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IPAC Faults inec Over De-Registration Of Parties
The Inter Party Advisory Council (IPAC), has faulted the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), over what they termed the purported deregistration of 74 political parties, saying the action is against the provisions of the law.
Recall that the INEC National Chairman, Prof. Mahmood Yakubu while announcing the de-registration said only 18 parties will now participate in future elections in the country, saying the body has the constitutional powers to de-register parties.
But the IPAC, in a statement issued by its National Legal Adviser, Ezeobika Chukwudi , urged the INEC Chairman, Professor Mahmood Yakubu to reverse the decision to avoid infringing on the rights of political parties as guaranteed under the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (As amended).
The statement reads: "The Inter Party Advisory Council of Nigeria, IPAC, views with serious concerns, the recent decision by the Independent National Electoral Commission in de-registering 74 political parties without observing due process and provisions of the law.
"The Inter Party Advisory Council of Nigeria is aware of an action instituted at the Federal High Court by 33 political parties, who are members of the Council in Suit Number FHC/ABJ/CS/444/2019 filed at the Federal High Court, Abuja seeking amongst other things, an Order restraining the INEC from deregistering concerned political parties pending the determination of the suit.
"The Federal High Court, upon hearing the motion for an interlocutory injunction on the 23rd of January, 2020, adjourned for ruling on February 17, 2020. It is however, reprehensible on the part of INEC to take such decision which is an affront on the judiciary, an abuse of the Court Process and a conscious disregard for the Rule of law.
"By the action purportedly taken by INEC today, the Council is of a firm view that INEC as an institution no longer has regard or respect for the Rule of Law in Nigeria and has lost the confidence of political parties in the political affairs of the Nation.
"The Council hereby calls on the Independent National Electoral Commission, to immediately reverse the purported decision in order not to infringe on the rights of political parties as guaranteed under the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended).
"By the Provisions of Sections 221 – 229, no provision is inferior or superior to the other. Section 229 defines a political party to include an association whose activities shall include canvassing for votes in support of a candidate for election into a Local Government Council.
"Furthermore, INEC as an institution ought to have been responsible enough to have waited until elections are held in all 774 LGAs and 8,809 Electoral Wards in Nigeria, after the signing of the 4th Alteration to the Constitution on June 4th 2018, before assuming that a party has not won any elective position. It is however imperative to state that we must, as individuals or agencies of government, be careful not to foist a fait accomplish on the Court.
"It is important to reemphasize the fact that 33 political parties, who are members of the Council, moved a motion in Court 3, at the Federal High Court in Abuja for an Order of interlocutory injunction restraining INEC from deregistering the concerned political Parties, pending the determination of the Suit.
"The court adjourned for Ruling on February 17th, 2020 but the Independent National Electoral Commission proceeded in error to foist a state of helplessness on the court.
"This is an affront on the judiciary and must be discouraged. The Council calls on INEC to listen to the voice of reason and immediately reverse itself on this action," IPAC stated.
Dennis Naku
Border Closure: Rep, LG Boss Task Security Agencies On Compliance
Two political leaders in the Ogoni axis of Rivers State, Hon Dumnamene Dekor and Mr Latteh La-Loolo, have called on security operatives stationed at the border between Rivers and Akwa Ibom States to ensure compliance of the restriction order as part of measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 in the State.
Dekor, who is the lawmaker representing Khana/Gokana Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives and Loolo, council chairman of Khana LGA made the call when they visited the border to monitor the activities of security operatives manning the area and urged them to be proactive in ensuring that nobody brings the Coronavirus disease from neighbouring states into Rivers.
Dekor said, "I am here to join the chairman of the Khana LGA who is heading the team for the implementation of this stay-at-home order to ensure that movement between the two states is not the way it used to be. To stop the movement completely, that is why we are here.
"The issue of stay-at-home, we even entered into the community here and so far so good. All I will say is to call on the security agents to be more careful in what they are doing because some people are moving around.
"Some people will take a vehicle and stop at the other side of the boarder and move across; and then take another vehicle. Those ones are who we are frowning at."
On his part, the Rivers State Commissioner for Special Duties, Dr Thomas Bariere, said he will ensure that the lockdown order was fully implemented by the security agencies, noting that the welfare and health of the people is paramount.
"As someone who is commissioner in the zone, the welfare, the health of our people is key. It is the reason we are here to ensure that the lockdown order as directed by the executive governor of Rivers State is implemented to the letter.
"Like we have always told our people, it is one thing to remain indoors, it is another thing to be on the road and then contract this disease.
Ondo PDP Gets Caretaker Committee
Following the inability of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ondo State to elect new executives following the outbreak of COVID-19, a caretaker committee has been inaugurated to pilot the affairs of the party for the next three months.
Governor Oluwarotimi Akeredolu had last month banned all political, social and religious gathering as part of measures to curb spread of COVID-19.
The Ondo PDP Caretaker Committee is headed by Engr. Clement Faboyede, whose tenure just ended.
Spokesman for the party in Ondo State, Zadok Akintoye, said the Caretaker Committee was inaugurated to manage affairs of the party for an initial three months until the conduct of a state congress based on the instruction of the party's National Secretariat.
According to him: "The Covid19 global pandemic, which has ravaged many nations and has compelled the lockdown of our own state, has been the chief reason why our state congress has not held. Once the ban on public gathering is lifted and conditions permit, the Caretaker Committee shall proceed to complete the already begun process of our state congresses.
"We use this opportunity to appeal to all members of our party and the general public to do all we can to maintain peace during this very trying period. Our prayer is that GOD ALMIGHTY will protect us as we navigate through this pandemic."
Leave Onyeama Alone, Aide Tells Enugu APC Boss
A top official of Enugu State All Progressives Congress (APC), has come under attack for allegedly sponsoring spurious media attack on Minister of Foreign Affairs, Geoffrey Onyeama.
The suspect and his cohorts were alleged to be behind recent reports, particularly in the social media claiming that Onyeama and his Personal Assistant, Chief Flavour Eze, tested positive for COVID-19 and reportedly returned to Enugu with the deliberate intention of spreading the disease in the state.
The Enugu State Government has since debunked the rumour and instead disclosed that the two cases in the state were returnees from the United Kingdom.
The minister's aide, Eze, in a statement in Enugu, accused the suspect of trying to politicise a case that he (Eze) reported to the police against one Nwanjoku James Okugo, who had criminally defamed him through various publications in social and print media.
Part of the statement reads: "The sole intention of the malicious allegations, which he knew to be untrue, was to cause widespread alarm and panic in the state and endanger the lives of the minister and myself by inciting hatred against us through demonisation.
"I, in my personal capacity, reported the matter to the Nigeria Police after the period given to the author of the article to retract the malicious write-up had elapsed. The police have since swung into action, arrested the suspect and are currently making progress in their investigation.
"Instead of the suspect and his co-conspirators to face the issue, they have chosen to rush to the media to cry that the honourable minister ordered his arrest and detention.
"My candid advice to them is to face the case with the police and stop looking for scapegoats."
