text:
- Research
- Open Access
Maternal feeding practices, child eating behaviour and body mass index in preschool-aged children: a prospective analysis
- Jane E Gregory1,
- Susan J Paxton1Email author and
- Anna M Brozovic1
© Gregory et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
- Received: 30 March 2010
- Accepted: 28 June 2010
- Published: 28 June 2010
Previous research has found associations between parental feeding practices and children's eating behaviour and weight status. Prospective research is needed to elucidate these relationships.
One hundred and fifty-six mothers of 2- to 4-year-old children completed questionnaires including measures of maternal feeding practices (pressure to eat, restriction, monitoring and modelling of healthy eating), child eating behaviour (food responsiveness, food fussiness and interest in food), and mother reported child height and weight. The questionnaire was repeated 12 months later. Regression analyses were used to find longitudinal associations between maternal feeding practices, child eating behaviour and child body mass index (BMI).
Modelling of healthy eating predicted lower child food fussiness and higher interest in food one year later, and pressure to eat predicted lower child interest in food. Restriction did not predict changes in child eating behaviour. Maternal feeding practices did not prospectively predict child food responsiveness or child BMI.
Maternal feeding practices appear to influence young children's eating behaviour but not weight status in the short term.
- Eating Behaviour
- Healthy Eating
- Feeding Practice
- Child Body Mass Index
- Food Responsiveness
The World Health Organization has acknowledged a global "obesity epidemic", attributed to recent increases in the availability of energy-dense foods and sedentary lifestyles [1]. In line with international trends, the proportion of Australian children classified as overweight or obese rose from 11-12% in 1985 to 23% in 2007 [2, 3]. Despite global environmental changes, there are still large variations in weight status between children, indicating that there are individual differences in children's susceptibility to the current obesogenic environment [4]. Differences may be physiological (e.g., metabolism), behavioural (e.g. responsiveness to food) or environmental (e.g., parental feeding practices). It is essential to explore modifiable factors that may contribute to child weight status to inform the development of effective public health interventions.
Parental feeding practices refer to the behaviours of parents that influence children's eating. Strategies used by parents might include direct attempts to control children's food intake, such as pressuring children to eat more, or restricting their intake of unhealthy foods. Control may also be exerted indirectly by monitoring the child's intake of unhealthy foods, or by modelling healthy eating in front of the child [5, 6]. The effectiveness of these strategies as a means to modify child eating behaviour or child weight status is unclear.
Cross-sectional studies have found that both pressure to eat and restriction were associated with child eating behaviour and child weight status. Pressure to eat has been consistently associated with lower child body mass index (BMI) [7–10] and has been found to be more frequently used by parents whose children are fussier eaters [11, 12]. In turn, children's fussy eating and rejection of new foods have been associated with lower BMI [13, 14], less healthy food preferences and poorer nutrition [15, 16]. Parental use of restriction has been associated with higher child weight in some studies [10, 17], but not others [8, 18]. Restriction was also related to girls' eating in the absence of hunger [19], an eating style that is positively associated with BMI [13, 14]. Monitoring, on the other hand, has not been associated with child BMI [8, 10] or eating behaviours [11] in cross-sectional studies. Due to the cross-sectional nature of these studies, we cannot draw conclusions about possible causal relationships. Parents' use of pressure, restriction and monitoring may be reactive to the eating behaviour or BMI of their children, or alternatively these feeding practices could contribute to the development or maintenance of eating behaviour and weight status.
A small number of studies have examined the longitudinal impact of parental feeding practices on child eating behaviour and weight. Faith et al. [20] conducted a prospective analysis of parental feeding practices in a sample of 57 parents of 7-year-old children. Children were categorised as either high or low risk for overweight according to whether their mothers' pre-pregnancy weight was above the 66th or below the 33rd percentile. The authors found that higher child BMI at 7 years was predicted by lower use of pressure to eat and higher use of restriction by parents at 5 years, but only in children who were at a high risk for overweight. In the low risk group, more frequent use of monitoring at 5 years predicted lower BMI when the child was 7 years old. These relationships remained significant after controlling for the child's BMI at 3 years [20]. In contrast, a study of 74 white children and 47 African American children revealed no longitudinal impact of pressure to eat, restriction or monitoring on changes in total fat mass over 2.7 years [21].
With regards to child eating behaviour, one study found that mothers who used pressure to eat more frequently when their daughters were aged 7 years, had daughters who were pickier eaters at age 9 years. This study also found mothers' fruit and vegetable consumption at 7 years was associated with higher fruit and vegetable consumption and lower picky eating in daughters at 9 years. The results suggested that modelling of healthy eating was a more effective strategy than pressure to promote healthful eating behaviour [15]. Another study with a sample of 9-year-old girls found that girls were more likely to eat in the absence of hunger at 9 years when their mothers used high levels of restriction at 5 years, compared with those whose mothers used low levels of restriction [22].
Together, these studies provide some evidence that pressure to eat and restriction may be counter-productive feeding strategies. It seems intuitive to use pressure to increase children's consumption of healthy foods, and restriction to reduce their consumption of unhealthy foods, but these feeding practices may actually induce the opposite of the intended effect. Further research using broader samples is required to explore these relationships further.
We were unable to find any other prospective studies addressing the impact of modelling of healthy eating on child eating behaviour or BMI. However, a number of studies have found that parents' fruit and vegetable consumption is positively related to child fruit and vegetable consumption [23–25]. Furthermore, experimental research has found that toddlers and pre-school aged children were more likely to accept a new food if an adult was eating the same food, than they were if the food was simply presented to them [26, 27]. Further research is required to establish whether modelling of healthy eating has a sustained positive impact on child eating behaviour, and subsequently weight.
This brief review of relationships between parental feeding practices, child eating behaviour and child BMI has highlighted the need for more prospective research in this area. There is some evidence to suggest that pressure to eat and restriction may have a negative impact on child eating behaviour, which could affect child weight status over time. However, these preliminary conclusions are based on a small number of studies with primary school-aged children. A large twin study suggested that child eating behaviours are already established by the age of 4 years, and remain stable thereafter [28], and so young children are a particularly important target group for identifying the risk and protective factors for healthy eating.
The aim of the present study was to examine the extent to which maternal feeding practices prospectively predict the development of eating behaviour and BMI in pre-school-aged children. We hypothesised that the use of maternal feeding practices with 2- to 4-year-old children would prospectively predict child eating behaviours and child BMI over 12 months. We expected that these relationships would be significant after controlling for child age and gender, for maternal age, BMI and education, and for initial levels of the dependent variable (i.e., the particular child eating behaviour or child BMI at time 1).
Specifically, based on previous research we hypothesised that over a period of 12 months:
Pressure to eat would be associated with higher child food fussiness and lower child interest in food.
Modelling healthy eating would be associated with lower child food fussiness and higher child interest in food.
Restriction would be associated with higher child food responsiveness.
Monitoring would be associated with lower child food responsiveness.
Pressure to eat would negatively and restriction would positively prospectively predict child BMI.
Participants and procedure
The sample consisted of mothers of children aged between 2 and 4 years old from The Child and Family Health Study in Melbourne, Australia [29]. Recruitment was conducted through community notices in local newspapers and via playgroup co-ordinators who invited mothers in their groups to participate. Mothers were instructed to complete the questions with regard to one specific child at both time points, and at follow up they were provided with the initials and date of birth of the child they had initially responded about. Questionnaires were received from 183 mothers in the initial phase, and 157 (86%) of these participated in the 12-month follow up. One participant was removed due to incomplete data on several subscales, leaving a final sample of 156.
