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The LP's first single, River In Me, features Jehnny Beth from the band Savages.
It's a follow-up to the Danish artist's 2013 LP Lost, which saw him focusing on his live band rather than solo production work. The album's first single, "River In Me," features vocals from Jehnny Beth from the British rock band Savages. "I've been a huge Savages fan since their debut record," he says. "[Beth] has this really intense and unique voice and it ended up being really challenging, and fun, to take that voice out of the Savages' universe and into mine."
While Fixion isn't out until the fall, the single is due out next month with an alternate Trentemøller mix on the B-side. It'll be accompanied by a video by Riton Emenius, the collaborative project of Swedish director Åsa Riton and Swedish artist Andreas Emenius. There's no tracklist for the album yet.
River In Me
01. River In Me
02. River In Me (Trentemøller Remix)
In My Room will release River In Me on June 24th and Fixion in September.


text:
For Halton Too, Loloi borrows the power-loomed construction from its original Halton Collection, adding a series of new, tonal, chenille/viscose designs in elegant fabric-inspired and geometric designs. The cool, serene palette spotlights on-trend blues, grays and silvers.
We encourage any discussion or questions concerning this product. Our goal is to personally respond to any questions placed during business hours within 30 minutes.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Own your ow legal marijuana business
Your guide to making money in the multi-billion dollar marijuana industry
|Major Studies of Drugs and Drug Policy
|Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding - Table of Contents
National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding
Chapter III
Social Impact of marihuana use
Within the context of public safety another issue which merits attention is the extent to which drivers under the influence of marihuana constitute a hazard on the nation's streets and highways. Although in recent years increasing attention has been given to this issue, at present little empirical evidence exists to inform discussion.
To assess the actual and potential impact of marihuana on traffic safety, a number of basic research questions must be answered.
the extent to which marihuana, users actually drive while under the influence of the drug
the extent to which marihuana users driving while "high" commit traffic violations and are involved in traffic accidents
the amounts of marihuana consumed immediately prior to the commission of traffic violations or the involvement in traffic accidents and the drug's role in these events
the nature and extent to which marihuana actually impairs psychomotor skills, judgment
and driving performance
To date, the generalizations made concerning the effects of marihuana on driving behavior have generally been based on statistical studies of traffic violations and accidents and inferences drawn from more general studies of the physiological and psychological consequences of marihuana use, such as changes in pulse rate, reaction time, neuromuscular coordination, time estimation and spatial perceptions.
Such studies pose serious limitations in the nature, reliability and validity of the data. The basic problems derive from difficulties in identifying and attributing cause. A major obstacle in such retrospective analysis is the inability to separate the effects of marihuana from those possibly engendered by the use of other drugs, such as alcohol, tranquilizers and amphetamines. Finally, conclusive analysis is impossible until a reliable technique is developed for measuring the level of marihuana present in the body of the driver at the time of his violation or accident.
Prospective experimental studies of actual reactions to road conditions and traffic
emergency situations would undoubtedly provide the most reliable and valid data, but such
studies would themselves endanger the public and have not been undertaken. Researchers
have relied, therefore, on controlled laboratory simulator studies and direct interviews
with those who have admitted to driving while under the influence of marihuana.
With respect to the simulator studies , the available evidence suggests that while, in some cases, marihuana has produced interference with certain motor or mental abilities which affect driving behavior, these effects were generally believed to be readily overcome by the exercise of extreme caution by the driver and a significant reduction in speed.
The few driving simulator tests completed to date have generally revealed no significant correlations between marihuana use and driving disabilities. Comparison of the simulator scores of users and nonusers, however, did reveal small but nonsignificant differences in the number of speedometer errors made.
These simulator studies also examined the comparative effects of alcohol and marihuana on driving scores. The findings of one study, though controversial, suggested that intoxication resulting from low doses of marihuana was less detrimental to driving performance than was the presence of alcohol at the legally prohibited blood level of .10%.
The methodological limitations of the study raise serious questions about the reliability and validity of the findings. As one critic has noted, "It does not follow automatically that lack of effect of a drug on the simulated task will correlate with lack of effect on the actual task." Further , the use of dissimilar doses of alcohol and marihuana has led another critic to assert that "finding that a heavy dose of alcohol caused more impairment than a mild dose of marihuana is neither surprising nor helpful in assessing the relative effects of the two drugs in the relative doses in which they are normally used."
Recent research has not yet proven that marihuana use significantly impairs driving ability or performance. The Commission believes, nonetheless, that driving while under the influence of any psychoactive drug is a serious risk to public safety; the acute effects of marihuana intoxication, spatial and time distortion and slowed reflexes may impair driving performance. That the risk of injury may be greater for alcohol than for marihuana matters little.
Obviously, Much more research needs to be undertaken in this area. Hopefully, recent
studies sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health and other agencies will soon
provide the concrete information that is needed.
|Library Highlights
Major Studies:
Schaffer Library of Drug Policy
Major Studies of Drug and Drug Policy
Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding - The Report of the US National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
Licit and Illicit Drugs
Historical Research
Short History of the Marijuana Laws
The Drug Hang-Up
Congressional Transcripts of the Hearings for the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
Government Publications
Frequently Asked Questions About Drugs
Basic Facts About the Drug War
Charts and Graphs about Drugs
Other References:
Medical Marijuana
Information on Alcohol
Guide to Heroin - Frequently Asked Questions About Heroin
LSD, Mescaline, and Psychedelics
Drugs and Driving
Children and Drugs
Drug Abuse Treatment Resource List
American Society for Action on Pain
Let Us Pay Taxes
Marijuana Business News
Reefer Madness Collection
Medical Marijuana Throughout History
Drug Legalization Debate
Legal History of American Marijuana Prohibition
Marijuana, the First 12,000 Years
DEA Ruling on Medical Marijuana
Legal References on Drugs
GAO Documents on Drugs
Response to the Drug Enforcement Agency
|Drug Information Articles
Taking a drug test:
How To Pass A Drug Test
Beat Drug Test
Pass Drug Test
Drug Screening Tests
Drug resources:
Drug Abuse
Drug Addiction
Drug Rehab
Drug Rehabilitation
Drug Addiction Treatment
Drug Treatment
Medical Marijuana
Hemp Clothes
Prescription information:
Discount Ambien
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Discount Cialis
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Cheap Levitra
Cheap Morphine
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Cheap Ultram
Cheap Valium
Cheap Xanax


text:
A welcome addition to the CFMoto utility family, the U550 will tackle any size project head on. Fully loaded with a heavy duty towing kit, it won't be long before you, and everyone else realises you made a s... more
SAVE $1000.00 CFMoto 's U800 EPS with electronic power steering is the perfect combination of technology , lifestyle, utility and sports, making it the perfect vehicle for work or play. Packed with feat... more
HUGE SAVING AND FREE YOSHIMURA FULL RACE SYSTEM..... The RM-Z250 continues to deliver a high level of performance for 2018 by incorporating a variety of features originally created for Suzuki's factory race ... more
HUGE SAVING!!! A farmer's work is never done. At the end of a long day, there are still plenty of chores – gear to store, dogs to feed, and firewood to cut It's at times like these you'll b... more
HUGE SAVING!!! Drawing on expertise gained with farm-bred fuel injection systems for the legendary KingQuad 750 and KingQuad 500, Suzuki has now applied this leading edge technology to the KingQuad 400 range. T... more
HUGE SAVING!!!! Sporty and stylish bodywork. A comprehensive set of features for user convenience and comfort. The KINGQUAD 400FSi 4x4, powered by an efficient fuel-injected 376cm3 4-valve engine matched to a... more
HUGE SAVING!!!! CFMoto's journey continues with the introduction of the X400 , the first generation of mid-size ATV's from CFMoto. Compact in size and with greater fuel efficiency, the X400 pr... more
Built on the Successful X400 platform, the X500 EPS is the latest model from CFMoto. Ideal for recreation or work the X500 EPS is built tough and feature packed. Offering serious CFMoto value, the mid size X... more
A rugged performer, the Farm Spec includes more than $2,500 worth of extras such as 2500 lbs winch, wrap around protector bars, tow pack, hand guards, alloy A-Arm protectors, alloy wheels and 25" 6 ply tyres. Th... more
FREE BATTLE PACK VALUED AT OVER $1000 Power To Spare The 300 2-stroke is the perfect crossover tool. New valve timing provides even more smoothness as the horsepower builds. This big power is delivere... more


