text:
- Research
- Open Access
Evaluating the surveillance for swine dysentery and progressive atrophic rhinitis in closed multiplier herds using scenario tree modelling
© Nathues et al. 2015
- Received: 5 March 2015
- Accepted: 29 May 2015
- Published: 10 June 2015
The Swiss pig population enjoys a favourable health situation. To further promote this, the Pig Health Service (PHS) conducts a surveillance program in affiliated herds: closed multiplier herds with the highest PHS-health and hygiene status have to be free from swine dysentery and progressive atrophic rhinitis and are clinically examined four times a year, including laboratory testing. Besides, four batches of pigs per year are fattened together with pigs from other herds and checked for typical symptoms (monitored fattening groups (MF)).
While costly and laborious, little was known about the effectiveness of the surveillance to detect an infection in a herd. Therefore, the sensitivity of the surveillance for progressive atrophic rhinitis and swine dysentery at herd level was assessed using scenario tree modelling, a method well established at national level. Furthermore, its costs and the time until an infection would be detected were estimated, with the final aim of yielding suggestions how to optimize surveillance.
For swine dysentery, the median annual surveillance sensitivity was 96.7 %, mean time to detection 4.4 months, and total annual costs 1022.20 Euro/herd. The median component sensitivity of active sampling was between 62.5 and 77.0 %, that of a MF between 7.2 and 12.7 %.
For progressive atrophic rhinitis, the median surveillance sensitivity was 99.4 %, mean time to detection 3.1 months and total annual costs 842.20 Euro. The median component sensitivity of active sampling was 81.7 %, that of a MF between 19.4 and 38.6 %.
Results indicate that total sensitivity for both diseases is high, while time to detection could be a risk in herds with frequent pig trade. From all components, active sampling had the highest contribution to the surveillance sensitivity, whereas that of MF was very low. To increase efficiency, active sampling should be intensified (more animals sampled) and MF abandoned. This would significantly improve sensitivity and time to detection at comparable or lower costs.
The method of scenario tree modelling proved useful to assess the efficiency of surveillance at herd level. Its versatility allows adjustment to all kinds of surveillance scenarios to optimize sensitivity, time to detection and/or costs.
- Breeding herds
- Freedom from disease
- Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
- Toxigenic Pasteurella multocida
- Disease detection
- Surveillance sensitivity
- Sampling
- Cost-efficiency
The Swiss pig population enjoys a generally favourable health situation [1]. Apart from freedom from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and officially OIE listed diseases, clinical appearance of enzootic pneumonia, porcine actinobacillosis and progressive atrophic rhinitis has been eliminated [2]. To further promote this good health status, the Pig Health Service (PHS), conducts a surveillance programme for various economically relevant diseases in affiliated herds (2′249 or 85 % of all breeding herds and 1′380 or 50 % of all fattening herds in Switzerland in 2013 [3, 4]). All herds are assigned to different categories, depending on their production stage, health and biosecurity status. Herds in the highest PHS-category (136 herds with a median of 83 sows per herd, ranging from 28 to 400 sows, in 2013) comprise closed multiplier herds (61 herds), multiplier herds with outsourced rearing of breeding gilts (38 herds) and the herds where these gilts are reared (37 herds). These herds have to comply with strict hygiene and biosecurity requirements (e.g. no purchase of animals from other herds, other than by embryo-transfer or hysterotomy). They must provide consistent evidence that they are free from progressive atrophic rhinitis (PAR), swine dysentery (SD), sarcoptic mange and lice. Whereas for the last two there is no active surveillance in place, the first two diseases (PAR and SD) are monitored for with an intensive surveillance scheme as laid down in the PHS technical guideline [5].
Swine dysentery is caused by the bacterium Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae, and manifests itself in severe mucohemorrhagic diarrhoea. It generates tremendous financial loss not only due to acute mortality in affected pigs, but also decreased growth rate, poor feed conversion and expenses for chemotherapy [6]. Toxigenic Pasteurella (P.) multocida is the causative agent of PAR, which is characterized by progressive deformation up to complete disappearance of the nasal turbinates, accompanied by facial distortion, in infected pigs. The disease, while not causing significant losses among animals, still has a detrimental economic impact on affected farms due to severe growth retardation and poor fattening performance in affected juvenile pigs [7].
The closed multiplier herds of the highest PHS-category are examined by PHS-or associated veterinarians four times a year. Each visit includes sampling of animals for laboratory examination for either SD or PAR (so that each disease is tested for twice a year). Furthermore, four so-called monitored fattening groups with pigs from different origins (MF) are arranged per multiplier herd and year. This method is quite specific to Switzerland and has been widely used, e.g. in the nationwide clinical elimination campaign for enzootic pneumonia [2]. Herein, at the beginning of a fattening period, piglets from the herd to be monitored are commingled with piglets from other (naïve) herds following a predefined protocol. Pigs are then checked for arising clinical signs in the course of the fattening period by PHS-veterinarians, and during post-mortem inspection at the slaughterhouse.
While clearly being labour- and cost-intensive, little was known about the sensitivity of the surveillance. Although the number of samples to be taken was increased after a PAR outbreak in a closed multiplier herd and several contact herds in 2011 [8], general questions arose about the system's actual effectiveness to (timely) detect an infection in a herd that would justify the high efforts.
Therefore, the rationale for this study was to gain knowledge of the efficiency of the current PAR and SD surveillance in closed multiplier herds, using scenario tree modelling (STM). This methodology, a now well-established method to model and assess the sensitivity of surveillance systems, was first introduced by Martin et al. [9]. They stated that contrary to other approaches like qualitative assessments via expert panels or structured representative surveys of the population, STM combines the objective quantitative analysis of different complex data sources to support evidence of freedom from disease. This is done creating stochastic scenario tree models for each component of a surveillance system and estimating their sensitivity. All resulting component sensitivities are then combined into one estimate of the overall sensitivity of the surveillance system. In Switzerland, the method was already applied to estimate the value of targeted herd sampling to substantiate freedom from enzootic bovine leucosis and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis [10], to establish a national surveillance system for bluetongue disease [11] or assess national surveillance of bovine tuberculosis [12]. As also shown in the given examples, to date, the methodology has been used to assess probability of freedom from disease and surveillance at regional or national level [13–15]. In the present study it shall be applied to assess surveillance at herd level. The first aim of this study was thus to assess and compare the sensitivities of different surveillance components as well the overall surveillance sensitivity. As a second aim, the average time to detection of an infection in a herd should be estimated. Since in practice decisions on the most suitable surveillance system cannot exclusively be driven by technical aspects but must also account for financial considerations, the costs incurring to the PHS for each surveillance component and for the surveillance as a whole per farm and year were calculated. The additional modelling of different alternative surveillance scenarios, thus providing suggestions for an optimized surveillance in terms of an improved sensitivity, time to detection or cost-efficiency, was the last aim of this study.
Data collection
Model parameters including their values/distributions and sources of information
Values (min.; most likely; max.)
Probability of clinical signs in one or more animals in an infected closed multiplier herd
expert poll
[8], expert poll
Probability that a closed multiplier farmer informs vet./PHS about clinical signs
0.5;0.75; 0.9
0.45;0.7; 0.9
expert poll
Probability that veterinarian takes samples for laboratory examination
expert poll
Intra-herd prevalence (herd with clinical signs)
expert poll
Intra-herd prevalence (no clinical signs)
expert poll
Probability that test classifies a true positive sample as positive (PCR after culture)
Probability that test classifies a true negative sample as negative (PCR after culture)
pers. comm. G. Schüpbach
Probability that pigs show clinical signs during MF with infected animals
expert poll
Probability that MF farmer informs PHS about signs
expert poll
Number of animals sampled via active sampling (per visit)
4 / 6 (4;10)*
10 (4;10)*
Number of visits with active sampling
2 (2;4)*
Number of visits with clinical examination
2 (2;4)*
Number of MF with telephone check
3 (1;4)*
Number of MF with on-farm examination
1 (1;4)*
Number of animals sampled in the case of suspicion
20 (10;25)*
Construction of the scenario tree models
In a scenario tree model, the pathway including all steps necessary to lead to a certain event (here: detection of an infection in a herd) is plotted. A value (usually a probability) is then assigned to each step within the tree, and finally all values are combined to obtain the overall sensitivity, i.e. probability to detect an infection.
- 1.
Clinical surveillance by the farmer
In the case of SD, the main observable clinical sign was mucous or even bloody diarrhoea. Upon suspicion of SD, fecal swabs from 20 animals (two animals were pooled in one swab, thus yielding ten pooled samples) were to be taken according to the PHS technical guideline [5]/(Table 1) and sent to the to the Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland, for cultural examination for Brachyspira spp. followed by species identification via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the case of positive cultures.
In the case of PAR, clinical signs included sneezing, nose bleeding or nose deformities. Upon suspicion of PAR, nasal swabs from 20 animals (equalling ten pooled samples) were to be taken and sent to the same laboratory. The examination protocol included overnight incubation of samples at 37° on Pasteurella agar containing bacitracin and neomycin and examination of colony material in toxA-PCR [17].
- 2.
Clinical surveillance by the PHS
- 3.
Active sampling by the PHS
- 4.
Monitored fattening groups
This means, the sensitivity of MF depended on the probabilities of clinical signs during MF, that a farmer informs a veterinarian about symptoms, that a veterinarian conducts sampling and the herd-level sensitivity.
This event was accounted for three times in the calculation of the total annual surveillance sensitivity for each disease (Table 1). For the one MF where the check was done by the PHS veterinarian himself/herself, the same tree and formula applied, just omitting the step MFFiV; the resulting component sensitivity was then called SComSeMFPHS.
Calculating the total surveillance sensitivity
To account for uncertainty and variability in the data, a stochastic approach was followed, such that model parameters were distributed instead of incorporating fixed values. Pert distributions which are most suitable for data obtained from expert opinion were used. These are defined by a most likely, a minimum and a maximum value (see Table 1). To obtain the overall results, 50.000 iterations were run in @risk® software (@risk 5.7, Palisade Corporation, Ithaca, USA).
Sensitivity analysis
A so called sensitivity analysis is a formal tool used in modelling processes to assess the relative impact of each model parameter on the overall outcome (in this context sensitivity relates to the sensitivity of an outcome to changes of an input parameter and should not be confused with the terms component / surveillance sensitivity denoting the model outcomes of this study). This was done creating tornado graphs in @risk, in which the change in the total surveillance sensitivity is assessed when the value for a distributed input parameter is changed from its 1st to its 99th percentile. The length of the bar of each parameter then indicates the relative magnitude of its impact. Since tornado graphs can only be created for distributed variables, uniform distributions were inserted for the originally fixed variables to gain knowledge about their relative importance as well. Likely ranges for these distributions were defined according suggestions by the PHS and are given in Table 1.
Time to detection of infection
Herein, TD was the time to detection in months; SComSe was any surveillance component sensitivity; I was the average time interval in months between surveillance components.
All component sensitivities were incorporated using their median value. For simplicity it was assumed that all components were distributed equally over a period of 12 months. This means that in the current surveillance with totally 6 different surveillance components per year (1x SComSeCLIN; 2x SComSeCLINPHS; 2x SComSeAS; 1x SComSeMFPHS; 1x SComSeMF 3 , because in practice mostly only one phone call was done after three MF to cover all three of them; SComSeCLIN was not accounted for in this calculation), the average time interval between different events was 2 months.
For each disease, a best case and a worst case scenario were considered. In the best case scenario, by chance the surveillance component with the highest sensitivity took place first after the introduction of an infection, then the second most sensitive surveillance component etc. In the worst case scenario it was assumed that by chance the surveillance component with the lowest sensitivity was conducted first after the infection, then the surveillance component with the second lowest sensitivity, and so on. Notwithstanding the foregoing, it was made sure in the chronological order that a visit with active sampling was not directly followed by another visit with active sampling etc., but that visits with and without sampling would alternate.
Costs of the surveillance
To calculate costs of the surveillance for the PHS, costs for laboratory examinations were retrieved from the laboratory in charge; for labour and travel costs an average was calculated based on PHS salary schemes, the time spent for the examination and an average travel distance to a farm.
Types of costs and values used for the calculation of the overall costs of surveillance
Type of costs
Costs in CHF (≈ EUR)
Labour costs for PHS vets per visit (visit on average one hour, salary veterinarian 55 CHF/h)
Travel costs to farm, per visit (0.67 CHF / km, on average 60 km)
Express delivery of samples to laboratory, per visit
Laboratory examination, per sample
Examination of MF at slaughterhouse, per batch
Phone calls to check MF, labour costs per call (call on average 15 min., salary of secretary 30 CHF/h)
Alternative scenarios
omitting surveillance via MF (no SComSeMF and SComSeMFPHS),
omitting active sampling (this option was rather included for reasons of comparison since this is how multiplier herds with outsourced rearing of breeding gilts are currently monitored)
omitting surveillance via MF and increasing the number of active samples (i.e. animals) per visit to 10 (SD) and 16 (PAR)
omitting surveillance via MF and increasing the number of visits with active sampling per year to 4, while each time sampling 6 animals (SD and PAR)
Swine dysentery (SD)
Component sensitivities, total annual surveillance sensitivity and costs of the SD surveillance system
SD surveillance component sensitivities for:
