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Synopsys has announced its DesignWare ARC Software Development Platforms for software development and debugging of ARC processor-based system-on-chip (SoC) designs.
The ARC AXS101 and AXS102 Software Development Platforms include ARC processors, peripherals, pre-built Linux and MQX operating systems, device drivers, and application examples. This combination is presented as a means of enabling designers to start software development prior to SoC availability.
The platforms' range of peripheral I/Os, including licensable DesignWare Interface IP such as USB, Ethernet, UART, GPIO, SPI, I2C, and Secure Digital (SD) allow designers to use the same hardware and drivers in the final SoC implementation.
"Software development is often the most critical and resource-intensive portion of the overall SoC development process," said Clint Cole, CEO of Digilent, Inc. "Synopsys' ARC Software Development Platform offers a pre-validated, integrated solution that allows software engineers to start developing software much faster and earlier in the design cycle, helping to achieve aggressive time-to-market schedules, while reducing the overall development effort."
The ARC Software Development Platforms include CPU daughter cards for real-time software development, validation, code porting, software debugging, and analysis on real hardware.
The built-in HapsTrak connector provides a fast tunnel, operating at up to 150MHz through the ARM AMBA AXI interconnect, enabling designers to connect the ARC Software Development Platform to Synopsys' HAPS FPGA-based prototyping system, where additional CPUs, peripherals, or other custom logic can be integrated into the design for full SoC prototyping.
The ARC Software Development Platforms are supported by Synopsys' ARC MetaWare Development Toolkit for the development and debugging of optimized high-density code. Also available for the ARC Software Development Platforms are the open source GNU Toolchain and Synopsys ARC MetaWare Lite tools.


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Hate to be the one that said "we told you so", but we told you so. T-Mobile USA has confirmed what we previously reported – No Windows Phone 7.8 for the Nokia Lumia 710. And just like that, a hundred cries could be heard tonight.
On Friday we reported that an email between a reader and a Nokia employee revelealed that T-Mobile had chosen to pass on the 7.8 update. For a phone that can out about a year ago, it's a definite slap in the face to customers who signed a two-year agreement with the magenta carrier.
In a statement to TmoNews, our original story is collaborated by T-Mobile itself:
"At this time, the Nokia Lumia 710 will not receive the software update. T-Mobile is committed to enhancing customers' experience with our devices, including providing upgrades to the latest operating systems, and T-Mobile aims to deliver software upgrades when it will provide a better experience for our customers. We'll share additional information on upgrades for the Nokia Lumia 710 when they are available."
A really sucky situation for anyone out there who picked up the Lumia 710 on T-Mobile in the past year. Not all hope is lost though, if you're reading our site odds are you can handle manually installing the update via the CAB files. For the rest of the population, our hearts go out to you.
Source: TmoNews

subset: commoncrawl


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Thank heaven for little labelsJune 6, 2008 at 7:51 pm | Posted in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | 4 Comments
Tags: fibromyalgia, industrial revolution, joint pain, muscle pain, pain, RA, Rheumatoid arthritis
I was doing some transcription the other day and a 'health professional' made a comment that some patients 'do like to cling to their little labels'. She was referring to people who say 'Oh, I've got x, so I can't do y' without either making the effort or looking for ways around the problem, but it got me to thinking what a relief my 'little label' was! Having had months of unexplained pain, a maybe or maybe not blood test result, and no firm conclusions (which is typical of RA because it's very hard to diagnose with any certainty) I was developing a fear of some doctor turning round and saying, 'Frankly my dear, it's all in your head'; not because I thought it was, but because I knew damn well it wasn't! I was also worried that friends and family would be thinking much the same thing. Now I've got my 'little label' if I feel so inclined I can turn round to a friend or a colleague or, as today, the vet, and say 'Sorry I can't do x, 'cause I've got RA' and be reasonably certain of a sympathetic reaction … in the latter case a nurse to carry a very heavy cat back to my car for me! 'Sorry I can't do x, 'cause I get this funny unexplained pain in my arm' is likely to get nothing more than a stony look that says 'what a bloody hypochondriac'.
Not everyone feels the same. At a local Rheumatoid Arthritis Society meeting recently and was chatting to a very nice lady there who mentioned that she was on a particular treatment for painful muscles, as well as her RA problems. 'Oh,' says I, recognising the name of the treatment because a friend of mine has the same stuff for the same condition, 'is it fibromyalgia?' 'Well yes,' she said, 'but I don't like to use that word because then it labels you, doesn't it?' I can see her point. Fibromyalgia is the baby of these aches and pains illnesses – a relatively new term, only 'invented' in 1976, plenty of doctors still believe 'it's all in your head, dear.' Just because the term wasn't coined until 1976 doesn't mean that the illness didn't exist before then of course. In fact it was probably part of what was known as 'rheumatism' as distinct from 'rheumatoid arthritis'. Or maybe it is a new condition (although the evidence doesn't seem to point that way). One of the fascinating facts I learnt at the meeting was that apparently rheumatoid arthritis didn't exist prior to about two hundred years ago.
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I was diagnosed about a week ago and that 'little label' has been a bit of a blessing and a bit of an annoyance! The blessing is that my husband and I have something 'concrete' we can learn about and make real adjustments for. And we do need to make adjustments! We have a large house with large yards. That might not last long!
The annoyance is that, since my diagnosis, my well meaning friends and co-workers jump in and don't let me lift, carry or do much of anything physically, even when I insist that I at least try!
I wish you well and hope we can help one another on this adventure!
Comment by Beth— June 9, 2008 #
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Delete this occurrence.
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Please know that it is the policy of the Harvard Public Schools not to discriminate on the basis of
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Longtime Delegate To Retire | Washington Post
February 24, 2009 9:33 AM
Del. Kenneth R. Melvin (D-Portsmouth) announced today that he will retire from the House of Delegates after 24 years. Melvin, one of the longest-serving members of the Courts of Justice Committee, is credited...
DisAbility Votes Hopes to Have Impact in Fall | Washington Post
February 24, 2009 8:32 AM
Momentum for political action has continued to build among advocates for people with disabilities since the General Assembly's failure to pass a measure mandating insurance coverage for autistic children....
Out-of-State College Admissions Issue Heats Up: Will the Session Provide the Backdrop to the Campaig | VirginiaTomorrow
February 24, 2009 4:58 AM
Anita Kumar's story in The Washington Post this morning frames the battle taking place in the General Assembly over this issue very well.
On one hand, northern Virginia Republicans such as Dave Albo,...
Virginia in a Hurry, 2-24-08 | VirginiaTomorrow
February 23, 2009 8:08 PM
Lawmakers Want to Limit Non Virginia College Students
New Crackdown on Payday Lenders Takes Legislative Shape
Senate Courts of Justice Kills Bill That Would Have Allowed State Police Chaplains to Offer...
It Didn't Take Long: Dems Call on McDonnell to Repudiate Jindal's Position Rejecting Stimulus Do | VirginiaTomorrow
February 23, 2009 5:02 PM
I wrote yesterday that Governor Bobby Jindal's decision to say "thanks but no thanks" to some of the federal stimulus dollars due Louisiana had major political implications.
Jindal ...
Senate Blocks Ban on Fundraising at Mansion | Washington Post
February 23, 2009 1:10 PM
The Democratic-controlled Senate has failed to act on a bill that would outlaw fundraising for political candidates and causes at the Executive Mansion, which is the oldest occupied governor's mansion...
Bob McDonnell on Virginia College Admissions (reported by The Washington Post) | VirginiaTomorrow
February 23, 2009 10:42 AM
Marc Fisher of The Washington Post examined Bob McDonnell's gubernatorial bid in yesterday's column.
Fisher mentions that the McDonnell campaign is poised to enter the debate about whether...
Moran, Wagner Prevail in Fairfax Straw Poll | Washington Post
February 23, 2009 10:40 AM
Former delegate Brian Moran, a candidate for governor, and Jody Wagner, a candidate for lieutenant governor, came out on top at this weekend's Mount Vernon District Democratic Committee straw poll in Fairfax...
Cuccinelli Claims He Has Edge in AG Race | Washington Post
February 23, 2009 5:59 AM
The race for the GOP nomination for Attorney General is underway because local county and city committees have begun holding mass meetings to determine their nominees to the state convention in late May....
Shannon Snags Labor Support | Washington Post
February 23, 2009 5:49 AM
The Washington Area Building Trades Council announced on Friday it is endorsing Del. Steve Shannon (D-Fairfax) in the race for Attorney General. The Council is made up a 15 unions, including workers in...
Virginia in a Hurry, 2-23-09 | VirginiaTomorrow
February 22, 2009 8:23 PM
Important Issues Undecided as Assembly Nears End
Perriello Hits the Ground Running
Virginia Supreme Court to Hear Access Lawsuit Filed Against Virginia Lottery
Veterans Group Asks for More Uniformity In...
Seven On Sunday, 2-22-09: Dr. Bob's Virginia Scorecard | VirginiaTomorrow
February 22, 2009 4:05 AM
1. Tobacco Friendly No More
"Tobacco-Friendly Virginia." How many times have we read this phrase and never given it a second thought? After this week, it is a label that will never be applied...
Virginia in a Hurry, 2-22-09 | VirginiaTomorrow
February 21, 2009 8:48 PM
Kaine Would Cut Funds for School Support Jobs By More than One Third
McDonnell Casts Himself as More Moderate Choice
Hamilton Saddled with Challenges
State Budget Talks to Focus on Stimulus
Athey Bill...
Virginia in a Hurry, 2-21-09 | VirginiaTomorrow
February 20, 2009 7:52 PM
Democrats' Two Seat Senate Advantage Provides Tenuous Grip on Chamber
Moran Outlines Plan to Tackle Foreclosure Issues
State Tourism Officials Say Only 1 of 11 Welcome Centers Will Close
McDonnell's Last Day | Washington Post
February 20, 2009 8:43 AM
Robert F. McDonnell (R) officially steps down today as the state's 44th attorney general to campaign full time for governor. Employees will throw a party for McDonnell this afternoon. Three of them will...
Barnie Day: On Holsworth's "The End of the Virginia Media …." Post | VirginiaTomorrow
February 20, 2009 6:18 AM
I believe future historians will mark the demise of the Fourth Estate as the beginning of the end of Democracy in America as we know it. I came to newspapers early, as an insatiable kid and haven't...
Lifestyle Politics: How Prevention Has Become the 21st Century Social Agenda | VirginiaTomorrow
February 20, 2009 4:48 AM
Remember when Democrats and liberals loudly deplored the prominence of "social" issues such as abortion on the political agenda. Government, they said, should stay out of people's lives and focus...
Virginia in a Hurry, 2-20-09 | VirginiaTomorrow
February 19, 2009 8:15 PM
Smoking Ban in Most Bars and Restaurants Passes, Big Victory for Kaine
How Delegates and Senators Voted on the Smoking Ban
Senate Education and Health Committe Rejects Cline's Fetal Anesthesia Bill...
Moran Picks Up Support in Prince William | Washington Post
February 19, 2009 10:02 AM
Many of Prince William County's Democratic leaders today endorsed Brian Moran's bid for governor. Although Republicans still dominate local government in Prince William County, Moran picked up support...
The End of the Virginia Media as We Know It… and What Can Be Done About It | VirginiaTomorrow
February 19, 2009 8:39 AM
It is the best of times and the worst of times.
For the print media who cover Virginia politics.
It's hard to ask for more.
Virginia was a battleground state in the presidential election and we...
Page 5824 of 5832 pages ‹ First < 5822 5823 5824 5825 5826 > Last ›