This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at La Trobe University. Participants were sent two identical questionnaires one year apart. The mean period between Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2) was 55 weeks (standard deviation = 4 weeks), with a range of 39 to 67 weeks. Participants received a $10 supermarket gift voucher for their participation at each time point.
Demographic information and Body Mass Index
The demographic questionnaire included information about the mother's age and level of education, as well as height and weight information for calculating her BMI. Mothers also reported on their child's age, gender, weight and height. Child BMI z scores (BMIz) were calculated using NutStat, a computer program which calculates BMIz adjusted for age and gender, using United States based norms from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2000 growth charts [30].
Feeding practices and eating behaviour
Three subscales from the widely used Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) were used to measure maternal feeding practices: pressure to eat; restriction; and monitoring [5].
Modelling of healthy eating was measured using three items written for the purposes of this study: "I try to eat only healthy foods in front of my child"; "My child sees me eating fast food" (reversed item), and; "My child sees me eating healthy snacks (e.g. fruit, yoghurt, nuts, toast)." These were measured on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 = never, to 5 = always.
Child eating behaviours were measured using items from the food responsiveness and food fussiness subscales of the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ), which has been shown to have good validity and internal reliability [31, 32]. The food responsiveness subscale measures the extent to which children eat in response to food cues rather than satiety (e.g. "Even if my child is full up s/he finds room to eat his/her favourite food"). Food fussiness measures children's picky eating behaviour (e.g. "My child is difficult to please with meals") and acceptance of new foods (e.g. "My child enjoys tasting new foods").
Data analysis
To establish that the eating and feeding measures were appropriate for our sample, a factor analysis was conducted on each subscale. The original items from a subscale were retained when the scree plot showed one predominant factor with an eigenvalue greater than one. Cronbach's alpha (α) was used to test internal reliability of subscales. Variables were created by calculating the mean of all items in a subscale, and missing items were replaced with the participant's mean subscale score. Correlation analyses were used to measure stability of maternal feeding practices and child eating behaviours across the two time points.
Associations between maternal feeding practices, child eating behaviours and child BMIz were tested using Pearson's correlation coefficients and hierarchical multiple regressions. We first tested T1 and T2 cross-sectional correlations between feeding eating and BMIz, and then cross-lag correlations between T1 and T2. Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to test whether maternal feeding practices could predict changes in child eating behaviours over time. Time 2 child eating behaviours were entered as dependent variables, with a separate analysis for each of the three behaviours (food responsiveness, food fussiness, and interest in food). At step 1, we controlled for the respective T1 eating behaviour, and for potential covariates of maternal age, BMI and education, and child age and gender (1 = male; 2 = female). At step 2, we entered T1 pressure to eat, restriction, monitoring and modelling. If the T1 feeding practices were significant predictors of T2 eating behaviour after taking into account the effect of prior (T1) eating behaviour, this would indicate support for the hypothesis that maternal feeding practices predict the development of particular child eating behaviours.
A similar process was used to determine whether there was a longitudinal effect of maternal feeding or child eating on child BMI z-scores. T2 child BMIz was entered as the dependent variable. T1 child BMIz and the same potential co-variates were controlled for at step 1 before entering predictor variables at step 2. Two analyses were conducted, with maternal feeding practices (pressure to eat, restriction, monitoring and healthy modelling) as the independent variables in one analysis, and child eating behaviours (food responsiveness, food fussiness and interest in food) in the other.
Participant characteristics
The final sample consisted of 156 mothers, who were aged between 22 and 48 years (M = 35, SD = 5.2) at the point of initial recruitment. Eighty-seven percent of mothers were married or in a de facto relationship, and 60% were tertiary educated. Of the 137 (88%) mothers who provided height and weight information, 51% could be categorised as overweight or obese (BMI > 25), which is consistent with other Australian data for this age group [33].
The children of the participants were 51% female and had a mean age of 3.3 years (SD = 0.8) at the point of initial recruitment. Complete height and weight information for both time points was available for 68% of the children. Of these children, 15% could be considered overweight or obese according to the cut-off points of the International Obesity Task Force [34]. This represents a lower proportion of overweight in our sample when compared with age-matched peers in the Australian population [3]. Independent samples t tests found that those who did and those who did not provide height and weight data for their children did not significantly differ in age, mother's education, BMI, or any of the eating and feeding subscales (data not shown). The full sample (N = 156) was therefore retained, with a subsample (n = 106) used for the analyses requiring child height and weight data.
Scale properties and factor analysis
A separate principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted on each subscale to ensure that all items loaded onto one unique factor. For each of the CFQ pressure to eat and monitoring subscales, a single factor was found explaining 59% and 80% of the variance, respectively, and Cronbach's alphas (α) were .77 and .87. The restriction subscale PCA showed three factors with eigenvalues greater than one, but the screeplot showed a clear break after two factors, indicating that the first two factors explained much more of the variance than the remaining factors. The PCA was run again, this time forcing the items to load onto two factors. Two of the eight items did not load onto the first factor, so these two items (both regarding the use of food as a reward for good behaviour) were removed, and the final PCA showed one distinct factor explaining 50% of the variance. This 6-item version was used in the final analyses (α = .80). The three items measuring modelling of healthy eating all loaded onto one unique factor with an eigenvalue greater than one, explaining 63% of the variance. Unrotated items loadings ranged from .73 to .85 (α = .70).
The five items from the CEBQ food responsiveness subscale loaded onto a unique factor, explaining 54% of the variance (α = .76), and so all items were retained. A PCA of the six food fussiness items showed two discrete variables, explaining 41% and 36% of the variance. A varimax rotatation revealed that there were three items in each factor, and examination of the items found a distinct difference in language between the two factors. One referred to the child refusing new foods and being difficult to please with meals, while the other used positive language regarding the child's openness to new foods and enjoyment of variety in food. For the final analyses we kept these factors separate, labelling them food fussiness (α = .81) and interest in food (α = .89), respectively.
Mean (s.d.) scores and bivariate correlations for time 1 and time 2 maternal feeding practices and child eating behaviour (N = 156)
Mean (s.d.)
Pearson's r
Time 1
Time 2
(Mean age 3.3 years)
(Mean age 4.3 years)
Pressure to eata
2.74 (1.10)
2.73 (1.08)
.69 (p < .001)
3.55 (0.94)
3.35 (1.08)
.59 (p < .001)
4.45 (0.71)
4.33 (0.74)
.53 (p < .001)
Model healthy
3.94 (0.58)
3.87 (0.57)
.73 (p < .001)
Food responsivenessb
2.43 (0.70)
2.49 (0.70)
.62 (p < .001)
Food fussinessb
2.96 (0.84)
3.11 (0.81)
.64 (p < .001)
Interest in foodb
3.33 (0.87)
3.19 (0.81)
.21 (p < .05)
Stability of feeding and eating behaviour
Correlations between the two time points were highly significant (p < .001) for all of the feeding and eating subscales, with the exception of interest in food, which had a lower but still significant correlation (r = .21, p < .05). These results are presented in Table 1.
Simple associations between maternal feeding, child eating and child BMI
Cross sectional correlations between maternal feeding, child eating and child BMI at time points 1 and 2 (N = 156)
Child eating behaviours
Time 1 (Mean age 3.3 years)
Time 2 (Mean age 4.3 years)
(n = 106)
(n = 106)
Pressure to eata
Model healthy
BMI z-score
Cross-lag associations between maternal feeding, child eating and child BMI
Cross-lag correlations between maternal feeding, child eating and child BMI (N = 156)
Time 2 Child eating behaviours
(Mean age 4.3 years)
Time 1
(Mean age 3.3 years)
(n = 106)
Pressure to eata
Model healthy
Longitudinal analysis
Longitudinal predictors of child eating behaviours (N = 156)
Time 2 Eating behaviour (Mean age 4.3 years)
Time 1 predictors
Standardised Beta (p)
(Mean age 3.3 years)
Food responsivenessb
Food fussinessb
Interest in foodb
Step 1
R 2 Change = .42 (p < .001)
R 2 Change = .46 (p < .001)
R 2 Change = .06 (n.s.)
