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DOI: 10.1515/cpe-2016-0039
The work concerns the dynamic behaviour of a porous, isothermal catalyst pellet in which a simultaneous chemical reaction, diffusion and adsorption take place. The impact of the reactant adsorption onto the pellet dynamics was evaluated. A linear isotherm and a non-linear Freundlich isotherm were considered. Responses of the pellet to sinusoidal variations of the reactant concentration in a bulk gas were examined. It was demonstrated that the dynamics of the pellet is significantly affected both by accounting for the adsorption and by the frequency of the bulk concentration variations. The sorption phenomenon causes damping of the concentration oscillations inside the pellet and damping of its effectiveness factor oscillations. Depending on the frequency of the concentration oscillations in the bulk, the remarkable oscillations can involve an entire volume of the pellet or its portion in the vicinity of the external surface. Keywords: catalyst pellets, reaction, diffusion, adsorption, dynamics
Determination of a steady-state characteristics of a single catalyst pellet or the whole catalytic reactordoes not require accounting for the mass accumulation within pellets due to the adsorption. However, attransient conditions the reaction rate can differ from the reactant supply rate. In such a case massaccumulation within the pellet occurs. Therefore, when external perturbations of the bulk reactantconcentration take place, the mass balance must include both a term referring to the mass accumulationin pores and an adsorption term characterizing the mass accumulation on the internal surface of theinert catalyst support. Such an opinion was also expressed by Ray and Hastings (1980). Ilin and Luss(1992) analysed the dynamics of a fixed-bed catalytic reactor. The authors also believe that dynamicmodels should account for the reactant adsorption on the inert support of porous catalyst pellets. Ilinand Luss (1992) neglected internal resistances to mass and heat transfer in catalyst pellets.Nevertheless, despite simplicity of the model employed they demonstrated that taking into account thereactant sorption affects dynamics of the reactor.
Still, some authors do not consider the mass accumulation by adsorption in the characterization of thecatalyst pellets dynamics. Examples of such a modelling are works of Szukiewicz (2002) or Burghardtand Berezowski (2003).
In hybrid, i.e. multifunctional, catalyst pellets the presence of the adsorbent is intentional and isresulting from the production technology and their application (Dietrich et al., 2005; Grünewald and
Agar, 2004; Lugo and Wilhite, 2016). Therefore taking into account the sorption of reagents in thedynamics of such objects is fully justified. For uniformly distributed design the modelling approach ofthe multifunctional porous catalyst pellets is the same as for conventional catalyst pellets composed ofan inert support and an active substance.
Considering the papers published so far, we undertook the studies focused on the impact of the sorptionphenomenon of the reactant onto the dynamics of a single catalyst pellet. When the bulk reactantconcentration increases, for example due to an external factor, then an external mass transfer and aninternal mass diffusion within the pellet may increase the reactant concentration above the steady-statevalue. A dynamic variation of the reactant concentration in turn influences the rate of a chemicalreaction. The time necessary to reach a new steady state depends on the quantity of the adsorbedreactant and on the rates of diffusion and reaction. The opposite case consisting in a decrease in thebulk concentration or in an oscillatory variation of the reactant concentration may also occur. All theseoperational conditions require an evaluation of the impact of mass accumulation within the pellet ontoits dynamic characteristics.
The work concerns a catalytic process for which an assumption of the uniform pellet temperature ismade. In fact many authors believe that the temperature distribution in the porous catalyst pellet isnegligible when compared with the concentration distribution (Burghardt and Berezowski, 2003; Ilinand Luss, 1992; Lee, 1985). Burghardt and Berezowski (2003) assumed uniform distribution of thetemperature within the pellet, although they considered its variation with time.
Variations of the bulk concentration can be divided into: step, periodical and irregular. In the presentstudy we investigated the transient response of the pellet to regular, sinusoidal variations of the bulkreactant concentration. Both internal and external resistances to the mass transfer were considered. Thetype of the sorption equilibrium and the frequency of oscillations in the bulk were taken into account inthe analysis. The main objective of the work was to answer the question: how the reactantconcentration within the pellet and its effectiveness factor change upon periodic external perturbations.The results of such theoretical investigations have not been published so far.
According to heterogeneous models of a catalyst bed, separate balance equations must be written for agas phase and for catalyst pellets (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Illustration of heterogeneous nature of the catalyst bed with basic notation
Let us consider a catalyst pellet characterized by a uniform temperature in which a chemical reactiondescribed by the following kinetic rate expression takes place
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rA (C ) = k ⋅ ϕ(C ) (1)
where C is a vector of the reactant concentrations present in the kinetic model. Let us assume that thechemical process may be accompanied by the reactant adsorption or desorption. There is an opinion(Szarawara and Skrzypek, 1980) that a surface diffusion does not play an important role in catalyticprocesses. Thus, under such a hypothesis, the mass balance equation of a component A over adifferential volume element of the pellet can be written as follows
∂C A ∂q ∂ 2 C A n ∂C A εp + ρp = De + − rA (C ) (2) ∂t ∂t ∂x 2 x ∂x where n = 0, 1, or 2 are shape factors for slab, cylinder and sphere, respectively. If we write thederivative ∂q/∂t as ∂q dq ∂C A = (3) ∂t dC A ∂tand we introduce it into the differential equation (2), this equation can be rewritten as
∂C A 1 ∂ 2 C A n ∂C A = D ⋅ + − rA (C ) (4) ∂t dq e ∂x 2 x ∂x ε p + ρp dC A dqIn Eq. (4) the derivative = K a corresponds to a slope of the sorption equilibrium curve. dCA
An irreversible mth order chemical reaction was adopted in numerical tests to illustrate the impact of theadsorption phenomenon on the pellet dynamics. Thus, the kinetic rate equation in Eq. (4) takes a simpleform
A symmetry of the concentration field about the centre of symmetry is assumed, namely about thesphere centre for n = 2, about the longitudinal axis of the pellet for n = 1 and about the plane ofsymmetry for n = 0. Taking into account an external mass transfer resistance, boundary conditions atthe pellet centre and at its surface take a form of Neumann-Robin (N-R) boundary conditions ∂C A (0, t ) = 0, t ≥ 0 (7a) ∂x ∂C A ( L p , t ) De ∂x [ ] = k s C A 0 (t ) − C A ( L p , t ) , t ≥ 0 (7b)
If we define the following dimensionless concentration within the pellet β and the dimensionlesscoordinate ξ CA x β= ∈ [0, 1] , ξ = ∈ [0, 1] (8) C Aref Lp
Unauthenticatedcpe.czasopisma.pan.pl; degruyter.com/view/j/cpe 475 Download Date | 2/18/17 1:44 PM K. Bizon, B. Tabiś, Chem. Process Eng., 2016, 37 (4), 473-484
∂β ∂ 2 β n ∂β ~ rA ( β ) = Γ m ⋅ 2 + − Φ 2 ~ (9) ∂t ∂ξ ξ ∂ξ rAref
∂β (0, t ) = 0, t ≥ 0 (11a) ∂ξ ∂β (1, t ) = Bi m [g (t ) − β (1, t )] , t ≥ 0 (11b) ∂ξwhere g(t) is a function describing variations of the bulk dimensionless reactant concentration, whereas~ r (C ) rA ( β ref ) is a modified rate of a chemical reaction, i.e. ~rAref = ~ rA ( β ) = A A , evaluated at the C Arefreference concentration CAref. Since CAref corresponds to β ref = 1 , thus for the chemical reaction of themth order, used in our study we get r~ = C m−1 ⋅ k . Aref Aref
In Eq. (9) the mass capacitance term, Γm, and the Thiele modulus, Φ, are defined by rA (C Aref ) ~ rAref D 1 Γ m = 2e , Φ 2 = L2p = L2p (12) Lp ε p + ρ p Ka C Aref De De
It arises from Eq. (9) that the mass capacitance term has an impact only on the pellet dynamics. It doesnot affect the location of the steady-state branches. However, as demonstrated by Luss (1974), in caseof a non-isothermal catalyst pellet for which the capacitance term is represented by the Lewis number,it can influence the stability of steady states.
Let us evaluate how the shape of the sorption isotherm influences the capacitance term. It results fromthe definition (12) that De 1 Γm = ⋅ (14) L p ε p + (1 − ε p ) ρ 0 K a 2
Two types of sorption equilibria were considered in the work, namely a linear isotherm and a non-linear Freundlich isotherm (Fig. 2a, b).