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Stylecraft Cabaret Dk£4.49
Shipping in the UK: £2.95 per order (Free shipping on all UK orders over £25)
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Unfortunately due to unreliable postal service, we are no longer able to ship to Russia.
Every effort is made to ensure that delivery is within a maximum of 7 working days for orders in the UK. Please allow for extra delivery time for any orders outside of the UK. All goods are subject to availability. In the event that we are unable to supply your goods within 28 days, we will inform you immediately and advise you of the expected delivery date.
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Silver amount 1 oz
The Tavex investment calculator contains a number of assumptions and they are prefilled in the form of the calculator. The assumptions may not reflect the ways in which the real market prices evolve. The calculator is generic and does not take into account your personal circumstances or unpredictable future events that may occur. The information is general and does not constitute any recommendation or personal advice. It is intended for use by you as a guide only, and not intended to be relied upon for the purposes of making a decision in relation to a financial product. It has been prepared without taking into account your personal needs, objectives or circumstances.
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Attractions in Niagara Falls
The Clifton Victoria Inn at the Falls is in the centre of Niagara's premier tourist district. Part of the 20-acre Falls Avenue Resort, the hotel is also across the street from Casino Niagara, and a 5 minute walk to the Falls and Clifton Hill.
Falls Avenue Resort
Located across from Falls Avenue Resort, the Clifton Victoria Inn is a short walk to great attractions and shopping. Falls Avenue Resort is home to attractions for all ages including the Hershey Chocolate World Niagara Falls, and the exciting Adventure City.
Fallsview Indoor Waterpark
Directly across from the Clifton Victoria Inn is the 3 acre Fallsview Indoor Waterpark. 16 thrilling slides up to six stories high, a giant wave pool, two over-sized adult only hot tub, the "Beach House" Mammoth Aqua Play Area, Tiny Tots Splash Park, an outdoor sun deck and activity pool, The Beach Club food court and much more!
Visit Fallsview Indoor Waterpark
Niagara Brewing Company
Niagara's Newest Craft Brewery – Now Open
At Niagara Brewing Company we are proud to represent Canada's brewing heritage and today's innovative craft beer scene by offering unique beers skillfully weaved with locally sourced ingredients.
Casino Niagara
Casino Niagara features games, dining and entertainment located directly across from the Clifton Victoria Inn at the Falls. Casino Niagara is the place to be in Niagara!
Niagara Parks
A 5 minute walk from the Falls, the Clifton Victoria Inn at the Falls is surrounded by the beautiful Niagara Parks. The Niagara Parks operate some of Niagara's best know and most popular tourist attractions including the legendary Maid Of The Mist, Journey Behind The Falls, the White Water Walk and the Butterfly Conservatory.
Clifton Hill
Clifton Hill is Niagara's most popular stretch of tourist excitement. The close proximity of the Clifton Victoria Inn at the Falls to all of the fun on the Hill including the new Niagara Falls Skywheel, the Great Canadian Midway, Movieland, Ruby Tuesday's, Boston Pizza, Rumours Night Club and so much more makes it a great place to stay in Niagara Falls.
Niagara Falls Entertainment
The spotlight falls on stages in Niagara Falls that will thrill guests of all ages. Acclaimed illusionist Greg Frewin offers a magical evening the entire family will enjoy. Dinner theatre hits a high note with Oh Canada, Eh! – Niagara's longest running theatre experience.
Niagara Golf Courses
The Falls is home to world class courses that will challenge even the most experienced golfers. PGA tournament and course designs have helped put Niagara Falls on the map as a top golf destination.
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Award winning wineries can be found across the Niagara landscape, experience Niagara's finest wineries on a tour and tasting and you will realize why Niagara is known around the world for outstanding quality.
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There is a lot to see and do in Niagara Falls and the Niagara Region, explore on your own, venture out on a WEGO Shuttle Bus or book one of the many guided tours available for Niagara Falls and the Niagara Region.


