text:
In case you're behind on your 4.1 information, like I was, there's a new drama queen in town called Call to Arms. Before I get into it, lets have a look at it:
In patch 4.1 we'll be introducing Dungeon Finder: Call to Arms, a new system intended to lower queue times. Call to Arms will automatically detect which class role is currently the least represented in the queue, and offer them additional rewards for entering the Dungeon Finder queue and completing a random level-85 Heroic dungeon.
Any time the Dungeon Finder queue is longer than a few minutes for level-85 Heroics, the Call to Arms system kicks in and determines which role is the least represented. In the case of tanking being the least represented role, the "Call to Arms: Tanks" icon will display in the Dungeon Finder UI menu where class roles are selected, and will also display on the UI when the queue pops and you are selected to enter a dungeon. Regardless of your role, you'll always be able to see which role currently has been Called to Arms, if any.
Call to Arms is meant to lower wait times by offering additional rewards for queuing as the currently least represented role. To be eligible for the additional rewards you must solo queue for a random level-85 Heroic in the role that is currently being Called to Arms, and complete the dungeon by killing the final boss. Every time you hit these requirements (there is no daily limit) you'll receive a goodie bag that will contain some gold, a chance at a rare gem, a chance at a flask/elixir (determined by spec), a good chance of receiving a non-combat pet (including cross faction pets), and a very rare chance at receiving a mount. The pets offered come from a wide variety of sources, and include companions like the Razzashi Hatchling, Parrot Cage (Cockatiel), and Tiny Sporebat, but the mounts are those specifically only available through dungeons (not raids), like the Reins of the Raven Lord from Sethekk Halls, Swift White Hawkstrider from Magisters' Terrace, and Deathcharger's Reins from Stratholme.
This system is meant to address the unacceptable queue times currently being experienced by those that queue for the DPS role at max level. The long queue times are, of course, caused by a very simple lack of representation in the Dungeon Finder by tanks, and to some extent healers. We don't feel the tanking and healing roles have any inherent issues that are causing the representation disparity, except that fulfilling them carries more responsibility. Understandably, players prefer to take on that responsibility in more organized situations than what the Dungeon Finder offers, but perhaps we can bribe them a little. While this system gives tanks and healers something extra, the incentive is being provided so that we can help players in the DPS role get into more dungeons, get better gear, and continue progressing.
While the gold, gems, flasks, and elixirs are OK incentives, we knew we needed something more substantial. We had briefly considered Valor Points and epics, but decided that wouldn't be working toward the goal of helping DPS players progress, and ultimately wouldn't keep tanks and healers in the Dungeon Finder system for very long. We settled on pets and dungeon-found mounts as they're cosmetic/achievement items that players tend to try to get on their own, so why not change that up and offer them a chance to get some of those elusive pets and mounts in a way that also helps other players? Even if they don't get a pet or mount, or get one they already have, the gold and other goodies still feel rewarding enough that it won't feel like a waste of effort.
We think it's a pretty solid incentive to get tanks and healers queuing, give max-level players another way to collect the pets and mounts they so desire, and above all, to improve wait times for DPS players sitting in queues. In the case of lower level dungeons, it's actually not uncommon for DPS to be the least represented role, and so if this new system works out and we're pleased with the results, we may consider applying this same mechanic to lower level dungeons as well.
So to sum that up, tanks and healers potentially receive extra rewards for solo-queuing for random heroics. If you're DPS then you're basically screwed out of the deal. The rewards are some extra gold (no amount mentioned), a low chance of rare gems or flasks/elixirs suited to your spec, a good chance at receiving vanity pets, and a rare chance at a mount.
The idea is to shorten queue times for DPS by offering more rewards to the tanks and healers who are in shorter supply and in essence the reason for your DPS queue taking so freaking long. When there's 50 of you waiting to team up with 8 of them, you're going to have to wait your turn.
The primary point of drama on this is that it's statistically impossible for DPS to ever get anything out of this deal, so four of the game's ten classes which are pure DPS classes (no tank or healing spec) are given the inverted hybrid tax by never even having the option of changing spec to benefit from this. The next point of drama comes in which items are being rewarded, particularly the mounts, as people in many cases dedicated a great deal of time to farming those mounts and now people are theoretically getting them "for free".
I love the irony in looking at my feed reader this morning looking for people who posted about Call to Arms and found that Cold had a new post on Opportunity Cost of Free Items, which applies quite well to the current situation. So remember here, DPS, they aren't actually getting these items "for free", they're having to do the same content that you are. Granted, DPS get nothing but a theoretical faster queue time, but the DPS wouldn't get anything at all if those tanks/healers hadn't queued in the first place.
Now seems like a good time to mention that while I'm an obsessive altoholic, I am a DPS. My main during BC/Wrath was a Mage and my main right now is a Shadow Priest. Sure, I can heal on the Priest, but I suck at it and it's not what I like or want to do on her. I do have six level 85 toons, two of which are tanks and one that's a healer, but they don't get any play time.
To give you a little bit of hope at least, this does give me at least a small stirring of interest in actually playing my Paladin again. I don't think I'll bother taking my healers out, but I might do some tanking for another chance at that stupid Baron's mount that I've tried to farm over 300 times and still never even seen it drop.
Visible Problems
The major problem with the system is that it doesn't actually address the issue of queue times, it simply puts a band-aid on it that will last for a short while and then fall off as the PUG tanks claim the items they want and then stop queuing. Several people have written about problems they see with the system, but the one that I felt was the best read without being over the top ranty or dismissive was Kurn with Why Bribery Won't Help – Much.
There are always new toons to be leveled and new players joining the game, so the tank and healing pools do get refreshed all the time, but it's not like every tank out there is going to spend a few hours in LFG every night for the next two years. Basically, the pool is going to constantly dwindle down even though it won't disappear completely, but we will eventually get back to the point where we are right now.
Another good post I saw on the matter came from Thisius at DoTs and 'Locks who pointed out that the real issue with people not wanting to queue as tanks and heals is more often the actual community, the people running with them that feed them nothing but criticism and insults or who do stupid crap to make their jobs harder and thus turn them off of tanking all together or at least turn them off of using LFG as opposed to guild runs. Though I would expand the suggestion of giving the tank the ability to kick people to instead give it to whichever of the tank/healer it is that got the Call.
For many people this band-aid will work great for the time that it's useful, and then things will slide back to how they are right now once all of the special items have been collected. Eventually those tanks and healers are going to get the pets and mounts they want and then they'll have no more reason to bother with heroics. Not to mention they've likely ran enough of them in trying to get those mounts that they've got every possible gear upgrade twice over.
Going back to Thisius's post, we may very well see even more bad attitudes in LFG thanks to this once the dungeon is finished and the DPS see the tank score a rare mount. While some people like myself might congratulate the tank on their new mount, this may very well piss off the DPS to the point that they become dickish where perhaps they weren't before. And I'm sure you'll have tanks/healers that will flaunt it and do their best to piss you off even if you didn't mind before. Just keep in mind that this particular problem is with the players, not something Blizzard has or hasn't done.
Hidden Issues
This is where I go ahead and turn the tables a little bit to point out some of the things that not everybody thinks about or is aware of. And for this I'm going to quote one of my friends on twitter, @Feisttherogue, "Fact: the DPS role in WoW has the highest skill cap, fiercest competition, and most objectively measurable performance. The new system takes those players most able to ensure a new tank or healer succeeds OUT of the system, by denying them incentives. All while making it easier for those least prepared to take part to flood the matchmaking system and lower the quality of everyone's run."
It's a simple truth that you cannot get through dungeons at the proper character/gear level without a tank and healer. They are vital roles and even more vital at this early point in the expansion. But good DPS is just as vital and potentially even more so with the recent changes to healing. The point here is that every single person in that group plays an important part in the outcome of any dungeon run. If you don't have the DPS then those bosses aren't going down. If you don't have a tank then your healer's going to die, and if you don't have a healer then you're all going to die. Round and round we go, everyone does their job and we all win, do it not and we all fail.
Feist makes an excellent point here that many people don't understand or don't take the time to consider. A somewhat poor tank can still perform well overall if the DPS can throttle their agro and use CC, and if the healer knows how to work within their mana budget, and a somewhat poor healer can still keep everyone alive if the tank is especially good or well geared and your DPS are strong enough to kill the mobs before they pose a major threat and can avoid unnecessary damage like standing in bad stuff. Tanks and healers can't compensate for fail DPS, though.