In case of a linear isotherm characterized by specific values of the parameters for which ρ0 K a ≈ 1 (15)
De Γm = (16) L2p
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When the exponent ν in the Freundlich isotherm equation tends to zero, then its shape approachesa rectangular (irreversible) isotherm. In such a case we obtain De 1 lim Γ m = (17) ν→0 L2p ε p
Fig. 2. Types of adsorption equilibria and external disturbance considered a) linear isotherm; b) Freundlich isotherm; c) external disturbance and used symbols
Parameter values used in numerical simulations are shown in Table 1. Only representative results arepresented in the graphical form. The parameter values that refer to physico-chemical properties of thecatalysts were selected based on the analysis of various technological processes, such as oxidation ofSO2 to SO3, oxidation of selected organic compounds, methanol synthesis, hydrogenation of benzene tostyrene or dehydrogenation of C2H5OH to (C2H5)2O.
Table 1. Values of the parameters employed in the numerical analysis of the pellet dynamics
A sinusoidal variation of the bulk reactant concentration is given by the formula (18) (Fig. 1c) CA 0 (t ) = g (t ) = 0.5 ⋅ [1 + sin(ω ⋅ t )] (18) CAref
Unauthenticated cpe.czasopisma.pan.pl; degruyter.com/view/j/cpe 477 Download Date | 2/18/17 1:44 PM K. Bizon, B. Tabiś, Chem. Process Eng., 2016, 37 (4), 473-484
The differential Eq. (9) with the conditions (10) and (11) was solved by means of a method of lines(Shampine, 1994). Spatial partial derivatives with respect to a variable ξ were approximated usingcentral finite difference schemes. Thus, the differential Eq. (9) with the boundary conditions (11) wastransformed into a system of N ordinary differential equations at i = 1, ..., N grid nodes along theinterval ξ ∈ [0, 1].
For i = 1, that is in the pellet centre (ξ = 0), considering the symmetry of the concentration profile (11a)we obtain
dβ 1 2(β 2 − β 1 ) ~ rA (β1 ) = Γm ⋅ − Φ2 ~ (19a) dt Δ ξ 2 rAref
dβ i β − 2 β i + β i −1 1 β i +1 − β i −1 ~ rA (β i ) = Γ m ⋅ i +1 + − Φ2 ~ , (i = 2, ..., N-1) (19b) dt Δξ 2 ξ Δξ rAref
At the pellet surface, i.e. at ξ = 1, the boundary condition (11b) may be transformed in the followingequation
dβ N 2[β N −1 + Δξ ⋅ Bi m ( g (t ) − β N ) − β N ] ~ rA (β N ) = Γm ⋅ + 2Bi m (g (t ) − β N ) − Φ 2 ~ (19c) dt Δ ξ 2 rAref
The system of N differential Eqs. (19) was integrated employing the method of Gear (1971) with theinitial conditions β i (0) = β 0i , (i = 1, ..., N ) (20)
In order to determine a response of the pellet to the bulk reactant concentration, steady-state brancheswere determined at first. For this purpose a parametric continuation of the following boundary problemwas performed d 2 β n dβ ~ rA (β ) + − Φ2 ~ =0 (21) d ξ 2 ξ dξ rAref
dβ (0) =0 (22a) dξ dβ (1) = Bi m [g − β (1)] (22b) dξ
The continuation of the boundary differential problem (21), (22) was done by means of a localparameterization method (Seydel, 2010). Then, a single representative point located on the solutionbranch and corresponding to Bim = 5 and Φ = 2 was selected for the simulation of the pellet dynamics.
Let C A∗ 0 denote a bulk reactant concentration corresponding to the steady state of a pellet (Fig. 2c). Thepellet may depart from the steady state as a result of the change of this value to a different valuedenoted by CA0(t).
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Figure 3 shows transient responses of the catalyst pellet under a sinusoidal disturbance CA0(t). Such adisturbance can be caused by intentional perturbations in the feed stream or may be a result of sometechnological factors.
Figure 3b and 3c report trajectories of the dimensionless reactant concentration at the pellet centre β(0)and at its surface β(1). For comparison, Fig. 3a illustrates also the dynamics of the pellet in which thesorption phenomenon is neglected. A dashed line refers to the forcing function g(t).
Fig. 3. Response of the catalyst pellet to sinusoidal variations of the bulk reactant concentration (Bim = 5; Φ =2; ω = 0.02 rad⋅s-1); a) process without adsorption; b) linear isotherm, Ka = 0.2; c) Freundlich isotherm, KF = 0.0315; ν = 0.5
Three important dynamic features arise from Fig. 3. When the reactant sorption is neglected in theprocess, high-amplitude oscillations of concentration involve the entire volume of the pellet, i.e. fromthe surface to its centre (Fig. 3a). Moreover, like the forcing function, they reach periodically in thewhole pellet values β(0) = β(1) = 0. The third feature is a large amplitude of these variations. On theother hand, in case of simultaneous chemical reaction and adsorption, a damping of the oscillationstakes place within the pellet. Thus the remarkable oscillations involve only a certain portion of thepellet. In fact in the pellet centre their amplitude is negligible. It can be observed that for both adoptedsorption isotherms dynamical features of the pellet are similar both qualitatively and quantitatively.Therefore it can be concluded that in the analysis of the pellet dynamics the non-linear sorptionisotherm characterized by a small curvature may be replaced by the linear isotherm.
Unauthenticatedcpe.czasopisma.pan.pl; degruyter.com/view/j/cpe 479 Download Date | 2/18/17 1:44 PM K. Bizon, B. Tabiś, Chem. Process Eng., 2016, 37 (4), 473-484
Fig. 4. Transient profiles of dimensionless concentration profiles in the catalyst pellet (Bim = 5; Φ =2; ω = 0.01 rad⋅s-1) (linear isotherm, Ka = 0.2)
The sinusoidal variations of the bulk concentration cause reactant concentration extrema within thepellet, i.e. for 0 < ξ < 1 (Fig. 4b, c, d). Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 4c, with time a periodicalinversion of the concentration profile can be observed. The dashed line denotes distribution of thereactant profile corresponding to the steady state.
One of the main objectives of this study was an evaluation of the impact of the bulk reactantperturbation frequency onto the pellet response. It was demonstrated that the amplitude of theoscillations within the pellet, particularly around its centre, depends on the frequency of perturbations.As the frequency ω increases, the oscillations inside the pellet almost disappear. This feature isdemonstrated in Fig. 5.
It can be observed that the oscillation amplitude in the pellet centre becomes negligible when thefollowing inequality holds De ω> (23) L2p
For the conditions for which the results presented in Fig. 5 were obtained we have De / L2p = 0.0625.Then the amplitude at the centre of the pellet, i.e. β (0) is lower than 10-4.
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The kinetic quantity that determines an overall rate of the process in the pellet is its effectiveness factor.It is the quantity of technological importance because it determines the production capacity of thewhole catalyst bed. Therefore, apart from the local changes of the concentration within the pellet,transient values of the pellet effectiveness factor was calculated according to the formula r η0 = ~ A (24) r Aref
where 1 rA = Vz ~r (υ )dυ Vz A (25)
Transient values of the effectiveness factor for two selected values of the frequency ω are presented inFig. 6. When the reactant sorption is neglected, then the amplitude of the oscillations of η0(t) is largeand it reaches periodically the value equal to zero. Moreover, it does not depend on the frequency of theexternal concentration field. It means that the production capacity of the entire bed of the catalystperiodically falls to values close to zero. However it does not approach exactly the value of zero at leastdue to one reason, namely because of the gas flow through the bed. The second reason can be the massdispersion in the bed of the catalyst.
Fig. 5. Amplitude of the oscillations of dimensionless concentration at the pellet center for various frequencies ω; a) ω = 0.005 rad⋅s-1 ; b) ω = 0.04 rad⋅s-1; c) ω = 0.1 rad⋅s-1 (Bim = 5; Φ =2; linear isotherm, Ka = 0.2)
Unauthenticated cpe.czasopisma.pan.pl; degruyter.com/view/j/cpe 481 Download Date | 2/18/17 1:44 PM K. Bizon, B. Tabiś, Chem. Process Eng., 2016, 37 (4), 473-484
Fig. 6. Transient and average values of an overall effectiveness factor of the pellet (Φ =2) a) ω = 0.02 rad⋅s-1 ; b) ω = 0.05 rad⋅s-1; 1- process without adsorption; 2- linear isotherm, Ka = 0.2; 3- Freundlich isotherm, KF = 0.0315; ν = 0.5; 4- average values of an effectiveness factor of the pellet
When the reactant sorption occurs then a considerable damping of the oscillations of η0(t) takes place.It is the greater the higher the frequency of the bulk reactant concentration variations is. Moreover,compared to the process without sorption, a delay can be observed in the η0(t) oscillations. This meansthat the sorption phenomenon prevents sudden changes of the reactor productivity. In case of thenonlinear sorption isotherm characterized by low curvatures the effectiveness factor values are similar,both qualitatively and quantitatively, to those obtained for the linear isotherm.
