text:
|Transmitting apparatus and error handling method in transmitting apparatus
|Uesugi et al.
|Extended ECC system
|Higginson et al.
|Radio transmission method and radio transmission device
|Communication processing method using a buffer array as a virtually circular buffer
|Check sequence preservation
|Higginson et al.
This invention relates to packet transmission verified using cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes and, more particularly, to packets including dynamic headers.
Data transmissions generally include extra information, submitted along with the data at a transmitter, which is used at the receiver to verify an error-free transmission. The extra information may, for example, be a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code, a type of error identification code. A CRC engine at the transmitter generates the CRC code, then another CRC engine at the receiver checks the CRC code.
After the CRC engine is initialized with a seed value, polynomial, or modulus-based, arithmetic is performed on each data block to be transmitted, generating a CRC code for the data. In CRC-32B, for example, the transmitter CRC engine uses a 32-bit generator polynomial, X32+X26+X23+X22+X16+X12+X11+X10+X8+X7+X5 +X4+X2+X1+X0, to operate upon the data block. The resulting CRC is appended to the end of the data block and a new block comprising both the data block and the CRC are transmitted to a receiving device. The polynomial arithmetic may be, for example, modulo-2, although any modulus-based arithmetic in which the modulus is a prime number may characterize CRC calculations.
At the receiver, the same 32-bit polynomial is used to operate upon the new block by the receiver CRC engine. Where the expected result is obtained, the data was transmitted successfully. Where the result is not the expected result, the retransmission of the damaged data block can be arranged. Some variation to the described scheme is possible, as CRC algorithms are employed in a wide array of data communications systems.
CRC engines are typically made up of digital logic such as flip-flops, for automatically generating and appending the CRC to the data stream (at the transmitting end) and, likewise, computing the CRC of the combined data and CRC block at the receiving end. CRC-32 may be implemented with a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) comprising multiple D flip-flops, as one example. Or, the modulo-2 arithmetic performed in each CRC engine may be implemented in firmware or other software programs. A combination of hardware and software solutions is also possible.
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) is a technology in which drive controllers are integrated onto disk drives. Serial ATA is a physical storage interface defining protocols for the internal attachment of storage devices. Under Serial ATA, a CRC check is used to verify packet transmission to or from the ATA device. A specific generator polynomial (CRC-32B) and a seed value (0×52325032) are used to calculate the CRC. (Serial ATA is a product of the Serial ATA Working Group. Specifications under Serial ATA are available at www.serialata.org.)
There is a new class of serial ATA devices used to route data between host ports and receiving devices. Referred to herein as routers, these new devices allow multiple entities to be connected to a single host port along a transmission interface. A routing header is prepended to each packet prior to transmission. The routing header indicates the path to which the packet is to be transmitted and thus identifies which device in the transmission interface is the intended recipient of the packet. When the router receives the packet, it reads the routing header and forwards the packet accordingly.
In efficient router designs, the routers include a small amount of buffering for the incoming packets. In some cases, the router may start to forward a packet to the next port before receiving the entire packet. Since the routing header tells the router where the packet is to be sent, the router will at least buffer the header information before forwarding the packet to the intended port. To ensure that the header is valid, a dedicated header CRC, generated at the transmitter, is appended after the routing header.
Once the router identifies the intended recipient of the packet, the routing header is modified to construct a reverse path back to the transmitting device. This allows the receiving device to identify the transmitting device and intended recipient of a response packet. Where the transmission path includes multiple routers, the routing header is updated multiple times. Likewise, the header CRC is updated each time the routing header is changed.
In traditional CRC design, the CRC is the residue (remainder) of the data to be protected (viewed as a polynomial) divided by a generator polynomial. If the packet is valid, the receiving device CRC engine will sum the CRC value and the CRC residue prior to the CRC field. Using modulo-2 arithmetic, these two values sum to an expected result if the packet is valid.
If traditional CRC design is used for both the routing header CRC and the data CRC, the CRC residue will be the expected result after the header CRC field. However, under Serial ATA, the initial seed for the CRC starting at the data field must be 0×52325032. In order for both statements to be true, the transmitting device CRC engine would have to reset or "re-seed" after calculating the header CRC, but before calculating the final CRC. The same would be true for the receiving device CRC engine. Hardware CRC engines could be re-designed to reset after processing the header CRC, but at an increase in cost. Further, each entity in the transmission interface would be expected to employ these re-designed CRC engines.
Traditional CRC design presents another limitation. With a packet including both a header CRC and a final CRC, if the final CRC applies to the entire packet, the final CRC will be re-calculated (at the router) following a change to the header. However, routers need the header CRC alone. If the final CRC applies to just the data portion of the packet, endpoints (hosts and devices) will perform CRC validation on both the header portion and the data portion, to ensure the validity of the entire packet. However, endpoints need the data CRC alone. Thus, under the traditional CRC design, the division of labor between the router and the endpoints is not reflected in performing CRC calculations.
It would be more efficient if the endpoint could check a single CRC that covers the entire packet. If the final CRC is used to cover the entire packet, the endpoint could ignore the header CRC field in determining the validity of the packet. No reset of the CRC engine would be necessary.
However, where the final CRC covers the entire packet, another problem is presented. Since each router in the point-to-point interface changes the header, the final CRC would have to be recomputed as well at the router. Each time a CRC is recalculated, there is a chance that a prior transmission error is inadvertently corrected. Thus, it would be preferable not to recalculate the final CRC at each router.
Thus, there is a need to transmit packets in a transmission interface such that the final CRC for each packet is calculated only at the original transmission point and unchanged thereafter, where the packets include a header that may be modified by an entity along the transmission interface (i.e., a dynamic header), wherein the header is also covered by a separate CRC.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a packet including a both a header CRC and a final CRC according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a transmission interface for transporting the packet of FIG. 1 according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3A is a block diagram of a CRC engine in a transmitting device according to the prior art;
FIG. 3B is a block diagram of a CRC engine in a receiving device according to the prior art;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of CRC calculations performed by the host port of FIG. 2 according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 5A and 5B are block diagrams of CRC calculations performed by the router of FIG. 2 according to one embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of CRC calculations performed by the receiving device of FIG. 2 according to one embodiment of the invention.
According to the embodiments described herein, a method for performing cyclic redundancy check, or CRC, calculations on dynamic packets is disclosed. CRCs are a type of error identification code used to confirm the integrity of a transmitted packet. A portion of the packet includes a header or other dynamic data that includes a dedicated header CRC (CRCH). The header and the header CRC may be changed at locations along a point-to-point interface. When the header is changed at a location, the header CRC is recalculated.
The packet further includes a final CRC (CRCF), to simultaneously cover the entire packet, including the header and header CRC, and the packet excluding the header information, i.e., just the data portion of the packet. The header CRC is computed such that, when updated to reflect a change in the header, the final CRC does not change. A prime-number modular arithmetic operation, such as modulo-2 addition, is performed during the calculation of the header CRC. This allows the final CRC to remain unchanged, despite the fact that the packet may change during transmission. The method provides a division of labor along the transmission interface, in which the host port generates both the header CRC and the final CRC, the routing devices verify and update the header and the header CRC without affecting the final CRC, and the receiving devices verify either the data only or the entire packet using the final CRC, otherwise ignoring the header information.
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the CRC-32B code, including operational details associated with Serial ATA. However, it is to be understood that the operations described herein may be applied to other CRC codes, including, but not limited to CRC-8, CRC-12, and CRC-16, as well as other error identification codes used for transmitting data. Likewise, the operations described herein may be applied to virtually any packet comprising dynamic, or changing, information.
Further, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which show by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. However, it is to be understood that other embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading this disclosure. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be construed in a limiting sense, as the scope of the present invention is defined by the claims.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, according to one embodiment, a packet 10 is depicted for transmission across an interface 50. The packet 10 includes a routing header 12, a header CRC, or CRCH 14, data 16, and a final CRC, or CRCF 18. The data 16 is the relevant information sought by an endpoint device, such as one of the receiving devices 40 of FIG. 2. (In FIG. 1, as well as FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4, 5A, 5B, and 6, below, the portions to be transmitted across the transmission interface are thickly bordered.)