text: Just a matter of time for Conor McGregor vs Floyd Mayweather rematch in a cage February 9, 2018 Leave a comment What are the odds that boxer Floyd Mayweather fights in the UFC? That's the same question that many asked themselves when the thought of mixed martial artist Conor McGregor jumping in a boxing ring came to fruition. Both McGregor and Mayweather met for the first time last year. The undefeated Mayweather came out victorious in the squared circle. However, during ... Read More »


text:
Tricky Twenty-Two by Janet Evanovich
Stephanie Plum and the gang get into loads of crazy trouble trying to reschedule court dates for Vincent Plum's Bail Bonds in the twenty-second (!) installment of the series. This one is a little more serious than most, the craziness is still there and the cars still get ruined in unique ways, but Stephanie doesn't fare well physically, but mentally I think she's maturing. The conversations are a little deeper between characters and we finally find out why Lula is such a bad shot. And the ending… I'll just say fans will be thrilled.
As usual a great choice on audio; I listened to it on Playaway and had a great time walking in the woods laughing. At least the squirrels heard me coming!


text:
As a family run business we offer a personal service which separates us from a lot of our competitors. For this reason we will only take on one wedding per day, so if you choose us you will have our undivided focus and attention on your big day.
If you would like to book the date with us we require a £350 deposit which is payable by BACS or cheque. Our Banking details are:
The Barbeque & Banqueting chef
Sort code: 40-17-16 Account number: 31415743 HSBC Chichester
A copy of our terms of trading can be downloaded here


text:
Satori Sol recognize and acknowledge that when we are tan, we simply look better, we simply feel better. There is a certain feeling of sensuality, awareness, and well-being. It is our belief that one should tan with sol and enlightenment - at one with nature.
Our mission and hope is to inspire healthy, timeless tanning. With this philosophy in mind, we have combined nutrient-intense and curative botanicals from land and sea into our distinctive lotions. It is simply life itself. Ever-inspiring and nature based ingredients to help you achieve the darkest, healthiest and most beautiful tan.
Satori Sol.... A distinctive path.
© 2002 -
Privacy Policy ·
Terms & Conditions


text:
LightMark is an LED-based delineation lighting product that replaces neon in signage and corporate imaging. The lights are available in 5-ft and 10-ft strands or field-cut variable units that are modifiable on site. They deliver energy savings as high as 90% and use a 24VDC source and non-flammable materials. The lights come in red, green, blue, orange, and yellow and have a potential life of 10 years or more with little maintenance required.
TIR Systems
For more information, visit www.tirsys.com.
Hide comments


text:
NCCGAPNA Student Scholarship
Posted about 4 years ago by Jennifer Serafin
This announcement has 1 attachment:
The NCCGAPNA Student Scholarship is now open for applications. This scholarship was developed to assist one NCCGAPNA member, who is a current Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) student (CNS or NP) or recent graduate, to attend the Annual GAPNA Conference. This year, the conference is from September 30 - October 3, 2015 at the Marriott Rivercenter, San Antonio, Texas. More information on this year's conference is available at https://www.gapna.org.
The recipient of this scholarship will be awarded up to $1500.00 for expenses incurred to attend the conference. The money will be distributed after the award winner has attended the conference and has provided valid receipts for expenses.
To be eligible to apply, the following criteria must be met:
1) Current membership in NCCGAPNACurrent enrollment in an NP or CNS program or graduated within the past yearHave a particular interest in gerontology.
2) Provide proof of enrollment or graduation.
3) Agree to present your conference experience to the chapter membership at a local meeting.
Complete the application and return it as an email attachment to email@example.com. Attach proof of enrollment or graduation in the past year to the same email. Please put "scholarship application" in the subject line. The deadline for receipt of scholarship applications is July 15, 2015.
To become a member of NCCGAPNA, complete a membership application at the GAPNA website, https://www.gapna.org, and select Northern California as your chapter affiliation.


text:
We are excited to share a list of excellent businesses in Ocala, whom we have done business with ourselves, or a close friend has. Please visit their websites and give them a call when you are in need of their products and services.Have a lovely day!
- Carin, Jim and the iWebResults Team


text:
- Home
- Admissions
- In Year Admissions
In Year Admissions
In-Year Admissions (entry not via the eleven plus)
Parents who wish their daughter to be placed on the school's waiting list must complete and return the Waiting List request form.
When a space becomes available the Governors will invite applications to join a particular year group using the following procedure:
- Parents will be sent a school Application Form for completion and return.
- Applicants must be of the correct age for the year group they wish to join.
- The school will request a reference from your daughter's Headteacher, confirming that your daughter is currently working in the top 25% of the ability range. In the event that this is not available, other satisfactory evidence of your daughter's academic standard will be required.
- Applicants for entry in Years 7 and 8 will sit tests in English, Mathematics and Cognitive Ability.
- Applicants for entry in Years 9, 10 and 11 will sit tests in English, Mathematics, Science and either French or Spanish.
- Places will only be allocated to pupils who meet the minimum standards in the tests.
- The highest scoring candidate will be offered a place first, then the next highest and so on until the year group is full or there are no further successful applicants.
No applicant may be considered more than once in any academic year.
Please select one of the Waiting List forms below. Once completed, the waiting list form will need to be addressed to:
Mrs J Mansfield, Admissions Officer,
Westcliff High School for Girls,
Kenilworth Gardens,
|In Year Admissions
|Waiting List Form
|12th Jul 2018
|Waiting List Form
|12th Jul 2018


