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BFF 83: McDaniel vs. Grayce PBP Commentary
Coming up we have a welterweight MMA rules bout between Bo Nickal (ranked 618 p4p, 94 weight class) and Mario Rossi (ranked 994 p4p, 143 weight class). These two fighters really are very evenly matched on the feet - it will be fascinating to see who can assert themselves in that aspect of the fight.
178 cm
178 lbs
10 - 4 - 0
180 cm
187 lbs
9 - 5 - 0
Great wrestler
Excellent boxer
Insanely flexible
BJJ Brown Belt
World class MT
Good gas tank
Groove Gear
BuriedAlive// Fight Gear
Ladies and gentlemen. This fight is 2 rounds, in the welterweight division.
Introducing the fighter to my left, fighting out of the red corner.
With a record of 10 wins, 4 losses and 0 draws, fighting out of New York, Bo Nickal!
And introducing the fighter to my right, fighting out of the blue corner.
With a record of 9 wins, 5 losses and 0 draws, fighting out of New York, Mario Rossi!
The judges for this bout are Sosuke Kotani, Yuuki Gou and Shigeki Sano.
The bell rings for round one and we are underway!
Nice defenses there by Nickal.
Nickal lands with a cross.
Rossi throws an off balance right hand
and Nickal counters with a shoot takedown. Rossi fights it but they end up in guard.
Nickal won't allow Rossi to get back to his feet.
Rossi told us pre-fight that he has been working on his escapes in training. Let's see if he can call on some of his new skills to get back to his feet.
Rossi is looking to stand back up... there's a bit of a scramble and Nickal dives into side control.
Rossi is trying to buck Nickal off.
An elbow from Nickal crashes against the mat.
We've had a slow start to the round here - hopefully the action picks up.
Rossi is working hard to escape and get back to his feet. After a battle for position, Nickal asserts his dominance and retains side control.
Nickal lands a knee to the body and follows it up with some ground and pound to the head. That will wear Rossi down.
The fighters are tangled up in the ropes here. We might need a restart if the fighters can't break free themselves.
That's one minute gone in the round.
Rossi is working hard to escape and get back to his feet. After a battle for position, Nickal asserts his dominance and retains side control.
Nickal working the head and body with strikes.
Nickal advances to mount.
Nickal trying to control but Rossi is having none of it.
Rossi tries to get back to half guard but can't.
Nickal throwing strikes here but Rossi is writhing around nicely and avoiding any serious damage.
Nickal is in the full mount, landing strikes.
Nickal has been looking to land a fair amount of strikes on the ground. He might be looking to soften his opponent up in order to work for a submission.
That's two minutes gone in the round.
Nickal in mount throwing good strikes here, bouncing his opponent's head off the canvas.
Rossi holds on to Nickal as tight as he can, avoiding damage.
Nickal controlling from mount.
Nickal wants to control the pace but Rossi is squirming around nicely.
Rossi blocking the ground and pound.
Rossi squirming around on the bottom, looking to escape.
Rossi blocking the ground and pound.
Rossi is trying to stand up.
That's three minutes gone in the round.
Nickal is looking to secure an arm. He's managed it! He's pivoting for an armbar - that looks tight! But Rossi has managed to get out of it and now he's in a dominant position. Nice work from Rossi!
Rossi avoids a guillotine attempt easily.
Rossi wants to get up but he can't break Nickal's closed guard. He needs to be careful trying to break the legs open, as he's open to submissions here.
Nickal trying to keep a closed guard but Rossi is proving a slippery customer.
Rossi would like to get this fight back to the feet but can't get free from the closed guard.
Nickal is working actively off his back, looking to secure an arm or perhaps work for a triangle.
That's four minutes gone in the round.
Nickal has his foot on Rossi's thigh. He's trying to push off and get in position for a triangle, I think. Rossi works his way back into a safe position though.
Nickal throws his legs up looking for a submission but Rossi uses it to pass to side control.
Nickal manages to land a sweep and he's now on top! Lovely Jiu Jitsu!
Still in half guard, Nickal seems content to control.
Rossi is looking to escape.
Nickal trying to mount his opponent but Rossi defends it.
The fighters are battling for position here. Rossi manages to regain full guard. Nice work.
Rossi utilising some decent striking defenses from the guard, preventing the ground and pound.
Rossi wants to stand and escape but Nickal is having none of it.
That's five minutes gone in the round.
Nickal drops back looking for a leg! Rossi is in trouble here! The fighters roll with the hold and Rossi manages to kick Nickal off! Nickal jumps back into Rossi's guard.
Nickal throwing elbows and punches but not connecting, as Rossi works some decent striking defense from the bottom.
Nickal throws a big right hand that misses.
Nickal trying to control but Rossi is working from the bottom.
Nickal pressing down on his opponent's thigh, looking to pass guard. Rossi is keeping the position for now.
Nickal won't allow Rossi to get back to his feet.
That's six minutes gone in the round.