The interface 50 includes a host port 20 or sending device and one or more endpoints or receiving devices 40A, 40B, 40C and 40D (collectively, receiving devices 40). The interface 50 is a point-to-point interface, including devices that communicate with one another, such as the host port 20 and receiving devices 40. (Although described herein as receiving devices, the devices 40 also transmit response packets.) The interface 50 may be a network or other collection of communicating devices.
The interface 50 may include one or more routers 30 coupled between the host port 20 and the receiving devices 40. Routers are entities that allow multiple receiving devices to be coupled to a single host port. The interface 50 of FIG. 2 may, for example, be operable under Serial ATA or another point-to-point interface.
Each of the devices in the interface 50 includes a CRC engine. As used herein, a CRC engine is a mechanism for performing polynomial arithmetic, such as modulo-2 arithmetic, on incoming packets or portions thereof, such that the validity of the packet or packet portion can be determined after the packet is received. The modulo-2 arithmetic is used to generate the CRC or to validate the data, known as a CRC check. CRC engines may be constructed from digital logic devices, firmware or other software programs, or a combination of hardware and software solutions, as examples. Generally, the contents of the packet 10 are not further processed by entities within the interface 50 until a CRC check is completed.
The router 30 receives the packet 10 from the host port 20. The router 30 does not interpret the data 16, but only the routing header 12, to determine which of the devices 40 is the intended recipient of the packet 10. To accomplish this, the router 30 includes a small amount of packet buffering, allowing it to receive at least the routing header 12 and the CRCH 14. A CRC engine within the router 30 performs polynomial arithmetic to confirm the validity of the routing header 12.
Before forwarding the packet 10, however, the router 30 modifies the routing header 12. The router could be constructing a reverse path back to the host port 20, selecting a preferred path to an endpoint, or performing other header modifications. Where the interface 50 includes more than one router 30, the routing header 12 may be changed multiple times. Since the routing header 12 is being changed, the CRCH 14 is also recomputed at each router 30.
In traditional CRC design, any time a portion of the packet 10 changes, the final CRC covering the entire packet is recomputed. However, the data 16 is not being modified; rather, only the routing header 12 is modified. Since the data 16 remains unchanged, it would be preferable not to change the CRCF 18 once it has been generated, yet still have the CRCF apply to the entire packet.
FIGS. 3A and 3B are block diagrams depicting the operation of a CRC engine 70 in a transmitting device 72 and in a receiving device 74, respectively, according to the prior art. The CRC engine 70 is identical in both the transmitting device 72 and the receiving device 74. The CRC engine 70 performs prime number modular arithmetic on a block of data 60, using a generator polynomial 62. The CRC engine 70 includes a seed 64, which is the initial state to which the CRC engine is set. The seed 64 is generally selected to be some non-zero value. Typically, both the transmitting device 72 and the receiving device 74 use the same seed 64.
The polynomial arithmetic performed by the CRC engine 70 produces a result 66A and a residue, also known as a remainder, 68A. Traditionally, the residue 68A obtained in the CRC operation is the CRC of the data 60. Thus, as shown in FIG. 3A, the residue 68A (i.e., the CRC) is appended to the data 60 and sent to the receiving device 74.
At the receiving device 74, both the data 60 and the CRC 68A are fed into the CRC engine 70. The CRC engine in the receiving device 74 is initialized with the same seed 64 and generator polynomial 62 as in the transmitting device 72, to produce a result 66B and a residue 68B. Where the residue 68B is different from an expected result, a transmission error occurred. A residue of the expected result indicates success. Some CRC engines are designed such that zero is the expected result, but any value may be the expected result.
In the packet 10 of FIG. 1, two CRCs are calculated at the transmitter, the header CRC, CRCH 14 and the final CRC, CRCF 18. If the traditional CRC design shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B is used for both the CRCH and the CRCF, the CRC residue will be the expected result after the CRCH field 14 if the transmission was successful. Some CRC calculations are performed using a predetermined seed value as an initial state of the CRC engine. Serial ATA is one such protocol. Under Serial ATA, the CRC of the data is calculated using a seed of 0×52325032. To use the traditional CRC calculation of FIGS. 3A and 3B the CRC engine 70 would either be reset after calculating the CRCH 14 (so that the desired seed could be used in the subsequent CRCF calculation), which would make the CRCF 18 not cover the entire packet 10, or the CRC engine 70 would recalculate the CRCF 18, using the desired seed, following each change of the header 12. The CRC engine 70 would thus be reset between calculating the CRCH 14 and the CRCF 18.
Where Serial ATA is used, preferably, the header CRC is calculated in such a way that the CRC residue after calculating the header CRC is 0×52325032 (i.e., the initial seed value) instead of zero. Then, the CRC residue would be correct at the start of the data field on a valid packet, and the final CRC would simultaneously cover the entire packet and just the data portion of the packet.
FIGS. 4, 5A, 5B, and 6 depict a method for generating CRCs for packets comprising both a dynamic portion, such as the header, and a static portion, such as the data, wherein the packet is sent across the transmission interface 50 of FIG. 2. For each entity in the transmission interface 50, an identical CRC engine 22 is used. (In the figures, the CRC engine 22 is shown for clarity as 22A for the host port 20, 22B for the router 30, and 22C for the receiving device 40.)
The CRC engines 22 are designed such that the ending CRC for an entire packet with a prepended route header is the same CRC as with the route header (and associated header CRC) not present. Advantageously, a route header can be removed without recalculating the ending CRC value for the packet, while, at the same time, allowing a host port or other device within the transmission interface to treat a packet with a prepended route header as a single complete packet for which the ending CRC is calculated over the complete packet including the route header portion.
The host port 20 generates a CRC for both the routing header 12 and the entire packet 10 (or just the data portion 16), generating both the CRCH 14 and the CRCF 18 prior to transmission across the interface 50 (FIG. 4). The router 30 verifies the integrity of the routing header 12 (FIG. 5A) and, since the header 12 is modified, generates a new routing header CRC prior to transmission across the interface 50 (FIG. 5B). The receiving device 40 verifies the entire packet 10 upon receipt or simply the data portion of the packet, such as when the header information is removed (FIG. 6). Whether the CRC engine 22 operates within the host port 20, the router 30, or the receiving device 40, the same initial state (seed) and generator polynomial are used.
Operation of a CRC engine within the host port 20 is depicted in the block diagram of FIG. 4. Both the CRCH 14 and the CRCF 18 are calculated using a single CRC engine 22A, and the CRC engine is not reset, or "re-seeded" between calculations. In the host port (FIG. 4), router (FIGS. 5A and 5B), and receiving devices (FIG. 6), the same seed 24 and generator polynomial 28 are used for all CRC calculations.
First, the CRC engine 22A processes the routing header 12 of the packet 10, using the initial seed 24 and the generator polynomial 28. In one embodiment, the packet 10 is to be transmitted across the transmission interface 50 using the Serial ATA protocol. Accordingly, the generator polynomial 28 is set to the CRC-32B polynomial and the seed 24 is set to 0×52325032. As expected, the CRC engine 22A produces a result 34A and a residue 32A.
Rather than using the residue 32A as the CRC for the header 12, the host port 20 performs an additional modular arithmetic operation on the residue, using a header polynomial 26. In some embodiments, for example an exclusive OR (XOR) operation is performed. The result of the arithmetic operation produces the header CRC, CRCH 14.
When the CRC engine 22A receives the routing header 12 and the CRCH 14 and performs modular arithmetic on them, a residue of the initial seed value 24 is obtained, in the absence of an error. Thus, the proper initial state for calculating the CRCF 18 is obtained by performing the modular arithmetic at the end of the CRCH calculation, not following the CRCF calculation.
The header polynomial 26, when divided by the generator polynomial 28, yields a residue of the initial seed value 24. In the Serial ATA embodiment, the generator polynomial 28 is unchanged, and the header polynomial 26 is set to 0×F1F21904. When divided by the generator polynomial, a residue of 0×52325032 is obtained, which is the initial state for performing the final CRC calculation. Where the packet 10 is transmitted under other protocols, the header polynomial 26 can similarly be selected to generate the desired intermediate residue 32A.
The mathematical operations performed by the CRC engines 22A, 22B, and 22C (collectively, CRC engines 22) cause the intended result because there is a one-to-one mapping between the CRC inserted in the packet and the residue obtained at the receiver after the CRC is checked. In other words, whenever the generator polynomial divides a 32-bit value (polynomial), a unique value is obtained. The subsequent modular arithmetic operation performed simply maps the intended result, whether zero or non-zero, to another value, such as the Serial ATA seed of 0×52325032.