Apart from the transient values of the effectiveness factor, its average value was determined from thefollowing formula T 1 T 0 η0 = η 0 (t )dt (26)
The average values of the effectiveness factor of the pellet are plotted in Fig. 6 using a dashed line. Itappears that the average values of the effectiveness factor do not depend on the perturbation frequencynor the type of the sorption isotherm.
The results presented above refer to the first order chemical reaction. The same calculations wereperformed for the chemical reaction characterized by a non-linear kinetics taking m = 2. Qualitativelysimilar results which allow to draw analogical conclusions as for the first order reaction were obtained.The differences were only quantitative. Therefore they were not reported in this work.
If a chemical process takes place in porous catalyst pellets then, at transient conditions, a sorption ofreactants on the inert support of the pellets may occur. A hypothesis concerning the impact of thesorption of the dynamics of the porous catalyst pellet was demonstrated. For this purpose simulations ofthe dynamics of a single pellet in which a simultaneous chemical reaction, diffusion and adsorptiontake place were performed for a certain representative set of technological data. A uniformity of thetemperature within the pellet was assumed. Initially a steady state of the pellet was determined and thenthe pellet was subjected to sinusoidal variations of the bulk reactant concentrations.
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It was demonstrated that the dynamical response of the pellet in which simultaneous adsorption anddescription of the reactant take place is different than that of the process with negligible sorptionphenomena. The pellet response to periodical perturbation for the process without the sorption ischaracterized by large amplitudes, which qualitatively mimic the forcing function. This affects thedynamics of the entire catalytic reactor because it leads to a significant variation in its productivity.When the process is accompanied by the reactant sorption then significant dumping of oscillations canbe seen, involving both local concentrations within the pellet and values of the effectiveness factor η0.
At low values of the forcing function frequency, remarkable oscillations of the concentration involvesan entire volume of the pellet. With increasing frequency the oscillations characterized by highamplitude restrict to the outer part of the pellet and they almost vanish in the centre. A criterionconcerning damping of the oscillations in the pellet centre was formulated.
It was demonstrated that amplitudes of a transient effectiveness factor η0(t) decrease as the frequencyof the forcing function increases. From the point of view of dynamic properties of the entire reactor,this is a preferred phenomenon because in case of significant variations of the bulk reactantconcentration it results in a suppression of the fluctuations in the production capacity of the reactor.
A primary practical conclusion emerging from the results presented in this work concerns the approachto the modelling of the catalyst pellet and catalytic reactors. Namely, the models and dynamicalsimulations of such objects must account for sorption phenomena.
t time, sT period of oscillations, sx current coordinate in a catalyst pellet, m
Unauthenticated cpe.czasopisma.pan.pl; degruyter.com/view/j/cpe 483 Download Date | 2/18/17 1:44 PM K. Bizon, B. Tabiś, Chem. Process Eng., 2016, 37 (4), 473-484
Greek symbolsβ dimensionless concentration in a catalyst pelletΓm mass capacitance term, s-1εp porosity of a catalyst pelletη0 overall effectiveness factor of a catalyst pelletν exponent in the Freundlich equationξ dimensionless coordinate in a pelletρp density of a catalyst pellet, kg⋅m-3ρ0 density of solid material, kg⋅m-3Φ Thiele modulusω frequency of disturbance, rad⋅s-1
Subscripts0 refers to conditions in a bulk gasA refers to reactant Am refers to massp refers to catalyst pellets refers to catalyst pellet surface
Burghardt A., Berezowski M., 2003. Periodic solutions in a porous catalyst pellet - Homoclinic orbits. Chem. Eng. Sci., 58, 2657-2670. DOI: 10.1016/S0009-2509(03)00120-9.Dietrich W., Lawrence P.S., Grünewald M., Agar D.W., 2005. Theoretical studies on multifunctional catalysts with integrated adsorption sites. Chem. Eng. J., 107, 103–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2004.12.016.Gear C. W., 1971. Algorithm 407: DIFSUB for solution of ordinary differential equations [D2]. Mag. Commun. ACM, 14, 185-190. DOI: 10.1145/362566.362573.Grünewald M., Agar D.W., 2004. Enhanced catalyst performance using integrated structured functionalities. Chem. Eng. Sci., 59, 5519–5526. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.07.072.Il`in A., Luss D., 1992. Wrong-way behavior of packed bed reactors: Influence of reactant adsorption on support. AIChE J., 38, 1609-1617. DOI: 10.1002/aic.690381011.Lee H.H., 1985. Heterogeneous reactor design. Butterworth Publishers, Boston − Toronto.Lugo E.L., Wilhite B.A., 2016. A theoretical comparison of multifunctional catalyst for sorption-enhanced reforming process. Chem. Eng. Sci., 150, 1–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.04.011.Luss D., 1974. The influence of capacitance terms on the stability of lumped and distributed parameter systems. Chem. Eng. Sci., 29, 1832-1836. DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(74)87045-4.Ray W.H., Hastings S.P., 1980. The influence of the Lewis number on the dynamics of chemically reacting systems. Chem. Eng. Sci., 35, 589-595. DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(80)80007-8.Seydel R., 2010. Practical bifurcation and stability analysis. Springer, New York London.Shampine L. F., 1994. ODE solvers and the method of lines. Numer. Methods Partial Differential Eq. 10, 739-755. DOI: 10.1002/num.1690100608.Szarawara J., Skrzypek J., 1980. Podstawy inżynierii reaktorów chemicznych. WNT, Warszawa.Szukiewicz M. K., 2002. An approximate model for diffusion and reaction in a porous pellet. Chem. Eng. Sci., 57, 1451-1457. DOI: 10.1016/S0009-2509(02)00055-6.
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Victor turned and looked up the hall; alone in the lilac twilight at the far end stood a chair fit for a king—a king eight feet tall by the look of it. The colossal stony room took on a soft shade for a moment as a massive pale blob ascended like a hot air balloon... Continue Reading →
Book Review: Don Quixote
Don Quixote has been loved and revered for centuries as a masterpiece of literature. Perhaps the original modern novel, it is epic, imaginative and endearing. But just what makes it so? Is it the charm of the lead characters? Is it the call to adventure? The innovative narrative style? Many books can claim ownership of... Continue Reading →
Book Review: Ivanhoe
Write what you know, says the old proverb. Well, apparently no one is listening, because everywhere I look there's an author jabbering on about something clearly beyond their field of expertise. Tolkien's violent, beer-swilling depiction of dwarves in The Hobbit made me wonder if he had ever actually met a dwarf; William Golding, though never... Continue Reading →
The Endless Marsh
Within a dark and endless marsh, A thousand knights were damned to march, Knee deep in festering mud, The price for spilling innocent blood. Once an army, now divided, Each for his own glory minded, Broken ranks now strewn apart, And none can see the original path. An armour suit each knight must... Continue Reading →

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Charity Theatre Trips to Bristol Hippodrome News for March 2019
March sees our purchase date for Birmingham Royal Ballet's production of Beauty and the Beast (Friday 3rd May, £37/£47) and the Agatha Christie play The Mousetrap (Monday 24th June, £39/£44). I can usually get hold of tickets after I have bought the main tranche, but they will probably not be such good seats.
Two big shows are coming to Bristol, the New York production of The King and I (Thu eve 26 Mar(£53/£70) and Matinee Wed 1 Apr, next year (2020) and The Lion King September/October this year, not yet on sale at time of writing though I have requested tickets for at least one evening and one matinee performance so by all means put in a request now and I will confirm once tickets become available.
The other trips planned are: Kinky Boots 7th March, £51/£60), Matthew Bourne's Swan Lake (13 March, £51/61), The Magic Flute (11 April, £56/£69), Rock of Ages ( 18 April, £41/£50), Matilda (21 May Evening and 29 May Half Term Matinee (£62/£72), Fame (11 June, £45/£54), The Mousetrap (24 June, £39/£44), Calendar Girls — The Musical (16 July, £47/£59) and We Will Rock You (Queen) (18 March 2020!, £45/£58).
Prices including coach are Stalls at the back/Stalls or Grand Circle near front.