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Baratza Forte Flat Burr Coffee And Espresso Grinder
Baratza's back with another mechanical masterpiece: the Forté. It's their first take on a commercial coffee grinder and it's already one of the most celebrated products of 2013. So what makes the Forté so special?
Versatility. The Forté is available with either steel or ceramic 54mm burrs, offering viable solutions for both brewed coffee and espresso grinding. Cafes that need a small grinder for decaf, single origin espresso, brew bar, or a backup should end their search here. Brewing at home? One of these Fortes is right for you.
Precision. Its muscly interior is operated by a touch-screen interface and 260 stepped adjustments, offering accurate and intuitive control of grind setting and, thereby, coffee extraction and flavor. Time- and weight-based programmable dosing allow for quick, repeatable results, so using the Forté in your shop won't slow you down.
Durability. This baby behemoth is built to last. The Forte's adjustment switches, portafilter holder, and entire enclosure are metal, so it feels sturdier than any of its predecessors — and it'll last longer, too. It's a true commercial-grade machine that won't disappoint in a café setting.
Baratza Grinder Comparison Chart
- Burrs: 54mm steel or ceramic flat burrs
- Grind adjustment: stepped, featuring 10 macro and 26 micro; 260 in total
- Grind range: 230 to 1,150 microns (ceramic); 500 to 1,150 (steel)
- Steel burr grind speed: 2.1 grams per second at 800 microns
- Ceramic burr grind speed: 2.0 grams/second (fine) or 3.5 grams/second (coarse)
- Motor: high-torque DC motor; 70% more power than current Vario, with half the run time
- Hopper capacity: 10 ounces (300 grams)
- Grounds bin capacity: 8 ounces (250 grams)
- Dimensions: 5.1"W x 14.2"H x 7.1"D
- Weight: 13 pounds
- Power rating: 110 V AC, 50/60 Hz, 2.3 amp
- Safety listing: UL/CSA/CE/EK
- Warranty: 1 year
Includes: Forté grinder, removable hopper with bean stopper, grounds bin, portafilter holder (not included with "Forté BG"), calibration wrench, and burr-removal tool.
Ben G. Verified Buyer Verified Reviewer
5 / 5 stars
Very good grinder
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Michael D. Verified Buyer
5 / 5 stars
Baratza fort̩
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Dg77 Verified Buyer
5 / 5 stars
Like to give it a 4.5
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Cracker Verified Buyer
5 / 5 stars
Game changer
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Kiwigirl Verified Buyer
5 / 5 stars
Baratza Forte!
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Jasondomina Verified Buyer
5 / 5 stars
I've never had better coffee thanks to the Forte
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Eva M. Verified Buyer
4 / 5 stars
Baratza Forte Flat Burr Coffee & Espresso Grinder
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text:
Press Release: Singapore 02/14/2017
- On Demand Delivery lets consumers choose from a range of flexible delivery options for greater convenience and speed, via mobile-friendly website
- The new service was developed in response to significant growth in premium cross-border e-commerce volumes
DHL Express, the world's leading international express services provider, today announced the launch of On Demand Delivery, a new service that allows shippers and receivers globally to select from a range of standardized delivery options.
With On Demand Delivery, shippers can choose to activate specific delivery options and have DHL Express proactively notify their customers via email or SMS about a shipment's progress. Receivers can then select the delivery option that best suits their requirements via the On Demand Delivery mobile-optimized website. The service offers flexibility and convenience and caters to the demands of international online shoppers who do not want to miss a delivery when away from home.
"The value of cross-border e-commerce transactions is set to grow at an average of about 30% per year¹, meaning retailers will sell at higher rates into more countries than ever before –including those where they have little to no on-the-ground presence," said Ken Lee, CEO, DHL Express Asia Pacific. "Asia Pacific markets like Singapore, Australia, and Hong Kong have some of the highest numbers of cross-border online shoppers in the world, and retailers require flexible, reliable cross-border shipping options to grow their margins and market share.
"On Demand Delivery helps retailers the world over offer Asian consumers that flexibility and reliability, through digital channels they're most accustomed to using."
Consumers access On Demand Delivery via any desktop or mobile device, and can choose from six different options, including: redirecting to alternate addresses or DHL service points (like retail outlets and newsagents); waiving the need for a signature; and even putting shipments on hold during vacation. Delivery instructions make their way in real-time to DHL Express couriers, ensuring shipments are received at the right time and at the convenience of the receiver.
"Asian consumers shop online because they desire convenience –both in how they communicate their preferences and receive their purchases," said Yasmin Khan, Executive Vice President, Commercial and Managing Director, Emerging Markets, DHL Express Asia Pacific. "With Asia Pacific countries leading the way in mobile adoption, any platform for managing deliveries has to be mobile-friendly in order to gain traction, while also immediately conveying customers' instructions to couriers so that first-time deliveries hit the mark much more often.
"In developing On Demand Delivery, we've significantly augmented both the digital and last-mile capabilities of the DHL Express network to meet consumers' wants and needs like never before. This can also be done on behalf of cross-border e-tailers who may otherwise lack the local infrastructure and visibility to satisfy all their customers' demands and create a positive online shopping experience."
On Demand Delivery is now available across Asia Pacific –including Australia, China, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand –and will be in more than 100 countries and available in 45 languages globally by the end of 2017, accounting for the majority of global trade and online retail activity. DHL Express was named Last-Mile Provider of the Year for 2016 by Supply Chain Asia, having introduced a range of more convenient delivery options, including partnerships with retail locations hosting DHL Service points and the installation of DHL Lockers.


text:
Tennis. Those who play it, love it, and we can understand why.
For some, tennis can be a vigorous and competitive activity that can burn more calories than aerobics. Others just play for the fun of it.
One thing for sure, the more you play, the more you want to play. It's one of the funnest sports we've ever played. And hopefully, the company you keep encourages you to play more. This is one of the reasons why we enjoy playing at the Atlantic Club in Manasquan.


text:
recoiledsnake writes "Gizmodo is reporting that Apple has refused to answer its request to attend the company's big Worldwide Developers Conference keynote this Monday. Apple's move to ban Gizmodo seems a direct repercussion of Apple's prototype leak by Gizmodo and subsequent actions of Apple to get the prototype back. Meanwhile, Gizmodo said that it would resort to a live blog to cover the event in case of the ban. This comes a few days after San Mateo County authorities announced that a 'special master' had been appointed to assist in the search of Gizmodo editor Jason Chen's belongings: goods seized as part of a police investigation into the disappearance (and Gizmodo acquisition) of one of Apple's prototype iPhones. It's the very device that's rumored to be announced at the Monday keynote."
Source: https://apple.slashdot.org/story/10/06/06/1932247/Gizmodo-Not-Welcome-at-2010-WWDC
Parece que eles não levaram a bem o acesso ao protótipo e posterior "leak" de imagens do iPhone "4G", que aconteceu recentemente por parte do Gizmodo.
Tendo em conta que o Gizmodo até devolveu o protótipo e mostrou-se cooperante após a Apple os contactar para devolver o aparelho.
Que acham vocês desta situação?


text:
All aboard the Bridal Terror
From the Parkville Luminary
At every wedding I have ever attended, I have secretly been laughing under my breath at the hapless fathers of the bride. These pitiable souls not only have to shell out tens of thousands of dollars for the wedding, but also undergo more stress than a long tailed cat in a room full of rocking chairs.
As the parent of only one son, I thought for sure I'd be immune from the world's most expensive roller coaster ride, The Bridal Terror, we'll call it. I've been told by dads who have ridden the Bridal Terror that the ride is so nausea-inducing and gray hair-producing that the dads even wish, at times, that the Bridal Terror would mercifully careen off the track and into oblivion. At least that way, the pain would be over.
I remember the Bridal Terror from my wedding 21 years ago. My bride to be wasn't exactly a Bridezilla, but she wasn't exactly Mary Poppins, either. My poor wife's dad uncomplainingly clamored aboard the Bridal Terror, knowing full well what to expect, since it was his second ride in about a year. Still, I remember thinking how beaten down the poor guy was by mini-Bridezilla and mom-of-mini-Bridezilla. There were times I wanted to use our honeymoon tickets to take my future father-in-law and I away from the chaos. I decided against this approach, however, since I wanted to live.
Well, now things have come full circle, and I am paying (literally) for the bad karma I generated through my schadenfrude (delighting in the misfortune of others). What goes around has come around. You see, I am the father of the bride.
The bride, in this case, is Ana, one of my Moldovan "daughters". We are host family to a number of Park University international students, mostly Moldovans and Azerbaijanis. Well, Ana decided to get married, and since her real dad is in Moldova, that means I am more or less the father of the bride. All aboard the Bridal Terror!
My status as a foolish virgin Bridal Terror rider has been confirmed over and over again during the last several weeks. First, I innocently offered my home for the reception, an offer that was snapped up quickly since renting a hall now costs more than the gross domestic products of many small nations. What I didn't know is that this would involve a complete takeover of my domicile, done Vietcong style, meaning that it began a week before the reception with small incursions, infiltrations, if you will, and ended up with the Ho Chi Minh trail winding through my living room. Incidentally, the trail had three end points—Costco, WalMart, and Gomer's.
The other night, I cowered in my bedroom as the Vietcong decorated the house. Now, they did make the house look pretty, but this involved the decorators (the bride's friends and the groom) removing every knick knack and trinket, covering much of our usual décor with white cloth (her color was white), and setting up a sound system loud enough to be heard by passing jetliners at 35,000 feet. They tested this sound system while I huddled in my bedroom, attempting in vain to watch a football game. I wondered if fans could hear annoying techno music emanating from our new sound system at the football game in Los Angeles.
The wedding day, however, nearly made up for my Bridal Terror roller coaster ride. Ana was lovely, and I was very proud of her, just the way the father of the bride is supposed to be. She is a fine young lady. Her groom, Eugene, is a great guy with a big heart—someone who I would select for Ana if I had a vote. (I didn't). At the reception, we were reminded again and again informally (with hugs and thanks) and publicly (multiple toasts) by Ana and Eugene how wonderful it's been for them to have a real American family. However, we are really the lucky ones. Our lives are richer, even blessed, by having Ana, Eugene, Valera, Ilie, Simona, Nadia, Aziz, Orkhan, Parvahna, and Leyla as part of our family. Indeed, as I told one party-goer, as host parents, we have received much more than we have ever given.
I will have a chance to build my father of the bride credentials again soon. One of my other Moldovan daughters, Simona, is engaged and planning an early summer wedding. Wish me luck. I know I'll need it.
--For updates on Peace Journalism, see my PJ Website.