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88: Adam Wathan on Making Your Own Money, Refactoring UI, and tailwindcss
Adam Wathan tells us what it takes to make your own money.
He's a prolific author, podcaster, educator, open source creator, and true fullstack developer. He shares a look into what it took to make Refactoring UI and Tailwind CSS smash hits.

subset: commoncrawl


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Nigeria, Borno State: 1.5 million IDPs threatened by the new Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Millions in Borno State remain extremely vulnerable to malaria, water-borne diseases, malnutrition and now, COVID-19
Millions in Borno State remain extremely vulnerable to malaria, water-borne diseases, malnutrition and now, COVID-19
Today, 46 out of 54 countries on the African continent are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic
Our teams have been working for the past 15 days to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic recently declared in Côte d'Ivoire
In the context of COVID-19 pandemic, MSF is worried about vulnerable patients worldwide. We wish to draw attention to people with tuberculosis (TB), as they are among the groups that may be doubly affected.
Isabelle Defourny, MSF Director of Operations, was recently in Burkina Faso.
A widespread shortage of personal protective equipment throughout Italy are all factors that expose frontline health workers to great risk of infection
MSF teams have linked with official crisis response role players at City, sub-district, provincial and national levels in response to COVID19
Recently, displaced people in Northwest Syria have also had to face winter cold, with temperatures sometimes reaching the negatives at night
In Jonglei State and the Greater Pibor Administrative, the conflict has led to the displacement of thousands exposing men, children and women to extreme levels of violence and leaving them in dire need of humanitarian and medical assistance.


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VOLUME 18 • NUMBER 1 Reconciling Internalization Theory and the Eclectic Paradigm Alan M. Rugman Abstract: The eclectic paradigm of Dunning (1980) (with its OLI and four motives for FDI framework) can be reconciled with the firm and country matrix of Rugman (1981). However, the fit is not perfect. The main reason for misalignment is that Dunning is focused upon outward FDI into host economies, whereas Rugman's matrix is for firm-level strategy covering MNE activity in both home and host countries. Keywords: internalization theory, Dunning's eclectic paradigm, firm-specific advantages, country specific advantages, multinational enterprises. Introduction The field of international business has largely been developed over the last forty years through the insight and leadership of John Dunning. At the University of Reading he built upon the theory of internalization developed by his colleagues, Peter Buckley and Mark Casson (Buckley and Casson 1976), to develop what has become known as the eclectic paradigm (Dunning 1980, 1981, 1988). Together, internalization theory and the eclectic paradigm provide the cornerstones for the current theory of the multinational enterprise (MNE) (Verbeke 2009). They also provide the intellectual foundations for the rigorous theoretical and empirical analysis which characterizes research on MNEs at what has become known as the "Reading School" of international business (Rugman 2009). Alan M. Rugman is a distinguished visiting Professor at Saint Louis University and Editor-in-Chief of Multinational Business Review. He is also a Professor of International Business at Henley Business School, University Of Reading, U.K. Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements: I am grateful to John H. Dunning for suggesting this paper, and to Alain Verbeke, Mark Casson, Lorraine Eden, Rajneesh Narula, and other colleagues at the April 2009 Reading Conference for very helpful comments. Alan M. Rugman 1 THE MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS REVIEW Dunning's eclectic paradigm The eclectic paradigm has been developed by John Dunning in a series of publications (Dunning 1980, 1981, 1988, 1992). There are three factors that determine the international activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs). These are ownership (O) advantages, location (L) advantages, and internalization (I) advantages. Thus, the Dunning eclectic paradigm is also known as the OLI paradigm. The OLI paradigm explains outward foreign direct investment (FDI). It suggests that MNEs develop competitive O advantages at home and then transfer these abroad to specific countries (depending on L advantages) through FDI, which allows the MNE to internalize the O advantages. In contrast to the eclectic paradigm, internalization theory is mainly used to explain the choice of entry mode. For example, I advantages overcome the externality of knowledge as a public good, such that FDI is preferred to licensing, joint ventures, or alliances. (In all of the last three modalities, there is a risk of dissipation of the firm's knowledge advantage.) Using Dunning's own reasoning, it is apparent that there is a close linkage between O and I advantages in that a knowledge-type O advantage needs to be internalized. As will be shown below, this process is best analyzed by transaction cost analysis at the firm level. In contrast, L advantages can be fully explained by country-level analysis. One of the problems with Dunning's eclectic paradigm is that it is too eclectic. Indeed, in many ways, each of the three motives for FDI is overdetermined. This is especially true for O advantages. According to Dunning, these include not only the firm's intangible assets, such as knowledge, brands, organizational structure, and management skills, but also natural factor endowments; manpower; capital; the cultural, legal and institutional environment; and industry market structure. Obviously the latter set of O advantages is easier to analyze as country factors. However, Dunning argues that such country factors can somehow be turned into O advantages. Going one step further, Dunning (1993) argued that O advantages could explain the ability of MNEs to form alliances. MNEs do this by taking advantage of common governance structures across borders, such that relational assets are created which allow firms to access resources controlled by partners. This is a form of business networks or alliance capitalism, driven by a very broad interpretation of O advantages. (See the Appendix for a more detailed discussion of O advantages.) In a similar manner, Dunning has a very broad definition of location (L) advantages. Here it is host country L advantages that matter, including market size, natural resources, aspects of the infrastructure, the education 2 Reconciling Internalization Theory and the Eclectic Paradigm VOLUME 18 • NUMBER 1 system, governance structures, and other aspects of political and government activity. Given that firms can lobby governments to obtain sheltertype O advantages, the distinction between L and O advantages is difficult to make. For example, when an MNE is given access to natural resources (ownership of an oil well, a forest, or a mine), a host country L advantage is transformed into an O advantage. Finally, I advantages are clearly strongly linked to O advantages. Indeed, without the institutional form of the MNE it is difficult to see how O advantages could exist on their own without being owned (internalized) by the firm. In their essence, intangible knowledge assets are an example of the firm replacing the market (Williamson 1975; Buckley and Casson 1976; Rugman 1981; Hennart 1982). Dunning seems to argue that the I advantage only relates to transaction costs, such that an O advantage is needed to explain organizational, financial, and institutional advantages. This distinction between transactional ownership advantages and asset ownership advantages was introduced by Dunning and Rugman (1985). However, this paper also argued that Hymer-type advantages (1960) needed to be internalized by the firm in order to explain FDI activity. Reconciling the eclectic paradigm with internalization theory Internalization theory, as developed by Buckley and Casson (1976), Rugman (1981), and Hennart (1982), is a firm-level theory explaining why the MNE will exert proprietary control (ownership) over an intangible, knowledge-based, firm-specific advantage (FSA). In internalization theory, all FSAs are efficiency-based. The knowledge advantage arises from a transaction cost economics explanation, whereby the public good nature of knowledge (an externality) is remedied through the hierarchy of a firm overcoming this situation of market failure. The other types of FSAs, such as brand advantage, skills in management, and organizational capabilities, are also efficiency-based and are compatible with the resourcebased view (RBV) and the value creation aspects of Penrose (Rugman and Verbeke 2002). In short, internalization theory applies transaction cost economics and the RBV to explain the efficiency aspects of MNEs. In contrast, the eclectic paradigm adds Hymer-type advantages (1960) to the efficiency-based FSAs of internalization theory. As demonstrated in Dunning and Rugman (1985), some Hymer advantages serve to close markets and provide potential rents to the MNE. These are the asset-based O advantages of the eclectic paradigm. They need to be distinguished from the transaction-based O advantages of internalization theory. The distincAlan M. Rugman 3 THE MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS REVIEW tion between asset-based O advantages and transaction-based O advantages, introduced by Dunning in 1981, is potentially misleading to scholars in international business. Dunning seems to regard internalization theory as only dealing with the transaction as the unit of analysis (possibly because it is based upon transaction cost economics), whereas Buckley and Casson (1976), Rugman (1981), Hennart (1982), and subsequent writings have all demonstrated that internalization theory takes the firm as the unit of analysis. This is why FSAs were defined in Rugman (1981) as the relevant advantages. The FSAs are obviously at firm level and not at transaction level. Indeed, contrary to the firm-level analysis at the core of internalization theory, the eclectic paradigm is more of an industry-level analysis. The mingling of O, L, and I advantages serves to explain outward FDI and, although this has firm-level implications, has been mainly tested at industry level (Dunning 1992). Furthermore, the extension of the eclectic theory to explain economic development in the investment development path offers industry-level analysis to explain the expansion patterns of industries and countries (Dunning and Narula 1996). The essence of the eclectic theory is that the O, L, and I advantages interact to produce a rich (almost co-evolutionary) explanation of the patterns of overseas FDI at industry level. In contrast, internalization theory is a firm-level explanation of FDI, which is able to focus upon the strategic decision-making of the MNE and is able to demonstrate the heterogeneity of firm-level behavior within any industry. Internalization theory also differs from the eclectic paradigm in its treatment of the mode of entry. With internalization theory, the MNE can choose to expand abroad either through FDI (retaining knowledge-based FSAs), or it can choose another form of entry, such as licensing, joint ventures, or alliances (all of which lead to potential dissipation of the knowledgebased FSA of the MNE). The relative costs and benefits of the choice of entry mode will vary over time, potentially leading the MNE to sequence foreign entry through FSA control mechanisms, such as exporting and FDI, to be followed later by more risky modes, such as alliances, joint ventures, and licensing. For models of the dynamics of the choice of entry mode, see chapter 3 in Rugman (1981) and Buckley and Casson (1981). In short, internalization theory explores the hazards of doing business across different entry modes, where the FSAs of the MNE need to be offset against both dissipation risks and the liability of foreignness in entering into risky foreign markets (Rugman and Verbeke 2003). 4 Reconciling Internalization Theory and the Eclectic Paradigm VOLUME 18 • NUMBER 1 The treatment of location advantages and the choice of entry mode in the eclectic paradigm is much broader (and theoretically less precise) than in internalization theory. The eclectic paradigm examines the interactions between O, L, and I at industry level. In this way, it is much closer to conventional international economics than is the RBV approach of internalization theory. For example, in the eclectic theory aspects of the L variable (such as ownership of natural resources or government controlled businesses) are transformed into O advantages. Similarly, the asset-seeking motive for FDI advanced by Dunning confuses the desire of a home country firm in seeking knowledge with the locational availability of such knowledge in a host country. Absent from the asset-seeking motive for FDI is any rationale as to why knowledge would be sold to the foreign firm. This type of confusion comes from an approach which ignores the critical role of the firm in generating and controlling knowledge. Using the logic of internalization theory, it would be extremely rare for asset-seeking FDI to exist. No firm in the knowledge-intensive country would have an advantage in dissipating its knowledge-based FSA to a potential rival asset-seeking firm. To summarize, the broad nature of the eclectic paradigm, with its focus on industry-level data and the comingling of O, L, and I advantages, leads to a more descriptive, indeed holistic, explanation of the motives of outward FDI. In contrast, internalization theory has a narrower and more parsimonious focus upon the intangible knowledge advantages of MNEs. It is therefore more analytical and predictive than the eclectic paradigm. As a result, Rugman (1981) argued that the two key determinants of FDI are country-based factors, called country specific advantages (CSAs), and firm-level factors, called firm specific advantages (FSAs). We now turn to a section which relates the eclectic paradigm to this FSA/CSA framework. The eclectic paradigm and the fsa/csa framework In a popularization of internalization theory, Rugman (1981) outlined the firm and country factors relevant for analysis of MNE activity. It built upon internalization theory to construct a matrix which brings together firm specific advantages (FSAs) and home country specific advantages (CSAs). The axes of this matrix are discussed in Rugman (1981), but the matrix itself was not published until work in the mid 1980s. (For a summary, see Rugman and Verbeke 1990, 2008). It will be noted that the FSA/CSA matrix has two axes, whereas there are three variables in Dunning's eclectic paradigm. Obviously these three variables cannot be reconciled with the FSA/ CSA matrix in a one-to-one mapping, although the location variable in Dunning is an exact match with the CSA axis in the Rugman matrix. Thus Alan M. Rugman 5 THE MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS REVIEW the conceptual difficulty lies in dealing with Dunning's O and I. For some time Rugman has suggested that these be combined into the FSA axis of his matrix (Rugman and Collinson 2006; Rugman 2009) (For an early statement to this effect, see Rugman and Verbeke (1992), and for a more recent interpretation see Rugman and Verbeke (2008).) What is the rationale for incorporating Dunning's OLI into the FSA/CSA matrix? First, Dunning defines location variables as those dealing with host country factors, such as the labor force, natural resources, market size, and other environmental factors, including culture. It is important to note that he also includes aspects of host country government behavior in the L variable. These L variables are precisely the country factors in the CSA axis of the Rugman FSA/CSA matrix. However, Rugman first develops the FSA/ CSA matrix for MNEs in the home country (of course, the framework can also be applied to host countries simply by drawing a second matrix with host CSAs, or by relabeling the original matrix in this way). In situations where Rugman discusses home country CSAs, there is some dissidence with Dunning's L variable (which he explicitly states is for host countries). Overall, there is no substantive difference between Rugman and Dunning regarding the reconciliation of the L variable with the CSA axis. Second, Rugman has argued that O and I can be usefully combined and incorporated on the FSA axis of his matrix. The primary reason is that ownership advantages are firm specific, as is the internalization process. In other words, the outward FDI of interest to Dunning is undertaken by MNEs, who are the agents to simultaneously internalize and exert proprietary control (ownership) over the use of scarce, firm-specific, knowledgebased advantages. Using a strict Coase-Williamson view of internalization (whereby knowledge is a public good which needs to be owned and internalized by a firm in light of the public goods externality of knowledge creation), it is apparent that both O and I are central to explaining the knowledge FSA of an MNE. Also, when Hymer (1960) monopoly-type "advantages" are being considered (such as scale, differentiation, resource access, distribution channels, access to financial capital, etc.), it is also appropriate to consider these as FSAs in which there are combinations of O and I advantages. Thus, the firm (MNE) becomes the institutional mechanism for linking O and I on the FSA axis of the matrix. The fsa/csa matrix and dunning's four motives for fdi The conclusion is that the OLI paradigm neatly transforms into the FSA/ CSA matrix. Further evidence of this can be provided when we consider the four motives for FDI developed by Dunning (e.g., Dunning 1992; 6 Reconciling Internalization Theory and the Eclectic Paradigm VOLUME 18 • NUMBER 1 Dunning and Lundan 2009). Dunning's four motives for FDI are as follows: natural resource-seeking; market-seeking; efficiency-seeking; and strategic asset-seeking. These can be incorporated into the FSA/CSA matrix, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. The Eclectic Paradigm's Motives for FDI in the FSA/CSA Matrix Firm-Specific Advantages HI LO 3 1 CountrySpecific Advantages HI Resource-seeking Asset-seeking Market-seeking Efficiency-seeking 2 LO 4 No FDI No FDI In Figure 1, cell 1 is a situation where host country CSAs matter and the FSAs of home country firms do not when determining outward FDI. In Dunning's terms, cell 1 will contain resource-seeking FDI. The home country MNEs want access to host country natural resources, cheap labor, favorable host country government policies, etc. Cell 1 is also where market-seeking FDI can be identified. Here the home country MNE needs access to the size and consumer base in the host country. Also important for market-seeking FDI is the extent and quality of host country infrastructure, supplier networks, special clusters, and supportive host government policies. In short, both resource-seeking FDI and market-seeking FDI are largely explained by the strong CSAs in cell 1. In cell 2, there is a lack of both FSAs and CSAs, which suggests that no FDI will be taking place in the host country. In cell 3, we have asset-seeking FDI. Here, home country MNEs (today mainly from emerging economies) go to a host country in the hope of acquiring knowledge-related assets. Of course, such asset-seeking FDI is Alan M. Rugman 7 THE MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS REVIEW only half the story. While emerging economy MNEs may want to acquire knowledge, there is no reason to believe that firms in the host countries will want to sell it to them. Therefore, asset-seeking FDI is a weak form of FDI; it is only a partial explanation, since the completion of this strategy lies outside of the control of the home country firm. Frankly, the attention paid to asset-seeking FDI over the last twenty years is probably unjustified; it is very doubtful that much of it actually takes place. Even if home country firms attempt non-equity types of FDI, such as joint ventures or collaborative alliances, it is difficult to believe that knowledge is actually being transferred to them in a dynamic sense. For example, Lenovo's acquisition of the IBM PC division, while potentially an asset-seeking FDI, may well not lead to future knowledge generation by Lenovo. Similarly, takeovers of creative service firms are unlikely to lead to ongoing knowledge generation (Rugman and Doh 2008). Cell 1 is also relevant for efficiency-seeking FDI. It is not in cell 3, which would require that the home country MNE have very strong FSAs which are related to host country CSAs. Instead, these are cost efficiencies, such as saving on labor costs in a foreign country, which clearly fall under a type of FSA based upon the CSA in cell 1. Indeed, in Dunning's work on efficiency-seeking FDI, he explicitly embeds this motive as being dependent upon host country advantages, such as factor endowments and government policy. All such country effects are in cell 1. Cell 4 cannot include any of Dunning's four motives for FDI. The reason is that Dunning has developed the OLI paradigm, including the four motives for FDI, within the context of outward FDI directed towards host country locations. Therefore, in terms of Figure 1, high CSAs are required for each of Dunning's four motives for FDI. Conclusions The traditional FSA/CSA matrix in Rugman (1981) explains an MNE's outward FDI based upon home country CSAs and FSAs. Thus it is a home country, outward FDI framework. In contrast, Dunning's eclectic paradigm uses the OLI variables to determine outward FDI on the basis of opportunities in host countries, i.e., host country CSAs matter. Further, all of Dunning's OLI variables are analyzed from the viewpoint of the host country; thereby, his four motives for FDI (natural resource-seeking, market-seeking, efficiency-seeking, and strategic asset-seeking) all appear as reasons for FDI in a host economy. 8 Reconciling Internalization Theory and the Eclectic Paradigm VOLUME 18 • NUMBER 1 References Buckley, P.J., and M.C. Casson. 1976. The future of multinational enterprises. London: Macmillan. Buckley, P.J., and M.C. Casson. 1981. The optimal timing of a foreign direct investment. The Economic Journal 91: 75-87. Cantwell, J. 2001. Innovation and information technology in the MNE. In The Oxford Handbook of International Business, ed. A.M. Rugman, 431456. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Caves, R.E. 1982. Multinational enterprise and economic analysis. Cambridge, and New York: Cambridge University Press. Caves, R.E. 1996. Multinational enterprise and economic analysis. 2nd ed. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Dunning, J.H. 1980. Toward an eclectic theory of international production: some empirical tests. Journal of International Business Studies 11(1) (Spring/Summer): 9-31. Dunning, J.H. 1981. International production and the multinational enterprise. London: Allen and Unwin. Dunning, J.H. 1988. Explaining international production. London: Unwin Hyman. Dunning, J.H. 1992. Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Woking ham, UK and Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Dunning, J.H. 1993. The globalization of business. London and New York: Routledge. Dunning, J.H. 1997. Alliance capitalism and global business. London: Routledge. Dunning, J.H., and S. Lundan. 2009. Multinational enterprises and the global economy. 2nd ed. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Dunning, J.H., M. Fujita, and N. Yakova. 2007. Some macro-data on the regionalisation/globalisation debate: a comment on the Rugman/ Verbeke analysis. Journal of International Business Studies 38(1): 177199. Dunning, J.H., and R. Narula. 1996. The investment development path revisited. In Foreign direct investment and governments, ed. J.H. Dunning and R. Narula, 1--41. London and New York: Routledge. Dunning, J.H., and A.M. Rugman.1985. The influence of Hymer's dissertation on the theory of foreign direct investment. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 75(2): 228-232. Alan M. Rugman 9 THE MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS REVIEW Hennart, J-F. 1982. A theory of multinational enterprise. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Hymer, S.H. 1960. The international operations of national firms: A study of direct foreign investment. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Rugman, A.M. 1981. Inside the multinationals. London: Croom Helm. Rugman, A.M. 2009. Rugman reviews international business. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Rugman, A.M., and S. Collinson. 2006. International business. 4th ed. London: FT Prentice Hall. Rugman, A.M., and J.P. Doh. 2008. Multinationals and development. New Haven, CT & London: Yale University Press. Rugman, A.M., and A. Verbeke. 1990. Global corporate strategy and trade policy. London and New York: Routledge. Rugman, A.M., and A. Verbeke. 1992. Multinational enterprise and national economic policy. In Multinational enterprises in the world economy: Essays in honour of John Dunning, ed. P.J. Buckley and M. Casson, 194-211. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar. Rugman, A.M., and A. Verbeke. 2002. Edith Penrose's contribution to the resource-based view of strategic management. European Management Journal 23(8): 769-780. Rugman, A.M., and A. Verbeke. 2003. Extending the theory of the multina tional enterprise: internalization and strategic management perspec tives. Journal of International Business Studies 34(2): 125-137. Rugman, A.M., and A. Verbeke. 2004. A perspective on regional and global strategies of multinational enterprises. Journal of International Business Studies 35(1): 3-18. Rugman, A.M., and A. Verbeke. 2007. Liabilities of foreignness and the use of firm-level versus country-level data: a response to Dunning et al. (2007). Journal of International Business Studies 38(1): 200-205. Rugman, A.M., and A. Verbeke. 2008. Internalization theory and its impact on the field of international business. In International business scholarship: AIB fellows on the first 50 years, ed. J.J. Boddewyn, 155-174. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Verbeke, A. 2009. International business strategy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Williamson, O.E. 1975. Markets and hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications; A study of the economics of internal organizations. New York: Free Press.nal 26: 809-825. 10 Reconciling Internalization Theory and the Eclectic Paradigm VOLUME 18 Appendix: • NUMBER 1 the end of ownership advantages The tension between internalization theory and the eclectic paradigm is largely confined to differing views about ownership advantages. In both frameworks, the internalization variable is used to explain the modality of foreign entry. There are situations in which FDI by wholly owned subsidiaries (I) is preferable to licensing or joint ventures. This is the situation when the MNE has an intangible, knowledge-based FSA and needs to prevent its dissipation in foreign markets through the use of an internal market (Rugman 1981). Dunning (1993) basically agrees with this premise. Empirical research on knowledge generation and innovation within the MNE also broadly supports this thinking (Caves 1982, 1996; Cantwell 2001; Dunning 1997). The location variable exhibits a lower degree of congruence in the internalization and eclectic frameworks. Internalization theory treats location as country factors, or CSAs. These are exogenous. Dunning's view of location is basically that of a country level economist's theory of comparative advantage. He examines home and host country CSAs. However, these may not necessarily be exogenous to the firm, as in internalization theory. The area of agreement across the two frameworks is that CSAs such as factor endowments (labor, natural resources, government policy, etc.) can be assessed. Therefore, the L variable of the eclectic paradigm relates relatively strongly to the home country CSA axis of internalization theory. Indeed, Dunning agrees with Rugman that the CSA axis can be redrawn to represent host country CSAs, or to represent net differentials between home and host country CSAs. The key difference between internalization theory and the eclectic paradigm occurs due to the use of ownership advantages by Dunning (1981). Dunning defines ownership advantages to include not only firm-level capabilities but, also, the resources and capabilities of the home country. Dunning explicitly states that ownership advantages include intangible, firm-specific assets, such as knowledge, organizational and managerial skills, brand names, etc. But, he then states that O advantages also include home country institutional factors, such as the cultural and legal environment, and tangible assets, such as labor and natural resources. Obviously, such institutional and tangible assets should not be defined as O advantages but as L advantages. One conclusion to be drawn from the mistreatment of O advantages by Dunning (1981, 1993) is that the eclectic paradigm is inconsistent with the Alan M. Rugman 11 THE MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS REVIEW resource-based view (RBV) of the firm. The RBV requires a focus upon firm-level capabilities, i.e., the FSAs of internalization theory. The RBV would not regard generally available country-level attributes such as labor, natural resources, and the institutional environment as firm-specific capabilities. It is not surprising that the eclectic paradigm includes too many items as O advantages. Dunning does not have a firm-level theory of the international firm. Instead, he is more interested in explaining patterns of FDI, which is a country-level approach rather than a firm-level approach. Indeed, Dunning et al. (2007) recently offered country-level data on FDI patterns to demonstrate and complement the original firm-level empirical evidence on regionalization by Rugman and Verbeke (2004, 2007). This provides a clue as to the ambiguities in the eclectic paradigm. The empirical research in the international business field demonstrates a high degree of correlation between country-level outward FDI data and firmlevel foreign sales data. But, that is not surprising, since it is MNEs (at firm level) that undertake the outward FDI (at country level). Indeed, the extent to which these two sets of data are not better correlated is probably due to measurement error and differences in definition, rather than to theoretical differences. How can the eclectic paradigm be reconciled with internalization theory based on the logic of this paper? The simplest solution is to abandon the treatment of ownership advantages as a separate category in the eclectic paradigm. Instead, the firm-specific components of O advantages should be incorporated with I advantages, and the country-level O advantages would be better treated as L advantages. 12 Reconciling Internalization Theory and the Eclectic Paradigm


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Is the European Central Bank looking after the Greek people or the banks?
Current Affairs. In London I have been reading this interesting piece in The Telegraph, by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, (link below) on the 'Greek problem'. It was published on 19 June 2015. John Menadue. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11687229/Greek-debt-crisis-is-the-Iraq-War-of-finance.html
Posted in Economy, International Affairs Tagged Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, European Central Bank, IMF, the Greek crisis, The Telegraph Comments Off on Is the European Central Bank looking after the Greek people or the banks?
German model is ruinous for Germany and deadly for Europe.
In my blog of 16 October 'Post-script from France' I said 'Like other Europeans [the President of France] hopes that the German economic engine will help power France and the rest of Europe, but the German economic engine has slowed … Continue reading
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Video content is often hosted on YouTube or other video sharing sites and embedded directly into your website. Not only is this a useful tactic because hosting videos on your own, tends to prolong the loading time, but when posting a video to YouTube, you have the option of populating the "description" box with links to other areas, such as your website and social pages.
Bring out ideas that are creative and innovative, create a storyline around those ideas. Once you have these ideas prepare a video marketing strategy with choosing the right kind of video to be selected to express these ideas, pick the right platform to maximize the impact of video marketing. If you can get this done, you can bring the rankings of your brand to flourish. Also, it can increase the attention and attraction of your target market towards your brand. However, keep in mind that will you face challenges like higher costs, immense competition, and even platform constraints but once you have got through this anything and everything is possible to be achieved in your business goals through video marketing.
Does your company have a relationship with another company that has a great YouTube presence? Ask them to collaborate! Collaborating with others is a fun way for both channels to gain exposure to another audience. Create a video or playlist together. There are a lot of options to creatively collaborate with other brands, just make sure that their audience and goal is similar to yours. The partnership should align with your marketing strategy.
We all know about Facebook contests, Instagram contests, and even Pinterest contestshttps://blog.hootsuite.com/secrets-youtube-contest/. But what about YouTube contests? They're not as common, but they are a great strategy. Since they're not as common, this gives you an edge if you decide to use them. Like all other social contests, a YouTube contest can do a lot to help increase subscribers, engagement, and social shares. And, when executed correctly, lead generation and/or user generated content.
The YouTube banner is like Facebook's cover photo, and it will appear across the top of your channel when users visit your channel's page. Your banner helps you quickly portray what your channel will focus on, and can be a great opportunity for branding. It can help your channel look both more appealing and more professional; both of these will give you instant credibility and can help you increase your subscriber count.
Regardless of where you're posting or how you're using them, you want to hook your audience fast. In most cases, you have about 2-3 seconds to hook the viewer and pique their interest. Make sure that at the very beginning of your video you offer something that will intrigue the viewer to continue watching, aka the "hook". Otherwise, they will scroll on past to the next thing in their newsfeed.
In order to truly succeed on YouTube, you need to approach it differently than other social platforms. Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter revolve around both creating and sharing great content with the goal of creating awareness, engagement, and conversation. (That's a simple definition, but for the purpose of this argument, it will work for now). It's about actually socializing.
Not only will transactional searchers who already know the Brafton name be able to find us but so too will informational users simply looking for "creative content marketing." Plus, providing this next-level search-friendly info, you teach YouTube (and Google) how to properly crawl and index your channel, which allows search engines to better serve search results.
YouTube also has an enormous and very diverse audience, which happily uses both YouTube's and Google's own search engine to find content they're looking for. If you're able to optimize for the right keywords (and I'll show you how to do that later in this guide!), you'll be able to connect with that audience instantly, instead of hoping a Facebook Ad shows up in their feed. This allows them to find also has an enormous and very diverse audience, which happily uses both YouTube's and Google's own search engine to find content they're looking for. If you're able to optimize for the right keywords (and I'll show you how to do that later in this guide!), you'll be able to connect with that audience instantly, instead of hoping a Facebook Ad shows up in their feed. This allows them to find you, not the other way around.
The spotlight annotation acts similarly to the note annotation in that it allows you to link to various aspects of the YouTube network with or without text, but the only difference is it highlights a section of an existing video. Therefore, you can create aspects of your video that added with the spotlight annotation appear as custom links to your other YouTube assets. By placing the spotlight over a particular item within your video that section now acts a working link to other content.
You should focus on targeting one goal per video (as we talk about here). Some of the most common video goals are to increase brand awareness, views, clicks, or inbound links or social shares. Depending on how you use the video in your marketing material, the goal could be to increase the open rate of an email series or improve the conversion rate on a landing page. YouTube is a great platform for growing brand awareness.
Ah, the video ad. The bedrock, cornerstone, mainstay of your video marketing arsenal. If you think of the online version of a television commercial, that's what your video ad is! Video advertising is here and it isn't planning on going away anytime soon. Digital video and mobile video advertising are precisely what every company needs in order to get its brand name and products noticed by consumers.
YouTube is a massive site, so it's easy to quickly blow your ad budget, especially if you choose high-volume targeting options. Unless you're working with a big budget to start with, set your budget low enough to ensure you don't spend too much on a single keyword target. You can always raise your budget after you've had a chance to optimize your campaign and know which keywords offer the best ROI.
Money makes the world go round, so it isn't a surprise that cost is a central consideration for any marketing strategy. Define what's your video marketing budget and what you are willing to spend on each component. Use your marketing dollars wisely and invest in cost-efficient tools like Promo.com's video creation tool to execute the videos optimized for every social channel. Then set a budget for each platform and adjust as you see your return on investment.
Target chose to group all their web exclusive content in one playlist and all their TV commercials into another. By grouping your videos together based on their topic, these videos are more likely to drive traffic between one another due to both usability and YouTube's search algorithm. A user is more likely to watch a video of the same subject matter right after they've just watched a video on that topic.
This annotation can be especially helpful because it not only allows you to display text, but also the opportunity to add a link to another YouTube video, YouTube playlist, YouTube channel or the ability for a viewer to subscribe to your YouTube channel. Links to other websites can only be displayed in text form, requiring a user to type the URL displayed in an annotation into their browser as opposed to clicking. Unless it relevant, stick with sending traffic to other destinations within YouTube and keep links elsewhere to a minimum.
Your video marketing campaign could be about a single video or even a series of videos. Get this clear in your plans. How will you deliver your messages? Will a promo be launched before you get your best video out? Will you create more videos aligned with the current one? Answer these questions before you get your video out. This is what your video marketing plan should all be about.
Costs of video content are higher than any other kind of content because it requires not one but multiple resources. It takes a lot of effort to create a video, and the more the effort, the higher the costs would be. This can become a challenge for small businesses and companies that have a lower budget, but nevertheless, your ideas being creative can compensate against the money for sure.
The first is that viewer attention spans- and loyalty- are a bitch. I'm even lumping in my own impatience online here; as a user, if I click to watch a tutorial, an ad pops up, and I see a similar tutorial in the "You May Also Like This" feed, I'll give that one a shot instead. I'm not kidding. I've done this twice today. You don't want to do anything that will cause viewers to lose interest in your video, or worse, to click to a competitor's video instead.
As a part of your comprehensive online marketing strategy, planning your content publishing and distribution is a crucial component. Create a dedicated calendar where you can plan and arrange your content. Do this for at least a month in advance to avoid being caught without content and make sure you're hitting all the big moments, like holidays and industry events. You want to keep track of what content you're creating, where you're distributing it, and the specific goals of each piece.
Gong recently analyzed the audio and video of more than 100,000 sales meetings to understand the effect using a webcam has on closing deals. When comparing meetings that resulted in successful, closed/won deals to meetings that resulted in unsuccessful, closed/lost deals, they made a remarkable discovery: For the closed/won deals, webcams were used 41% more frequently throughout the sales cycle.
Is it only creating a video the standout for a business? Well, not exactly. Not just creating a video makes you have the benefits, but how you create a video or graphical representation and what direction or content you pick is the base to achieving success. Your video marketing strategy counts more than anything. Here are the things that you should keep in considerations while you create or develop your video marketing strategy.
To Create Awareness: Another important aspect or context in which content is being used in marketing is to create awareness. A number of campaigns are only run to make the awareness to be created, and content marketing is one of the best kind of marketing recently used to create awareness. Social media managers can run your social media pages for the same. However, the basic thing that you need for each of these things is to create content. Content that is compelling and informative could be used to create awareness.
In an ideal world, the best way to do it would be to upload and send your entire video in the body of your email. But, while you can probably embed a video using HTML, most email platforms have made viewing this video format directly in an email nearly impossible. The better way to ensure that all of your subscribers can view your video is to do something like this:
To begin adding annotations, select edit video on a video you've already uploaded to your channel and then select the annotations tab. In the annotations dashboard you can scroll throughout your video, selecting the timeframe where you wish to add an annotation from the add annotation drop down menu. There are six different types of annotations to help drive further interaction with your videos, each with a different purpose for optimizing your content.
I do not think this is how most people use YouTube. YouTube videos are more like blog posts, and fit more effectively into the niche of content marketing. Sure, people will comment—but they do so in a manner similar to how they comment on blog posts. They come to view and digest videos, not necessarily share their thoughts about the day. Because of this, you should approach YouTube as content marketing instead of social media marketing.
You can also incorporate a logo directly into your videos with a branding watermark, which appears on the bottom right corner of all of your videos. This can help with brand consistency and provide a reminder to new viewers whose channel they're on. When a viewer hovers over the watermark, they're prompted to subscribe to your channel. See it in action on Strawburry17's channel.
Determine whether it's better to create the video content in-house or to hire an agency to handle it. It's tempting to go the in-house route as it's generally seen as the most cost effective, but that can be a mistake. As Sophia Bernazzani writes, "Videos are hard to make – and it shows. The internet is populated with far too many slideshows and photos set to music that are masquerading as videos."
Video marketing is not just about bringing the best and amazing graphics to the world and making all the visual efforts in it, but more importantly, it is about what content you bring out through your amazing and aesthetic visual skills. The first section of this post discussed how content is the king of any kind of marketing, and this is what you have a bear at first. You have to be creative and innovative in creating your storyline and content. Overcoming the content mediocrity is the first step to the success of video marketing.
YouTube's search algorithm takes into account many factors to determine what videos show up for what keywords. Keep this in mind when naming your playlists because it's one of the factors YouTube takes into account to determine the subject matter of a video. Keep the title short, descriptive and use YouTube's Keyword Suggestion Tool as a reference for finding keywords with a substantial global monthly search volume. Make sure when you're using this tool to search with exact match types and to only use it as an approximate estimate on the value of certain keywords.
Are you creating videos around a few specific themes? Playlists might be the perfect tool for you! Playlists allow you to curate a collection of videos from both your channel and other channels. Not only do playlists help to organize your channel and encourage viewers to continue watching similar content, but they also show up separately in search results. Creating playlists provides you with more discoverable content.
This annotation acts simply as an added function for videos without a title built into the production of the video. Users can customize the color, font and size of the title box they wish to have for their entire video or if they wish to, they can cut their video in various sections with various subtitles. This annotation is more helpful for branding purposes because it helps clarify for the user what the video is and what company is being represented.
Remember to include a number with each goal. This can change as you learn more but it's always essential to make realistic and tangible goals rather than theoretical ones to monitor your success. For example, how many more followers do you want? How much are you willing to spend per conversion? To make more informed objectives, check out industry benchmarks to see what numbers you should be reaching. Don't be afraid to adjust your goals as you gain more experience.
Clicking "Subscribe" on a channel—or on a video made for a given channel—means future uploads by that channel will show up on a viewer's home screen, Subscriptions feed, and notifications, providing them up-to-the-minute access to videos as they are uploaded. Seeing your channel's subscriber number rise, YouTube's algorithm will increase the visibility of your videos in both search and recommended videos, which in turn will get you more subscribers…and the cycle continues.
So, here's the thing, you don't want to start an online business without considering the use of videos. You may haven't noticed it but everywhere you look, this form of content really draws in a lot of people as compared to the sole use of articles and images. Adding videos to your website is a game-changer and you can search for the numbers if you're in doubt.


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It can be installed under the sink and connected to a dedicated kitchen tap (included) or on a countertop, connected to your existing kitchen tap. Note, this eSpring requires a (33 mm) hole to be drilled in the bench top for the tap.
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The first key to successful swing trading is picking the right stocks. The best candidates are large-cap stocks, which are among the most actively traded stocks on the major exchanges. In an active market, these stocks will swing between broadly defined high and low extremes, and the swing trader will ride the wave in one direction for a couple of days or weeks only to switch to the opposite side of the trade when the stock reverses direction.
Ally Financial Inc. (NYSE: ALLY) is a leading digital financial services company. Ally Bank, the company's direct banking subsidiary, offers an array of deposit and mortgage products and services. Ally Bank is a Member FDIC and Equal Housing Lender , NMLS ID 181005. Mortgage credit and collateral are subject to approval and additional terms and conditions apply. Programs, rates and terms and conditions are subject to change at any time without notice.
With over 50+ years of combined trading experience, Trading Strategy Guides offers trading guides and resources to educate traders in all walks of life and motivations. We specialize in teaching traders of all skill levels how to trade stocks, options, forex, cryptocurrencies, commodities, and more. We provide content for over 100,000+ active followers and over 2,500+ members. Our mission is to address the lack of good information for market traders and to simplify trading education by giving readers a detailed plan with step-by-step rules to follow.
Much research on historical data has proven that, in a market conducive to swing trading, liquid stocks tend to trade above and below a baseline value, which is portrayed on a chart with an EM). In his book, "Come Into My Trading Room: A Complete Guide to Trading" (2002), Dr. Alexander Elder uses his understanding of a stock's behavior above and below the baseline to describe the swing trader's strategy of "buying normalcy and selling mania" or "shorting normalcy and covering depression." Once the swing trader has used the EMA to identify the typical baseline on the stock chart, he or she goes long at the baseline when the stock is heading up and short at the baseline when the stock is on its way down.
Assess how much capital you're willing to risk on each trade. Many successful day traders risk less than 1% to 2% of their account per trade. If you have a $40,000 trading account and are willing to risk 0.5% of your capital on each trade, your maximum loss per trade is $200 (0.005 x $40,000). Set aside a surplus amount of funds you can trade with and you're prepared to lose. Remember, it may or may not happen.


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Current mayor Nils Ušakovs showed himself up to the task Monday when he selected a 15.5-meter tall, 50-year-old titan from the forest surrounding the city which will adorn the spot just outside the City Hall and Blackheads House that boasts a large plaque giving Riga's full Christmas tree credentials.
Ušakovs was helped in his choice by schoolchildren and his deputy, Andris Ameriks, so if by some unlikely chance the tree shows a tendency to fall over, he can take the blame.
As well as cutting a tree down, Ušakovs and his little helpers also planted 80 new trees, a move likely to satisfy even the Ghost of Christmas Future.
The choice is particularly important given Riga's oft-repeated claim to be the birthplace of the Christmas tree tradition owing to evidence that in 1510 a decorated tree was burned as a way of marking Yuletide.
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Andrew Price on Reyner Banham
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Simple tips to utilize Hemp Oil for anxiousness: Your Complete Gu >
Hemp's usage throughout history is well documented but now, individuals are turning to hemp oil for the properties that are beneficial treat afflictions. One such condition is anxiety.
Hemp Oil For Anxiousness: Key Takeaways
- In accordance with the anxiousness and anxiety Association of America (ADAA), there are about 40 million American adults suffering from some kind of anxiety. That means about one out of every five people.
- Hemp oil is high in Omega-3 and Omega-6 ac that is fattyWhat is anxiousness?
Anxiousness could be the feeling we have when we're worried, nervous or tight. It's an all natural individual reaction that happens once we feel threatened. Anxiousness can impact individuals in numerous means.
But, typically those struggling with anxiety will experience a number of associated with after signs:
It's not a feeling you should be experiencing regularly while it's perfectly normal to experience feelings of anxiety every now and then. Then you may be suffering from some form of anxiety disorder if you do.
But, don't worry, as it's exceptionally typical and here lots of treatment plans available these times for coping with anxiety. One anxiety treatment choice that is been hitting the news just lately is hemp oil.
What exactly is Hemp Oil?
Hemp oil comes from straight from hemp seeds, whereas medical marijuana and cannabis oil (cannabidiol CBD oil) originates from the cannabis plant.
It experiences a substantial production procedure that involves washing the seeds before pushing them in to the oil. Most hemp seed oil is made of low-level tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) types of cannabis.
THC could be the ingredient that is psychoactive in cannabis. By ensuring THC levels are as little as feasible, users can reap the benefits still of hemp oil with no threat of getting high.
Exactly why is Hemp Oil So Successful in Healing Anxiousness?
Because hemp oil is derived straight through the plant, in its natural kind, it is pretty powerful. Typically, it's produced hemp that is using's high in cannabidiol (CBD) but low in THC.
A primary reason why it is therefore effective in dealing with anxiety problems, such as for instance post-traumatic anxiety condition, social panic, obsessive-compulsive condition, is the fact that it is high in Omega-3 and Omega-6 essential fatty acids.
These substances are well known for easing a person's anxiety.
In addition to being saturated in Omega-3 and Omega-6 efas, hemp oil also includes a lot of phytocannabinoids and terpenes that may also provide a positive affect the neurological system which directly affects anxiety and despair.
What's The Best Way To Take Hemp Oil?
There are many different means that individuals get their can you vape cbd oil hemp oil that is daily consumption. It may simply simply take a little while to obtain the technique that really works perfect for you as most people are different.
Although some individuals would rather utilize it straight via a tincture or capsule, others are just a little more reserved and so are more content utilizing a spray or topical.
There's no right or incorrect way. A lot of it really is right down to preference that is personal. Something to note when purchasing hemp oil is that when you're to locate a good dose you'll wish to go for either the tincture or capsules.
Many sprays and topicals contain minimal CBD levels, and that means you would many likely want to make use of far more to attain the exact same impact. Edibles are an alternative choice for getting a dose that is daily of oil.
Numerous manufacturers are beginning to create hemp oil services and products as individuals are getting out of bed towards the great benefits of it. One popular type of a hemp that is edible product is gummy bears.
Hemp Oil Dosage For Anxiousness
When wanting to reap the benefits of CBD's action on relieving anxiety, you will need to select a hemp oil that provides at the least 25 mg CBD.
Simply because advised hemp oil dosage for anxiety is 25 mg taken twice daily, and increased every one month by 25 mg until symptoms significantly improve.
Now you are aware the basic principles in what hemp oil is and exactly how it can benefit anxiety sufferers we'll share with you a few of the most frequently asked questions and answers surrounding the consumption of hemp oil:
- Exactly how fast does hemp oil work?
- This can mostly be determined by your way of using it. If utilizing a tincture you ought to have the impacts associated with hemp oil nearly instantly because it soaks directly into the bloodstream.
- If making use of hemp oil capsules it may just take slightly longer to have the impacts while the capsule needs to dissolve very first.
- Enough time it can take for topicals to function will change based on their strength and application.
- Making use of edibles to have your dose of hemp oil could be the slowest form that is working the meals will have to be digested first.
- What are the negative unwanted effects from making use of hemp oil to understand?
- Just like any kind of therapy, you can find side-effects that individuals have actually reported whenever hemp oil that is using.
- Typically, these could include belly upset, sickness, headaches, drowsiness, and headaches.
- In a few severe instances, users have actually reported blood that is abnormal, cardiovascular dilemmas while the regeneration of tumors.
- Although these just affect a portion that is small of, it is advisable to be mindful they do exist.
- What's the way that is best to keep hemp oil?
- Hemp oil should be saved in an awesome, dark place because it's exceedingly responsive to light as well as heat.
- Keeping it cool will help to preserve the natural CBD content.
- Typically, hemp oil has a rack life of around 14 months if kept properly. Anything longer plus it will begin to lose its effectiveness.
- Is hemp oil appropriate?
- It's been a little bit of an area that is gray recent years, however in many states, hemp oil is completely appropriate to purchase and digest.
- In the us, the law claims that any CBD produced by hemp is categorized as a health supplement and, consequently, is exempt from the Federal Controlled Substance Act.
- Do i want a medical card to manage to purchase hemp oil?
- No. Because hemp oil is regarded as to become a dietary supplement there's absolutely no requirement to possess a recommendation that is doctor's purchase it.
- There are numerous organizations online that'll be pleased to deliver it straight to your front door, no questions asked.
- Are you experiencing a recommended hemp oil?
- There are several good possibilities. Just click here if you are enthusiastic about exploring great brands tested by Farma Health professionals.
Other suggested hemp oil brands
CBD Pure Hemp Oil
If you are a new comer to the entire world of eating hemp oil because of its CBD impacts on wellness, CBD pure hemp oil could be the go-to brand name for all individuals.
Made of hemp grown in Denmark, it really is a full-spectrum oil containing cannabinoids as well as terpenes, assisting to provide the aforementioned entourage impact.
It comes down in three talents, 100mg, 300mg, and 600mg.
Removed utilizing industry-standard CO2 methods, the business has been doing a job that is good of plant remnants such as for example chlorophyll as indicated by its golden color.
Endoca Hemp Oil (3 per cent CBD)
Endoca hemp oil is made of hemp plants grown within the open air in the fields of Barcelona, Spain. Standardised to include 3 % CBD, it has withstood decarboxylation to produce CBD that is active consumption.
Each drop of Endoca hemp oil supplies CBD that is 1mg each bottle having 100 servings (falls).
Endoca hemp oil also incorporates extra terpenes that provide it the much desired "entourage effect", that will be an amplification of the useful actions through the synergistic effectation of the obviously occurring compounds.
Populum Full-Spectrum Hemp Oil
Made of hemp plants grown domestically in Colorado, Populum hemp that is full-spectrum gains points about this front side. The flowers are non-GMO, which means that they will have maybe not been modified in every way, helping make sure security along with your satisfaction.
Surprisingly, contrary to a number of other commercially available hemp natural oils, Populum's full-spectrum item will come in a slight orange taste, a large selling point for persons that dislike the classically natural style that most hemp oils are recognized for.
Populum now offers a risk-free thirty days test for your needs another great selling point in which explains why the product is so well received for you to decide if your product is right.
Genuine Scientific Hemp Oil RSHO
Real scientific hemp oil RSHO is just one of the most well known brands in the field, containing a full-spectrum hemp extract which include CBD, other cannabinoids and terpenes for synergistic action.
Contains decarboxylated CBD which will be mixed up in physical body upon usage, each bottle contains 1000 mg CBD.
It comes down with medium chain triglycerides being a base and it is non-psychoactive and non-GMO. Genuine Scientific shares a good relationship with servicemen from all walks of life, including very first responders, armed forces and police, whom all qualify for 15 per cent discounts on items.
A lot better than common treatments?
Utilizing hemp oil to help ease anxiety is an excellent normal substitute for a few of the more traditional-based treatments around.
Therefore, if you should be struggling with anxiety don't despair. Alternatively, give hemp oil a spin. It surely will be the reply to all your valuable issues.