Our coach goes from Curry Rivel, Langport, Somerton, then Street/Wells or Keinton Mandeville/Shepton Mallet depending on bookings. Any profit is donated to charity.
For more details of all trips please visit , e-mail email@example.com or phone 01458 273085 for a brochure.
More news from Curry Rivel
On behalf of the whole team of the Curry Rivel Support Group ( Tony Greenaway, Rev Scott Patterson, Rev Tim Richards, John De Ronde, Laila Sadler and Councillor Peter Goodenough), I would like to thank all those from the village who responded to our initial call for help. Through the hard work of many people, we produced and delivered an emergency help leaflet and red and green cards to the...
The Big Breakfast Cancelled.....Due to hosting issues of the curryrivel.org.uk website, this article may have been recently...
CRiB Plant Sale Cancelled todayFor more details For more details contact Gina. firstname.lastname@example.com tel...
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Tag Archives: USEL
Urban science educators share strategies
October 30—It is Friday but I must tell you about the Urban Science Education Leaders (USEL) event. It was very exciting! Why? The participants were so engaging and really were looking for information and answers and just wanted to learn and see … Continue reading
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Great science in urban middle schools
If you're an administrator in an urban middle school, come to the NSTA Conference in Minneapolis. You can spend a day with a group of dedicated urban science educators—the Urban Science Education Leaders (USEL)—who are working to change the way … Continue reading
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Douar Lemssabhia
in Relizane Province, Algeria
- Relizane Airport (4 mi)
- Ghriss Airport (47 mi)
- Ech Cheliff Airport (49 mi)
- Bou Chekif Airport (51 mi)
- Tafaraoui Airport (70 mi)
- Es Senia Airport (74 mi)
- Blida Airport (130 mi)
- El Bayadh Airport (141 mi)
- Houari Boumediene Airport (155 mi)
- Alicante International Airport (189 mi)
- Tipasa (Unesco heritage, 110 mi)
- Decimal Coordinates (Latitude, Longitude):
- 35.730 and 0.694 (Lat./Lng.)
- Coordinates by Time:
- N 35° 43' 46" and E 0° 41' 37"
- Currency and Currency Code:
- Dinar - DZD
- Spoken languages:
- Arabic
- Local electricity:
- 230 V - 50 Hz (plugs: G)
- Mobile phone / cellular frequencies (MHz):
- 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 3G, 4G
- Local Time: 11:54 PM (Thursday)
- Timezone: Africa/Algiers
- UTC/GMT offset: 1 hours
- Sunrise and Sunset:
- 6:40 am and 7:20 pm
- Antipode Coordinates:
- -43.750 and -176.800 (Lat./Lng.)
- Closest place to antipode coordinates:
- Tupuangi
- References
- This place on Geonames.org
Safety Score: 3,2 of 5.0 based on data from 9 authorites. Meaning please reconsider your need to travel to Algeria.
Travel warnings are updated daily. Source: Travel Warning Algeria. Last Update: 2020-04-02 07:23:47
Discover Douar Lemssabhia
Douar Lemssabhia in Relizane Province is a city in Algeria about 150 mi (or 242 km) south-west of Algiers, the country's capital city.
Local time in Douar Lemssabhia is now 11:54 PM (Thursday). The local timezone is named Africa / Algiers with an UTC offset of one hour. We know of 10 airports in the vicinity of Douar Lemssabhia, of which two are larger airports. The closest airport in Algeria is Relizane Airport in a distance of 4 mi (or 7 km), West. Besides the airports, there are other travel options available (check left side).
There is one Unesco world heritage site nearby. It's Tipasa in a distance of 110 mi (or 177 km), North-East.
When in this area, you might want to pay a visit to some of the following locations: Relizane, Mostaganem, Mascara, Tiaret and Chlef. To further explore this place, just scroll down and browse the available info.
Local weather forecast
Todays Local Weather Conditions & Forecast: 17°C / 63 °F
|Morning Temperature
|Evening Temperature
|Night Temperature
|Chance of rainfall
|Air Humidity
|Air Pressure
|1011 hPa
|Wind Speed
|Moderate breeze with 9 km/h (6 mph) from East
|Cloud Conditions
|Few clouds, covering 24% of sky
|General Conditions
|Light rain
Friday, 3rd of April 2020
Moderate rain, gentle breeze, overcast clouds.
Saturday, 4th of April 2020
Sky is clear, light breeze, clear sky.
Sunday, 5th of April 2020
Broken clouds, calm.
Videos from this area
These are videos related to the place based on their proximity to this place.
Videos provided by Youtube are under the copyright of their owners.
Attractions and noteworthy things
Distances are based on the centre of the city/town and sightseeing location. This list contains brief abstracts about monuments, holiday activities, national parcs, museums, organisations and more from the area as well as interesting facts about the region itself. Where available, you'll find the corresponding homepage. Otherwise the related wikipedia article.
Dar Ben Abdellah
Dar Ben Abdellah is a town and commune in Relizane Province, Algeria.
These are some bigger and more relevant cities in the wider vivinity of Douar Lemssabhia.
- Relizane
- Mostaganem
- Mascara
- Tiaret
- Chlef
- Commune des Beni Bou Attab
- Saida
- Tissemsilt
- Oran
- Ain Defla
- Sidi Bel Abbes
- Ain Temouchent
- Tipasa
- El Bayadh
- Medea
- Tlemcen
- Blida
- Cartagena
- San Pedro del Pinatar
- San Javier
- Algiers
- Pilar de la Horadada
- Torrevieja
- Naama
- San Miguel de Salinas
- Guardamar del Segura
- Mazarron
- Benijofar
- Rojales
- Santa Pola


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The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled last month that a Wisconsin town did not violate a local union's First Amendment rights when it required the union to remove a giant inflatable rat staked to a public highway median. The appellate court held the cities' zoning ordinance, which banned all private signs on public rights-of-way, allowed the city to deflate the rat without running afoul of the First Amendment.Read more »
Tag: strikes
Scabby the Rat Finally Gets Popped Posted on: March 22, 2019 In: Labor & Employment
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Sr. Mgr, Lead Gen & Distribution, FSG-Consumer Direct (US)
Call Center
Mount Laurel, NJ
March 24, 2020
Company Overview
TD Bank, America's Most Convenient Bank, is one of the 10 largest banks in the U.S., providing more than 8 million customers with a full range of retail, small business and commercial banking products and services at approximately 1,300 convenient locations throughout the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, Metro D.C., the Carolinas and Florida. In addition, TD Bank and its subsidiaries offer customized private banking and wealth management services through TD Wealth®, and vehicle financing and dealer commercial services through TD Auto Finance. TD Bank is headquartered in Cherry Hill, N.J. To learn more, visit www.tdbank.com. Find TD Bank on Facebook at www.facebook.com/TDBank and on Twitter at www.twitter.com/TDBank_US.
TD Bank, America's Most Convenient Bank, is a member of TD Bank Group and a subsidiary of The Toronto-Dominion Bank of Toronto, Canada, a top 10 financial services company in North America. The Toronto-Dominion Bank trades on the New York and Toronto stock exchanges under the ticker symbol "TD". To learn more, visit www.td.com.
Department Overview
The FSG (Consumer Direct) Senior Manager, Lead Generation and Distribution, FSG Consumer Direct (US) leads all efforts around Store referrals, Digital strategies, Home Equity lead optimization and future opportunities with TD Ameritrade. The role manages a team of leaders who develop key strategies that support the FSG Loan Officers to meet production targets and gain market share in both the Home Equity and Mortgage business. Partners closely with Retail Leadership, Marketing and Product Management.
Job Description
• Manages a team of employees who ensure we have appropriate staffing and lead volume to support our FSG Mortgage Loan Officers (MLOs) to meet production targets and support key strategic partners (Stores, Digital, Marketing and others) with optimal service level.
