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Homepage of Razwal Kohistani
The Jirga system
Jirga is a Persian word. It means a gathering, a public, a "Punchaiat" or a consultation. To Marree, Baloch, Pukhtoon, Tajak, Hazara and Shin tribes, the literal meaning of Jirga is one such traditional institute which seeks solutions to their economical, social, cultural, regional and defense problems under their social and cultural system by integrated consultation and collective participation such as arrangement of regional defense; issuance of traditional laws; check and balance; distribution, arrangement and utilization of resources and distribution of labor; etc.
In tribal community, the traditional structure and organizational methods and delegation of power are generally based on lineages and economical, cultural, linguistic, religious, environmental and geographical conditions. These elements play an important role in strengthening the structure of the Jirga system on the basis of group interdependence.
The expanded universal meaning of Jirga should be taken as the social and political organization of a tribe or nation. In the past Jirga was in a very simple form where no one was superior to another one. But during the slavery period a breakage or a change in the organizational elements of Jirga occurred whereby the concept of the "lord and slave" came into being.
The Perspective of the Shin Jirga
No deep or profound study on the Shin tribes of Kohistan and the structure and organizational elements of their folk institute has come on the surface as yet. However, with reference to Chilas, Oliver has written referring to Biddulph about the Jirga and a traditional assembly of Chilas called Sagas:
Every village elects their "jashtero" based on their bravery, speaking power and broad-mindedness and is free internally. Its own parliament is called Sagas whose doors are open to all and any body can take part in the debates. The parliament of each village sends only one "Jashtero' to the federal Sagas and it is also open to every body. When people get their heat poured out, a loud whistle is blown after which only a "Jashtero" can speak. A surfacely description about the traditional organization or assembly in these regions is found from this statement but the fundamental organizational elements and their duties do not become known. Dr. Jettmar has written that the duties and role of a "Jashtero" and "Zetu" were same. However these are two different positions and not substitute to each other.
Sigas or Jirga does not refer to a state government. But it refers to the assembly or institute of people which takes a form by the people of one valley or land by group unity. Every area has its own local Sagas or Jirga Council and many areas establish a Jirga of a larger area or unity of Sagas. In ancient times, there used to be a common Jirga Council of Chilas, Darel, Tangir, Harban, Jalkot, Palas and Kolai, rather even up Astor as narrated by the elders of the Darma tribe in Palas. The stability of an area's Jirga Council is established on the local and economical bases in which different racial groups or tribes go on organizing.
Research has proved that in such Sagas or Jirga organization, the Shins, Yashkuns and Kamins all three were found organized. It also refutes the notion of being any inferiority or superiority among them because all three of them are organized under the system of land distribution and hold equal rights in it. It has been the same way in land distributions with the tribal Pukhtoons and Marri Baloch tribes.
Shins entered in the sub-continent vial Khyber from Central Asia during 1000-200 B.C. Their first settlements were upward from Darband in Pakhli, Siran valley, Alai, Kohistan and Chilas. They were organized in tribes and groups and they had their own social system.. In the beginning, they settled from Darband, Pakhli and Siran valley up to Chilas and then they advanced. They invaded the Yashkun and Kamins in these areas and setup the traditional system of Jirga and Sagas. Their second migration probably began during 700 A.D. During those days, Pakhli was under severe attacks from the surrounding areas and probably it continued until after Temur (1398 A.D). It has to be mentioned here that during this period some Shin reached Kohistan Ganga from Pakhli and Siran valley via Muzaffarabad and some of them went there via Astor. These people might have been migrating via Kohistan and Muzaffarabad from time to time until the settlement of "Turk Qarlaks". It may be considered here that currently those tribes who live in Kohistan, Ganga, and Gurez. Dras, Ladakh, Skardu, Astor, Gilgit, Haramosh and Gor, do not have Shin Jirga in its traditional form with them because the creation of administrative positions after 500 or 700 A.D, one federal system replaced their multi-central group system tribal system is giving a way to one man power locally. Such names exist in Shina folk songs that have gone to borrow like dictators. (Raj Tarangni, edition 2)
It becomes known from reading the events of Dard (Shin) attacks on Kashmir that by that time i.e. during 1000 B.C, the Sardar and dictatorship traditions had become the common practice among the Shins and they would attack Kashmir under the supervision of Raja or Sardar. On the other hand, Agori Tham and later on Shari Bidat ruled. This routine began probably after the fall of the Huns . After 1200 A.D Yashkuns took over the rule from Shins. According to Dr. Jettmar, as per the old remnants in Northern Pakistan, the names of the local rulers are found after 500-600. It probably began after the fall of Hun tribes in the North and local influential group founded Raja system or dictatorship. Hence about the area between Northern Areas and Gurez, it may be said that Shins maintained local states for 700 years. The matter is that there was no concept of Rajgi (becoming a Raja) or dictatorship in the old traditional system. This system was borrowed later on. Up to Chilas, Darel, Tangir and Kohistan where the Shins were in majority, and the old traditional system of the Shin and its structure was intact, there the Rajgi system could not find a way and wherever the Jirga system and its organizational structure were weak, Rajgi system were established. Mohammad Yahya Shah writes in his book "Danil Tehzibo Tamaddun" that the thinking of the Shins and their feelings has been different than the Broshes. The Shins always have been having a Council of Elders. These people call Rajaki Sang to Rajgi system and Poroki to Chitral. So it is the identity of the Shin that there is no Rajgi system there. So the famous saying of the Shins which is commonly known, is "Poraki na boshta, Rajaki na boshta, Shinaki boshta", there must not be a Rajgi system, nor any Piri Muridi (one man being a spiritual leader making disciples from among the people. He guides them in memorization of God and His worship and much more. He supposedly takes responsibility of their salvation on the Dooms Day). Let there be Shinaki. In other words, let there be Sang Council of Elders system. Shins never produced any dictator among themselves. Rather they have killed the forcefully imposed Raja on them whenever they had a chance for it.
About the old social system of these areas, Sheraz Kashmiri has written in his book "Kashmiri Qaum and Qomiyyaten", P229 that if the ancient history of this area is studied deeply, this fact comes forth that those people neither had any force, nor any police nor any tribal "Sardar" (head). All the people belonged to various lineages and castes. The concept of ownership was very simple. Yuri Gangofisky has written in his book about the Shin tribes' Jirga system while discussing about the Dard tribes, that a few minor factions (racial groups) whose
dialects originate from Dard languages, live in Pakistan's northern parts. Many remnants of Jirga exist in their customs and social life.
Due to wars and looting, the powers and strength of the heads of wars and other key persons increased. On a community which was free of ruling and being ruled, the economic and social changes began to hurl. It is a settled matter that where a state or individual rule is established, there multi-group or central system either suspends or collapses because both the systems are contradictions to each other.
In the system which the traditional Shins held, there was no need of any Raja or a ruler because by nature they do not afford one to be superior to them nor would they allow it. Karl Jettmar writes that:
Such a system neither needs, nor indeed slices, a permanent ruler, but requires only a group of elected representatives and officials for its administration. The communities remained, democratic and we might reasonably call them republics. Indus Kohistan certainly belonged to this kind of polity - quite in opposition to the northern belt stretching from Chitral to Baltistan and even beyond, where there were centralized monarchies as a rule, and almost without exception.
Shin tribes or the other similar tribes, who have multi-group system of politics, the centralization of power or its absence or not needing it, can be more clear by this statement that:
Their social system is egalitarian and classless. No one group or local community is subordinate or superior to any other. Usually life among people with multicentric political system is such that there is no need for the permanent centralization of authority even if it were materially and structurally possible to achieve and sustain. (Hemmond 1971, P282)
Hemmond has mentioned two important reasons that those who hold this kind of system, either their technical and economic system is unproductive and undeveloped or their economic system is well organized that it is impossible to accumulate wealth or dictatorship among them.
In the past, the Jirga system of Shin tribes was stretched on a large area. Different "Roms" were mutually alloyed.
According to the local traditions, up till 1000 A.D, from Kolai to Astor all the clans were mutually alloyed. When and why did this alliance break, there is not much known about it. But possibly it was due to the strengthening of the individual rule or the Rajgi system in the North and the increasing external attacks and invasions.
In 1500 A.D, when disputes over Wesh created with the tribes of Kolai, they were expelled from the Jirga Council. This way, Khuka Manka became weak by splitting and Darma benefited from it who had already distributed the strong Chilis of Jalkot into the various sub-tribes of Shin in Kolai and Jalkot during the Wesh.
The effects of the breaking away of Kolai and their reactions to the tribes of Palas remained for two three centuries. There have been great confrontations. Taking advantage of this situation, the Swatis of Alai invaded Palas valley for several times with the help of Gujars and others but they did not succeed (Their attack on Sherakot is on the top list.).
The regional boundaries between Northern Areas (called Shinaki), the current Jalkot and Palas were laid by the famous expert of Wesh of Darma tribe, Khawas Kham, during mid-1700 A.D. The reason for it was the fast changing political and administrative situations whereby there was a risk for the tribal system, alliance and sovereignty of Kohistan. By these regional boundaries, many potential traditional and regional disputes, attacks and fights were reverted. These boundaries were lain at the following three places:
Between Shinaki and Jalkot BuTie Kao
Between Jalkot and Palas Chithie BiSom
Between Palas and Kolai Bete Dar
In the beginning of 1800th century, the alliance between Jalkot and Palas also began to become fragile and when individualism began to surface in these areas, these tribes finished their sharing of the mutual resources on the basis of two "Roms". Here from 1500 to 1800, there used to be one Jirga body established on the basis of cohesion between two "Roms" while before it, as told earlier, Kolai group and Jirga was separated from it. In other words, in the past, the evolution of Jirga organization began to shift from the alliance of bigger territories to smaller territories i.e. first from Kolai to Astor, then from Kolai to Gor and Chilas, then upto 1500 A.D from Kolai to Jalkot and finally between Jalkot and Palas. Now these tribes are found organized in groups within their own "Roms". But their tribal contacts are reducing out of their "Roms". The reason is the reduction in group interdependence.
The comparison of the structure of the Jirga organizations in Kolai, Palas and Jalkot is also worth considering. It can help understand the change and evolution of the traditional organizational structure during the last four five hundred years. The sub-tribes of Khuka and Manka wherein during 1500 A.D each one contained two clans (tabin) KorTa, CharkhaRe, LaghRa and KhoTa, the tribes in Kolai did not maintain those references after their separation but realigned their tribes and established one to three proportion with regard to the regional defense and economy which still prevails in Kolai.As for as the number of "Zetus" (explanation follows) are concerned in each "Rom"., a uniformity was maintained in it. There were 24 Zetus in both places and in Kolai this tradition still remains.