text:
Advance Testimonials
"A riveting and revealing novel. Pearl Abraham's bottomless imagination has created an intellectual page-turner for our brave new world."
— Gary Shteyngart
"As her unlikely hero John Jude Parish surfs, grinds and prays his way to ecstatic becoming, Pearl Abraham transforms the imperiled American novel into something intellectually bold and morally urgent. A virtuoso performance."
— Stephanie Grant
"It is a rare delight to be given a novel that actually makes you think. Rarer still to have a book utterly rip open your heart. AMERICAN TALIBAN is that rarest of accomplishments, one that does both at the same time."
— Charles Bock, author of BEAUTIFUL CHILDREN
"In her new novel Pearl Abraham offers a wonderfully intimate portrait of how a more or less ordinary American boy might be seduced by the idea of submitting to Islam. The stages of John's journey, and the many Muslims he meets along the way, are evoked in such vivid and persuasive detail that I felt I too was learning about the ancient wisdom of this complex culture."
— Margot Livesey


text:
In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries?
Traducción de there en Español:
ahí, adv.
1.1(close to person being addressed) ahí(further away) allí(further away) ahí América Latina(less precise, further) alláwhat have you got there? — ¿qué tienes ahí?
- where is my umbrella? — there, by the door — ¿dónde está mi paraguas? — allí, al lado de la puerta
- over there, across the river — allá, al otro lado del río
- do you mean here? — no, further over there — ¿dices aquí? — no, más allá
- $80 or somewhere around there — 80 dólares o por ahí
- what are you doing down/up there? — ¿qué haces ahí abajo/arriba?
- they've been in there for hours — hace horas que están metidos ahí / allí (dentro)
- you there! — ¡oye, tú!
- She went out to Africa to help out a friend for two weeks and then just stayed there for 21 years.
- Our archives are up there in the attic, but they haven't been sorted into any kind of order.
- The first time I saw the episode I just sat there for about ten minutes in complete shock.
- She's down there at her desk.
- They found a little straw but the cold chilled their bones and they lay there sleepless and afraid.
- He spent ten weeks there and emerged with a vicious loathing of the legal system that he nurses still.
- He'd already gone over the hill and Dave told me that he had decided to stay over there.
- Yep, there it is, underneath the chair on the other side of the room, frozen in the sudden light; a mouse.
- When the mine closed he moved to the Nottingham coalfield and stayed down there.
- On Tuesday the post office said that our application would be there by ten at the latest the next morning.
- You could quite easily miss the pub but a quick detour down Main Street and there it is.
- Once there, my niece presented Lisa with a picture of the two of us, and tried to pin us down to another visit.
- What still confuses me though is why the people who protest about it every year insist on staying there.
- If they had not seen him, he would probably have stayed there all night and died of hypothermia.
- I was here the other day for rehearsal and I swear to you there was a camera - there it is.
- And there it is, just across the main street that intersects this one at the center of town.
- Go through the narrow gap between the two big trees and there it is before you.
- There are heaps of cottages, and in the two years we were there, we stayed in at least four of them.
- The valet parking and car wash service is just there on the left-hand side.
- Outside, two men asked me what I was doing, and told me not to come near there again.
- We then flew down to San Francisco, staying there for a week or so, with a night away at Yosemite.
- They stayed there for 24 hours with no food and only trees as shelter from the heat.
- This is Toronto's oldest hotel and its main claim to fame is that the Beatles once stayed there.
- We had no idea what they were going to do or how long they intended to keep us there.
- After the evening meal he would go to the local pub and stay there until it closed.
- The lives of several animals, which were staying there overnight, were put at risk.
- Is that woman over there royalty or something?
- He flew out two days after the race and will stay out there for eight weeks.
- 'It's over there,' she told him, pointing to it.
- Firefighters were told by neighbours that the house was empty but two men had been staying there.
2(calling attention to sth, pointing sth out etc)there's the bell, it must be her! — ¡el timbre! debe de ser ella
- now there's a coincidence! — ¡eso sí que es casualidad!
- there's £20 — ahí tienes £20
- there he goes: politics again! — ¡ya está otra vez con la política!
- there goes the bus — ahí va el autobús
- there go my chances of promotion! — ¡adiós ascenso!
- fetch my newspaper, there's a dear! — anda, sé bueno y tráeme el periódico
3.1(present)lots of his friends were there — estaban muchos de sus amigos
- who's there? — (at the door) ¿quién es?
- is Tony there? — ¿está Tony?
3.2(at destination)when we finally got there — cuando por fin llegamos
- we're there — ya hemos llegado
- she'll be there by now — ya debe de haber llegado
3.3(available)I'm always there if you need help — si necesitas ayuda, cuenta conmigo
- the resources are there: they're just not being used — hay recursos, lo que pasa es que no se utilizan
- the evidence is there for everyone to see — la prueba está a la vista
4.1(at that point)there he paused and heaved a heavy sigh — entonces hizo una pausa y suspiró profundamente
- he went on from there to become a director — de ahí pasó a ser director
- from there the situation deteriorated rapidly — a partir de ese momento la situación empeoró rápidamente
4.2(on that point)you're right there — ahí / en eso tienes razón
- you've nothing to worry about there — en ese sentido no tienes por qué preocuparte
- the funny thing there was … — lo gracioso del caso fue que …
5.1(when action is complete)there! that's the last of the boxes — ¡listo! esa es la última caja
- there! now look what you've done! — ¿no te digo? ¡mira lo que has hecho!
5.2(coaxing, soothing)there, there, don't cry! — vamos, no llores
- there now! see how easy it is? — ahí está ¿ves qué fácil es?
1there's an egg/there are two eggs in the nest — hay un huevo/dos huevos en el nido
- there was nobody there — no había nadie
- once upon a time there was a princess/there were two brothers who … — había una vez una princesa/dos hermanos que …
- there was a demonstration/there were two demonstrations last week — hubo una manifestación/dos manifestaciones la semana pasada
- what is there to stop you? — ¿qué te lo impide?
- had there been an accident, we would have heard by now — si hubiera habido un accidente, ya nos habríamos enterado
- there can't be many people with that name — no puede haber mucha gente que se llame así
- I want there to be no mistakes — no quiero que haya ningún error
- there's no sugar left — no queda azúcar
- I think there's a paragraph/there are two paragraphs missing — creo que falta un párrafo/que faltan dos párrafos
- then there are the children to think about — luego están los niños, hay que pensar en ellos
- there's no denying it: he's a genius — hay que reconocerlo, es un genio
- there was no mistaking that face! — la cara era inconfundible
- all there is is a piece of stale bread — todo lo que hay es un pedazo de pan duro
- what food there was was inedible — la poca comida que había era incomible
- there comes a time when … — llega un momento en el que …
Further reading
12 ways to say goodbye in other languagesFind out more
English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you've probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages.
55 words ending in 'ster' you didn't know you needed to knowFind out more
Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence?
The origins of dog breed namesRead more
As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let's take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories.