Eating behaviourc
-.63 (< .001)
.67 (< .001)
.22 (.014)
Child age
.12 (n.s.)
-.14 (n.s.)
.03 (n.s.)
Child gender
-.12 (n.s.)
-.10 (n.s.)
.10 (n.s.)
Maternal age
-.04 (n.s.)
-.09 (n.s.)
.01 (n.s.)
Maternal BMI
.07 (n.s.)
.02 (n.s.)
-.07 (n.s.)
Maternal education
.02 (n.s.)
.06 (n.s.)
-.03 (n.s.)
Step 2
R 2 Change = .01 (n.s.)
R 2 Change = .04 (p < .05)
R 2 Change = .13 (p < .05)
Pressure to eata
.00 (n.s.)
.01 (n.s.)
-.25 (.005)
.06 (n.s.)
.04 (n.s.)
-.02 (n.s.)
-.09 (n.s.)
.07 (n.s.)
-.04 (n.s.)
Model healthy
-.01 (n.s.)
-.23 (.002)
.25 (.010)
Child interest in food at T2 was not significantly predicted by the model combining potential covariates and prior child interest in food (step 1). The combined maternal feeding practices variables entered at step 2 significantly added to prediction of the model, explaining 13% of the variance. Pressure to eat at T1 negatively predicted child interest in food at T2. Modelling of healthy eating at T1 positively predicted interest in food at T2.
For child BMIz, the model combining potential maternal and child covariates with T1 BMIz (step 1) was a significant predictor of T2 BMIz, explaining 25% of the variance (R 2 = .25, p < .001). Child's BMIz at T1 was the only significant independent predictor (β = .49, p < .001). BMI z-score at T2 was not significantly predicted by T1 maternal feeding practices (R 2 Change = .01, p = .857), or by T1 child eating behaviours (R 2 Change = .01, p = .707) after controlling for maternal and child covariates, and T1 BMIz.
The aim of this study was to examine whether maternal feeding practices predicted child eating behaviours over one year after controlling for initial child eating behaviours in pre-school children. Our first hypothesis was partially supported. We found that pressure to eat negatively predicted interest in food but there was no prospective relationship between pressure to eat and food fussiness. Our second hypothesis, that modelling healthy eating would prospectively negatively predict food fussiness and positively predict interest in food was supported. Our third and fourth hypotheses that restriction would positively and monitoring would negatively predict food responsiveness was not supported. The secondary aim was to establish whether maternal feeding practices or child eating behaviours would predict child BMIz one year later, after controlling for initial BMIz. Contrary to our fifth hypothesis, there were not significant prospective predictors of child BMIz.
The finding that pressure to eat did not predict decreased child food fussiness 12-month period was contrary to both the original hypothesis, and the results of a prior longitudinal study, which found that girls whose mothers used higher levels of pressure to eat when they were 7 years old, showed more fussy eating behaviour at 9 years old [15]. There are a number of discrepancies between that study and the present research that could account for the different finding. The difference in ages between the two samples or the shorter time lapse between the two points of measurement may have influenced the findings. Unlike the present study, Galloway et al. [15] did not control for levels of fussy eating at the first time point, so it is not clear whether the pressuring techniques actually caused a change in girls' eating behaviour over time. The positive association between pressure at age 7 and fussy eating at age 9 might be explained by the child's initial fussy eating tendency, to which the parents responded with pressure to eat. Another reason for the distinction may be that the present study distinguished between fussy eating and interest in food. Pressure to eat at Time 1 was associated with the child's decreased interest in new foods over the 12-month period.
Batsell and colleagues [35] suggested that children who are forced to consume certain foods develop a "cognitive aversion" for those foods because they associate the food with the negative feeding experience. It is possible that the cognitive aversion might also apply to the general experience of trying new foods. If trying a new food is consistently paired with the occurrence of being forced to eat an unpalatable food, it may be that a child would show less interest in trying new foods in the future.
Previous research has found that parental consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with child consumption of these foods [23–25]. This has been attributed to social facilitation, a process in which children are more likely to engage in a behaviour if others present are engaging in the same behaviour [36]. This is supported by experimental research finding that children are more likely to taste a new food if other people are eating the same food than if the food is simply presented to them [26, 27, 37]. In the present study, we found that modelling of healthy eating was associated with decreased food fussiness and increased interest in foods over the 12-month period. It is possible that the child's experience of trying of new foods in the modelling situation is positively reinforced by the pleasant physical feelings experienced when they eat the healthy foods that are being modelled for them, making them more likely to try new foods again in the future. Another possibility is that the behaviour is reinforced through a cognitive pairing, similar to the "cognitive aversions" proposed by Batsell et al. [35]. If children are enjoying the shared experience of eating together with their parents in the modelling situation, then it is possible that these positive emotions could serve as a reinforcer for the trying of new foods.
The items for the two measures, food fussiness and interest in food, originated from the single measure of food fussiness from the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. A principle components analysis showed that the items clearly loaded onto two factors. For our sample, there was a distinct difference in the reporting of the negative behaviour of refusing foods, and the positive behaviour of enjoying trying new foods. This may have been a reflection of the language used in the measurement tool, or it could be an indication that an active enjoyment in trying new foods is not necessarily the opposite end of the fussiness continuum. An interest in trying new foods is a beneficial trait for a child to have, because it can take repeated tastings of a new food before a child accepts it [38]. It is likely that children who are interested in trying new foods will accept and enjoy a broader range of foods and will be more likely to meet their nutritional needs, and less likely to resort to more palatable, high-energy foods.
We did not find a significant longitudinal relationship between maternal use of restriction and child food responsiveness. This was contrary to both our hypothesis and prior research by Birch, Fisher & Davison [22], who found that mothers using more frequent restriction when their daughters were aged 5 had girls with higher levels of eating in the absence of hunger at aged 9. Again, there are a number of distinctions between the two studies that could explain the difference in the findings. It could be that younger children are more resilient to the effects of restriction. There is some evidence to suggest that younger children are able to regulate the eating according to internal hunger and energy intake than their older counterparts [28]. While we controlled for child age in all regressions in the present study, doing this would not take into account the differences in eating behaviour in our preschool-aged sample, compared with the 9-year-olds in Birch et al.'s study. We also used a different measure for eating behaviour, making it difficult to compare the two studies. Furthermore, our study only explored the influence of feeding practices after one year, and it could be that it takes longer than that to see effects on child eating behaviour.
In the present study, cross-sectional analyses revealed that restriction was positively correlated with food responsiveness at both time points. This finding, combined with the lack of a significant prospective association, provides support for the theory that restriction is a technique used in response to a food responsive eating style, and not necessarily a cause of it. However, it is important to be aware that these correlations could also be explained by third factor common to both variables, such as maternal concern about child weight status. Some recent studies have found an association between maternal use of restriction and concern about weight, but not between restriction and actual child weight status [18, 39]. Considering that parents tend not to be able to accurately recognise when their child is overweight [39], it could be that a combination of the child's actual weight and the child's food responsive eating style elicits concern in the parent, who then uses restrictive feeding practices in an attempt to modify the child's eating behaviour and subsequently weight. It is important to note that while we did not find any increase in food responsiveness or child weight, we also did not find any decrease, indicating that for this sample, restriction was not an effective modification tool.