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"It's the buzz," Paul Smith says. "When you capture somebody else's bird, you get a buzz. That's the whole point." Smith is a dooman. "Doo" is a Scottish word for male pigeon, and doomen keep pigeons.
But that's only the half of it. Doomen also keep other people's pigeons. The pigeons are a special type, known as horseman thief pouters. They look quite different from your average feral pigeon – prettier, prouder, more erect, as if standing to attention at a passing-out parade. They are often bleached peroxide-blond and puff their chests out like Orson Welles in his heyday.
Male and female pouters are hot, and they know it – they attract other pouters back to their hut, and that's where the doomen come in. As soon as their pigeon lands on the roof with its prospective new partner, the dooman whips down the net and bags the bird. The bird is then legitimately theirs and is often sold on. It's kidnapping as competition. Traditional pigeon fanciers often regard doomen as pirates.
Flying doos is a working-class sport in Scotland. Smith lives in Muirhouse, a part of Edinburgh far removed from the cosy intellectualism of the festival. Doomen tend to live tough, hard-drinking, sometimes lawless lives. While flying doos does not necessarily keep them on the straight and narrow, it does keep them on a path that is a bit straighter and narrower than it might have been.
It's 9am on a hot Sunday in August, and Smith is hungover. He's looking towards the sky and it's hurting his eyes. He was on the beer last night, he says, as he pours us coffee.
"My earliest memory is of my grandad flying them 40 years ago. He and my dad used to take me to the wee pet shop, and the guy used to wear a long white coat, like a doctor. Back then, you could buy pigeons for 50p. That's how I got hooked." The most he's paid for a pigeon is £75.
Smith says human skill plays a part in his sport, but most of it is down to the bird. "There are birds who will catch a hen when they meet it, nae trouble, and there are other birds I've had for five years who have never caught a single pigeon."
He opens the hut and shows me his favourite, a Dutch bird he calls the Tillinator – plump and primped. He takes a hen out of her cage and holds it out towards the Tillinator, to demonstrate his reaction. "They blow themselves up to try to make themselves the Don Juan of the pigeon world." Sure enough, the Tillinator's chest becomes even more plumped. The birds are kept from mating for as long as possible before being released in order to "build up steam".
"That's the one they're all trying to catch, but naebody can catch him. When he gets a hen, he's so sharp, so quick." How many birds has the Tillinator caught? "About 25." How long has he had him? "Five years."
You need to be patient in the doo business. Smith says he's out there flying two to three hours a night, maybe all day at the weekend, and sometimes he can go weeks without a sniff of a pigeon. There are few doowomen or girls. It has always been regarded as a man's sport, and every man has a story about the domestic strife the birds have caused. Smith says his grandmother used to throw pigeons out of the window when his grandad kept them in the house. Nowadays, Smith's own wife tells him he cares more for his pigeons than he does for her. Is it true? "Probably 50%. The pigeons never give me grief!" He laughs. "If it's a nice day, are you going to sit in there, or stand outside, fly your birds and get a tan?"
Smith talks about his relationship with fellow doomen – they can be friendly, but there is always an intense rivalry. Do they ever congratulate each other when a rival has lured away a good bird?
"Pfff! Never heard of that yet. Never."
Six years ago, Smith's teenage son Kevin was murdered – stabbed by three young men after they stole his scooter. When Kevin died, Smith lost interest in his pigeons. "I couldn't feed them – my brother came down and fed them for me. I couldn't do anything. It takes time, and it never goes away." Now at least, he says, his love of flying has returned. All those hours outside with the birds is thinking time.
Robert Ormerod started taking photographs of doomen more than a year ago. Everything about them is fascinating, he says – the passion, the lifestyle, the battles, the birds themselves. Many doomen live unpredictable lives and are hard to track down – they might agree to a photograph one day and not want to know you the next. Ormerod is driving us to the Niddrie estate, which became infamous for gangs and knife crime, and has now been largely demolished. We are here to speak to two boys he has photographed – one 18-year-old who already has two children, and his younger brother, who's nine. Ormerod warns about their two huge dogs, which can be intimidating.
As we arrive at the estate, a football smashes into the boot of the car. Only the nine-year-old is home, but he doesn't want to talk to us today and we are sent packing. Another young man says he will talk only for money. So we drive to the south of Edinburgh, to meet 56-year-old Iain Wilson and his daughter, Sinead. It's 11am and he offers me a beer. Wilson is a plumber and runs one of the two shops operating out of Edinburgh where doomen trade pigeons. Flying doos, he says, is an addiction. "I caught a curse. It's like smoking. You cannae give them up." Which is more dangerous? "The same degree," he says. The pigeons produce dust that is easily inhaled. "I've had part of one of my lungs removed because of dust-related injuries."
His obsession with the birds dates back to his boyhood. "My mother and father had nae love of animals at all, so, much to their annoyance, I used to bring injured pigeons home."
How did they react? "They looked at it as a hobby and were relieved I wasn't going about the streets throwing stones at windows." Does he think he'd have got into trouble otherwise? "Probably, aye. I had good friends, not hardened criminals; we'd just do a wee bit of shoplifting now and then."
Why was he so taken with pigeons? "I was fascinated by something that could fly that comes back to you. You get an affinity with them. Certainly with the horseman. I used to have a pigeon that followed me all the way to the pub."
He feeds them only the best food, he says. "Sinead, show Simon." Sinead returns with a bucket of food that could pass for nibbles at an upmarket party. "Sunflower seeds, barley, maize, maple peas, wheat, barley – I used to eat it when I was waiting for the racing pigeons. So they get the best grub; no rubbish."
As he talks, he keeps an eye on the sky and catches sight of a hen coming in to land. "Bop. Bohop bhop. Ooop. Cooo," he warbles gently.
Can you be a good dooman without talking to the pigeons? "No, you've got to talk the language. You've got tae have some affinity with the birds. Good pigeons respond."
These days it's Sinead who plays Florence Nightingale to hurt birds. "If my mates find an injured pigeon, they'll always bring it to me because I cannae turn it away," she says. "They wouldnae take it to my dad, though, because he'd kill it. He's only interested in pigeons who work."
"I'll be perfectly honest with you," Wilson says. "I'm brutal with killing pigeons. If pigeons dinnae perform for you, you've got to kill them. Either that or you'd have thousands. I either pull their neck or tap them on the back of the head."
He hopes that if Sinead becomes a fully-fledged doogirl, it will keep her out of trouble. "Well, it doesn't matter if it's pigeons or whatever – you want your children to have some sort of thing, because there's absolutely nothing for children to do here. It is quite a drugs-dominated place, a lot of coke. Very high unemployment. Everybody that flies in this scheme beyond me and my son dinnae work." He pauses. Mind you, he says, you can get into plenty of trouble flying doos. Sinead smiles knowingly and says nothing. "In the old days, there'd be murder," Wilson continues. "Huts burnt down. Glasgow was the worst. You strive for years to get good pigeons, then if someone comes into your hut and steals them, it makes your blood boil. Once you get a good pigeon, everybody knows about it."
Has he ever got into trouble over the birds? "Touch wood I've never had that scenario, because I think people know, were that to happen, there'd be repercussions. The majority in the scheme are frightened of me." Physically frightened? "Aye." Because he's tough? "I don't know whether I'm tough now, but I used to be. I'm getting a bit old. I've hung up my gun belt. I mostly keep the peace. My son, he's a hot-headed one."
It's funny, Wilson says, sometimes he wonders why he still dedicates so much of his life to the birds – there's his lungs, the time, the money. "The worst thing is that it brings out emotions that it shouldn't bring out." Such as? "Anger. There are times you want to kick people around the street. I think it triggers off emotions that you wouldn't normally have in everyday life. Extreme emotions, aye. I could be sitting in the pub having a laugh. Instead, I'm standing in this garden going off my head at the pigeons."
So why does he keep doo-flying? "Pure addiction. Aye, it ruins your life." Then he sees a pigeon coming in, smiles with relief, and welcomes it home with a warble.