Sensitivity %
Costs CHF (≈ EUR)
- Clinical Surveillance by farmer (SComSeCLIN)
- Clinical Surveillance by PHS (SComSeCLINPHS)
- Active sampling of 6 animals (SComSeAS)
- Active sampling of 4 animals (SComSeAS)
- MF, examination by PHS (SComSeMF)
- MF, telephone check (SComSeMFPHS)
Total annual surveillance sensitivity (ToSe SD )
The time to detection for SD was 2.3 months in the best case and 6.4 months in the worst case with a mean of 4.4 months. Total costs for the SD surveillance were 1022.20 CHF (≈ EUR) per herd and year (Table 3) summing up to a total of 62′354.20 CHF (≈ EUR) for all 61 closed multiplier herd per year.
Surveillance sensitivity, time to detection and costs for alternative surveillance scenarios for SD and PAR
TD (months)
Costs per farm and year CHF (≈ EUR)
best case
worst case
Current surveillance (for comparison)
No MF
No AS
2x10 samples no MF
4x6 samples no MF
Current surveillance (for comparison)
No MF
No AS
2x16 samples no MF
4x6 samples no MF
Progressive atrophic rhinitis (PAR)
Component sensitivities and total annual surveillance sensitivity of the PAR surveillance system
PAR surveillance component sensitivities for:
Sensitivity %
Costs CHF (≈ EUR)
- Clinical Surveillance by farmer (SComSeCLIN)
- Clinical Surveillance by PHS (SComSeCLINPHS)
- Active sampling of 10 animals (SComSeAS)
- MF, examination by PHS (SComSeMF)
- MF, telephone check (SComSeMFPHS)
Total annual surveillance sensitivity PAR (ToSe PAR )
For PAR, the TD was between 1.8 and 4.4 months (mean 3.1 months) with total annual costs of 842.20 CHF (≈ EUR) per herd (Table 5) and 51′374.20 CHF (≈ EUR) for all 61 closed multiplier herd per year. The resulting surveillance sensitivity, time to detection and costs of different alternative scenarios are listed in Table 4.
Switzerland is a country with a high health-status in its pig population, especially in pig health service-affiliated herds. To maintain it, a systematic and efficient surveillance is mandatory. This study aimed at the evaluation of the current surveillance by the PHS for swine dysentery and progressive atrophic rhinitis – i.e. the overall annual sensitivity to detect an infected herd, the time to detection and total costs for the PHS– in Swiss pig multiplier herds of the highest PHS-hygiene status. The overall annual sensitivity to detect an infected herd was found to be high for both diseases, with a median of 99.4 % for PAR and 96.7 % for SD. These satisfactory results come at quite high costs though, with 842.20 CHF (≈ EUR) per herd and year for PAR and even higher costs of 1022.20 CHF (≈ EUR) for SD.
The biggest contribution to the overall sensitivity had in both cases active sampling with the highest component sensitivities of all surveillance components. The value itself was slightly lower for SD than for PAR, on one hand due to the lower sensitivity of the laboratory test for detection of B. hyodysenteriae, on the other hand due to the very low number of animals examined (four and six pigs per visit, respectively) because of the high costs for the test. This number of animals examined had a high relative impact on the overall result, especially in connection with the rather low assumed intra-herd prevalence (Intrapr for PAR / Intraprnoc for SD). These were the parameters with the highest relative importance according to the sensitivity tornados, since they determine the likelihood that the – especially in the case of SD—low number of samples taken during active sampling is enough to detect the infection. While being the most effective component, active sampling also constituted the biggest proportion of the overall costs for both surveillance programmes.
Component sensitivities of monitored fattening groups were found to be rather low. While still acceptable in the case of PAR and examination by the PHS veterinarian (median of 38.6 %), the sensitivity for SD was low in the case of an examination by the PHS veterinarian (12.7 %) and even lower if the MF was checked telephonically only. Firstly it is not deemed an optimal solution to base the surveillance on the farmer only, as it is done in the three telephone-checked MF, even more so considering the rather low disease awareness of these farmers to recognize and notify these symptoms to a veterinarian. Furthermore, this can be attributed to the fact that the probability of apparent clinical signs during MF was estimated to be low especially for SD. This is not astonishing since MF were established predominantly for the surveillance of enzootic pneumonia (EP) with coughing as an easy assessable symptom, and other diseases like sarcoptic mange with pruritus as another easy recognizable symptom. In these cases, MF were a well suitable means, and significantly contributed to a successful control of EP in Switzerland [2]. For the present diseases though, it gave way to the question if the small gain in total sensitivity justifies the substantial effort of conducting these MF, even when considering their relatively moderate costs.
Finally, results indicated a very low component sensitivity of clinical surveillance for both diseases, be it by the farmer or the PHS veterinarian. Both diseases typically cause apparent clinical signs rather in older growing pigs (fattening pigs) than in sows and young piglets, the types of animals present in these multiplier herds. In sow herds they typically take a rather chronic and slowly progressing clinical course often without very typical symptoms, thus making it difficult to detect them via clinical examination only [6, 7].
Although the overall surveillance sensitivities are viewed as high, they represent summary measures over one year. For a full picture of the effectiveness of the surveillance it is also necessary to know about the time it would take until an infection is detected. A PAR infection would be detected between 1.8 and 4.4 months after their introduction into the herd; the time a SD infection would go unnoticed would be slightly longer (between 2.4 and 6.4 months). Even though these estimates suggest a fast detection in the best case, in the worst case several months would pass until an infection is detected. Whether this is early enough to prevent negative consequences and further spread, strongly depends on the herd type and its trade patterns. It can be doubted though for the examined farm type of a multiplier herd that is situated at the top of the production pyramid and thus typically has frequent contacts to subsequent production units (herds supplied with the produced breeding piglets or gilts). The potential consequences of such an event were illustrated in an outbreak of PAR in a closed multiplier herd in 2011 [8]. Although the length of the period of infection in this herd could not be determined (at that time only one active sampling per year was conducted), within the tracing period from January 2010 to August 2011 overall 43 breeding herds had once or several times bought animals from that farm, of which 19 contracted the infection. These farms had to follow a rigorous depopulation-repopulation scheme according to the PHS guideline [5] and all other contact herds had to undergo intensive and repeated herd examinations over several months and faced trade restrictions until final proof of freedom from PAR. This shows that despite the lack of a generalized empirical value on what is early enough, for the examined farm type it should be attempted to detect the infection as early as possible. Although it cannot be quantified how much less severe the consequences would have been with the current surveillance scheme (or even better variants in terms of TD), this demonstrates that an efficient but costly surveillance is still justified since the costs of an outbreak – even if difficult to measure—by far outweigh those of surveillance.
Of course, all these results have to be interpreted with caution since the scenario tree models, like all models, are based on several assumptions regarding their structure and data. Several input parameters were subject to uncertainty, especially those that were based solely on expert opinions. Examples are the low estimated probabilities that symptoms were present during MF and that a farmer would notice and notify them, which considerably contributed to the resulting low component sensitivity of MF. Hereby it cannot be excluded that estimates were influenced by individual levels of experience and knowledge of the experts. These issues were sought to be alleviated firstly by founding the parameter estimates used in the models on a broad basis by addressing the questionnaire to all experts in the field available throughout the whole country (with a satisfactory response rate). Secondly, the principle of stochasticity, i.e. the use of probability distributions instead of point estimates, was applied. This was also done for test characteristics like the PAR test-specificity, where slightly lower values than the 100 % indicated by the laboratory were used as a precaution. For the future, further research will be necessary to fill these data gaps and substantiate the assumptions made in order to increase the certainty of the estimates. Furthermore, the time to detection can only serve as a rough estimate since it was based on a strongly simplified calculation: it was assumed that all events took place evenly distributed over the year, i.e. at equal intervals, which in reality is rarely the case. Additionally, the clinical surveillance by the farmer could not be considered in the calculation, because this event actually takes place every day. Moreover, for simplicity, best as well as worst case scenarios were based on median component sensitivity estimates. Finally, some farm individual characteristics that might have an impact on the actual sensitivity of the surveillance, such as farm size, biosecurity etc., were not addressed to keep the models as parsimonial as possible.
Finally, overall costs of the surveillance are certainly higher than calculated in this work, as we only focused on costs incurring to the PHS as an additional criterion besides surveillance sensitivity and time to detection to base their decisions on. Thus, we did not account for costs incurring e.g. to the farmer (labour costs etc.). Likewise we refrained from formally relating these costs of surveillance to benefits other than sensitivity and time to detection, although they would clearly have to be considered if a broader economic analysis (e.g. benefit-costs-analysis) was undertaken. The necessity of one or the other form of surveillance (including possibly considerable costs) is justified by the benefits for the farmers, i.e. confidence in the health status of their animals. This is especially important since the Swiss market structure demands for standardized health guarantees: it is extremely difficult to sell animals (be it breeding or fattening pigs) not meeting these standards, and farmers have to accept lower prices; some of the big retailers even accept only pigs / pig products that have been certified (according to the PHS) throughout the whole production chain.
Despite the described limitations of the method, scenario tree modelling proved beneficial for assessing the performance of disease surveillance, with its greatest advantages being its simplicity and flexibility. With this method, it was possible to gain one overall summary measure for the evaluation of a complex surveillance system. The method in general can be used for a broad range of applications: its suitability at country or regional level was already demonstrated e.g. for freedom from avian influenza in Canada [13], classical swine fever in the European Union [14], or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Sweden [15]. The present work now gives proof of its successful application at herd level. Not only did the scenario tree models provide a good and realistic valuation of the current PHS surveillance system in multiplier herds as a whole and its constituting components. The adaptability of the models allowed an effortless adjustment to different alternative surveillance scenarios. The resulting outcomes gave valuable hints to the PHS on how to further improve its surveillance by optimizing sensitivity, time to detection and costs as the main criteria for decisions. The most obvious conclusion that can be drawn is that the focus should be laid on active sampling. This becomes especially clear when comparing the total surveillance sensitivity of our primarily investigated closed multiplier herds with the much lower sensitivity for multiplier herds with outsourced rearing of breeding gilts (61 % for SD and 81 % for PAR). The only difference in surveillance between the two herd types is that in the latter no active sampling is carried out. In contrast, omitting MF merely had any noticeable impact on the total sensitivities (and the worst-case time to detection would even decrease for SD due to the very low component sensitivities for MF). Considering this low contribution of MF to the total surveillance sensitivity, our suggestion would be to omit them and reallocate financial resources to an intensified active sampling. In accordance to the finding that the number of examined animals played an important role in the overall outcome, the most favourable scenarios comprised an increased number of animals sampled per visit. For SD, with twice ten pigs sampled per year, total sensitivity as well as time to detection would improve (99.6 %; 3.2 months on average) at only slightly higher costs (increase by 56 CHF (≈ EUR) to 1078.35 CHF (≈ EUR) per year). For PAR where the costs per laboratory test are much lower than for SD, the number of animals could be increased to 16 twice a year with keeping the same time to detection, slightly increasing the total sensitivity to 99.7 % and even reducing total annual costs by 84.00 CHF (≈ EUR) to 758.35 CHF (≈ EUR). In contrast, results indicated that for both diseases an increase in the frequency of visits for active sampling (4 visits with 6 animals sampled) would not bring any additional advantage considering the fairly higher costs. Finally, minor improvements could be achieved by increasing the disease awareness by the farmer, which was not deemed too high by the experts but had a rather low impact on the overall outcome. For the future, further substantial advancement of the surveillance would be conceivable with the employment of more accurate laboratory tests, especially for SD where sensitivity and specificity of the current method are only moderate [16]. Following discussion of the presented results with decision makers of the PHS, it was decided to modify the surveillance scheme accordingly, thus in the future omitting MF and intensifying active sampling.
To finish, scenario tree models like the ones presented herein can be valuable tools for national pig health services and other institutions conducting disease surveillance to assess the overall performance of complex surveillance systems at herd level. The versatility of the models allows their easy modification and adjustment to all kinds of surveillance components and scenarios. With little effort they can be adapted to other diseases under surveillance.
The present study revealed a generally satisfactory surveillance for both progressive atrophic rhinitis and swine dysentery in terms of their sensitivity to detect an infection in a herd. Identified weak points were the potentially long time to detection of an infection in a herd and the suboptimal use of resources, considering the poor sensitivity of monitored fattening groups for both diseases compared to their costs. It became clear that active sampling was the key component for effective surveillance of swine dysentery and progressive atrophic rhinitis. In order to optimize efficiency of the surveillance system, financial resources should be concentrated on an intensified active sampling at the cost of MF that should be abandoned. The methodology of scenario tree modelling proved to be a useful tool to assess the efficiency of surveillance at herd level.
We would like to thank Dr. Patricia Scheer, Dr. Sarah Fauser and all her colleagues from the Pig Health Service, as well as all veterinarians who participated in the expert elicitation, for their valuable contributions to this study.
Authors' Affiliations
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subset: commoncrawl