We did not find any maternal feeding practices or child eating behaviours that predicted child BMI over time. It was interesting to note that in our sample, only 25% of the variance in child BMI at time 2 could be explained by the combined model of T1 child BMI, maternal BMI, age and education, and child age and gender. Of these, prior child BMI was the only independent predictor. A recent Australian study also found no significant association between maternal BMI and child BMI, and suggested that this was due to the young sample [40]. These findings indicate that environmental factors play a key role on child weight in these early years, highlighting the importance of understanding early influences on both child weight and on the eating habits that may later contribute to weight status.
This study benefitted from a longitudinal design, with measures repeated at each time point so that we were able to examine cross-sectional data at both time points in additional to the prospective analysis. We examined a range of feeding practices, including modelling of healthy eating which had not previously been studied in a prospective study with pressure, restriction and monitoring. Our 2- to 4-year-old sample enabled us to capture a key developmental period for child eating behaviour. There were, however, some limitations to the design. We had a relatively small sample for the number of comparisons we made, which increases the likelihood of finding a false significant result [41]. More than half our sample was tertiary educated, indicating that we may not have adequately captured a representative sample of women from a range of socio-economic backgrounds. Some studies show higher rates of overweight and obesity in people from a lower socioeconomic status [42], suggesting that these groups should be targeted for research and interventions. Our results should be generalised with caution, although it should be noted that the rates of overweight in our sample were in line with estimated national averages. Another limitation with our study was that we relied on mothers' reports rather than direct observations. Some mothers responses may have been influenced by their perceptions of the "right" behaviour with regards to feeding their children, and social desirability with regards to maternal and child weight status. There is evidence to suggest that parents tend to under report the weight of overweight children [43], which could explain the lower proportion of overweight and obese children (15%) in our sample compared with data for age-matched peers in Australia (18-21% for 2-3 year olds in 2007) [3]. Finally, our measure of modelling of healthy eating was one written for the purposes of this study. Items were written from a theoretical basis and relied on mothers' perceptions of what constitutes "healthy foods". The measure has not been independently validated, although is did have sufficient internal consistency and showed associations in accordance with our predictions. Given the significant findings for this variable, it would be useful to explore the concept of healthy modelling further, and to test whether this is a valid and reliable measure for modelling of healthy eating.
Despite the recent increases in childhood overweight and the current obesogenic environment [1, 44], the majority of children in Australia are able to maintain a healthy weight and meet their nutrient requirements [3]. The rate of overweight in adults, on the other hand, is more than twice that of children [33]. While there is evidence to suggest that eating behaviours developed in childhood carry on into early adulthood [45], perhaps the weight and health consequences of these behaviours don't become evident until later in childhood, as parental capacity as gatekeeper over the child's diet is reduced.
Our results suggest that modelling of healthy eating towards children has a positive effect over time on young children's acceptance of new foods and interest in a variety foods, however further research is required to establish the most appropriate time and means for preserving a child's natural ability to respond to internal cues of satiety and to adjust their eating according to energy intake. Parents may benefit from public health interventions that promote adult healthy eating habits as a means for developing and maintaining healthy eating behaviour in their children.
The authors would like to thank the mothers who participated in the Child and Family Health Study. This research was partially funded by a grant from the National Heart Foundation Australia.
Authors' Affiliations
- World Health Organization: Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: Report of the WHO Consultation. 1999, Geneva: WHO Technical Report Series 894Google Scholar
- Magarey AM, Daniels LA, Boulton JC: Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children and adolescents: reassessment of 1985 and 1995 data against new standard international definitions. Med J Aust. 2001, 174: 561-564.Google Scholar
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation: 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. 2008, Canberra: Australian GovernmentGoogle Scholar
- Wardle J, Carnell S, Haworth CMA, Plomin R: Evidence for a strong genetic influence on childhood adiposity despite the force of the obesogenic environment. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008, 87: 398-404.Google Scholar
- Ventura AK, Birch LL: Does parenting affect children's eating and weight status?. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2008, 5: 10.1186/1479-5868-5-15.Google Scholar
- Rhee K: Childhood overweight and the relationship between parent behaviors, parenting style, and family functioning. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2008, 615: 11-37. 10.1177/0002716207308400.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Keller KL, Pietrobelli A, Johnson SL, Faith MS: Maternal restriction of children's eating and encouragements to eat as the 'non-shared environment': a pilot study using the child feeding questionnaire. Int J Obes. 2006, 30: 1670-1675. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803318.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Carnell S, Wardle J: Associations between multiple measures of parental feeding and children's adiposity in United Kingdom preschoolers. Obesity. 2007, 15: 137-144. 10.1038/oby.2007.513.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Powers SW, Chamberlin LA, van Schaick KB, Sherman SN, Whitaker RC: Maternal feeding strategies, child eating behaviors, and child BMI in low-income African-American preschoolers. Obesity. 2006, 14: 2026-2033. 10.1038/oby.2006.237.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Birch LL, Fisher JO, Grimm-Thomas K, Markey CN, Sawyer R, Johnson SL: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Child Feeding Questionnaire: a measure of parental attitudes, beliefs and practices about child feeding and obesity proneness. Appetite. 2001, 36: 201-210. 10.1006/appe.2001.0398.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Farrow C, Galloway AT, Fraser K: Sibling eating behaviours and differential child feeding practices reported by parents. Appetite. 2009, 52: 307-312. 10.1016/j.appet.2008.10.009.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Carruth BR, Skinner J, Houck K, Moran J, Coletta F, Ott D: The phenomenon of "picky eater": A behavioral marker in eating patterns of toddlers. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998, 17: 180-186.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Webber L, Hill C, Saxton J, Van Jaarsveld CHM, Wardle J: Eating behaviour and weight in children. Int J Obes. 2009, 33: 21-28. 10.1038/ijo.2008.219.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Viana V, Sinde S, Saxton JC: Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire: associations with BMI in Portuguese children. Br J Nutr. 2008, 100: 445-450. 10.1017/S0007114508894391.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Galloway AT, Fiorito L, Lee Y, Birch LL: Parental pressure, dietary patterns, and weight status among girls who are "picky eaters". J Am Diet Assoc. 2005, 105: 541-548. 10.1016/j.jada.2005.01.029.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Russell CG, Worsley A: A population-based study of preschoolers' food neophobia and its associations with food preferences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008, 40: 11-19. 10.1016/j.jneb.2007.03.007.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Francis LA, Hofer SM, Birch LL: Predictors of maternal child-feeding style: maternal and child characteristics. Appetite. 2001, 37: 231-243. 10.1006/appe.2001.0427.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Crouch P, O'Dea JA, Battisti R: Child feeding practices and perceptions of childhood overweight and childhood obesity risk among mothers of preschool children. Nutrition & Dietetics. 2007, 64: 151-158.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Fisher JO, Birch LL: Parents' restrictive feeding practices are associated with young girls' negative self-evaluation of eating. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000, 100: 1341-1346. 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00378-3.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Faith MS, Berkowitz RI, Stallings VA, Kerns J: Parental feeding attitudes and styles and child body mass Index: Prospective analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Pediatrics. 2004, 114: 1073-10.1542/peds.2003-1075-L.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Spruijt-Metz D, Li C, Cohen E, Birch L, Goran M: Longitudinal influence of mother's child-feeding practices on adiposity in children. J Pediatr. 2006, 148: 314-320. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.10.035.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Birch LL, Fisher JO, Davison KK: Learning to overeat: Maternal use of restrictive feeding practices promotes girls' eating in the absence of hunger. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003, 78: 215.Google Scholar