subset: commoncrawl


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While we no longer do this event as a family, as we've all grown up and times have changed, as of the last few years, my Dad and I have started what seems to have become a new tradition of sorts, me and my Dad walking the NAIAS on the last day of the show. Dad and daughter day is what I like to call it. As an adult also in the automotive industry, I really enjoy it. I had a great time sitting in all the luxury high end vehicles, dreaming of what I'll next have in my garage.
Over the years my taste in cars has evolved. This year I was really swooning over the 2016 Lincoln MKX Black Label edition luxury crossover, it's spectacular. I also drooled just a bit over the 2017 Cadillac XT5 crossover intended to compete in the same market. Unfortunately, this vehicle was up on a stage, so I couldn't get in.
This year, the auto show seemed smaller than it usually is. I suspect that it's shrinking little by little each year. Which saddens me, but I'm glad that the attendance remains strong. Even on the last day, tons of people everywhere. We didn't see Land Rover/Range Rover vehicles anywhere, which was unfortunate because my Dad loves those! We looked for at least 30 minutes, consulted the map and still no go.
|Me and Dad...don't we look alike?!
I didn't bring my camera to take serious photos, but I did use Snap Chat a few times while I there. I decided to share some of those Snaps that I took throughout the day - if you weren't able to make it to Detroit, here's a small taste of what I experienced at the NAIAS this year.
Live Lavishly,


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Chelsea are considering making a new move for Manchester United striker Wayne Rooney once the January transfer window opens, according to reports from The Metro.
The Blues made several offers for the England international over the summer, but were unable to convince the Red Devils to sell, despite the player himself being keen to leave Old Trafford.
Rooney has since settled his differences with the club and has been welcomed back into the starting XI by new boss David Moyes.
But a new contract offer has not been forthcoming, leading to speculation that he may be allowed to move on in the New Year.
This has alerted Chelsea boss Jose Mourinho, who is desperate to add a top class centre-forward to his squad.
Despite the form of Fernando Torres, 'The Special One' is thought to see a new focal point to his attack as a key acquisition if the Blues are to mount a serious push for domestic and European glory.
As a result, he is ready to pay £35million to convince United to sell Rooney, who is entering the final 18 months of his contract.
The 28-year-old admitted over the summer that he was growing disillusioned with life with the Premier League champions, and could be tempted by a new challenge.
Will Wayne Rooney to Chelsea really happen?
Tell us what you think below!


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Let me recall the well-known Carleson's theorem.
Theorem (Carleson). Let $f$ be any periodic $L^2[0, 2\pi]$ function. Let $\hat{f}(n)$ be its Fourier coefficients. Then we have $$\lim_{N \to \infty} \sum_{|n| \leqslant N} \hat{f}(n) e^{i n x} = f(x)$$ for almost all $x$.
The extension for $p \in (1, \infty)$ is sometimes called the Carleson-Hunt theorem. Some proofs of this theorem (say some variants on the celebrated Lacey-Thiele proof) actually give this almost for free.
It is clear that we cannot have it "everywhere" just consider a jump around $0$ and the Fourier series will only converge to the mean of the left- and right-hand side limit. Of course, the set cannot be of positive measure as that would contradict Carleson's theorem.
Furthermore, If I recall correctly we can actually have that given a null-set $A$ we can find a function $f$ such that the Fourier series converges everywhere except on the set $A$! This is of course a much stronger result than what I am looking for.
Remember that we can have null-sets of $[0,1]$ with cardinality $\mathfrak c$ for example the Cantor set.
The actual question:
Can we use cardinality arguments to prove the existence of a null-set of any given cardinality up to $\mathfrak c$ (so I think the actual important part is the existence for a null-set of cardinality $\mathfrak c$) such that there exist a function such that its Fourier series converges everywhere except on this set?
This question is already answered some time ago by a more or less explicit construction. I am just very interested in using tools from (on a first glance) completely different field to problems in analysis. It might motivate me to learn more about set theory and perhaps the proof is beautiful in itself.
Of course, if the question is impossible to answer, then I would also like to know why not (perhaps with some heuristics).


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I got together with the girls last week for another yummy dinner. Mexican was the menu and I was in charge of dessert this time. I had fried ice cream for the very first time not too long ago at a fantastic restaurant here in Cleveland called Momocho. It is crispy, sweet, and although fried, the ice cream is still super cold and totally frozen. It's a fun concept! I wanted to try recreating the dessert tonight, but thought maybe I could make something similar without the added fat that frying would give. I found this recipe at Christie Jordan's blog, Southern Plate. It was so yummy and couldn't be easier! We all loved the sweet and crunchy cereal topping paired with the french vanilla ice cream. I totally sprinkled extra cruchies on my ice cream once I ate the rest off- it was the best part!
print this recipe
Unfried Fried Ice Cream
from Southern Plate
Container Vanilla Ice cream
3 Cups Honey and Oats Cereal*
3 Tablespoons butter
3 Tablespoons sugar
1 Tablespoons cinnamon
Scoop frozen ice cream out onto waxed paper lined baking sheets and place in freezer for at least an hour, or until hardened.
During that time, place cereal in gallon zipper bag and crush. Melt butter in microwave and stir in sugar and cinnamon, pour into bag with cereal and seal. Knead with hands until well mixed. Pour out onto lined baking sheet and place in oven at 350 just until toasted, about five minutes. Keep close watch as cereal will burn easily. Remove from oven and allow to cool.
Roll hardened ice cream balls in mixture, pressing lightly as you do so. Place coated ice cream in 9×13 dish and return to freezer or serve immediately.
For serving, drizzle with honey and top with whipped cream and a cherry.
*Can also use corn flakes or cereal of your choice. Golden Grahams, Cinnamon Toast Crunch, etc.
Yields about ten scoops of ice cream.


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Only 44 more days until I leave for the race in Atlanta.
A quick note on the number 44 as it relates to Nascar. Terry Labonte drove the #44 car in 1984 when he won his first Cup Championship. Here's a picture of Terry back in the day. On a personal note, I graduated from high school in 1984 and at that time had no interest in Nascar my how times have changed.


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35TH CLASS REUNIONWritten by Captain Mary on Sunday, July 27, 2008
Where do the years go? I can't believe how time passes and we move on, one day we are young and carefree and then next we are older and responsible for everything. How we change, how the years are marked on our faces and our lives. This was an opportunity to see friends that I spent my teen years with, we were with each other everyday and yet I couldn't recognize any of them. I went to the class Reunion with my first husband, Jerry, we were married in our Senior year and it seemed fun to go as a couple like the old days. It was indeed fun, and full of renewal of lost friends, catching up with their lives and for the moment the years between us seemed to disappear. Now we have an opportunity to stay in touch again and maybe we will find something other than the memories of the past that brought us together in the first place. The only bad thing about reunions is you end up drinking so much you almost forget the nights highlights. I was the designated driver for the evening and that means I didn't miss much. My daughter made an appearance to visit with her Dad and my friend Bill said "he saw me in her, like a dejavu". Jerry got smashed and he becomes very lovable, can't say that's a bad thing, we all had a great laugh and so much fun. I just hope that we can renew our friendship and stay in touch for a long time to come.
2 comments: Responses to " 35TH CLASS REUNION "
By Queenie on July 27, 2008 at 12:41 PM
Holy Shit Mar, Jason looks exactly like his dad!!!!! Wow.
I told you that you would have fun and by the pics, you were the most beautiful one there. Who dresses you? You looked fabulous. Heh.
By Sex Vixen on July 28, 2008 at 2:09 PM
I really had a great time meeting your high school friends. Doesn't seem like they have changed much, except for maybe age. I look foward to going to my reunion in another oh few years!!


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Recliner sofa chairs are finest familiar as those luxurious seats only the head. Modern day recliner sofa closer in sleek designs that combine in better with the stand of the living room. This became the recliner into a relaxed seat for everyone to enjoy.
You can pick to decorate the living rooms with comfort also considerable style because the recliners close in more flexible designs. You must plan and search at getting the decoration of these for your home. You can begin with choosing with a footrest or with a split ottoman.
Recliner sofa chairs with footrests appear like a standard arm sofa chair excluding with the added consolation you can enjoy. Recliner sofa chairs simply fit into the repose of your living. They look like usual armchair if you will keep the furniture organize.
Home decoration has become a trend these days. There are many goods available for home decoration in the market. A reclining sofa is one of them. A recliner sofa reclines when the person who sits on it lowers its back. It has a backrest which can be tilted back with a footrest that can be extended automatically. It provides infinite positions for comfort and relaxation more than other chairs and sofas. It is increasingly popular all over the world due to its health and relaxation benefits.
Black leather reclining sofa is a wonderful choice because it goes well with many colors and does not highlight stains or dirt. Leather combined with woods give a mid century lounge feel. Its natural coloration and texture lends itself to longevity. It is more durable than plastics which breaks, clothes that tears and metals that rust. It can easily be washed. Its good looks, styling, ease of care and exceptional value creates a classic and professional environment in our rooms. It resembles with all types of interior. It doesn't clash with interiors like other colors do.
Black leather reclining sofa is a combination of crafted leather, metal legs and chic shapes exudes. Its chrome metal legs and grain leather combined with matched vinyl makes it perfect. Its frame construction is of high quality which helps its durability. It has average sized seats and the arm and backrest gives plenty of space. Under the high elasticity foam cushions and a layer of polyfibre, a rubber webbing provides an inner support. It can be used both as traditional and modern decoration. It usually has an option of two single seaters which provides a sitting arrangement for five people. It is also used while playing some games, watching television or reading books. It can be utilized for seating, sleeping and reclining. It provides a complete relax and comfort to those people who work hard.
You are viewing Leather Sectionals with Recliners luxury living room with brown leather and wood coffe table on rug and framed wall painting, picture size 1280x1023 posted by admin at March 23, 2016. Don't forget to browse another digital imagery in the related category or you can browse our other interesting digital imagery that we have. Please also read our Privacy Policy and DCMA for the copyright of the images.Back to Cool Reclining Sofa Covers And Loveseat Sets


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Video Footage of Bright Object. (Footage Has Been Slowed):
Description: This is a video taken of an unidentified object in Zapata TX on 8-12-14.
Note to Commenters: If you are reporting a sighting, be sure to include the location (city, state, country), date and time of your sighting. Be detailed in your description. You may also use our report form to report your sighting. Comments will be published if they are in "good taste" and not inflammatory.


