text:
|Light-insensitive matrix addressed liquid crystal display system
|Greivy et al.
|Dill et al.
(a) a semiconductor backplate of a first conductivity type having a first surface and a second surface;
(b) a plurality of substantially parallel, equally spaced conductive gate buses on the first surface of said semiconductor backplate;
(c) a plurality of substantially parallel, equally spaced drain bus diffusions of a second conductivity type formed within said semiconductor backplate, said drain bus diffusions being orthogonal to and electrically insulated from said gate buses;
(d) a field-effect transistor (FET) formed within each cell area defined by the intersection of an adjacent pair of gate buses with an adjacent pair of drain bus diffusions;
(e) a coplanar array of closely spaced, reflective back electrodes, each of said back electrodes overlying one of said FETs and being in electrical connection with the source thereof;
(f) a transparent electrode spaced from said coplanar array of reflective electrodes; and
(g) liquid crystal material confined between said front and back electrodes, and defining an array of portions, each portion overlying a reflective back electrode;
(h) the gate of each of said FETs in electrical connection with one of said conductive gate buses and the drain of each of said FETs comprising a portion of one of said drain bus diffusions so that there is provided a dense matrix of individually addressable reflective electrodes whereby there may be applied to each overlying portion of said liquid crystal material a video analog voltage.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to liquid crystal display systems and particularly to systems comprising an array of individually addressable electrodes formed on a semiconductor backplate.
2. Description of the Prior Art
One type of liquid crystal display system comprises a plurality of individually addressable cells arranged in a matrix, with each of the elemental cells of the array operating as a reflective light valve. In the absence of an applied potential, the liquid crystal material is clear and the cell appears dark to an observer. When an electric potential above a threshold level is applied across the liquid crystal material, it scatters the light, much like a piece of frosted glass, and the cell appears white to the observer. The percentage of incident light which is scattered toward the viewing area is proportional to the magnitude of the potential applied to the liquid crystal cell, and, consequently, gray level display presentations may be generated.
In high resolution display systems, a composite presentation is built up from thousands of individually controllable elemental liquid crystal cells, each of which must be updated (the potential across the cell reprogrammed) at a rate sufficiently high to prevent observable flicker in the presentation. This may be accomplished by sandwiching a thin layer of liquid crystal material between a glass plate having a transparent electrode and a backplate having a matrix array of reflective electrodes formed on a semiconductor wafer. The backplate also contains the individual addressing circuitry (field-effect transistor) and electrical storage circuitry (capacitor) disposed contiguous to the reflective liquid crystal contact electrode for each cell, with the reflective electrode forming one element or plate of the capacitor. Each field effect transistor is utilized to address an associated element of the matrix array, and the associated storage capacitor maintains the applied potential across the liquid crystal cell until the information is updated or "refreshed". (Current television industry standards required the update of information every 33 milliseconds.)
A liquid crystal display of the type described hereinabove is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,862,360 issued to Dill et al which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention. McGreivy et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,103,297, also assigned to the assignee of the present invention, presents an improvement upon the device disclosed by Dill in that the individual circuits of the display, formed into an array on the semiconductor backplate, are protected from the known deleterious effect of (even low levels of) illumination upon certain exposed portions such as between the adjacent reflective (metallic) electrodes. McGreivy et al obtain protection from hole-electron generation effects relating to the space charge regions beneath the reflective electrodes and depletion regions adjacent MOSFET sources by combining highly doped, ion-implanted regions immediately under the backplate insulator layer with a reflective electrode geometry which prevents the creation of space charge regions and, hence, harmful inversion layers.
Other regions in which device illumination effects degrade performance and design are associated with the buses which supply video and control data to the individual cell circuits. These orthogonal bus sets, each of which comprises a plurality of parallel conductors, interlie the reflective electrodes, their intersections defining the individual cell areas and borders. The individual reflective electrodes, conductive elements, must maintain a separation distance therebetween to avoid electrical shorting. This leaves the underlying buses exposed to illumination which hitherto has necessitated the fabrication of both sets of buses of material unaffected by illumination, such as polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) doped for conductivity. A design problem is encountered by a matrix formed of such buses at each intersection thereof caused by the need to maintain electrical insulation between the buses. The solution commonly employed has been to fabricate conductive "underpass" regions at such intersections consisting of highly doped conductive segments of one bus underlying and insulated from the other bus. These regions underlie and extend somewhat beyond the regions of intersection. An insulating layer of oxide separates this doped region from the layer of polysilicon of which both bus sets are formed. Holes are etched in the overlying oxide so that electrical contact is obtained between this highly doped region and one of the two intersecting buses. The "overpassing" polysilicon bus protects the highly doped region from the noise and other undesirable effects otherwise caused by hole-electron generation and ionization within the diffusion which would result from the exposure of the doped region to illumination.
A constraint upon cell size, and, consequently, the video resolution and compactness obtainable by means of the above-described prior art matrix is associated with the existence of the above-described "underpass" regions. Since the two sets of intersecting buses are conductive and formed substantially of one polycrystalline layer, tolerances must be observed to avoid shorting therebetween near the region of intersection (i.e., the discontinuity in the polysilicon portion of the underpassing bus). Such tolerances necessarily leave a small portion of the underlying doped region exposed to illumination and unavoidably result in the introduction of a quantum of illumination noise. Additionally, maintenance of the mechanical integrity of the device in light of presently available fabrication techniques dictates a minimal spacing between any two holes in the oxide layer. The latter consideration is complicated by the fact that an additional oxide hole per cell must be provided for the electrical coupling of the reflective electrode to the remainder of the underlying circuit. In sum, considerations of the above nature, plus the common practice of forming one capacitor plate of a highly doped region of the substrate so that FET and capacitor are side-by-side, have limited the resolution obtainable in present day liquid display panels to a picture cell (or pixel) area of approximately 10×10 mils. Inherent in this above-described limitation upon the compactness of cell area, and hence panel size obtainable, is the concomitant inability to mass produce useable panels of such size with efficient and economical present day methods of manufacture, as yield per chip is severely limited.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to achieve a liquid crystal display having resolution hitherto unobtainable in the art.
Another object of the present invention is to achieve the above object by means amenable to high yield per chip fabrication by present day MOS processes.
Yet another object of the present invention is to achieve a liquid crystal display matrix having an increased capacitance per cell whereby adequate dc current can be provided to the liquid crystal material for an entire television frame without requiring refreshing of the stored analog voltage potential on the capacitor.
Still another object of the present invention is to achieve a high resolution liquid crystal display having a backplate substrate which is unaffected by incident illumination.
Yet another object of the present invention is to achieve a compact liquid crystal display cell.