- Vereecken CA, Keukelier E, Maes L: Influence of mother's educational level on food parenting practices and food habits of young children. Appetite. 2004, 43: 93-103. 10.1016/j.appet.2004.04.002.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wardle J, Carnell S, Cooke L: Parental control over feeding and children's fruit and vegetable intake: How are they related?. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005, 105: 227-232. 10.1016/j.jada.2004.11.006.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- De Bourdeaudhuij I, te Velde S, Brug J, Due P, Wind M, Sandvik C, Maes L, Wolf A, Perez Rodrigo C, Yngve A, Thorsdottir I, Rasmussen M, Elmadfa I, Franchini B, Klepp KI: Personal, social and environmental predictors of daily fruit and vegetable intake in 11-year-old children in nine European countries. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008, 62: 834-841. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602794.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Addessi E, Galloway AT, Visalberghi E, Birch LL: Specific social influences on the acceptance of novel foods in 2-5-year-old children. Appetite. 2005, 45: 264-271. 10.1016/j.appet.2005.07.007.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Harper LV, Sanders KM: The effect of adults' eating on young children's acceptance of unfamiliar foods. J Exp Child Psychol. 1975, 20: 206-214. 10.1016/0022-0965(75)90098-3.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Ashcroft J, Semmler C, Carnell S, van Jaarsveld CHM, Wardle J: Continuity and stability of eating behaviour traits in children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007, 62: 985-990. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602855.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Gregory JE, Paxton SJ, Brozovic AB: Pressure to eat and restriction are associated with child eating behaviours and maternal concern about child weight; but not child body mass index in 2- to 4-year-old children. Appetite. 2010, doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.02.013Google Scholar
- EpiInfo's Nutrition Program, NutStat. [http://www.cdc.gov/epiinfo]
- Wardle J, Guthrie CA, Sanderson S, Rapoport L: Development of the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001, 42: 963-970. 10.1111/1469-7610.00792.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Carnell S, Wardle J: Measuring behavioural susceptibility to obesity: Validation of the child eating behaviour questionnaire. Appetite. 2007, 48: 104-113. 10.1016/j.appet.2006.07.075.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Australian Bureau of Statistics: National Health Survey: Summary of results, 2007-08. Cat. No. 4364.0. 2009, Canberra: ABSGoogle Scholar
- Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH: Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. Br Med J. 2000, 320: 1-6. 10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Batsell WR, Brown AS: Human flavor-aversion learning: A comparison of traditional aversions and cognitive aversions. Learn Motiv. 1998, 29: 383-396. 10.1006/lmot.1998.1016.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Clayton DA: Socially Facilitated Behavior. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 1978, 53: 373-392. 10.1086/410789.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Salvy SJ, Vartanian LR, Coelho JS, Jarrin D, Pliner P: The role of familiarity on modeling of eating and food consumption in children. Appetite. 2008, 50: 524-528.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wardle J, Cooke L, Gibson EL, Sapochnik M, Sheiham A, Lawson M: Increasing children's acceptance of vegetables; a randomized trial of parent-led exposure. Appetite. 2003, 40: 155-162. 10.1016/S0195-6663(02)00135-6.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- May AL, Donohue M, Scanlon KS, Herry B, Dalenius K, Faulkner P, Birch LL: Child-feeding strategies are associated with maternal concern about children becoming overweight, but not children's weight status. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007, 107: 1167-1174. 10.1016/j.jada.2007.04.009.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Joyce JL, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ: Parent feeding restriction and child weight. The mediating role of child disinhibited eating and the moderating role of the parenting context. Appetite. 2009, 52: 726-734. 10.1016/j.appet.2009.03.015.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS: Using multivariate statistics. 2000, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 4Google Scholar
- O'Dea JA: Gender, ethnicity, culture and social class influences on childhood obesity among Australian schoolchildren: implications for treatment, prevention and community education. Health and Social Care in the Community. 2008, 16: 282-290.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Scholtens S, Brunekreef B, Visscher T, Smit H, Kerkhof M, De Jongste J, Gerritsen J, Wijga A: Reported versus measured body weight and height of 4-year-old children and the prevalence of overweight. European Journal of Public Health. 2007, 17: 369-374. 10.1093/eurpub/ckl253.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Lake A, Townshend T: Obesogenic environments: exploring the built and food environments. J Roy Soc Promot Health. 2006, 126: 262-267. 10.1177/1466424006070487.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Nicklaus S, Boggio V, Chabanet C, Issanchou S: A prospective study of food variety seeking in childhood, adolescence and early adult life. Appetite. 2005, 44: 289-297. 10.1016/j.appet.2005.01.006.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
Notable confusables
Last week we talked about some Notable Confusables, and you and your kids had fun with a bunch of online grammar quizzes. How'd you do?
Clearing Up Confusing Combos
If your children had trouble with any of the concepts, they'll enjoy the following engaging and interactive learning tools. They'll view definitions, learn the rules, and practice the new skills with the click of the mouse. Give 'em a try!
. . . . .
Do you or your kids need additional help tackling these Notable Confusables? The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation offers concise, helpful rules, examples, and practice exercises. It's a combination reference book and workbook, super easy to use, and handy for home or office. Examples are short, simple, and practical. We know you'll love it too! Want to read some reviews? Just click here.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
SANTA FE, New Mexico (Reuters) - Thousands of pilgrims made their way to El Santuario de Chimayo this Easter weekend, believing that a miraculous soil associated with the church will heal their pains and cleanse their sins.
Pilgrims came by plane, car and foot, some traveling hundreds of miles to reach the small adobe church in northern New Mexico, most of them arriving by Good Friday.
Some carried huge wooden crosses, others traveled with walking sticks or in wheelchairs, with many entering the church often called the Lourdes of America on their knees before making their way to the holy dirt said to have healing powers.
According to legend, the site for the church at the base of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains was the result of a miracle.
In 1810, Bernardo Abeyta, a local man, found a glowing crucifix in the dirt. He later took the icon and placed it in a church in nearby Santa Cruz, New Mexico. But the crucifix reappeared soon after in its original spot.
After several more failed attempts to place the crucifix elsewhere, the residents of the area decided to build a chapel on the spot where the icon appeared. It was built around 1816.
A room in the church now holds the "holy" dirt gathered from the site, which devotees put into small plastic bags. The dirt is free, although pilgrims often make donations.
In a nearby room the walls are covered with crutches, walking sticks, and letters testifying to the healing power of the soil take from the church.
"It's not the dirt that makes the miracles!" Father Casimiro Roca, the priest at the church, once told the New York Times. The miracles are "the work of the Good Lord," he said.
Belinda Martinez of Albuquerque said she walked 15 miles carrying a photo of her ailing mother. She arrived at the church and gathered two small plastic bags of the reddish dirt, one for her mother and one for herself.
"My mom couldn't come today so I'll take this dirt to her and rub it on her body, and then we'll all sit together and pray," she said.
Andrew Valdez came to honor his 3-year-old son, Leland, who died earlier this year in a child abuse case. The boy's mother and her boyfriend were found guilty of child abuse charges.
After placing blue balloons on his son's grave, Valdez, 25, and his 4-year-old daughter, Alyssa, left the nearby town of Nambe and walked five hours to reach the church on Friday.
"I've done this walk since I was 4 or 5 years old, but this year it really helped me cope with the loss of my son," Valdez said. He collected a bag of dirt he said he would spread across his son's grave, and he left a photo of his son in the church.
Angelina Velarde left Santa Fe Thursday night at 10:30 p.m., arriving at the church doors by 9 the next morning. She called the nearly 30-mile walk "treacherous" but inspiring.
"I've always wanted to do this walk, and now that I've done it, I know that I can do anything," she said. "This was a once in a lifetime thing."