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Awakened by the light of the Sun,
the poet hears a heavenly trumpet
calling the Self to spiritual rebirth.
Summoned by Archangel Gabriel
she takes off her persona to reveal
her true being. Shameless at what
is not there she exonerates herself,
wipes the slate clean, begins again.
Poetry of the Tarot: Judgement
Awakened by the light of the Sun,


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Victoria Thompson
Murder on Gramercy Park
Victoria Thompson
Murder on Gramercy Park
Release Date: 3/6/2001
As a midwife in the turn-of-the-century tenements of New York City, Sarah Brandt has seen her share of suffering and joy, birth and death. Now, she learns that crime doesn't discriminate, when the highest echelons of society are rocked by murder…
A Gaslight Mystery
At a summons from Detective Sergeant Frank Malloy, Sarah arrives at the elegant home of famed magnetic healer Edmund Blackwell to find his wife in labor—and the good doctor dead from an apparent suicide. Only Malloy sees what no one else wants to: that Blackwell was murdered in his own home…
After a successful delivery, the Blackwell baby falls mysteriously ill. Relying on her nurse's training and woman's intuition, Sarah discovers the source of the baby's sickness—and discovers a scandal that leads Malloy's investigation down a gilded path paved with greed, deception, and desire…
"Victoria Thompson shines…Anne Perry and Caleb Carr fans rejoice!" —Tamar Myers, author of The Hand that Rocks the Ladle


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Aiming to get back to a sane release cycle, this release fixes crash on autocompletion, adblock which was half-broken in the last release, duplication of bookmarks on startup and using the Go button to open addresses.
This release by default has no menubar in new installations. Existing users can right-click the toolbar and select 'Menubar' to the same effect. The 'app menu', also called 'compact menu' informally, has existed in previous versions but I was concerned it didn't fully replace the menubar functionally, I am now confident it does provide the better experience.
Spontaneous collaboration of users on IRC brought up proper restoring of tab order in the session. This is the kind of small detail I personally never noticed much but people who care about it were able to make a big difference literally over night, just before the release.
Fans of user scripts and styles will welcome that they will no longer see multiple infobars in the wrong tab, and support for the review pages on userscripts.org.
Bookmarks can now be exported to Netscape HTML, as compatible as possible in light of apparent bugs of other browsers with regard to escaping.
Progress and search engines in location are now mandatory, as well as download notification bubbles. The statusbar no longer popups up for downloads if it was explicitly hidden. This is clearer and works better.
There is also a way to reload uncached now with a hotkey, by default Ctrl+Shift+R.
Finally thanks to Paweł we have a new Win32 release again. Note that this should be considered an unstable release as it didn't undergo much testing, so installing it in a separate location is recommended. Any feedback and bug reports are very welcome, and especially anyone willing to investigate Win32-specific problems will be appreciated. I must give kudos to Peter who made the previous releases possible and made a huge effort at polishing the Win32 builds.
There is only an archive and no installer at this time.
So [http://archive.xfce.org/src/apps/midori/0.3/midori-0.3.2.tar.bz2 download midori v0.3.2] (806 kB) ([http://archive.xfce.org/src/apps/midori/0.3/midori-0.3.2.tar.bz2.md5 MD5]) ([http://git.xfce.org/apps/midori/tree/ChangeLog ChangeLog]) already!
[http://www.twotoasts.de/media/midori-0.3.2.7z Midori Win32 Archive v0.3.2] (11,3 MB)