Liquid crystal display systems in accordance with the subject invention feature liquid crystal material sandwiched between a semiconductor backplate and a glass plate having a transparent electrode formed thereon. Formed upon the backplate is an array of FET switches, each of which is electrically engaged to an overlying reflective electrode. Each FET forms the switching portion of a circuit cell, the bounds of which are defined by the intersection of a plurality of substantially parallel, equally spaced gate buses with an orthogonally oriented plurality of substantially parallel drain bus diffusions. The gate bus electrodes are throughout isolated from the substrate containing the drain bus diffusions so that the points of intersection therebetween provide no danger of mutual shorting.
A further significant feature of the present invention is the provision of a "stacked" cell, wherein all elements of the MOS capacitor overlie the associated FET. This is in contrast to the prior art geometry wherein the FET and capacitor of a cell are positioned side-by-side (a result of the common practice of forming one capacitor plate as a diffusion within the substrate). The stack is achieved by means of a unitary metal light blocking layer which interlies the reflective electrodes and FETs. The light blocking layer, in addition to providing a common ground plate, protects the underlying drain diffusions from illumination.
The novel features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, will best be understood from the accompanying description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein like characters refer to like parts and in which:
FIG. 1 is a plan view of the front surface of the backplate of a display panel of the type to which the present invention pertains;
FIG. 2 is a cross section through a liquid crystal display panel as disclosed in the Dill et al patent which is representative of the prior art;
FIG. 3 is a substantially enlarged top view of the semiconductor backplate of a prior art liquid crystal display as disclosed in the Dill et al patent;
FIG. 4 is a cross section of a portion of the liquid crystal display panel as disclosed in the Dill et al patent taken along the line 4--4 of FIG. 3 principally to illustrate the manner of intersection of the drain and gate electrode buses in the prior art over which the present invention represents a substantial improvement;
FIGS. 5a and 5b are the first of a series of plan and cross sections of the preferred embodiment of the present invention during successive stages of its fabrication, illustrating a semiconductor backplate in which diffusions have just been formed to create the FET sources and drain electrode buses;
FIGS. 6a and 6b illustrate the next step in the manufacturing process, during which oxide is selectively grown or deposited to create channels for the gate electrode buses and associated gate tabs;
FIGS. 7a and 7b are plan and cross-sectional views of the device after the deposition of polysilicon to form the gate electrode buses;
FIGS. 8a and 8b show the device after the formation of the light blocking layer which serves also as the common ground plate for the MOS capacitors of the panel array;
FIGS. 9a and 9b show in plan and cross-sectional views the essentially completed device of the invention after several fabrication steps, during which a capacitor structure completely overlying the FET has been formed and provision made for electrical contact between the FET sources and the light blocking layer which serves as the ground plate of the capacitor.
Before describing the improvements effected by the present invention, the structure and operation of a display comprising an array of elemental cells each corresponding to one video pixel will be disclosed with reference to the above-identified Dill et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,862,360, which is representative of the relevant prior art and incorporated herein by reference. Various aspects of the device are described infra with reference to FIGS. 1 through 4. As there shown, a liquid crystal display panel 10 is formed by sandwiching a thin layer of liquid crystal material 12 between a glass plate 14 which has a transparent electrode 15 covering one surface and a backplate 16, the latter comprising a semiconducting substrate, typically silicon, having a matrix array of reflective electrodes 18 formed thereon. The individual addressing circuits are adjacent reflective electrodes which also serve as the top plates of the storage capacitors of an integrated R-C circuit. The transparent electrode 15 acts as a common electrode for all of the individual cells which are arranged in a plurality of rows and columns. This 16×16 matrix of elemental cells, each corresponding to one video pixel, illustrated in FIG. 1, is shown at approximately 20 times actual size for clarity of illustration. In an actual panel, many more elements, on the order of 1,000×1,000 or more would be used. Associated with each cell in addition to the liquid crystal material 12 sandwiched between the electrodes 15 and 18 is a field-effect transistor (FET) 20 and a capacitor 22.
The capacitor 22 and the FET 20 are located side-by-side and form an elemental sample and hold circuit to "stretch" addressing pulses, typically 30 microseconds in duration, to the pulses of typically 30 milliseconds duration needed to effectively maintain the potential across the liquid crystal material between the addressing pulses. The capacitor 22 comprises the metal electrode 18 separated from a N+ doped region 24 (normally grounded and preferably ion-implanted) in the silicon substrate 16 by a dielectric layer 26. Associated with and forming the P channel FET shown in FIG. 2 are gate 28, (a tab formed with a gate electrode bus, discussed infra) and drain and source regions 34 and 36. The latter are formed as P+ regions in the N-type silicon substrate 16. Through the source contact 32, which is an integral extension thereof, the reflective electrode 18 is in contact with the source region 36. All gates in a given row of cells are composed of tablike extensions of a gate electrode bus 38 and the drain regions of all FETs in a given column of cells are segments of a drain electrode bus 30.
In FIG. 3 there is shown, in greatly enlarged scale, a top view of a single elemental cell 40 (corresponding to an individual video pixel) of the liquid crystal display panel 10. The boundary of the capacitor which is formed beneath the reflective electrode 18, is depicted by a closed curve 42. It is noted that the cell is shown in FIG. 3 at a greatly magnified scale, such as 400 times actual size. To provide an indication of the actual scale of liquid crystal display cells, in accordance with the prior art, the distance X between the adjacent drain buses of FIG. 3 might be 10 mils, for example.
It will be noted that, throughout substantially its entire length, each drain electrode bus 30 comprises a longitudinal strip of polycrystalline silicon. The strip is, however, temporarily discontinued at the intersection with a gate electrode bus 38 positioned orthogonal thereto. FIG. 4, a sectional view taken along the line 4--4 of FIG. 3, illustrates the manner in which intersecting conductive electrodes are electrically insulated. As there shown, a P+ doped region 44 is provided in the substrate 16. The region 44 allows a continuous conductive path for the associated drain electrode bus 30 in the regions of intersection with a gate electrode bus 28. Additionally, the back bias PN junction between the substrate 16 and the region 44 provides insulation between the underpassing portion of drain electrode and the silicon substrate to prevent dissipation of signal charge within the substrate 16.