The crowd are getting on the fighters' backs, as the pace has dropped off in the last minute or so.
Nickal trying to pass the guard. He's being very persistent here but Rossi manages to land a sweep and now he's on top!
Nickal has a closed guard, preventing Rossi from standing up.
Nickal escapes his hips to the side and looks to be working for an armbar. Rossi gives him a little smile and shakes his head. No chance.
Rossi is looking to stand up but Nickal won't let him.
Nickal manages to sweep nicely, so he's now on top. Rossi manages to get himself to full guard.
Nickal throwing strikes from guard but Rossi blocks nicely.
Nickal pressing down on his opponent's thigh, looking to pass guard. Rossi is keeping the position for now.
That's seven minutes gone in the round.
Rossi working the defensive guard well to avoid strikes from Nickal.
Rossi is looking to get back to his feet but can't, whilst Nickal is controlling him.
Nickal is in close to Rossi's body, working some short punches and elbows.
Nickal wants to control from the top but Rossi keeps moving.
Nickal missing there with some ground and pound from the guard.
Nickal advances to half guard.
Nickal is working for submissions here but there's nothing on.
Nickal trying to mount his opponent but Rossi defends it.
That's eight minutes gone in the round.
Nickal thumps the canvas. Not on purpose obviously - he just missed Rossi's head.
Nickal throwing shots but Rossi is blocking nicely.
The two fighters exchange a few words. I couldn't hear what they were saying but maybe it's more fun if you make it up yourself. Nickal connects with a nice short shot to Rossi's temple.
Nickal is working for a kimura but Rossi is defending it quite comfortably.
Nickal wants to pass to mount but Rossi is defending the position.
That's nine minutes gone in the round.
Nickal is keen to just control but Rossi is a slippery customer.
Nickal with the ground and pound but Rossi uses the opportunity to regain guard.
Rossi wants to stand but Nickal is controlling the position.
Nickal stays in close to Rossi's body and controls the position.
The referee has decided to stand the fighters back up, so we'll restart on the feet.
Rossi tries to clinch up.
Nickal changes levels looking for a counter takedown but doesn't commit.
Nickal swings away with a body shot that misses
letting Rossi counter with a right hand.
The crowd thankful this round is nearly over.
Nickal looks to score with a combo but nothing lands.
Rossi throws an overhand right that lands on Nickal's shoulder, as Nickal tries to avoid the shot.
Rossi misses with a looping right.
And thats the end of the round the fighters go back to their corners.
Bo Nickal dominated that round.
That's the end of the round. The referee orders the cornermen out of the ring so we can get back down to business. Let's hear some noise people - this is the final round!
Nickal lands a leg kick. The shin dug right into the meat of the thigh.
Rossi misses with an uppercut. Nickal saw that one coming.
Jab by Nickal.
Nickal is really dominating this fight. Is there anything that Rossi can do to turn this around?
Nickal lands with a cross.
Rossi takes a really solid shot there but just smiles back and shrugs his shoulders.
Rossi scores with a sloppy punch to the body. Not much technique there but it did the business.
Rossi tries to clinch up.
Rossi misses with a straight right.
We've had a slow start to the round here - hopefully the action picks up.
Rossi gets cracked there but stands up to it.
Nickal steps to the side to avoid the strikes from Rossi.
Rossi misses with a wild body shot.
Nickal misses the jab.
That's one minute gone in the round.
Rossi lands a right hook to the body.
Nickal works the jab nicely.
Rossi scores with a nice strike.
Nickal scores with a jab.
Rossi throws a leg kick but Nickal sees it coming and checks it nicely.
Rossi throws a two punch combo that lands nicely.
Sloppy strikes from Rossi. Those never looked like landing.
Nickal dips down and scores with a jab to the body.
Rossi throws a looping overhand right but Nickal ducks down to avoid it.
Nickal feinted with a counter takedown.
Nickal moves away from the strike by Rossi.
That's two minutes gone in the round.
Nickal fakes a strike and closes the distance, dragging Rossi to the ground. Nickal is now in Rossi's guard.
This is a great period of action - very entertaining stuff!
Nickal loading up with the ground and pound but he's missing more than he's landing in this flurry.
Rossi has scooted to the edge of the canvas and used the ropes to get back to his feet. Nickal has stuck on his opponent and is forcing him back against the ropes.
Rossi avoids a wild elbow strike from Nickal.
Nickal misses with a hook from the clinch.
A nice left hand lands by Rossi.
Rossi lands with a right to the head.
Still in the clinch, Rossi scores with a nice short uppercut.
Rossi throws a punch but it's blocked by Nickal.
Nickal trying to control the position but instead, Rossi has worked for underhooks and has pushed Nickal into the ropes.
Nickal throws a punch but it's blocked by Rossi.
Nickal changes levels and goes for a takedown here. Rossi fights it off and pushes away nicely.
Mario Rossi is looking to keep the fight on the feet at all costs.