Editing by Corrie MacLaggan and Peter Bohan


text:
Tracking the latest technical readings, we can see that shares of China Xd Plastics CO (CXDC) have a current 60-day commodity channel index signal of Hold. The CCI indicator is generally used to identify overbought and oversold levels. The CCI signal direction is currently pointing to a Rising. Turning the focus to the medium-term indicator on company shares, we note that the reading from the 40-day commodity channel index is presently Hold. The current direction of the signal is pointing to a Falling.
When the stock market is doing well, there may be plenty of winners in the portfolio. Figuring out when to sell a winner can be a tricky proposition. Many investors will be quick to take profits while others may want to hold out for further gains. Selling winners too early or holding on to winners too long may have a negative impact on the trading portfolio. Finding that balance between securing profits and holding out to take higher profits in the future can be very helpful for the active investor.
Tracking some alternate information, we have noted that the company's current book value is 14.84. The book value is the per share value of a company based on its equity available to common shareholders for the trailing 12 months. Shifting gears, the company has a current interest coverage value of 2.49. This value measures a company's ability to honor its debt payments. When the value is below 1, the company may not be generating enough cash from its operations to meet its interest obligations. Tracking current trading session activity on shares of (company), we can see that the stock price recently hit 2.38. Since the start of the session, the stock has managed to touch a high of 2.44 and drop to a low of 2.35.
Just-released report names Cannabis Stock of the Year for 2019! Their last pick has seen a +1,200% return since he released it!
This stock has all of the makings of the next great cannabis stock – early-mover advantage, international exposure and influential partnerships, plus it has a product that is unlike anything else on the market…
You will also receive a free, weekly newsletter to stay on top of the latest industry trends, read analysis on promising cannabis stocks, and more. Click here to receive your Free Report immediately!
Investors are often closely following recent stock price support and resistance levels. The support is a level where a stock may see a bounce after it has dropped. If the stock price can break through the first support level, the attention may move to the second level of support. The resistance is the opposite of support. As a stock rises, it may see a retreat once it hits a certain level of resistance. After a recent look, the stock's first resistance level is 2.43. On the other side, investors are watching the first support level of 2.34. Investors may also want to take a longer-term look at company shares. According to the most recent information, the stock has a 52-week high of 4.25 and a 52-week low of 1.28. Staying on top of longer-term price action may help provide investors with a wider scope of reference when examining a stock.
Investors may be looking closely at current stock market levels as we move towards the closing stages of the year. Investors might be reviewing current holdings to see if there are any changes that need to be made. Even when things are going good with equities, it may be wise to regularly check the portfolio to make sure that everything is still balanced properly. Being prepared for various market conditions may be a great help to the investor when the winds of change eventually blow in.
Receive News & Ratings Via Email - Enter your email address below to receive a concise daily summary of the latest news and analysts' ratings with MarketBeat.com's FREE daily email newsletter.


text:
We offer a full suite of qualitative methods.
For each study, we identify the method that speaks to both our client's business question and the needs of the participants.
In-person methods allow for the most direct access to the respondent's point of view, thoughts, and feelings – through the ability to listen closely, watch interactions, and observe non-verbal cues in real time and with no interference from technology. Participants gain from engaging directly with others who have similar interests, needs, or challenges. We believe in in-person methods: Focus groups and interviews are the cornerstone of our work.
Telephone interviews remain a useful qualitative method, especially for a quick study that requires depth or for participants with busy schedules. There's almost nothing simpler than a well-managed telephone conversation, and we can easily add a Web component to show stimuli during the call.
Digital methods allow for powerful research in surprising situations. Online groups, boards, and digital diaries offer opportunities to capture in-depth multimedia feedback from respondents who are geographically far-flung. Mobile methods invite participants to share feelings and provide in-the-moment commentary while making a purchase decision, participating at an event, or browsing while shopping. With digital qual, the options and applications are virtually endless.


text:
This CCTV BNC extender can be used with any DVR or CCTV set up to extend the BNC connection. This extenders works 1:1. It comes as a set transmitter and receiver.
Copyright © 2019 HDCabling - Centurion / Boksburg, HDMI v2.1, v2.0 Splitters, HDMI Cables, Networking Cable, CAT6, CAT7P, CAT5e FTP, DSTV / Multichoice Video/Audio Solutions, Optical Toslink, Switches, Apple Ipad Accessories, VGA Splitters, RCA Switches, Multiswitches, mini-Displayport, FirewireCopyright 2014 HDCabling CC


text:
My _______ Wears Combat Boots. Choose My Aunt, My BFF, My Boyfriend, My Brother, My Brother-in-Law, My Cousin, Dad, My Daughter, My Daughter-in-Law, My Friend, My Girlfriend, My Granddaughter, My Husband, My Mom, My Nephew, My Niece, My Sister-in-Law, My Sister, My Son, My Stepdad, My Stepdaughter, My Stepmom, My Stepson, My Uncle. Size Charts
Additional Information


text:
We are getting near the end of 2016, which means Christmas is pretty close and the rush for buying gifts has officially begun.
I understand not everyone cares for or celebrates Christmas but I personally grew up celebrating it every year with all my family and eating lots of good homemade food, so I have a lot of good memories.
As for Christmas gifts, it all depended, one year we could get exactly what we (my sisters and I) wanted and the next we could get something very simple, like a pair of socks, just so that we could actually say we got something.
Growing up my parents' financial situation was let say "volatile". But it didn't matter in the end it was good regardless of what we got.
I believe the value of Christmas is not in the gifts and how expensive they are but rather in celebrating Jesus, love and family (my personal belief).
If you however, have the means to buy nice things for your loved ones then I think you should; after all it's a special day.
I don't know about you but there is only two days of the year that I get very nice gifts from my family and that is my birthday and Christmas, so I don't think there is anything wrong with spending a little more on those days.
So whether you are going to splurge this year or simply get together with friends on Christmas, make sure you have a good time and that you celebrate and enjoy the people in your life. Life is very short and there is nothing more precious then the people we love.
With all that in mind, this year I decided to create several blogs for Christmas gifts. I am gonna start with a luxury list, but I will also share an affordable list, techy, unique ideas and so on.
I hope this will help everyone. And if there is something you are looking for that I have not covered please send me an email. I am always open for ideas!
Here is my luxury gifts' list for the men of every age and taste.
Rolex New DateJust 41
This is the new generation of the classic Oyster Perpetual Datejust, with an updated design in a 41 mm case and the new Rolex calibre 3235.
You can buy it in yellow or Everose Rolesor versions – a combination of 904L steel and either 18 ct yellow or Everose gold – with a wide selection of dials.
Taster's Club Whiskey Subscription
If you are looking for something unique and fun, this might be the perfect thing. You can pay for an entire year or 6 months of subscription as a gift for someone you know would enjoy this.
You can actually pay for as many months as you want. With a whiskey subscription you get a new, premium bottle of whiskey delivered to your home every month.
The whiskey comes from distilleries all over the country and this gives you an opportunity to try them all. It also comes with whiskey educational materials so you can become an expert.
Gucci Dublin Slip-On Sneakers
Sneakers are never too many! Having a nice pair of sneakers that you can dress up or down is always good. This one by Gucci is casual and also effortlessly trendy. Buy here
HANRO Davide Robe
This robe is super comfortable (I have one) and stylish. It's reversible with a contrast shawl collar and side pockets.
It looks a lot like the classy Hugh Hefner robes, makes you look like a boss! It's made from a herringbone pattern of 100% double faced jersey cotton.
This robe features a contrast shawl collar and reversible hidden side pockets with sophisticated sash-tie. Buy here
Genuine Crocodile Leather Card Holder by MDA
A genuine crocodile leather card holder is such a classy item. This is something most men can appreciate.