Contact holes 46, 48 are prepared in the insulative oxide layer 50 by standard photolithographic etching techniques. It has been found that the size of an individual cell 40 and, accordingly, the resolution obtainable by a liquid crystal display panel 10, is limited by the contact holes 46, 48 necessitated by the "underpass" arrangement of FIGS. 3 and 4. Localized structural weakening in the oxide layer 50 results from the very existence and fabrication of the holes, placing a limit upon the closeness of spacing therebetween. Such spacing must also be maintained between the holes 46, 48 and the source contact 32 seen in FIG. 2. The introduction of such spacing constraints into the matrix panel geometry serves to limit the cell size and resultant resolution obtainable (and limits the available methods of manufacture) in prior art liquid crystal displays. Also, as the conductive polysilicon of both sets of buses is formed from a single layer, a critical spacing must additionally be maintained between the abutting edges of the drain electrode bus segments and the gate electrode bus at the drain discontinuity (seen in FIG. 4 as the distance d) to avoid electrical shorting.
The above-referenced prior art design restrictions which place a limit upon the display cell size and, hence, upon video resolution obtainable are overcome by means of an improved liquid crystal display panel featuring a dense array of compact liquid crystal display cells. The nature of the improved display will become apparent from the following discussion of an individual elemental cell and its method of fabrication. A plurality of such compact cells will in general correspond in gross to the panel arrangement of FIG. 1 although, of course, allowing a more compact panel 10 having many times the number of elemental cells and associated reflective electrodes than that of the prior art.
As can be seen in FIG. 9b, the display cell of the present invention includes a semiconductor backplate 52 having a plurality of highly doped regions 54, 56 of an opposite conductivity type at is upper edge. The substrate may be N-type silicon while P+ doped regions correspond, respectively, to the drain and the source of a switching FET 58. Ion implants 60, 62 are provided for the alignment of the diffusions 54, 56 with the polysilicon tab 64 which serves as the gate of the FET 58. A layer of oxide 66 is interposed between the gate and the substrate 52. As can be seen most clearly in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9, the drain electrode bus 54 comprises a highly doped region throughout the substrate 52 while the gate electrode bus 68 is a polycrystalline silicon strip throughout its length. Thus, the buses 54, 68 are insulated throughout by the oxide layer 66 and no need is thereby evidenced for the space-consuming "underpass" regions of the prior art, described above. Another layer 70 of oxide or other insulative material serves to encapsulate the gate electrode bus 68 including its associated tab 64. Overlying the layer 70 is a layer of metallization 72. The layer of metallization 72 serves as a light blocking layer, preventing the passage of harmful illumination to the underlying diffusions 54, 56. It is the provision of such a light blocking layer which allows the present invention to incorporate a drain electrode bus structure which comprises a diffusion throughout its entire length. The metallic light blocking layer 72, which covers substantially the entire area of the panel, not only protects the underlying diffusions but also acts as a common ground plane for the storage capacitors of the MOSFET circuitry.
The storage capacitor of the circuit is formed of the light blocking layer 72, the reflective metallic electrode 74 and the dielectric insulative oxide layer 76. Electrical connection is made between the source diffusion 56 and the reflective electrode 74 by means of a hole 78 etched through the various oxide layers. The "sandwich" structure of the storage capacitor plates, including the light blocking layer 72 and the reflective electrode 74, allows the stacking of the circuit's storage and switching functions over the same area of the cell. This geometry, coupled with the removal of inter-cell spacing requirements, imposed in the prior art by the underpassing of gate and drain electrode buses, discussed supra, maximizes the capacitor storage area per panel area ratio. A panel fabricated according to the concepts herein has been found to have nearly doubled the above-named ratio of the prior art concepts discussed herein. Analog voltage refresh time has been found to be a positive function of this ratio. Thus, a further benefit of the compact structure of the present invention is the increased refresh time achieved thereby, resulting in a decrease in visible flicker. Regarding the reduction in cell dimension over the prior art configurations referenced above, which are generally limited to a minimal cell area of approximately 10×10 mils, individual cells according to the invention have been fabricated having a circuit area of 2.3 micro-inch2. This represents a greater than forty-fold area reduction. As in the prior art, a layer of liquid crystal material 90 overlies the cell, sandwiched between the transparent counter-electrode 92 of the front glass plate 94 and the reflective electrode 74. The arrangement of FIG. 9b appertains to a display panel of the type wherein cholesteric liquid crystal material 90 amenable to the dynamic scattering mode is employed. Alternatively, the cell may be slightly modified for utilization of an a.c. type twisted nematic material 90 by the inclusion of a dielectric layer overlying the reflective electrode 74.
The principal steps of a method by which a liquid crystal display panel incorporating features of the present invention may be fabricated will next be described with reference to FIGS. 5a and b through 9a and b. Each of the just-referenced figures includes both a top view, (a) and a sectional view (b) showing the sequential fabrication of the invention. In consonance with and for purposes of ready comparison to the above-referenced device of Dill et al, the process disclosed and the device (cell) produced will proceed from the starting (reference) point of an N-type silicon substrate 52. However, Applicant's concept is in no wise limited to the material characterizations disclosed but rather to relative conductivity types and dopant concentrations. A reversal in the absolute values thereof, along with a corresponding alteration in the polarity of operating voltages, will achieve equivalent operation and an equivalent device within the scope of Applicant's invention.
Referring now to FIGS. 5a and 5b, it may be seen that an N-type silicon substrate 52 is prepared having a plurality of parallel diffusions defining drain electrode buses 54 and FET sources 56 overlaid by an insulative layer of oxide 66. The P+ doped regions are formed within the substrate 52 by any of a number of standard doping methods including most commonly the boron diffusion or ion implantation technologies. In the event that ion implantion should be the preferred dopant method, an implantation dose of 2×1013 atoms/cm2 at 60 KEV is suitable.
After removal of prior masking, an additional oxide layer 67 is deposited. The layer 67 is then masked and etched throughout its thickness to define the recessed regions 86 therein. The recessed regions 86 are provided for the polysilicon tabs 64 of the gate electrode buses 68 which function as the gates of the FETs. The tabs 64 are formed of the same layer of polysilicon which provides the gate electrode buses 68. Preferably, heavily boron-doped polysilicon (having a resistivity of approximately 50 ohm-centimeters) is deposited in a layer (typically 5,000 angstroms thick) on top of the structure illustrated in FIGS. 6a and 6b. After masking to define the desired gate electrode bus boundaries, the regions left exposed are then etched and, using the resultant tabs 64 of the gate electrode buses 68 as a mask, the FETs 58 structures of the array are brought into alignment for optimum operation by means of an ion implantation step (creating the P+ alignment regions 60, 62) to produce the structure of FIGS. 7a and 7b. (An appropriate implantation dose for creation of the regions 60, 62 has been found to be in the vicinity of 2×1014 atoms/cm2 at 80 KEV.)