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The Future Of Innovation is Holistic And Networked
di Tom Hulme
Innovation can be fragmented. Inside organisations, it has a tradition of different departments working in isolation behind closed doors, with varying degrees of empathy for the needs of their consumers. That kind of scenario is changing fast as the line between the consumer and industry blurs. For it to flourish, innovation's future lies in a less disjointed approach – we're already seeing signs of it becoming more holistic and collaborative.
A more holistic approach is now crucial because it's increasingly difficult to create sustainable advantage without aligning every aspect of a consumer offer. An interesting example is Apple, which is often cited as a a world-class product developer. However, Apple's potency is the fruit of its innovative approach to an ecosystem of product and service design, retail, marketing and manufacturing – it certainly didn't invent the MP3 player and arguably didn't build the most innovative one at the time. Its dominance is ongoing proof that holistic business ecosystems deliver the greatest competitive advantage.
This holistic perspective also needs a lateral vision. As great ideas can be discovered in diverse and unexpected places, we need to collaborate in new and surprising ways. We believe that the best ideas come from crashing, combining and contrasting disciplines and perspectives, and technology is enabling us to do this in very different ways. At IDEO, we often involve disperse and eclectic networks of consumers and experts in creating and evaluating ideas. The effect is sometimes fusion, and sometimes fission, but the results are always fruitful. In particular, it has proved to us the value of seeking, as well as expert insights, the wisdom of the crowd.
Close collaboration with the consumer can give rise to remarkably effective and powerful business models. A particularly successful example can be found where the public intersect with the TV and record industries. X-Factor is a UK TV talent show (or American Idol in the US) in which viewers vote for the performers they like best. The format has transformed a business expense (record companies searching for fresh talent) into a revenue source (viewers pay to vote). Because singers are only launched on the market when the viewers have made it clear they will buy their music, risk for the record company is mitigated.
And it's becoming clearer and clearer that consumers want to be involved. The popularity of Starbucks' Mystarbucksidea.com which allows consumer to create and rate new ideas and keep up to tabs with developments, is a case in point. Opening direct communication with consumers globally, at relatively low cost will soon become the norm. The future of innovation is where big impact comes from applying a holistic approach and building a portfolio of innovations rather than one hit wonders, it will be where wisdom of the crowd is the first port of call rather than the last resort.


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Listing information provided courtesy of the Greater El Paso Association of Realtors. IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers' personal, non-commercial use, and it may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. The data is deemed reliable, but is not guaranteed accurate by the MLS.
Updated: 24th May, 2019 6:38 AM.
Buyers these days!!! Sheesh!!!
As the events of the last few years in the real estate industry show, people forget about the tremendous financial responsibility...


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World Water Scenarios - Phase 1: Driver selection, review and analysis
The Report The Dynamics of Global Water Futures: Driving Forces 2011-2050 (William Cosgrove and Catherine Cosgrove - 2011) presents a summary of the findings of the first phase of the Scenarios process: an analysis of the evolution of 10 major external forces (drivers) that have direct and indirect consequences on water resources. A framework for the causal linkages between these driving forces and their impact on human well-being, equity and degree of poverty is presented. These findings show the possible range of future outcomes and the magnitude of the challenges we are facing in each driver's domain.
Global Water Futures 2050. Five Stylized Scenarios (Gilberto Gallopin - 2011) provides an initial exploration of long-range global water scenarios as a contribution to the Fourth World Water Development Report (WWDR-4). It is an original work based on research and surveys conducted among dozens of experts in water-related fields in 2010-2011. Rather than detailed descriptions, it offers qualitative summaries of possible futures as input to the deliberations of the Scenario Focus Group (SFG), the WWDR-4's collective of decision-makers, modelers, and scenario and sectoral experts.
A significant number of scenarios related to water at the global and other geographic scales were examined, along with other global scenarios, to ascertain which drivers should be reviewed to understand how they might evolve to 2050. Ten drivers were identified for research of the literature describing the possible future of each domain. A list of possible future developments in each of the domains was extracted from this research, taking into account interlinkages with some of the other selected drivers.
The ten drivers identified for an in-dept research, review and analysis are:
- Agriculture
- Climate change and variability
- Demography
- Economy and Security
- Ethics, society and culture (includes questions of equity)
- Governance and Institutions (including the right to water)
- Infrastructure
- Politics
- Technology
- Water resources, including groundwater and ecosystems
The list of possible future developments for each driver was submitted for discussion and review through expert consultations. The objective of the expert consultations was to validate the degree of importance of the developments with regards to scenarios on water use and availability to 2050 and to gain an informed opinion on the likelihood of such developments occurring by then.
For the six more 'controversial' drivers, where the project team thought more divergent opinions could arise, the Real Time Delphi (RTD) consultation approach was adopted since it is particularly useful not only in producing consensus where possible but also in crystallizing reasons for disagreement. The experts participating in the RTD consultations identified through discussion the most important events or developments and the probability of their occurrence by 2020 and 2030.
For the four other driver domains, a selected number of experts were invited individually to:
•review the list of developments;
•add missing possible developments of importance;
•rank the importance of the listed developments;
•and set time horizons for each development with regards to the earliest decade it might occur and the most likely decade in which it might occur.
What the Report provides:
A summary of the key findings of these consultations.
Part Two presents some of the highlights of the current situation in each of the drivers' domains.
Part Three describes the most important and most likely developments occurring within these forces of global change, based on the analysis of responses to the RTD consultations and expert surveys.
It is important to keep in mind that these developments and their assessments cannot be considered as the final independent compendium from which scenarios can be developed. The scenarios will draw upon qualitative and quantitative analyses of the possible interactions between all these driving forces and developments. The iterative and cross-sectoral nature of the scenarios process will lead to the identification of other developments in addition to these, and both probable and less probable developments will ultimately be incorporated into the storylines.
The suggested timelines provided by the experts duringthe RTD consultations and expert surveys provide possible reference points for chains of events – in reality some may happen sooner, some later, and some not at all.
The objective of presenting these findings is to understand the possible range of future outcomes and the magnitude of the challenges the world is facing across all drivers in order to build more robustness in decision-making. In conclusion, and in an introduction to the second phase of the project (the development of global water scenarios to 2050), part four presents a framework that illustrates the causal linkages between these driving forces and their impact on human well-being, equity and degree of poverty.Back to top


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|Antihelix is a Scrabble word. Scrabble point value for antihelix: 19 points.
|Antihelix is a Words with Friends word. Words with Friends point value for antihelix: 19 points.
Above are the results of unscrambling antihelix. Using the word generator and word unscrambler for the letters A N T I H E L I X, we unscrambled the letters to create a list of all the words found in Scrabble, Words with Friends, and Text Twist. We found a total of 181 words by unscrambling the letters in antihelix. Click these words to find out how many points they are worth, their definitions, and all the other words that can be made by unscrambling the letters from these words. If one or more words can be unscrambled with all the letters entered plus one new letter, then they will also be displayed.
|Definition of "antihelix" found in the Merriam Webster dictionary
|Definition of "antihelix" from The Free Dictionary
|Definition of "antihelix" from Dictionary.com
|Words that start with antihelix
|Words that end with antihelix
|Words that contain antihelix


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I believe family photography should be natural. I love capturing genuine moments between parents and their children. Big smiles, scraped knees, maybe a favorite toy; it's all about capturing your life in that moment of time. All of the wonderful, whimsical, fleeting moments that you will look back on and cherish.
Family Photography sessions last about an hour and are done on location. I suggest meeting first at your home where the children feel most comfortable. Maybe make some photos of you reading their favorite book to them and then moving to a nearby park or meaningful spot to your family. I try to stay away from overly staged photos but always organize a portrait or two.
Let's go out and ride bikes, blow bubbles or fly a kite! The kids will love all of the extra attention, I will love the natural moments and you will love the beautiful representation of your family!