This card holder by Marcos de Andrade is perfect for the minimalistic man, who likes understated luxury items. Buy here
Salvatore Ferragamo Double Gancini Buckle Calfskin Belt
You can't go wrong with a classic belt that gives just enough style to a man's every day look. Buy here
Dior Homme 23MM Square Sunglasses
This Dior sunglasses in silver is perfect for the winter. Buy here
Givenchy Stars On Stripes iPhone 6 Case
For a luxurious but yet small gift there is nothing like this iPhone case. Buy here
Last but not least, if you are not sure if any of the above gifts would work for whomever you are shopping for, this sweater is the right thing.
COMME DES GARÇONS is a trending brand and its designs are low key enough to where it works for every man. Buy here
Ralph Lauren Sutton Carbon Fiber Leather Poker Set.
Hope you guys enjoyed this gift list. Stay connected to see the next list "affordable gifts".


text:
Hi Jean-Claude, I was suggesting empty: observer="" rather than not present. The current spec allows for not present, but the content must be the ID of another element, i.e., it can't be empty. Having said all of this, my recollection when I did some work on this for our Sidewinder Viewer is that the missing piece of the jigsaw is actually in DOM 2 Events, is it not? Registering on the root node is possible (obviously), but not the document object itself. It's a while since I've looked at this, so I could be wrong...and if it's true it may already be addressed in DOM 3 Events. Regards, Mark Mark Birbeck CEO x-port.net Ltd. e: firstname.lastname@example.com t: +44 (0) 20 7689 9232 b: http://internet-apps.blogspot.com/ w: http://www.formsPlayer.com/ Download our XForms processor from http://www.formsPlayer.com/ _____ From: Jean-Claude Dufourd [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] Sent: 12 May 2006 15:42 To: Mark Birbeck Cc: firstname.lastname@example.com Subject: Re: [SVGMobile12] STZLC3-9 listening to document events Mark Birbeck wrote: However, one thing that does strike me is that if we agree that observer becomes a URI then this could just fall out by using an empty @observer value. Is that the kind of solution others were thinking of? Reading the current XML events spec, I see for the definition of observer: The optional observer attribute specifies the id of the element with which the event listener is to be registered. If this attribute is not present, the observer is the element that the event attribute is on (...), or the parent of that element (...). So an empty observer already has meaning. We thought about this too. Best regards JC -- Jean-Claude Dufourd - Chief Scientist, Streamezzo 83, Bd du Montparnasse 75006 Paris - Tel: +33 (0) 153632847 http://www.streamezzo.com - Fax: +33 (0) 142224601Received on Friday, 12 May 2006 17:05:26 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Wednesday, 8 March 2017 09:47:08 UTC


text:
As President / Board Chair of UX Speakeasy and founding board member of the Design Forward Alliance, I'm working to make a lasting impact in San Diego by helping build a vibrant design community. As a principal designer at HP, I'm working alongside brilliant engineers and designers to make technology an easier and more amazing part of our lives.
But most importantly, as a husband and dad, I'm obsessed with my family and want them to be proud of what I do to impact the world.
I'm the luckiest guy I know.


text:
This week on the podcast we're talking about the annual Physics Sing-Along, which takes place every year at the APS March Meeting. Go listen to it!
Some of us are still recovering from the awesome intensity of the APS March Meeting, where we learned about such things as the physics of mosh pits; a new device to keep your moonshine safe; and a language map of New York City, constructed using data from Twitter.
|Walter Smith and 95 Blues Berry Way at the 2013 Physics Sing-Along
L to R: Eugene Borovikov, Walter Smith, Victor Yakovenko and Sergey Yershov
If you've ever attended the meeting you know it's a whirlwind of amazing new physics, but it can also be mentally exhausting. Packing new information into your brain 8 hours a day for 5 straight days requires stamina, and it's important to take a break and unwind. And what better way to do that than by singing? And if you can sing about physics, well that's all the better!
Which brings me to one of my favorite events at the March Meeting: the Physics Sing-Along. This is an event hosted by Walter Smith, who is a professor of physics at Haverford College. Smith and his wife, Marian McKenzie, started writing physics songs that Smith could use as a teaching tool in his undergraduate classes, but 8 years ago he decided to start the sing-along as a social activity at the meeting. The result is one of the most awesomely nerdy things I've ever seen.
You can see the complete Sing-Along program here.
The one downside to the night was the creepy guy who kept sneaking around taking pictures of everyone.
We were unable to catch this guy before he left, so as far as we know he's still at large.


text:
Carmen Hayes spreads her sexy black legs and gets her hungry vagina pumped hard and fast
Video added: 5 years ago Viewed: 5062 times Porn Stars: Carmen Hayes Video sponsored by: Naughty America
Special price ! Only Today ! GET full access to Naughty America video and photo archives. Join Naughty America now
Comments: no comments for this video. Add comment
Thank you! Your comment has been sent for review.
Unexpected error occurred, please contact support


text:
Friday, October 24, 2008
The Road to Ukraine
The road to Ukraine--it's finally starting to become real for me. From January-April, 2009 I'll be a Fulbright Scholar, teaching museum studies and working with museums in Ukraine. It's an amazing opportunity and I'm very much looking forward to meeting and working with students and colleagues there. My work will focus primarily on issues exhibits and interpretation.
One request for my blog readers. Resources for books and other teaching materials are extremely scarce in Ukraine. I'll be shipping all kinds of materials to help establish a useful library for the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, my host institution. If you have samples of items such as exhibition designs, gallery guides, school programs, educational kits or other materials and want to share, please contact me.
My other observation is about how, for me, this has become, already, a piece of personal meaning-making. I applied for the Fulbright because of the chance to work with museums and Ukraine was a country I only knew a slight bit about. However, as I think about it, I realize that I've come across Ukraine--and Ukrainian Americans-- in a number of different projects. Years ago, a project on ethnic resorts in the Catskills helped me learn about vibrant Ukrainian resorts and communities in the Catskills. The picture above--that's not from Ukraine, but of the beautiful wood church that's St. John the Baptist Ukrainian Catholic Church in Jewett. Many communities here in the Northeast have Ukrainian communities--most recently I've had the chance to learn about that community in Sayre, PA as part of a project for the Sayre Historical Society. A part of the Dutch and American exhibit project Passing on the Comfort that I've worked on this year for the Mennonite Central Committee and the International Menno Simon Center is about Ukrainian Mennonites. And, as I've told friends and colleagues about the Fulbright, I'm amazed at how many say, "oh, my family came from Ukraine!" So I'm beginning to stitch together my own picture of Ukraine, and can't wait for the opportunity to really immerse myself in this vibrant, complicated culture.
I'll plan to blog regularly in this space about my time there--so check back. If you're reading this and wondering if I'm available for projects next year...yes! Whether I'm in Kyiv or upstate New York, I can still be in touch and will be back by the end of April.
From top to bottom: Ukraine Road, Jewett, NY
St. John the Baptist Ukrainian Church, Jewett, NY
Members of Sayre's Ukrainian community on a picnic, circa 1910.
Labels: meaning-making, Ukraine
No comments:
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
You can now find my fics more easily, by fandom, pairing, length, whatever you want to look for. You can be notified of new fics posted using the RSS Feed. If you only want to be notified of certain fandoms, the address of those feeds are on the left. If you're looking for something specific, the list of all tags or the filtering page may help you search, or the list of all fics sorted by month and year (this lists only the titles).
For stories with multiple chapters, the print view will show you all chapters on one page.
Rating: General
Summary: As promised, the Doctor takes John Chesterton to Goros IV. Of course things don't go to plan.
Read the story
Rating: General
Summary: John Chesterton doesn't believe in Father Christmas, the Tooth Fairy or the Doctor.