Turning to FIGS. 8a, 8b, an oxide layer 70 is deposited over the device of FIGS. 7a and 7b, thereby encapsulating all polysilicon structures. The layer 70 is preferably 5,000 angstroms thick. Above this oxide is next formed the overlying capacitor structure. The common ground plate for all capacitors of the array, which also serves as the panel's light blocking layer, protecting the various doped regions, is deposited as the metal layer 72. Aluminum has been found to provide a suitable metal although the operability of the invention is not defined exclusively thereby.
The metal layer 72 is then masked and etched to create an opening 88 through which the associated overlying reflective electrode may be brought into contact with the FET source region 56. After the etching of the hole 88 in the metallic layer 72, a new oxide layer 76 is deposited thereover, creating an oxide plug within the hole 88.
Referring to FIGS. 9a and 9b, one can observe that the overlying capacitor structure has been completed. Prior to the application of the layer of metallization which serves as the capacitor plate/reflective electrode 74, the device is masked and etched to remove all oxide layers in the vicinity of the opening 78. A second layer of metallization 74 is then deposited upon the oxide layer 76, extending through the above-mentioned opening in the oxide layers and into contact with the source 56. Chromium is a suitable metal for the unitary capacitor plate, which is next masked with an electrode pattern to protect the portions of the metal layer 74 which are to serve as the reflective electrode from the selective etchant. Unlike the metal layer 72, the interface which exists between the metal layer 74 and liquid crystal material 90 makes aluminum an inappropriate choice for a dynamic scattering mode display.
The above steps essentially complete the construction of the elements which are located on the substrate 52. What remains is to place a film of liquid crystal material 90 on top of the assembly created by the preceding steps and a glass or other transparent plate 94, bearing a transparent electrode 92, on top of the liquid crystal material 90. By means not shown in the present disclosure but which are disclosed in the above-referenced Dill et al patent, the transparent electrode 92 is spaced from the backplate at a predetermined distance.


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|Peter Donald <pe...@apache.org>
|Re: Virtual FileSystem Layer
|Sat, 22 Dec 2001 02:27:40 GMT
Hi, Brilliant! I just copied your email and added it into CVS under docs/ant2/VFS.txt - hope thats ok ;) On Sat, 22 Dec 2001 13:06, Adam Murdoch wrote: ...snip... > What's missing? What shouldn't be on the list? I guess there was only two other things you missed that I would add - both are related. These are * efficient way to search a particular node type. Different node types will require different strategies to search and index and thus we will need to be able to create particular search controls/scanners for different node types. The nodesets return by these search controls may not even be fully resolved until you actually try to access elements from the nodelist. Does that make sense? * caching of indexing information. Ideally you don't want to load the index for a zip over and over again. Nor do you want to keep index information for all VFS nodes in memory. We need an efficient caching mechanism for this sort of stuff. -- Cheers, Pete --------------------------------------------------- Murphy's law - "Anything that can go wrong, will." (Actually, this is Finagle's law, which in itself shows that Finagle was right.) --------------------------------------------------- -- To unsubscribe, e-mail: <mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com> For additional commands, e-mail: <mailto:email@example.com>
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When World War II veteran Zaima Rozenberg first immigrated to Toronto almost 30 years ago, his first job was to care for an elderly man.
It was an appropriate role for Rozenberg with his thoughtful and caring personality, but also ironic.
He was 70 years old himself.
However, Rozenberg walked an hour to and from work and was paid $ 5 an hour.
"He was so proud to be able to support his family," said his eldest daughter Galina Svechinsky to CBC Toronto.
Family was extremely important to Rozenberg, as it was to them. That's why not being at his bedside when he died of COVID-19 on Tuesday was one of the most difficult aspects of his death, his family said. Many hospitals have adopted a policy prohibiting visitors from protecting patients, staff and others during the COVID-19 outbreak.
"It was heartbreaking," said her youngest daughter, Inessa Olshansky. "No one could at least hold her hand and say, 'We are around you, we love you so much, keep fighting.'"
Olshansky's son and Rozenberg's grandson, Gregory Olshansky, said that Rozenberg was feeling well before developing shortness of breath on Friday. His family took him to North York General Hospital, where he tested positive for COVID-19.
Four days later, he died of the virus.
"It's so difficult," said Svechinsky. "We can no longer accept that he is no longer with us."
Rozenberg's family believes he caught the virus through community transmission; he did not go out much and was not with someone who had recently traveled, but he did come into contact with caregivers who visited him at his seniors' complex near Bathurst Street and Sheppard Avenue
"Weird" but "comforting": funeral organized on video chat
Practicing the rules of social distancing, his family held his funeral Thursday through an online video chat. A rabbi performed a traditional video service and Rozenberg was buried next to his wife who died 14 years ago.
If social distancing rules had not been applied, the family said the service would have been much more important than the dozen family members online.
"It was really strange, but it was also a little comforting to see that the whole family was on the call and we were able to talk and share stories," said Gregory.
Serving during World War II
Rozenberg was born in May 1919 in a small Ukrainian village. His exact date of birth is an estimate, but his daughters believe he would have turned 101 on May 20.
According to his family, he enlisted in the Soviet Red Army as a young adult and fought Nazi Germany in the anti-aircraft unit in Azerbaijan.
After the war ended, he moved across the Soviet Union in search of employment as a general laborer. He finally settled in Latvia, married his love Fania and had two daughters.
A few months before the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the family immigrated to Canada and settled in Toronto and grew up to include four grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.
Svechinsky said his father had very little education and would study his math lessons from the first year so that he could learn with her.
"Life was so difficult for him. But he raised two daughters with all his love."
Positive, humble, honorable
Even at 100 years of age, Rozenberg's mind remained alive, his family said. He remained curious and enjoyed discussing politics and world events. They say he could talk to anyone on any subject, but always reminded his family to be diplomatic and respectful.
"He was always a hero to me and he showed me how to be a real honorable man and champion of life, and also to be humble," said Gregory. "[He would say] "You must have a strong opinion but always respect the opinion of others and listen with your ears open." "
His family said they will remember Rozenberg as positive, always smiling, humble and honorable.
He was popular in his retirement home and in the larger community. He carried sweets and treats in his pocket in case he encountered children and dogs in the neighborhood.
"The little things that make our world very special," said Olshansky.
Olshansky said that Rozenberg had always thought of others and wanted to help. Although he uses a wheelchair, he liked to stay busy and see his family every week. In the final weeks of his life, he mentioned wanting to see his grandson again, needing to congratulate his granddaughter on his new home, and talked about having his apartment repainted.
"[He had] this will to fight for life, to be well and to be with the dearest people in her life, "she said.
"This is a great example for all of us."