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Officials from the city of Oneida said several organizations, from local departments to national efforts, are aiding with the flood damage and said residents can soon return to their homes, if only briefly. But several residents say that a lack of communication between agencies is complicating things.
It will be a while until Sally Hill will be able to get into her house.
She lives on Pearl Street in Oneida, part of the "low lands," another casualty in the series of devastating floods that rushed into the Mohawk Valley over the last week.
Her house, which she has called home for 38 years, is under about 15 feet of water. She said she swam between her floating belongings Saturday to gather emergency medication for her sick grandson, ushered in with a police escort and a boat.
"The mud is this thick on the wall," she said, indicating with her fingers a width of about 2 inches. "At this point, I don't know if it can be saved."
Hill is one of several dozen residents affected by the floods that showed up to Sunday's news conference, held by city officials to update the citizens and the press on the problems specific to the Madison County city.
Officials said several organizations, from local departments to national efforts, are aiding with the flood damage and said residents can soon return to their homes, if only briefly. But several residents say that a lack of communication between agencies is complicating things.
Starting Sunday afternoon, those who have been evacuated from their homes will be called for a time to retrieve items from their homes, Oneida Fire Chief Gregg Myers said. Crews are now able to canvass the damage, looking for live electricity feeds or gas lines and shutting them off before letting residents in, he said.
Sunday was the first day of positive results since the flooding started Friday morning, he said, though there's a long way to go to return to normalcy.
"There are some streets that we'll be able to open," he said. "But there are still quite a few streets still under water."
Acting Mayor Max Smith choked up a little during the conference, saying he feels for the residents who shouted out their displeasure at the conference.
"This is the city I grew up in," he said. "I know you're experiencing an amount of grief."
Smith indicated that the city has not received any money from FEMA - a statement resulting in groans from the audience - but indicated that the city has done all the proper paperwork to usher in some, if any, funds. He also wanted to dispel a rumor that the dike on Oneida Creek had broken, when it had not. City engineer Jon Rauscher said the levy was still intact, and was even more protected after last year's clear-cutting progress.
A town hall meeting has been called for 6 p.m. Monday to further inform residents. A news conference is slated for noon.
Steven and Debra Stafford, who live on Bennett Street and had several feet of water the last time they saw their home, said they wanted to know what could be done for homeowners most directly affected by the flooding.
"I would have liked for FEMA to show at the meeting, but they didn't" Steven Stafford said.
However, the couple said that several residents were pulling together, including 19-year-old Sean Butler who grilled hot dogs and hamburgers for hungry evacuees outside of city hall.
"The city might not be doing the things they need to, but the citizens aren't giving up," Stafford said.


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A Pittsburgh Postscript
Writing reviews often involves telescoping one's thoughts to fit into a limited space; in the process, meanings can become elliptical. But I didn't want to let my statement about the callowness of Strauss's "Tod und Verklärung" in my review of the Pittsburgh Symphony earlier this week stand without comment. What I meant to say is that Honeck's thoughtful approach deconstructed the piece in a way that didn't show all of its strengths; I think it's a piece that demands less head, more heart. The most memorable performance of it I ever heard was Wolfgang Sawallisch's with the Philadelphia Orchestra in 1999, after the death of his wife. Sawallisch is anything but an unsophisticated conductor, but he is a direct one, and his reading was searing, and glorious. (That was on a program with "Metamorphosen" and Mussorgsky's "Songs and Dances of Death," perhaps one of the most relentlessly somber orchestral evenings on record; my date that night observed that the whole audience was likely to return home ready to hit the bottle or slit its wrists. But the music was gorgeous.)
I also listened to the Honeck/Pittsburgh recording of "Ein Heldenleben," which is absolutely terrific: here, I think, the depth and thoughtfulness of the reading pays off, and the quality of the sound on the SACD recording is an added bonus. It's paired with the Forza del Destino overture and a clarinet concerto by Alan Fletcher – recorded live, like most orchestral recordings these days – but "Heldenleben" is emphatically the main event. The only catch is that the CD hasn't been released in the US yet; for the time being, you either have to order it from Japan or go to Heinz Hall, where I'm told you can buy it in the lobby during intermission.
(Amusingly, if you search for "Honeck Heldenleben" on Amazon, you get the Thielemann recording with Rainer Honeck, the conductor's brother, who is concertmaster of the Vienna Philharmonic.)
Anne Midgette
May 7, 2009; 3:03 PM ET
Categories: local reviews , random musings
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Rowe & Deming LLC is located at 212 4th St, Hood River, OR..


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Art der Stellen:
Not Specified
Datum der Veröffentlichung:
Job ID:
Job Overview
The Technical Sales Representative acts as principal customer contact regarding technical product support and problem resolution. Provides expeditious, timely, and courteous handling of all customer questions and requests. Attends surgical cases, providing surgeons and operating room (O.R.) staff information on the technical features and proper use of Stryker Orthopaedic instruments and implants.
Individual Responsibilities:
- Proactively collaborates with internal teams/departments to promote a culture of inclusiveness and cooperation
- Responsible to live and exemplify Stryker's Values: Integrity, Accountability, People, and Performance.
Functional Responsibilities:
- Provide technical information on the use, application, and available training for products both prior to and during surgical procedures
- Document every call/incident (inquiry and complaint) and prepare reports regarding the product issues that are related to day-to-day activities
- Provide pre- and post-procedure support by organizing and inventorying products, instruments, etc
- Occasionally deliver kits to and from account
- Assist operations with returned goods resulting from field service issues
- Coordinate testing of returned product for maintenance and evaluation
- Handle requests for the return of the products related to stock adjustments and administrative processes, consistent with Company procedures and customer privileges
- With the assistance of the Sales Representative, address and/or resolve issues/problems that pertain to products, field application of product, or service to ensure superior account maintenance
- Advise and counsel customers on their product needs, as appropriate
- Assist customers in purchasing/leasing/consignment of product
- Provide assistance to sales representatives and operations, as dictated by business needs
- Maintain product and professional skills competence through training and other available means; participate in continuing education seminars and refresher product/instrumentation trainings on a periodic basis
- Effectively identify and troubleshoot instrument-related problems experienced by our
customers both during and post-procedure
- Interact with various Stryker marketing and product development teams and with customers concerning products and product application
- Act as technical liaison with Stryker manufacturing partners
- Other duties as assigned by Manager
Conduct & Compliance
- Abide by and support the policies set forth in the Stryker Code of Conduct
- Understand that compliance with the Code of Conduct, as it may be amended by Stryker Corporation from time to time, is a condition of continued employment with Stryker
- Conduct work in compliance with all laws, rules, and regulations and in accordance with Stryker's high ethical standards
- Report any violations of these policies and procedures to Stryker management or in the manner outlined in Stryker's Ethics Hotline Policy
Knowledge & Skill Requirements
- Excellent interpersonal, analytical, and organizational skills
- Strong interpersonal and communication skills for individual and group communication
Must be self-motivated, self-reliant and able to work with little supervision Hospital department, Operating room experience and demonstrated knowledge of anatomy, surgical procedures, and techniques Must have near vision acuity (corrected) color vision, mobility, bending, standing, stooping, and finger dexterity Must be able to generate and explain detailed forecasts, guidelines, and procedures Must be able to analyze non-routine product issues using independent judgment Respects patient confidentiality
Education & Qualifications
- Post-Secondary Education Required. University Degree preferred
- Related experience in the field of Orthopaedic procedures preferred
- Internal applicants with an equivalent combination of education, experience and performance over time at Stryker will be considered


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* Note *
Many of my programs are not the types that install themselves on your computer. For these you will need to make a folder somewhere like "My Documents" and copy the program there. Next, right click on the program and create a shortcut. Copy the shortcut to your desktop and your done! You can always just leave the program wherever you downloaded it to and double click it when you want to use it as well. If you decide you don't like the program just delete it. It's that simple. No messy install or uninstall programs to worry about!
* Note *
You may have to right click on some images and
choose "Save link as..." in order to download it.
* Note *
My programs are free and as such I do not assume any responsibility for problems arising from their use. Every effort has been made to eliminate any errors in the programs. Still, in the unlikely event that a problem should occur, by using these program you accept full responsibility and cannot hold me responsible for any damage they may cause. I will be happy to assist anyone who has a problem or finds a "bug" in any of my programs. Simply email me at: firstname.lastname@example.com. Enjoy the programs!