Still at the host port 20, after the CRCH 14 is calculated, the CRCH 14 and the data 16 from the packet 10 are fed into the CRC engine 22A without resetting the engine. Using the same generator polynomial 24, the CRC engine performs modular arithmetic to produce a new result 34B and a new residue 32B. The CRC engine 22A is not reset or "re-seeded" with a new seed, but, instead, continues uninterrupted from the prior calculation of the CRCH 14. The residue 32B is the final CRC, or CRCF 18. The packet 10 comprising the routing header 12, the header CRC 14, the data 16, and the final CRC 18 are transmitted across the transmission interface 50 by the host port 20.
As depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5B, respectively, the router 30 both verifies the header 12 and generates a new routing header 42. As in the host port 20, the same CRC engine (shown as CRC engine 22B) is used, as well as the same generator polynomial 28 and initial seed value 24.
In FIG. 5A, to verify the routing header 12, the CRC engine 22B receives a portion of the packet 10, including the routing header 12 and the CRCH 14. Initialized with the seed 24, the CRC engine 22B uses the generator polynomial 28 to verify the routing header 12 and the CRCH 14. In the Serial ATA embodiment, the seed 24 is 0×52325032.
As expected, a result 34C and a residue 32C are produced. Because of the modular arithmetic performed in the host port 20, the residue 32C is expected to be the initial seed value 24, rather than zero, the typical result when verifying CRCs. Where the residue 32 is not identical to the initial seed value, the routing header 12 is invalid. In the Serial ATA embodiment, a residue 32C of 0×52325032 indicates successful transmission of the routing header 12.
Once the routing header 12 is deemed valid, the router 30 produces a new routing header 42. Recall that the packet 10 can be transmitted to multiple routers before being received by the intended receiving device 40. At each router 30, the route header 12 is modified, such as to construct a reverse path back to the host port 20, select a preferred path to an endpoint, or perform other header modifications. Since the route header 12 is modified at each router 30, the CRCH 14 is likewise recomputed at each router 30.
Accordingly, in FIG. 5B, the new routing header 42 is fed into the CRC engine 22. Since the new routing header 42 is different from the old routing header 14, the CRC engine 22 is reset, or "re-seeded" with the seed 24, as if generating the header CRC for the first time. In the Serial ATA embodiment, the generator polynomial is the CRC-32B polynomial and the seed is 0×52325032.
The operations of FIG. 5B are similar to the initial operation of the host port 20 in calculating the CRCH 14. The CRC engine 22B performs modular arithmetic to produce a result 34D and a residue 32D. A second modular arithmetic operation outside the CRC engine 22b is performed between the residue 32D and the header polynomial 26. In the Serial ATA embodiment, the header polynomial 26 is 0×F1F21904. The result of the second modular operation produces the new header CRC, or CRCH2 44.
The new routing header 42 and the CRCH2 44 are transmitted, along with the untouched portions (the data 16 and the CRCF 18) of the packet 10, to either a receiving device 40 or another router 30 along the transmission interface 50. Notice that the router 30 left the data 16 and the CRCF 18 untouched during both the verification of the header CRC 14 (FIG. 5A) and the updating of the header CRC (FIG. 5B). Put another way, the router 30 performed no verification of the data 16 and the CRCF 18.
In FIG. 6, operation of the CRC engine within the receiving device 40 is depicted. Like the host port 20 and the router 30, the CRC engine of the receiving device 40, shown as CRC engine 22C, uses the same generator polynomial 28 and initialization seed 24. In the Serial ATA embodiment, the generator polynomial is the CRC-32B polynomial and the seed 24 is 0×52325032.
The input to the CRC engine 22C can be the entire packet 10, comprising the routing header 12 (or new routing header 42), the CRCH 14 (or CRCH2 44), the data 16, and the CRCF 18, as shown. Alternatively, the input can be just the data 16 and the CRCF 18. This is because the routing header 12 and CRCH 14 (or the new routing header 42 and CRCH2 44) were subsequently generated using the second modular arithmetic operation, to ensure that the residue of the header verification operation is the seed 24. The operation performed by the CRC engine 22C produces the same result, in either case. The routing header 12 and the CRCH 14 are depicted with dashed lines in FIG. 6, to indicate that they are optionally received into the CRC engine 22C during data verification. Thus, the final CRC, CRCF 18 can be said to cover either the entire packet 10 or just the data 16.
The CRC engine 22C performs modular arithmetic on the input data stream and produces a result 34E and a residue 32E. Where the residue 32E is non-zero, the data 16 is deemed bad. Where the residue 32E is zero, the data 16 is deemed good, having been transmitted successfully over the transmission interface 50. In other embodiments, an expected result besides zero may be obtained during correct operation.
The receiving device 40 need not perform verification of the routing header 12 and the CRCH 14 (or the CRCH2 44, where appropriate). Instead, the receiving device 40 performs verification of the data 16 (whether by operating on the data portion 16 and the CRCF 18 or on the entire packet 10). Likewise, the router 30 performs a CRC only on the routing header 12. The transmitting device, or host port, generates both CRCs. This division of labor simplifies operation for both the receiving device 40 and the router 30.
Further, by not requiring a recalculation of the CRCF 18 by the router 30 after the routing header is changed, an error will not inadvertently be corrected. Also, routing headers can be modified or removed without having to recalculate the final CRC covering the entire packet. By recalculating the CRC only when a portion of the packet has changed, and by not having the final CRC cover the changing portion of the packet, unnecessary recalculation of CRCs is avoided.
The above scheme is preferable over prior art implementations in which the CRC engine is reset between calculation of the CRCH and the CRCF. A single additional modular arithmetic operation, such as an XOR calculation, is readily implemented in both hardware and software, and is less costly than re-initializing, or "re-seeding" the CRC engine, according to one embodiment.
Additional benefits of using the above-described CRC implementation include its simplicity of design. The CRC engine 22 operates identically in the host port 20, the router 30, and the device 40. In particular, no change to the receiving devices 40 is needed. In part because the CRCF 18 covers both the data 16 alone and the data 16, plus the header 12 and CRCH 14, legacy receiving devices 40 will correctly calculate the CRC of the data upon receipt. New receiving devices can be designed to calculate the CRCF using only the data 16 of the packet 10, if desired.
The avoidance of recalculating CRCF 18 is further beneficial. Headers can simply be designed to produce the desired residue, by performing the additional modular operation following the modular operation of the CRC engine. A single CRCF verification operation, at the receiving device, is performed following the single CRCF creation operation at the host port. Since the data 16 does not change during the intermediate steps within the one or more routers, unnecessary recalculations of CRCF are appropriately avoided.
Further, the CRC operations performed in the CRC engine 22 may extend to any modulo-based operations in which the modulus is a prime number, not just modulo-2 arithmetic. Likewise, the additional modular operation performed outside the CRC engine 22 (in the host port and the header) may extend to any modulo-based operations in which the modulus is a prime number, such as an XOR operation, which is a modulo-2 calculation.
Another benefit of the above-described CRC operations is that the CRCH could be readily calculated in software, where the header is short and the prime-number modulus operation is manageable. Then, the header, the CRCH, and the data could be passed through the CRC engine. This would allow host devices without any special hardware to send packets with a special header attached and, nevertheless, use a legacy hardware CRC engine over the large portion of data. Such would be preferable in the Serial ATA embodiment, in which the header is on the order of 32 bytes long while the data portion is closer to 8K bytes in length.
The operations described in FIGS. 4, 5A, 5B, and 6 work due to the way binary polynomial arithmetic works. The header polynomial 26, when divided by the generator polynomial, yields a residue of the initial seed value 24. By inserting the modulus operation, such as XOR, into the header CRC calculation (or re-calculation), the final portion of the CRC division yields the header polynomial 26 divided by the generator polynomial 28. The XOR operation is an addition in binary polynomial arithmetic of the current residue 32A from the header polynomial 26.
So, where the residue before processing the CRCH field, residue 32A=R(x); the CRCH 14=C(x), the generator polynomial 28=G(x), the seed 24=S(x), and the header polynomial 26=H(x), and using XOR as the modular operation, the final CRC value is the residue of:
(R(x) XOR C(x))/G(x)
In order to get the seed, S(x), as the residue, R(x) XOR C(x) must be equal to the header polynomial, H(x). To achieve this, C(x) must be equal to (R(x) XOR H(x)). This yields:
(R(x) XOR C(x))/G(x)=(R(x) XOR (R(x) XOR H(x)))/G(x)
(R(x) XOR (R(x) XOR H(x)))/G(x)=H(x)/G(x)
Therefore, the value of the CRC after processing the header CRC, H(x), is equal to the seed, S(x).
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.


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Finance and Accounting Consultant Vacancy at GTI Capital Limited
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GTI Capital Limited is a leading international investment banking firm licensed by the Securities & Exchange Commission to deliver bespoke services.We are recruiting to fill the position below:Job Position: Finance and Accounting ConsultantJob Location: LagosPurpose: Turnaround Expert for GTI Handholding® SchemeThe Consulting OpportunityGTI Capital Group seeks to engage the services of an independent Finance and Accounting consultant to help drive its rapidly expanding HandHolding® scheme.The HandHolding® scheme is designed to orchestrate not only the improved performance of good businesses and ideas but also for strengthening the performance of weak and ailing organizations.It is a corporate repositioning model that facilitates a thorough understanding of an organization's challenges, articulates feasible solutions to identified problems, facilitates the financing of the designed solution as well as drive and manages the performance of the developed strategy.HandHolding® interventions are professionally executed through time-tested and dependable turnaround experts working in various areas critical to organizational performance.Job DetailsThe ideal candidate must be ready to:Perform Forensic Audit on client's account (where need be)Analyze and optimize the accounting process of the clientIdentify issues with the accounting architecture and recommend workable solutionProvide advice on improving profitabilityMinimum Required ExperienceOur consultants are expected to meet the following minimum requirements:10 - 15 years' work experience out of which five years must be at the executive management level and with proven records of achievementMaster's degree and relevant professional certifications (e.g. ACCA, CFA) will be an advantageA minimum of five projects in Finance and Accounting consulting executed successfullyInnovative with a good sense of judgmentCustomer focused and result drivenStrong and effective communication skills
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Good, dry sense of humour and love of conversation, friendliness, generous I am looking in the first instance for good friendship and company after the sudden death of my partner 3 years ago, not necessarily 24/7. Things that are particularly important to me, friends, company, my cat. Things I...
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PřF:C9888 ModernTrendsInorg - Course Information
C9888 Modern Trends in Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of Science
Spring 2019
- Extent and Intensity
- 1/0/0. 1 credit(s). Recommended Type of Completion: zk (examination). Other types of completion: k (colloquium).
- Teacher(s)
- prof. RNDr. Jiří Pinkas, Ph.D. (lecturer)
Mgr. Zdeněk Moravec, Ph.D. (lecturer)
Mgr. Aleš Stýskalík, Ph.D. (lecturer)
- Guaranteed by
- prof. RNDr. Jiří Pinkas, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry - Chemistry Section - Faculty of Science
Contact Person: prof. RNDr. Jiří Pinkas, Ph.D.
Supplier department: Department of Chemistry - Chemistry Section - Faculty of Science
- Prerequisites
- C4010 Inorganic Chemistry III
Thorough knowledge of Inorganic Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry, Inorganic Materials Chemistry, and Organometallic Chemistry is expected in order to be able to follow advanced topics covered in this course.
- Course Enrolment Limitations
- The course is also offered to the students of the fields other than those the course is directly associated with.
- fields of study / plans the course is directly associated with
- Inorganic Chemistry (Eng.) (programme PřF, D-CH4)
- Inorganic Chemistry (programme PřF, D-CHE_)
- Inorganic Chemistry (programme PřF, D-CH4)
- Inorganic Chemistry (programme PřF, D-CHEA_)
- Course objectives
- This course Modern Trends in Inorganic Chemistry is specifically prepared for doctoral students in Inorganic Chemistry. It will aim to provide current knowledge and state-of-the-art in different fields of inorganic chemistry. The course will cover advanced topics of current research and it will broaden student knowledge gained in courses of Inorganic Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry, Inorganic Materials Chemistry, and Organometallic Chemistry.
- Learning outcomes
- After attending this course, students will be able to:
- understand current major trends in research in following areas:
Main Group Compounds
Transition Metal Complexes
Inorganic Materials Chemistry
Spectroscopic Methods employed in Inorganic Chemistry
- recognize important work of research and discoveries in current literature
- apply gained knowledge in his/her dissertation work
- prepare a short research proposal
- Syllabus
- 1. Main Group Compounds. New compounds with unusual oxidation states, bonding situations and coordination environments. High-energy compounds. Compounds of rare gasses. Chemistry of superacids and superbases.
- 2. Transition Metal Complexes. Complexes with pincer ligands, polynuclear complexes, chiral complexes. Coordination polymers. Molecules with multiple metal-metal bonds.
- 3. Inorganic Materials. Materials for energy generation and storage. Materials for as adsorption and sieving, zeolites, micro, meso, macro porous materials, hierarchical materials, MOFs.
- 4. Advanced Spectroscopic Methods. NMR and EPR spectroscopy of transition metal complexes. Vibrational spectroscopy.
- 5. Magnetic Materials. Magnetochemistry. Spin crossovers. Spin frustration. Molecular magnets. Spintronics.
- 6. Transition Metals in Catalysis. Oxidation, hydrogenation, carbonylation, polymerization, isomerization. Metallocene catalysis. Solid acid catalysts.
- 7. Complexes of Unusual Ligands. Macrocyclic ligands, cavitands, rotaxenes, helicates.
- 8. Medicinal and Diagnostic Applications of Metal Complexes. New Pt a Ru compounds in cancer therapy. Contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging.
- Literature
- Teaching methods
- Lectures, reading assignments, presentations, research proposal
- Assessment methods
- Grading of student presentations, research proposals, final oral examination.
- Language of instruction
- English
- Further Comments
- The course is taught annually.
The course is taught: every week.
- Enrolment Statistics (Spring 2019, recent)
- Permalink: https://is.muni.cz/course/sci/spring2019/C9888


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Very soon, this website and its content will be MOVING to a new location. Please bookmark or update your bookmarks with the new location: https://neuseriver.ocscouts.org.
This site will remain active for another 10-12 months, but will no longer be updated as of March 1, 2020.
- Admins
UPDATE: Based on BSA's policy on not having meetings of greater than 20 and the Wake Forest United Methodist Church shutting down due to the virus epidemic, we are canceling the Life to Eagle Seminar on Saturday, March 28th. We will aim to reschedule this important presentation as soon as this epidemic has subsided.
For all District Scouts and Scouters, a Life to Eagle Seminar will be offered on Saturday, March 28th at the Wake Forest United Methodist Church located at 905 South Main St in Wake Forest from 9:00-11:30 AM. Any Scout that is Life or approaching the rank of Life should attend with his/her parents to become fully aware of the requirements for earning the Eagle Award.
A leader from each Troop should also plan on attending to get all the critical information for your unit. Refer to the attached handout for more information, and please RSVP to Jim Crawford ASAP so he can prepare materials for attendees.
Neuse River District
Occoneechee Council


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IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.


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Boston University to Price Online M.B.A. at $24,000
Boston University and edX will launch the MOOC platform's first master's in business administration degree in fall 2020 -- and it will be priced at less than half of what the private nonprofit university charges for its normal M.B.A., BU announced Tuesday.
For Jesse Compher of Boston University, success is in the details
Boston University rising star Jesse Compher knows that sometimes it is the smallest detail that can spell the difference between success and failure. To that extent, the junior from Northbrook, Ill., is making sure that nothing is left to chance in getting the Terriers into the NCAA tournament this season.
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The purpose of this NIH conference, led by the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), is to launch an NIH Office of AIDS Research - funded initiative to establish evidence for engaging community health workers to close the gap between antiretroviral therapy prescription and viral suppression, a critical step to preventing the transmission of HIV, improving lives and ending the HIV epidemic.
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At that moment, the door opened and a tall, thin man with with a few wisps of grey hair, a long pointed nose, a lab coat and glasses entered the room. A stethoscope stuck out of his pocket. He exuded an air of quiet competence. He pulled the two charts from a holder by the door. "Milo Murphy and Zack Underwood?"
"Yes," replied Milo and Zack together.
"My name is Dr. Dunwood," he said. "I'll be your attending physician." He flipped through their charts, examining the notes the admitting nurse and the ER doctor had made in the small hours of the morning.
Name: Underwood, Zachary Alan Butler
Age: 14
Date of Birth: July 14, 2002
Height: 5' 6"
Weight: 112 pounds
Blood type: A-
Allergies: None
Pre-existing conditions: None
· Fourteen year old African-American male was admitted to San Fransokyo General Hospital at 01:33 AM along patient designated M Murphy following an encounter with the vigilante superhero team known as Big Hero 6 and the following known supervillains:
o Momokasse
o Mr. Sparkles
o Noodle Burger Boy
· Patient was admitted with symptoms consistent with a grade four concussion, numerous contusions and a laceration above the left eye.
· Patient was examined for additional injuries. None determined to be present.
· Patient was given twelve stitches for facial laceration and admitted to hospital for observation of additional symptoms in relation to concussion.
A signature had been scribbled at the bottom.
Dr. Dunwood pulled a small penlight out of a pocket and shone it in Zack's eyes. He watched carefully as Zack's pupils dilated in response to the stimulus. He scribbled some notes on Zack's chart. He put the penlight away and held up his index finger. Zack's eyes slowly moved back and forth in response. He scribbled some more notes. "I'd like to ask you some questions, if that's alright," said Dr. Dunwood.
Zack nodded. "Sure," he said.
"Have you experience any headaches?" asked Dr. Dunwood.
"No," replied Zack.
Dr. Dunwood scribbled some notes. "How about dizziness?"
"A little," replied Zack. Dr. Dunwood kept scribbling.
"Have you experienced any sensory sensitivity?" asked Dr. Dunwood.
"No," answered Zack. More scribbling.
"Balance issues?"
Zack shook his head. "I don't think so." Still more scribbling.
Dr. Dunwood examined Zack's medical chart again. "Your chart says that you're from Danville, is that right?"
Zack nodded. "My regular doctor is my Mom," he said, guessing at Dr. Dunwood's next question. "She's a trauma surgeon with Danville Municipal Hospital." He rattled off Dr. Underwood's work e-mail and phone number as Dr. Dunwood continued to scribble quickly.
Dr. Dunwood stopped writing and looked at Zack's chart again. "Based on these notes, you seem to be in relatively good health," he said. "I'm going to recommend keeping you in the hospital for one or two more days just to be on the safe side, but no longer than that."
Zack shrugged. "OK," he said.
Dr. Dunwood replaced Zack's chart in the holder by the door and turned to Milo. He quickly glanced through Milo's chart.
Name: Murphy, Milo Danger
Age: 14
Date of Birth: October 24, 2003
Height: 5' 3"
Weight: 96 pounds
Blood type: O+
Allergies: None
Pre-Existing Conditions: Extreme Hereditary Murphy's Law
· Fourteen year old Caucasian male was admitted to San Fransokyo General Hospital at 01:33 AM along with patient designated Z Underwood.
· Patient was admitted with symptoms consistent with an extreme physiological and genetic transformation, in addition to substantial internal bruising and fractures in the tibia and the fibula in the left leg. The patient's presumed legal guardians, B Cavendish and V Dakota, described witnessing the patient transform from natural state to a state described as that of a reptile-human hybrid almost instantly.
· They additionally claim that the situation was complicated by the existence of a pre-existing condition known as EHML, which causes the sufferer's body to emit a field of negative probability ions, which automatically skews all outcomes toward negative results.
· The patient's mutated state was reversed with the application of an experimental treatment of nanobots designed to undo the physiological and genetic effects of the initial mutation.
· Due to the unusual of the nature of the patient's illness, treatment and pre-existing condition additional follow-up tests are recommended.
Dr. Dunwood proceeded to ask Milo a much longer and more detailed list of questions than he had asked of Zack, who interjected several times with answers of his own, all of which Dr, Dunwood dutifully wrote down. After a solid half hour of questioning Milo, along with additional questions for Hiro, Cavendish and Dakota, Dr. Dunwood ran his eye down his extensive notes. After a second or two, Dr. Dunwood scribbled a few final notes. "Milo, I'm going to recommend that you stay in the hospital for a few days. I'd like to run some additional tests, just to be sure we haven't missed anything. Do you have a family doctor?"
Milo nodded. "His name is Dr. Gardner." Milo rattled off Dr. Gardner's phone number and e-mail.
"You can also talk to my Mom," interjected Zack, "she's familiar with Milo's situation."
Dr. Dunwood nodded and made a couple of final notes on Milo's chart. "The orderlies will probably come to get you this afternoon," he said. He strode to the door, replaced Milo's chart in the holder on the wall with Zack's and went out.
The orderlies came to collect Milo an hour after lunch. He pushed aside his lunch tray and levered himself out bed and into the wheelchair parked next to his hospital bed. It collapsed with a clatter of metal and Milo landed on the floor with a thump that send a jolt of pain shoot through his broken leg.
"Ow!" he said with a slight grimace.
Zack turned his attention away from the episode of Cash Wheel on the TV in the corner. A boy in a blue and white baseball hat had landed on "Cash Tsunami," and was deluged in tidal wave of money. He swung his legs over the edge of the bed and planted his feet on the linoleum floor. It was slight cold. "You OK, Milo?"
Milo nodded. The throbbing pain in his leg had subsided a little. "Yeah. I'm fine," he said.
The two orderlies surveyed their charge, sitting splay legged on the floor surrounded by the wreckage of his wheelchair. "I…," said the tall one.
"Yeah," said the short one in surprise. "That's never happened before. The wheelchair must have been defective."
Milo shook his head. "No, it wasn't defective," he said.
The two orderlies looked confused and Zack and Milo both chuckled. "This was Murphy's Law," replied Milo. "Zack, do you mind helping me up?"
"Sure thing, buddy."
That jogged the two orderlies. "No," they said to Zack, "you're not supposed to over exert yourself." They knelt down and on the count of three gently lifted Milo to his feet. He wobbled slightly, putting most of his weight on his right foot. He almost fell again until Zack thrust his shoulder under Milo's right arm and guided him over to the edge of Milo's hospital bed. With something solid under him, Milo was able to take most of his body weight off of his bad leg. The two orderlies disappeared and cam back ten minutes later. They were both pushing an empty wheelchair. Milo slowly lowered himself into the closest one and everyone waited for something to happen. When nothing did, the orderlies secured Milo's broken leg to ensure that it wouldn't move or collide with anything and wheeled him out of the room.
The neurology unit was only four floors down, but it took forty five minutes to get there. The elevator broke down twice and extracting Milo and the two orderlies was complicated by Milo's broken leg. Eventually, Milo was wheeled into the examination room. The room was slightly chilly and Milo felt goosebumps run up his arms. An array of surgical lights on an articulated arm hung from the middle of the ceiling. A long stainless steel table stood along one of the room's tiled walls bearing various pieces of medical equipment. Several high definition TV monitors hung on the opposite wall. In the middle of the room, in a bright pool of light cast by the surgical lights, stood a metal chair. The whiff of bleach hung in the air and made Milo's nostrils burn slightly. The two orderlies wheeled Milo into the middle of the room. They helped him out of his wheelchair and he hobbled over to the metal chair and levered himself into it. The metal was slightly cold on the backs of his legs and Milo shivered slightly as he sat down. The two orderlies turned and left.
From somewhere behind him, Milo heard a door open, then close and accompanied by the sound of foot steps on the linoleum floor. A slightly heavy set woman in with short blond hair walked into his field of view. She was wearing a lab coat over hospital pants and a T-shirt. She glanced at the clipboard in her hands and quickly glanced through her notes. "Hello, Milo," she said. "My name is Dr. Wendover. How are you feeling today?"
"Fine," replied Milo with a shrug, "well," he amended, "aside from my leg." He nodded to indicate his cast.
"And how did you break your leg?"
"I don't really remember," replied Milo. "I was not exactly myself at the time." He suddenly felt a little uncomfortable again. Zack had explained how he had to interpose himself between Milo and Melissa when Milo had tried to attack her. Milo wasn't sure he could have lived with himself if any of his friends had gotten hurt. Except someone did get hurt, Milo reminded himself. Zack had a concussion. He'll be fine, Milo thought. Almost as soon as the thought occurred to him, Milo thought, that's not really the point.
Dr. Wendover scribbled some notes on her clipboard. "Milo, I'd like to ask you a few questions before we begin, OK?"
Milo nodded. "OK, Dr. Wendover."
Dr. Wendover proceeded to ask Milo a long list of questions. Including some of the same questions that he had answered for Dr.Dunwood, but he answered them again anyway. After about twenty minutes of questioning, she stopped writing, glanced through her notes and looked up at Milo. "OK, Milo," she said, nodding to the technician who was standing out of Milo's field of view. The hi-def TV monitors came to life. "We're going to run a few neurological tests. Nothing invasive, all routine, just to make there are lasting side effects from your mutation, OK?"
Milo nodded in understanding. Dr. Wendover nodded to the technician and placed a pair of electrodes on Milo's forehead. He heard the sound of clicking keys as the technician entered commands into his computer via the keyboard.
"OK, Milo," said Dr. Wendover, "I just want you to looked at the TV monitor. I'm going to show you a series of images. All you need to do is look at them while I record your responses." She took the leads and plugged them into the EKG machine which stood on a metal table next Milo's chair. She plugged them in to a port on the side of the machine and turned it on. Milo could hear the slow scratching of a stylus On the wall, the monitor began to display a series of random image and abstract shapes. They flicked by slowly at first, then faster and faster. They became more complex and began to appear in different parts of the screen. They moved back and forth changed colours and orientation. The test was approximately when the TV monitor flickered once or twice then went blank. Dr. Wendover opened her mouth say something to the technician, when the the TV monitor suddenly fell to the floor with a loud crash and the tinkling sound of breaking glass.
Milo started slightly. He had been slightly mesmerized by the increasingly abstract parade images and shapes. "Oh, I'm sorry-," he began.
"Was that-?" began Dr. Wendover.
Milo shrugged and nodded. "Murphy's Law? Yeah."


text:
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Secret Buzzard·
26 Posts
Discussion Starter • #1 •
Anyone in the Jax area looking to ride on Sunday mornings? Me and usually two or three others (F6B, ST1300) ride virtually every Sunday year round. We meet in Arlington near I-295 at 8:00AM and ride about 100-200 miles throughout the area (not so much to the east!) Not too fast, but not too slow. One of our regulars is Navy and is being posted in Virginia so we'd like to fill his spot with a V-Strom rider. PM me for more info!


text:
Impactful photos are an essential aspect of any merchant's online store. While Adobe Photoshop has long been the industry standard for editing images, there are a variety of free or inexpensive applications with comparable tools. Here is a list of alternatives to Photoshop.
The post 11 Photoshop Alternatives for Image Editing appeared first on Practical Ecommerce.


text:
Subtotal 0,00 €
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Feedings are given once in three or four hours, in side quantities that the child will be able to digest. Closing the eyelids and making an effort to see the Patients with functional myopia were instructed in excentric fixation: When the normal eye read one letter of the line marked XX on the card at twenty feet, the eye was directed straight to the letter (astrazeneca).
Ema - in the hght of the present findings a systematic search for autohemagglutinins in the blood of anemic patients would seem of interest. Tie illustrated llie lesion combination produced l)v injection as roseolar in character.
Inasmuch as most of the lesions found post mortem are nearly always dose secondary, or due to complications, these are briefly mentioned in the chapter on the pathological anatomy, but described in detail as each complication is presented.
Its presence does not appear to be associated with any hcl constitutional condition of the infant or the mother. Later observers, though reporting large series of cases, spc do not put any special emphasis on gangrenous destruction. I mean, the pulse at the wrist becoming imperceptible, but without syncope or actual and fainting, the patient retaining perfect consciousness at the time. But the gravity of the doctors reviews has proscribed it.
The reported causes of nontuberculous abscesses in the retroperitoneal space were typhoid, appendicitis, sali)ingitis, infection following abortion and parturition, and suppuration of 10 the inguinal glands. The lower part of the external farxiga iliac down to the ligature contained no clot. Further, preco painstaking search for cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules should be made. The aseptic sponge originally inserted was now replaced smpc by a larger one, which kept the omentum and small intestines out of sight. " without feathers,"" callow;" from de, priv., and the feathers." dapagliflozin A term applied to a disease of the eyelids in which the eyelashes fall off. Opium and occurring in the form metformin of white prismatic crystals, inodorous, bitter, and soluble in alcohol and boiling water.
It should be noted, however, in this connection that a mechanism suppurative process was present, and that the post-mortem likewise revealed a purulent infiltration of the thoracic wall beneath the site of the two nodules which had disappeared. That the diagnosis must be based on the dosage chill, fever, soft, flabby uterus, enlarged veins, and tenderness. I loss found her in a state of stupor, but sensible, and complaining of pain and giddiness in the head.
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Coronavirus: Pentabus Theatre to make its shows available onlinePentabus Theatre has announced it will release recordings of past shows on its website and...
Coronavirus: Waitress confirms it will not reopen after theatre closuresThe London production of Waitress has confirmed it will not be returning to the West...
Coronavirus: Mark Rylance backs £1m Equity fund providing emergency grants to creative...An emergency fund to help performers, directors and stage managers cope financially until government grants...
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- Saturday 03 October - 7.30PM
THE HISTORY OF ROCK - Rescheduled
Rescheduled - THE HISTORY OF ROCK is a celebration of ROCK music through the decades. A jaw dropping night transporting you through the golden ages of ROCK! Featuring the music of artists such as Led Zeppelin, Cream, Guns n Roses, AC/DC, Queen and many more. Rediscover the seeds of ROCK & ROLL in the 1950s, the birth of ROCK in the 60s, right through to the CLASSIC ROCK of the 70s and 80s. A must see for any fan of ROCK! Experience this iconic music brought back to life by an exceptional 8 piece band consisting of some of the finest musicians and performers from around the
world, original visual footage of the featured bands and artists, as well as incredible concert staging and lighting.
Please note that whilst this is advertised as seated, due to the nature of the show people will stand and dance. Please bear this in mind when choosing your seat.
Ticket Price* £21
* All tickets purchased on line will incur a £1.00 per ticket processing fee, for further information on booking tickets Click Here


text: Election 2019 Summit County Democrats Sweep General Election By Jennifer Conn • Nov 6, 2019 JENNIFER CONN / WKSU Akron Democrats had a strong showing in Tuesday's General Election. Many gathered at the Duck Club in downtown Akron for general election results, which ushered in a second four-year term for Akron Mayor Dan Horrigan. Republican Who Lost Akron Mayor's Race Will Concentrate on Growing His Businesses By Kabir Bhatia • Nov 5, 2019 KABIR BHATIA / WKSU Akron Republican Josh Sines says he'll concentrate on his businesses after losing the mayor's race. Akron Mayor Dan Horrigan Wins a Second Term By Jennifer Conn & Sarah Taylor • Nov 5, 2019 JENNIFER CONN / WKSU Akron Mayor Dan Horrigan has won a second term, easily defeating a challenge from Republican Josh Sines, a restaurateur and pro wrestling ring announcer. In a statement declaring victory, Horrigan thanked voters for their support and expressed optimism as the city moves forward. Election 2019 Results By Sarah Taylor • Nov 5, 2019 Final numbers are in from Summit County. Democrats will retain control of the mayor's office and all of the seats on Akron City Council. Here are the numbers: HORRIGAN 77% SINES 23% JEFF FUSCO, LINDA OMOBIEN, and GINGER BAYLOR captured the three at-large council seats. Ward 1 RICH SWIRSKY wins reelection unopposed. Ward 2 PHIL LOMBARDO 77% TODD KLEINTOP 23% Ward 3 MARGO SOMMERVILLE 91% MICHAEL DOWNEY 9% Ward 4 RUSS NEAL 79% DeANDRE FORNEY 21% Ward 5 TARA MOSLEY-SAMPLES wins reelection unopposed. One More Day for Early Voting in Summit County By Kabir Bhatia • Nov 3, 2019 KABIR BHATIA / WKSU Residents of Summit County are able to vote early Monday -- the final chance for early, in-person voting ahead of Tuesday's election. This fall's ballot includes council races, levy renewals and proposed administrative changes for County Council. But several of the people voting over the weekend expressed concern over the state's process for purging voter rolls. Tina Hicks from Cuyahoga Falls brought her husband for early voting to ensure he casts a ballot -- and remains registered. Voters in Summit, Cuyahoga Face Questions on County Charters By Carter Adams & Andrew Meyer • Nov 1, 2019 DAN KONIK / STATEHOUSE NEWS BUREAU In addition to a host of local races, tax levies and ballot questions in this year's election, voters in two counties in Northeast Ohio will be asked to make changes in how county government operates. Summit and Cuyahoga Counties are the only two counties in Ohio to have a charter form of government. In order to make changes in their organization, voters must approve the changes. Akron Voters Face a Choice on Next Mayor By Andrew Meyer • Oct 29, 2019 ANDREW MEYER / WKSU On Nov. 5, Akron residents will decide who will lead their city for the next four years. First-term Mayor Dan Horrigan, a Democrat, is facing a challenge from local business owner, Republican Josh Sines. Summit County Calls for Support of Issue 14, Seeking Renewal of ADM Levy By Kabir Bhatia • Oct 28, 2019 KAREN KASLER / STATEHOUSE NEWS BUREAU Summit County voters will decide this Election Day whether to renew a levy that supports mental health and addiction services. It's been in place for 12 years and the funds are being used differently than in the past. Issue 14 is a 2.95-mill levy that provides most of the funding for the Summit County Alcohol, Drug Addiction and Mental Health Services Board. The six-year levy was introduced in 2007 and previously renewed in 2013. Akron Voter Guide By Sarah Taylor • Oct 23, 2019 On election day, November 5th, voters in Akron will decide whether they want four more years of Democratic Mayor Dan Horrigan, or if they want to give newcomer Josh Sines, a Republican and restaurant owner, an opportunity. Voters will also choose representatives for ward and at large council seats. Akron City Council At Large Candidates By Sarah Taylor • Oct 23, 2019 Akron Candidates for Mayor By Sarah Taylor • Oct 23, 2019 Akron City Council Ward 10 Candidates By Sarah Taylor • Oct 23, 2019 Akron City Council Ward 1 Candidates By Sarah Taylor • Oct 23, 2019 Richard Swirsky is currently the Ward 1 representative on Akron City Council. A Republican candidate, Brenda Rongone Costarella, had filed to run against him, but the Summit County Board of Elections indicates she has withdrawn from the race. Akron City Council Ward 6 Candidates By Sarah Taylor • Oct 23, 2019 Akron City Council Ward 8 Candidates By Sarah Taylor • Oct 23, 2019 Akron City Council Ward 5 Candidates By Sarah Taylor • Oct 23, 2019 Tara Samples is currently the Ward 5 representative on Akron City Council and is unopposed in this election. Akron City Council Ward 4 Candidates By Sarah Taylor • Oct 23, 2019 Akron City Council Ward 3 Candidates By Sarah Taylor • Oct 23, 2019 Akron City Council Ward 2 Candidates By Sarah Taylor • Oct 23, 2019 Akron Mayor Dan Horrigan, Challenger Josh Sines Face Off at Quaker Station Debate By Jennifer Conn • Oct 16, 2019 JENNIFER CONN / WKSU Supporting Akron's downtown businesses during reconstruction, revitalizing neighborhoods and allocating settlement money from Summit County's opioid lawsuit were among topics addressed during a mayoral debate Wednesday hosted by the Akron Press Club. Incumbent Akron Mayor Dan Horrigan and Republican challenger Josh Sines faced off at Quaker Station. The candidates were asked whether Akron's already high water and sewer rates would increase over the next four years. Mayor Dan Horrigan said they would not increase before 2021. Judge Wins Reelection to Third Term as Barberton Mayor By Sarah Taylor • Sep 10, 2019 SARAH TAYLOR / WKSU For the third time, William B. Judge faced a challenger in the Democratic primary for Barberton mayor. And for the third time, Judge has prevailed. This time, though, the margin of victory was narrower than it has been in the past. In the September 2015 primary Judge captured 77% of the vote, easily defeating John Lysenko. In the September 2011 mayoral primary, Judge beat Bob Genet with 54% support. Contentious Mayor's Race in Barberton Nears Decision Point By Sarah Taylor • Sep 6, 2019 SARAH TAYLOR / WKSU Like many cities in Northeast Ohio, Barberton—known as the magic city-- is facing issues of population loss, job loss, and financial difficulty. While it is a city rich in civic pride, those challenges are playing a role in next week's Democratic mayoral primary. Whoever wins will have to bring together a city divided.


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Home » Girl games » Baby Fairytale
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Reading the story before bedtime is a magical moment and you must create the most comfy and lovely environment for you and your baby. Choose from different types of fireplaces, drapes or carpets to create the perfect mood for the favorite fairytale. Make the room look cozy enough so that the baby can imagine all those amazing stories.
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Excavators are development vehicles utilized as a part of different development exercises like street development for burrowing and the moving material on the site. They are additionally ordinarily alluded to as excavators or diggers, called so since they utilize wire rope or a water driven framework to burrow openings and trenches. An excavator has a…Read More
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Do you think the maintenance of the AC system improves its life? Of course, it does improve the life of an AC system. If you are planning to increase the life of your air conditioning system, then don't ignore the maintenance and repair. Keep both points at the top of your list. If your machine…Read More
Before two or three decades ago there are only a few people that have access to the air conditioning system and they can enjoy the weather because most of the people could not afford it. Now with the advancement in technology and improvement in air conditioning systems, there are many companies available in the market…Read More
Mortgage broking Coffs Harbour has become a successful business with so many borrowers depending on brokers to arrange mortgages for them. Hiring a broker is the best option for you to get an investment loan without experience the difficulties involved in the process. When you hire a broker, they will do for you the majority of…Read More
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Alternative splicing of premessenger RNA is an important layer of regulation in eukaryotic gene expression. Splice variation of a large number of genes has been implicated in various cell growth and… Continue Reading
Identification of a unique esophageal motor pattern by probe ultrasonography: A marker of spontaneous and induced esophageal chest pain


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UPDATE: Effective Wednesday March 25, 2020, we are closing lobby access at ALL of our branch locations until further notice. We will continue to operate via drive-up services and appointments during regular business hours. Read More
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If you're looking for a home improvement loan, you should know that Home Federal is a Top Producing Fix-Up Fund Lender for Minnesota Housing Finance Agency. This unique loan program allows you to borrow funds for remodeling, repairs, and energy efficiency projects at a low, fixed interest rate. Monthly payments are low and affordable, and you may borrow up to 110% of the after-improved value of your home. Loan amounts range from $2,000 to $50,000. It is important to know the Fix-up Fund loan applicants may not have a household income greater than $141,000*. They must also own and occupy the property to be improved. Credit and repayment ability are considered when applying for this type of home improvement loan.
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Notorious jail where Cocaine Cassie is held descends into chaos as inmates riot in protest of prison's coronavirus measures
- El Buen Pastor women's prison in Bogota has rioted over coronavirus measures
- 'Cocaine Cassie' Sainsbury is detained there, with her new prisoner fiance Joli
- Prisoners have been beaten by guards, who used tear gas to subdue women
- Sainsbury is due for parole from her drug smuggling charges this month
- Coronavirus symptoms: what are they and should you see a doctor?
Inmates at the infamous Colombian jail where Cassie Sainsbury is held have rioted over the prison's coronavirus measures.
The convicted Australian drug smuggler is detained at El Buen Pastor women's prison in Bogota where violence broke out on Saturday.
Guards and inmates brawled over tough measures for prisoners, including less meals and a visitor ban, which prevents the women inside from getting food from outside sources and other hygiene supplies.
A prisoner told The Daily Telegraph guards have beated women inside to restrain them.
Cocaine Cassie Sainsbury (pictured) is detained in El Buen Pastor women's prison in Bogota where riots have broken out over deteriorating conditions in response to coronavirus
Violence broke out between guards and inmates at El Buen Pastor women's prison (pictured) on Saturday over tough measures for prisoners including less meals and a visitor ban
'The protest broke out around 9pm and women starting burning mattresses and blankets and the whole place filled with smoke,' they said.
There are 231 cases of coronavirus in Colombia and two deaths, with the government closing all airports from Monday in response to the spread of the virus.
Inmates said they were unaware of any cases of the virus in the jail as they had no means of being tested.
'They won't let us go to the dispensary. They stop us going anywhere. And to make sure we don't say anything they tear gas us,' they said.