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How can Congressman Bob Etheridge (D-NC2) think he can lay hands on someone for asking a question like that? Why did that question make him so angry? Look how much he believes in his own capacity and right to intimidate! Quite aside from the manhandling, where does Etheridge get the idea that someone who asks a question is required to divulge his name? Is he completely deranged? Does he not remember what a camera is? Has he never heard of YouTube? I bet he has now.
ADDED: Here's how WaPo's Dave Weigel minimizes the story:
But without any name or organizational support, just by riling up a member of Congress, the students have created the first conservative meme of the week. They seem to have learned from organizations such as ThinkProgress that any video of a member acting strangely, no matter how grainy, is grist for the Web.And Weigel is aptly embarrassed by the first comment:
You refer to this dismissively as "video of a member acting strangely." Sorry, this isn't so easily dismissed. It's video of a member acting thuggishly, committing an assault and battery. And it's video of a member who has the arrogance to claim he has a right to know the identity of someone who asked me a question on the street. He doesn't have any such right. What he has is the dangerous notion that he's exempt from the laws of the District of Columbia and from the dictates of a civil society. And by your so cavalierly dismissing his outrageous behavior, you're complicit.Of course, the big question now — for anyone with a Weigel-y mentality — is: Who's Rob_?
Posted by: Rob_ | June 14, 2010 10:52 AM...
MORE: This came in the email:
I'm Rob_(Rob gave me permission to copy this.)
I know your question at the end of the Etheridge post was facetious, but I figured I'd answer it anyway. I'm Robert Cantor, a retired lawyer and amateur photographer in Rockville, Maryland, unaffiliated with Andrew Breitbart or any other political or journalistic operation but fascinated both by Etheridge's outrageous behavior and the way it was covered in the media. Not only did Weigel mischaracterize it and treat it dismissively, but others like CBS chose to edit down the battery to eliminate Etheridge's very rough grabbing of the young man's neck as well as the repeated requests from the young man that Etheridge let him go. The New York Times, following the pattern of its coverage of Van Jones and Helen Thomas, waited to report anything about the incident until Etheridge had apologized, then made his apology the story and reported little about the incident itself. Thank goodness for Glenn Greenwald, who had the integrity to call for Etheridge to be arrested and the courage to call out the commenters to his post who defended Etheridge.


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Content Amount: He not only graces the pages with new models each month, but with promises of updates for all new shootings accompanied by dates and what those shootings will feature. For instance, May was all girl/girl photos and videos. Thousands of photographs.


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Issue Profile, 1998
Total Number of Clients: 938
Number of reports listing issue area: 2,072
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Jackson, Mississippi Average Housing Rental Rates
The chart above shows average Housing rental rate prices in Jackson, Mississippi. Twelve month historic rental rates are based on rental data for the Jackson MS market in each month.
View Average Rental Rates for apartments in Jackson MS
View Rental Property Listings In Jackson, MS
Find a home or apartment for rent! These useful links will take you directly to the latest available rental listings in your area:
Jackson MS homes for rent
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Jackson condos for rent
Housing for rent in Jackson, MS
If you want to find detailed, rental price data for your Jackson, MS home or condo, Rentrange.com can provide you with detailed rental rate reports for your specific property! Our proprietary rental price algorithm searches like kind rental properties in your area to give you specific high, median and low rental prices in the immediate vicinity around your property. Our system also allows you view the rental rates by zip code, and compare them with your property-specific rent prices.
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Phillips Wharf Environmental Center has its campus located on Tilghman Island, Maryland and also travels around the state to schools, community centers and private events so everyone can explore the beauty of the Chesapeake Bay. Our calendar shows our public and private bookings throughout the year. If you would like to have Phillips Wharf or the Fishmobile at your party or public event, please email us firstname.lastname@example.com
Phillips Wharf Environmental Center provides limited hours of operation during the winter months. We ask that you please call ahead to schedule your tours and appointments. We can be reached at 410-886-9200.
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Welcome to Election 2008! This page is the primary resource on the World Wide
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Not known Facts About Mechanical Engineering Services
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The above is the listing of our specialized solutions, we are useful in providing various other solutions that consist of-- Mechanical Layout
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The Carmi-White County Bulldogs came into their first home game of the 2012-13 season a team that was 0-3 and in search of that elusive first win.
The Carmi-White County Bulldogs came into their first home game of the 2012-13 season a team that was 0-3 and in search of that elusive first win.
NCOE came in 4-2 and as a team that had seen success early in its season.
But the Bulldogs came in and showed the Fighting Cardinals just exactly where the doghouse sits; behind the arc.
The Bulldogs won the game 87-73.
CWC shattered the previous three-point mark for a game. The previous mark of 11 was set in a game against Eldorado in 2004, and repeated again against Meridian in 2007.
The Bulldogs dropped 17 in Tuesday night's performance.
The 26 attempted three-pointers was also a record, breaking the previous mark of 24.
The teams were back and forth all throughout the first quarter. As the quarter closed out, the returning Chase Sailer dropped a three to tie the game, but Cole Tucker matched him as time expired to give NCOE a 20-17 lead after one.
But in the second it was all CWC.
Brodie Brown scored 15 points in the second and led the Bulldogs to a 22-8 scoring advantage to make the score 39-28 at halftime.
NCOE continued to fight though.
Dakota Wheeler scored seven to lead NCOE in the third, but the hot shooting Bulldogs continued to set the pace, with Jamey Steed leading the attack with 12 in the third.
Dylan Martin came to life in the fourth quarter for NCOE, scoring 16 points, but the Fighting Cardinals 23-19 fourth quarter was not enough to finish off the Bulldogs.
Martin led all scorers in the game with 29 points. Brown and Steed of CWC were close behind, Brown with 24 and Steed with 23.
Other scorers for the Bulldogs were Andy Vaughan with 16, Sailer with 11, Dylan Rankin with six, Seth Gross with five and Clay Vaught with two.
Other scorers for NCOE were Tucker with 13, Blake Karnes with 12, Wheeler with 11, Chase Sutton with four, Jacob Taylor with two and Seth Halfacre with two.
The Bulldogs JV squad also picked up a 56-40 win over NCOE. Logan Weller led the Bulldogs with 18, while Chase Dietsch led NCOE with 14.
CWC will host Johnston City on Friday night at 6 p.m., while NCOE will travel to Gallatin County on Friday at 6 p.m.


text: Use mouse scroll wheel over image or pinch-to-zoom on touch devices. You can also click and drag around on image. Park it 0 0 Follow Chevy Impala Parked to Cars, Bikes, and Coffee, Vacaville CA, 3-15-15 by Peter Mitsopoulos Photography Vehicle Info: Chevrolet Impala Keywords Sign up to add your own keywords More from this Garage: More from this Profile: Garage Cars and Coffee San Francisco 8-2-14 Garage Xtreme Xhaust Charity Car Show 8-31-14 Garage Brass Knuckle Choppers, Car & Bike Show, Fairfield CA, 9-6-14


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It looks like your browser is out of date.
To use all features of KLM.com safely, we recommend that you update your browser, or that you choose a different one. Continuing with this version may result in parts of the website not being displayed properly, if at all. Also, the security of your personal information is better safeguarded with an updated browser.
Public transport in Bucharest is cheap and generally reliable. The metro is the best way to get around the centre as not many bus and tram routes go through the central zone, apart from some express buses on major thoroughfares; these are the quickest way to reach outlying areas, and cost about double the standard bus fare. The metro is fast, and despite some poorly signed stations, easier to navigate than the bus system. Buses, trolley buses and trams are well integrated and tickets are valid on all three networks, but they are usually crowded and pickpockets are a problem. There are also private minibuses that travel along the major thoroughfares and can be hailed anywhere along their route. Taxis in Bucharest are reasonable, but foreigners are more than likely to be overcharged. Hotels or restaurants should know the approximate fare, which can then be negotiated and a fixed price agreed before getting in. Car hire is targeted at business visitors and is quite expensive; drivers need to be 21 years of age and have a passport, international insurance policy, international driving permit and valid driver's license. Driving in Bucharest can be harrowing as locals drive erratically, and roads are not well signposted.
Local time is GMT +2 (GMT +3 from last Sunday in March to last Sunday in October).
Electrical current is 230 volts, 50Hz. Two-pin European-style plugs are standard.
The Leu (RON) is the official currency, which is divided into 100 bani. Money can be exchanged at banks, international airports, hotels or authorised exchange offices (casa de schimb or birou de schimb valutar). ATMs are available at large banks, airports and shopping centres in cities. American Express, MasterCard and Visa are accepted in the main cities. It is recommended to travel with some cash in case of difficulty using credit cards.
The direct dialling country code for Romania is +40, and the outgoing code is 00, followed by the relevant country code (e.g. 0044 for the UK). There are numerous area codes applying to cities, towns and villages, for example (0)21 for Bucharest. The country is well covered with GSM 900/1800 and 3G mobile phone networks. Internet cafes are available in cities and larger towns.
Emergencies: 112.
Everything about travel documents
Express bus services, 783 or 780, leave every 15 minutes for the city centre and main railway station respectively. Taxis are also available 24 hours to take passengers anywhere in Bucharest or to any other region in the country. Passengers should avoid cabs that do not display the price and have no meters.
Car rental companies include Budget, Europcar and Hertz.
Bucharest has two types of taxi. Smaller taxis cost about RON 1.5 per km and the larger taxis charge about RON 3.5 per km. The trip between the airport and Bucharest can take up to an hour in heavy traffic. Visitors are advised to only make use of official taxis with working meters and the prices displayed.
The two terminal buildings are connected by a corridor; it takes five minutes to walk between the terminals.
There are banks, bars and restaurants at the airport. Other facilities include a bureaux de change, left luggage, a hairdresser, duty-free shops and a post office. Disabled facilities are good; those who need a wheelchair or have other special requirements should contact their airline in advance.
Long and short-term parking is available.
Free wifi is available.


text: When holding pens are scarce (or nonexistent), you won't hold up the show when you use this ringside tie chain. Hook chain at ringside so several goats can be brought to ring at once; save time and steps. A 7 ft. length of single-link steel chain with swivel eye bolts at both ends and 5 swivel eye bolts spaced 14" apart. Also useful for bathing or feeding several goats at once.