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Originally uploaded by laurencehorton
On Friday I saw a new posting from a school I hadn't yet had any contact with. I looked back at the stats for the school, and am wondering why I didn't send them a letter earlier. Whatever. The school is looking for a director of admissions. I went to their website and discovered they're also looking for a director of studies.
I'm thinking that's a double... and perhaps I can hit one home.
I sent my letter in this morning. By this afternoon, I'd heard back that they would consider my candidacy.
That's better news than the response I received from a letter to a different school: turns out they're looking for a football coach who can teach history.
Academics first?
My dear wife tells me that I shouldn't yet get excited, but I've already started planning out my questions for the interview and thoughts on my first six months in job.
Perhaps I'm jumping the gun here.
Anyway, I've been thinking about the possibility of the interview. Invariably, I don't have decent questions to ask at an interview. That's not going to be the case if this time I get called for an interview.
** What is the ideal number of students?
** What is the ideal mix of day students and boarding students?
** What sets the school apart from other schools, including other schools sponsored by the same religious denomination?
** What is the school's strategy or strategic initiatives? Goals? Objectives?
** What are the current strategies, etc., for the admissions office?
** What are the school's current and projected marketing initiatives?
** What of public affairs initiatives?
** What is the school's overall budget? What is the income breakdown (tuition, annual fund, endowment, business profits, other)
** Is the budget balanced? For how many years has the budget been balanced?
** How much is the school's endowment?
** What is the current admissions picture for this coming academic year?
** What is the projected count for the student body? How many of those will be returning students?
** What is the school's target for retention of students?
** Who is has programmatic oversight of retention?
** Who on the staff handles financial aid?
** What sort of financial aid is offered at the school? How much financial aid in grants is offered each year?
** How much are the grants each year? (high, low, mean, mode, median amounts)
** Is there a target or cap for non-native English speakers?
** What countries are represented in the student body?
** What is the school's ESL program?
** What associations does the school belong to? Which is the school active in?
** Has the school used Web 2.0 tools either in the classroom or for admissions or marketing?
** What results has the school seen with Web 2.0 tools?
** Is there a school leadership team? Who's a part of it?
** How are decisions made and business conducted within the school?
** Who makes admissions decisions?
** How much is the annual admissions office budget (less salaries)?
** What is the current admissions process?
** What is the usual travel for the admissions staff?
** What are the feeder schools, institutions, and neighborhoods?
** What is the profile of the "typical" student?
I'm certainly not lacking in questions... Now, if they'd just call for an interview.


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Monday, January 6, 2014
Books Read in 2013
But if I had to recommend one of these books, it would be Wonder. It's a fabulous tale about accepting others, even if they are different. It's actually a young adult book and takes place in a school setting.
We'll see what I get done in 2014. I already have the other two books in the Divergent series, so I do at least hope to get those read soon! And good recommendations for 2014?!?
2 comments:
My daughter has read Divergent and Insurgent. She is now working on Allegiant. She got the last two for Christmas (but had checked Insurgent out of the library prior). Have you read the Matched trilogy? It's by Allie Condie. She read all three of those and really enjoyed them. I don't think you'd much like the stuff I read...inspirational fiction is the category. Sweet stories where love conquers all in the end. LOL Not that you don't like love to conquer all, but they are not gritty. I'll bet my other daughter could recommend a ton of books to you as she is a voracious reader, but her topics might be a bit young for you as she is still in elementary school. LOLReplyDelete
Hope you get to read more in the coming year. *Ü*
I don't really read at all so I don't have any suggestions unfortunately.ReplyDelete
Thanks for visiting my blog! I truly appreciate you taking the time to read and comment! Love, Sparks


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Offer to God the flower of sense control (indriya nigraha). All spiritual practices will prove futile if you lack sense control. Lack of sense control is the main cause of all the unrest and agitation that you find in the world today. How can you control the senses? First, you should exercise control over the tongue. You must control your tongue as it always craves for a variety of delicacies. Ask this question, "O tongue, how many bags of rice, wheat and vegetables have you devoured! How many delicacies have you consumed! Fie on you if you are still not satisfied!" Eat only to satisfy your hunger and sustain the body. Do not give undue importance to taste. Likewise, tell your eyes to see God instead of watching unsacred things on the television or media. Teach your ears to listen to the stories of the Lord instead of listening to vain gossip.
Source: http://media.radiosai.org


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We continue our theorem from last time on random partitions of metric spaces
1. Review of Previous Lecture
Define the partial Harmonic sum . Let be the ball of radius around .
Theorem 1 Let be a metric with . For every , there is -bounded random partition of with
The algorithm to construct is as follows.
- Pick uniformly at random.
- Pick a bijection (i.e., ordering) uniformly at random.
- For
- Set .
- Output the random partition .We have already proven that this outputs a -bounded partition. So it remains to prove (1).
2. The Proof
Fix any point and radius . For brevity let . Let us order all points of as where . The proof involves two important definitions.
- Sees: A point sees if .
- Cuts: A point cuts if .
Obviously "cuts" implies "sees". To help visualize these definitions, the following claim interprets their meaning in Euclidean space. (In a finite metric, the ball is not a continuous object, so it doesn't really have a "boundary".)
Claim 2 Consider the metric where and is the Euclidean metric. Then
- sees if and only if intersects .
- cuts if and only if intersects the boundary of .
The following claim is in the same spirit, but holds for any metric.
Claim 3 Let be an arbitrary metric. Then
- If does not see then .
- If sees but does not cut then .
To illustrate the definitions of "sees" and "cuts", consider the following example. The blue ball around is . The points and both see ; does not. The point cuts ; and do not. This example illustrates Claim 3: sees but does not cut , and we have .
The most important point for us to consider is the first point under the ordering that sees . We call this point .
The first iterations of the algorithm did not assign any point in to any . To see this, note that do not see , by choice of . So Claim 3 implies that . Consequently
The point sees by definition, but it may or may not cut . If it does not cut then Claim 3 shows that . Thus
i.e., . Since , we have shown that
Taking the contrapositive of this statement, we obtain
Let us now simplify that sum by eliminating terms that are equal to .
So define and . Then we have shown that
The remainder of the proof is quite interesting. The main point is that these two events are "nearly independent", since and are independent, "" depends only on , and "" depends primarily on . Formally, we write
and separately upper bound these two probabilities.
The first probability is easy to bound:
because is the length of the interval and is the length of the interval from which is randomly chosen.
Next we bound the second probability. Recall that is defined to be the first element in the ordering that sees . Since cuts , we know that . Every coming earlier in the ordering has , so also sees . This shows that there are at least elements that see . So the probability that is the first element in the random ordering to see is at most .
Combining these bounds on the two probabilities we get
as required.
3. Optimality of these partitions
Theorem 1 from the previous lecture shows that there is a universal constant such that every metric has a -bounded, -Lipschitz random partition. We now show that this is optimal.
Theorem 6 There exist graphs whose shortest path metric has the property that any -bounded, -Lipschitz random partition must have .
The graphs we need are expander graphs. In Lecture 20 we defined bipartite expanders. Today we need non-bipartite expanders. We say that is a non-bipartite expander if, for some constants and :
- is -regular, and
- for all .
It is known that expanders exist for all , and . (The constant can of course be improved.)
Proof: Suppose has a -bounded, -Lipschitz random partition. Then there exists a particular partition that is -bounded and cuts at most an -fraction of the edges. Every part in the partition has diameter at most . Since the graph is -regular, the number of vertices in is at most . So every part has size less than . By the expansion condition, the number of edges cut is at least
So .
4. Appendix: Proofs of Claims
Proof: (of Claim 3) Suppose does not see . Then . Every point has , so , implying that .
Suppose sees but does not cut . Then . Every point has . So , implying that .
Proof: (of Claim 4) The hypothesis of the claim is that , which is at least . So , implying that does not see .
Proof: (of Claim 5) The hypothesis of the claim is that , which is strictly less than . So , which implies that sees but does not cut .