• Partners closely with the Retail Channel (Stores) to provide optimal sales support for the current Mortgage and Home Equity referral model
• Partners closely with the Digital team to optimize Roostify efforts by developing industry leading strategies around Speed to Lead, Customer Contact and Realtor engagement leveraging the CRM platform. Also look to optimize the CTA (calls to action) on the current TD online to support growth within FSG
• Enhances and develops the Mortgage and Home Equity referral options across TD, AMCB
• Supports the Mortgage Servicing efforts to enhance LEI and deliver industry leading Customer experience and service to TD Customers. Enhances cross sell options while maintaining strong service levels
• Implements Customer retention programs for Mortgage and Home Equity
• Develops the Loan Officer Assistant model and strategies to support the FSG Loan Officers and transformation strategies
• Key to creating and implementing growth plans for FSG (Consumer Direct) as the business grows from $600M in production, to over $4B in the next 5 years
• Industry leading customer experience via LEI and VOC
• Delivers on improved performance across the FSG (Consumer Direct) channel
• Supports strong employee engagement and retention
• 7+ years of related Mortgage experience
• Excellent verbal and written communication skills
• Demonstrated proven Lead Generation experience within Mortgage, Digital or Marketing
• Strong people leader who can navigate a matrixed organization
• Strong planning and organizational skills with perfect attention to detail, proven ability to manage multiple projects that are diverse in length and priority and utilize cross-functional teams within the company
At TD, we are committed to fostering an inclusive, accessible environment, where all employees and customers feel valued, respected and supported. We are dedicated to building a workforce that reflects the diversity of our customers and communities in which we live in and serve, and creating an environment where every employee has the opportunity to reach their potential.
If you are a candidate with a disability and need an accommodation to complete the application process, email the TD Bank US Workplace Accommodations Program at firstname.lastname@example.com . Include your full name, best way to reach you, and the accommodation needed to assist you with the application process.
EOE/Minorities/Females/Veterans/Individuals with Disabilities/Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity.


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Hannah More Academy for Girls, Maryland
Hannah More Academy for Girls is a school located in Baltimore County, MD at N39.45122° W76.81775° (NAD83) and at an elevation of 708 ft MSL.
It can be seen on the USGS 1:24K topographic map Reisterstown, MD.
You can view this location or feature in our Topographic Map Viewer now.
Click on map above to begin viewing in our Map Viewer.
Here are some other places near Hannah More Academy for Girls that may be of interest:
Note: Coordinates in the location and feature list above are referenced to NAD83 datum.


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Keep your style game on point without breaking the bank with up to 75% off every.single.thing in our sale! With major discounts off the hottest trends, we will have you in total clothing frenzy! Tick off all those items from your wishlist and create a dream wardrobe at the price of virtually nothing!
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Latest Posts
1 to 1 of 1 Posts
Tuesday, June 21, 2016 2:15 PM EDT
First Tesla, followed by Mercedes-Benz and Nissan, created sleek-looking batteries that double as energy storage solutions to help consumers escape the grid. Now BMW offers a home battery which could be especially popular with eco-friendly consumers.
1 to 1 of 1 Posts


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|20/08/2009 08:20:52
129 forum posts
Posted by Brian Cooper on 19/08/2009 21:09:03:
Posted by Bladerunner on 19/08/2009 19:50:11:
Posted by Brian Cooper on 18/08/2009 17:27:46:
Just use Prosynth. Job done.
And that has how much oil in it as per OP's query?...
Don't know. And don't care.
Frankly, we don't need to know. eg: I have never asked for a chemical breakdown of ingredients before I refuel my car.
All we need to know is the fuel (Prosynth) works....... and wow, it works extremely well.
Engines run faster, cooler, last longer and stay clean. In other words, it does what it says on the tin.
Cool, I'll not try it sometime. I was told when I started out in this hobby never to trust fuel with unpublished mix ratio's - snake-oil, manufacturer-warranties and all that Hard to unlearn actually.
|Brian Cooper
|20/08/2009 13:55:11
495 forum posts
20 photos
Posted by Bladerunner on 20/08/2009 08:20:52:
Cool, I'll not try it sometime. I was told when I started out in this hobby never to trust fuel with unpublished mix ratio's - snake-oil, manufacturer-warranties and all that Hard to unlearn actually.
No problem. It's a free country.
However, Prosynth was developed by a chap who knows his trade, and was developed for high performance engines to run on it whilst withstanding the ferocious heat of a Spanish summer at over 40 degrees C.
I can only speak as I find, and I have used Prosynth, without any problems, in all my glow engines for more years than I care to remember.
The only thing I need to know about the fuel is that it contains absolutely NO castor oil.
|Jason Channing
|10/09/2009 07:44:42
|120 forum posts
Nah . use Opti Fuel . higher the nitro the better.
I use prosynth to light the BBQ. I 've got really good engines , so I use really good fuel. and yup. I do check what fuel goes in my car engine and thus I do not buy fuel from tesco or from Greenergy sub companys.
Quite easy to check which companys use better quality control on the forecourt.
|10/09/2009 16:04:29
347 forum posts
16 photos
As above. Optifuel. I use 20% 4 stroke mix. The engines love it It's British you know!
Please login to post a reply.
Want the latest issue of RCM&E? Use our magazine locator link to find your nearest stockist!


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Listing provided courtesy of Linda Sansone of Willis Allen Real Estate. Last updated 2020-03-31 20:02:09.000000. Listing information © 2019 SANDICOR.
Asking Price: $1,699,000
1751 Coast Blvd, Del Mar CA 92014
Community: Beach Colony
This All Other Attached property was built in 1975 and is priced at $1,699,000. Please see the additional details below.
- 1,502 Sq Ft
- 3 bathrooms
- 3 bedrooms
- Type: All Other Attached
- Year Built: 1975
See Virtual Tour Link. The perfect beach townhouse in the Del Mar Beach Colony. Tucked off Coast Boulevard for privacy and quiet. Just steps to the beach, restaurants, Powerhouse Park and a short stroll to the Village. Completely renovated with high end finishes throughout. Open floor plan with private patio and fireplace, 3 bdrm suites, relaxing deck off the upstairs master. Common area pool & 2 underground parking spaces. Furniture is negotiable.


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The Complete Guide to Deducting Business Travel Expenses
Tax deductions. In the vocabulary of taxes there are few words with a sweeter ring. This is particularly true for taxpayers who may not qualify for tax credits, namely the refundable kind. There are numerous tax deductions available: medical expense, charitable, student loan interest, mortgage interest and more.
One of the more complex and varied type is related to business travel deductions. Deducting business travel expenses is is particularly useful to taxpayers who own their own business, operate as a freelancer or contractor or have significant travel for their regular course of business.
Because of the complexity, we decided the topic deserves more than a few blog posts. The in-depth guide from The Tax Institute covers:
- What is a "tax home"?
- How to determine whether an expense is "ordinary and necessary"
- Deducting international travel expenses
- Differentiating personal and business travel expenses
- Special rules for conventions and cruises
- Local travel expenses
- What qualifies as substantiation
- Vehicle expenses
- Industry-specific deductions
- And much more
Click here to download "The Complete Guide to Deducting Business Travel Expenses" by The Tax Institute at H&R Block.
Related Resources
If you moved in the last tax year, you'll have additional considerations when filing your taxes. Let H&R Block help you file after moving to another state.
Does the number of dependents on your W4 need to match the number on your tax return? Learn more and get tax answers from H&R Block.
Can you claim disabled family members as dependents? Find out more about your tax questions from H&R Block.
Find out how state income taxes are affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic with the latest updates from the tax experts at H&R Block.


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Religion and churches
Buddhism (651)
Related articles from the
Densho Encyclopedia :
Yoshiko Yamanouchi
651 items
doc Pacific Citizen, Vol. 60, No. 24 (June 11, 1965) (ddr-pc-37-24)
Selected article titles: "Passage of Immigration Bill (S 500) Urged by JACL at Senate Hearing" (p.1-3), "History Project: Issei Coal Miners of Carbon County, Utah" (p.1), "Councilman Wing Luke" (p.2), "Voting Rights Amendment May Aid Hawaiians" (p.3), "Role of the Women's Auxilliary" (p.3), "Buddhist Women Attend International Conference in New York" (p.6).


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Your car works hard for you. It's always there to get you where you need to go at any time of the day or night. You should give it the attention, love, and care that it deserves. Many of us really do love our rides but aren't too sure how to care for our cars.
If this is you, and you want to truly love your car (and make it hang around for as long as possible), try out the following 6 tips!
Take Good Care of Your Tires – You really can't get anywhere without your tires. Take good care of them by driving within the speed limits at all times, avoiding as many pot holes and road hazards as possible, and rotating them every few months at your trusted mechanic's shop. This will help prolong your tires' lives.
Run Your Errands All Together – If you have some errands to run, try doing them all in one trip. Wear and tear on your vehicle takes place within the first few minutes of driving, so keep your engine and other car parts happy by running several errands in one trip.
Keep Your Tank Above the ¼ Mark – Driving consistently on a low tank of gas is bad for the engine and can also cause sediment on the bottom of the tank to clog up the fuel filter. It can also cause the electric fuel pump inside the tank to overheat. Treat your engine with respect by filling up your gas tank regularly.