So there's the biggest "hidden" issue, that we're denying rewards to what are potentially the most important factor in overall success/failure. In defense of this particular problem, at least Blizzard made the rewards mostly vanity items and that all of them can be obtained outside of the Call to Arms system. But, I think they would be better served by giving additional rewards to those dealing with the long queues than by giving them to those with instant queues.
My Thoughts
I applaud Blizzard in acknowledging that there's a problem and making steps to overcome it. I don't think this system is the answer, but it will serve as a decent short term band-aid. As a DPS, I really don't care what rewards other people get if it really does result in shorter queues for me.
Blizzard, "..the incentive is being provided so that we can help players in the DPS role get into more dungeons, get better gear, and continue progressing." They hope to accomplish that by rewarding tanks and healers to speed up queues for DPS. I haven't sat down long enough to say "this" is what they should have done, as it will work better because of x, y and z. I have thought about it and gotten a couple of ideas, but I haven't sat to think about the drawbacks of those suggestions.
I think they could better address the issue of gearing if they simply increased the amount of DPS gear that dropped. My point really is that rather than rewarding tanks and healers for queuing, they should reward DPS for enduring the longer queue times. Granted, that might make some tanks/healers queue as DPS instead, thus lengthening the queues, but at least it's more directed at the real problem which is gearing up DPS.
By giving the DPS more gear you're potentially addressing both issues at once. If you drop more DPS gear in dungeons then the DPS get geared faster and then stop running LFG because they already have the gear they need from them, thus lessening the DPS pool and increasing queue rates for the others. If you reward more Justice Points to the DPS then those who can spec into a tank/healing role are more likely to do so once they've earned the points to purchase their gear to fill that other role. Pure DPS of course wouldn't benefit from it beyond purchasing heirlooms or professions mats, but Pure DPS are used to being screwed like that as their reward is (supposedly) higher DPS values than Hybrid DPS. Not that I'm justifying the screwing of the pures, that's a whole other blog post all it's own.
Like I said, I don't think this is a bad short term fix for the issue at hand, but I don't think it's worth anywhere near the amount of drama that it's caused so far. I do think that this is the wrong approach overall though, I feel that the DPS should be more rewarded for their longer queues instead of giving even more rewards to those with already near instant queues. I wouldn't mind giving an extra 10 minutes to the queue if it meant I was going to get extra items, though I also wouldn't mind cutting 10 minutes off of my queue if it meant someone else gets extra items.
[EDIT: Forgot the section below.]
Speculative Problem
What most people are speculating will happen is that people will stay in their DPS gear, swap over to a tank/healing spec, and expect you to carry them through the dungeon so that they can get their freebies while you do all of the work. I can see some people trying to do this, I certainly wouldn't put it beyond some of the players I've seen in my day, but this kind of reaction always provokes and eyeroll from me.
This situation is just like any other – there's potential for both bad and good. There are dicks in the world, the system will be abused. But, there are still plenty of good players out there who will take advantage of the system as well. We all have different experiences with different aspects of this game, we find parts that we love and parts that we hate. We can both do the exact same content, maybe even in the same guild/group, and both come to different conclusions as to how enjoyable it was or was not. My experience with LFG for example has been very positive; I don't run into morons or dickheads very often, but it does still happen even to me. Other people have had little-to-no good experiences in LFG at all and refuse to use it.
The fact is you're not going to get a decent supply of good new tanks and healers if they're never given an opportunity to try it out and succeed. Some of them are going to fail, you'll have tanks that leveled in a DPS spec and have mostly DPS gear, but they're working towards getting a decent set of tank gear and they're looking for some practice. With any luck they'll start in non-heroics, but some of them will not. The same applies to healers, of course.
Keep in mind that with the stat changes in Cataclysm it is significantly easier for someone who doesn't have "tank" gear to step into the tanking role because Defense no longer exists as a stat. He's probably lacking some Stamina and his avoidance stats could probably use some help as well, but his DPS gear will also give him better threat generation (in theory) so at least the healer should be able to focus primarily on him. Most of the healers (non-Paladin) can make a fairly smooth transition from DPS spec to healing spec while still using their caster DPS gear.
That doesn't really get across the point I was trying to make…
Alright, let me put it this way – don't jump to extreme conclusions. Yes, it's going to happen, but you're not going to have DPS-tanks in every single heroic you ever run. If you only run a handful, then yeah you might have a handful of them and thus assume that they're all like that, but that's just your particular experience up to that point. Give the little guy a chance before you shoot him in the head and leave his body to rot, he just might grow up to surprise you.


text:
:dimensions from the header of a 1- or 2-dimensional array
Major Section: ARRAYS
Example Form: (dimensions 'delta1 a)where
General Form: (dimensions name alist)
name is arbitrary and
alist is a 1- or 2-dimensional array.
This function returns the dimensions list of the array
alist. That
list will either be of the form
(dim1) or
(dim1 dim2), depending on
alist is a 1- or 2-dimensional array.
Dim1 and
dim2 will be
integers and each exceed by 1 the maximum legal corresponding index.
Thus, if
dimensions returns, say,
'(100) for an array
'delta1, then
(aref1 'delta1 a 99) is legal but
(aref1 'delta1 a 100) violates the guards on
Dimensions operates in virtually constant time if
alist is the
semantic value of
name. See arrays.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Joplo Bartu LB Texas State University 6'2" 245 4.5 All WAC LB
He could turn out to be a day two gem. Played DE and LB very quick instinctive, may need more time to polish his coverage skills, but worth a look.
Return to [ THE NCAA FOOTBALL & PRO DRAFT FORUM ]


text:
Safe Serialization Under Mutual Suspicion/"Reversing" Evaluation
From Erights
As we've seen, we make serializers, unserializers, and other transformers like expression simplifiers by composing a recognizer with a builder. The interface between the two is the DEBuilder API, explained in Appendix A: The Data-E Manual. Since most of the API is a straightforward reflection of the Data-E grammar productions, if you wish, you may safely skip these details and proceed here by example.
Evaluating Data-E
The semantics of Data-E are defined by the semantics of its evaluation as an E program. We could unserialize using the full E evaluator. However, this is inefficient both as an implementation and as an explanation. Instead, here is the Data-E evaluator as a builder, implementing exactly this subset of E's semantics.
pragma.syntax("0.8") def deSubgraphKit { to makeBuilder(scope) :near { # The index of the next temp variable var nextTemp := 0 # The frame of temp variables def temps := [].diverge() # The type returned by "internal" productions and passed as arguments to represent # built subtrees. def Node := any # The type returned by the builder as a whole. def Root := any # DEBuilderOf is a parameterized type constructor. def deSubgraphBuilder implements DEBuilderOf(Node, Root) { to getNodeType() :near { Node } to getRootType() :near { Root } /** Called at the end with the reconstructed root to obtain the value to return. */ to buildRoot(root :Node) :Root { root } /** A literal evaluates to its value. */ to buildLiteral(value) :Node { value } /** A free variable's name is looked up in the scope. */ to buildImport(varName :String) :Node { scope[varName] } /** A temporary variable's index is looked up in the temps frame. */ to buildIbid(tempIndex :int) :Node { temps[tempIndex] } /** Perform the described call. */ to buildCall(rec :Node, verb :String, args :Node[]) :Node { # E.call(..) is E's reflective invocation construct. For example, E.call(2, "add", [3]) # performs the same call as 2.add(3). <u>E.call(rec, verb, args)</u> } /** * Called prior to building the right-hand side of a defexpr, to allocate and bind the * next two temp variables to a promise and its resolver. * * @return the index of the temp holding the promise. The temp holding the * resolver is understood to be this plus one. */ to buildPromise() :int { def promIndex := nextTemp nextTemp += 2 def [prom,res] := Ref.promise() temps[promIndex] := prom temps[promIndex+1] := res promIndex } /** * Called once the right-hand side of a defexpr is built, use the resolver to resolve * the value of the promise. * * @return the value of the right-hand side. */ to buildDefrec(resIndex :int, rValue :Node) :Node { temps[resIndex].resolve(rValue) rValue } # ... buildDefine is an optimization of buildDefrec for known non-cyclic cases. } } # ... other useful tools }
As we see, the E.call(..) underlined above is where all the object construction is done. All the rest is plumbing to hook the up the references among these objects.