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Space isn't the same as it used to be. It took me a while to realize this subtle difference even though it isn't entirely new to me.
There has been a great change in landscape now that we've reached the West. Now, as I ride I can see for miles and miles, but not too long ago my vision was limited by trees or hill sides. I never felt cramped in the East, it was just as beautiful and awe inspiring, but now everything feels so much more open and free. Instead of town after town always surrounded by businesses and people, the landscape now takes center stage interrupted only once in a while by a small settlement. I feel so insignificant as I ride next to mountain ranges with incredibly large clouds overhead. If I stepped into a city right now it would take me quite some time to acclimate to the great change at hand.
Space has changed in a more personal way as well. A life on the road with only a back pack and 27 teammates gives new perspective to what space I constitute as myself. It's no longer "my room" or "my apartment" but just my small pile of things. As I unpack each day I create my own personal space made up of t-shirts, bike parts and a sleeping bag. Every morning I take down my space and pack it in a bag, piled in the van with everyone else's lives. During the day the only items I really own are carried on me with my bike. It's no longer "my car stereo" or even "my car" but just me and my bike. Sometimes as I pack in the morning I find unnecessary things I carry around with me. If something doesn't have a practical use, it doesn't last long in my space. I like that.
** Big Horn mountains tomorrow morning, get psyched! **