Prolong Your Battery's Light – You can make your car's battery last by doing a few simple things. First of all, avoid leaving the headlight and the lights inside the car on. Also, close your doors at all times, and, for newer cars, don't let your phone charge inside the car when the vehicle is turned off.
Lighten the Load – Want to relieve the stress on your tires, wheel bearings, springs, and suspension system? Looking for an easy way to increase your MPG? Clean out your car! When you haul unnecessary items back and forth, it weighs down your vehicle and puts a good deal of stress on its various parts. Only keep the items that you really need in your car at all times to keep your car happy.
Wash (and Wax) Your Car Often – Washing the car can be a chore, but it's well worth it and a great way to show that you really care about your vehicle. Giving your car a bath every now and again helps get rid of the grime that often clings to it through everyday travel, especially in the wintertime. Waxing your car regularly will help protect the paint job and form a barrier against tree sap, bird droppings, and other annoyances that can damage the paint. If nothing else, aim to wax your car at the beginning of each season.
Want another great way to love your car? How about signing up for the perfect auto insurance policy? Get started by calling the friendly, knowledgeable experts at Madison Mutual Insurance Company today at 1-800-766-MMIC or learn more about us at www.madisonmutual.com!


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Spontaneous Food Fermentations and Potential Risks for Human Health
Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
Cereal Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 71122 Foggia, Italy
EnolabERI BioTecMed, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
Promis Biotech srl, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fermentation 2017, 3(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation3040049
Received: 31 August 2017 / Revised: 19 September 2017 / Accepted: 25 September 2017 / Published: 28 September 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiology and Food Hygiene)
Fermented foods and beverages are a heterogeneous class of products with a relevant worldwide significance for human economy, nutrition and health for millennia. A huge diversity of microorganisms is associated with the enormous variety in terms of raw materials, fermentative behavior and obtained products. In this wide microbiodiversity it is possible that the presence of microbial pathogens and toxic by-products of microbial origin, including mycotoxins, ethyl carbamate and biogenic amines, are aspects liable to reduce the safety of the consumed product. Together with other approaches (e.g., use of preservatives, respect of specific physico-chemical parameters), starter cultures technology has been conceived to successfully dominate indigenous microflora and to drive fermentation to foresee the desired attributes of the matrix, assuring quality and safety. Recent trends indicate a general return to spontaneous food fermentation. In this review, we point out the potential risks for human health associated with uncontrolled (uninoculated) food fermentation and we discuss biotechnological approaches susceptible to conciliate fermented food safety, with instances of an enhanced contribution of microbes associated to spontaneous fermentation. View Full-Text
Keywords: fermented food; fermentation; beverage; safety; risks; spontaneous fermentation; starter cultures; spoilage microbes; pathogens; contaminant►▼ Show Figures
Graphical abstract
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Capozzi, V.; Fragasso, M.; Romaniello, R.; Berbegal, C.; Russo, P.; Spano, G. Spontaneous Food Fermentations and Potential Risks for Human Health. Fermentation 2017, 3, 49.
AMA StyleShow more citation formats Show less citations formats
Capozzi V, Fragasso M, Romaniello R, Berbegal C, Russo P, Spano G. Spontaneous Food Fermentations and Potential Risks for Human Health. Fermentation. 2017; 3(4):49.Chicago/Turabian Style
Capozzi, Vittorio; Fragasso, Mariagiovanna; Romaniello, Rossana; Berbegal, Carmen; Russo, Pasquale; Spano, Giuseppe. 2017. "Spontaneous Food Fermentations and Potential Risks for Human Health." Fermentation 3, no. 4: 49.
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It's time for our highly anticipated Instagram of the Week, in which we highlight our favorite pic from the @ThatsShanghai Instagram page.
Our top pick this week is this gorgeous capture from Instagrammer @anariswari. Picture proof of why we love this city!
Image via @anariswari/Instagram
Follow @anariswari for more gorgeous photos of our favorite city.
Want to be the next person featured on Instagram of the Week? All you gotta do is tag your next post #ThatsShanghai, and we'll select the best one for a regram on our official page.
See more Instagram of The Week posts.


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Despite not having a game to prepare for this weekend, Pitt basketball coach Jeff Capel isn't...
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text:
Bize katılmanın keyfini çıkar :
Yenimisiniz? BaşlangıçHesabım Siparişlerim İstek Listem Kuponlarım Puanlarım Yönlendirmelerim BGpay
2019-03-25 07:34:16
2018-07-17 13:51:16
Easy integration into domoticz
2018-07-04 02:24:19
cable un peu court mais fait le job
2018-06-18 06:44:41
2018-02-17 17:08:14
Funziona perfettamente con domoticz e z-stick. Segnalazione acustica dell'allarme allagamento oltre quella a sistema
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It works fine with my Zipato smart home
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Minister of Civil Affairs of the Palestinian Authority (PA) Hussein Al-Sheikh has been seeking an "urgent" meeting with Israeli Minister of Finance Moshe Kahlon, Israeli TV Channel 13 revealed yesterday.
During a telephone call with the channel, Al-Sheikh said that he wanted to arrange a meeting to discuss the "financial crisis" being experienced by the PA as a result of Israel's withholding of Palestinian tax revenues.
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READ: PA rejects claims it interfered in Israel's election
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Been away from beers for two weeks, back now and no beer general to be seen! WTF!
Drinking, buying, cellaring or just wanting to try out?
I had this one after dinner today, bought 2 bottles this time last year, had one then and thought it was slightly harsh, opened the other bottle tonight and it did seem smoother. Probably just my palate that has changed though. Great beer no matter what!
Followed up with a standard czech pils. Very good for a canned one though!
I know nothing about storing beer but 1 year sound like it's enough to take off some harshness doesn't it? Some only cellar their beers for 6 months even.
I had Holba the other night. Very butterscotchy, i loved it. My local store is carrying Praga and I'm planning to get it soon.
Some really harsh alcoholic beers might need more than that to settle down, but yeah most of them should not need more than 12 months of cellar time. I drink most of what i get fresh these days even, works nice enough for most beers.
Holba is a nice beer for the price! Do try the Praga as well, nothing fancy just plain good.
Followed the pils up with a locally produced west coast style ipa. Very dry, quite nice as it was fairly fresh though!
Drinkable, but definitely doesn't showing the potential of aging beer in barrells.
Having this one tonight. Not bad, mildly sweet with a bitter aftertaste.
Had a Barrel Aged B.O.R.I.S. last night. The bourbon flavors were all there in full force, surprisingly so were the hops. It was pretty sharp.
Considering buying another to sit on.
Refreshing and very drinkable IPA from Poland. Simcoe does the job.
LIked the bourbon versions of their beers very much!
Simcoe is one of the premier hops for the westcoast style for sure!
Had this one just now. Very malty and sweet, wonderful scotch ale!
Drinking this stuff. One of my favorite winter warmers. Silky smooth and somehow tastes cozy as hell. Indeed is one of my favorite local breweries.
Went out on a staff christmas party this week. Really not my scene, and in a chain pub that is known for its low quality food and questionable clientele.
Soon cheered up when I discovered they had these, as well as some other very respectable craft beer selections. The red one was nice, but the blue was excellent. Didnt try the gold.
I didnt really get the opportunity to savour them and think about it the flavour too much. From what I recall, for me the drinks I've tried from Rochefort, Westmalle and Westvleteren are better - even so, I'd still say Chimay is excellent (i just happen to think the other are even more excellent)
I have yet to try any Chimay beer. In america the blue is like 12$ for a bomber and I don't like dropping that much on one bottle of beer anymore. Maybe I'll just ask for a bottle for christmas from someone
I dont know what size that is?
For 330ml bottles: I paid £4 for the red ($6) and the blue was paid for by the company. I could pick up Chimay Blue for about £3.20 ($4.85) and red for £2.50 ($3.80) online, and perhaps a little more if I went to a local beer shop.
This chain of pubs is well known for being cheap and cheerful. They serve alcohol all day I believe which attracts the alcoholics, and a pint of English ale is about £2-£2.50, where as in most other pubs its £3-£3.50. So it was a suprise to see them offering craft beer. They also had quite a few others such as Lagunitas, Sixpoint and Brooklyn Lager. Hopefully it will lead to more places following suit.
a bomber is 650 ml
Most good beer in america is sold as either 6 or 4 packs of 355 mL bottles, or single 650 mL bottles (cheap beer in mostly 24 or 30 packs of 355mL cans)
Beer is sold quite differently in UK.