The only extra parameter to the above code, in addition to those specified by the DEBuilder API, is the scope parameter to makeBuilder(..). Typically, we will express unserialization-time policy choices using only this hook. With a bit of pre-planning at serialization time, this can be a surprisingly powerful hook, and will often prove adequate.
Unevaluating to Data-E
Because the keys of a unscope table may be arbitrary values, including unresolved promises, it needs to be the special kind of map called a CycleBreaker. For present purposes, we can ignore this issue.
We are now ready for the heart of serialization -- the Data-E subgraph recognizer. It has two parameters for expressing policy -- the uncallerList and the unscopeMap.
Since we are evaling "in reverse", we need the inverse of a scope, which we call an unscope. An unscope maps from arbitrary values to a description of the "variable name" presumed to hold that reference. In the unscope table passed in as unscopeMap, each description is a normal variable name string, as would be used to look the value up in a scope. On each recognize(..), the ".diverge()" makes a private copy of the unscopeMap we put in the variable unscope, which we use from there. This private unscope table gets additional mappings from values to integers representing temporary variable indices.
The uncallerList is used to obtain a portrayal of each object, as we explain below.
def makeUnevaler(uncallerList, unscopeMap) :near {
def unevaler {
to recognize(root, builder) :(def Root := builder.getRootType()) {
def Node := builder.getNodeType()
def uncallers := uncallerList.snapshot()
def unscope := unscopeMap.diverge()
# forward declaration
def generate
/** traverse an uncall portrayal */
def genCall(rec, verb :String, args :any[]) :Node {
def recExpr := generate(rec)
var argExprs := []
for arg in args {
argExprs := argExprs.with(generate(arg))
builder.buildCall(recExpr, verb, argExprs)
/** When we're past all the variable manipulation. */
def genObject(obj) :Node {
Below we see another bit of E syntax. In the pattern-match expression, there is a subexpression on the left of the "=~" operator, like "obj" below, and a sub-pattern on the right. The subexpression is evaluated to a specimen, and the pattern is asked to try matching the specimen. If it succeeds, the pattern-match expression returns true, and any bindings defined by the match are available in the successor scope -- here, the body of the if's then-part. When this pattern is a variable declaration, like "i :int", the pattern matches if the specimen is compatible with the declared type (i.e., is successfully coerced by the guard). This gives us, in effect, a type-case. This last test below is passed by "bare twine", which for present purposes just means "String". These are all the types that can be represented literally in E and in Data-E.
if (obj =~ i :int) { return builder.buildLiteral(i) }
if (obj =~ f :float64) { return builder.buildLiteral(f) }
if (obj =~ c :char) { return builder.buildLiteral(c) }
if (obj =~ twine :Twine && twine.isBare()) {
return builder.buildLiteral(twine)
This is part wikified from the original Part 2: "Reversing" Evaluation


text:
At a pre-scheduled time, an Installation Services consultant will visit your home to discuss your needs, and assess and measure your roof. For that appointment, you and your family's key decision makers will be asked to: take a close look at your roof and make a note of any damage present and the condition of your gutters, make a note of any personal style and colour preferences, and determine your budget. You will be shown samples of actual roofing styles and colours, and product differences and benefits will be explained, the elements of a complete roofing system will be reviewed, and any questions you have will be answered. You will be given a roofing recommendation as well as a written quotation for a system that fits your budget. *Product availability varies by market.
An authorized Home Depot Service provider will call to arrange a pre-installation inspection as well as a roof installation date, and advise of any preparation that you may need to make prior to the start of the project. Roofing materials will then be delivered to your home. Your project coordinator and sales consultant will provide you with schedule and project updates as weather and environment can affect the length of the installation process. Removal of existing roofing materials includes the delivery of disposal bins to ensure a thorough cleanup is accomplished. Care will be taken to protect your landscaping and lawn, and the job site will be tidied each night.
Once the project is complete, your installer will meet with you to review the project and perform a final inspection. After determining the project meets your approval, any remaining questions will be answered. The Home Depot Installation Services team will also make a follow-up call to ensure your ongoing satisfaction.
727 Empress Street Winnipeg, MB R3G 3P5
Store: (204) 779-0703 Tool Rental: 204-779-2215 Pro Desk: (204) 786-2985
1645 Kenaston Blvd Winnipeg, MB R3P 2M4
Store: (204) 928-7110 Tool Rental: 204-928-7116 Pro Desk: (204) 928-7113
845 Leila Ave Winnipeg, MB R2V 3J7
Store: (204) 336-5530 Tool Rental: 204-336-5536 Pro Desk: (204) 336-5533
1999 Bishop Grandin Blvd. Winnipeg, MB R2M 3E8
Store: (204) 253-9411 Tool Rental: 204-256-7071 Pro Desk: (204) 253-3845


text:
Mbedded Systems
I've been working with two different ARM-based systems lately. One is an inexpensive Freescale FRDM-KL25Z and the other is a simple breadboard with an LPC1114 CPU in a DIP package. These are pretty powerful 32-bit processors with a built-in clock that will run at 48MHz. The Freescale board has 128K of flash and 16K of RAM while the LPC1114 CPU has 32K of flash and 4K of RAM. The Freescale board is a bargain at about $13, and the LPC1114 chip is just a few dollars (and doesn't require much more than a 3.3V power supply).
I wanted to focus on the software side of things this time. If you've tried using ARM processors before, you may have found it difficult to get a toolchain (unless you bought one or used a commercial offering). Things have gotten better, but even with a toolchain you may have found you needed vendor-specific startup files and library code. ARM's done a lot to make that better, too, with some standardized libraries like CMSIS.
The Mbed library (I almost hate to call it a library, since that's only part of what it is) solves just about all of those problems. Much like the Arduino, the Mbed libraries use objects to make accessing the embedded hardware on supported ARM platforms very simple. On supported hardware, it handles all the startup, interrupt handling, and pin multiplexing. You just write code using abstractions for the platform hardware. The library is open source (it has not always been open source, but now it resides on github).
The toolchain isn't a problem either. The Mbed website has a complete IDE that lets you write and compile code. You can import a large number of examples and specialty libraries right from the IDE (see the figure below).
The IDE compiles your code (and does a nice job, creating smaller files than my copy of the GNU compiler) and downloads a .BIN file. For the LPC1114, you can program the chip using the onboard bootloader or via a debug probe like an inexpensive LPC-Link board. I'll talk about the details of that setup soon.
For this time, though, I wanted to focus on the FRDM-KL25Z board. It plugs into your computer and appears like a USB drive. Simply copying the .BIN file to this USB drive is sufficient to program the board. You do need to update the loader on the board to make this work with Mbed, but that's a simple process.
The FRDM-KL25Z has some fun peripherals including a three-color LED, an accelerometer, and a capacitive touch sensor. It also has USB ports. Without some help, it would be quite a few lines of code to handle the processor reset, the switching of all the I/O lines to the right devices, and then actually driving or reading the device. The Mbed library takes care of all of that for you.
Consider this example that I put online (this is a modification of one of the default examples provided). The three-color LED appears to software to be three distinct LEDs and setting them up to drive using pulse width modulation (PWM) is trivial:
int main(void) { PwmOut led_r(LED_RED); PwmOut led_g(LED_GREEN); PwmOut led_b(LED_BLUE);
Setting the analog slider isn't very hard either:
TSIAnalogSlider tsi(ELEC0, ELEC1, 40);
That's the setup. I made the software keep the blue LED on until a touch is detected. Then it blends the red and green colors depending on the position of your finger:
while (true) { float f=tsi.readPercentage(); if (f<.05) { led_b=0.0; led_g=led_r=1.0; } else { led_b=1.0; led_r= 1.0 - f; led_g = f; } wait(0.1); }
Note the libraries use floating-point numbers, which is no issue for the compiler. The PWM (and the touch sensor) use a number from 0.0 to 1.0 instead of the more common integer representation.
This is pretty easy. Yet, you still have access to a full C++ compiler and all the features of the CPU. The development effort is on par with the ubiquitous Arduino, but with a lot more horsepower than a typical Arduino.
One of my usual complaints about the Arduino is that without doing gymnastics, you can't really do hardware debugging. The same is true here. As nice as the Mbed online IDE is, it doesn't support debugging (although you are free to pepper your code with
printf statements, of course). Debugging is possible on the Arduino with some extra work and the same is true here.
To do debugging, you need an external debug probe and a local IDE. The Mbed IDE can, sort of, export your project to an external IDE for just this purpose. I'll talk about the options along with some more about the custom hardware next time.