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Dec 23
Match Preview: Ulster Rugby vs. Connacht Rugby
The Guinness PRO12's busy Christmas schedule kicks off on Friday when Ulster welcome their inter-provincial rivals Connacht to the Kingspan Stadium.
Ulster have only lost once in their last nine games in Belfast but welcome a Connacht side buoyed by last-gasp victory over Wasps in Europe last weekend.
Ulster, meanwhile, slipped to defeat against Clermont having beaten the French giants the week before.
What's at stake?
Ulster's win over the Cardiff Blues in round 10 of the Guinness PRO12...
Dec 19
Match Report: ASM Clermont Auvergne 38-19 Ulster Rugby
Ulster's European hopes are hanging by a thread after a 38-19 defeat to French giants Clermont Auvergne at the Stade Marcel-Michelin.
An abject first half saw Ulster go in at the break 21-0 down having conceded three tries, and a further Camille Lopez try after the restart meant at one point Les Kiss' men were 28 points behind.
A spirited comeback wasn't enough to get Ulster anything from the game, and it means they need all ten points from their two remaining pool games to stand any chance of...
Dec 16
Match Preview: ASM Clermont Auvergne vs. Ulster Rugby
Ulster ace Charles Piutau says he is relishing the chance to take on Clermont Auvergne in their European Rugby Champions Cup encounter in France.The Irish province will be hoping to make it back-to-back Pool 5 wins against Clermont after claiming a famous 39-32 success in Belfast last weekend.
A second victory in eight days could see Ulster top the pool going into 2017, if Bordeaux-Begles fail to beat Exeter Chiefs on Saturday.
New Zealand Full-back Piutau said: "Clermont's stadium is one of...
Nov 4
Match Report: Edinburgh Rugby 28-17 Ulster Rugby
In one of their worst performances of the season so far, Ulster were completely outplayed by a half strength Edinburgh side, losing 28-17 at BT Murrayfield Stadium.
They did themselves no favours, conceding two early tries to Viliame Mata and Damien Hoyland, and when Magnus Bradbury crossed just after the break the lead was unassailable.
There was a debut try for Aaron Cairns and Jacob Stockdale also crossed late on, but this was Ulster a long long way from their best, and they can't argue...
Nov 4
Match Preview: Edinburgh Rugby vs. Ulster Rugby
Rob Lyttle has burst onto the scene for Ulster this season and the winger admits he would love nothing more than to help his side head into the Guinness PRO12 break with a win after a patchy run of form.
Lyttle makes his second-ever Guinness PRO12 start for Ulster – having scored in last week's defeat to Munster – is a new addition to the starting backline alongside centre Sam Windsor and fly-half Brett Herron.
Pete Browne and Clive Ross join the pack for the crucial clash while academy...
Nov 2
Sean Reidy signs new contract extension
Ulster have secured the services of one of their star performers for another three years after flanker Sean Reidy signed a new contract extension until 2020.
The New Zealand-born back rower has kicked on from his first cap with Ireland over the summer and has started the season strongly, capped with an excellent performance against Munster last weekend where he made 25 tackles, the most by an individual in one game this season.
Reidy, who is Irish qualified through his grandmother, made his...
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In our image server example, it is possible that the single file server used to store images could be replaced by multiple file servers, each containing its own unique set of images. (See Figure 4.) Such an architecture would allow the system to fill each file server with images, adding additional servers as the disks become full. The design would require a naming scheme that tied an image's filename to the server containing it. An image's name could be formed from a consistent hashing scheme mapped across the servers. Or alternatively, each image could be assigned an incremental ID, so that when a client makes a request for an image, the image retrieval service only needs to maintain the range of IDs that are mapped to each of the servers (like an index).
Figure 4: Image hosting application with redundancy and partitioning......
Of course there are challenges distributing data or functionality across multiple servers. One of the key issues is data locality; in distributed systems the closer the data to the operation or point of computation, the better the performance of the system. Therefore it is potentially problematic to have data spread across multiple servers, as any time it is needed it may not be local, forcing the servers to perform a costly fetch of the required information across the network.
Another potential issue comes in the form of inconsistency. When there are different services reading and writing from a shared resource, potentially another service or data store, there is the chance for race conditions — where some data is supposed to be updated, but the read happens prior to the update — and in those cases the data is inconsistent. For example, in the image hosting scenario, a race condition could occur if one client sent a request to update the dog image with a new title, changing it from "Dog" to "Gizmo", but at the same time another client was reading the image. In that circumstance it is unclear which title, "Dog" or "Gizmo", would be the one received by the second client.
There are certainly some obstacles associated with partitioning data, but partitioning allows each problem to be split — by data, load, usage patterns, etc. — into manageable chunks. This can help with scalability and manageability, but is not without risk. There are lots of ways to mitigate risk and handle failures; however, in the interest of brevity they are not covered in this article. If you are interested in reading more, you can check out my blog post on fault tolerance and monitoring.
The Building Blocks of Fast and Scalable Data Access
Having covered some of the core considerations in designing distributed systems, let's now talk about the hard part: scaling access to the data.
Most simple Web applications, for example, LAMP stack applications, look something like Figure 5.
Figure 5: Simple Web applications
As they grow, there are two main challenges: scaling access to the app server and to the database. In a highly scalable application design, the app (or Web) server is typically minimized and often embodies a shared-nothing architecture. This makes the app server layer of the system horizontally scalable. As a result of this design, the heavy lifting is pushed down the stack to the database server and supporting services; it's at this layer where the real scaling and performance challenges come into play.
The rest of this article is devoted to some of the more common strategies and methods for making these types of services fast and scalable by providing fast access to data.
Figure 6: Oversimplified Web application
Most systems can be oversimplified to Figure 6. This is a great place to start. If you have a lot of data, you want fast and easy access, like keeping a stash of candy in the top drawer of your desk. Though overly simplified, the previous statement hints at two hard problems: scalability of storage and fast access of data.
For the sake of this example, let's assume you have many terabytes (TB) of data and you want to allow users to access small portions of that data at random. (See Figure 7.) This is similar to locating an image file somewhere on the file server in the image application example.
Figure 7: Accessing specific data
This is particularly challenging because it can be very costly to load TBs of data into memory; this directly translates to disk IO. Reading from disk is many times slower than from memory — memory access is as fast as Chuck Norris, whereas disk access is slower than the line at the DMV. This speed difference really adds up for large data sets; in real numbers memory access is as little as 6 times faster for sequential reads, or 100,000 times faster for random reads, than reading from disk (see The Pathologies of Big Data). Moreover, even with unique IDs, solving the problem of knowing where to find that little bit of data can be an arduous task. It's like trying to get that last Jolly Rancher from your candy stash without looking.
Thankfully there are many options that you can employ to make this easier; four of the more important ones are caches, proxies, indexes and load balancers. The rest of this article discusses how each of these concepts can be used to make data access a lot faster.
Caches take advantage of the locality of reference principle: recently requested data is likely to be requested again. They are used in almost every layer of computing: hardware, operating systems, Web browsers, Web applications and more. A cache is like short-term memory: it has a limited amount of space, but is typically faster than the original data source and contains the most recently accessed items. Caches can exist at all levels in architecture, but are often found at the level nearest to the front end, where they are implemented to return data quickly without taxing downstream levels.
How can a cache be used to make your data access faster in our API example? In this case, there are a couple of places you can insert a cache. One option is to insert a cache on your request layer node, as in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Inserting a cache on your request layer node
Placing a cache directly on a request layer node enables the local storage of response data. Each time a request is made to the service, the node will quickly return local, cached data if it exists. If it is not in the cache, the request node will query the data from disk. The cache on one request layer node could also be located both in memory (which is very fast) and on the node's local disk (faster than going to network storage).
Figure 9: Multiple caches
What happens when you expand this to many nodes? As you can see in Figure 9, if the request layer is expanded to multiple nodes, it's still quite possible to have each node host its own cache. However, if your load balancer randomly distributes requests across the nodes, the same request will go to different nodes, thus increasing cache misses. Two choices for overcoming this hurdle are global caches and distributed caches.
Global Cache
A global cache is just as it sounds: all the nodes use the same single cache space. This involves adding a server, or file store of some sort, faster than your original store and accessible by all the request layer nodes. Each of the request nodes queries the cache in the same way it would a local one. This kind of caching scheme can get a bit complicated because it is very easy to overwhelm a single cache as the number of clients and requests increase, but is very effective in some architectures (particularly ones with specialized hardware that make this global cache very fast, or that have a fixed dataset that needs to be cached).