text:
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Snack Review
Buy cheese puffs on Amazon #ad
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Nickelodeon PAW Patrol Boys' Puffer Vest & Graphic T-Shirt - Chase, Size: 6, Gray
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By Joseph Whitney Smith
Capital News Service
The groups, including former drug addicts, are divided into a Senate bill that would give immunity to both someone who reports and someone who has overdosed.
In a recent unanimous vote, the Senate approved Senate bill 667, presented by Senator Jennifer Boysko, D-Fairfax. The bill expands on the current protection offered only to the person who reported the overdose, who can be accused of a crime but has an affirmative defense, which leads to dropped or reduced charges when proven to have reported an overdose.
This new bill would offer immunity to both the person who reported the overdose and the person who underwent the overdose, which means that no allegations would be made. The bill protects people from arrests or prosecutions for the illicit purchase, possession or consumption of alcohol, controlled substances or marijuana or the possession of drug accessories.
The legislation also states that no agent acting in good faith will be held liable for false arrest if it is later found that the arrested individual was immune from the charge because he had overdosed or reported an overdose.
"In Virginia, friends often don't ask for help for fear of being arrested," Boysko said at the hearing of the bill committee.
Boysko told Senate members that every second is important in the event of an overdose and that data show that bystanders are three times more likely to call 911 when there is a secure reporting law such as the bill. He also said that the state must stop criminalizing people who are trying to seek urgent help for themselves or others.
"Virginia's death toll from opioid overdose continues to grow despite the state and local government spending millions of dollars making naloxone available," Boysko said. "More than 1,500 died in Virginia in 2019 from a drug overdose."
According to the Virginia Department of Health, overdose has been the leading cause of unnatural death in the state since 2013, followed by motor vehicle accidents and gun deaths.
"With the new law, we are looking for a health solution for a health crisis," said Nathan Mitchell, who said he had previously been addicted to drugs. Mitchell now serves as the community dissemination and defense coordinator of the McShin Foundation. Mitchell said the proposed bill does not provide protection for crimes such as distribution or a firearm at the overdose scene, only the possession of drugs and items.
According to Mitchell, drug incarceration is inconsistent in the Commonwealth. He said after his first drug arrest, he has not been introduced to a recovery program. But, after his second arrest, he received treatment through the help of the McShin Foundation. He said inconsistency is an example of the fact that not all overdosed individuals will have access to the same treatment.
Drug courts are specialized courts in which people plead guilty and agree to complete the drug court program. Not all Commonwealth locations have a drug court, although state law authorizes any location to establish one with the support of existing and available local, state, and federal resources.
Mitchell said individuals may not report an overdose to help protect the individual from a crime charge. He said that's why a bill that grants immunity to both sides is important.
John Shinholser, president and co-founder of the McShin Foundation, a nonprofit organization that focuses on recovery education and recovery, testified in favor of the Boysko bill.
"This is evidence-based and data-based evidence that this law will reduce deaths in Virginia during this crisis," said Shinholser.
Goochland County resident Michael McDermott spoke in opposition to the Boysko bill during the Senate committee meeting. McDermott has said he has been cured of substance abuse disorder for over 28 years. The bill has good intentions, but immunity should only be given to the person reporting it, not to overdose, McDermott said.
"I don't think that's a good idea," he said.
There is no guarantee that an overdose victim treated by paramedics will find recovery, McDermott said. If the overdose person is on probation, he should receive a violation of probation and perhaps obtain the treatment required by the court.
Westmoreland County Commonwealth Attorney Julia Sichol spoke last month in a House subcommittee in opposition to similar legislation that failed to advance on behalf of the Commonwealth of Virginia Bar Association. Sichol said he believed that a bill that offers immunity "could also cause harm to life" because it prevents the person who has an overdose from being accused of a crime and could prevent them from receiving mandatory treatment.
"Drug treatment is extremely expensive and sometimes the only way to get treatment for people is through the justice system," said Sichol. "If you take away the ability to charge people who have had an overdose who are not eligible to participate in the drug treatment program, they are not eligible to go through the judicial system under compulsory treatment."
On Friday SB 667 was assigned to a subcommittee of the Chamber.


text:
im piper!
24, white, trans girl (they/them or just my name, please)
ostensibly an artist
re: uspol, religion, personal
im 99.99% joking, but it would be just fucked up enough that im not completely unwilling to believe it
just watched a video of pelosi where she sounded kinda shaken and preempted questions about if she thought bernie should drop out, saying she didnt think he should.
i dont necessarily wanna read into that much, she could just be stressed, but maybe theyre all starting to realize that joe isnt the safe bet?
climate change, fascism, death, video games
if they had only done jak 4 instead, we would have...
[re-checks the events of the jak series]
barely diverted global destruction due to a poisonous energy source, tyrannical government, and intentionally lethal deportations?
uhhhh maybe a crash bandicoot game instead.
im piper!
24, white, trans girl (they/them or just my name, please)
ostensibly an artist
The social network of the future: No ads, no corporate surveillance, ethical design, and decentralization! Own your data with Mastodon!


text:
All Topics
Biotech Business
Biotech Products
Drug Discovery
Infectious Diseases
Mental Health
Public Health
Track topics on Twitter Track topics that are important to you
Plants and crops are widely suffered by shade stress in the natural communities or in the agricultural fields. The three main phytohormones auxin, gibberellins (GAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs) were found essential in shade avoidance in Arabidopsis. However, their relationship have been seldom reported in plant shade avoidance control. Here, we report our investigation of the crosstalk of auxin, GAs and BRs in shade-induced hypocotyl elongation of soybean. Exogenous feeding of indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), GA3 or 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) distinctly promoted hypocotyl elongation in the white light, while the potent biosynthesis inhibitors of GA3, IAA, BRs severely diminished shade-induced hypocotyl elongation. Synergistic treatment of their biosynthesis inhibitors showed that GA3 fully, while EBL slightly, restored the hypocotyl elongation that was efficiently repressed by IAA biosynthesis inhibitor, GA3 and IAA dramatically suppressed the hypocotyl growth inhibition by BR biosynthesis inhibitor in the shade, whereas both IAA and EBL feeding cannot suppress the elongation inhibition by GA biosynthesis inhibitor. Further analyses revealed that shade remarkably upregulated expression of key genes of IAA, GA and BR biosynthesis in the soybean hypocotyls, and GA biosynthesis genes were effectively blocked by IAA, GA and BR biosynthesis inhibitors in the shade. Taken together, these results suggest that GAs modulate shade-induced hypocotyl elongation downstream of mutual promotion of auxin and BRs in soybean.
This article was published in the following journal.