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Dear all,
I am super excited to announce that DD#2 has accepted her chap's proposal so we are full steam ahead for a party on the 19th :0)
First port of crafting call: a planner! Got to have somewhere for all my lists.....I am a list junky!!!!
DD#1 and I went shopping today for party dresses, what a lovely day. I normally hate shopping but we had a great girlie day in town and then a relaxing lunch a deux - smashing :0)
The planner is a back to back bound book with a gatefold type cover. It's held closed with a rubber band - I have zillions of these thing as the postman binds my mail with them every day! Papers are Echo Park 'Life is Good' - thought it was appropriate :0)
|The pages have all been scored at 7" so that there is a variation in length (banners have been attached to the short ones ) The pages flip up and lie flat when lifted as I have double scored at the top to allow for bulkiness (does this make sense?)
|Looks like we will have around 50 people coming which is a nice number for a house party
|My initial list - there will be plenty!
Thanks so much for stopping by, have a great day!
Ali x


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Control Panel Login | Email Login | Customer Service | 1 888 942 6607
E-zekiel.com is Church Website Software.
Sunday, May 19, 2019
Church websites for moving ministry.
E-zekiel Technology Blog
Want the latest E-zekiel news, tips and the use of technology in Ministry? Subscribe to the E-zekiel Technology Blog and you'll always be in the know. To sign up, click the "RSS" button, then follow the instructions.
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year
Thursday, December 25, 2008 Comments (0)
Wow, this year has gone by fast. It will be interesting to see how we all look back at 2008 in a few years. We're so thankful that we have the greatest customers from all over the world! Did you know that there are more than 9,000 churches, organizations and ministries using the E-zekiel platform? What a blessing!
Thank you all for allowing us to be a part of your lives and ministry, we're looking forward to an even better 2009.
Customer Support Holiday Schedule
Friday, December 19, 2008 Comments (0)
Questions about E-zekiel? We're glad to help, but please be aware that our customer support staff will be taking time off during the holidays. Customer support will not be available on December 24, 25, 26 and January 1.
How to Learn New Skills
Tuesday, December 09, 2008 Comments (0)
Want to brush up on your software skills or learn new ones? Try MindLeaders online courses — available now at E-zekiel.com. You can learn business software like MS Word or Excel or delve into the world of web development with courses like Photoshop and Design & Graphics. Included tools allow you to use a skill assessment to skip over the material that you already know, track and save your progress through the course, search for particular topics, even print a certificate when you've successfully completed the course. To find out more, visit www.e-zekiel.com/mindleaders.
Album Access
Friday, December 05, 2008 Comments (0)
Who can see the photo albums on your site? The range varies. Anyone can view an album if you indicate in your initial settings that it should be promoted on your home page. But you also have options to narrow viewing for all albums or select albums depending on your package.
Once you save the album for the first time, you may see one tab, two tabs or no tabs. If you have a package that includes the Group Manager, you will see a Personalization tab. This tab enables you to clarify the groups that can see the album link when you indicate that it should be displayed on the home page. If you subscribe to a package that includes the Community Builder, you will see a Group Access tab. This is where you can pinpoint more specifically who can view the album.
For others, if you want to limit viewing through the creation of shortcuts, here's what you'd do. In the details section for your main album page, indicate "yes" or "no" on whether you want to "Promote on Home Page." (Say "no" if you don't want any albums displayed on Home Page, or "yes" if you want some or all displayed.) Then fill in the shortcut blank with a shortcut ("albums," for instance). Later, as you create a specific photo album, you'll get the same options. To keep the viewing limited, indicate "no" in the "Promote on Home Page," then fill in the shortcut blank with a shortcut title ("holidayphotos," for instance). Distribute your address with shortcut to anyone that you'd like to see the albums.
Creating a Photo Album for Your Site
Tuesday, December 02, 2008 Comments (0)
Have you used the Albums manager to create a photo album for your site? If not, why not give it a try? Start by creating a main Albums page with preferred manager settings, and then you're ready to add new albums. As you create and save an album for the first time, the section for adding images appears at the bottom of the page. Use the "plus" sign to add photos from the images you upload to My Files. But please note, as you try to insert a photo, you may be asked to resize it. To resize the image, you give the item a new width (in pixels), and the height will adjust accordingly. The size adjusts as you enter numbers, so you can keep trying until you get it like you want it. In any case, you'll want the overall approximate size to be no larger than 40 KB.
Customer Support Thanksgiving Schedule
Friday, November 21, 2008 Comments (0)
Questions about E-zekiel? We're glad to help, but please be aware that our customer support staff will be taking time off during Thanksgiving. Support by phone and email will not be available on November 27 and November 28. Customer support will again be available on Monday, December 1. (Regular hours are weekdays from 7:30 a.m. – 5:30 p.m. CT.)
Avoid Slow Load Times
Tuesday, November 18, 2008 Comments (0)
Websites are like a design smorgasbord – you can add almost any bell or whistle or image or file to your Web page that you want. But while you can do more and do it better, you'd be wise to remember that, technologically speaking, not everyone's on the same page. Some homes and businesses have super high-speed connections, some are still on dialup. To serve the most the best way possible, try to meet in the middle – particularly with your load times.
Yes, we know. It's a miracle we can send email across the globe at a moment's notice, but is it too much to ask that it go just a "little bit faster?" The same could be asked by your site visitors when they try to access your site, and it takes "way too long." How much is too long? The old model was about eight seconds. Think "shorter time frame" now. If you've got about four or five seconds to convey your message once the visitor reaches the site, you sure don't want to use up much of that valuable time in loading the page.
Limiting your graphics is the best way to decrease load time. But if you're system is too fast to test it adequately, why not find someone you know who's still on dialup, and see how the website experience goes when the pace slows?
Selecting Hidden PowerPoint Objects
Friday, November 14, 2008 Comments (0)
What you see is what you get? Not always. Sometimes, on a PowerPoint slide, objects can get hidden behind other objects as they stack on top of each other. So how do you get to the hidden object, or select the smaller object, without moving the other? Follow these steps:
Fitting Tables Within Margins in Word
Friday, November 07, 2008 Comments (0)
Microsoft Word 2000 (or a later version) gives you an easy way to put tables within the confines your document's margins – even if they're too wide. All you have to do is:
With Word 97, the steps go like this:
Now each of the table's column widths are set evenly, and the table fits from margin to margin.
Election Day - November 4
Tuesday, November 04, 2008 Comments (0)
Maybe you've heard? Election day for federal, state and local office holders across the nation is today! Record turnouts are predicted at voting places across the country, so be prepared, be patient, be prayerful – and don't forget to vote!


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Low Income Budget? A Guide to Good Living
Not everyone has the benefit of a large income – especially when starting out in the working world. That doesn't mean that you should sacrifice the comforts of good living, but in order to have the luxuries you want, you'll need to prepare – and stick to a solid budget. Here are a few tips to get you started with a rock star budget.
Understanding the Need for a Budget
The most important part of living with a low income is recognising the need for a budget. Think of it as a road map for your future, rather than a burden you must live with. Ideally, you won't be living with a low income forever; but while you are, a budget is the best way to see if your income meets your expenditure needs. And, a budget can be as simple or as complicated as you want it to be. As long as you have a list of all the income coming into your accounts – and an estimate of where that money must go first, then you don't need much else. The big work comes when you're faced with the challenge of wanting to spend when you simply can't afford it.
When it comes to developing, and keeping to, your budget, it is essential to know the difference between your needs and your desires. You may want a large apartment with a spare bedroom to keep all your video games – but you don't need those things (the fancy apartment – or the video games). You do need a place to live, but it can be basic. (It's brilliant if you can afford a bigger place, mind you, but it's not a necessity.) And, you do need amusement, but you may not be able to budget for as much as you'd like when you've got a low income. Your needs include food, shelter, clothing, transportation, security – and anything you can do that will increase your earning potential (such as studying or the development of a home business). Everything else is a luxury. If your budget allows for a treat or two, then you can have it; if it doesn't, then you can't (yet).
When Your Budget Doesn't Add Up
Your budget has to meet in the middle. You can't spend more than you can earn. And if you can't spend as much as you earn – then you should put all that excess into savings and investments. Obviously, the bigger concern is when your expenses outweigh the amount of money that you're earning. And, there are only two ways to solve this problem: earn more or spend less.
Earning more does not always necessitate finding a new job, though sometimes that is the best way to increase your income. Sometimes, your hobbies can earn you a buck or two if you can market them to your friends, neighbours and colleagues. Additionally, you may have skills that are needed occasionally by community groups or other organisations. The important thing to remember is that there are plenty of ways to make money – you just need to keep your eyes open for opportunities and seize them when they knock on your door.
The other way to make your budget work is to cut back on your spend. This can be as easy or as difficult as you make it. Concentrate on the areas where you spend the most and start whittling them down by changing your policies and habits. For example, if you spend too much on clothing – consider making some of your purchases from second hand or discount shops. If your car, health care or life insurance policies seem expensive for the coverage you receive, shop around for new offers from competitive companies. Incidentally – you must have these things; they fall under needs, not wants. Start with your greatest expenses and work your way to the smallest, cutting and negotiating wherever you can.
A Few Final Thoughts
• Remember that living with a low income budget doesn't need to be painful. You can make it easy with a happy mindset.
• Setting and maintaining a budget is the most crucial part of living with a low income, but remember it must be flexible.
• If your budget doesn't add up, you will need to earn more money or reduce the amount that you spend.
• A little creativity goes a long way – and it can help you develop skills that could earn you more money in the future.