Notes: Written for the Doctor Who Minor Characters Ficathon, where the prompt was John Chesterton realizing his parents might not have been making it up
Read the story
Rating: PG
Summary: Fifty years in her past, Kate Stewart meets Rachel Jensen for tea and problem solving.
Read the story
Site created by Paranoidangel
Powered by WordPress


text:
Mark chapter 4 gives us an account of a rather "eventful" voyage taken by Jesus and his disciples across the Sea of Galilee.
As evening came, Jesus said to his disciples, "Let's cross to the other side of the lake."So they took Jesus in the boat and started out, leaving the crowds behind (although other boats followed). But soon a fierce storm came up. High waves were breaking into the boat, and it began to fill with water.
Jesus was sleeping at the back of the boat with his head on a cushion. The disciples woke him up, shouting, "Teacher, don't you care that we're going to drown?"
What I love about this story – and about the Bible in general – is the timelessness in its relevance. No doubt, ALL of us have had one or more of these "in the middle" experiences. We set out doing something, like going (or going back) to school, starting a business or new career, taking a new path in ministry, or any number of things, CERTAIN that we are following the voice of God or pursuing our God-given passions, gifts and so forth. We start with fervor. Direction. Purpose.
But then at some point we get to the middle… Ahhh, the middle. Too far from the shore we left. Too far from the shore we're trying to reach. That place where something called life rears its ugly head and makes us question all that we thought we knew. Loved ones die unexpectedly. Money problems arise. Children become ill… or lose their minds. Extra hours are required on a job that is already stressful enough. Class assignments pile up to your eyeballs. Turmoil erupts between spouses. These storms come seemingly out of nowhere, disrupt our peace and make us question whether we really heard God, or as the disciples anxiously did, question whether he takes notice of our condition.
Let me tell you something.
Friend, peace is not the absence of turmoil. Peace is a person – Jehovah Shalom! The Lord Himself is our peace and prosperity. He is constant, unmoved. Circumstances do not take Him by surprise or upset Him. The problem in this story is NOT the storm. Yes, the storm was uncomfortable. Storms tend to be that way most times… But the problem here is that the disciples, at least temporarily, forgot who Jesus was. Jehovah Shalom, in the flesh, was aboard the ship. I find it somewhat comical that they didn't appear to doubt Jesus's ability to survive the storm (despite his being sound asleep down below), but they sure doubted, temporarily, His willingness to aid in their survival. Psalm 46 tells us that the Lord is a very present help in the time of trouble. Psalm 91 tells us that those who abide in the shelter of the Most High and rest in the shadow of the Almighty do not fear… because they have absolutely no reason to. It matters not what happens around them; the Lord is their keeper! You DO NOT have to be troubled by your troubles, because Peace keeps you! HALLELUJAH!!!
If we persist in the Father's presence, we are then able to receive REST of Him. Rest is the point of decided trust in His ability, and not our own. Rest is the place where we enter in and are refreshed by His presence. It is the place of worship, where we slow down and take time to acknowledge and hear from Him who is more than capable of showing us how to navigate "the middle."
So if you find yourself in "the middle" today, tempted to give up or throw in the towel, regroup and remember who is aboard with you… Jehovah Shalom is with you! He does take notice! He does care! The Lord Himself is your peace and prosperity! He Himself is your rest, and His grace empowers you and provides every single thing you need to make it to your destined place! Don't you dare let "the middle" distract and deter you into giving up! This storm is no match for God! There is so much ahead of you! God has GREAT and specific plans for you! He is WITH you and FOR you! Eyes have not seen, neither have ears heard the good things He has in store!
Keep pressing, friend! "The middle" is NOT your end!


text:
(To see other currencies, click on price)
Main description:
The Gravity of Weight: A Clinical Guide to Weight Loss and Maintenance, by Sylvia R. Karasu, M.D., and T. Byram Karasu, M.D., is a scholarly and critical inquiry into the field of overweight and obesity. Reviewing more than 900 publications, from some of the early classical papers to the most recent research, the authors have integrated the complex psychological and physiological aspects of the mind, brain, and body to explain why the control of body weight is so daunting for so many people. Written primarily for clinicians in all health-related fields, including physicians, psychologists, nurses, social workers, and nutritionists, as well as for their intellectually curious patients, The Gravity of Weight explores the controversy regarding obesity as a disease with morbidity and mortality, as well as the complex methodological issues involved in obesity research. The authors delineate the extraordinary metabolic complexities implicated in weight control as well as the importance of circadian rhythms and sleep as they relate to weight and even disorders such as the night eating syndrome. They also investigate the psychological aspects of overweight and obesity, including discrimination against the obese and the fat acceptance movement, and they discuss some of the most common diets as well as the psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, and surgical treatment options currently available for these patients.The Gravity of Weight: A Clinical Guide to Weight Loss and Maintenance is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary text that synthesizes some of the most essential information for successful weight control: - The role of the environment, including diet, disordered eating, and portion control, in weight management- The National Weight Control Registry and the study of those successful at weight control- The importance of differentiating weight loss from weight loss maintenance- The qualitative and quantitative measurements of physical activity, including the role of exercise for maintenance of weight loss- The contribution of genetics to "the obesities" - Depression and obesity: cause or consequence?- Psychotherapeutic strategies, including cognitive behavioral therapy - Medical and surgical treatment approaches and their effectiveness
Drs. Karasu have drawn from both professional and personal experience to write The Gravity of Weight: A Clinical Guide To Weight Loss and Maintenance. Both had fathers who suffered from morbid obesity. One died at the age of 56, while the other lived to be 91. The authors' professional curiosity led them to question how differences in environment, genetics, and overall physical and psychological health can affect one person's longevity and another's early passing.
In searching for the answers to some of the most perplexing questions regarding weight, the authors have created what is perhaps the most comprehensive exploration of the relationship of the mind, brain, body and our environment to overweight and obesity. The resulting text deserves a prominent place in the library of those who work in this field.
Publisher: American Psychiatric Publishing
Publication date: April, 2010
Pages: 492
Dimensions: 152.00 x 229.00 x 33.00
Subcategories: Psychiatry


text:
In the first days of winter, when my little stretch of vacation had started and my Christmas knitting was done, I took some time to finally finish up my Winterwoods sampler. (Check out the explanation of the stitch-along and the flickr group of all the pretty finished ones.)
Perhaps it was that I watched a few episodes of Downton Abbey as I worked, but cross-stitching makes me feel very Jane Austen-y. I hadn't done it in ages, but this made me want to do more. Something about slipping the thread back and forth is soothing to me. And, although knitting is my true love, I see that stitching could make a nice change every now and then.
I'm thinking of starting this summer-y pattern from Alicia to replace my Winterwoods on the wall as the seasons change. I could also see the fun in coming up with your own patterns. I'm tickling with something Valentine-y as we speak, actually. If it comes to anything I may share it here.
But while we're planning not-knitting projects, if there are any quilters out there, I could use some help. Getting a jump on my New Year's resolutions, I've decided to make a twin-sized version of this "Japanese X and +" quilt. The blocks are 11.25" each, so (with some rounding) to get a standard twin-sized quilt, I think I need 48 blocks total.
I've also decided that I want to make this quilt with a combination of Monaluna Havana and Monaco, which comes in either fat quarter bundles or half-yard bundles. Each bundle contains 8 fabrics, so total I'm looking at either 8 yards or 16 fat quarters.
From there, I have no idea. Eight yards of fabric seems like an awful lot to make a quilt, but I'm having trouble visualizing the fat quarters and whether that will be enough. Please don't do any complicated math on my account, but if any of you have made enough quilts to "eyeball it"--"Yes, 8 yards is ridiculous!" or "No way will the fat quarters be enough!"--you will have my eternal, undying gratitude.