Name: Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB
Pages: 209-221
Light affects tissue patterning of the hypocotyl in the shade-avoidance response.
Plants have evolved strategies to avoid shade and optimize the capture of sunlight. While some species are tolerant to shade, plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana are shade-intolerant and induce elonga...
A PIF7-CONSTANS-Centered Molecular Regulatory Network Underlying the Shade-Accelerated Flowering.
To compete with their neighbors for light and escape shaded environments, sun-loving plants have developed shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) to alter plant architecture and initiate early flowering and s...
The bHLH network underlying plant shade-avoidance.
Shade is a potential threat to many plant species. When shade-intolerant plants detect neighbours, they elongate their stems and leaves in an effort to maximise their light capture. This developmental...
Photoexcited CRY1 and phyB interact directly with ARF6 and ARF8 to regulate their DNA-binding activity and auxin-induced hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis.
Arabidopsis CRY1 and phyB are the primary blue and red light photoreceptors mediating blue and red light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, respectively. Auxin is a pivotal phytohormone involved in p...
Isoflavone profiles and antioxidant properties in different parts of soybean sprout.
Sprouting is one of the processing methods to enhance bioavailability of some nutrients of agricultural products. Soybeans were germinated for 6 days and soybean (SB), soybean sprout (SBS), cotyledon ...
Evaluation of Soybean Peptides Product on Regulation of Blood Pressure Effect by Clinical Trial
This is the report to assess the effect of supplementation with soybean peptides on blood pressure among people with mild hypertension. Overall, soybean peptides consumption for 8 weeks co...
Use of Shade in U.S. and Australian City Parks
Use of shade when outdoors is recommended by health authorities worldwide to reduce overall exposure to ultraviolet radiation. However, expensive physical environment changes are often req...
Fish Oils and Soybean Lecithin Supplementation Modulate Immune Function in Runners
The purpose of this study was evaluate the comparative effects of FO rich in EPA (FO-EPA) and FO rich in DHA (FO-DHA) on inflammation and neutrophil properties after a prolonged and strenu...
Shade Matching of Omnichroma (One Shade Universal Composite) Versus a Microhybrid Composite in Class V Restorations.
Background Resin composites are effective in restoring damaged teeth due to their good esthetics, high surface gloss, and clinically acceptable wear resistance1. One of the most challengin...
Efficacy and Safety of Soybean Germ Extract on Decrease of Body Fat
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of daily supplementation of Soybean germ extract on decrease of body fat
Soybean Oil
Oil from soybean or soybean plant.
Src Homology 2 Domain-containing, Transforming Protein 1
An SHC-signaling adaptor protein that transduces PHOSPHOTYROSINE-dependent signals downstream of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES and non-receptor tyrosine kinases. It is required for TGF-BETA-induced CELL MIGRATION; NEOLPASM INVASION; and METASTASIS of BREAST NEOPLASMS; its SH2 DOMAIN is essential for tumor survival. It also functions in signaling downstream of ANGIOPOIETIN RECEPTOR TIE-2, regulating the migration of ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; and PHYSIOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.
Gtp Phosphohydrolase-linked Elongation Factors
Factors that utilize energy from the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP for peptide chain elongation. EC 3.6.1.-.
A plant genus of the family MORACEAE that is widely planted for shade.
Peptide Elongation Factor G
Peptide Elongation Factor G catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A to the P site of bacterial ribosomes by a process linked to hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.
Quick Links
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GMO Crops
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Organisms that have been genetically modified include micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, an...
Mental Health
Adhd Anorexia Depression Dyslexia Mental Health Psychiatry Schizophrenia Stress Mental health, although not being as obvious as physical health, is very important, causing great unhappiness to those affected, causing add...
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Bernice vieu age 82 Passed away peacefully surrounded by her loving family at home Saturday March 9th , 2019 in Granby, MA. Beloved wife of late Gilbert Vieu, Dearest mother of Cheryl Major, Keith Vieu, and pre deceased Steven Vieu. Survived by her sisters Evelen Heath and Pat Kennedy, brothers Jimmy, Donnie, and Allen Bishop. She also leaves behind many grandchildren and great grandchildren. Bernice was a homemaker her hole life and loved to take rides in her jeep and scratch bingo scratch tickets. She loved Tupper lake New York were she spent many years with her family. She will be missed by all that were blessed to know her. We would like to thank the staff at the Fisher House for the
It is with great sadness that the family of Sophie S. (Noga) Roberts 77, of Three Rivers MA announces her passing. She died peacefully in her sleep on February 26th surrounded by loved ones. She was a loving mother, grandmother, sister and friend to many. Her favorite thing was spending time with her grandchildren. Sophie will be missed by all. She is survived by her daughter Lisa Skaza and husband Stanley of Three Rivers, daughter Michelle Roberts and Craig Perrault of Ware, brother Stephen Noga of Three Rivers, sister Elizabeth McDonald of Florida, her two grandchildren Jeffrey and Stephanie and her niece and nephews. Come celebrate Sophie's life with us on Saturday, April 13th 2019 at Eur


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Sam Liebowitz, will discuss all types of topics to help you raise your awareness.
[EPISODE] How To Thrive In Challenging Times
This week, on The Conscious Consultant Hour, Sam's regularly scheduled guest could not make it, so he invited a couple of local business leaders to talk about how we can still thrive in these unprecedented times!
Tune in for this transformational discussion at TalkRadio.nyc or watch the Facebook Livestream by clicking here.
Segment 1
The show opens with quotes from the Universe and Abraham, both dealing with how our thoughts shape the world we live in, Sam relating these to how the fear of sickness is plaguing the world around us, urging people to look at what they can do instead of what they can't, as we choose how we perceive and react to things like this. With no guest, Sam introduces Michael Goldberg and Adrian Miller, Adrian detailing the necessity in networking today, "You are as strong as your network." She also speaks on isolation, human nature and why virtual communication is vital during these times. Michael talks about his first experience with a meeting done completely online, finding a few positives in this medium and eyeing this as a potential trend for seminars.
Segment 2
The conversation continues, Adrian talks business development, sales prospecting, and how to make it not look like you're taking advantage of the situation and being insensitive towards everything that's going on. Michael talks using their platforms to promote solace and socializations, also urging to be sensitive towards people's emotions during this pandemic. Adrian talks about the growing digital collaboration and taking note of the sense of community forming, but also bringing up how 'social distancing' counteracts that point. The three all talk about the negative impacts that the situation will have on people socially.
Segment 3
Michael explains how he thinks businesses can persevere through all of this, speaking to the importance of a daily routine and using the time to learn new skills to strengthen your trade. Adrian talks about not getting left behind in all of this and adapting to this new way of doing things and seeing the benefits in it, making yourself look necessary in the market, and the two talking about how technology has innovated, in a business sense, to get to where it is today and how it is useful.
Segment 4
The guests give their projections for the future of business after this pandemic, Micheal looking towards how people's attitudes will shift dramatically towards the technology being used now and seeing them become more normalized, Adrian also chiming in, both noting how people will look at using their time differently, handling it with more importance, noting that the people who took advantage of all this will stand out after its over. Sam introduces one last guest before the show ends who gives his current perspective and also gives his own projections on the business world, his outlooks geared more toward authenticity.


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No announcement yet.
Random Thought Thread
new posts
I missed three antibiotic doses the first week back, as it's hard to remember when I'm tired after I wake up. It actually caused something to happen. I felt like complete shit at school one day, nauseous and all, and missed the next day.
As another thought, I'm learning bass and getting pretty good with playing bass in conjunction with guitar. I'm debating pick vs fingers a lot though. I feel like playing with my fingers is part of the whole experience of playing bass, but a lot of the black metal I play requires a pick. I really enjoy bass, but I am at a disadvantage being only 5'0, it's kind of hard to reach everything on the bass easily.You tried to suppress me
But nothing holds me down
Just when you think you're happy
I come around
In contrast to the popularly held view that extreme music like heavy metal is responsible for causing feelings of anger, depression or isolation, it may in fact be capable of combating these very sorts of negative emotions, according to a new study published this week.
Researchers from the University of Queensland in Australia have found that when volunteers were exposed to extreme music genres including heavy metal, emo, hardcore, punk, and screamo, they actually experienced a range of positive feelings, such as calmness, happiness or being inspired. (It's worth noting that the participants in the testing were fans of these genres already – if not, your individual results may vary!)
The study, conducted by honours student Leah Sharman and psychologist Genevieve Dingle, took 39 regular listeners of extreme music aged between 18 and 34 years and subjected them to an anger induction, where for a period of 16 minutes they were prompted to recall unhappy personal experiences that made them feel angry or stressed, involving their partners, employment or finances.
After the anger induction, participants were then monitored during a 10-minute window in which they either listened to 10 minutes' worth of extreme music or were required to sit in silence for the same amount of time.
The researchers found that, rather than amplifying the negative emotions of anger or stress, those who listened to 10 minutes of head-banging tunes actually felt the better for it.
According to the research, published this month in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, "The findings indicate that extreme music did not make angry participants angrier; rather, it appeared to match their physiological arousal and result in an increase in positive emotions. Listening to extreme music may represent a healthy way of processing anger for these listeners."
The researchers contend that we've had it the wrong way around when it comes to assumptions about heavy music and the emotional state of the listener. Their findings suggest that people don't listen to hardcore, thrash and punk and become angry as a result; rather, listeners may choose music forms that match their current level of stress or agitation and use the energy and rhythm of the recordings to help process how they feel.
"We found the music regulated sadness and enhanced positive emotions," Sharman said in a press release. "When experiencing anger, extreme music fans liked to listen to music that could match their anger. The music helped them explore the full gamut of emotion they felt, but also left them feeling more active and inspired. Results showed levels of hostility, irritability and stress decreased after music was introduced, and the most significant change reported was the level of inspiration they felt."
What's remarkable about the results is how extreme music, which has a reputation for dwelling in some pretty dark subject matter, can be so uplifting for those who like to listen to it - findings which may have even shocked the researchers.
"It was interesting that half of the chosen songs contained themes of anger or aggression, with the remainder containing themes like – though not limited to - isolation and sadness," Sharman said.
"Yet participants reported they used music to enhance their happiness, immerse themselves in feelings of love and enhance their well-being."Do what thou will shall be the whole of the law
Intelligence proves that this is a huge piece of bullshit. First off, they are saying teens like "intense" music. Most of the music I have heard other kids my age listen to is soft and not intense. Second, the way they came to their conclusion is wrong. It has nothing to do with people "mellowing" with age. People do not mellow naturally. They do it because they are expected to act more mature. The music taste thing is a generational thing. Those in their teens now like pop. Those in their thirties to early fifties now like 80s rock and metal. Those in their 60s now like older rock. Those above that probably just listen to classical or something. Ten years from now, that will be different. People in their twenties will like pop. Actually, most of it is so disposable that they won't....You tried to suppress me
But nothing holds me down
Just when you think you're happy
I come around
Well, as is usually the case with me, I am an exception to the conclusions
drawn in that study. My musical tastes have not changed over the years.
I listen to much of the same music today as I did 40 years ago (with
additions over time, of course).Nobody I know is gonna take my rock & roll away from me.
At last, I am now in the last week of school this year! We have exams, and no academic classes. After I finish the exams, I can go home. I get off at one tomorrow, but at ten in the morning Thursday, which is my last day. I miss the last day of school activities. They were fun. They don't do them in high school...
I am repeating ninth grade, though.
We have two hours for each exam. That is a huge amount of time. I only need an hour. Sitting in a room doing nothing for the second hour is torture.You tried to suppress me
But nothing holds me down
Just when you think you're happy
I come around
Originally posted by Typhon View Post^^^^^^
Well, as is usually the case with me, I am an exception to the conclusions
drawn in that study. My musical tastes have not changed over the years.
I listen to much of the same music today as I did 40 years ago (with
additions over time, of course).
Another thing that happens that skews the results is peer pressure. When kids are young, their friends are listening to pop, so they do it to "fit in". When they get older and thus more wise, they realize that devoting their life to conforming to closed minded groups of people is a waste of time. They then explore music on their own and find something they like.
Here is a reverse scenario from that study:
My dad has actually grown more fond of metal since he was a kid. I introduced him to many bands...You tried to suppress me
But nothing holds me down
Just when you think you're happy
I come around
Russian saying - �laughing for no reason is a sign of stupidity.�
What do you know? They're right about most of the rest of the world. A sign of stupidity ... how accurate.
Happy Memorial Day weekend everyone.
God bless America and God bless our brave soldiers!"Without Black Sabbath there never would have been an Ozzy, and without Ozzy there never would have been a Black Sabbath"
"If there ever was a band whose voice is so significant and distinct, that band is Black Sabbath and the voice is Ozzy Osbourne"
________________________________________OzzyIsDio_ (YoY)
Apparently inbreeding is a serious problem in Norway.
- Jul 2011
- 8498
Originally posted by Sin Cardinal Sin View PostApparently inbreeding is a serious problem in Norway.95% of everything i say is pure bullshit just for the fun of it. The other 95% is damn serious!Til �rs ok fri�ar ok forn si�r
- Dec 2012
- 2057
I love The Monkees. New album Good Times has a lot of good moments!