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Readiness for Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports and School Mental Health Interconnection: Preliminary Development of a Stakeholder Survey
The current article details a necessary first step in the process of improved interconnection of these two frameworks by describing the development of a process and tool for schools/ districts to assess readiness for connecting PBIS and SMH through a blended system. Relevant literature, pilot data, and methodology are discussed, in addition to psychometric properties of the survey and future applications of this instrument for practice, research, and policy.
Prevention Level
- Primary
- District Contacts
- PBS Coaches
- Trainers
System Impacts
- District Team
- State Team
- Whole School
- Mental Health
- Systems


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What can I do with the MaSS degree?
With the MaSS degree, you will be a strong candidate for competitive Ph.D. programs in the Social Sciences and for graduate degrees in professional schools at top-tier universities. You also will be prepared for professional research careers in the public, private, and non-profit sectors.
We provide substantial advising and support to prepare you for the next step after the degree, whether you are applying to PhD programs or seeking professional employment.
If you plan to pursue employment upon completing the MaSS Program, our staff will work closely with you to identify career opportunities.
When does the MaSS Program begin?
The Fall 2018 Quarter begins on Monday, September 24th, 2018.
Classes begin on Thursday, September 27th, 2018.
What are the application deadlines?
Currently accepting applications for Fall 2019
What do I need to do to apply?
Applications to the MaSS program are made through UCLA Graduate Division. Click here to apply. For more information, see UCLA's minimum requirements for all graduate program applicants.
What application materials are required
Statement of Purpose
Your statement of purpose should tell us why you are interested in pursuing the Master of Social Science degree, your main areas of research interest, and what you plan to do after the degree. You may wish to discuss prior academic training and any relevant work experience. The statement of purpose should not exceed three double-spaced pages (approximately 750 words).
Personal History Statement
The Personal History Statement is intended as a supplement to your Statement of Purpose. This is the place for you to describe relevant aspects of your background, accomplishments, and life experiences that you would like us to know about in considering your application. Please Include any educational, personal, cultural, economic, or social experiences, challenges or opportunities relevant to your academic goals. In addition, please describe any aspects of your personal background, accomplishments, or achievements that will allow us to evaluate your contributions to the University's diversity mission (Max: 8,000 characters).
GRE General
TOEFL (min. score 100)
Letters of Recommendation
Two letters of recommendation are required. At least one letter, but ideally both, must come from an academic instructor. Please note that letters from graduate student teaching assistants (TAs) are welcome as long as they are co-signed by the course instructor. Applicants have the option to submit a third letter from an academic or non-academic referee.
Transcripts from all post-secondary institutions in which the applicant has been enrolled.
Writing Sample
Applicants must submit a writing sample. Examples of writing samples include course papers or professional reports.
Do I need to take the GRE or TOEFL?
All applicants are required to submit GRE or TOEFL (or IELTS) scores. Please note that GRE scores are valid for a period of five years.
Applicants who received a bachelor's or higher degree from a university located in the United States or in another country in which English is both the primary spoken language and the medium of instruction are exempted from the TOEFL (or IELTS) requirement. All other applicants must submit a TOEFL or IELTS score to be considered for admission.
What is the minimum GRE score required?
There is no minimum GRE score requirement to apply to the MaSS program. We review all applications holistically to determine a prospective student's fit with and potential to benefit from our program.
Why is there a minimum TOEFL/IELTS score requirement?
We require a minimum score of 100 on the TOEFL or 7.5 on the IELTS. The demanding MaSS curriculum does not allow sufficient time for students to enroll in additional ESL courses while completing the degree.
Is there a minimum GPA to qualify for admission?
Yes. Applicants must have a cumulative undergraduate GPA of 3.0 or higher to qualify for admission.
Where should I send my academic records?
All academic records should be mailed to:
Cristy Portlock
University of California, Los Angeles
2500B Public Affairs Bldg.
Box 957174
Los Angeles, CA 90095-7174
Please send your official/signed/sealed bachelor's degree academic transcript. If your are still completing your bachelor's degree, we still need to receive your in-progress transcript.
*Note that no academic records are required for masters or other degrees higher than your bachelor's degree.
International students:
You must send your transcripts in the native language of your home institution as well as a version translated into English.
In addition, you may** be required to send:
Degree Certificate in English AND native language of the home institution
Diploma (if you have graduated) in English AND native language of the home institution
**Please consult this guide to determine additional materials (degree certificate, diploma, etc.) that you may need to submit. Note that additional required documents vary by country.
Letters of recommendation
Letters of recommendation should come from academic references. However, if you have significant professional or other non-academic experience relevant to your application, one of the two letters may be submitted from a non-academic recommender.
Do I need to submit a writing sample?
A writing sample is required for admission consideration. Examples of writing samples include course papers or a professional report.
Can I apply if I didn't major in a social science discipline as an undergraduate?
How much does the MaSS program cost?
Estimated total charges for the 2018-19 academic year, including student fees, health insurance and tuition, are $48,000. Please note that MaSS is a self-supporting degree program and has a different fee structure than state-supported programs at UCLA. Click here for more information about self-supporting degree program fees.
The MaSS Program is pleased to offer merit scholarships, and we encourage all strong applicants to apply. Please contact us for further information about financial aid opportunities.
Do you offer scholarships to admitted students?
Yes! The MaSS Program offers merit scholarships. Please contact us for further information about financial aid opportunities.
Can I apply for fellowships/scholarships/financial aid?
Students in self-supporting programs such as MaSS are limited in their eligibility for certain types of fellowships and financial aid. In general, students are not able to receive any of the following:
1. Graduate Division or University Foundation funding
2. GSR or TA positions
3. State-funded fellowships/scholarships
You CAN apply for:
1. Extramural funding that will be awarded directly to you
2. Federal subsidized and un-subsidized loans (if you are eligible)
You can find a list of extramural funding opportunities here.
Can I apply my VA benefits to the MaSS program?
MaSS tuition/fees are eligible for tuition coverage under the Post 9/11 GI Bill or the Voc Rehab program up to the amount of your eligibility percentage found on your Certificate of Eligibility from the VA. The 2018 – 2019 tuition for the MaSS program is $48,000. Apply for your VA GI Bill or stipend benefits by going online to www.vets.gov. To apply for Voc Rehab benefits please make an appointment with a local Vocational Rehab Counselor.
Once your application is approved, you will receive a Certificate of Eligibility (COE) which will list the benefit(s) you are eligible for.
To then have your benefits processed, you can email your Certificate of Eligibility to our Veterans Benefits Coordinator at firstname.lastname@example.com.
For more information about Veteran Services at UCLA visit http://www.registrar.ucla.edu/Student-Records/Veteran-Services
Can I enroll part-time? Can I begin in Winter or Spring?
Because the MaSS curriculum is based on a coordinated course sequence, you must enroll as a full-time student beginning in Fall.
Can I work part or full time while I am in the program?
MaSS is a highly intensive, one-year program. MaSS students are enrolled full-time, and must earn a grade of B or better in all core courses, and a 3.0 GPA overall. MaSS students must spend significant time on campus attending classes, workshops, mentoring meetings, and other activities. Given these obligations, the MaSS program affords students limited flexibility for outside employment. Applicants should take these demands into account before committing to attend the program.
How many students are in the program?
We are a small, highly-selective program. We expect to enroll approximately twenty-five students each year.
How long does it take to earn the MaSS degree?
Our intensive program is three-quarters long, running from September to June each academic year.
What courses will I be required to take?
The MaSS curriculum includes eight core courses especially designed for and exclusively taught in the program. MaSS students are also required to enroll into one elective graduate course offered by departments in the Division of Social Sciences.
The MaSS core courses are:
- SOC SC 400A: Social Science Research and Perspectives (4 units)
- SOC SC 401: Qualitative Social Science Research Methods (4 units)
- SOC SC 402: Quantitative Data Analysis in Social Sciences (4 units)
- SOC SC 403: Advanced Quantitative Data Analysis in Social Sciences (4 units)
- SOC SC 404: Research Design in Social Sciences (4 units)
- SOC SC 410: Engaged Social Science (4 units)
- SOC SC 419: Data Analysis (4 units)
- SOC SC 420: Research Analysis and Writing (4 units)
Can I take elective courses?
Yes! You can take one elective course selected from the graduate course offerings in the Social Sciences. For additional elective courses, contact the MaSS program Academic Director.
What is the Major Research Paper (MRP)?
All MaSS students complete a Major Research Paper (MRP). To complete this project, students use their methodological and analytical training to conduct a secondary analysis of existing quantitative and/or qualitative data. The MRP is developed over three quarters under the guidance and mentorship of MaSS faculty.
Is housing available?
Yes. Students can either apply for UCLA-owned housing or choose from UCLA community housing to find off-campus apartments.
UCLA-OWNED HOUSING: The assignment of university graduate housing is lottery-based. Before applying for UCLA graduate housing, you must 1.) Be admitted to the program, 2.) Accept the offer (SIR), and 3.) Create a MyUCLA account.
After you have created a MyUCLA account, follow these steps to apply for UCLA Housing:
1) Go to the UCLA Housing page
2) Click on the "My Housing" icon
3) Click on "Access Housing Application & Offers" where you apply for housing and manage your housing preferences and offer
4) After logging in, you will land on the application page. Go to the top of the page, then click on the "Application" tab
To learn more about UCLA graduate housing click here.
UCLA COMMUNITY HOUSING: The Community Housing Office (CHO) provides non-university owned rental listings and rental resources to the entire UCLA community. Full-time UCLA students may search listings for free (you must have a MyUCLA account). The office also maintains additional resources to assist those searching for housing in the Los Angeles area. Click here to access listings.
What can I do to prepare for the MaSS program?
Recommended preparation includes introductory statistics and other social science research methods courses. However, prior coursework in these areas is not required to apply.