Macros are normally sold cans or bottles. This could be in packs of 4/6/8/12/16/20/24. Typically the bottles are 330ml and the cans are 440ml, but also 568ml cans because Brits like a pint. Single bottles also come in 660ml.
Beers that would be described as English Ale (most people here would call it 'real ale') are normally sold as individual bottles, typically of 500ml. However, supermarkets (and a lot of beer shops) almost always have offers on these such as any 4 for £5 (the bottles cost £1-£2 each individually) which is good because it allows you to mix it up.
Supermarkets dont really stock craft beers. They are still quite expensive and typically start from about £2 for a 330ml bottle, and sold individually.
tonight i'll be knocking back a six-pack of these with cheese curds and apple slices. pretty nice flavor, not too bitter, thankfully.
This thread reminds me of wealthier times and better brews though.
Fuck Im drinking again tonight. But let me ask: I am stupidly paranoid about what I put in my body. And is it bad to drink beer with a lot of hops? Its an American Ale to be precise, so more hops than normal, but I just like the taste. Will drinking like 5-6 beers hurt me, or no?
despite the talk of it being expensive, craft beer can be quite affordable in america, plenty of great beers are sold in 6 packs for $7-$9 (and sometimes 12 or 24 packs at a per bottle discount for the bigger craft brewers)
Now compared to a $15 30 pack of High Life or PBR its expensive, but its quite cheap compared to parts of europe I have been in
Why would it hurt you?
Drinking this right now
i like the color of this pour so i took a picture
I tried that and it reminded me how much I dislike peppermint drinks. All I think of is mouthwash. If I wasn't a pussy I probably would've enjoyed the stuff though.
>And is it bad to drink beer with a lot of hops
No, light beers are the worst for you per calorie as they have no other nutrients. Good beer often has yeast as its usually not filtered and bottle conditioned and typically has a lot more nutritional value
I really like mint milkshakes/ice cream, and like mint/chocolate flavored things so I gave it a try
It smells like mouthwash so I was a little turned off at first, but it tastes pretty good
Yeah I can pick up pretty much any macro beer for around £0.50 per 440ml can right now, if I buy two crates of it. Unfortunately not for craft beer. My dad ran a craft beer bar for quite a while which was really good, and how I got in to it. I think he had to move on from that job though since he has a problem with taking things that he hasnt payed for.
i dont know man. i dont know shit. i guess it just tastes kinda bitter, ina good way, but it makes me think if it tastes bitter than it mnight be bad in large quantities. i mean that's a lot of hops going in your body at one time,.
>i mean that's a lot of hops going in your body at one time,.
its mostly water
Are hops poisonous? Am I missing something?
Jesus. Selection-wise Canada's not that great, but we pay a lot less for good European beers. Chimay Blue works out to $2.70 USD for a 330mL bottle, and the Red is about 5 bucks for a 750mL bottle.
Drinking one of these. its really good
Well 2bh i did read that there was a study linking large consumption (i'm talking over years) of hoppy beers to estrogen increase. But honestly, that's if you drink like a 6 pack of hoppy beer once every week for 2-3 years.
i.e. don't over do it with the hops, but it's completely fine to drink it.
it looks like there's a murderer wielding a knife in the air behind you
its from google images, but im only seeing one guy in the reflection
thats a myth
I like two brothers brewing company
hops have phytoestrogen in them
just as soy has xenoestrogen
Why do you think it's always the hipsters who like hoppy beers and the japs that love tofu? There's an obvious mutual inclusivity here.
Everybody kept talking about how good Stella Artois was, so I had one with lunch today.
It tasted like a pretty standard lager to me.
Am I missing something here or was I bamboozled?
>hops have phytoestrogen in them
Sure, in very small amounts, but there is literally zero evidence to suggest that dietary intake of hops effects blood estrogen levels in any way
In most of europe its one of the better choice, but no reason to even consider it in america
Keystone Ice nigga
Who was talking about how good Stella Artois was?
It's just a basic adjunct lager. Same as Budweiser or Coors.
Sam Adams vs Blue Moon
Just curious; give me your thoughts, opinions, preferences, etc.
Ive only ever seen 2 versions of blue moon so I cant really compare because Ive seen and tried about 20 different Sam Adams beers. Right now Ive been drinking his tripel ale. 9/10
Har drukit en dugges innan trodde den skulle smaka skit, men den vart rätt balanserad, preddy gudd
They've got to work on their label, it looks awful. Beer looks good though.
Looks interesting. I'm currently drinking this at the moment.
bretty gud/5
There ya go.
Currently drinking this saison, was brewed for Michel Roux Jr's restaurant. Decent enough, but nothing particularly special.
Now drinking in this American style brown ale. Much better, surprisingly complex too.
One might even describe it as bear-rific.
Gold is the nectar of gods. Weak, yes, but the taste man. Best Trappist I've ever had.
edit after looking at pic: That's not the gold, it's the tripel. But it's not bad either.
I drank this
real good i recommend it to everybody
I have 5 bottles of Boon Oude Gueze in my cellar that I'm planning on leaving there for the long term - I understand that you can do so for up to 20 years. I can't find any description of why you would do this, however. Can anyone comment on the changes and possibly a good compromise of time to drink them by?
Drinking sugar creek saison. Smells like bubbalicious kind of tastes like it too.
this beer is bonkers good
10/10 best beer I've ever had
My local tescos has chimay blue in for £2.50 - I got 8
Picked up a 6-pack of this finally after eyeing it for weeks in trader joes.
I haven't drunk it yet but I hear it's delicious. I'm going to a party tonight and kind of don't want to bring it along because I know it'll end up being taken by the masses if I leave it alone.
Fuck I'm dumb.
dont do it, drink it yourself
>Best trappist I've ever had
Cmon man, youre playing games with me. Which others have you tried?
Looks like I need to get to Tesco. £2.50 is a very good price for a beer that good.
Old pic, but I bought another of these, I really like it. €1.66/$1.82 for a bottle.
I like pumpkin beer and I don't care who knows it.
Depends on the brewery, though.
Is there proper beer tasting technique?
Like I read reviews of a beer and they raved how it had these "bold flavors" with "hints of caramel and chocolate."
It just tasted like beer to me.
What can I expect?
Never had mead before
beer connoisseuring is like doing drugs
you have to keep an open mind and you have to be vigilant of what you're experiencing beyond the mainstream
So does everyone just buy $8 four packs of local craft beers?
Also, anyone tried pic related? My favorite Oktober fest styled dopplebock so far, it's dark, malty, and smooth. It kinda fucks me up though, so I've been toning it down to one bottle every time I drink it.
Really it comes with experience. The more beer you drink the easier it is to pick up on those subtle flavors
you should pour it into a glass at least, otherwise who cares
Drinking one of these.
Show pour
well its already half drank, but if you want to se some other random people drinking it here you go https://untappd.com/b/brenner-brewing-co-witchcraft/34691/photos
this right here my man
also, I would like to say that wax was annoying as fuck to remove
No one on the first page could get a decent head? Jesus. I don't want to make an account to see more
Its not particularly effervescent, I poured if fairly vigorously and had a couple cm of head, nice color
Pretty typical carbonation level for a beer with that high of an ABV
What temperature was it at? With those high abv beers I chill them in the fridge for maybe an hour so I can still get a decent head.
it was fridge temp (minus the fucking 10 minutes it took me to remove the wax)
Yeah I just shoot for around 50 degrees Fahrenheit now. The lack of head always bothered me and the amount of flavor lost at the colder temps was surprisingly a lot.
Give it a try if you care. If not that's fine too. Just a suggestion. Enjoy the beer brah
it had definitely warmed to about that by the time I was doing most of my drinking, I agree its kind of a waste to drink a nice high ABV beer while its still really cold
I like sucks better than that one. but bob are good
Just bought this. Is it good or did I waste my shekels?
entry level but, good beer nonetheless
As far as American beer goes, its kind of all that is available - at a UK supermarket at least, could probably get something different if I went to a specialist beer shop, but I'd also pay a lot more.
They had Samuel Adams Lager, Sierra Nevada Pale Ale and Torpedo. That was about the extent of the American beers.
>They had Samuel Adams Lager, Sierra Nevada Pale Ale and Torpedo. That was about the extent of the American beers.
If this and the shitty macrobrew lagers like Budweiser and Coors are the only American beers most people in Europe are exposed to, no wonder they have this false idea that all American beer is awful.