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Social Media Weekend: PR Strategy for Search & Social, Facebook Growing Old
Optimizing Your Online PR Strategy for Search & Social, Part 2: Goals of Online PR. I started this series looking at the differences between print readers and web readers. This is critical to understand before moving forward with your online public relations material. We cannot expect to reach online readers the same way we reach those that are offline. We can't just do the old-world methods in a new-world medium. The differences between the two readers is vast, and, without that understanding, there will be no way to hit the goals you are trying to achieve.
Is Facebook Going Gray? My husband just told me that the generation gap between him and our teen son, is less than it was between him and his father when he was a teen. I thought he was nuts, but then I saw this report from eMarketer that shows a significant rise in Facebook engagement with folks over 55. Could Facebook be the great equalizer of all folks from 18 to 80?
Think Before You Share: UK Warns About Personal Security Online. The UK Ministry of Defense has launched a new online video campaign to educate social media users about personal security online and the dangers of sharing too much.
More evidence of Net's effect on the brain. A new study provides evidence that heavy internet use by the young results in "brain structural alterations" of a kind associated with "impairment of cognitive control." The study, published this month in PLoS ONE, was conducted in China, where approximately 14 percent of urban youths – some 24 million kids – are believed to suffer from so-called "internet addiction disorder."
The Pending Implosion Of Daily Deal Sites. Be careful if you're thinking that you can replicate the success of Groupon. While Groupon sets its IPO (more on that here: Groupon IPO: It's Here!), not a day passes without a new (or existing) company trying to replicate the model of offering a daily deal from a local merchant at a radically reduced discount. It's getting a little crazy out there.
Unraveling Facebook Open Graph – Part 2. In my last post, we talked about image tags, description tags, and making sure the right main link is displayed while shared. Next we'll go over a few more tags (books and location) as well as check back into the comments to answer some questions here.
Image credit: astrobuddha
Social Media Marketing 2019, PPC on 10+ Platforms.Learn how to market via Twitter, Pinterest, Instagram, YouTube, Facebook, Google and more advertising platforms! This must-have course has a 4.5 rating out of 4,235 ratings with more than 37,000 students enrolled.
Take a look at the social media marketing course


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Jabar Gaffney, the Washington Redskins' leading receiver in 2011, said Wednesday that the team plans to trade or release him and he has been told not to show up for the team's offseason conditioning program in Ashburn.
Gaffney has tweeted that his Twitter account was hacked.
"That wasn't me. I'm a man. Taking to Twitter to handle business is childish," Gaffney said in an interview Wednesday. "But it's strange that I hear about this the day after that Twitter mess happened. They say it has been in the works for a couple weeks now, though. But it's odd that I didn't hear about it until the day after the Twitter."
"I don't know what happened," he added. "Last year, I did everything I was asked, and ended up leading the receivers in every category. Leaving at the end of the season, I was their guy, and even after they made these deals to bring in [free agent wide receivers Pierre Garcon and Josh Morgan ], I was told I was still in their plans. I just took the signings as moves to make our receiver unit deeper. This is all confusing to me."
The Redskins, through senior vice president Tony Wyllie, declined to comment on the matter.
Gaffney said he was told that if the Redskins can't find a trade partner, they will release him. Gaffney is due to earn $2.65 million in 2012, and the Redskins have less room under the salary cap after receiving a $36 million penalty over two seasons from the NFL for the way they restructured some player contracts in the uncapped 2010 offseason.
After learning of the salary cap hit, the team restructured center Will Montgomery's contract, but hasn't reworked any other deals. Gaffney said he hasn't been told whether creating more room under the cap is the motivation behind the Redskins' decision to move him.
"I don't think that's why," Gaffney said. "I've never been a dude to ask for a whole ton of money. And there's ways to rework deals if that's what they need."
Gaffney, whom Washington acquired last summer via trade, said he intended to play for the Redskins in 2012, even after the team signed Garcon and Morgan. He says he was set to report for the team's voluntary offseason conditioning program, which started Monday.
Gaffney said while the news that the team is shopping him stings, he hopes to remain with the Redskins.
"I'm 100 percent on board with the Redskins," he said. "I hope I can stay here. I just like the locker room, the direction we're headed. I love the offense. This team traded for me last year, and I'm grateful for that, and want to build on last season.


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Looking for a way to liven up your event's festivities? Why not hire an A Cappella performance to keep everyone entertained at your party? Little Red Dots can perform for your party. Contact us to book us today!
- Unique A Capella group
- Electronic sounds all from the mouth
- Flexible performances for small to big venues/events
- Weddings, Event Openings/Closings, Dinner & Dance, Celebrations, Conventions
- Flexible show durations – as long as 30 minutes or as short as 5 minutes, depending on your needs
Enquire Now!
Engaging and Impressive Performance
Hiring an a cappella group will be the highlight of your party with their exciting performances. It will keep everyone entertained as you will be amazed to see a four-man team using only their voices to create music that sounds like you are listening to it straight from the radio; singing songs like "Sorry" by Justin Bieber, "Bloodstream" by Ed Sheeran, and "Stitches" by Shawn Mendes, just to name a few. It will be an impactful music performance that will be useful to capture your guests' attention. The Little Red Dots are flexible and have performed for shows as grand as the Manhunt 2016, and as heartland-ish as Rivervale CC's National Day Celebration, so their performance will fit right into your day's or night's programme, regardless of the type of live event you are hosting.


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Harvey Cusworth's award winning art career began as early as junior high school, where he won the Gold Key award for outstanding artist. This was the catalyst that propelled him towards a life long career in the art world. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree (illustration and graphic design) from Brigham Young University and went on to receive a Masters Degree in Fine Arts with a painting and drawing emphasis from California State University, Long Beach. His work during this time began to explore the beauty of familiar and found objects, a thread of emphasis that strings throughout much of his work. He also became a master architectural glass artist, and his exquisite work has been exhibited at the Pacific Design Center in Beverly Hills as well as the late Cinerama in Hollywood. His artwork has won many awards in various juried shows; most recently, he won Best of Show in the Foundation for Education of the Arts exhibition. He has also been recognized in his home city of Thousand Oaks, where he won the Purchase Award for painting. Among other awards, Harvey received First Place for graphic design work and Honorable Mention for the cover competition in Print magazine, a highly regarded art publication. Throughout his career, he has also done freelance portraiture and has taught art in public and private settings.
Harvey specializes in Plein Air style painting reminiscent of impressionism. He uses oil paint as his primary medium with the goal of capturing colors revealed through California's unique light. He focuses particularly on composition and design, combining these elements to create his own expressive visual statement – reflecting the moment in time.
As an artist working in the southern California area, the influence of light and color has been important to me in the development of my work. The way light interacts with subject matter has become my primary focus. Such interactions suggest patterns created by light and shadow which provide the basis for my compositional arrangements. My goal is to utilize the design and color suggested by these patterns in order to create a powerful visual impact. I wish to communicate what I perceive to be the most essential in the subject matter before me. I believe this to be the basis for creating a moving visual experience.
I work in oil and acrylic on board which allows me to create the dynamic brushstroke I wish to use in my work. I also create Giclee fine art prints of my work in which I attempt to reproduce the same intensity of color and brilliance found in the original work.
In your travels around the site please take time see my recent work. I've attempted to combine in these these pieces the sense of light, as well as a contemplative focus on a simple object in interior space.


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Is SUP actually good for you?
We've all heard the claims that SUP is good for our physical and emotional wellbeing. And sure, intuitively it makes sense. I mean, surely balancing on a wobbly board has to be good for our core and stability, paddling with our upper body has to increase strength, and increasing our paddling speed results in a […]


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The Right Gear Bike Shop - Saturday 8:00 AM
The SAMBO (Saturday AM Bike Outing) features A, B, and C rides intended to accommodate most levels of riders. All groups will leave from The Right Gear in Concord every Saturday morning. A, B, & C Rides will have a pickup point at the Food Lion on South Union Street. The pack usually comes by between 15 and 30 minutes after the designated start time.
If it is raining at the start, then the ride will be canceled, but if we start and get caught out, the we'll "call an audible" on the road. We have been known to ride when the temperature is in the teens so don't assume that no one will be there!
Starting Address: 808 Church Street, Concord, NC 28025


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https://wiki.x2go.org/doku.php/doc:newtox2go wrote:X2Go is a Remote Desktop solution, which some vendors vaguely call Remote Control. This is not to be confused with Microsoft Remote Desktop Connection, which is a competing Remote Desktop solution and protocol. With X2Go, you mainly access Linux computers. The Linux computer you are accessing is the X2Go Server. (There are ways to connect to a Windows computer as well; some of them are only available with the Linux X2Go Client.)
A procedure is available to use X2Go Windows (32-bit) client without admin privileges (untested!):
Downloads are at the homepage above.https://wiki.x2go.org/doku.php/doc:installation:x2goclient wrote:
To install X2Go Client without admin rights (and without a start menu entry or an entry in "add/remove programs"):
- Open the X2Go Client setup.exe in an archive manager such as 7-zip.
- Extract all the contents to a new folder of your choosing. Let's assume this folder is called "x2goclient".
- Move the "pulse" and "VcXsrv" folders from under 'x2goclient/$_OUTDIR\' to directly under 'x2goclient/' .
- Delete the 'x2goclient/$PLUGINSDIR\' folder and the 'x2goclient/$_OUTDIR\' folder.
- Once finished, your main folder should have dozens of files directly in it, the "pulse" subfolder, and the "VcXsrv" subfolder.