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- Methodology article
- Open Access
Low-volume jet injection for intradermal immunization in rabbits
© Ren et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2002
- Received: 13 December 2001
- Accepted: 23 May 2002
- Published: 23 May 2002
This study tested a low-volume (20–30 μl/20–30 μg DNA) jet injection method for intradermal delivery of a DNA vaccine. Jet injection offers the advantages of a needle-less system, low-cost, rapid preparation of the injected DNA solution, and a simple delivery system. More than one construct can be injected simultaneously and the method may be combined with adjuvants.
Low-volume jet injection targeted delivery of a DNA solution exclusively to the dermis and epidermis of rabbits. A three injection series of plasmid DNA, encoding the Hepatitis B Surface Antigen stimulated a humoral immune response in 2/5 rabbits. One rabbit developed a significant rise in antibody titer after 1 injection and one following 2 injections. There were no significant differences between jet injection and particle bombardment in the maximal antibody titers or number of injections before response. A three injection series of the same plasmid DNA by particle bombardment elicited a significant rise in antibody titer in 3/5 rabbits. One rabbit developed antibody after 1 injection and two after 3 injections. In contrast, 0/5 rabbits receiving DNA by needle and syringe injection responded. In the jet injection and particle bombardment groups, gene expression levels in the skin did not predict response. While immune responses were similar, luciferase gene expression levels in the skin following particle bombardment were 10–100 times higher than jet injection.
Low-volume jet injection is a simple, effective methodology for intradermal DNA immunization.
- Particle Bombardment
- Syringe Injection
- Genetic Immunization
- Serial Time Point
- Injection Path
Jet injection is a relatively simple and low-cost method for gene transfer into somatic tissues [1]. Aside from the injector, no special equipment or solutions are required. Plasmid DNA is suspended at the desired concentration in one of several types of solution and injected into tissue. More than one plasmid construct can be injected simultaneously. Injection of antigen encoding plasmids can be combined with either adjuvants or plasmids encoding immune enhancing cytokines. Low-volume jet injection deliberately limits the volume of the injected solution and is utilized to target delivery to small tissue areas [2].
In mice, multiple different routes of DNA immunization have been used successfully [3]. Particle bombardment of skin is reported to be superior to both intra-dermal and intra-muscular needle and syringe injection for induction of immunity in mice when compared directly [4–8]. In Aotus monkeys and pigs, intra-dermal administration of DNA vaccine by needle and syringe is reported to be more effective at inducing an immune response than intra-muscular administration by needle and syringe [9, 10]. High-volume jet injection (500 μl) of either 100 or 1000 μg DNA into ovine muscle or mammary gland [11, 12] or 500 μg DNA into four separate muscle sites in rabbits [13] induces humoral immunity.
Multiple studies have demonstrated that particle bombardment of skin elicits immune responses in larger animals [14–18]. Similarly, high-volume jet injection (100 μl) of either 50 or 250 μg DNA into the skin of primates induces immunity [19]. Delivery to the oral mucosa by jet injection elicited a higher IgA response than intranasal delivery in mice [20]. However, none of these studies compared different intracutaneous DNA delivery methods within the same study.
This investigation tested the ability of low-volume jet injection to target delivery of a DNA vaccine to the skin for the purpose of inducing immunity. A direct comparison of the new methodology to the established techniques of particle bombardment and needle and syringe injection was performed. The experiments demonstrated that low-volume jet injection successfully induced immunity in rabbits. Moreover, there were no significant differences between jet injection and particle bombardment in the maximal antibody titers or number of injections before response. In contrast no rabbits receiving DNA vaccine by needle and syringe injection developed an antibody response. In the low-volume jet injection and particle bombardment groups, gene expression levels in the skin did not predict the magnitude of the immune response. While immune responses were comparable, luciferase gene expression levels in the skin following particle bombardment were 10–100 times higher than low-volume jet injection.
Results and discussion
Low-volume jet injection targets delivery of a plasmid DNA solution to the epidermis and dermis of rabbits
Optimal injection parameters for low-volume jet injection, particle bombardment and needle and syringe injection
Mean relative luciferase activity in skin 48 hours following low-volume jet, particle bombardment, and needle and syringe injection.
Injection method
Mean relative luciferase units ± SE
Low-volume jet
314.3 ± 112
Particle bombardment
17,023 ± 7077
Needle and syringe
1.8 ± 0.62
Maximal antibody titers and number of injections before response following low-volume jet injection, particle bombardment, and needle and syringe delivery of a DNA vaccine to the skin
The experiments demonstrate that intradermal low-volume jet injection of a DNA vaccine can be utilized to elicit immune responses. The low-volume jet injection method was comparable to the more established technique of particle bombardment and was significantly better than the established technique of needle and syringe injection.
Low-volume jet injection is an effective new methodology for intradermal DNA immunization that has advantages over the established techniques of needle and syringe injection and particle bombardment. It is more effective than needle and syringe injection and is simpler to perform than particle bombardment because the plasmid DNA solution can be injected directly rather than being precipitated onto specific particles. High levels of gene expression were not required for successful intradermal genetic immunization by low-volume jet injection. Gene expression levels following particle bombardment were 10–100 fold higher than those found following low-volume jet injection but the immune response was equivalent. The disassociation between local gene expression levels in the injected skin and immune response is consistent with a previous report [16].
Materials and methods
A plasmid encoding the HBSAg under the control of the Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate Early gene I (HCMVIE1) enhancer/promoter (pRc/CMV-HBs(S) was obtained from Aldevron (Fargo, ND) [20]. A plasmid encoding the firefly luciferase gene under the control of the HCMVIE1 enhancer/promoter (pHCMVIE1-luciferase) was used to measure relative gene expression levels following gene transfer by low-volume jet injection, particle bombardment and needle and syringe injection [2]. Plasmids were propagated in DH5α cells and purified by Bio 101 Merlin Core Services (Carlsbad, CA).
Animals, skin preparation, and injection schedules
Twenty-five male New Zealand White rabbits were obtained at 2–3 kg in weight. Animals were purchased from a commercial vendor (Covance, Denver, PA). Health status was evaluated quarterly by the vendor and the animals were free of tested pathogens (other than Bordetella bronchiseptica and rotavirus but these were not expected to interfere with the current study). The rabbits were in excellent health and not symptomatic. The rabbits were anesthetized with 40 mg/kg Ketamine (100 mg/ml,) and 3 mg/kg Xylazine (20 mg/ml) prior to each injection. In preparation for injection, the dorsal skin was shaved, treated with a depilatory, and washed with a chlorhexidine scrub followed by 70% alcohol. Following injections 0.05 mg/kg Buprenorphine (0.3 mg/ml) was given for analgesia.
To establish skin penetration depth following low-volume jet injection, one rabbit was injected at 6 different sites with a 1% India ink solution. The skin was removed at necropsy and examined under a dissecting microscope to measure the length of the injection paths. To establish optimal injection conditions for low-volume jet injection, two rabbits were injected at a total of 15 sites per rabbit with pHCMVIE1-luciferase and euthanized 48 h later. The injected skin was removed at necropsy and tested for luciferase activity. When using particle bombardment the goal is to deliver the majority of gold particles into the epithelial cell layer rather than the deeper, less cellular dermis [21]. To establish skin penetration depth following particle bombardment, four rabbits were injected at eight sites on each rabbit. The skin was removed at necropsy and fixed in 10% neutral formalin, embedded by standard methods, and 5-micron sections were prepared. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were examined under the microscope to determine the penetration depth. Gold particles were found distributed primarily in the epidermis and minimally in the superficial dermis of the rabbit skin (data not shown). To establish optimal injection conditions for particle bombardment, six rabbits were injected at a total of 12 sites per rabbit with pHCMVIE1-luciferase and euthanized 48 h later. The injected skin was removed at necropsy and tested for luciferase activity. To establish optimal conditions for intra-dermal needle and syringe injection, two rabbits were injected at a total of 7 sites per rabbit with pHCMVIE1-luciferase and euthanized 48 h later. The injected skin was removed at necropsy and tested for luciferase activity.
For the immunization experiments, rabbits were injected at three time points at two weeks intervals: 0 days, 14 days and 28 days. Three ml blood was obtained from an ear vein prior to each injection and two weeks and four weeks following the third and final injection. One of the five rabbits that received particle bombardment injection died under anesthesia prior to the second injection. A necropsy was performed, no abnormalities were found, and the death was attributed to anesthesia.
Optimization of low-volume jet injection, particle bombardment and needle and syringe injection conditions
Low-volume jet injection was performed with a prototype low-volume jet injector with adjustable injection volume and pressure. The plasmid DNA solution at 1 μg/μl was prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The injector is manufactured with a refillable liquid reservoir that holds 180 μl and can rapidly deliver multiple injections to the same site (EMS, Konstanz, Germany) [2, 22]. For optimization of the jet injection experiments, three different injection volume settings (5-μl, 6-μl and 7-μl) at three different pressures (1,2 and 3-Bar) were tested. When using low-volume jet injection for intradermal delivery the goal is contain the delivery solution within the epidermis and dermis but optimize gene expression levels. Conditions for optimal gene expression were established by testing luciferase activity in the skin 48 h following injection of pHCMVIE1-luciferase. Four rapid injections at each volume were used for total DNA delivery of 20 μl /20 μg plasmid DNA, 24 μl/24 μg plasmid DNA, and 28 μl/28 μg plasmid DNA. The injected fluid remained within the dermis under all conditions. The delivery volume with the highest mean luciferase expression was chosen as the optimal delivery condition for the immunization studies. This optimal setting of 28 μl/28 μg plasmid DNA delivered at 3-Bar was utilized for each immunization time point.
A Helios Gene Gun System, (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) was utilized for particle bombardment. Plasmid DNA was precipitated onto gold particles 1.6 microns in diameter following standard protocols [21]. Optimization conditions tested included the helium pressure, concentration of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), amount of carrier gold and DNA concentration as described previously [23]. Conditions for optimal gene expression were established by testing luciferase activity in the skin 48 h following injection of pHCMVIE1-luciferase. The set of conditions (pressure/PVP concentration/gold and DNA amounts) with the highest mean luciferase expression and optimal skin penetration was chosen as the optimal combination for immunization studies. This optimal setting of one μg plasmid DNA prepared with 0.05 mg/ml PVP/0.50 mg gold delivered at 360 psi was utilized for each immunization time point.
A plasmid DNA solution at 1 μg/μl was prepared in PBS. A 29-gauge needle and 1 ml syringe were utilized for intra-dermal injection. Conditions for optimal gene expression in the injected skin were established prior to the genetic immunization experiments. When using needle and syringe injection for intradermal delivery the goal is contain the delivery solution within the epidermis and dermis but optimize gene expression levels. Conditions for optimal gene expression were established by testing luciferase activity in the skin 48 h following injection of pHCMVIE1-luciferase. A maximum of 20 μl/20 μg plasmid DNA could be injected and kept contained within the epidermis and dermis. This volume yielded the highest luciferase values. The optimal condition of twenty μl (20 μg plasmid DNA) was delivered at each immunization time point.
Luciferase Assay
Two days after injection rabbits were euthanized and the area of injected skin excised. Skin tissue was homogenized in lysis reagent buffer (Luciferase Assay System, Promega, Madison, WI). For each injection sample, luciferase activity was measured in duplicate using a TD-20/20 Luminometer (Turner Designs, Sunnyvale, CA) [2].
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Affinity-purified recombinant Hepatitis B antigen produced in Saccharomyces cerevisae following transformation with the plasmid pCGA7 was used for detection of antibody responses using an ELISA (Aldevron, Fargo, ND) [20]. The recombinant antigens were diluted in 0.1 M carbonate buffer (pH 9.6) and coated at 1 ug/100 ul per well in 96-well microtitre plates (Dynex Technologies, INC. Chantilly, VA). Adjoining negative control wells were coated with 0.1 M carbonate buffer (pH 9.6) alone. The plates were incubated at 4°C overnight. Plates were washed three times in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) and blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS before serum was added. One hundred ul of PBS-Tween-20 with 1% BSA was added to each well. To quantify the antibody response at the different time points after injection(s) for each rabbit, 100 ul of diluted serum samples at 1:25, 1:250 and 1:2,500 were added to separate wells in duplicate. Assays for all time points were performed simultaneously. The entire assay was repeated at least twice for all samples. Rabbit sera obtained prior to any injection were utilized as negative controls. The plate was incubated at 37°C for 1 h. After additional washing, phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody was added into each sample well and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. Diethanolamine (DEA) buffer phosphatase substrate (Kirkegaard Perry Lab, Gaithersburg, Maryland) was added into all wells and the plates were incubated for 30 min at room temperature in the dark. The reaction was terminated after the appearance of color using 3 N NaOH. The absorbance was measured at 410 nm using a microplate reader (Emax, Sunnyvale, CA). The mean value for each set of duplicate wells was determined. Specific binding to the Hepatitis B antigen was determined by subtracting the mean value from the negative control wells that were coated with buffer alone from the mean value from the Hepatitis B-coated experimental wells. Rabbits defined as demonstrating an immune response exhibited a statistically significantly higher mean absorbance reading following injection measured at serum dilutions of 1:250 and 1:2,500 at a minimum of two serial time points following injection as compared to mean values for negative control serum.
Statistical analysis
Means and standard errors (S.E.) for the luciferase expression assays and antibody responses as measured by ELISA were calculated (SPSS 9.0, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). Mean antibody responses were compared by ANOVA (SPSS 9.0). P ≤ 0.05 was considered a statistically significant difference.
This work was supported in part by EMS Medical GmbH (Konstanz, Germany) (to P.A.F.) and NIH CA68033 (to P.A.F.). The authors thank Thomas Nellessen and Wolfgang Merkle at EMS GmbH for their support and Ms. Jessica H. Walker, Mr. John Glidewell, and Mr. Justin Mulholland for excellent technical assistance in the particle bombardment experiments.
Authors' Affiliations
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Happy Birthday Gina K!!
Happy Birthday, Gina!!!
Welcome to Gina K's virtual Birthday Party!!!!
Today we are celebrating the beautiful and super talented Gina Krupsky! Us design team gals wanted to have a celebration of sorts in her honor so we've came up with a special birthday hop! Jennie, Nina, and Tami weren't able to join in but wanted to send their birthday wishes too! We decided to throw Gina a surprise "virtual party" with a twist! Every person on the hop has "brought" something for the party. If you've come from Cammie's blog, you are in the right place and you've received your invitation to the party!
My job was to provide Gina's special birthday outfit! Now, how could I not use the super sassy lady from Asela Hopkin's stamp set "Sew Pretty ?!" I went to it right away and came up with this fun and retro look for Gina--I'm thinking this blue looks gorgeous on Gina! I added some silver beads and even a little bit of lace! :) I also used Nina Brackett's doily from "Nana's Needlework" and Melanie Muenchinger's happy birthday sentiment from her "Candles on your cake" stamp set.
Gina, you are loved and appreciated! I pray this year will be the best year of your life in every way!
Now, head on over to Carolina's blog to find out the location of the party!!! :)
Want a party favor??? ;) Make sure those of you visiting stop by and leave Gina some love on her birthday--two lucky winners will received a FREE Gina K Designs stamp set!!
Thanks so much for stopping by,
Janice :)


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