Then you made a good choice. I don't even care for SN pale ale. Torpedo is solid though
Why does all beer taste awful? Why do you drink beer when there's nigorizake which is objectively superior?
Brew day today. I'm making a pale ale. Using Athanum and some Northern Brewer hops.
Later today I will do the first test of my rye IPA from a couple of weeks ago.
Its very much the same as Americans thinking british ale isnt very good.
I also bought Chimay Blue and St Stefanus Blonde.
I'm having one of these.
A Danish stout. Very characterful and tasty. Maybe a little too much licorice for some.
How do you feel about that IPA glass?
I'm not an IPA person, and while I have a lot of specialty glassware, it's pretty much just for my own entertainment. I honestly cannot tell the difference between a porter in a porter glass or a heffeweizen galss.
My mom is a big IPA drinker, though, so I got her one of those for Christmas.
Try the dunkel.
Whats this like? Saw it in the shop earlier but didnt buy it
>Go and buy some beers for tonight
>Refrigerate them
>Came back an hour later
>My mums husband says "I drank some of your beers"
>He meant he drank them all
>Within an hour
>Suggests that "if youre going back out today i'll give you the money to get some more"
>Im not going back out
>Its Sunday, most shops close at 4pm
>Its gone 4pm
Pretty sad times when you cant go a day without drinking so have to steal other peoples beer.
>>Its Sunday, most shops close at 4pm
Where do grocery and liquor stores close by 4pm? What about gas stations, surely they are open and still selling beer
Not him, but he's probably talking about liquor stores.
>tfw live in a dry state
>liquor stores can only be open Monday through Saturday until 9 PM
>it's illegal to have them open on Sunday
>can only buy 3% alcohol beer at gas stations and grocery stores, no liquor or wine
>>can only buy 3% alcohol beer at gas stations and grocery stores
What? I didn't even know that was a thing. My state has liquor stores close at 9pm all seven days, but this limitation is just because the Tavern League is one of the strongest lobbies in the state so they literally write laws to encourage you to go to a bar (maybe thats part why we have the highest drunk driving rates)
Same. My state is finally changing that though. They started allowing growler sales on Sunday and now I think they are going to let the liquor stores actually be open on sunday. Starting sometime next year that is.
Large supermarkets close at 4pm in UK because of some archaic law.
I could get beer if I wanted it, but it would be shit beer, and I dont really want to drink shit beer. I dont really have any good 'liquor' shops around here that would stock anything other than macro beer.
oh, thats too bad. I guess I am spoiled being able to get good beer in any grocery store/gas station/liquor store as long as I go before 9pm
It seems like when I was a kid a lot of things closed early on Sunday, but not many things do anymore besides banks
I'm a beer noob and there's a beer speciality store around here, what should I get? I don't like bitter beer like pils.
If you consider pils bitter, you should probably stick to wheat beer, maybe try some sours
Where you living? Beer is a rather regional thing.
>I don't like bitter beer like pils.
Pils is one of the least bitter beers out there.
Try saisons, wheats, darker, malt heavy beers like stouts and porters
Tried gulden draak last night after seeing it praised on ck and i gotta say it really lived it up to the hype. Got a bottle of black butte 27th aniversery cellaring rn lookin forward to it.
Both beers you bought are great. Have you had any of the previous black butte anniversary's? I've had two and had trouble keeping them in the cellar. No regrets. They both tasted great fairly fresh
Ive made a point to buy at least 2 bottle of black butte since i found it in 2013
/recent purchases/
It ain't bad
It's good, don't let anyone tell you otherwise.
They probably only perceive it as entry level because it's accessible to them everywhere so they get overexposed to it.
Irish red ale is a very nonbitter style. But it seems like you're oversensitive to bitterness and need some practice.
People shouldn't have to "practice" to enjoy a food or beverage.
Protip: You've gotten practice in liking everything you like throughout the years, except maybe milk.
>oyster saison
I had an oyster stout once and it was phenomenal. I really wish people would start using oysters in beer more.
Entry level doesn't mean it's bad by any means
Low quality bait.
Yeah, I usually get a variety 6 pack with picking craft beers between $1.79 and $3.50 to try new stuff.
I get Optimator from Trader Joes on occasion, very drinkable beer.
Going to head out to Modern Times on Saturday afternoon, anyone wanna meet up for a few pints? Their Mega Fortunate Islands is pretty darn good.
It's probably the best, cheapest widely distributed craft beer. It's some good stuff though I prefer the Pale Ale and their Coffee Stout.
>tfw they'll never have 6 pack bottle/cans of their Kolsh
have you been to noble ale works? their beer is amazing
Drinking Big Flats
Best beer on the market at an amazing price
>Modern Times
Great brewery, I really enjoyed their other Mega Beers (Black House and Blazing World). Only a few years in and they pretty much surpassed most breweries here, both in terms of beer quality and variety.
Now drinking. Lomaland. Probably my favorite of their flagship beers. Love me some Belgian yeast.
I don't have any beer right now, and am in Hawaii, in Kauai.
Any good local ones to try?
Also, I'm 20. Do you think the locals are laid back enough they'd sell to me anyways, like they did in canada when I was minor?
Yes! Naughty Sauce and the Showers beers are de-fucking-licious. I'm hitting that up on the drive back since it's on the way. And I need to get some beer there for Christmas presents.
They're currently way underrated and it doesn't help that they're in a really dense area for beer (Southern California). I was drinking some Black House earlier, never had a chance to try the Mega Black House yet. :c Funnily enough, I've never had Lomaland (or a saison for that matter).
Kona Brewing makes a bretty gud coffee porter and Maui Brewing makes a coconut porter that's tasty. Kona has a decent IPA/Pale Ale too if that's more your thing.
>>7171421 Here. You most definitely try it if you are partial to saisons. My favorite beer from them (outside their whalez, most which I have not tried yet) is their 100% brett IPA named Neverwhere. It's so juicy with a touch of funk from the Brett. So fucking good, wish they bottled that one. Did you join their League? I would have but I had already threw $150 to split a Reserve Society membership. Next year!
i remember it tasting smokey....and yes it fucks you up because it's strong
yeah that shit is refreshing...it would probably be good on a hot day I'm sure
i bought this in a 4 or 6 pack of cans and i think i remember not liking it. Mind you, I like cans. I'm not the beer drinker type that thinks bottles are the only way to go.
Dude you'd be surprised. Europeans are actually asking for more and more american beers lately. I couldn't believe it either. I heard this German beer master talking about how germans are sick of all their beer rules they've had to follow in the past 300 years or so and that they actually enjoy a lot our weird experimental beers we've been making like especially our IPAs. I was astonished to hear this because forever all I ever heard from Europeans is how much better their shit is and how much american beer sucks but i guess everything changes eventually.
Own up, your Christmas party was in Wetherspoons wasn't it?
Their beer selection is great to be fair, despite its reputation
I wish I did, I had enough money but it's a bit of a drive from the Inland Empire for the bottle releases. Definitely next year since I saw all the cool stuff the League members get.
>Reserve Society
How is it? I considered it because it's decently close and I feel like I would much rather be a part of that than the Hangar 24 Barrel Roll one. Especially since I really want to try Chocolate Rain again.
I can't say since it's my first year joining. I've been a longtime fan of The Bruery (by that I mean only 3 years lol) but never had the scratch and means of driving from SD to Placentia until now. I started with Preservation Society, and already got access to some good stuff. (Two Black Tuesdays, Confession, Oude tart with Boysenberries, and other experimental batches) So I'm really looking forward to next month when my RS membership kicks in.
Hanger 24 makes some good stuff. Highlights for me are Pugachev's Cobra and Chandelle.
taking this motherfucker to the dome
on a monday
Reserve Society is awesome if you can afford the $300/year
Bruery releases a LOT of great beer every year and admittedly quite a few stinkers... but except for the ~10 included bottles you get to choose what you buy, and you can pick up at your convenience
Damn, that does sound good.
Mad jealous, haven't had a chance to try it. :^(
I can, it's just that by the time I had decided that I had wanted to there weren't any spots left.
Yeah. I thought I already mentioned it in this thread, but perhaps in a different thread. I would never go to Wetherspoons given the choice. Im somewhat of a snob.
Food was shit, as expected. But very impressed that they had so many beers, and reasonably priced.
> bright · rustic
yeah, you pretty much have to sign up for Preservation society in order to get access to Reserve society nowadays (Preservation members get the chance to sign up for Reserve before the general public).
You can sign up for Preservation at the last possible quarter though... in past years there hasn't beenany preference given to people who have been in Preservation longer if that makes sense