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More than 130 people filled the auditorium at the Weber Center Monday evening to hear five speakers describe environmental and health dangers that accompany oil and gas drilling and their potential effects on the Adrian area.
The Weber Center is on the Motherhouse campus of the Adrian Dominican Sisters, and the event was hosted by the sisters.
The forum originally was prompted by plans to put an oil processing plant in Heritage Park, which is owned by the city of Adrian, to process oil from wells on nearby properties.
Savoy Energy Limited Partnership of Traverse City has since decided to put the processing plant on land on M-52 near Adrian's northern city limits known as the Witt property, which also is owned by the city. Savoy, which has leased about 1,184 acres of city-owned land for oil and gas exploration, has drilled one well on the Witt property and one well in Heritage Park.
The speakers were Irish Hills resident John Bancroft, Adrian resident Cynthia Waidley, Siena Heights University assistant biology professor Thomas Wassmer, former University of Michigan aerospace engineering professor William Kauffman and Dr. Victoria Powell of Madison Township.
They spoke about the geophysical, biological and health impacts of drilling techniques, transportation of oil and the byproducts of drilling. Waidley described the nature and extent of the leases that Savoy has signed with many private
residents as well as with the city.
Bancroft, who has followed the exploration and production of oil in the Irish Hills during the past several years, showed a map with eight tank farms similar to the processing plant Savoy wants to build on the Witt property. One of the tank farms has 10 wells attached to it, Bancroft said.
Bancroft showed photos of a processing plant near a wetland that is connected to Wamplers Lake, and a photo of the site where a tanker partially filled with brine from a drilling operation tipped over.
"You had better find out your responses," Bancroft said, referring to emergency responses in case of an oil or brine spill.
Wassmer described the relation of ground water and surface water.
"You see the Witt farm is actually on a soil that would bring surface pollution very quickly into the groundwater," Wassmer said.
There also is a nationally registered wetland on the Witt property, he said.
Wassmer said there should have been a baseline study of environmental factors before oil wells were drilled so any adverse effects of the drilling could be identified and measured.
Kauffman, an expert in gas dynamics and propulsion who now serves as president of the Explosion Research & Investigation Corp. in Whitmore Lake, recited a long list of incidents worldwide that involved the explosion of hydrocarbons and said not to believe oil industry reassurances.
"People will tell you don't worry, nothing will go wrong, but they are wrong," Kauffman said.
He said communities need "guarantees of large liability obligations" from oil companies.
Powell described some of the health hazards from products associated with oil production.
"Every organ system in our body is affected by whatever is produced and used in the oil industry, for drilling, for flushing out, for transport, no matter what you want to talk about, every single substance is harmful to every organ system in our body," Powell said.
Waidley said that besides the land leased to Savoy by the city, about 445 residents in the city have leased the mineral rights to their land.
After the presentations, audience members offered comments. Retired Michigan Department of Environmental Quality employee Allison MacArthur-Ruesink of Onsted said state environmental employees are bullied into letting oil companies do what they want.
"The only thing that's going to get their attention is civil outcries," MacArthur-Ruesink said.
After the meeting, Powell said she would like to see people demand transparency and clarity from public officials and parameters be put on the oil industry.
Wassmer said the public still may be able to get concessions from Savoy even though the city's leases are signed.
"They don't want to look as the bad guy and I think that gives us some wiggle room beyond the pure text of the law," Wassmer said.
Sister Elise Garcia, who moderated the event, said representatives of Savoy were invited to attend but did not respond.
Oil forum discusses environmental, health issues
More than 130 people filled the auditorium at the Weber Center Monday evening to hear five speakers describe environmental and health dangers that accompany oil and gas drilling and their potential effects on the Adrian area.


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A June 15 wedding is being planned by Rachel Schneider of Saxonburg and Craig Trimble of Saxonburg.
The bride-to-be is the daughter of Michael and Diane Schneider of Auburn Township, Ohio. Parents of the prospective bridegroom are Neal Trimble of Sarver and Teresa Parker of Missouri City, Texas.
The bride-elect is a 2003 graduate of Kenston High School in Chagrin Falls, Ohio, and a 2008 graduate of Notre Dame College in South Euclid, Ohio.
She is employed by Nordstrom in Ross Park.
Her fiance graduated in 1997 from Knoch High School.
He is in the U.S. Air Force and works at the 171st Air National Guard in Coraopolis.


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Difference between revisions of "GUID Partition Table"
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Revision as of 10:22, 18 August 2013
zh-CN:GUID Partition Table Template:Article summary start Template:Article summary text Template:Article summary heading Template:Article summary text Template:Article summary heading Template:Article summary wiki Template:Article summary wiki Template:Article summary wiki Template:Article summary wiki Template:Article summary end
GUID Partition Table (GPT) is a new style of partitioning which is part of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Specification, using the globally unique identifier for devices. It is different from the Master Boot Record (the more commonly used partitioning style) in many aspects and has many advantages.
To understand GPT, it is important to understand what MBR is and what its disadvantages are.
For any partitioning style, the number of partitions that can be defined is based on the total space allotted for the partition table and the space required for storing the information of a single partition.
Master Boot Record
The MBR partition table stores the partitions info in the first sector of a hard disk as follows
|Location in the HDD
|Purpose of the Code
|First 440 bytes
|MBR boot code that is launched by the BIOS.
|441-446 bytes
|MBR disk signature.
|447-510 bytes
|Actual partition table with info about primary and extended partitions. (Note that logical partitions are not listed here)
|511-512 bytes
|MBR boot signature 0xAA55.
The entire information about the primary partitions is limited to the 64 bytes allotted. To extend this, extended partitions were used. An extended partition is simply a primary partition in the MBR which acts like a container for other partitions called logical partitions. So one is limited to either 4 primary partitions, or 3 primary and 1 extended partitions with many logical partitions inside it.
Problems with MBR
- Only 4 primary partitions or 3 primary + 1 extended partitions (with arbitrary number of logical partitions within the extended partition) can be defined. If you have 3 primary + 1 extended partitions, and you have some free space outside the extended partition area, you cannot create a new partition over that free space.
- Within the extended partition, the logical partitions' meta-data is stored in a linked-list structure. If one link is lost, all the logical partitions following that metadata are lost.
- MBR supports only 1 byte partition type codes which leads to many collisions.
- MBR stores partition sector information using 32-bit LBA values. This LBA length along with 512 byte sector size (more commonly used) limits the maximum addressable size of the disk to be 2 TiB. Any space beyond 2 TiB cannot be defined as a partition if MBR partitioning is used.
GUID Partition Table
GUID Partition Table (GPT) uses GUIDs (or UUIDs in linux world) to define partitions and its types, hence the name. The GPT consists of:
|Location in the HDD
|First logical sector of the disk or First 512 bytes
|Protective MBR - Same as a normal MBR but the 64-byte area contains a single 0xEE type Primary partition entry defined over the entire size of the disk or in case of >2 TiB, upto a partition size of 2 TiB.
|Second logical sector of the disk or Next 512 bytes
|Primary GPT Header - Contains the Unique Disk GUID, Location of the Primary Partition Table, Number of possible entries in partition table, CRC32 checksums of itself and the Primary Partition Table, Location of the Secondary (or Backup) GPT Header
|16 KiB (by default) following the second logical sector of the disk
|Primary GPT Table - 128 Partition entries (by default, can be higher), each with an entry of size 128 bytes (hence total of 16 KiB for 128 partition entries). Sector numbers are stored as 64-bit LBA and each partition has a Partition Type GUID and a Unique Partition GUID.
|16 KiB (by default) before the last logical sector of the disk
|Secondary GPT table - It is byte-for-byte identical to the Primary table. Used mainly for recovery in case the primary partition table is damaged.
|Last logical sector of the disk or Last 512 bytes
|Secondary GPT Header - Contains the Unique Disk GUID, Location of the Secondary Partition Table, Number of possible entries in the partition table, CRC32 checksums of itself and the Secondary Partition Table, Location of the Primary GPT Header. This header can be used to recover GPT info in case the primary header is corrupted.
Advantages of GPT
- Uses GUIDs (UUIDs) to identify partition types - No collisions.
- Provides a unique disk GUID and unique partition GUID for each partition - A good filesystem-independent way of referencing partitions and disks.
- Arbitrary number of partitions - depends on space allocated for the partition table - No need for extended and logical partitions. By default the GPT table contains space for defining 128 partitions. However if the user wants to define more partitions, he/she can allocate more space to the partition table (currently only gdisk is known to support this feature).
- Uses 64-bit LBA for storing Sector numbers - maximum addressable disk size is 2 ZiB.
- Stores a backup header and partition table at the end of the disk that aids in recovery in case the primary ones are damaged.
- CRC32 checksums to detect errors and corruption of the header and partition table.
Kernel Support
CONFIG_EFI_PARTITION option in the kernel config enables GPT support in the kernel (despite the name EFI PARTITION). This options must be built-in the kernel and not compiled as a loadable module. This option is required even if GPT disks are used only for data storage and not for booting. This option is enabled by default in Arch's linux and linux-lts kernels in [core] repo. In case of a custom kernel enable this option by doing
Bootloader Support
UEFI systems
All UEFI Bootloaders support GPT disks since GPT is a part of UEFI Specification and thus mandatory for UEFI boot. See UEFI_Bootloaders for more info.
BIOS systems
- GRUB requires a 1007 KiB BIOS Boot Partition (
EF02type code in gdisk and bios_grub flag in GNU Parted) in BIOS systems to embed its
core.imgfile due to lack of post-MBR embed gap in GPT disks. Runtime GPT support in GRUB is provided by the
- Syslinux requires the partition containing
/boot/syslinux/ldlinux.sys(irrespective whether
/bootis a separate partition or not) to be marked as "Legacy BIOS Bootable" GPT attribute (legacy_boot flag in GNU Parted) to identify the partition containing the Syslinux boot files by its 440-byte MBR boot code
gptmbr.bin. See Syslinux#GUID Partition Table aka GPT for more information. It is equivalent to "boot" flag in MBR disks.
- GRUB Legacy, does not support GPT disks. Fedora's heavily patched GRUB Legacy fork grub-legacy-fedora-gitAUR contains GPT patches from Intel (tested in Fedora, not tested on Arch). This fork is no longer maintained since Fedora already uses GRUB as its default BIOS bootloader since version F16. Users are recommended to switch to GRUB or Syslinux instead.
- LILO's GPT support has not been tested so it is unclear whether it has issues booting in GPT disks.
Partitioning Utilities
GPT fdisk
GPT fdisk is a set of text-mode utilities for editing GPT disks. It consists of gdisk, sgdisk and cgdisk which are equivalent to respective tools from util-linux fdisk (used for MBR disks). It is available in the [extra] repository as gptfdisk.
Convert from MBR to GPT
One of the best features of gdisk (and sgdisk and cgdisk too) is its ability to convert MBR and BSD disklabels to GPT without data loss. Upon conversion, all the MBR primary partitions and the logical partitions become GPT partitions with the correct partition type GUIDs and Unique partition GUIDs created for each partition.
Just open the MBR disk using gdisk and exit with "w" option to write the changes back to the disk (similar to fdisk) to convert the MBR disk to GPT. Watch out for any error and fix them before writing any change to disk because you may risk losing data. See http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/mbr2gpt.html for more info. After conversion, the bootloaders will need to be reinstalled to configure them to boot from GPT.
EF02 partition type.
GNU Parted
In GNU Parted >=3.0, the
parted command-line utility does not support any filesystem related operation, and most of the FS related code has been removed from the libparted, leaving only minimal code required by external applications like gparted. The upstream recommends using the filesystem specific tools or one of the parted's GUI wrappers like gparted (which calls these external tools) for filesystem related operations.
See also
- Wikipedia's Page on GPT and MBR
- Homepage of Rod Smith's GPT fdisk tool and its Sourceforge.net Project page - gptfdisk
- Rod Smith's page on Converting MBR to GPT and Booting OSes from GPT
- Rod Smith's page on the New Partition Type GUID for Linux data partitions
- System Rescue CD's page on GPT
- Wikipedia page on BIOS Boot Partition
- Make the most of large drives with GPT and Linux - IBM Developer Works
- Microsoft's Windows and GPT FAQ