'The virus could be here but we don't know because they don't test us or isolate us when we have a fever or a cough, we stay stuck in the cells.'
Many prisoners are struggling through their lack of food while being told they must wash their hands regularly to stop the spread of the virus, though no one has soap in the jail.
Sainsbury was sentenced to six years in prison after being found guilty of trying to smuggle 6kg of cocaine out of Colombia in April 2017.
The 24-year-old was due to begin her parole process last year after serving three-fifths of her sentence, taking into account a seven-month reduction in her sentence for good behaviour.
Cassie Sainsbury was arrested with 5.8 kilograms of cocaine (pictured) concealed in her luggage at Bogota's El Dorado International Airport in April 2017
Sainsbury was engaged to Scott Broadbridge at the time of her conviction, but no longer speaks to her former fiance after they split in February 2018
She could have been freed by April, however a high profile prison break, a food poisoning outbreak and allegations of corruption led to El Buen Pastor's chief being stood down - delaying her hearings.
At the time of her conviction, she was engaged to 25-year-old Scott Broadbridge, but she admitted the two no longer speak after their split in February 2018.
She became engaged in November after her Venezuelan girlfriend Joli proposed to her behind bars.
'She stole my heart. We are very happy together and if time allows us, we will be with each other for many years,' she told New Idea.
The former personal trainer revealed her now fiancee surprised her with a ring and banner reading: 'Cassie, will you marry me?' in the corridor of the prison after playing a game of soccer.
Sainsbury became engaged in November after her Venezuelan girlfriend Joli (pictured together) proposed to her behind bars
'A huge amount of people were watching me! She doesn't speak English, she was trying to learn English to propose. It was quite cute! I said yes, of course,' she told the magazine.
Over the last three years, Sainsbury has learned to speak Spanish fluently and now teaches English to inmates in the prison, she said.
The pair plan to tie the knot in the beautiful coastal city of Cartagena some time this year after they are both released.
The romance has been well-documented on social media, with Joli frequently sharing photos of the happy couple on Facebook.
'Our first Colombian Valentine's Day together and five months by your side, my princess Rapunzel. Love you Cassie,' she wrote in one post.
In another Facebook post, she updated her friends of her wedding plans with a status saying: 'Ladies and gentlemen, I'm getting married.'
Joli, who is serving time for theft, proposed to the 24-year-old and shared photos of their engagement rings on social media
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TODAY'S STATEMENT OF STRENGTH – Gregory Williams
During the coronavirus, [as you are facing] difficult times, I'm giving you what I call, Statements of Strength – Statements that will lift you up.
Usually I take one word and I talk about it, but this week I'm going to read you some statements from people that really have overcome.
Here's one that's from Gregory Williams. Here's what he said: "On the other side of a storm is the strength that comes from navigating through it. Raise your sail and begin."Read More
TODAY'S STATEMENT OF STRENGTH – Helen Keller
With this Minute with Maxwell episode, we begin a new Statement of Strength series. For the next several weeks, John will share statements of strength at a time when many of us are facing challenges and difficulties during the coronavirus. Be encouraged!Read More
Making the Difficult—But Right—Decision
The past few days have been busy. I'm in Israel on a trip with several people, and while we've enjoyed our time touring this great country, we've been impacted like the rest of the world by the Covid-19 virus. Everywhere you go, it's the subject of conversations and concerns; it is quite literally the focus…Read More
An Open Letter to Veterans from John C. Maxwell
I want to take a moment and write to the women and men who make up the 18.2 million veterans in the United States of America. Today is Veterans Day, set aside to honor those who have worn the uniforms of the Air Force, Army, Coast Guard, Navy and Marine Corps while serving our country…Read More
032: Jeff Goins – Ownership
Welcome to this week's Transformational Leader Podcast Episode with Jeff Goins, best-selling author of five books and influencer to many aspiring authors! From ministry to working for a nonprofit nearly seven years, to his own journey as a writer and teacher of online courses – Jeff takes us down the path of his leadership journey…Read More
031: Steve Finn – Vision
Today's leadership spotlight is with our friend, Mr. Stephen Finn. Stephen, Founder and Executive Director of Chestnut Mountain Ranch joins us today to discuss his leadership journey. After losing his father at a young age of 13 and becoming a police officer for over 11 years, he felt a push from God for something more.…Read More
030: JJ Virgin – Limitations
Today marks the 30th episode of the Transformational Leader Podcast! We sat down with JJ Virgin, Certified Nutrition Specialist, Board Certified Holistic Nutritionist, and Certified Exercise Physiologist to name a few. Together, she and her team help people age 40 and over lose weight and keep it off. It took some time but she finally…Read More
029: Jeff Kemp – Ready
On today's episode, you might recognize the name Jeff Kemp as a former Quarterback in the NFL who played 11 seasons with the Rams, Forty-Niners, Seahawks and Eagles! However, there is so much more behind this Quarterback that has led him to be a transformational leader and made an impact on hundreds of lives. In…Read More
028: Barbara Stegemann – Mission
Welcome to Episode 028 of the Transformational Leader Podcast with one of our Top 4 Finalists from the Transformational Leadership Award, Barbara Stegemann! Named one of Canada's Top 100 Most Powerful Women in Canada, first female Honorary Colonel for 14 Wing Greenwood base, Royal Canadian Airforce, also author of the bestselling book, "The 7 Virtues…Read More
027: Quint Studer – Experience
Today is a new day, but more importantly, it's a new episode of the . Quint Studer, creator of Vibrant Community Partners – a coach advisory firm that helps communities on the path to vibrancy and creates a plan to help them grow in to the best version of themselves, sat down with us to…Read More


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He Arrives!
When many of us were growing up, this was Palm Sunday, focussed simply on that glorious entry - not, as it is often called today, Palm Passion Sunday, with the dual focus on both the procession and at least some of the events of Holy Week.
So you have heard sermons and reflections on the theme of that procession - the humility, the glory.
With texts like this one, it is sometimes challenge to find another layer of meaning to add to the solid base that has probably been laid over past years.
But there are a couple of interesting things in this reading.
First, I'd like to look at the donkey again.
The donkey had never been ridden. There are symbolic elements to riding the "donkey that had not been ridden".
But I see something symbolic beyond the phrase of the "donkey that had not been ridden."
I have never ridden a donkey.
I have never ridden a horse that has never been ridden.
But my understanding is that these animals are, well, balky and skittish when they suddenly have that unfamiliar burden.
I would assume that the donkey that Jesus was guiding upon that day was likewise balky and skittish.
As were the people that Jesus was encountering -
the ones who listened
the ones who ignored
the ones who argued.
The ones who cheered
the ones who denied
the ones who jeered.
As are the people of Jesus today.
As are the people of the world today.
As are we.
Balky and skittish.
Needing the guidance of Jesus' rein.
We have people demonstrating in the streets in our day.
The procession into the city was a protest.
A protest against the way things were -
both the political leadership, as Jesus was welcomed as King
and the religious leadership, as the Rabbi from Nazareth was celebrated.
Protests ..... I think we often see this in the negative, because protests are, inherently, disruptive to one degree or another.
I have not heard a lot of support for those protesting against austerity - especially when these protests become, unfortunately, destructive.
I would hope that many are not sympathetic to those who were planning to protest what they call the "Islamification of the West".
But there are many protests.
Some deserve our support.
Some deserve our presence.
The procession into Jerusalem and the "hosannas" of celebration.
The protest in favour of tolerance and against racism, which took place in response to the "Isalmifaction" planned protest.
Anti-racism protests, some sponsored and organized by church organizations
Ecumenical Good Friday marches through many towns.
There are many protests.
Let us use wisdom to discern what deserves our support
by word, or by participation.
Final detail: Look what happened when Jesus got to the city.
Here was a very popular teacher, or Rabbi.
Whenever he spoke, hundreds would show up to listen.
He arrives in Jerusalem, and the religious leaders do.... nothing.
He arrives at the temple. And he "looks around".
And the religious leaders do nothing.
No welcome to this Rabbi.
Famous, well known, but the welcome was non-existant.
Ignored in hopes that he would go away,
that his support would fizzle and die.
Ghandi, well-known peaceful protestor, stated:
"First they ignore you, then they ridicule you, then they fight you, then you win."
This week - be a part of Holy Week. Good Friday, Easter Sunday. Live the whole story....
"First they ignore you, then they ridicule you, then they fight you, then you win."