text:
Dog Paw Print Kit
by Milestones
Honor your pet in stone. Kit contains everything thing you need to create your own pet stepping stone: one 8 in. square reusable vinyl mold, 3.5 pounds StoneCraft mix, a wooden mixing paddle and writing tool, Roan River pebbles, easy to follow instructions, and a bonus--a free dog bone cookie cutter.
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These kits are great, they're easy and not very messy, I made my stone on a granite countertop! It's a great way to forever remember your pets, I have purchased 3 of these so far, one for me and two...[more]
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572下载 • 6月5日更新
With "Denise Richards" app you will stay in touch with all the news and facts about Denise Richards. When something happens, you will be the first one to hear about it, newest informations right in the palm of your hand!
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Frederik Wellmann
Some of the pages of this manuscript are dated page 4, for instance, is dated January 2, 1902. On postulates (footnote on the corruption of Euclid's text and the confusion between "axioms" and "postulates"). Principles of contradiction and of excluded middle. The development of Boole's logical algebra. Logical depth and breadth. Composition and aggregation: De Morgan and Jevons. Beginning with generals, logic requires notion of inference its primary aim is criticism of inference. Definition of an "individual." Confusion of collective identity with individual identity. Algebra of the copula of inclu-sion. The meaning of the mathematical "is." Algebraical consequence: constituents of a consequence standard and potential constituents proximates of a consequence. Scriptibility. The "vital" definitions of the algebra. Distinction between collective and distributive applicability of a disjunction to "v." The distinction between several and joint applicability to "v." Close and loose combinations and their denial. Definition of the generalized copula of inclusion in five clauses. Theorems and rules of the algebra. In the alternative sections: existential graphs (pp. 14-68) explanation of CSP's notation for Boolean algebra (pp. 35-45) algebra of the copula, formal definitions of "if," "and," "or," employed in defining and more on consequence (pp. 56-76)
Aggregation, theorems of Algebra, Boolean algebra, Breadth, Composition, algebraical Consequences, Contradiction principle of (see also Laws of thought), Copula, algebra of, DeMorgan Augustus, Depth and breadth, Disjunction, Euclid, Excluded middle principle of (see also Laws of thought), individual and collective identity, Individual and Individuality (see also Index Subject), Inference, Jevons William Stanley, Logic (modal see Modality), Mathematics, simplest Mathematics, Minute Logic
pp. 2-108 (p. 9 is missing), with many rewritten sections
(Logic III)


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CityParks Seniors Fitness: Yoga
Thursday, May 8, 2014
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This event repeats every week on Tuesday and Thursday between 4/29/2014 and 6/19/2014.
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The CityParks Seniors Fitness program offers free tennis lessons, yoga instruction, and fitness walking in 14 parks across the city. The program aims to keep neighborhood parks a great place for community activity. Even in moderate amounts, exercise can help us feel better, maintain or lose weight, reduce risk of heart disease and diabetes, and minimize the symptoms of arthritis. No matter how old we are, our bodies always benefit from physical activity. All equipment and instruction is provided free of charge.
Pelham Bay Park-Middletown Road & Stadium Ave
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Many years ago I picked up a little green book called Noah's Garden, by Sara Stein. I have written here before about how that book transformed my relationship with my garden. Before reading it, I thought I had to attack the soil with my rototiller, then defend the conquered earth against the onslaught of weeds the tilling then cultivated, only to have to repeat the entire battle over again the next year after my labors had tamped the earth into a hard pack. After reading Noah's Garden, I traded the sword and the ploughshare. Instead, I mulch deeply with layers of organic matter and let the worms do all the work. My soil stays more microbially rich and aerated as a result.
I thought I'd share a few more of the most beloved titles from the collection that guides and inspires me. Some are very practical how-to's, some are philosophical manifestos, some are just damn fine stories.
Artisan Bread in Five Minutes A Day, by Zoe Francois and Jeff Hertzberg. I heard a segment on The Splendid Table about this book in 2010, and I don't think I have bought bread in a store (except for when we were in Italy, duh!) since. It is the easiest, quickest thing in the world to make bread with this method, and the variations are endless. I have made pita loaves, hamburger buns, olive bread, pizza crust, ciabatta, plain white loaves, wheat loaves. I have loved this book to pieces — literally. The spine has cracked in three places.
The Backyard Goat: An Introductory Guide to Keeping and Enjoying Pet Goats, from Feeding and Housing to Making Your Own Cheese, by Sue Weaver. A very practical and detailed guide to acquiring, caring for, breeding, and benefitting from goats on a very small scale. It was just the thing I needed to show me that this is, perhaps, a project for my retirement, when I have lots more time.
Keep Chickens! Tending Small Flocks in Cities, Suburbs, and Other Small Spaces, by Barbara Kilarski. When the idea first hatched in my head in 2004 that I wanted to keep a few chickens in my backyard, this is the first book I acquired. It was a great and accessible introduction to the ins-and-outs of flockkeeping, and I have loaned it out and referred to it time and again over the years.
Living with Chickens: Everything You Need to Know to Raise Your Own Backyard Flock, by Jay Rossier and Geoff Hansen, was my next acquisition in the chicken care library. Also very practical and accessible, and offers much more detail than the Kilarski book, including butchering advice. For 200-level flockkeeping studies.
Chicken Coops: 45 Building Plans for Housing Your Flock, by Judy Pangman. I own a copy of this book because I helped the author with one of the designs. She uses the coop at the Oakhurst Community Garden (now the Wylde Center) in Decatur as one of her plans. So I connected her with some information, and my neighbor Bill contributed some photos. It's an excellent resource — another that I have loaned out several times.
Clark Howard's Living Large in Lean Times: 250+ Ways to Buy Smarter, Spend Smarter, and Save Money. Okay, I know he isn't exactly Mr. Back-To-Nature Homesteading Make-Your-Own-Granola Man, but I am a total Clarkhead. He is the ultimate penny-pincher, and if you have read any of this blog, you know how I love me some frugality. This is the man who will make one disposable razor last an entire year by drying it off after every use (it turns out that it's moisture more than use that dulls a razor). And yes, I now dry off my razor.
Small Wonder: Essays by Barbara Kingsolver. This marvelous little 2002 volume predates her better known Animal, Vegetable, Miracle, but for me, it was the more important book. It's an unflinching but loving and holistic look at the earth in all its glory and woe, from the Grand Canyon to Kingsolver's vegetable patch. One essay in particular, titled "Lily's Chickens," was especially inspirational for me, and it helped me understand and articulate the reasons large and small I wound up helping to start a chicken revolution in Decatur.
(I also count the aforementioned Noah's Garden amongst my favorite manifestos . . . manifesti?)
Damn Good Stories
A Mess of Greens: Southern Gender and Southern Food, by Elizabeth Englehardt. Read this book not just for the damn fine stories but also for some serious scholarly illumination on the complex issues that weave together women, food, health, power, class, race, and region. There's moonshine, cornbread, biscuits, and more. I especially love the chapter on tomato clubs. In fact, I want to start a tomato club. Who's in?
Farm City: The Education of an Urban Farmer, by Novella Carpenter. I have written here before about this delightful tale of how Carpenter took over a vacant lot in a sketchy part of Oakland, California, planted an insane overabundance of fruits and vegetables, and started keeping chickens, bees, ducks, turkeys, rabbits, goats, and pigs. I think of her when I need to remember why I want goats — and why I should never, ever want pigs.
What's on your bookshelf?


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Find a great sale price on this 2016 Chrysler Town and Country at Marysville Ford in Marysville Washington. This 2016 Chrysler Town and Country is located at our Ford dealership in Marysville. We also serve the cities of Seattle. So if you're looking for a great price on this 2016 Chrysler Town and Country or just looking to get an auto loan for the vehicle you want... you've come to the right place! Marysville Ford.


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Groundwater Strategy
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P 2200.8 G882s 1988 c.3 <J<LAlD"f,\ ffiOlNJNATER SlRATEGY PREPARED F(R 1HE <J<LAlD"f,\ POLLlITIGl aNIROL a:xJIDINATI~ BOARD BY 1HE <J<LAlD"f,\ DEPARTh£NT OF POLLlITIGl CONTROL At.XJUST, 1988 1 OKLAI-IM<\ 's ffiOlNJNATER RESOLRCES Background Groundwater is a valuable resource to the State of Oklahoma. According to records maintained by the Oklahoma Water Resources Board, groundwater wel Is and springs supplied approximately 48% of the total water used in the state during 1987. In addition, groundwater supplied more than 85% of the state's irrigation water and provided municipal drinking water supplies to more than 600 cities, towns and rural water districts. Because of its semi-arid climate, Oklahoma has historically relied upon groundwater for drinking, as well as agricultural and commercial purposes. During the early history of our state, groundwater supplies were relatively abundant and easy to reach. Because of these factors, groundwater was often taken for granted. Later, this attitude was complicated by the construction of large man-made reservoirs in the 1940's and 1950's. These lakes provided an abundant supply of water to many areas of the state and temporari ly reduced groundwater demand. However, as popula-tion and economic growth pressures increased the demand for water, more wells were drilled, tapping deeper aquifers and placing additional strains on shallow, vulnerable sources of sup ply. Eve n wit h the s e i n c rea sin g dema n d son the g r 0 u n dwa t e r res 0 u r c e , r e p 0 r t e din c ide n t s 0 f pol I uti 0 n h a v e r ema i n e d i sol ate d and infrequent. This absence of widespread problems, compounded by the c omp I ex n at u reo f g r 0 u n dwa t e r be h a v i 0 r, has c rea t e d an" 0 u t 0 f s i g h t - 0 u t 0 f mi n d " a t tit u deb y the g e n era I pub I i c • Co n s e - quently, while conducting active surface water quality protection activities, state and federal environmental programs have devoted less effort and only minimal resources to groundwater. In recent years, however, recognition of the important role groundwater must play in Oklahoma's future has led to a greater awareness of the state's need to manage groundwater resources. This strategy document is an effort to assess the status of groundwater manage-ment programs in Oklahoma, to identify areas of need and to describe the steps being taken to fulfill those needs. 2 Inventory of Groundwater Resources The majority of the state's groundwater reserves are found in 11 bedrock aquifers and 10 alluvial or terrace deposits. However, many small, shallow aquifers and minor water producing areas also provide groundwater reserves of local significance. Attachment 1 provides detailed maps of primary Oklahoma's groundwater resour-ce s • Ma pIa de pic ts the p r inc Ipa I bed roc k aqui fer san d rech a rge z0ne s, wh ileMa p 1b de pic tsun con sol idate d a IIuv iurn and terr ace deposits that serve as major water sources. These maps were prepared in 1983 by the Oklahoma Geological Survey, using compila-t ions of many earl ier groundwater reports and studies. In comb ina tion, the serna p s pro v ide an accur ate inven tor y 0 f g r0und - water basins that have an average yield of 50 gpm or more. Maps and descriptive information for the state's minor water producing areas are not yet available. Attachment 2 provides a description of the major bedrock aquifers identified in Map la. Derived from the explanatory notes included with the map, this attachment provides the general characteristics of each major aquifer, including thickness, ty pic a I y ie Ids, recha rgear easan d ge0 log ica I in forma t ion. Th e first twelve aquifers on this listing constitute the state's principal groundwater reservoirs and contain an estimated 320 mil Iion ac re -fee t 0 f fres h wa te r • 0f that amo unt, appro x ima tel y 50% is recoverable for beneficial uses. Beneficial Use Classification The current Oklahoma Water Quality Standards recognize seven beneficial uses for groundwater protection purposes. These are: Irrigation Municipal and Domestic Industrial Recreation Corrmercial fish and Wildlife Agriculture (non-irrigated) Existing beneficial uses have been identified for the 21 major groundwater basins and were utilized as the basis for each basin's water qual ity standards. (Table 1 provides these uses as listed in the 1985 Oklahoma Water Quality Standards.) Identification of the uses in the state's remaining aquifers and water producing areas is being accomplished as a part of the ongoing groundwater quality standards development process. 3 x - Designated Beneficial Use GROUNDWATER BASINS AlIuviim and Terrace Deposi t.s of the-Salt Fork of the Arkansas River X X X X X Alluvium and Terrace Deposi.t.s of the Arkansas River X X X X X Enid Isolated Terrace Deposi.t.s X X X X Al.Iuvi.imand Terrace Deposi ta of the C.i.mmronRiver X X X X X X X Alluvil..l1land Terrace ~posits of the Beaver-t'brth canadian River X X X X 1< X ~ Alluvil..l1land Terrace ~posits of the f;; canadian River X X X X X X •.... Alluvil..l1land Terrace Deposi.t.s of the Gerty Sand X X Alluvil..l1land Terrace Deposi.t.s of the washita River X X X X X Alluvil..l1land Terrace Deposi ts of the tbrth Fbrk of the Red River X X X X X X Alluvil..l1land Terrace Deposi t.s of the led River X X X Ogallala Fbrmation X X XX X X X Antlers Sandstore X X XX X Elk City Sandstone X X X X RushSprings Sandstore X X X X X- X X Blaine Formation X X X X X Garber Sandstone and \\ellington Formation X X XX X X X (Scar Formation X X X X X varroasa Fbrmation X X X Sinpson Group X X X X Arbuckle Group X X 'X X Ibubidoux Formation X X XX X Groundwater Use Based on 1987 Water Resources Board records, the proportionate groundwater consumption by use category was as follows: Agriculture 75 % Public Water Systems 18 % Industrial 3 % Mi n ing 1 % Other 3 % The total statewide 610,238 acre-feet. individual aquifers Board. consumption of groundwater during 1987 was S p e c i f ic g r0 undwa te r usa ge in forma t ion for is available from the Oklahoma Water Resources Water Quality Standards Groundwater quality standards have been developed by the Water Resources Board and were formally adopted as a part of Oklahoma's Water Quality Standards beginning in 1982. The current groundwater standards may be found in Section 8 of the 1985 Oklahoma Water Quality Stand9rds (see Attachment 3). These standards apply to all fresh groundwater (defined as groundwater with a maximum total dissolved so lid s concentration o fIe ss th an 5, 000 ppm ) inth est ate. In genera I, the s tan da rd s require that groundwater be maintained to prevent alteration of its chemical properties by harmful substances not naturally found in g r0 undwa te r • In add ition, spec ific, nume r ic a I c r ite ria h av e been established for 36 toxic pollutants (see Table 2). Water Quality Assessment Available Water Quality Data Whi Ie several agencies have monitored groundwater and per-formed limited water quality assessments, a comprehensive, state-wide groundwater quality assessment has not yet been published. However, a substantial body of data has been compiled and is now available for use in completing such an assessment. Attachment 4 lists some of the most recent and comprehensive published mate-rials. In addition to these research oriented papers, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Water Resources Board and the Department of Health (OSDH) have extensive groundwater data fi lese In addition, an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) funded research and development project has been established to study the Garber-Wellington aquifer in central Oklahoma. This study includes extensive data collection and assessment activities directed toward establishing an aquifer management plan. The USGS is also conducting studies of the Blaine Formation in southwestern Oklahoma and of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer. 5 TABLE 2 Numerical Criteria for Groundwater Substance Concentration ( ug II ) Acetone Benzene Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Bromomethane Carbon Disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chloroethane 2-Chloroethylvinyl Ether Chloromethane Dibromochloromethane 1,1-Dichloroethene 1,1-Dichloroethane Trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,2-Dichloropropene Trans-1,3-Dichloropropene Cis-1,3-Dichloropropene Ethyl Benzene Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl-N-Butyl Ketone Methylene Chloride Styrene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Toluene Meta+Para Xylene O-Xylene Vinyl Chloride 2.7 0.2 0.3 2.4 1.7 0.2 0.4 0.7 10.0 2. 1 0.9 2.7 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 2.915 0.8 4. 1 10.0 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.6 2.8 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.9 6 Known problems Tab 1e 3 con ta ins a 1is tin g 0 f doc ume n ted g r0undwa te r qua 1itY pro b 1em are as. Th e 1is te d a qui fer s h a v e bee n ide n t ifie d from agency records and previous environmental reports because of multiple incidents or long term persistance of elevated pollutant levels. Potential problems The most important groundwater quality problem facing Oklahoma is the high vulnerability of shallow groundwater producing areas. Many communities and individuals depend upon these aquifers and un derg r0u nd forma t ion s as the ir sol e d r ink ing wa te r sup ply. Ye t very little is known about the characteristics and quality of many of these groundwater sources. The shallow nature that made these water bearing formations easily accessible as water supplies also renders them vulnerable to manmade sources of contamination. Due tot he ire r itic a I val ue as d r ink ing wa te r sou rce s, un de rs tan din g and protecting shallow water producing formations must be a high priority in Oklahoma's groundwater strategy. More specifically, the areas listed below have been identified in past studies as posing potential and often localized hazards to groundwater quality. l.Contamination of shallow a-quifers by nitrate, chloride, pesticide residuals or fecal coliform bacteria. 2. Isolated, leaking underground storage tanks. 3.Acid mine drainage problems scattered throughout the eastern 1/2 of the state. Further investigation will be needed to characterize the causes and to determine management needs in these areas. Data needs Oklahoma's principal groundwater data need is for a more comprehensive data collection effort, coordinated to known problems and to statewide goals. Due to resource limitations, current state agency sampling and data evaluation programs provide o n 1yap 0 r t ion 0 f the in forma t ion nee ded top repar e a s tat ew ide groundwater quality assessment. Subsequent sections of this s t rat e g y wi I 1· ide n t i fY nee d e d d a ta co Ilee t ion act iv itie s wh ich will serve as the foundation for a coordinated monitoring and assessment program. 7 ---_..._------ .--..- ------------------_._ ..._--_._------_ ..__.__._._-----_._------_._._--_._ ...-_._-_._- -----_._-_.- --------- ..--- ---- Arkansas River, near Ponco CI h Arkansas River, near Tulsa Arkansas lilver, several sites C i mo r r 0 n R I ~.€I r . self era I Sit 0 s Red River, severo I s I l e s S, Canadian R,. several sites Wash do RI v er . ns ur Wynnewood fABLE 3 GROUNDWATER PROBLEM AREAS Forma t I on Name ------_... -,-----_. __ ._--------- Problem Description ---------.-- - I ---.-.----- .. --..---------- .----. BEDROCK 'AQUIFERS Boone (Kookuk) Do Q Cr e e k Sh a lei Ga r b sr - We I I In q ton Oqollola Roub I do IJX Vamoosa Iron & fluor Ide B I 0 In e Gy p sum ICh lor ide Selenium. chromium, cr s e n i c & chloride Fluor Ide Ro diu m. chi 0 rid 0 i h y d r 0 q ens u I f ide Chloride ... . •. _" . .. . L. ._. . .__ . ._ _ _ fERRHCE DEPOSITS Cimarron C I ilia r I' 0 n R i v er. no a r E,i I d Ru s h Sp r i n q s . n e 0 r Cr r I I " T I II man AllUVIAL DEPOSITS Nitrate Hydrocarbon pr o duc t s Hydrocarbon or o duc l s Nitrate Hr dr o c cr bun pro duc t s Hr d roc 0 r bon p r I) d IJ C h I I' 0 n , mo n q 0" (! :~:I.! ~ (II lor Ide Chloride Chloride Iron & ncu qc ne s e Hydrocarbon produc t s Probab Ie Source PI' 0 b a L I y not IJ r 0 I Probably natural I .- --.---- Exten t OKI..AI-IMA' S ffiOUNIJNATER PROfocr I (J'Il OB J ocr I YES Frmnework Agreement In December of 1983, Oklahoma agencies with groundwater responsibilities joined in a cooperative effort to establish a program development strategy for groundwater protection. from this e ffor t , a F ramewo rk Ag reernen t wa s de vel 0ped (seeAt tachme n t 5). Under the provisions of this agreement, the Corporation Commission, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Health and the Water Resources Board adopted goals and principles for groundwater program development. In the agreement, the following guiding principles for ground-water protection were recognized: 1. Utilization of the existing institutional system, 2. Establishment of flexible requirements for groundwater protection in recognition of varying local conditions, 3. Maximization of the exchange of data between agencies. The participating agencies also agreed to a "three pronged" program development strategy, based on the I isted principles. fir s t, the y ag reed t0 a trackdown res po nse me ch ani sm for g r0 und - water contamination incidents. This mechanism utilizes agency en gin ee rs, hYd r0 log istsan d ge0 log is ts toe nsur e time Iy res po n se t0 Su chi n c ide n ts • S e con d , the y, ado p te dad eta i led pro b Iem anticipation approach to avert threats to the groundwater resource. In this area the agencies agreed to concentrate on the acquisition and organization of needed base data to facilitate the ide n t i f icat ion 0 f pot en t ia I pro b Iem s . fin a I IY , the age nc ie s agreed to adopt a preventative stance to protect and maintain the groundwater resource. This involves taking the necessary steps (such as adjusting regulations, promoting the use of Best Manage-ment Practices or placing greater emphasis on groundwater) to better protect and maintain the groundwater resource. In subsequent sections of this strategy, goals adopted as par t 0 f the 1983 F ramewo rk Ag reernen t wi II be pre sen te d tog e the r with other appropriate groundwater program objectives. Coordinating Committee for Groundwater Quality In August of 1988, the Pollution Control Coordinating Board (PCCB) formally acted to create a groundwater coordinating and advisory body. This Coordinating Committee on Groundwater Quality wi II meet on a continuing basis. to discuss groundwater strategy issues, to recommend necessary coordinative actions in the collection and management of groundwater data and to ensure progress in the protection of groundwater quality. 9 Groundwater Quality Standards State Standards As previously described, Oklahoma has formally adopted stan-dards for groundwater as a part of the state's surface Water Quality Standards. The current standards identify beneficial uses for 2 1 a qui fer san d pro v ide nume r i c a I I imita t ion s for 3 6 par a - meters. It is the state's intention, utilizing the results of ongoing data collection and evaluation efforts to expand both the number of aquifers and the parametric coverage of the groundwater portion of the Standards. Further, the addition of aquifer s p e c i f i c n ume r i c a I I imits wi I I be con sid ere d a s d a tab e come available to support such actions. Programmatic Rules and Regulations Some state programs relating to groundwater have resulted in program-related standards that are applicable to groundwater. These standards may include either engineering or numerical provisions relevant to groundwater. Table 4 lists some of the agency programs that include such standards. Regulation & Enforcement Under the Oklahoma Groundwater Law (82 O.S. 1020.1-1020.22), the Ok la h orna Water Resources Board is directed to regulate the reasonable use of groundwater. To derive specific regulations the Board conducts hydrologic surveys, which determine production restrictions, based upon the total surface area overlying a specific groundwater basin. The basis for the Groundwater Law originates in 60 O.S., 1981, SS60, which states in part that: "the owner of the land owns water standing thereon, or flowing over or under its surfaces but not forming a definite stream". The law also provides a prohibition against causing the pollution of a fresh water strata through any act which wi II permi t polluted fresh water to intrude into a fresh water basin. 10 TABLE 4 Program-related Standards Impacting Groundwater Corporation Commission Oil and Gas Regulation - Treatable water rules Underground Storage Tank (UST) Program - Leak detection and reporting rules Department of Agriculture Rules governing use and disposal of pesticides General environmental protection authorities, including rules governing chemigation Rules governing confined animal feeding operations Rules governing the handling, storage, transportation and use of commercial fertilizers. Department of Pollution Control LUST Trust Fund - Rules governing repairs, containment and damage control Department of Health Public water supply (drinking water) standards Solid and hazardous waste disposal standards Water pollution control facility permitting and design standards Milk sanitation program waste disposal standards Septic system regulations Department of Health/Corporation Commission UIC Program - Subsurface disposal rules Water Resources Board Rules governing disposal permits 1 1 Protection from pollution As in the case of surface water pollution, several Oklahoma agencies have authority to protect groundwater from pollution. The primary agencies with such authority are the Water Resources Board, the Department of Health, the Corporation Commission and the Department of Agriculture. The Pollution Control Coordinating Board also has responsibilities to act on unresolved pollution problems within the limits of its enabling legislation. As discussed previously, the 1983 framework Agreement for groundwater initiated a cooperative effort to establish a ground-water protection program. Listed below are the groundwater prot-ection goals adopted in that agreement: To ma in ta inor res tor e the qua 1ity 0 f g r0undwa tera tIe vel s consistent with intended best use and to prevent degradation consistent with public health, economic and social goals; To regulate all manageable discharges, withdrawals, injections and recharges to ensure that the above goal is realized; To moni tor groundwater to determine basel ine water qual ity, trends and conformance with groundwater standards; To ensure the availability and transfer of pertinent informa-tion, data, strategies and studies to involved institutions and the publ ic. Sin c e the s ig n in g 0 f the a g re ernent, g r0 u n dwa te r pro te c t ion activities have been directed toward these general objectives. Subsequent sections of this strategy will provide a more detailed discussion of groundwater protection goals as well as a description of present and planned groundwater program activities. 12 OI<LAI-I:M<\ I S ffiOUNIJNATER PROTECT I ~ PR.()(R4M ASSES&\t£NT Statutory Responsibilities General Lis te d below are some 0 f the pro grams per ta in ing tog r0 Und - water that are administered by PCCB member agencies: Water Resources Board Water Quality Standards Groundwater usage approval Industrial wastewater discharge & waste disposal permits Well construction standards Water resource planning and management Groundwater assessment (statewide monitoring program) Emergency spill response Licensing of water and monitoring wel I drillers Department of Health Drinking water standards Regulation of public water supplies & approval of sources Municipal wastewater discharge permits Design standards for water pollution control facilities Well construction standards for public and private water supply systems Regulation of solid and hazardous waste facilities Approval of septic tank systems Emergency spill response Underground injection control (Class I,III,IV & V wells) Corporation Commission Oil and gas well regulation Oil and gas saltwater injection well regulation Plugging seismic holes Underground injection control (Class II wel Is) Underground storage tank regulation State Department of Agriculture Pesticide regulation Regulation of confined animal feeding operations Commercial fertilizer regulation Conservation Commission Development of Best Management Practices (BVP's) Develqpment of conservation plans Promotion of BMP implementation 13 Monitoring Groundwater monitoring is being conducted within the frame-work of several state agency programs. Major state and federal monitoring activities are summarized below. The Department of Health analyzes samples from several hundred public water supplies based on a sampling program designed to evaluate every system during each three year time frame. for the numerous communities that utilize groundwater with little or no treatment, these data provide a measure of groundwater quality. However, these are tap water samples and may not always reflect the original nature of the individual wells which supply raw groundwater for a community. The Health Department also maintains an historical record of analyses from private water wel Is. In May of 1983, the Water Resources Board initiated an annual g r0 undwa te r samp 1in g pro gram to de fin e the chern ic a 1 c h a ract e r - istics of 21 major aquifers. These samples are taken from wells which meet specified construction standards, have a driller's well log on file with the Water Resources Board and are believed to reflect the true nature of the aquifer under study. The U.S. Geological Survey has conducted some groundwater· monitoring for many years. At present, U.S.G.S. monitors only aquifers which are associated with specific projects. Data are av ail ab 1e for tho sea rea s 0 r aqui fer s wh ere pas t mo nit 0 r in g activities or investigations have been conducted. Assessment of Existing Progrmns Monitoring Wh i 1e wid e s pre a d m 0 nit 0 r in g is be in g a c c om p 1ish ed, the sampling activities of various agencies are not always coordinated to produce an effective, statewide effort. The limited resources available for such monitoring could be maximized by improved communication among agencies and increased coordination of effort. The State's monitoring effectiveness should be enhanced by inter-agency steps to prioritize needs and concentrate on critical problems using the Groundwater Coordinating Committee. Data storage and retrieval While each agency that collects groundwater data has a data s tor age and re trl eval sy stem, the uti 1iza t ion 0 f av ail ab 1e d a ta does not always achieve desired levels. This appears to be primarily a coordinative problem, resulting from separate agency objectives. The development of the Coordinating Committee is also intended to improve the interagency exchange of information and should aid in identifying statewide data needs. 14 Data analysis Ea c hag en c y t hat co I I e c t s d a t a has de vel 0 p e d me tho d s for the statistical evaluation of that data. Coordination between agencies has resulted in the selection of fairly uniform data handling procedures. However, a centralized assessment process would be beneficial in assuring that agency efforts are concen-t rat e din tho sea rea s wit h the g rea t est nee d • Th i s wi I I a 1sob e a topic of discussion by the Coordinating Committee. Regulation and enforcement The existing statutory mechanisms have been largely successful in providing necessary groundwater regulation. The greatest remaining difficulties arise in areas of overlapping of statutory responsibilities or where primary jurisdiction is unclear. However, since the agencies with primary authority signed the F r amewo r k Ag r e erne n t de fin i n g res po n sib i 1 i tie sin 1 983, few conflicts have occurred. Utilizing the Coordinating Committee to enhance the development of a comprehensive, statewide groundwater quality management strategy should further improve the state's regulatory capabi lities. Best Management Practices (BMP's) for Nonpoint Sources Existing BMP's for groundwater protection were derived primarily from previous surface water initiatives. The emphasis during the development of those practices was to ensure that sur f ace wa t e r qua 1 i t y pro t e c t i verne a sur e s did not i n c rea set he threat to groundwater resources. In the future, BMP's wi II be developed specifically for groundwater protection. The Conserva-tion Commission and Department of Agriculture, working in coopera-tion with the USDA Soil Conservation Service and local Conserva-tion Districts, will promote the implementation of BMP's as a s ens i b 1 est e pin pro t e c tin g the S tat e 's r en ewa b 1e n at u r a I resources and as an appropriate means of complying with state laws reg a r din g en vir 0 nme n t a I pol I uti 0 nor i gin at i n g fr om a g r i c u l t u r a I p r act ice s • E f for t s wi I 1 a 1sob e i n c rea sed t 0 ma x imi z e the use 0 f ex i s tin g fed era I co S t - s h are pro grams and toe x pan d the a v e n u e s for nonfederal support. Adequacy of Resources No present day program in Oklahoma can profess to possess adequate resources. Despite individual agency efforts to allocate sufficient budgetary resources, many needed groundwater programs are underfunded. Additional manpower and financial resources are needed to improve program credibility. While better coordination o f e f for t wi I 1 nod 0 u b ten h a n Cere sou r c e uti I i z a t ion, new 0 r expanded programs will require the identification of additional funding resources. 15 Ongoing Activities and Developing Progrmns Under existing statutory programs and the 1983 Framework Agreement, state agencies are currently accomplishing several groundwater planning and management tasks. These activities have been primarily funded through EPA, Section 106, State Program Grant funds specially earmarked for groundwater. The state's ongoing or recently completed work activities are listed below: Research and investigation of techniques for locating aban-doned oil and gas wel Is. Literature review and recommended regulatory changes with respect to chemigation and feedyard impacts on groundwater. Meetings of the standing groundwater standards committee to discuss needed standards modifications. Preparation of the initial statewide groundwater strategy document. Development of contaminant source ranking and criteria for control. Identification of regulatory revisions needed to implement control criteria. Identification of technical capabilities needed for ground-water protection. Complete data evaluation, tabulation and identification of potential sources of groundwater contamination. Development and application of a screening tool for use in identifying suspected pollution sites. Impact assessment of the influx of poultry facilities into Eastern Oklahoma (combined state / 106 core funding). Pesticides in groundwater study (205(j) funding) Continuing assessment of commercial fertilizer facility impact on groundwater (state funding) In addition, groundwater related activities are being under-taken in some new and developing program areas. These programs are summarized below with descriptions of the areas in which they impact groundwater. 16 Underground Storage Tanks (UST) The Corporation Commission is the responsible state agency for implementing and enforcing the UST program. In that capacity, the agency will provide regulation of two types of underground storage tanks - those containing petroleum products and those containing hazardous substan~es. Regulations will include requirements for notification, leak detection, installation, financial responsibility, closure and release reporting. The state is moving toward full assumption of the UST program. The Department of Pollution Control (DPC) administers the LUST program. ~en contamination incidents occur, DPC acts as the coordinating agency and refers the incidents to the appro-priate agency for investigation. As with the UST program, the state is currently establishing procedures and requirements for program administration. Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST) Trust Fund Nonpoint Source Management The Conservation Commission has been designated as the technical lead agency to develop an comprehensive nonpoint sou rc e pol Iuti 0 n con tr0 I pro gram un de r the requi rernen ts 0 f Section 319 of the Clean Water Act. The initial 319 report is scheduled for completion in August of 1988. That report will contain an identification of documented problems in the s tat e 's g r0 u n dwa te r bas ins. Th e init ia I 3 1 9 re p 0 r t wi I I define BMP's for surface water quality concerns only. However, practices designed to protect groundwater are a future goal of the program. As such groundwater B\1P recom-me nda tion s are de vel 0ped, the y wi II be incor po rat edin tot he state's groundwater management program. Agricultural Impact Strategy The Department of Agriculture administers most of the state's ag r icui tu ra I pro grams and is cur ren t IY pre par ingas tat ew ide agricultural impacts strategy. Whe n completed, the strategy will include components which address groundwater protection from pesticides, commercial fertilizers, animal wastes and o the r sou rce s rei ate d t0 ag r icui tu ra I pro d u c t ion. Wh e n a v a i Iab Ie, a p pro p ria te sec t ion s 0 f the ag r icuI tu ra limp act s strategy will be incorporated into the statewide strategy. As Oklahoma completes ongoing tasks and undertakes new activities, appropriate components will be incorporated into the groundwater strategy document during the next scheduled update. 