text:
encapsulate events
Major Section: MISCELLANEOUS
Suppose that a given theorem,
thm, is to be functionally instantiated
using a given functional substitution,
alist. (See lemma-instance, or
for an example, see functional-instantiation-example.) What is the set of
proof obligations generated? It is the set obtained by applying
alist to
all terms,
tm, such that (a)
tm mentions some function symbol in the
domain of
alist, and (b) either (i)
tm arises from the ``constraint''
on a function symbol ancestral in
thm or in some
defaxiom or (ii)
tm is the body of a
defaxiom. Here, a function symbol is
``ancestral'' in
thm if either it occurs in
thm, or it occurs in the
definition of some function symbol that occurs in
thm, and so on.
The remainder of this note explains what we mean by ``constraint'' in the words above.
In a certain sense, function symbols are introduced in essentially
two ways. The most common way is to use
defun (or when there is
mutual recursion,
mutual-recursion or
defuns). There is also
a mechanism for introducing ``witness functions'';
see defchoose. The documentation for these events describes
the axioms they introduce, which we will call here their
``definitional axioms.'' These definitional axioms are generally
the constraints on the function symbols that these axioms introduce.
However, when a function symbol is introduced in the scope of an
encapsulate event, its constraints may differ from the
definitional axioms introduced for it. For example, suppose that a
function's definition is
local to the
encapsulate; that is,
suppose the function is introduced in the signature of the
encapsulate. Then its constraints include, at the least, those
local theorems and definitions in the
encapsulate that
mention the function symbol.
Actually, it will follow from the discussion below that if the
signature is empty for an
encapsulate, then the constraint on
each of its new function symbols is exactly the definitional axiom
introduced for it. Intuitively, we view such
encapsulates just
as we view
include-book events. But the general case, where the
signature is not empty, is more complicated.
In the discussion that follows we describe in detail exactly which
constraints are associated with which function symbols that are
introduced in the scope of an
encapsulate event. In order to
simplify the exposition we make two cuts at it. In the first cut we
present an over-simplified explanation that nevertheless captures
the main ideas. In the second cut we complete our explanation by
explaining how we view certain events as being ``lifted'' out of the
encapsulate, resulting in a possibly smaller
which becomes the target of the algorithm described in the first
At the end of this note we present an example showing why a more naive approach is unsound.
Finally, before we start our ``first cut,'' we note that constrained
functions always have guards of T. This makes sense when one
considers that a constrained function's ``guard'' only appears in
the context of a
defun, which is skipped. Note also that any
information you want ``exported'' outside an
encapsulate event must
be there as an explicit definition or theorem. For example, even if
a function
foo has output type
(mv t t) in its signature, the system
will not know
(true-listp (foo x)) merely on account of this
information. Thus, if you are using functions like
mv functions) in a context where you are verifying
guards, then you should probably provide a
type-prescription rule
for the constrained function, for example, the
(true-listp (foo x)).
First cut at constraint-assigning algorithm. Quite simply, the
formulas introduced in the scope of an
encapsulate are conjoined,
and each function symbol introduced by the
encapsulate is
assigned that conjunction as its constraint.
Clearly this is a rather severe algorithm. Let us consider two possible optimizations in an informal manner before presenting our second cut.
Consider the (rather artificial) event below. The function
before1 does not refer at all, even indirectly, to the
locally-introduced function
sig-fn, so it is unfortunate to
saddle it with constraints about
(encapsulate (((sig-fn *) => *))We would like to imagine moving the definition of
(defun before1 (x) (if (consp x) (before1 (cdr x)) x))
(local (defun sig-fn (x) (cons x x)))
(defthm sig-fn-prop (consp (sig-fn x))) )
before1 to just
in front of this
encapsulate, as follows.
(defun before1 (x) (if (consp x) (before1 (cdr x)) x))Thus, we will only assign the constraint
(encapsulate (((sig-fn *) => *))
(local (defun sig-fn (x) (cons x x)))
(defthm sig-fn-prop (consp (sig-fn x))) )
(consp (sig-fn x)), from
the theorem
sig-fn-prop, to the function
sig-fn, not to the
More generally, suppose an event in an
encapsulate event does not
mention any function symbol in the signature of the
nor any function symbol that mentions any such function symbol, and
so on. (We might say that no function symbol from the signature is
an ``ancestor'' of any function symbol occurring in the event.)
Then we imagine moving the event, so that it appears in front of the
encapsulate. We don't actually move it, but we pretend we do when
it comes time to assign constraints. Thus, such definitions only
introduce definitional axioms as the constraints on the function
symbols being defined, and such theorems introduce no constraints.
Once this first optimization is performed, we have in mind a set of
``constrained functions.'' These are the functions introduced in
encapsulate that would remain after moving some of them out,
as indicated above. Consider the collection of all formulas
introduced by the
encapsulate, except the definitional axioms, that
mention these constrained functions. So for example, in the event
below, no such formula mentions the function symbol
(encapsulate (((sig-fn *) => *))We can see that there is really no harm in imagining that we move the definition of
(local (defun sig-fn (x) (cons x x)))
(defthm sig-fn-prop (consp (sig-fn x)))
(defun after1 (x) (sig-fn x)) )
after1 out of the
encapsulate, to just after
Many subtle aspects of this rearrangement process have been omitted.
For example, suppose the function
fn uses
sig-fn, the latter
being a function in the signature of the encapsulation. Suppose a
formula about
fn is proved in the encapsulation. Then from the
discussion above
fn is among the constrained functions of the
encapsulate: it cannot be moved before the encapsulate and it cannot
be moved after the encapsulation. But why is
fn constrained?
The reason is that the theorem proved about
fn may impose or express
constraints on
sig-fn. That is, the theorem proved about
may depend upon properties of the witness used for
Here is a simple example:
(encapsulate (((sig-fn *) => *))In this example, there are no explicit theorems about
(local (defun sig-fn (x) (declare (ignore x)) 0))
(defun fn (lst) (if (endp lst) t (and (integerp (sig-fn (car lst))) (fn (cdr lst)))))
(defthm fn-always-true (fn lst)))
sig-fn, i.e.,
no theorems about it explicitly. One might therefore conclude that
it is completely unconstrained. But the witness we chose for it always
returns an integer. The function
fn uses
sig-fn and we prove that
fn always returns true. Of course, the proof of this theorem
depends upon the properties of the witness for
sig-fn, even though
those properties were not explicitly ``called out'' in theorems proved
sig-fn. It would be unsound to move
fn after
the encapsulate. It would also be unsound to constrain
sig-fn to
satisfy just
fn-always-true without including in the constraint
the relation between
sig-fn and
fn. Hence both
sig-fn and
fn are constrained by this encapsulation and the constraint imposed
on each is the same and states the relation between the two as characterized
by the equation defining
fn as well as the property that
fn always
returns true. Suppose, later, one proved a theorem about
sig-fn and
wished to functional instantiate it. Then one must also functionally
fn, even if it is not involved in the theorem, because
it is only through
fn that
sig-fn inherits its constrained
This is a pathological example that illustrate a trap into which one
may easily fall: rather than identify the key properties of the
constrained function the user has foreshadowed its intended
application and constrained those notions.
Clearly, the user wishing to introduce the
sig-fn above would be
well-advised to use the following instead:
(encapsulate (((sig-fn *) => *)) (local (defun sig-fn (x) (declare (ignore x)) 0)) (defthm integerp-sig-fn (integerp (sig-fn x)))) (defun fn (lst) (if (endp lst) t (and (integerp (sig-fn (car lst))) (fn (cdr lst))))) (defthm fn-always-true (fn lst)))Note that
sig-fn is constrained merely to be an integer. It is
the only constrained function. Now
fn is introduced after the
encapsulation, as a simple function that uses
sig-fn. We prove
fn always returns true, but this fact does not constrain
sig-fn. Future uses of
sig-fn do not have to consider
fn at all.
Sometimes it is necessary to introduce a function such as
within the
encapsulate merely to state the key properties of the
undefined function
sig-fn. But that is unusual and the user
should understand that both functions are being constrained.
Another subtle aspect of encapsulation that has been brushed over so
far has to do with exactly how functions defined within the
encapsulation use the signature functions. For example, above we
say ``Consider the collection of all formulas introduced by the
encapsulate, except the definitional axioms, that mention these
constrained functions.'' We seem to suggest that a definitional
axiom which mentions a constrained function can be moved out of the
encapsulation and considered part of the ``post-encapsulation''
extension of the logic, if the defined function is not used in any
non-definitional formula proved in the encapsulation. For example,
in the encapsulation above that constrained
sig-fn and introduced
fn within the encapsulation,
fn was constrained because we
proved the formula
fn-always-true within the encapsulation. Had
we not proved
fn-always-true within the encapsulation,
fn could
have been moved after the encapsulation. But this suggests an
unsound rule because whether such a function can be moved after the
encapsulate depend on whether its admission used properties of the
witnesses! In particular, we say a function is ``subversive'' if
any of its governing tests or the actuals in any recursive call involve
a function in which the signature functions are ancestral.
Another aspect we have not discussed is what happens to nested
encapsulations when each introduces constrained functions. We say an
encapsulate event is ``trivial'' if it introduces no constrained
functions, i.e., if its signatures is
nil. Trivial encapsulations
are just a way to wrap up a collection of events into a single event.
From the foregoing discussion we see we are interested in exactly how we can ``rearrange'' the events in a non-trivial encapsulation -- moving some ``before'' the encapsulation and others ``after'' the encapsulation. We are also interested in which functions introduced by the encapsulation are ``constrained'' and what the ``constraints'' on each are. We may summarize the observations above as follows, after which we conclude with a more elaborate example.
Second cut at constraint-assigning algorithm. First, we focus
only on non-trivial encapsulations that neither contain nor are
contained in non-trivial encapsulations. (Nested non-trivial
encapsulations are not rearranged at all: do not put anything in
such a nest unless you mean for it to become part of the constraints
generated.) Second, in what follows we only consider the
local events of such an
encapsulate, assuming that they
satisfy the restriction of using no locally defined function symbols
other than the signature functions. Given such an
event, move, to just in front of it and in the same order, all
definitions and theorems for which none of the signature functions
is ancestral. Now collect up all formulas (theorems) introduced in
encapsulate other than definitional axioms. Add to this
set any of those definitional equations that is either subversive or
defines a function used in a formula in the set. The
conjunction of the resulting set of formulas is called the
``constraint'' and the set of all the signature functions of the
encapsulate together with all function symbols defined in the
encapsulate and mentioned in the constraint is called the
``constrained functions.'' Assign the constraint to each of the
constrained functions. Move, to just after the
encapsulate, the
definitions of all function symbols defined in the
encapsulate that
have been omitted from the constraint.
Implementation note. In the implementation we do not actually move events, but we create constraints that pretend that we did.
Here is an example illustrating our constraint-assigning algorithm. It builds on the preceding examples.
(encapsulate (((sig-fn *) => *))Only the functions
(defun before1 (x) (if (consp x) (before1 (cdr x)) x))
(local (defun sig-fn (x) (cons x x)))
(defthm sig-fn-prop (consp (sig-fn x)))
(defun during (x) (if (consp x) x (cons (car (sig-fn x)) 17)))
(defun before2 (x) (before1 x))
(defthm before2-prop (atom (before2 x)))
(defthm during-prop (implies (and (atom x) (before2 x)) (equal (car (during x)) (car (sig-fn x)))))
(defun after1 (x) (sig-fn x))
(defchoose after2 (x) (u) (and (< u x) (during x))) )
sig-fn and
during receive extra
constraints. The functions
before1 and
before2 are viewed as
moving in front of the
encapsulate, as is the theorem
before2-prop. The functions
after1 and
after2 are viewed
as being moved past the
encapsulate. Notice that the formula
(consp (during x)) is a conjunct of the constraint. It comes
from the
type-prescription rule deduced during the definition
of the function
during. The implementation reports the following.
(SIG-FN X) is axiomatized to return one result.
In addition, we export AFTER2, AFTER1, DURING-PROP, BEFORE2-PROP, BEFORE2, DURING, SIG-FN-PROP and BEFORE1.
The following constraint is associated with both of the functions DURING and SIG-FN:
We conclude by asking (and to a certain extent, answering) the
following question: Isn't there an approach to assigning
constraints that avoids over-constraining more simply than our
``second cut'' above? Perhaps it seems that given an
encapsulate, we should simply assign to each locally defined
function the theorems exported about that function. If we adopted
that simple approach the events below would be admissible.
(encapsulate (((foo *) => *)) (local (defun foo (x) x)) (defun bar (x) (foo x)) (defthm bar-prop (equal (bar x) x) :rule-classes nil))Under the simple approach we have in mind,
(defthm foo-id (equal (foo x) x) :hints (("Goal" :use bar-prop)))
; The following event is not admissible in ACL2.
(defthm ouch! nil :rule-classes nil :hints (("Goal" :use ((:functional-instance foo-id (foo (lambda (x) (cons x x))))))))
bar is constrained to
satisfy both its definition and
bar-prop because
bar mentions
a function declared in the signature list of the encapsulation. In
bar is so-constrained in the ACL2 semantics of
encapsulation and the first two events above (the
encapsulate and
the consequence that
foo must be the identity function) are
actually admissible. But under the simple approach to assigning
foo is unconstrained because no theorem about it is
exported. Under that approach,
ouch! is proveable because
can be instantiated in
foo-id to a function other than the
identity function.
It's tempting to think we can fix this by including definitions, not
just theorems, in constraints. But consider the following slightly
more elaborate example. The problem is that we need to include as
a constraint on
foo not only the definition of
bar, which
foo explicitly, but also
abc, which has
foo as an
(encapsulate (((foo *) => *)) (local (defun foo (x) x)) (local (defthm foo-prop (equal (foo x) x))) (defun bar (x) (foo x)) (defun abc (x) (bar x)) (defthm abc-prop (equal (abc x) x) :rule-classes nil))
(defthm foo-id (equal (foo x) x) :hints (("Goal" :use abc-prop)))
; The following event is not admissible in ACL2.
(defthm ouch! nil :rule-classes nil :hints (("Goal" :use ((:functional-instance foo-id (foo (lambda (x) (cons x x))) (bar (lambda (x) (cons x x))))))))