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Norton 360 is a comprehensive PC security and management suite that provides everything you need to protect you, your family and your most valuable data from online risks.
The program includes the same solid antivirus protection that you'll find in Norton Internet Security, a fast and accurate malware detection engine that regularly scores highly in independent antivirus tests.
The bundled firewall prevents hackers from reaching your PC, and spyware from phoning home. It does this for the most part invisibly, so you won't be drowned in alerts - it just works.
IE and Firefox toolbars work to keep your safe online, by alerting you to dangerous links in your search engine results before you click on them. Improved antispam does a good job of keeping your mailbox free from scams. And parental controls block sites that may be unsuitable for kids, limits their web access to the times you specify, and produces detailed reports so it's easy to keep an eye on what they're doing.
You also get a very capable backup tool that works at several different levels. You could simply use it to back up your emails in a few clicks; you might specify a whole collection of files and folders to back up locally; and Norton 360 even includes 2GB of online backup space for the maximum possible protection.
And the final module is PC Tuneup, which offers simple tools to help control your Windows startup programs, delete junk files and clean your Registry.
A powerful and effective security suite that doesn't require you to set schedules, answer frequent alerts or make complex decisions. Just install Norton 360 and it'll keep you safe all on its own, although more advanced control options are there if you need them


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As of recently (well a few weeks ago) I upgraded to Windows 8 and I don't know whether to give it five stars or one. Although it has a lot of features, is it really worth the upgrade?
Windows 8 after its first month of being released actually sold about 40 million licenses which is up from Windows 7 sales. However, the selling rate of windows PC's actually dropped 13% between October and December according to Mashable.
With the removal of the start button, it makes accessing your files, and roaming your computer much more difficult. Instead of being in the desktop it brings you to a whole new page to search. Although, once you have had it for a little while, you get used to it.
On the plus side if you like to play games while waiting for something to download, upload or you just have some spare time on your hands, then windows 8 comes in handy. With the store on the start page (instead of the start button) you can download many apps including games, utilities and different social media outlets.
Not only does Windows 8 have apps it has a plethora of shortcuts from searching go adding extending your monitor onto another screen. It also has a lot of features like personalizing your lock screen and start page. And although Windows 8 was made for more of a tablet it seems to be adapting to the PC just fine.
So whether you like it or love it, you're a gamer or a writer, Windows 8 is what's out there now and looks like we will all just have to get used to it. In my opinion, it's a nice change from Windows 7.


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- Date
- 07 Feb 2014
- Tags
- Sochi 2014 , IOC News
Bach leads first Games Coordination Meeting
International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach today chaired the first Games Coordination Meeting of the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games.
The gathering, which brings together the representatives of the main stakeholders of the Olympic Movement and the Games Organising Committee, is a forum where the progress of the Games is discussed, as they get underway.
President Bach opened the meeting by welcoming the various participants and underlining the importance of the meeting for the good functioning of the Games. He then passed the floor to the Sochi 2014 delegation led by Sochi 2014 President Dmitry Chernyshenko, who updated the group on the progress being made as Sochi prepares to deliver its Opening Ceremony tonight and following the first day of competition.
The Sochi report was followed by updates from the different groups represented around the table, including the IOC Coordination Commission, represented by its Chairman Jean-Claude Killy; the Association of National Olympic Committees; the Association of International Olympic Winter Sports Federations; the IOC Athletes' Commission; the IOC Vice-Presidents; and the IOC administration.
President Bach concluded the meeting by restating his confidence in the work of the Organising Committee and wishing President Chernyshenko and his team good luck for the Games.
The Games Coordination meeting is a regular forum at Games time to ensure that all of the key Olympic Movement stakeholders are able to regularly exchange at a senior level on the progress of the Olympic Games. It forms part of the IOC's wider Games management structure, which includes evaluation commissions, coordination commissions, and a large knowledge transfer programme.


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We believe that community is important as it suggests both a genuine fellowship within our church family and an open door to those around us. We want to be a place of peace for those in chaos, a place of forgiveness for the guilty, and a place of hope for the hopeless.
Church is paramount in our mind and "New Life" and "Family Worship" truly define who we are. We are people called by His name, transformed by the blood of His Son, who have had a course charted for them by God. We pray He will find us worthy of His calling.
May God bless you and yours. Please feel free to contact us in any manner you desire for any questions you might have. We look forward to seeing you at New Life Family Worship Center, as we serve the Lord of our lives.
Pastor Steve Medeiros
If you have a counseling need or
just wish to speak with the pastor,
please feel free to call or email
at any time.
Church Office: 520-586-2337
Pastor's Cell Phone: 575-799-6149
Email: email@example.com


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A Girl named Isabella
Charlie abuses bella. THIS STORY IS UP FOR ADOPTION!!!!!!!! CONTACT ME IF YOU ARE INTERESTED
Don't comment on the relationship moving fast, I meant for it to move fast. and I know the first two chapter are short and suckish. So please refrain from commenting on those >
1. Meeting Bella
Rating 3.1/5 Word Count 732 Review this Chapter
Why me?? Why this?? All I ever did was try to make everyone happy. And this is my reward. Daily beatings from my abusive dad. It isn't MY fault Renee divorced him. But it doesn't matter. He hates me and always will. I thought as my dad, Charlie, was punching me. When will I be saved?? A day far from today. "Isabella!! Get out of my sight!! You got blood on my carpet!" I hobbled up to my room, the attic. I was able to feel the severity of my injuries, each torturous step to my room was enjoyment for my dad. He hated me. Once in the almost safe haven of my room, I checked out the new injuries. Black eye, 2-ouch-3 broken ribs, and a sprained ankle. I reached for the first aid kit and attempted to fix my injuries. Great, my first day at a new school and I look HORRIBLE. I am already losing weight from my dad somewhat starving me by only allowing me to have some bread and butter. I was covered in bruises from head to toe. Just get some sleep, work on covering everything in the morning. Jeez, I am going to be arriving to middle school tomorrow looking like I got hit by a bus. I wish I could be at my mom's house. But, she is traveling with Phil. I didn't know that being near Charlie could be so bad. I carefully laid down and I cried myself to sleep.
Ugh. I can't believe the other 13 year olds are MY age. Boys are SO immature. They took a look at my baggy clothes and laughed. Some REALLY weird, yet friendly girl sat next to me. I think her name was Alice Cullen. She said my eyes were a beautiful color. But my brown eyes didn't even compare to her strange gold eyes. One word, WOW. Before we exited the bus, the small girl hugged me. She was cold, and she was hard. Whatever, I am in to much pain to worry about it. I stood up and got pushed back down. Someone helped me up, Mike Newton I believe. I winced as he wrapped his arms around my broken ribs. He didn't seem to notice. Great, he had to catch me twice. It wasn't a problem, I only weigh 85 pounds. Mike kept his arm around my bruised waist while he introduced me to Jessica Stanley, Angela Weber, Erik Yorki, Tyler Crowley, and Lauren Mallory. Angela looked concerned for me. "Are you OK Isabella?" she asked. "Yeah, and call me Bella" I said.
I made my way into the classroom. Biology was my first class. I walked up and sat down next to a person named Edward. I stared at him and he smiled. "Hello Isabella." He said with a great amount of kindness and a small amount of concern. "Hi, call me Bella." I told him. He smiled. "OK class! We have a new student, Isabella Swan!" I blushed and turned away. Edward chuckled. I spent the whole hour talking to Edward; I had already learned this lesson before. I studied his angelic features. Bronze hair, pale skin, gold eyes, all together, completely beautiful. He was unique, kind and gentle. Then the loud bell rang. "May I walk you to class, Ms. Swan?" he asked, taking my hand. "Yes." I replied, out of breath. We walked out the room, everyone staring.
Coincidently, we both had math next. I sat by him again and thought how life can have its ups and downs, and school is defiantly an 'up'. The school day flew by fast. I went outside and entered the noisy bus. Mike was saving me a seat. "Hi!" he said enthusiastically. I smiled brightly and he seemed to melt. I sat next to him with Alice and Jasper sitting in front of us. Alice asked me to come to her house and go shopping with her. I said ok and she told me Edward likes me. A lot. It wasn't a huge shocker, but I stopped breathing for a second. Mike looked hurt. I smiled apologetically to him. He half smiled. Poor Mike. When I got home, I ran upstairs. Charlie isn't home yet. When he got home, I would have to ask if I could go. He will say yes, only to get rid of me.
- Author
- I am Bella Swan
- Rating
1 2 3 4 5
- Reviews
- 35
- Words
- 2777
- Views
- 1
- Published
- 23 Apr 09
- Updated
- 20 Sep 13
- Status
- In Progress


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Host Mr Putin appears very composed in a number of pictures.
Expert's view Blair and Putin look one another straight in the eye. Blair's smile is slightly nervous, Putin relaxed and confident, his left arm grasps Blair's upper arm. Putin looks like the man in charge. Does he have the upper hand?


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Strange things have been happening to John and Phillipa, but when they have their wisdom teeth pulled out, the strangest of all happens, they get visited in their minds by their uncle Nimrod. He tells them that they should visit him in London instead of going to summer camp. The kids go home and they tell their parents that they want to go to London and surprisingly their parents agree. When they get to Nimrod's house they realize that they may not be just human! I loved this book from the start. It had really great writing and the storyline was awesome! In one part you think that the book is over, but the author comes back with some really cool stuff. This book is great for people with an interest in ancient egyptian history and magic or just someone looking for a good book. The Akhenaten Adventure gets 5 out of 5 shields.
♦♦♦♦♦ 5 out of 5 shields