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Short Film Awards
A qualifying festival for the Academy Awards, recipients of the James Horgan Award for Best Animation and Tiernan MacBride Award for Best Short Drama will qualify for Oscar nomination.
Best First Short Animation
An Béal Bocht, director Tom Collins
Accepted on their behalf
Best First Short Drama in association with Mazars
Presented by Austin Salmon
The Date, director Selina Cartmell
The Don Quijote Award for Animation in a Short Film
Presented by Mr. Stein R. Bjerkely from Norway
An Béal Bocht, director Tom Collins
Accepted on their behalf
The Donal Gilligan Award for Best Cinematography in a Short Film in association with The Irish Society of Cinematographers
Burschi Wojner, Wave
Best Animated Sequence in a Short Film in association with Brown Bag Films
Late Afternoon, by Cartoon Saloon
Best Short Documentary Award
The joint winners for this award are:
Throwline, director Mia Mullarkey
Tit for Tatt, director Mairéad Ní Thréinir
One Minute Film Festival
Tempo, director Arjan Brentjes
Accepted on their behalf
The James Horgan Award for Best Animation
An Island, director Rory Byrne
The Tiernan McBride Award for Best Short Drama in association with Network Television Ireland
Presented by Derry O' Brien
Wave, directors Benjamin Cleary and TJ O'Grady Peyton
Feature Film Audience Awards
Best Human Rights Feature in association with Amnesty International
Presented by Siddhi Joshi
City of Ghosts, produced and directed by Matthew Heineman
Accepted on their behalf
Best International First Feature
God's Own Country, written & directed by Francis Lee and produced by Manon Ardisson & Jack Tarling
Accepted on their behalf
Best International Feature
Mad to be Normal, written by Tracy Moreton & Robert Mullan, directed by Robert Mullan and produced by Phin Glynn, Alan Letham and Charlotte Arden
Accepted on their behalf
Best International Feature Documentary
All the Wild Horses, directed by Ivo Marloh and produced by Ivo Marloh and Darcia Martin
Best Cinematography in an Irish Feature in association with Teach Solais
Presented by Cian de Butleir
Richard Kendrick, Song of Granite
Best Irish First Feature
The Drummer and the Keeper, written and directed by Nick Kelly, produced by Kate McColgan
Best Irish Feature Documentary
Rocky Ros Muc, directed by Michael Fanning, produced by Michael Fanning and Maire Bhreathnach
Best Irish Feature in association with Volta
Presented by Charlene Lydon
Michael, Inside, written and directed by Frank Berry, produced by Donna Eperon, Tristan Orpan-Lynch & Aoife O' Sullivan
Individual Awards
The Galway Film Fleadh Pitching Award
The Galway Film Fleadh emphasises the important foundation of good story and scriptwriting in the audiovisual industry though this award in which feature films are pitched to a panel of industry professionals and awarded a cash prize for development of their scripts.
Winner: Michelle Lehane for her project Against The Tide
The jury felt this was a perfectly pitched project – a true story that doesn't feel like a documentary because it has great emotional depth and truth.
The Bingham Ray New Talent Award in association with Magnolia Pictures
This award recognises the breakthrough talent of Irish filmmakers and is named in recognition of the contribution and help of our departed friend and supporter Bingham Ray.
The nominees are:
- Dafhyd Flynn (actor), Michael, Inside
- Chris Baugh (director), Bad Day For The Cut
- Colm Seoighe (actor), Song Of Granite
- Donna Eperon (producer), Michael, Inside
- Kate McColgan (producer), The Drummer & The Keeper
Winner: Dafhyd Flynn
To see our full archive of award winners, click here.


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Perfectly Peachy Easy Marmalade
Time needed
30 min preparation + 30 min cooking
Serving Size / Yield
3 servings
- 5 lb. pitted and sliced peaches
- 4 C. sugar
- 2 T. lemon juice
Our Readers Also Loved
Combine all the ingredients in a large pot, and allow to sit for 30 minutes. Put the pot over medium-high heat on the stove top and bring to a boil. Cook until the liquid has reduced and is syrupy, stirring constantly and skimming any foam off the top. Ladle the mixture into hot canning jars, top with the lids and can in a water bath for 10 minutes. Cool and store in the pantry, refrigerating after opening.
Around The Web


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Faucet Dripping Repair - An OverviewIt won't issue regardless of whether you've got seasoned a leaky toilet, a clogged kitchen sink, or a backed-up sewer line—Roto-Rooter is familiar with how to handle it all.
If you're also in the food items business, beginning your have and looking for the ideal plumbing experts to Get in touch with, then without a doubt, CMAC could be the plumbing company in your case, approximately it has been for lots of other food items business proprietors.
We are serving the Salt Lake Metropolis area considering that 1935, and we have been experts In regards to fixing plumbing emergencies. Our clean, professionals experts are dedicated to furnishing fantastic shopper service, and they're going to take care of your home Along with the regard it warrants.
Maybe a lot more importantly, They are going to be absolutely sure that you are cognizant from the likely fiscal affect of the varied alternatives: you will never be surprised if you have the Monthly bill, because they can have absent about the costs of your many decisions before beginning perform.
An proper representation of the asked for source could not be uncovered on this server. This error was created by Mod_Security.
Call us the next time you need a brand new plumbing fixture installation or trustworthy plumbing repair service.
24 hours per day, 7 days a week, correct the calendar year spherical, Gold Coast Plumbing Company is standing by to assist you to with any plumbing emergency that occurs.
Once you're experiencing a plumbing emergency, calling an emergency plumber really should be a top priority, but Additionally, there are a couple of stuff you can do yourself to reduce the hurt.
Need aid, we might be there to resolve the problem. All perform is one hundred% confirmed having a a single calendar year Affordable Plumbing guarantee.
A burst water pipe may cause a alot of injury in just your home. The most common induce for your burst water pipe is each time a pipe is becoming Bathroom Plumbing Installation frozen in cold weather.
Popular emergency plumbing calls come from clogged toilets, backed up kitchen sinks and broken water hose bib spigots. Latest homes like in Kapolei are Make with PVC plumbing pipes. It's the way forward for plumbing and have numerous far more beneficial benefits than copper / cast iron pipes.
We are going to be happy to spend some time with you pinpointing the exact kind of professional you need, after which We are going to refer you to definitely an individual with that expertise in your area. We are going to set you in contact so as to have your issues dealt with as immediately as you possibly can.
We offer New Installations and Repairs. Have got a leaky or broken faucet, jogging toilet, a dripping pipe or perhaps a clogged drain? You need a plumber and we can assist. We make use of a 24 hour plumber and provide emergency plumbing and repair services to people during Lancaster, Lebanon and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
A lot of plumbing problems are uncomplicated annoyances, but Some others will cost you some huge cash Otherwise cared for promptly. Such as, if your basement floods at two am, It is really critical that you choose to get an emergency plumber to return visit at once so as to stop more injury.


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Headquartered in Claremore with satellite offices in Tulsa and Pawhuska, we are recognized for our relentless commitment to customer service.
Timothy J. Pickens, Attorney and Counselor at Law, is a Licensed Oklahoma Attorney and Licensed Oklahoma Registered Nurse who specializes in Nursing License Defense, Estate Planning for Individuals and Businesses, Business Contract Disputes, Family & Criminal Law, Adoptions, Guardianship, and Probate.
Legal Solutions provided by our office include:
- Estate Planning
- Wills & Trusts
- Probate
- Family, Adoption, Guardianship
- Business
- Criminal Defense
- Nursing License Defense
We are proud members of the following organizations:
- Osage Nation Bar Association
- Muscogee (Creek) Nation Bar Association
- Cherokee Nation Bar Association
- Oklahoma Bar Association
- Tulsa Bar Association
- Rogers County Bar Association
- Osage County Bar Association
Contact Us for additional information or to make an appointment today!


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Annual Color
Eye-Catching Color Combinations and Ideas
By Hilary Rinaldi
At the moment, I have the luxury to choose whatever annual
color plants I want, because these days, my plant choices
are just for me. In the past, however, when I have chosen
plant material, I had to be especially careful, because as a
landscaper, the plants were going in front of very public
places like restaurants, business parks, or even large
private homes. No matter where they went, they always had to
look good all the time.
I wanted to have healthy, long lasting color:
Probably looks like a similar list of reasons you have for
your annual flower criteria too. Well try some of the
combinations I have listed below, because they will meet the
criteria above, and I know you will be happy with them.
1: One of my favorite summer color and plant combinations is
red and yellow celosia, the plume variety, mixed with blue
salvia, with a low border of sweet white alyssum.
• What makes this color combination work is that your color
scheme has the primary colors of red, blue, and yellow,
which strongly appeal to us from childhood.
• This color combination works anywhere. I seldom see people
try this combination, and they should.
Plant Combination
• What makes this plant combination work, is that both the
celosia and the salvia have long tall flowers. They
compliment each other and then are offset by the low border
of alyssum.
• Try grouping similar flower types and get a little bold
mixing the colors up.
• Have you ever tried purple, yellow, and white with a green
border of low mounding grasses? Get creative.
2: Another good summer mix is a combination of summer
madness petunias, with dusty miller, and a heavy border of
white sweet alyssum.
• What makes this color combination great, is that it is using
a different base color of gray.
• The summer madness petunia has a touch of gray in it that
works really well with the gray in the dusty miller. It is
eye catching because it is not your usual mix of summer
annuals like marigolds.
• It has a sophisticated feel, but can be used anywhere, and
the white border gives it a finished look.
• I tend to put the taller dusty miller towards the back, fill
in with the petunias, and finish with the white alyssum. You
can try this, or do something with a different base color.
Plant Combination
What makes this plant combination work is the drastically
different textures. There is enough difference between the
petunias and dusty miller to complement each other, without
becoming too much.
3: A good fall mixture is to use a combination of Iceland
poppies with purple and pink stock, and either a border of
lobelia, or alyssum, or one color of pansies.
• What makes this color combination work is that it is very
soft, and pastel-like.
• When it is fall, and the days are getting shorter, all this
bright color really can pop your yard out.
• They are mostly warm colors, so they contrast with the cool
temperatures at that time of year.
• All these plants are very tall, and have long thin stems.
• Again, try things with similar growing habits, and then
contrast it with something low.
• What also looks good with the poppies and stock can even be
a border of festuca, the low mounding grasses that come in
gray and green.
4: A monoculture
One last idea for you to try, is an entire planting of Teddy
Bear Sunflowers. The Teddy Bear variety are a dwarf, so they
only get a foot or two tall. This is very eye-catching, and
since these, and similar dwarf varieties, can be started
from seed, they are very cost effective.
Lastly keep in mind, less is more
• If you are going to be trying any of the above in
containers, great, but try using a few large containers
instead of lots and lots of little pots.
• Numerous pots tend to look cluttered and haphazard, while a
few large containers placed here and there, look well
planned, and do more to add a nice show of color that is
If you have ever been in one of those moods saying to
yourself, "What could I plant that would be different this
time?" I hope this has helped you answer the question!
Hilary Rinaldi is a professional landscaper who has written for gardening
publications such as "Seed Trade News" and "Houseplant Magazine." She also has
been a professional public speaker and educator in the gardening industry for
over 20 years sharing gardening information and tips to as many people as she can.
Back to Top |
| Home


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BEDROOMS IN A QUIET STREET IN VOORBURG. This apartment is on a walking distance of the train station Laan van N.O.I.and has a nice balcony and a big storage in the basement. The shops are around the corner for your daily groceries. It will be rented out with Internet/T.V., water and heating included.
Lay out:
apartment is on the toplevel and has a nice new kitchen with a wasmachine. The bathroom has a shower and a sink. There are 3 bedrooms.
- unfurnished
- 3 bedrooms
- big storage
- recently totally renovated
- expats only
- no pets
- available : now
- rent: € 1.050,-- Internet/T.V./water and heating for € 150,-- p/m
Bereken direct de geschatte waarde.Direct berekenen


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Senators Warren, Burr, Tillis, Cassidy, Kennedy Introduce Bipartisan Resolution Honoring Life of Dr. Samuel DuBois CookCook Center, Tuesday, October 10, 2017
Washington, DC - United States Senators Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.), Richard Burr (R-N.C.), Thom Tillis (R-N.C.), Bill Cassidy (R-La.), and John Kennedy (R-La.) introduced a resolution honoring the life and achievements of Dr. Samuel DuBois Cook (1928 - 2017), who was the first African... Read More »
How Cities Can Do Better Than the Fight for $15YES! Magazine, Friday, October 6, 2017
As we head into election season for municipal offices, candidates running for local city councils and mayor's offices need a bold offensive strategy in order to reverse a shrinking workforce, growing pools of contingent workers who are vulnerable to volatile and low wages and reduced work hours,... Read More »
'No solution in sight': Spain braces for Catalonia declaration of independenceCBC/Radio-Canada, Wednesday, October 4, 2017
The Catalonia vote for secession from Spain may have boxed the regional government into a corner, leaving it no choice but to declare unilateral independence — a move that could trigger a constitutional crisis and spark more violent clashes. "It basically opens a valley of tears and a process... Read More »
Cook Center Grant to Support Study of Race, Religion, HealthDuke Today, Wednesday, October 4, 2017
The Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity at Duke University has received a $2.7 million grant to study the relationship between religion, spirituality and cardiovascular disease risks in African Americans. The five-year project is supported by the National Institute on Minority Health and... Read More »
Donald Trump is a textbook racistLA Times, Wednesday, October 4, 2017
"Civil rights advocates, social scientists and regular citizens have all called out President Trump as a racist in recent weeks. The president's supporters have countered with stories about the blacks and Latinos he has hired or befriended, and with personal testimonies: "I've known Donald Trump... Read More »
What happened with Catalonia's vote for independence — and what's nextPBS News Hour, Wednesday, October 4, 2017
Catalonia has long sought independence, but the most recent push began in 2010, when a constitutional court overturned an agreement giving it more autonomy, part of an effort by the central government to tighten its fiscal belt during the global economic downturn, Associate Professor of... Read More »
1 in 7 white families are now millionaires. For black families, it's 1 in 50.The Washington Post, Tuesday, October 3, 2017
"We have growing wealth disparities among whites as well, but the white group is so much further ahead that the class of elite blacks is nowhere near the class of elite whites," said Darrick Hamilton, an economist at the New School in New York and associate director of the Samuel DuBois Cook Center... Read More »
Flyover: What's the American job worth?National Public Radio, Sunday, October 1, 2017
We're talking jobs this week on Flyover. Specifically, tax breaks and other government incentives given to private companies to bring jobs to your communities. Is that a good deal for you? Is this the way to a stronger economy? Our guests were Wisconsin Public Radio reporter Shawn Johnson... Read More »
Can Catalonia Split With Spain?Council on Foreign Relations, Friday, September 29, 2017
A showdown looms between Spanish authorities and the prosperous northeastern region of Catalonia over a planned October 1 referendum on independence. While some residents of the linguistically and culturally distinctive region have long pushed for secession, the current impasse has its roots in... Read More »
Cook Center on Social Equity Receives $2.7 Million Grant For Race, Religion and Health ProjectDuke Today, Friday, September 29, 2017
The Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity has received a $2,713,229 grant from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). These funds will support a five-year study aimed at investigating the relationship between religion,... Read More »


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Splendid Group Electronic City review apartment complaints fixed
Splendid Group Electronic City review will be very helpful for the people who got the off chance that you are wanting to purchase home. Splendid Group have returned up with a substitution venture Splendid Lake Dews in Electronic city, Bangalore. The premier favorable position of this venture the evading and neighborhood near school Park, shopping centers, healing centers and so on. Splendid Lake Dews is selective and has its own appeal. Early morning as a consequence of the first light breaks into the dashes of daylight through the thick vegetation, the sun sparkles over the peaceful waters, and onto the greens to reflect the sweetness of the morning buildup. Splendid Lake Dews is produced for our clients to pay some quality time close by your friends and family and conjointly the character.
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If you already have a pond at your school we can make it completely safe and functional, look fantastic and help make your school pond a fascinating and vibrant part of your community. We can make any size or shape of pond completely safe and accessible. Easy secure access to pond dip in different zones and to maintain the whole pond is included in every design.
Designs can include ideas from your pupils and they can help to create wildlife corridors and nearby habitats. If you're growing plants a pond is a vital part of an organic garden providing habitat for lots of beneficial creatures. We can't think of a better educational tool than a pond for the demonstration of live processes and living things.
Costs vary but a good idea of the total price can be given over the phone including design for fabrication, fabrication and materials, galvanizing and finishing, delivery and secure fitting and VAT. All we need are the measurements across the water to the edge in two directions (narrowest and widest points), a rough description of the shape of the pond and where your school is located.
Our pond covers are suitable for all ponds. If you are searching on behalf of a school, children's centre, nursery, pre-school, child-minder, foster carer, or if you are responsible for a pond in a public place eg. near a business location or in a community garden, we can provide a cover to meet your needs.
CONTACT US FAQs DELIVERY & FITTING TERMS & CONDITIONS
Copyright © 2004-2019 Creative Pond Covers Limited. All Rights Reserved
Registered in England and Wales Registration Number: 6453734


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AC Annual
1992 Issue # 3
The series was continued from 1990 & 1991
|AC Annual # 3
|pencils = Vic Bridges
|inks = Mark Heike
|AC Annual # 3
back cover
|pencils = ?
|inks = ?
The series then continued on into 1993
For a full cover-sized jpg file of any of the above covers to be emailed to you,
To Index Of AC Comics / Paragon Publications Covers
To Index Of AC Comics Covers
To Index Of AC Comics Covers A
To Contents
To Sitemap
All AC Comics, Paragon Publications
and all characters and likenesses
herein depicted or otherwise referred to,
except where otherwise noted below,
are TradeMarked and © by
AC Comics, Paragon Publications
and/or Bill Black
with World rights reserved
Colt © Don Secrease - - -Thunderfox © James Mission
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Maureen Gosling doesn't have any movies playing in theaters.
If you feel like heading out, check out other movies in theaters.
A Poem Is a Naked Person
Blossoms of Fire
Burden of Dreams
J'ai Été au Bal
All Maureen Gosling films
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
Copyright © 2019 FANDANGO MOVIES.


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Transform your Practice in 10 Days- Money Making Marketing for Dentists- Mo...
Money Making Marketing
Is this you?
You want more patients?
You want more money in the practice or personally?
You want more of the patients that you really enjoy treating or who need the type of treatments you enjoy providing?
You have unpredictable cash-flow and fear a drop in income?
You have lost or are losing patients to your competition?
You are spending a lot of time and money on marketing that is not working, not bringing in patients, or brining in the wrong ones?
You have concerns about the reputation of your practice?
You are confused by marketing, and don't know what you should you be doing, website, Facebook, twitter, adverts etc?
You are looking for answers to problems and worries relating to the marketing of your practice?
If you answered "yes" to one or more of these questions this workshop is for you.
. .
Money Making Marketing is designed to give you
Tips to enhance your patient base
Tools to improve your retention and recruitment of patients
Strategies to increase your income
Frameworks to gain the reputation as the best in the area
Pathways to design your marketing strategy
Solutions to save you, time and money
What you will learn at Money Making Marketing
A Marketing MOT
The 8 reasons why marketing fails
4 keys to successful marketing
7 essential questions when writing a marketing strategy
The essential linguistics of marketing
Who should attend Money Making Marketing
Any dentist who does already or wants to own a practice within the next 5 years
Practices who a planning to leave the NHS within the next 5 years
All team members who believe that delighted patients are the key to a successful practice
Clinicians and team members who want to be part of a successful team
Anyone who wants to improve their practice reputation and become the best.
Team members or are motivated and want to significantly improve patient care
You, if you are, a practice owner, dentists, associates, hygienist, therapist, nurse, receptionist, practice managers or a technician
This unique and innovative day, is guaranteed to give you the answers you have been looking for.
Bring you and your team, we have designed a fee structure to make it easy for you.
Workshop 9:00-17:00 Registration from 8:30
Refreshments and lunch provided excluded from CPD hours
vCPD 7 hours
What if
You were to imagine that you had a practice, filled with loyal and vocal fans, who evangelized about you and your team, because you treated them so well and exceeded their expectations. See and hear yourself being spoken about at school gates, restaurants, gyms workplaces and wherever your patients have an opportunity. You may or may not want to win awards and you are still considered the best practice and only practice people should attend in the area.
How attractive does that sound?
When would you like to get started to find out how?
What people like you have said about this workshop.
"Great to help generate ideas and action plans."
Rebecca Bridgen, Dentaid Marketing, Salisbury
"Informative, eye-opening, enjoyable."
Dipesh Patel, Principal, Bolton
"Go and learn from Jane if you want to do marketing."
Paraas Dhanani, Principal, Croxley Green
"It was really useful, and got me thinking/acting towards what to do tomorrow in my practice."
Nimesh Patel, Principal, Croxley Green
"There is so much more to the business of dentistry than you know."
Amit Mohindra, Principal, Oxford
Transform your practice in 10 days
This workshop is one module of our 12 month programme, "Transform your practice in 10 days" if you would like details of all the other modules and how you can pay by monthly installments or in full to obtain discounted fees, e mail us firstname.lastname@example.com
Money Making Marketing
To give you tools that will enable you to create a money making marketing strategy that makes your practice attractive to the types of patients you want, so you can build a sustainably successful practice.
By the end of the session you will understand what a money making marketing machine service looks, sounds and feels like.
You and your team will know their roles and responsibilities in marketing your practice.
You will have the tools and techniques you need to create a marketing strategy that is outstanding and builds you and enviable reputation.
For you to have the tools that your practice becomes a destination practice.


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SQL Server 2014: High-performance database technology affordable for SMBs
A lot of small and midsize customers are running older database software. In fact, according to a Spiceworks report, 82% are still running at least one occurrence SQL Server 20051. Now there is a tremendous opportunity to offer them the improved performance, better availability, and greater security enabled by SQL Server 2014.
Grow revenue by helping customers speed up their applications and open new opportunities in the cloud with a SQL Server 2014 upgrade.
Here are three great ways to grow your business selling SQL Server:
· Grow revenue selling SQL Server upgrade—Capitalize on a tremendous opportunity to help SMBs get their database applications up to date with an upgrade to SQL Server 2014.
· Help your customers break through database bottlenecks—SQL Server 2014 offers a range of capabilities to help address common performance bottlenecks without having to purchase new hardware, including new In-Memory OLTP.
· Enable new business models in the cloud—With Microsoft, you have the unique ability to deploy on-premises, in the cloud, or choose the right combination for your customers. For example, you can deploy SQL Server on-premises and then backup to the cloud with Windows Azure.
Get Started!
Now is a great time to start. Contact us to find out more about how you can boost your sales with SQL Server upgrades for your SMB customers.
Visit the Ahead of the Game campaign website:
Visit the Ahead of the Game Technical Series website for information on technical readiness:
For more information about the new capabilities in SQL Server 2014, visit:
1Spiceworks Report: Database Installs on SpiceWorks Network, as of February 28th, 2014.
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Church Service Times
Worship Service 10:30 am Sunday
There are many home groups meeting at various times during the week. - Please join us as we join together in prayer and learn from God's Word. Contact Pastor Chad for a schedule of the various meetings.
How priceless is your unfailing love!
Psalm 36:7


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Sofia Vergara
Modern elegance with a contemporary twist, the Sorrento sectional offers indulgent comfort with a side of quality. Upholstered in platinum high performance fabric, this sectional is far from ordinary thanks to special touches such as quilted back cushions, ratchet style headrests, contrasting stitching and sleek chrome finished legs. Seating up to six adults, this luxurious sectional takes center stage in any living space.
85% Polyester, 15% Polyurethane
Sofia Vergara Sorrento Platinum 4 Pc Sectional Dimensions
153"W x 116"D x 31"H
Complete Your Room


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Reply miizj, June 6th, 2014, 2:55 pm
I rly wanted to do a comic about my Blue gameplay =U, but at least i feel satisfied that its plot didn't go to waste
Reply Advertisement, May 20th, 2019, 12:10 pm
Reply Estarflame, June 6th, 2014, 3:31 pm
WAIT is Pikachu being controled by mewtwo!?!?!
Reply miizj, June 6th, 2014, 3:31 pm
@Estarflame: He's controling Red and his entire team
Reply Estarflame, June 6th, 2014, 5:23 pm
@miizj: NOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Reply Lady Darkrina, June 6th, 2014, 6:37 pm
Heh heh, I can just imagine how intense this battle's gonna be already ^^
Reply osarumon, June 6th, 2014, 11:18 pm
red's the shit Controlled or not, red is about to wreck one of your pokemon.
Reply Whip the Rabbit, June 7th, 2014, 3:26 am
Crap. Look out Crystal, this isn't any ordinary opponent. >>;
Reply Guest, June 7th, 2014, 4:04 am
Great page! Also, I believe it should be "loss at the league" not "lost on the league"
Reply NinaEevee, June 7th, 2014, 1:38 pm
Crys, saia dai enquanto seus Pokémon ainda estão inteiros!
Reply Solidad (Guest), June 7th, 2014, 8:13 pm
Congrats and thanks Hello, I just wanted to say I just caught up on the last 30 or so pages, and I just wanted to say that I LOVE this comic and all of the work that you do! The story,art, portrayal of the characters-everything is PERFECT and it makes me so very very happy....Congratulations on 3 amazing years, and keep up your equally amazing work! You are one of my inspirations and I am so thankful....So thanks. :)
Reply Red5 (Guest), June 8th, 2014, 1:01 am
Red will raise his hand, and with a snap, he will shatter the world.
Reply Hato! (Guest), June 8th, 2014, 4:37 am
Pokemon ORAS; Mega Swampert & Mega Sceptile confirmed!!
Reply Lottos35, June 8th, 2014, 7:56 am
i get it, mt. SILVER
Reply #JulieBasher (Guest), August 15th, 2016, 1:56 am
@Lottos35: Oh, now I see it CRYSTAL clear that your puns are all comedy GOLD. You make me EMERALD green with envy at your spectacular puns. It's in BLACK AND WHITE that you deserve a PLATINUM card.
Post A Comment


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Running out of gas can be hazardous to your health!
Earlier this month we covered the story of a Dallas I-35E car accident that took the lives of an infant and a toddler. The wreck took place after the driver of the car ran out of gas and stalled in a travel lane, where the vehicle was struck from behind. This tragedy can teach us all a lesson about the dangers of running out of gas.
- Running out of gas could leave you in a travel lane. One of the most dangerous places to be is stopped in a lane with a high speed limit. Even with your hazard lights blinking, cars going 60-70 miles per hour many not have time to stop or avoid your vehicle.
- Running out of gas puts you on busy shoulders. Even if you make it to the shoulder safely, you are still in a dangerous place. Your car could be rear-ended by a distracted or reckless driver, or a pedestrian accident could occur if you leave your vehicle to walk for fuel.
- Running out of gas could leave you without brakes or power steering. When you run out of gas, your car stops working properly. Power steering is disabled, and your brakes can become unresponsive after 1-2 pumps. Due to this, you often don't have the luxury of coasting to a safe place.
What's the best way to avoid running out of gas? Never let your tank get below one-fourth full, and keep an eye on your gas light while driving. Once your light is on, make getting gas your first priority.
Have you been involved in a Texas auto wreck caused by running out of gas or another driving hazard? You may wish to speak with a Dallas car accident attorney. Call Rasansky Law Firm today.


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When it comes to sports and casual wear there is no bigger name within the industry than Adidas Originals. You can browse this seasons collection of Adidas Originals Shorts online at Stuarts London helping you boost your casual wardrobe with the iconic trefoil brand.
Browse the wide range of this seasons men's Adidas Originals shorts online at Stuarts London. As official US stockist of the trefoil label we featuring a variety of shorts from this world distinguished brand in a range of lengths and colours online. If Adidas Originals is not in-fitting with your style, then check out our full men's shorts department this season featuring brands such as Champion x Todd Snyder, Edwin, Nike and many more.


