probably wise that you choose a bracket that is light such as the simple TV bracket mentioned above. These are ultra slim brackets but they will hold the TV in place as well as allowing you to maneuver it to your preference. Regardless of the manufacturer of the TV brand, these ultra light TV brackets are guaranteed to take into consideration the type of wall that the TV will gang off from. Here you can find these ones at a good price with a guarantee of 15 years.
What is the Cost? It is widely perceived that the cost of purchasing a TV bracket is quite exorbitant. While this perception might be true, the relatively high costs of TV brackets are justified by the fact that they are designed to offer your expensive flat panel TV the utmost safety that it requires. So going for a cheap 37 inch TV bracket and a good one that might require a little more investment may mean the difference between it falling off your wall and you being assured that your TV is safe up there. We have a range of TV brackets each with their different costs depending on the color and the flexibility. The strength is guaranteed as the brackets are designed to take into consideration the weight of a typical 37 inch flat panel as well as its width. What is more is that there are both silver and black universal cantilever brackets that offer exceptional support and flexibility.
Welcome to Brackets R Us Click & Collect service
- We pick & pack your order and you can collect at a time that suits you, you can even collect the same day.
- Click & Collect is available Monday - Friday; 12:30pm to 5:00pm. (Excluding bank holidays).
- As this is just a collection point, we are sorry you will not be able to change your order.
- When you collect you will be asked to show some identification.
- To use this service, you will need to pay using your debit or credit card.
Collection Point Address:
Unit 1
131A Weedington Road
When paying with your debit or credit card:
- Simply place your order as normal.
- On the payment page; complete the Billing Details.
- For the 'Click & collect' service, select 'I have a different delivery address'.
- Under 'Customer Name'; enter the name of the person collecting your order.
- Under 'Company Name', enter 'Collection'.
- Under 'Telephone' provide a contact telephone number for the person collecting.
- Finally enter your card details and submit 'Pay'.
Your order will then be ready to collect within 30 minutes.
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Thursday, 23 September 2010
Going away to Cuba
Greetings readers. Just to let all know that me and the missus are going away for a few weeks in Cuba. So because were not taking a lap top I may not be able to blog for a while unless I find a terminal somewhere that allows it.
Having never been to Cuba I have never tried any Cuban beers but will hunt out all the ones I can and if I don't like them I can always do what Melissa Cole did and turn to the Rum. Ether way it should be fun. Meanwhile at Daleside the first batch of our seasonal Autumn Leaves brew from Wednesday is happily fermenting away now in the F.V. I won't get to try it till I get back tho. The new brown ale Nightjar is milled in and ready to hit the mash tun tomorrow and my little barrel Elizabeth is still sitting in a lonely corner of the fermentation room waiting for her beer. I have plenty of home brew tucked away in the cold room for when I get back but until then I should hopefully be enjoying plenty for palm trees, beaches and bamboo...
Maybe not the last one.
2 comments:
- arn said...
Have a great time!
- Thursday, September 23, 2010
- Lost said...
Have a great time. Jealous!
- Thursday, September 23, 2010
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AE Reiff: Encouragements For Planting
Encouragements for Such as Shall Have Intention to be Undertakers in the Planting.
Dove descending interior
old Augustus Lutheran Church
Sanctuary, founded by Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, c. 1743
Providence (Trappe) PA
18 Sept 2012
02 January 2011
New Year Greetings 2011
Since blog stats began in June this year many hundreds of people identified by country, from Russia, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Brazil, UK, Indonesia, Moldova, Lithuania, Germany, Japan, Taiwan, Canada, Slovenia, Poland, France, Portugal, Ukraine, Latvia, Turkey, Italy, Venezuela, Japan, China, India, Lebanon, Australia, France, Austria, Israel, Iceland, Chile, Serbia, Spain, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Mexico, Guadeloupe, Bulgaria, South Korea, Sudan, Malta, Belgium, Singapore, Finland, Hungary, Sweden, Hong Kong, Iran, Kuwait, Sri Lanka, Honduras, Romania, Philippines and the Isle of Man have viewed these blogs. You immensely dignify these proceedings with your presence.
May the Lord lift up his face to you.
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The 2018 Subaru FORESTER 2.5i PREMIUM. It provides what you want in an SUV...symmetrical All-Wheel Drive, extra ground clearance, and hatchback versatility in a sensible size. With an EPA rated 32MPG highway, you'll go over 500 miles with a tank of gas. Convenient. Forester offers all the latest tech...from voice activated navigation to Bluetooth connectivity. Versatile. From the roof rack to the 65/35 split folding rear seatbacks, the Forester can carry what you have. Protective. An IIHS Top Safety Pick for nine years in a row, the 2017 Forester received a Top Safety Pick Plus rating and also offers its Eyesight Driver-Assist System for further protection. Motor Trend's 2014 SUV of the year. Subaru FORESTER 2.5i PREMIUM, with the optional All-Weather package, all-weather floor mats, rear view mirror with built-in compass, LED map and dome lights, rear bumper cover, cargo tray and net, splash guards, aero cross bars set, and rear seat back protector. This Forester is also equipped with Subaru's Eyesight Assist Technology, which provides you with pre-collision braking, pre-collision throttle management, adaptive cruise control, lane departure/sway warning, reverse automatic braking, high beam assist, and steering responsive fog lights. Built to enjoy. Built to last. It's why 94% of all our vehicles built in the last 12 years are still on the road today. It's Subaru.
New car limited warranty- 3 years or 36,000 miles, whichever comes first. Powertrain limited warranty- 5 years or 60,000 miles, whichever comes first. Wear item limited warranty- 3 years or 36,000 miles, whichever comes first. Rust perforation limited warranty- 5 years unlimited miles.
Call C & S Subaru at 319-291-7321.


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Line up for 2005:
Foo Fighters
James Brown
The Streets
Beautiful South
The Coral
Green Day
The Killers
Ian Brown
Biffy Clyro
How good???!??!?!?!!?!?!?!!!! I think maybe I will, though I don't want to go alone, so maybe I should work on Vicky to go...!
Well tomorrow and Wednesday are going to be the biggest jokes of the year. I Sara Katherine Williams have to go on an Assertiveness course. This for the girl that really really doesn't do assertive. What a joke. Do people think that me going on this course will make me assertive? I hope not because they will be sadly disappointed. Oh well it's two days out of the office so I really don't care! But it's one of the funniest things I've heard in a long time :D!
I'm going to bed. I need the sleep, though the past couple of days all I've done is sleep and relax. I don't know what's up with me...
Kathryn Adele said she misses you by the way - I went SBs with Zoe today :D (First time since you left love so I'm doing better aren't I?!) But I have to agree with her on the missing you thing.
Night night all my darlings
Current Mood: artistic
Current Music: Gyu Ul Yun Ga-Gu Dae Manee (Piano)