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Engagement rings are a measure of your love — a testament to how well you know your partner. Above all else, the ring you design should be specifically tailored to her lifestyle and personality.
Selecting Your Centre Stone
Type of Centre Stone
Although diamonds are most common, you may also consider rare gemstones such as rubies, sapphires or emeralds. Gemstones are especially beautiful alternatives for individuals with a tighter budget. In this guide, we will cover diamonds.
Diamond Shape
Diamonds come in many different shapes, each with their advantages and disadvantages. The following are popular diamond shapes:
What Matters Most to You
Each diamond is unique and in order to find your perfect diamond, you will have to prioritise what matters most to you. When grading diamonds, there are 4 main factors that are considered: carat, clarity, colour and cut. Whilst carat weight increases price exponentially, going up and down clarity, colour or cut grades influences the diamond price generally by 15-20%.
Diamond Specialist strongly recommends choosing GIA (Gemological Institute of America) certified diamonds as it is the international diamond grading standard.
The largest determinant of price is the carat weight (1 carat = 0.2g). The price of a diamond increases exponentially as you increase carat weight due to rarity. Although diamonds are most commonly measured in carat weight, we strongly recommend focusing instead on the actual dimensions of a diamond. Due to the way the diamond is cut, a 0.95ct diamond may appear larger than a 1ct diamond. Another detail to look out for are magic numbers, e.g. 1ct and 2ct. Demand for these sizes are high and their prices reflect that. Despite being visibly the same size, a 1ct and a 0.99ct may differ greatly in price.
Diamonds that are 100% eye-clean (with no visible inclusions or blemishes when viewed by the naked eye) exist within the:
FL (Flawless at 10x magnification)
IF (Internally Flawless at 10x magnification)
VVS1 (Very Very Slightly Included to the first degree at 10x magnification)
VVS2 (Very Very Slightly Included to the second degree at 10x magnification)
VS1 (Very Slightly Included to the first degree at 10x magnification)
VS2 (Very Slightly Included to the second degree at 10x magnification)
It is also possible (but not always) for diamonds to be 100% eye-clean at:
SI1 (Slightly Included to the first degree at 10x magnification)
SI2 (Slightly Included to the second degree at 10x magnification)
Although the difference in clarity may be invisible, some clients prefer to invest in higher clarity diamonds. However, 100% eye-clean SI clarity diamonds are also very popular as they allow you to invest more in visible qualities of the diamond e.g. colour and size.
White diamonds are given a colour grading between D to Z (D being colourless and Z being lightly yellow.) Colourless diamonds are considered more desirable and are therefore more expensive than diamonds with a yellow tinge. Depending on your sensitivity to colour, most of our clients are not able to tell the difference from between the D to H range. If you do choose to go with a diamond lower in the colour scale, selecting yellow or rose gold for the band will help offset the yellowness in the diamond and make it appear whiter.
Cut grading is determined by a diamond's proportions, symmetry and polish. The grading system consists of 5 cut grades: excellent, very good, good, fair and poor. As this is what makes a diamond sparkle at its best, we strongly recommend selecting diamonds within the excellent to very good cut grade.
Fluorescence is a natural occurrence in diamonds. It happens when there is nitrogen in the diamond, which reacts with UV light (black light) causing the diamond to emit blue, yellow, red or brown light. Generally, from none-faint, fluorescence is invisible unless examined under UV light. Depending on the diamond and the type of fluorescence (blue), it may positively affect the diamond, making it shine brighter and whiter than it would have otherwise. Diamond Specialist recommends looking at diamonds within the none-faint range as it does lower the cost of the diamond whilst remaining invisible in day-to-day life.
Important factors beyond the 4Cs
Although rarely mentioned, there are many factors that are crucial to the appearance of diamonds. As these factors are not included in their grading report, they are often overlooked (this is often the case for 'too-good-to-be-true' priced diamonds.)
BGM (Brown, Green, Milky)
Brown, green or milky diamonds are to be avoided. Brown and green tinged diamonds (unless you like the look of them) are considered undesirable in white diamonds as they are dark enough to be noticeable but too light to be considered a fancy coloured diamond. Milkiness turns white diamonds translucent or even opaque, thus eliminating the brilliance of the diamond.
Light, Medium, Dark Centres
Due to the way the diamond is cut in brilliant cut diamonds, some diamonds will appear to have more shadows in the centre of the diamond, even if the cut grade is the same. Unless you like the appearance of diamonds with dark centres, light or medium centres are recommended.
Bow-Tie Effect
In elongated shapes such as the oval, pear, marquise and radiant cut diamonds, shadows in the centre of the diamond form a 'bow-tie' display. This occurs in varying degrees in these diamond shapes, from light to very noticeable.
GIA and other diamond certificates
Diamond Specialist strongly recommends purchasing GIA certified diamonds as they are the international standard for diamond grading. Diamonds graded by other institutions (although much more affordable) may differ greatly from your expectations as their standards are more relaxed than that of GIA.
Designing your ring setting
Lifestyle and Fashion
The ring you design should reflect her lifestyle and fashion. For example, high settings allow more light to enter the diamond, causing it to sparkle more. However, for women who use their hands often in their everyday life (e.g. gardeners, nurses, hairdressers), a low setting is recommended. This means that the diamond is placed closer to the wearer's fingers and will therefore decrease its chance of being caught. As this topic is extensive and different for every client, we strongly recommend making an appointment for a free consultation with our specialists.
The easiest way to get started on designing your ring setting is to draw inspiration from existing ring designs. Search the internet and drop by jewellery stores to see what catches your eye. As we are a bespoke jeweller, our consultants will help you every step of the way to combine the elements you like along with your own original flair.
18K White Gold, Yellow Gold, Rose Gold and Platinum
When choosing the metal for your ring, aesthetics is the main determinant. 18K white gold and platinum are currently the most popular choices for engagement rings. When choosing between platinum and white gold (unless you are particularly fond of the platinum aesthetic), we recommend 18K white gold over platinum due to advantages in maintenance and cost. Although white gold scratches, it will not bend out of shape as easily as platinum. A rhodium coating can also be applied to white gold every couple of years to eliminate scratch marks and return your ring to its original state.


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Are you pregnant and interested in maternity or newborn photos? Or wanting to have your family's pictures taken? Perhaps you have a furry pet baby who is turning one, or something else up your sleeve!
Guess what? I'd love to hear from you. Fill in the form on the right and give me 24 hours to respond, or give me a call at 281.798.4055! Thank you.
You can also email me directly at email@example.com.
Image taken by Paige of Awake Photography


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In preparing to start ManagInc, a company that helps property management companies become more socially responsible, you can imagine how much reading I did about topics that not only related to my business idea – but were also very important to me personally. ManagInc's tagline is "The Art of Managing for Success"; the point of this is that one can't create, nurture and grow a company by focusing on spreadsheets and performance metrics. My belief is that long term sustained success, whether it was the near 800% growth my old company experienced in its last ten years, or sustained success achieved by much larger companies, comes from a focus on the people who make your success possible. Treating others the way you always wanted to be treated. Engagement and loyalty cannot be demanded – but it can be earned when you create an environment built on a caring foundation. When you care about your team and customers, guess what? They care back! That's a formula where Everyone Can Win®.
The articles I dove into ranged from being about Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), in general, to more specific areas that I felt impacted this – such as about what drives employee engagement and customer loyalty, to community service, philanthropy, environmental stewardship and more. Areas that particularly fascinated me, due to my DNA, belief system, and business philosophy, were employee engagement and customer loyalty (having created and owned a customer and employee satisfaction research for well over a decade – this was something near and dear to me).
In particular, I was fascinated with research about Millennials, their "social activist" nature, and what drives them as it relates to employment decisions, engagement at work, purchasing decisions, and lifestyle.
Beyond the research, I thought about my two sons (25 and 27 years old). We've always been close. I've always been active in their lives (I'm proud to say I am a recovering helicopter parent). And I knew many of their friends well. This continued from the early days of sleepovers, to today where their friends and they are in a very different stage of their lives. I see their passion about the world they live in. How either they have dedicated their working life to having a positive impact on society, or how they invest their free time in the same types of important areas. And how they define themselves by their whole being, not just what they do from 9-5. My sons' own passions were inspirational to me – and certainly played a role in creating my new business.
Given the challenges our world and society face today, everyone should be applauding the Millennial generation's dedication to something other than work and a paycheck. From articles I've read to conversations with many executives, I continue to be blown away by how many Baby Boomers can't seem to accept that Millennials are different, wonderfully different, and that one must adjust – the old rules just don't apply to Millennials. Accept this, adjust and good things will follow. Or be stubborn, fight it, but be prepared for high employee and customer turnover, a poor online reputation, and a negatively impacted bottom line.
Now we come to a wonderful article I read about Millennials. Early in the article the author shares how a popular bumper sticker his (my) generation used to slap on our cars exemplified the difference between the two generations. The infamous bumper sticker read, "He Who Dies With the Most Toys Wins" (FYI, I never owned one of these!). He then discusses how Baby Boomers and Millennials are different – in particular regarding motivations, work, work-life balance, and contributing to the greater good. It validated all of the research I had done, as well as my personal beliefs. By sharing this article, I hope more executives will take the time to read it, ponder it, and make adjustments. It is possible for everyone to reach their goals, and I believe it starts with focusing on those who make success possible. Everyone Can Win®.
#csrmatters #csrtalk


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Hydraulic Fracturing Primer – American Petroleum Institute
Clean burning natural gas is critical to American manufacturing jobs, to farmers for fertilizer, to households for heating and cooking, to businesses for electricity and fuel for transportation needs, and to society to help address climate change concerns because of its low carbon-content.
Click here to download the Freeing Up Energy PDF
U.S. Geological Survey Study of Fayetteville Shale Water Wells
A study that examined the water quality of 127 shallow domestic wells in the Fayetteville Shale natural gas production area of Arkansas found no groundwater contamination associated with gas production, according to a report released today by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Click here to read the article
STRONGER Review of Arkansas's Hydraulic Fracturing Regulations
In 1990, the Interstate Oil Compact Commission (IOCC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) jointly published a Study of State Regulation of Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Waste, which contained guidelines for the regulation of oil and gas exploration and production wastes by the IOCC member states (the "1990 Guidelines"). The published guidelines, developed by state, environmental and industry stakeholders, provided the basis for the State Review Process, a multi-stakeholder review of state exploration and production (E&P) waste management programs against the guidelines. The purposes of the State Review Process are to document the successes of states in regulating E&P wastes and to offer recommendations for program improvement. In 1994, the guidelines were updated and revised (the "1994 Guidelines) by the IOCC, now named the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC).