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Louisville's Fiber Legend: The Life and Work of Alma LeschPosted: March 30, 2020 Filed under: Art Library, Exhibits, Kentucky, University of Louisville Libraries | Tags: alma lesch, art, artists, Bridwell Art Library, exhibits, fiber art, women artists, Women's History Month Leave a comment
In honor of Women's History Month, "Louisville's Fiber Legend: The Life and Work of Alma Lesch," is on display at the University of Louisville's Bridwell Art Library. The exhibit consists of artifacts from the Alma Lesch manuscript collection. The papers in this collection include correspondence with galleries, museums and schools concerning exhibitions and workshops; articles in newspapers and magazines about Alma Lesch; exhibition catalogs which include Lesch's work; supporting materials for workshops Lesch conducted; publications and newsletters from Shakertown; articles, newspaper clippings and ephemera on various art-related topics; lists of students and other documents from her tenure at UofL.
Alma Wallace Lesch (1917-1999) lived her whole life in Kentucky, and although her career as a working artist started in her 40s, she attained a width and breadth of textile arts that few can attain.
Earning a B.S./Education from Murray State (1941), and a Masters of Education from the University of Louisville (1962), Alma had her first career as a 3rd grade teacher, then taught at Louisville School of Art (1961-1978) and became an Adjunct Faculty at University of Louisville (1975-1982); while at UofL she founded the Textiles Program. She also taught at Haystack Mountain School of Crafts and Arrowmont School of Crafts. By 1974, she was named a Master Craftsman by the American Crafts Council, was awarded The Governor's Award for Lifetime Achievement in Arts in 1987.
Although Alma didn't start her professional artistic career until the 1960s, her first quilt was started at age 5 and completed at age 12, while learning embroidery and sewing from her mother and grandmother.
Most noted for her innovative fabric portraits made by sewing vintage clothing while adding embellishments that helped describe the person, Alma also worked with quilts, embroidered art, macramé, jewelry made from beads or buttons, collaged textile sculptures, woodcuts, basketry, and glass mosaics.
Alma is also a leading authority on natural dyes, writing several books.
Her works are found in several museums including the Speed Art Museum, Owensboro Museum of Fine Art, Evansville Museum of Arts and Science, the American Crafts Museum of New York, the Arrowmont School in Gatlinburg, and the Flint (Mich.) Institute of Art, as well as the Bridwell Art Library/UofL.
The Louisville Courtier Journal called her the "Undisputed Grande Dame of KY textiles and a pioneer in the National Crafts Movement." A historical marker is found in her honor in Shepherdsville, KY.
Art Library Remote Resources and ServicesPosted: March 23, 2020 Filed under: Art Library, Books, Collections, Databases, New Items, University of Louisville, University of Louisville Libraries | Tags: art, Bridwell Art Library, eBooks Leave a comment
Wondering how to access art and architecture books while the Art Library is closed?
The University of Louisville has a trial subscription to the A&AePortal database which provides access to important art and art history scholarly books from some of the world's finest publishers and museums such as Art Institute of Chicago, Princeton, and Yale University Press. This resource provides access to several titles owned by the Bridwell Art Library in an electronic format.
RedShelf is offering free electronic textbooks to students whose institutions are impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The e-books can be borrowed until May 25. The following texts are a sample of what's available:
Stokstad's Art: A Brief History
Gardner's Art Through the Ages
Practices of Looking
Culture of Design
Art History: The Basics
Ways of Seeing
VitalSource is also offering free electronic textbooks to students at the University of Louisville. Use your UofL email to sign up. The e-books can be borrowed until May 25. The following texts are a sample of what's available:
Stokstad's Art: A Brief History
Art of Mesopotamia
Asian Art
Contemporary Art
Digital Art
Greek Art and Archaeology
History of Modern Art
Janson's History of Art
Medieval Art
Roman Art
Roman Art & Archaeology
The Art of Writing About Art
What is "Islamic Art"?
Women Artists
Check out the Art Library Remote Resources and Services guide for information about remote access to library resources and services for art faculty and students. If you have any questions about accessing resources while off-campus, contact the Art Library at firstname.lastname@example.com.
2020 Art+Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thon PostponedPosted: March 13, 2020 Filed under: Art Library, Events, Librarianship / Archivy, University of Louisville, University of Louisville Libraries, Writing | Tags: art, Bridwell Art Library, Speed Museum, wikimedia, Wikipedia, women, women artist, women artists, Women's History Month Leave a comment
We regret to announce our Art+Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thon event has been postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our top priority is the health and safety of our faculty, staff, students, and community. We will keep you informed once the event has been rescheduled.
2020 Art+Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thonPosted: March 5, 2020 Filed under: Art Library, Events, Librarianship / Archivy, Louisville, University of Louisville, University of Louisville Libraries, Writing | Tags: Bridwell Art Library, Speed Museum, wikimedia, Wikipedia, women, women artist, women artists, Women's History Month Leave a comment
Wikimedia's gender trouble is well-documented. While the reasons for the gender gap are up for debate, the practical effect of this disparity is not: content is skewed by the lack of female participation. This represents an alarming absence in an increasingly important repository of shared knowledge.
Let's change that. On Friday, March 13, from 5-8 p.m., the University of Louisville Libraries will host a Wiki Edit-a-Thon at the Speed Art Museum in Louisville, presented by Art + Feminism.
Join us for a communal updating of Wikipedia entries on women artists. We will provide tutorials for the beginner Wikipedian and resources on artists. Bring your laptop and power cord and enjoy refreshments in a relaxed, drop-in environment. People of all gender identities and expressions are invited to participate.
Admission to the event is free as part of Late 'Til 8 Fridays at the Speed.
All-Libraries MLK Exhibit Leads Visitors Through Civil Rights TimelinePosted: January 16, 2020 Filed under: Archives & Special Collections, Art Library, Books, Collections, Digital Scholarship, Ekstrom Library, Events, Exhibits, Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, Law Library, Music Library, Photographic Archives, Photographs, University Archives & Records Center, University of Louisville Libraries, Web Site | Tags: african american, African American History, art, civil rights, exhibits, Martin Luther King, music, Photographic Archives, photography, Photos Leave a comment
To honor the life and legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King on his birthday, all University of Louisville's libraries will participate in an exhibit of posters and materials celebrating Dr. King's life, "A Walk Through the Civil Rights Movement with the University Libraries."
The exhibit highlights pivotal events in the civil rights movement in the United States, beginning with the Brown v Board of Education decision in 1954, and ending with Dr. King's assassination in 1968. Visitors can follow the panels' timeline starting in Kornhauser Library, then moving to Music, Law, Archives and Special Collections, Ekstrom, and ending at the Art Library.
The featured panels commemorating the civil rights movement once hung in Ekstrom Library for a decade. Each library will display some of the panels and supplement the exhibit with their own materials.
An accompanying MLK digital timeline and Library Guide (LibGuide) will reference all materials displayed in the exhibit, showcasing the numerous civil rights-related works within each library's collection. It will be linked to the University Libraries' website.
New Art Library Director Makes Outreach a PriorityPosted: December 17, 2019 Filed under: Art Library, People, University of Louisville Libraries | Tags: art, art books, Bridwell Art Library, Courney Baron, information literacy, research, visual literacy, visual research Leave a comment
Helping art students feed their craft by learning about art-bookmaking; promoting visual research across disciplines; bringing the library to where students are on campus – these are the goals that drive UofL's new Art Library Director, Courtney Baron.
Since beginning work in August, Baron has focused on a broad agenda of promoting the library's resources and services to its core constituency, fine arts students and faculty, as well as to non-art students and researchers across campus.
"We want to raise awareness that we're here, and make people aware of some of the things that make us unique," she said.
These distinctive offerings – a growing collection of artists' books; high-profile visual art databases; over 300 domestic and foreign journals and museum bulletins; and a bevy of materials in fine art, graphic design, painting, sculpture, interior architecture, fiber art, art education, and photography – are a reason so many current and former UofL art students and faculty continue to visit and contribute to the library.
Baron is excited to talk about the library's 400+ artists' books. Works of art themselves, the books reveal surprising, creative, sometimes hilarious takes on the construction of a book. Some are tiny, some sculptural, made with exotic or unusual materials, and all are photographed for visual reference and appear on the library's website.
"Students can learn the various techniques shown in each book construction and gain inspiration for making their own books. We really want them to be inspired."
Another singular library offering among its digital collections is Artstor Digital Library, an online database of great works of art scanned at high resolution.
"Artstor is such a great resource in that it offers images at an extremely high quality with accurate color and representation," she said. "You can zoom into each work of art to see a fine level of detail without much pixilation. It's a visual resource aid that is useful certainly for fine arts students and faculty, but also non-art students and researchers."
Students of geography, theater, information technology, and other areas can use visual research in their scholarship; such participation across disciplines could spark many creative and inspiring projects, she said.
"I am really excited to collaborate as much as possible with other areas on campus. Theater, pan-African studies, the Commonwealth Center for Humanities and other departments have so many interdisciplinary projects where we might partner."
In addition to spreading the word about the library's collections, Baron wants to make sure faculty and students know they can receive one-on-one research consultations, walk-in appointments and in-class lectures on information literacy.
"We will always be student-centered. I want students to know about our collections and services and particularly that our staff are a resource for research assistance. We've set up our virtual chat service and research consultation scheduling system so students can get one-on-one help," she said.
The focus on research help for students extends from the library to the classroom. Baron hopes to increase collaboration with faculty in the classroom to build the information and visual literacy skills of art students. "I see myself as a facilitator of student learning, encouraging students to pursue topics that excite them and building their confidence in the research process."
She also is seeking ways to "be visible to our art students and faculty where they are. So it's important to figure out how to bring the library to all the different spaces on and off the Belknap campus," like the Cressman building downtown, which houses glass studios, and the new Portland MFA Studio in western Louisville.
"I also want to make some community connections, particularly with the Speed Art Museum. I also plan to partner with the Hite Art Institute to reach out to the west Louisville community – there are many opportunities in the Portland neighborhood – particularly among high schools and students where there is a need for more resources. There are also many opportunities with galleries around town."
Baron most recently served as Head of Library Teaching and Outreach Services at Oxford College Library, Emory University in Atlanta. Previously, she was director of visual resources at Lamar Dodd School of Art at the University of Georgia. She earned her MLIS from Valdosta State University and her undergraduate degree from the University of Georgia in Classical Archaeology and Latin.
Baron's love of the arts encompasses more than the visual: from elementary through high school, she danced with the Atlanta Ballet. She has also appeared in productions with the Northeast ballet. After high school she focused on other forms of dance, including ballroom dancing and a four-year stint with the Modern Pin-Ups, a dance performance company in Athens, Georgia.
Scenes from the Libraries Holiday Party 2019Posted: December 12, 2019 Filed under: Archives & Special Collections, Art Library, Ekstrom Library, Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, Law Library, Music Library, People, University Archives & Records Center, University of Louisville Libraries | Tags: holiday party, holidays, librarians, University of Louisville Libraries Leave a comment
University Libraries personnel noshed, swapped stories, and enjoyed good company at the annual holiday luncheon on December 11. Dean Bob Fox and the administrative team supported and arranged the buffet lunch.


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AKRON — After a quick start for the Raiders, Akron St. Vincent-St. Mary pushed back and came out with a 42-37 win.
"I think this game was their power against our speed," Raiders coach Steve Arnold said.
Even though there was disappointment in his voice, Arnold was able to see the positives from his team's performance.
The Raiders' offense put up their second-highest point total of the year with 37 points. Their highest came in a 56-0 win over Cleveland Rhodes.
"We still scored 37 points and we had 23 at halftime," he said.
The All-American Conference is an OHSAA-sanctioned league, created in 2008 as the result of the merger between the Trumbull Athletic Conference and the Metro Athletic Conference in Ohio. The league has 21 different member schools, with 17 sports offered throughout fall, winter and spring sports seasons.


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Lower School Family Visiting Day
Friday, Oct. 25, 2019
Visit Penn Charter to experience a day in the life of your Lower School student!
8:00 to 8:30 a.m. — Welcome and coffee in the Kurtz Center for the Performing Arts.
8:30 to 11:00 a.m. — Program and classroom visits.
Register Below
If you have any questions, please contact Emma Rowan, Assistant Director of Annual Giving, at 215-844-3460 ext. 227 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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text: Jul 3, 2019 admin Photos ENDOCRINOLOGIA GREENSPAN PDF A 9ª edição de Endocrinologia básica e clínica de Greenspan apresenta as informações mais atuais em diagnóstico e tratamento de distúrbios. Buy Greenspan's endocrinologia generale e clinica by David G. Gardner (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free. Buy GREENSPAN ENDOCRINOLOGIA BASICA Y CLINICA 9'ED by Unnamed ( ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and. Author: Dugore Fektilar Country: Indonesia Language: English (Spanish) Genre: Science Published (Last): 6 August 2014 Pages: 82 PDF File Size: 19.96 Mb ePub File Size: 11.36 Mb ISBN: 178-9-79772-871-8 Downloads: 85587 Price: Free* [*Free Regsitration Required] Uploader: Felrajas Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporo sis. Therefore, taking into account these new reports, as well as the percentage year risk of fracture among the population, therapeutic criteria can be established. J Bone Miner Res, 7pp. Francis S. Greenspan (Author of Endocrinologia Basica y Clinica) Skeletal effects of raloxifene after 8 years: Analysis of the effectiveness and cost of screening and treatment strategies for osteoporosis: J Bone Joint Surg Am, 60pp. Otherwise it is hidden from view. Learn more about Amazon Prime. In the last few years, the therapeutic arsenal available for the endocrinologoa of this disease has changed substantially with drugs that have been tested in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res, 15pp. New strategies in the treatment of osteoporosis. These criteria are analyzed in the present review. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS BRANNAN BOYCE PDF Sign in via Greenspna. Safety and efficacy of human parathyroid hormone in increasing bone mineral density in postme nopausal osteoporosis. Anabolic effect of human parathyroid hormone fragment on trabecular bone in involutional osteoporosis: Calcif Tissue Int, 78pp. Br Med J,pp. Osteopor Int, 11pp. The order of chapters follows a rational sequence, but within the chapters, the subtopics could be arranged in a better format. The effect of teriparatide [human parathyroid hormone ] therapy on bone density in men with osteoporosis. If your institution subscribes to this resource, and you don't have a MyAccess Profile, please contact your library's reference desk for information on how to gain access to this resource from off-campus. Efficafy and tolerability of once monthly oral ibandronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis: Opposite bone remodeling effects of teriparatide and alendronate in increasing bone mass. These studies have allowed the effect of these drugs on fractures —the most important data for their use— to be studied. Am J Med,pp. Two additional chapters on obesity and endocrine hypertension have been included in this edition of the textbook. Nevertheless, this textbook is a meticulous overview endoctinologia basic endocrinology as well as exhaustive clinical information and diagnostic criteria and guidelines. Greenspan's Basic and Clinical Endocrinology Amazon Music Stream millions of songs. A brief overview of concepts at the beginning of a chapter or a summary at the greenpsan of the chapter would endocrinokogia break the monotony of too much text. Please review our privacy policy. CEMENTIFYING FIBROMA PDFThe impact of this disease is currently increasing due to greater longevity and negative lifestyle modifications. Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs? Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Parathyroid hormone and treatment of osteoporosis. Effect o recombinant human parathyroid hormone on vertebral fracture and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Osteopor Int, 14pp. Addressing meeting the needs of osteoporotic patients with strontium ranelate: You can also find greenspaan for a single author or contributor. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License, which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any digital medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84pp. Also, the embryology of the ovary is covered in extensive detail, but not that of the testes. Related PostsCALCITRIOL MECANISMO DE ACCION PDFHERNIAS UMBILICALES EN BOVINOS PDFEL UNIVERSO ES UNA CASCARA DE NUEZ PDFEVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF SWALLOWING DISORDERS LOGEMANN PDFA PATA DA GAZELA EM PDFEMILIO SERENI STORIA DEL PAESAGGIO AGRARIO ITALIANO PDFFARMACOS EUTIMIZANTES PDFDESCARGAR CANDIDIASIS CRONICA CALA CERVERA PDFDAVID SWENSEN UNCONVENTIONAL SUCCESS PDFCOMPLICACIONES DE OSTEOSARCOMA PDF


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BRM Institute Team
The BRM Institute leadership team represents professional and corporate members from around the globe and possesses deep Business Relationship Management domain knowledge. Together, the team brings diverse leadership experience to the table, including business units and teams within leading organizations, advisory boards, and nonprofit associations.
Jill Whitehead
Relationship and Product Manager
Aaron Barnes, CBRM
CEO, Co-founder of BRM Institute, Board of Director and Knowledge Team Leader
Meriah Barnes, BRMP
CFO, COO, VP Membership Success
Marleen Lundy, BRMP
Chief Development Officer
Kayla Barnes, BRMP
Chief Marketing Officer and Chief Information Officer
Melissa Bontrager
BRM Institute Value Leader, Program and Project Manager
Jacob Irace
Membership Support
Alan Khoutakoun
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Roy Youngman
BRM Institute Knowledge Management and Membership, Knowledge Team Leader
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Advanced Search
Professional Development
Infosys Foundation USA has partnered with the National Science Foundation (NSF) and DonorsChoose.org to launch the Computer Science [CS] for All Community Giving program, which will provide as many as 2,000 teachers with professional development in computer science education.
the program, grade 6-12 public school teachers can create
project requests to attend computer science professional development
programs. Local communities can sponsor those requests, and Infosys
Foundation USA will match the community-funded donations.
teachers create the project requests, they can select one of the
professional development programs associated with the initiative. Some
of the evidence-based frameworks that teachers will have the
opportunity to access through this program include Exploring Computer Science (ECS), CS Principles and Bootstrap, all of which were developed with support from the NSF.
Infosys Foundation USA and the NSF have committed $6 million to define
an end-to-end approach to computer science education, develop new
evidence-based curricula and develop sustainable funding mechanisms to
ensure teachers are trained effectively in computer science
instruction, according to a news release.
According to
information from Infosys Foundation USA, this program has the potential
to affect up to 60,000 students in the first academic year and will
"especially benefit teachers and students in districts with significant
funding challenges and limited or no access to computer science
education," stated a news release.
"This CS for All community
giving model pioneers a sustainable funding approach that puts the
power back in the hands of the stakeholders — teachers, students,
citizens and especially parents," said Vandana Sikka, chairperson of
Infosys Foundation USA, in a prepared statement. "Skills learned
through CS education are essential for success in tomorrow's workforce.
Investing in CS professional development and training the teachers
creates a multiplier effect that expands the learning opportunities for
our students especially in under-served communities. The crowd-funding
dimension of this initiative has the potential to be transformational.
It accelerates the impact of this public-private funding and enables us
to solve the CS teacher shortage in a unique new way."
Further information about the Computer Science [CS] for All Community Giving program can be found on the DonorsChoose.org site.
About the Author
Leila Meyer is a technology writer based in British Columbia. She can be reached at [email protected].
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In this case study learn how school director of information services Doug Kahler takes the lead in providing students with the technology needed for success. Learn more about how he is tackling the larger mission to made big schools feel personal.
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This article was first published on Orbex Forex Trading Blog.
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This content is synced from the rightful owners. Copyright on text and images belong to the original source.
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Continuation patterns, in technical analysis, pertains to using the patterns that repeat itself on the price chart. Chart patterns based trading is as old as technical analysis itself.
In fact, chart patterns analysis is closely rooted in the principles of technical analysis. It dictates that, in the short term, investors can look at the past price history to predict future price movements. Trading using chart patterns is subjective. Yet, amid this subjectivity, some aspects are easy to follow. While there is still a level of subjectivity involved, the general consensus is broadly the same.
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Why do Chart Patterns Occur?
Firstly, there is no clear answer to this. Prices remain irrational and there is no guarantee that past patterns will continue to form. More importantly, even if a pattern that is easy to recognize, forms on the charts, there is only a 50% probability that it will work as intended.
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Verizon Internet Service: An Answer to the High Speed Search
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text: The house band at popular Tanzanian nightspot Sugar Ray's, Tatunane continues to create some of southeastern Africa's most irresistible dance music. Driven by the polyrhythms of a six-piece percussion section and the melodic interplay of electric guitar and mandolin, the group creates what http://www.concertopoli.org calls "true states of trance ecstatica." Tatunane attracted international attention with their debut album, AfroBrazz, in 1991. Released on the Dutch Norsk Plateselskap label, the album received Radio France's Prix Decouvertes. ~ Craig Harris


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Some guys will buy you a huge gift and treat you like crap. Other men treat you well all ththe time and may not be big on gifts.
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Birthday gift from the guy I just started dating. Viewing 12 posts - 1 through 12 of 12 total. April 3, at What do you guys think? I think if you put expectations on a gift you will just s up hurt and resentful. Vickie, solid point too. Expectations are the worst. Thanks for the reality check. April 3, at 7: Birthday gift from the guy I just started dating Your information: When my boyfriend and I started dating it was pretty clear we both liked music As my choices are generally very eclectic and make little sense to anyone who would pick up my iPod Pinetop Perkins More exposure to 'new' things for the both of us.
I bought him an iPod about 4 months in, for his birthday. The books came later. I had to convince him that reading for pleasure is also a good thing! I think any of your choices are thoughtful, and show that you're thinking about him without going totally overboard.
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If you know what his tastes are, a CD or a book would be great. If you can't think of anything, nearly everyone loves food and it's never considered an overly intimate gift.
17 gifts for the guy you JUST started dating
Treat him to a delicious ice cream soda or whatever he's mentioned he likes eating. Whatever you get him, he should definitely send you an e-card. Buy him a drink. MIXA posted by mingshan at I would just buy him dinner. Or you could make him dinner.
Something consumable in the sense that you use it, and it's gone would be a good choice too. I don't have any particular ideas though I don't think I like that idea though. But then I'm just not a cologne guy. Well that's all I got.
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And non-consumable items are fine. It was just an idea. It's probably much less awkward having a movie around from that girl you dated once for a bit than from your ex who you were almost engaged to before things turned sour. That's actually an absurdly impractical rule, as a little arithmetic will soon reveal. I had been dating only 2 weeks at the time october , but I got her the new Kanye cd and a card and then took her to dinner.
After that, we went to a bowling alley with a bunch of her friends.
What to Do for a Guy's Birthday if You Are Only Dating
This is going to sound super cheesy, but my girlfriend's now fiance birthday was 2 weeks after we began dating. I bugged her about what she wanted for her birthday and she said she wanted a pony. You've probably already guessed that I got her one of those plastic Barbie ponies.
And I took her out to dinner if I recall It was nearly 8 years ago. We were 16 at the time however, so perhaps too juvenile? Make him dinner and give him a nice card. A boyfriend I've since moved on from gave me an expensive two-CD recording and a book for Christmas on our third date. I was a little weirded out. Regardless of your or his cooking skillz, the effort will be appreciated.
It's also a nice way to introduce him to your home and your life and get a little more personal time to concentrate on each other rather than the hustle and bustle of a restaurant date.


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I was just curious to know how much the average person can expect to make per month (Every month) if they sign up to ALL of the "make money reading email" websites you offered? And how much do you personally make per month working online with all these ventures? Do you use instagram to make money? I live in las vegas so I figured I could take tons of interesting pictures here everyday and possibly make it big on instagram…but I am new to all of this. I don't understand WHY people pay for pictures?! I mean they can see them free online, what is the incentive for them buying them? I don't get it…
You should spend some days in evaluating all kinds of items. When you see price is lower than normal, you should buy items as many as possible. In order to make great profit, you should invest in two thousand to ten thousand items, depending on how expensive they are. This is the most difficult part in items investment, because you never know the price of items will increase or not.
If you're looking for a quick fix, sell gigs on Fiverr. Everyone knows about the gig economy. It's evolved over the years. And today, they're not just five-dollar gigs that you're selling. But, you need to build credibility first. Deliver real value. Go out of your way. Get stellar reviews. Then. And only then. Can you really kick things into high gear.
Wayfair – I have seen email only customer support positions open here, but they are location specific. It is listed as email sales and support when it's open. The positions listed for that now appear to not be home-based and will also involve phone calls, but I have seen a work at home, email only job posted by this company before, so you may want to keep tabs on their careers page.
Submit all posts to relevant blog carnivals. Also, socially bookmark every post on as many places as you have time to do so. Place some Adsense on it and maybe a few affiliate products. Then leave it. It might take a few months to get your $100, but it will still be as a result of one day's work. If this works well for you then there is nothing to stop you from keep creating one of these every day.
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That which was the very first pornographic movie?
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I am 24 years old. We have a sex that is regular, but i have never ever masturbated. It is simply never ever interested me. Is it normal, or have always been We the only person?
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Systems and methods perform consistent dip estimation for seismic imaging. An example system applies global consistency constraints during iterative volume dip estimation of a seismic volume to improve upon conventional dip estimation methods. With each iteration, the system applies single and joint dip constraints, checking local dip estimates for reciprocity, causality, consistency, and vertical and lateral continuity. At discontinuities in the seismic volume, local divergences are marked with a quality attribute. Upon convergence of the volume dip estimation, the volume may be rendered in 3D, including the discontinuities. In performing volume dip estimation, the system can also provide automatic horizon interpretation and automatic fault detection.
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This patent application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/261,828 to Victor Aarre, filed Nov. 17, 2009, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND
A conventional geologic model, as used in the oil and gas industry, or for subsurface imaging in general, is a computer-based representation of a subsurface earth volume, such as a petroleum reservoir or a depositional basin. Technology for three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling or static reservoir modeling continues to advance.
Seismic-to-simulation using seismic data ("seismic") is the process of generating three-dimensional models of a subsurface earth volume. Such models are used for imaging reservoirs for predicting storage, or for hydrocarbon production, selecting well placement, and optimizing reservoir management in general. A resulting three-dimensional model should faithfully represent original well logs, seismic data, and production history.
A "dip" as used in the seismic modeling arts, may be defined as an attribute that computes, for each seismic trace, the best fit plane (3D), or line (2D), between its immediate neighbor traces on a horizon, and outputs the magnitude of dip (gradient) of the plane or line, in degrees or other measure. The dip attributes can be used to create a pseudo-paleogeologic map on a horizon slice or other seismic map or image. A horizon is a subsurface interface, layer, or layer boundary, between two substances, e.g., between two layers of rock. Thus, a horizon is a 3D surface in the actual earth volume, but may be represented in 3D or in 2D, when imaged,
A fundamental problem with conventional dip estimation methods is their reliance on calculating only local estimates of dip, without taking into account global consistency constraints. The local dip estimations can be calculated through cross-correlation, or gradient-based methods. In order to make these local estimates look consistent and spatially continuous, conventional methods usually apply a mean filter to the local estimates for smoothing. But these conventional dip estimating techniques can be improved.SUMMARY
Systems and methods perform consistent dip estimation for seismic imaging. An example system applies global consistency constraints during iterative volume dip estimation of a seismic volume to improve upon conventional dip estimation methods. With each iteration, the system applies single and joint dip constraints, checking local dip estimates for reciprocity, causality, consistency, and vertical and lateral continuity. At discontinuities in the seismic volume, local divergences are marked with a quality attribute. Upon convergence of the volume dip estimation, the volume may be rendered in 3D, including the discontinuities. In performing volume dip estimation, the system can also provide automatic horizon interpretation and automatic fault detection.
This summary section is not intended to give a full description of consistent dip estimation for seismic imaging, or to provide a comprehensive list of features and elements. A detailed description with example implementations follows.
This disclosure describes systems and methods for consistent dip estimation in seismic imaging. An example system performs iterative dip estimation for an earth volume based on seismic data, applying single (or singular) dip constraints and joint dip constraints during iteration. The example systems and methods present a beneficially counter-intuitive and useful process of seismic volume dip estimation, which includes features not currently addressed in conventional dip estimation techniques. By extension, the example system is also useful for automatic horizon interpretation and automatic fault detection. Implementations of the system can improve upon existing dip estimation methods.
A fundamental problem with conventional estimation methods is that they calculate only local estimates of dip, without taking into account global consistency constraints. The local dip estimations can be calculated, for example, through cross-correlation or through a gradient-based method. In order to make these local estimates look consistent and spatially continuous, the local estimates are sometimes smoothed using, for example, a mean filter.
An example system described herein, in contrast, performs an iterative global optimization method, deriving a dip model which satisfies the following constraints as closely as reasonably possible:
- Reciprocity
- Causality
- Consistency
- Vertical & Lateral Continuity
These constraints assume that the estimated dip fields are continuous functions (i.e., that the dip fields have well-defined partial derivatives everywhere). This is not always the case in nature (say, in the presence of a geologic fault), so example methods may not converge to a stable solution everywhere within a volume.
An example system described herein allows the iterative process to perform dip estimation, and to terminate without arriving at a stable solution at some locations. In one implementation, at each location, the system outputs a quality attribute (which can also be considered a "quality control attribute" or a "convergence attribute") indicating where the process converges to a stable solution, and where it diverges, recognizing that this convergence attribute (hereinafter "quality attribute") can convey important information about the seismic volume, and hence about the layering in the ground. For example, the quality attribute can indicate a geologic fault or other discontinuity.
Example Seismic Imaging Environment
In the illustrated example, the computing device 100 is communicatively coupled via sensory and control devices with a real-world "subsurface earth volume" 104, i.e., an actual earth volume, petroleum reservoir, depositional basin, oilfield, wells, surface control network, etc. Although the computing device 100 is shown specifically in communication with a petroleum resource, the computing device 100 may be in communication with any subsurface earth volume, since the subsurface volume being modeled may only be a candidate for petroleum production, water resource management, carbon services, or other use.
The computing device 100 may be a computer, computer network, or other device that has a processor 108, memory 110, data storage 112, and other associated hardware such as a network interface 114 and a media drive 116 for reading and writing a removable storage medium 118. The removable storage medium 118 can be, for example, a compact disk (CD); digital versatile disk/digital video disk (DVD); flash drive, etc., The geologic modeler 102 includes a volume dip estimation engine 120, either integrated as part of the fabric of the geologic modeler 102; as a separate module in communication with the geologic modeler 102; or as a retrofit module added on, for example, to an updated version of the geologic modeler 102.
The removable storage medium 118 may include instructions for implementing and executing the volume dip estimation engine 120. At least some parts of the volume dip estimation engine 120 can be stored as instructions on a given instance of the removable storage medium 118, removable device, or in local data storage 112, to be loaded into memory 110 for execution by the processor 108.
Although the illustrated geologic modeler 102 is depicted as a program residing in memory 110, a geologic modeler 102 may be implemented as hardware, such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or as a combination of hardware and software.
In this example system, the computing device 100 receives field data, such as seismic data and well logs 122 from a connected device 124 in communication with, and collecting data from, geophones or other sensors for a potential petroleum field or other subsurface earth volume 104 via the network interface 114.
A display controller 128 may output geologic model images 126, such as a 2D or 3D visual representation of layers in a subsurface earth volume, on a display 130. The displayed geologic model images 126 are based on the output of the volume dip estimation engine 120. The volume dip estimation engine 120 may perform other modeling operations and generate useful user interfaces via the display controller 128, including novel interactive graphics, for user control of volume dip estimation.
In one implementation, based on action of the volume dip estimation engine 120, the geologic modeler 102 can also generate control signals 132 to be used via control devices 134 in real world prospecting, modeling, exploration, prediction, and/or control of resources, such as petroleum production, water resource management, carbon services, etc., including direct control via hardware control devices 134 of such resources as injection and production wells, reservoirs, fields, transport and delivery systems, and so forth.
Example Engine
A list of example components for the illustrated implementation of the volume dip estimation engine 120 includes a preconditioner 202, a dip estimator 204, a single dip constraint engine 206, a joint dip constraint engine 208, a quality attribute engine 210, and a convergence estimator 212. The illustrated arrows represent general operational flow.
The dip estimator 204 may include an apparent dip estimator 214 that uses, for example, a Taylor Series approximator 216. A residual dip estimator 218 may include a correlation maximizer 220 to optimize a best fit between neighboring seismic traces, stored in an adjacent trace buffer 222. The correlation maximizer 220 may include a time-variant stretch corrector 224 and an interpolator to determine an optimal dip correction 226. The dip estimator 204 may also include an optional weighted mean filter 230. In one implementation, the weighted mean filter 230 does not have to be "weighted," and can be applied at any, or at several points in the iterative dip estimation process. The filter 230 will be described more fully below.
The single dip constraint engine 206 includes a reciprocity verifier 232 and a causality verifier, while the joint dip constraint engine 208 includes a consistency verifier 236 and a continuity verifier 238.
The quality attribute engine 210 may include a discontinuity flagger 240, to indicate locations in a volume where the iterative dip estimation process does not converge, or diverges, typically representing a physical discontinuity in the earth volume being imaged.
Dip Estimation
A primary objective of "surface seismic" is to provide an image/model of the layers of the interior of the earth. Seismic data can highlight the position of an interface between layers of different rock within the earth. In order to map particular interfaces laterally, a modeling process must be able to track the change in vertical position of the interfaces. The change in vertical position, from one spatial location to a neighboring location, is referred to as the dip of the layer in the direction towards that neighbor.
Estimating accurate seismic dips is surprisingly difficult, for many reasons: correlated noise (e.g., multiples) uncorrelated noise (e.g., random noise), limited temporal and lateral resolution restricting and blurring the imaging of thin (laterally and/or vertically) layers, e.g., through tuning and aliasing, shadow zones that yield poor imaging, complex faulting leading to ambiguous dip models, partial erosion of the layers of rock with subsequent deposition of new layers on top, and so forth.
Due to the ambiguous nature of the seismic images, multiple realizations of the horizons within a volume are possible, and hence determining the vertical position of individual interfaces is often referred to as horizon interpretation. Horizon interpretation can either be done manually, when a person uses a software tool to specify the vertical position for the horizon at each lateral location, or horizon interpretation can be performed semi-automatically, when the user specifies a set of seed-points, and a computer program then propagates the interpretation away from the seed-points based on trace-to-trace similarity criteria.
There are also computer processes which attempt to determine the location of all underground interfaces simultaneously. Such a process is often referred to as automatic 3D (volume) dip estimation, as the output of the process is usually estimated formation dip in the x and y directions, for every sample in the volume. This formation dip is often specified as angular measurements (either in radians/degrees or depth change per trace, with the units being meters or milliseconds, depending on the input measurement).
It is common terminology to refer to seismic dip mathematically as the first derivative of the depth of a surface, in either the x or the y direction, as dip is simply the change in depth per unit distance. Alternatively dip can be derived by taking the derivative of the vertical position in the inline (sail) and crossline directions. It can be argued that curvature (which is essentially the change in dip) should be the spatial derivative of the seismic dip, i.e., that curvature is the second derivative of vertical position of a horizon.
Estimating reliable volume dip (and by association, automatic horizon interpretation) can be ambiguous due to the presence of geologic faults, as the tracking of a horizon across the fault is challenging due to spatial aliasing. This is illustrated in
As shown in
As mentioned, horizon interpretation is usually ambiguous, and so it is nontrivial (and sometimes impossible) to automatically determine correct volume dips, and subsequently the correct location of every single interface, in a given seismic volume. Many alternative processes have been proposed to solve this problem, but these have proven deficient, as they ignore some basic physical facts about layering in the underground.
Global Optimization Constraints
An example iterative global optimization method derives a dip model which, as closely as possible, satisfies the constraints for reciprocity, causality, consistency, and vertical & lateral continuity.
Reciprocity, as used herein, means that there should be symmetry in the estimates of dip, both in the inline and crossline directions.
Causality, as used herein, means that there should be no crossing dip estimates, either in the inline direction or the crossline direction.
This consistent causality constraint, incidentally, is similar to the concept employed in many event registration techniques, including a method known as Non-Rigid Matching, e.g., for usage in the seismic domain, for time-lapse purposes (Schlumberger).
This joint dip constraint of consistency can be implemented easily by the consistency verifier 236 of the volume dip estimation engine 120, because if there is consistency between any two neighboring traces in a volume, then by implication, there is also consistency between any two non-neighboring positions in the same volume.
The joint dip constraint of vertical and lateral continuity is based on the knowledge that seismic has limited resolution laterally and vertically. This implies that there are limits to how fast estimated dips can change in the inline, crossline and vertical directions. There are limits to how large the spatial and temporal derivatives of the dips can be. This continuity constraint can be implemented in many ways, but in a preferred approach, the continuity verifier 238 applies a mean filter, with a user-specified vertical and lateral radius, to the estimated inline and crossline dip, near the end of each iteration step.
Mapping Discontinuities
Although the iterative global optimization of dip estimates being described assumes lateral and temporal continuity, the process will fail to converge under some circumstances. As shown in
In these cases, the quality attribute engine 210 outputs a quality attribute, which can highlight areas where the optimization fails, as shown in
Example Code Implementation
Certain implementations of the iterative dip estimation process being described or components of the volume dip estimation engine 120 can be implemented at least in part in computer-executable code, such as the following example pseudo-code, which uses a C-language-like syntax to explain the various iterative steps:
In one implementation, the volume dip estimation engine 120 produces a stable volume dip estimation in approximately 10-50 iterations. But, the number of iterations needed to converge to a stable result depends largely on both the quality of the input seismic data 200, and on the size of selected lateral/vertical smoothing operators.
In one implementation, the volume dip estimation engine 120 calculates inline dips (i.e., dips along the sail/shooting/cable direction) and crossline dips (across sail/shoot/cable lines), instead of other potential representations of the dip field (such as, a dip/azimuth representation). Two reasons for this inline/crossline choice are easier quality control, and separation of data acquisition noise. With respect to easier quality control, seismic is often visualized using inline or crossline seismic sections. Hence, it is useful to present users with dip estimates that correlate with visible dips in a 2D display.
With respect to separation of acquisition noise, some noise patterns are often correlated to the seismic acquisition geometry (and hence referred to as acquisition footprints). In that case, acquisition noise is most predominant in the crossline direction, and hardly any noise is present in the inline dip (the dip along one inline). Thus, the inline dip estimate often contains no acquisition footprints, while there is plenty of artifactual noise in the crossline estimate. By representing the dip estimates as inline/crossline dips, the volume dip estimation engine 120 can manage separation of the acquisition noise into only one component of the estimate. On the other hand, if dip magnitude and dip azimuth are used as the preferred representation for the dip vector (i.e., basis functions), both components are contaminated with the acquisition noise.
Operation of the Example Volume Dip Estimation Engine
The components and functions of the example volume dip estimation engine 120 of
In one implementation of the volume dip estimation engine 120, seismic conditioning by the preconditioner 202 may, or may not, be needed, depending on the implementation of the time-shift estimation technique used in the time-variant stretch corrector 224. In general, it is better when the dip estimation process is independent of (or insensitive to) amplitude variations along interfaces. So, it can be useful to perform dip estimation on derived attribute volumes, where the attribute used masks irrelevant amplitude variations—instead of performing dip estimation on the seismic amplitude volume itself. Some useful 3D attribute volumes that can be utilized include 1D AGC (windowed Automatic Gain Control), 3D AGC, and Instantaneous Phase.
The preconditioner 202 may apply other useful steps, such as lateral filtering and/or vertical filtering. Dip fields with lower lateral resolution than the input seismic are often desirable. It can also be desirable to attenuate the highest frequencies in the seismic data, as these frequencies may be the most contaminated by noise, and instead focus the dip estimation process on that part of the frequency spectrum with the best signal-to-noise ratio.
In one implementation, the residual dip estimator 281 obtains a remaining time-variant dip-correction needed to minimize the difference between neighboring traces on each side of a current trace at hand, for each dimension (i.e., the inline and crossline directions). That is, for each trace in the volume, the residual dip estimator 218 extracts the preceding and following trace in that direction, to be stored in the adjacent trace buffer 222, and the correlation maximizer 220 applies a time-variant stretch for each of the neighboring traces, using the current estimate of optimal dip as argument. Then the time-variant stretch corrector 224 estimates the residual/remaining time-variant dip-correction needed to maximize similarity with (or equivalently to minimize the difference from) the central or current reference trace. Preferably, the time-variant dip at the trace labeled "i" will be the average of the time-variant dip calculated from the preceding trace (ΔT−) and the trailing (ΔT+) trace, as shown in Equation (1):
This treatment of dip follows the polarity convention that a positive dip moves down to the right (or up to the left).
The apparent dip estimator 214 can perform the actual dip-estimation in several ways. One popular way is for the apparent dip estimator 214 to apply windowed cross-correlation (or perhaps normalized cross-correlation), scanning for the dip that yields the maximum gross correlation (i.e., similarity) between the reference trace, and the neighboring trace, in a tapered window around each sample in the reference trace. In one implementation, the user specifies the maximum dip, in order to restrict the scanning window. It is a minor challenge to detect the peak of the correlation function, with sub-sample precision. However, solutions to this problem are described in many places in the relevant literature of the industry, and so are not repeated here.
The apparent dip estimator 214 may also apply a process known as "phase matching," which operates in the frequency domain. This process seeks the frequency-dependent phase shift that optimally aligns each frequency, from trace to trace, and then converts this estimated phase-shift (in the frequency domain) to the equivalent time-shift in the time domain. Mathematically, this can be seen as a cross-correlation, performed in the frequency domain. This approach may yield better results than ordinary cross-correlation, because the process is insensitive to spatial amplitude variations (the amplitude spectrum is ignored), and also because the process is usually faster to execute (has a shorter run-time).
In a preferred implementation, the apparent dip estimator 214 applies a Taylor Series approximator 216 to apply a Taylor expansion or approximation around the samples of interest. The Taylor Series approximator 216 can provide finer vertical resolution than other techniques, i.e., as cross-correlation needs a vertical operator length that is much longer than the Taylor expansion approach. In one implementation, because the operator employed is shorter, the computing cost is also much lower than for cross-correlation and phase-matching.
The Taylor Series Approximator 216 may yield incorrect results when there are very steep dips, due to the phenomenon of "cycle skipping" (i.e., aligning wrong events), but the scenario of very steep dips is not very common in nature. When the dips are very steep, or if the input data 200 is very noisy, then the cross-correlation approach may be preferable as an alignment method, as cross-correlation uses more samples (i.e., a larger operator) in the matching, improving the likelihood of deriving a robust dip estimate. Longer operators, however, imply a decrease in the vertical resolution of the dip estimate.
In order to ensure lateral and vertical continuity of estimated dips (or the estimated residual dips), a weighted mean filter 230, such as a 3D filter, may be applied to the input data volume to be smoothed. It is not crucial that the filter be weighted. The filter can be an ordinary 3D mean filter, or any other 3D hi-cut filter, such as a median filter. It has proven, however, to be beneficial to add extra weight to initial estimates derived from strong reflectors in the seismic input 200. So, if cross-correlation is the matching method, then the absolute values of the seismic data can be used as weights. In the case of the Taylor Series expansion approach, the most robust dip estimates are found wherever there are strong temporal derivatives (and then the whitening factor has little influence). In this case, the absolute value of the time-derivative of the seismic can be used as the weight. It is also an option to use the conditioned seismic, or for example, the derivative of such, as weights.
Implementations of a 3D weighted mean filter 230 and its use are well known in the industry. For example, this common filter may be used:Mathematical Definition:
Formally, the weighted mean of a non-empty set of data
[x1, x2, . . . , xn],
with non-negative weights
[w1, w2, . . . , wn],
is the quantity in Equation (2):
which means, as in Equation (3):
Data elements with a high weight contribute more to the weighted mean than do elements with a low weight. The weights cannot be negative. Some may be zero, but not all of them (since division by zero is not allowed).
The formulas are simplified when the weights are normalized such that they sum up to 1, as in Equation (4):
For such normalized weights the weighted mean is simply, as in Equation (5):
The common mean is a special case of the weighted mean where all data have equal weights, wi=w, as below:
In this mathematical definition, only one index is averaged over. In practice, in a preferred implementation, the filter 230 calculates the average in a volume defined by an operator radius in the inline, crossline and vertical directions, possibly with a varying radius in each direction, depending on the desired variability for each dimension.
Applying Single Dip Constraints
The single (or singular) dip constraint engine 206 detects situations where a dip field has impossible estimates of realistic dip. The reciprocity verifier 232 checks the input dip fields to verify that the fields at all locations have reciprocity (i.e., symmetry—see
Other schemes can also be used. The single dip constraint engine 206 may flag all violating samples as void, and apply some variety of weighted spatial filtering that explicitly ignores the void (i.e., illegal) samples in the filtering, by setting the weight for the void samples to zero.
Applying Joint Dip Constraints
This joint dip constraint engine 208 checks the internal consistency of individually estimated dips in the inline and crossline directions. When the consistency verifier 236 finds, for any given sample, that two different paths from a starting location towards the same arbitrary neighboring trace yield ambiguous (different) vertical destination positions in the neighboring trace, then the dip estimates at that location and vertical position are deemed to be inconsistent. The joint dip constraint engine 208 may then apply one of several update schemes, which move the inconsistent dip estimates towards a more stable solution, ensuring eventual convergence of the overall iteration scheme. One approach is to set the illegal samples to zero, and rely on subsequent lateral filtering to move the local estimate toward a more stable value. Or, in a preferred implementation, the joint dip constraint engine 208 may calculate the average dip in the direction of the neighboring trace that has the erroneous dip estimate, and then set the dip along the different trajectories toward the neighbor to be the average of the estimated dips, so that on average, this solution moves the dip estimates toward a more correct global solution to the dip optimization problem.
Convergence of the Iterative Dip Optimization
The convergence estimator 212 establishes if the real time iterations of the volume dip estimation engine 120 are converging toward a stable solution, that is, that the estimates of inline and crossline dip are not substantially changing between iterations. In one implementation, the convergence estimator 212 estimates the maximum and mean change in each iteration, and compares these against pre-defined small threshold values. If the maximum or average change (or both) moves below the pre-defined threshold limits, then the convergence estimator 212 concludes that the process has converged to a stable solution, and that the volume dip estimation engine 120 can stop iterating toward a more accurate solution.
Estimating Local Divergence
In one implementation, near the end of the process, the quality attribute engine 210 includes a discontinuity flagger 240. This component records local areas in the input volume where a stable and consistent dip model has not been found during iterations of the volume dip estimation engine 120—because the usual dip estimation model would infringe one or more of the of the above-described constraints for valid dips. There are many ways to flag these local areas where the estimation process diverges locally (or at least fails to converge). In a simple approach, the discontinuity flagger 240 outputs the difference between the estimates for the final two iterations. For example:
Here the error is the RMS difference between the inline and crossline dip estimates, between the two last iterations. In a preferred implementation, the discontinuity flagger 240 signals the residual dip estimator 218 to perform one final residual dip estimate, and then uses this residual dip in each direction, preferably with a final spatial/vertical filtering, as the final indicator of areas where consistent dip estimates, according to the usual global constraints described above, are difficult to find:
The quality attribute engine 210 and/or the discontinuity flagger 240 do not void out samples which infringe the global constraints, in contrast to the action of the constraint engines 206 & 208 during the main iterations of the volume dip estimation engine 120. At this point in the process, the quality attribute engine 210 highlights, marks, flags, etc., these inconsistent samples: inconsistent in the sense that the dip model diverges because geologic discontinuities are being represented. In one implementation, the quality attribute engine 210 outputs an indicator in the form of a residual dip estimation, but in only one of the dimensions, for example along the inline direction, in order to ignore discontinuities representing data contaminated by noise and acquisition footprints, in the crossline direction.
Example Results
Dip estimates have been calculated with three different parameter settings for a lateral and vertical filtering step, but keeping every other setting constant. Filter parameters used are:
- Lateral Filter Radius=1 trace; Vertical Filter Radius=1 sample
- Lateral Filter Radius=1 trace; Vertical Filter Radius=2 samples
- Lateral Filter Radius=2 traces; Vertical Filter Radius=4 samples
Example Method
At block 2102, seismic data associated with a volume is received.
At block 2104, a dip estimation for layers in the volume is determined by iteration.
At block 2106, residual dip corrections to achieve maximum dip correlation between neighboring traces are estimated.
At block 2108, single dip constraints of reciprocity and causality are applied.
At block 2110, joint dip constraints of continuity and consistency are applied.
At block 2112, a quality attribute is created for at least each location where dip estimation diverges from iterative optimization.
At block 2114, a determination considers whether the volume dip estimation has converged to a stable solution. If the dip estimation has not converged, the method loops back to begin another iteration at block 2104. If the dip estimation has converged to a stable solution, then the method continues at block 2116.
At block 2116, the process outputs the optimized volume dip estimation.
At block 2118, the process also outputs quality attributes for mapping discontinuities in the volume.CONCLUSION
Although exemplary systems and methods have been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as exemplary forms of implementing the claimed systems, methods, and structures.
1. A computer-readable storage medium, containing instructions, which when executed by a computer perform a process, comprising:
- receiving seismic data from traces of a subsurface volume;
- iteratively refining a dip estimation of the subsurface volume, including:
- estimating a residual dip correction to optimally align adjacent traces with maximum correlation for each inline and crossline dimension in the subsurface volume; applying single dip constraints to the dip estimation; applying joint dip constraints to the dip estimation; creating a quality attribute when the iterative dip estimation diverges to indicate a local discontinuity in the subsurface volume; and
- creating a 3D representation of horizons in the volume based on the iterative dip estimation and the quality attributes.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the volume dip estimation engine applies a Taylor Series expansion to perform dip estimation.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the fourth logic for applying singular dip constraints to the dip fields checks the dip fields for reciprocity and causality.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the fifth logic for applying joint dip constraints checks each estimated dip for a consistency in predicting a vertical position on a neighboring trace by different paths.
5. The system of claim 1, further comprising logic for conditioning the seismic data by applying a 3D automatic gain control to obtain a derived attribute volume for the volume dip estimation.
6. The system of claim 1, further comprising a weighted mean filter to provide a lateral and a vertical continuity of the estimated dips.
7. The system of claim 1, further comprising logic to flag local discontinuities in the 3D representation where the volume dip estimation diverges.
8. A method, comprising:
- receiving seismic data defining a volume, the seismic data for imaging layers of the volume;
- iteratively refining estimated dips for achieving a volume dip estimation of the volume while applying global consistency constraints, including: estimating a residual dip correction by interpolating to achieve a time-variant stretch correction that optimally aligns adjacent traces with maximum correlation by minimizing a vertical difference between neighboring traces on each side of a current reference trace for each inline and crossline dimension in the volume; applying singular dip constraints to the estimated dips; applying joint dip constraints to the estimated dips; generating a quality attribute to indicate a local convergence or a local divergence when said iteratively refining estimated dips encounters a discontinuity in the layers;
- after each iteration, comparing a change in the volume dip estimation to a threshold to detect a convergence of the volume dip estimation;
- when the change in the volume dip estimation is greater than the threshold, beginning a subsequent iteration; and
- when the change in the volume dip estimation is less than the threshold, then creating an image of the layers of the volume based on the volume dip estimation and based on the quality attributes that indicate local divergences.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the volume dip estimation comprises one of:
- applying a windowed cross-correlation process to perform dip estimation;
- applying a normalized cross-correlation process to perform dip estimation;
- applying phase matching in the frequency domain to perform dip estimation; and
- applying a Taylor Series expansion or a Taylor Series approximation to perform dip estimation.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein applying the singular dip constraints comprises checking input dip fields to verify that the dip fields at all locations have a reciprocity or a symmetry and that the dip estimates are causal, yielding no conflicting or crossing dips;
- wherein when a dip field does not have reciprocity or symmetry or is not causal, then performing one of:
- setting the associated dip estimate to zero;
- voiding the associated dip estimate and applying a weighted spatial filtering that ignores the voided dip estimate by setting a weight for the voided dip estimate to zero.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein applying the joint dip constraints comprises checking an internal consistency of each individual estimated dip in the inline and crossline dimensions, including:
- for each location in the volume, when two different paths toward a neighboring trace yield an ambiguous vertical position in the neighboring trace, then designating dip estimates at that location as inconsistent, and changing the inconsistent dip estimates, including one of:
- setting the inconsistent dip estimates to zero and applying lateral filtering to stabilize the dip estimates; and
- calculating an average dip in the direction of the neighboring trace and setting each dip estimate along the trajectories toward the neighboring trace to be the average dip.
12. The method of claim 8, further comprising pre-conditioning the seismic data to obtain a derived attribute volume for the volume dip estimation, including one of:
- applying 1D automatic gain control (AGC) conditioning to the input volume;
- applying a 3D automatic gain control (AGC) conditioning to the input volume;
- applying a windowed automatic gain control (AGC) conditioning to the input volume;
- applying an instantaneous phase conditioning to the input volume;
- applying a lateral filtering to the input volume; and
- applying a vertical filtering to the input volume.
13. The method of claim 8, further comprising applying a filter to an input volume to provide lateral and vertical continuity of the estimated residual dips, including one of:
- applying a 3D mean filter;
- applying a 3D hi-cut filter;
- applying a median filter;
- applying a weighted mean filter with weights assigned to initial estimates derived from strong reflectors in the seismic data, wherein the weights comprise the absolute values of the seismic data; and
- applying a weighted mean filter, wherein the weights comprise absolute values of the time-derivatives of the seismic data.
14. The method of claim 8, further comprising flagging local areas in the volume where the volume dip estimation diverges.
15. A computer-readable storage medium, containing instructions, which when executed by a computer perform a process, comprising:
- receiving a seismic volume for a volume dip estimation;
- modeling dip fields as continuous functions;
- iteratively refining dip estimates for each inline trace and each crossline trace of the seismic volume, including iteratively applying global consistency constraints, including single dip constraints and joint dip constraints;
- recording at each location a quality attribute indicating convergence or indicating where the dip estimates locally diverge at a discontinuity in the seismic volume;
- testing for a convergence of the volume dip estimation at each iteration;
- upon convergence, outputting the volume dip estimation and an indication of the local divergences for mapping the discontinuities.
16. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, further containing instructions for obtaining an automatic horizon interpretation from the volume dip estimation.
17. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, further containing instructions for obtaining an automatic fault interpretation from the volume dip estimation.
18. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, further containing instructions for applying a Taylor Series approximation to perform the iterative volume dip estimation.
19. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the single dip constraints test dip estimates for reciprocity and causality.
20. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the joint dip constraints test the dip estimates for continuity and internal consistency with respect to path functions between adjacent traces within the seismic volume.
Type: Application
Filed: Sep 28, 2010
Publication Date: May 19, 2011
Patent Grant number: 8463551
Applicant: SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION (Houston, TX)
Inventor: Victor AARRE (Stavanger)
Application Number: 12/891,859
International Classification: G01V 1/28 (20060101);


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