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Life Insurance after recovering from Empyema.
In this article, we wanted to take a moment and try and answer some of the most common questions we get from folks applying for life insurance after being diagnosed with Empyema.
Questions that will be directly addressed will include:
- Can I qualify for life insurance if I have been diagnosed with Empyema?
- Why do life insurance companies care if I've been diagnosed with Empyema?
- What kind of information will the insurance companies ask me or be interested in?
- What rate (or price) can I qualify for?
- What can I do to help ensure that I get the "best life insurance" for me?
So, without further ado, let' dive right in!
Can I qualify for life insurance if I have been diagnosed with Empyema?
Yes, individuals who have been diagnosed with Empyema can and often will be able to qualify for a traditional term or whole life insurance policy. In fact, they may even be able to qualify for a Preferred rate!
The only problem is…
That before an individual will be able to qualify for a traditional term or whole life insurance policy most (if not all) life insurance companies are going to want to make sure that the applicant has completely recovered from their Empyema and they also will want to fully understand "why" an individual developed Empyema in the first place.
Why do life insurance companies care if I've been diagnosed with Empyema?
Pretty much any time an individual develops a "serious" infection it's pretty safe to assume that a life insurance company would be interested in learning a little more about that "infection" prior to making any kind of definitive decision about their life insurance application.
Which is why…
It shouldn't come as a huge surprise that when an individual is diagnosed with Empyema, most life insurance underwriters are going to know why this occurred? They're also going to be interested in whether or not their Empyema caused any kind of permanent damage to your lungs. For this reason, we wanted to take a brief moment and describe exactly what Empyema is as well as take a moment or two and list some of the most common symptoms of Empyema which the life insurance companies are going to be most interested in.
Empyema Defined:
Empyema is a condition where pus collects or gathers in the space between the lungs and the inner surface of the chest wall in an area commonly referred to as the pleural space. For this reason, Empyema can also commonly be referred to as pyothorax or purulent pleuritis.
Common causes of Empyema include:
- Bacterial pneumonia,
- Tuberculosis,
- Lung abscess,
- Chest injuries,
- Chest surgery.
Common symptom may include:
- A dry and persistent cough,
- Chest pain,
- Excessive sweating, night sweats,
- Fatigue,
- Difficult breathing,
- Labored breathing,
- Unexplained weight loss,
- Fever and chills.
Empyema is a treatable condition and which typically won't cause and permanent or lasting damage to one's body provided that an individual seeks out medical treatment once he or she realizes they may be suffering form a respiratory infection. That said however, development of fibrosis within the lung damage can sometimes occur which is why most life insurance companies will want to know that you are fully recovered from your infection prior to approving your life insurance application.
What kind of information will the insurance companies ask me or be interested in?
Common questions you'll likely be asked may include:
- When were you first diagnosed with Empyema?
- What symptoms (if any) led to your Empyema diagnosis?
- Who diagnosed your Empyema? A primary care physician or a specialist?
- Do you know "why" you developed Empyema?
- Have you been diagnosed with:
- Bacterial pneumonia?
- Tuberculosis?
- Lung abscess?
- Chest injuries?
- Chest surgery?
- How did you treat your Empyema?
- Are you currently taking any prescription medications?
- Have you been diagnosed with any other pre-existing medical conditions?
- Are you suffering from any "lingering" effects from your Empyema?
- Have you been diagnosed with any lung damage or other respiratory diseases?
- In the past 12 months, have you used any tobacco or nicotine products?
- In the past 12 months, have you applied for or received any form of disability benefits?
- Have you been diagnosed with:
Now at this point…
We usually like to take a moment and remind folks that nobody here at IBUSA has any kind of "official" medical training and we're certainly not doctors. All we are is a bunch of life insurance agents who just happen to be really good at helping folks with pre-existing medical conditions like this one, find and qualify for the life insurance coverage that they are looking for.
Not so great if you're looking for answers to any specific medical questions. In cases like these, we would recommend that you contact a true medical professional who has the training to help. For everyone else, you're in luck because now we're going to get into some of the "nitty gritty" about what you may or may not be able to qualify for.
What rate (or price) can I qualify for?
When it comes time to helping an individual who has been diagnosed with Empyema, what we usually find ourselves doing is categorizing each applicant into one or two groups. The first group will be those who have simply developed Empyema due to some kind of "condition" which once resolved, is likely not to return.
Cases such as:
- Traumatic injuries,
- Surgical procedures,
- Bacterial infections.
The second group…
Would then include cases where the Empyema might not actually be considered the "true" pre-existing medical condition rather it is more of a symptom of some larger issue which will usually be what dictates what kind of life insurance policy and/or rate one would be able to qualify for.
We do this because…
In cases where an individual as developed Empyema but has fully recovered from there infection and doesn't "seem" to be at risk of suffering from this condition again, chances are your previous Empyema diagnosis isn't going to play a role in the outcome of your current life insurance application. Or to put it another way, whatever "rate" that you would have been able to qualify for PRIOR to being diagnosed with Empyema should be the same "rate" that you would be able to qualify for AFTER having been diagnosed with Empyema.
"Which is great!"
Now as for those…
Who have developed Empyema as a symptom of some condition which might occur again, what we would encourage you to do is check out our Life Insurance With Pre-Existing Conditions page where we might have an article focusing exclusively on this condition which has caused you to develop Empyema.
The good news is…
That regardless of your situation, we here at IBUSA can help because we have tons of experience helping folks with all sorts of pre-existing medical conditions like yours and are committed to helping all of our clients find the "best" life insurance policy that they can qualify for. Which brings us to the last topic that we wanted to take a moment and discuss which is…
What can I do to help ensure that I get the "best life insurance" for me?
In our experience here at IBUSA, what we have found that usually the folks who seem to find the "best" life insurance policy for them are those that:
- Take their time reviewing their options.
- Ask a lot of questions.
And seek out those life insurance agents who not only have experience working with individuals who have been diagnosed with a wide variety of pre-existing medical conditions, but also have access to dozens of different life insurance companies so that when it comes time to helping a more "challenging" case, they don't have to rely on a…
"One size fits all approach!"
The good news is that this is exactly what you're going to find here at IBUSA so, if you ready to find out what we can do for you, just give us a call and let give us a chance to show you what we can do for you!


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Palestinian child loses his eye after being shot by zionist gangs
Malek Issa, 8, who was shot by zionist gangs as he left school with his sister on Saturday, has lost his eye, according to local reports.
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