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We have seven public schools in Esbjerg Municipality. It is your address that determines which school district your child belongs to.
On Esbjerg Municipality's website, you can find a list of folkeskolerne i Esbjerg Kommune.
Esbjerg Municipality has a range of options, if you wish to send your child to a private school.
You can find a list of privatskoler i Esbjerg Kommune.
We also have an International School in Esbjerg (EIS). The school has currently about 250 students representing no less than 40 nationalities and ranging from 3-17 years.
At the International School, English is the primary language of instruction. However, students can be enrolled regardless of their knowledge of English and age.
Esbjerg has an international secondary school since 2015, and there are several international higher education institutions in Esbjerg.
When you move to Esbjerg Municipality with one child or children, your child has right to be admitted to the public school that belongs to the school district, where you live.
If you do not wish your child to go to a public school in your school district, you can freely choose to enrol her/him in another public school, as long as there is available place there.


text: Hat geantwortet auf: Mac CPU upgrade speed?I just put an Intel T7600 2.33 ghz in my Mini 1.1 and it went pretty much without a hitch. I needed my son to hold a the backside of a pen I used to push on the pins that held the heatsink to the processor but if you make sure to take the time and have all you need before hand, like 4-40 3/4 inch long nylon screws and bolts, I didn't have to use, then you should be fine. This was the biggest upgrade I have ever attempted new CPU, max memory and 500 gig hard drive swap. I had changed things and installed cards in my old Sawtooth G4 but nothing as tight as the mini. After one day it runs at about 46 48 deg. C with fan always set to 2025 rpm. Smalll or no charge. Ps I opened it up with a pizza cutter. Sly


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Leave purple in a stream of stars behind a quarterback rushing through the gap on football window curtains. Or maybe you prefer a straight-arm into a forest of mossy greens - a diving reception in orange and gold - a leap over the pile in navy and turquoise.
Let football in the window on custom size curtains that bring great color to the room with designs that breezily portray memorable football game action. Have an orange crush fizz into a blocker's mask, clearing the way for a TD poised to shoot through behind it and break free across the room. Let a thankful player Tebow against scarlet retro visions of stars and stripes waving in custom football curtains.
Suit up two teams in black and white for a practice game and put them on a dazzling green field at your windows. Or let the black and white come on the back of a referee with arms raised, to signal the touchdown you've scored with your window curtains. Open up the field at the fifty-yard line, or demonstrate a dance of football moves in hunter green silhouettes on a bright sage background.
Drape your windows with the wings of Vikings, or let some after-school action drift in with bright blues and greens and a tackle being broken in black and white. Have black and white helmets go head to head in grunge. Play the game with a creamy chocolate football topping a curved sculpture of teal.
Reach up and pull a football out of the air on these custom window curtains. This will never go wrong with a football rug to decorate your room.
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How to buy property on the French Riviera.
Buying or selling property on the French Riviera can be a confusing affair because you may find that many estate agents have the same property listings - and sometimes at different prices. Property owners often list their houses, villas or flats with multiple agencies to maximise the chances of selling. Unlike the UK, where you might visit several estate agents to look at a range of properties, the best approach on the French Riviera is to appoint one estate agent to act on your behalf who will help find suitable properties for you to visit.
Attika International is a very well-known and highly-respected agency on the French Riviera with FNAIM and SIA affiliation and offices in Nice centre, just beside the main mall, Nice Etoile. We have a huge portfolio of property and can therefore offer you the best that is on the market at the lowest-available price.
Look at our property for sale
Property for sale in Nice
Property for sale in Cannes/Antibes
Property for sale in Villefranche/Monaco
We work with an extensive network of other agencies all along the French Riviera coast and will be delighted to carry out a personalised property search on your behalf in order to source properties and co-ordinate an itinerary of visits for you.
How can Attika help you find your perfect off-plan property?
We work directly with the constructors of all our new build developments and sell these at developer prices. Developers/constructors are happy to work with agents in order to increase exposure for their properties and in the event of a sale they will pay a commission to the agent. If you go directly to a developer you will pay the same price except the developer will be richer because they keep the commission for themselves! We can therefore offer you a wide selection of developments, arrange site visits and drive you from one development to another to maximise your viewings at no extra cost to you.
It couldn't be simpler, all you have to do it is turn up and enjoy the fun part of finding your property!
For more on buying property in France, please take a look at our step by step guide !


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The Makurdi, Benue State, residence of a stalwart of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP),Chief Abu King Shuluwa, was yesterday razed by fire.
The cause of the inferno was not immediately known but the damage to the sprawling compound was extensive.
Shuluwa, a former federal commissioner of the Revenue Mobilisation, Allocation and Fiscal Commission (RMAFC) and his wife were at Katsina Ala township stadium for the installation of Bishop John Adobah as the first Bishop of the new Kastina Ala Diocese when the incident occurred.


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Monthly Archives: April 2009
How to install Linux
For many of beginers the first hurdle when using linux is Installing linux itself. There are no partitions with labels or drive lettters added to that all those sda/hda thing make linux a haunting experince. Even after giving all details it won't install properly and to make things worse it will create problems with your windows installation also. I lost my windows 3 times before learning how to install linux. Here is a simple way to install linux. This is not a standard method or any recomended method but which will be usefull for any novice.
1.Make a partition empty in your windows installation.
2.Delete that partition from windows. To delete right click on my computer and click manage from the menu .
3.You will get computer management window and in that click disk management.This will list all your partitions.
4.Delete the empty drive by rightclicking on it and electing delete.
5.Now restart your computer with linux cd in your cd rom.
6.You will get a list of partitions.
7.The deleted partition will be shown as free space.
8.Click on that and click new.
9.Select filetype as swap or linux swap depending on distribution.
10.Give it's size equal to twice the size of RAM at he begining.
11.Give all remaining space as mount point(/) with filetype ext3.This is your parttion for entire linux.
12.Give next and enter other details now linux will be installed.
Windows Xp Vs. Vista
I have used both xp and vista here is my comparison between them
vista uses resources of the system like a hungry monster. for vista to run properly we need minimum of 2GB of RAM. Even with that it is slow. i have seen my freind laptop's with RAM of 4GB struggling to perform. To install vista we need about 11GB of hard disk space. My system after installing vista and drivers took 11.5 GB.
On the other hand xp we can run even with a RAM of 256MB. We can install xp within 1 gb with all drivers.
Vista is power hungry os. As for vista no matter how much resouce you provide you perfomance is always slow. vista takes minimum of 400MB of RAM.
Xp on other hand uses less resources and takes a RAM about 200MB for normal operation.
Many people like vista for it's visual appeal and eyecandy features. But it comes at a huge cost of system resources.
xp though less on eyecandy features we can acheive the features with softwares like vista tranformation pack and vistamizer with less resources what vista is taking
In vista most of the older software won't work proprly. Example I was having a music player called AIMP. It was working well with xp but was buggy with vista. Though the lates version of it is bug free. Another example is Turbo c compiler won't work in full scree with vista
In xp we have collection of software like no other Os is having. So we have a lot options to chose from.
Linux Quotes
When I bought a computer the label on It said
"You need windows 98 or better"
So I chose Linux
In a world of no boundaries and wall
who needs gates and windows
Improving perfomance of your computer
Here I give some 10 tips to improve performance of your computer
1. Disable all the unnecessary entries from the startup by clicking
start –> run and type msconfig
In that click on startup tab and disable the entries you don't want
2.Change your paging file to a seperate drive in your system.
To change it right click on my computer and click properties
Then the advanced tab and in that select performance options
In that click advanced tab and chose change in virtual memory
By default the virtual memory settings are managed by the Operating system
The paging file will be allocated in your c: or the drive where you have installed your Operating system
Click on c:(assuming that you have your os in that drive) and select the option No paing file
Now select the drive where you want to put your paging file
Select the custom size option
Set Initial size as 1.5 times your RAM size
Set final size as 2 times of your Ram size.
3. Defragment your system regularly using Disk defragmenter you can access it by clicking
start–>All programs–>Accessories–>system tools–>Disk Defragmenter
4. If you don't like wall papers or screen savers you can disble them from desktop properties
5.Go to my computer properties as in point 2 and click advanced. In that in performance pane click settings.
In visual effects tab select custom for your computer visual settings, In that uncheck all options except the last one use visual styles on windows and buttons which gives you nice appearance with good performance.
6.For those who don't want any eyecandy features use windows classic theme
7.Always keep 20% of your drive space empty
8.Uninstall unnecessary programs
9. Use a software for defragmenting your paging file
10.If still need more performance use LINUX
A Trajic Story
A man was who escaped bomb blast hiroshima was admitted in hospital. When he came to conscience he asked where he was,the doctor "you are very lucky, you are one of very few alive and you are in Nagasaki'.


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A 8000rpm electronic programmable tachometer produced to replicate the GT40 style with a black background dial, white numbers and markings and a black IVA compliant bezel. (Chrome or brushed aluminium bezels are also available on request)
The Mk3 100mm (~4") ETB electronic tachometer is exceptionally accurate and suits the vast majority of ignition systems. The unit can be switched from 1 to 16 cylinder petrol engines as well as diesel engines (driven via the alternator).
Stepper motor movements are used to give excellent accuracy and smooth operation. Lighting is via 2700k white LEDs to match the ETB 52mm range of gauges.
The tachometer has a programmable output as standard for external shift-lights.
Mk3 wiring diagram can be downloaded here.