17 EXTENT TO WHICl-I aJRRENf EFFOOTS ~ OB) ECf IVES General Evaluation As previously discussed, Oklahoma's groundwater qual i ty management efforts are operated in the context of several separate state agency programs. Each agency within the purview of its own statutory authorities operates an effective groundwater program. Th e g rea test d iff icuI tY lie sin are a s wh ere age ncy ju r isd ic t ion s overlap or where no specific agency program exists. While the problems that result from these uncertainties are not major, they sometimes impede the operation of an effective groundwater pro gram. Th e mo s t s ign if ican t nee din this reg a rd is for spee - ific, coordinated groundwater program objectives which will address each agency's singular objectives, while keeping statewide program objectives in view. The prioritization of groundwater pro b Iems, da tan eeds, wo rk act iv itie san d res 0 u rc e a II0 cat ion s from a statewide perspective would be most useful in improving groundwater program effectiveness. The Groundwater Coordinating Committee should serve as a vehicle to resolve these issues. Coordination between progrmns Since the adoption of the 1983 Framework Agreement, inter-agency coordination has been dramatically improved. The exchange of data and program information has become a more frequent and less difficult task. Coordination of agency responses to critical incidents of groundwater contamination is a much more direct process. In spite of these areas of significant progress, other areas have moved more slowly. In particular, the organization and evaluation of the groundwater data base has not progressed to a point where the data envisioned in the agreement is avai lable. Some of the areas where additional efforts are needed are: 1. Aquifer inventory information, 2. Discharge inventory information, 3. Well logging and construction information, 4. Problem identification and prioritization, 5. Development of BMP's for agricultural practices that pose a contamination risk to groundwater, 6. Development of other appropriate preventative measures. In some ways, the more effective a categorical program becomes, the less incentive there will be for coordination. Yet coordina-tive activities will return dividends to each agency with ground-water responsibilities by reducing resource requirements and en h an c ing res po n set ime s • Us ingas tat ew ide g r0 undwa te r pro tec - t ion s trat e g y doc ume n t a sat 00 I for ide n t ifY in g nee d san d developing response mechanisms appears to be reasonable means of improving .programs effectiveness. 18 Needs assessment Legislative At present, Oklahoma's legislative provisions with respect to groundwater are adequate to enable the separate agencies to exercise their groundwater responsibilities. Program The state's primary groundwater quality protection program need is for improved coordination of activities and cooperation among agenc ies to ensure tha t neces sa ry p rogr am requ iremen ts are met, while conserving scarce agency resources. Under the current arrangement individual agencies are responsible for their own statutory programs, making the planning and execution of statewide or generalized groundwater program requirements a somewhat cumber-some process. Ins pit e 0 f the F'r amewo rk Ag reernent, coo rdin a t ion 0 f g r0und - water activities has not always achieved optimum levels. This sometimes results in an inefficient use of individual agency resources due to duplication of effort and, even more importantly, in a failure to achieve the optimum levels of groundwater quality ma nag ernen t• In add ition, nee ded g r0un dwa tera c t iv itie sma y not always be assigned a high priority due to the resource or statu-tory constraints of individual agencies. While the improvements needed to improve interagency coordina-t ion are not ne c e s s a r i IY s tat u tor y inn at u re, a mo ref 0 rma I mechanism appears to be required. The establishment of the Coordinating Committee for Groundwater Quality appears to be a logical starting point for developing this needed mechanism. Specific work activities Listed below are recommended work tasks based on the goals, objectives and needs identified elsewhere in this report. Identification and characterization of shallow aquifers and minor water producing areas which serve a public and private water supplies Groundwater standards update and expansion Update of groundwater inventory data and maps (including coordination of the preparation of treatable water maps) Identification of groundwater information needs (data ex-change, uniform storage and retrieval methods, data needs and periodic data assessment) 19 Statewide groundwater quality assessment Problem identification (non-attainment of beneficial uses; standards violations; trends toward violations; and the identification and characterization of prevalent pol I uti 0 n i n c ide n t s, pro b I em pol I uta n t san d / 0 r c r i tic a I pollution generating activities) Problem ranking Identification of aquifers and/or, recharge zones that may require special protection Development of BMP's for agricultural practices that impact groundwater and improvement of incentives for BMP implementa-tion Identification of regulatory or legislative needs Evaluation of groundwater related programs and activities to identify overlapping responsibilities and opportunities for improved coordination. Improved incorporation of categorical groundwater activities into the statewide groundwater quality management program. CXM>REHENS lVE GROUNIJNATER QUAL IlY MANAGEMENT PLAN Policy objectives Whi let he F r amewo r k Ag r e erne n t s e r ve d a sam i I est 0 n e i nth e development of a comprehensive and coordinated statewide ground-water qual i ty management program, the need for improved coordina-t ion 0 f e f for t r ema i n e d • Th e c omp let ion, ado p t ion and up d ate 0 f the state's initial groundwater quality management strategy wi II serve as an important step in the progression toward Oklahoma's groundwater protection objectives. The strategy document should be use d a s are fer e n c e i n de vel 0 pin g and a c c omp lis hi n g f u t u r e groundwater activities. The development and u t i I ization of the Gr o u n dw a te r Coordinating Committee should provide even further improvements to program effectiveness. In that regard, the subsequent work plan provides a detailed description of the act i v i tie s nee d e d to con d u c t a c omp r e hen s i ve g r 0 u n dwa t e r qua lit Y management program. As activities are accomplished, the strategy will assist agencies in maintaining a coordinated approach. Work plan to satisfy needs Detailed below are the ongoing and planned work activities designed to accomplish a comprehensive groundwater quality manage-ment program for Oklahoma. 20 ~PLAN Development of Base Data Inventory Compile basic drinking water well inventory information Groundwater Classification and Standards Standards development and update Continuing development of standards for groundwater Review of standards from other states Recornnend program to protect minor aquifer uses Evaluate 21 major aquifers with respect to drinking water standards & reconrnend numerical criteria for selected inorganics Progrmn Implementation Interagency Coordination Reactivate the PCCB Coordinating Committee for Ground-water Quality and conduct regular meetings Monitoring and data collection Develop a monitoring network design based on the agricul-tural impact assessment Document vulnerability of community system wellheads regions to various cultural practices Storage and retrieval of data Develop interagency groundwater database o Data Heavzaalrudatiornanking system (complete) o GroundAwnaatleyrze qudaaltiat,ytabualsasteessmengtroun&dwaptreorblemquaildietnytif&icarteipoonrt on potential sources of contamination Prepare a statewide groundwater assessment o Investigate sites identified by screening tool Agricultural impact assessment Chemigation assessment o - Ongoing task 21 WORK PLAN (Continued) oao GrounRdewvaiteewr/PIerdvoeapnplotrusioaefttyeecntOeiSeoDdnsHetdat&ruectgmheuaaslnn,aagtgeiesomrneusnltes neaenddingregurleavtiisoinosn o Identify technical capabilities needed for groundwater o Devperlootpectiaonagricultural impact strategy for groundwater oo DPerveeplaorpe 3a19conmsaonlaigdeamteendt parnonguraalm groundwater work plan o Develop state UST/LUST programs Improve interagency / inter-program coordination Program Evaluation Conduct an annual program evaluation Identify program needs Program Update Prepare an annual strategy and work plan update o - Ongoing task 22
Object Description
|Groundwater Strategy
|OkDocs Class#
|P2200.8 G882s 1988
|Digital Format
|PDF, Adobe Reader required
|ODL electronic copy
|Deposited by agency in print; scanned by Oklahoma Department of Libraries 8/2011
|Rights and Permissions
|This Oklahoma state government publication is provided for educational purposes under U.S. copyright law. Other usage requires permission of copyright holders.
|Full text
P 2200.8 G882s 1988 c.3
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