text:
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text:
SSBC Brakes
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SSBC BrakesSSBC Brakes began in 1975 when they pioneered the first stainless steel sleeved caliper, which fit classic Corvettes and Mustangs. Since then, SSBC Brakes has expanded dramatically, and now offers quality braking systems and components for classic and late model vehicles, including street rods and customs, trucks and SUVs, and sport compacts. Dozens of parts from SSBC Brakes are available for Mustangs including products for anything from 1964.5 Mustangs to the latest Mustang off of the assembly line. SSBC Brakes is based in upstate New York, near Buffalo and is now in its second generation of family ownership. In recent years, SSBC Brakes has been rapidly expanding, with a second facility and a new R&D wing.
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text:
Once again, thanks McShady, Semper and Angle. BOL everyone
I'm Gonna tease the Hamilton ticats to +3 and Under 57 parlay +160 1 unit. BC is dome team, that cfl oversized football gonna feel like a brick tonight in chilly Ivor Wynne stadium. BC has few players hurt and have pretty much wrapped up the west. Hamilton is in the Hunt for the crossover playoff spot.
The total has gone UNDER in 8 of British Columbia's last 9 games when playing on the road against Hamilton
Not much of a fan of watching it either. I view it as an investment and look at the results after the day's trading is complete and the closing bell sounds. Watching o/u's in the NBA is a tough racket. I learned last year just to simply wait for the final without really watching the score live, not worth the stress. The NHL under chase has profitable as well, but those empty netters are not for the faint of heart either. But hey, if it were easy, everyone would do it.


text:
WASHINGTON — The closings of control towers at 149 small airports, which was to begin this weekend because of government-wide spending cuts, are being delayed until mid-June, federal regulators announced Friday.
The Federal Aviation Administration said it needs more time to deal with legal challenges to the closures.
Also, about 50 airport authorities and other "stakeholders" have indicated they want to fund the operations of the towers themselves rather than see them shut down, and more time will be needed to work out those plans, the agency said in a statement.
The first 24 tower closures were scheduled to begin Sunday, with the rest coming over the next few weeks. Obama administration officials have said the closures are necessary to accomplish automatic spending cuts required by Congress.
Despite the delay, the FAA said it will stop funding all 149 of the airport towers, which are operated by private contractors, on June 15. Under the new schedule, the closures will be implemented at once, rather than a gradual phase-in as had been planned.


text:
Henry Major Tomlinson; Lord David Cecil
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Henry Major Tomlinson; Lord David Cecil
by Lady Ottoline Morrell
vintage snapshot print, 1922
4 in. x 2 3/8 in. (103 mm x 59 mm) image size
Purchased with help from the Friends of the National Libraries and the Dame Helen Gardner Bequest, 2003
Photographs Collection
NPG Ax141301
Sittersback to top
- Lord David Cecil (1902-1986), Scholar, teacher and writer. Sitter in 74 portraits.
- Henry Major Tomlinson (1873-1958), Writer. Sitter in 12 portraits.
Artistback to top
- Lady Ottoline Morrell (1873-1938), Patron of the arts; half-sister of 6th Duke of Portland; wife of Philip Edward Morrell. Artist associated with 1715 portraits, Sitter associated with 596 portraits.
Placesback to top
- Place made and portrayed: United Kingdom: England, Oxfordshire (Garsington Manor, Oxfordshire)
Events of 1922back to top
Current affairsThe British Broadcasting Company (later British Broadcasting Corporation) is established to experiment with radio broadcasting. It is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world, providing radio, television and Internet services to the public in Britain and across the world.
Art and science1922 is a key year for modernist literature with the publication of James Joyce's novel, Ulysses and T.S. Eliot's poem, The Waste Land. Both broke new ground with Ulysses (loosely based on Homer's Odyssey) introducing the 'stream of consciousness' narrative technique, and The Waste Land experimenting with multiple voices and a patchwork of literary, historic, mythological and personal allusions.
InternationalThe Soviet Union is formed under Joseph Stalin who takes power after Lenin suffers a debilitating stroke.
In an attempt to avoid civil war, King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy invites Benito Mussolini to form a new government following the Fascist Party's March on Rome.
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text:
* End of Course (EOC) Biology is administered in any grade in which the course is offered. Prior to 2015, EOC Math exams were given in any grade in which the course is offered and served as the state's accountability test in mathematics. As of 2015, EOC Math tests are taken only for the purpose of meeting assessment graduation requirements by students in the classes of 2018 and prior.
** The "Makeup" exam was given to students who had already completed the Year 1
or Year 2 coursework. It was not a "retake".