Nickal doesn't react quick enough there as he takes a shot to the body.
That's three minutes gone in the round.
Rossi dips to his left and cracks Nickal with an uppercut!
Nickal slips a straight right by Rossi.
Rossi misses the jab.
Rossi looks to throw the jab but Nickal is out of range.
Nickal with a poor takedown
and Nickal takes a counter punch right on the button for his troubles.
Rossi tries a switch kick but it misses it's target.
Nickal takes a thudding leg kick, right into the meat of the thigh.
Nickal throws out a token jab with nothing on it.
Nickal avoids the clinch attempt nicely.
Nickal feinted with a counter takedown.
Nickal gets his takedown attempt stuffed easily
and Rossi counters with a kick to the head that grazes his opponent. Nickal is lucky that one didn't land flush.
That's three failed takedown attempts in the round for Bo Nickal. That's going to take a lot out of him.
That's four minutes gone in the round.
Rossi does a little shimmy and throws a leg kick. The leg kick missed by a considerable margin though, making him look a little bit silly for doing the shimmy.
Nickal appears to be looking for a counter takedown.
Nickal keeping his hands up high there, blocking the jab from Rossi.
Nickal fakes high and swings low for a body shot but Rossi manages to avoid it.
Nickal swings wildly with a right hand that was never going to find it's target.
Rossi throws a monster uppercut resembling something out of street fighter but it doesn't land.
Rossi misses with a half-hearted attempt at a head kick.
Nickal works the jab nicely.
Wooooo! Give it up for these two warriors! They are putting on a show!
Nickal throws out a leg kick but Rossi moves out of range and Nickal only half commits.
Rossi's hands are dropping dangerously low here and Nickal connects clean with a right hook that sends him down to one knee! Rossi scrambles back to his feet.
That's five minutes gone in the round.
Rossi slips a jab from Nickal.
Rossi connects with a solid leg kick.
Nice defenses there by Rossi.
Rossi waving his hands out in front of him, looking to distract Nickal.
Nickal drops down looking for a counter takedown but Rossi sprawls and moves away.
A swing and a miss from Rossi.
Nickal swung with a counter right hand that didn't connect.
Rossi throws a head kick that misses.
Nickal misses with a kick to the body.
Nickal lands a slapping body shot.
Nickal misses with an uppercut. Rossi saw that one coming.
Rossi pulls out of a head kick attempt.
Nickal attempts a counter takedown but Rossi avoids it well and moves away.
Rossi throws a hook but Nickal blocks it.
That's six minutes gone in the round.
Rossi shapes like he's going to throw a leg kick but settles back down.
Rossi misses with a right hand
so Nickal counters with a double leg into guard. Good agility.
Nickal trying to move into half guard but instead Rossi has managed to sweep!
Wooooo! Give it up for these two warriors! They are putting on a show!
Nickal looking for submissions off his back, moving his hips, looking for an opening.
The fighters are trapped in the ropes so we're going to have a reposition here. The ref calls for a break and repositions the fighters in the center of the ring.
Nickal looking to hit a scissor sweep but Rossi is one step ahead there.
Rossi slips nicely into half guard.
Nickal makes his way to full guard. A much better position for Nickal.
Mario Rossi has stepped it up - he knows he needs a finish here!
That's seven minutes gone in the round.
Nickal has a butterfly guard looking to sweep but Rossi has passed into side control.
Rossi trying to control the action but Nickal is working from the bottom.
Nickal is moving his hips around well on the bottom and has managed to get back to half guard.
Nickal trying to control from the bottom.
Nickal gets full guard.
Rossi stands and steps away. Nickal gets to his feet too and we're back to the striking game.
Nickal ducks under a wild hook from Rossi.
Nickal slips under a jab.
That's eight minutes gone in the round.
Nickal throws a monster uppercut resembling something out of street fighter but it doesn't land.
Rossi flicks out a counter leg kick but Nickal steps away.
Rossi scores with a jab to the head.
Rossi throws a shot from downtown. Nickal moves away and avoids it.
Nickal lands a pitter patter jab to the forehead of his opponent.
Nickal misses with a straight left.
Rossi looks like he wants to counter punch here.
Nickal misses with a left hand
and Rossi counters with a good right hand that lands right on the jaw.
Rossi slips under a jab from Nickal.
Nickal connects with a body shot.
Nickal swats away the attempt to clinch by Rossi.
Nickal attempts a counter takedown but Rossi avoids it well and moves away.
That's nine minutes gone in the round.
Rossi misses with an uppercut. Nickal saw that one coming.
Nickal misses with a takedown attempt. He shot from a bit too far out.
An inside leg kick from Nickal misses.
Nickal slips a straight right by Rossi.
Rossi on the wrong end of a nice low kick. He's acting like it's no big deal but he doesn't want to take many more of those.
Rossi swings wildly with a couple of big hooks
and Nickal counters with a nice shoot takedown that brings the fighters to the ground.
Nickal with a flurry of punches that miss.
Nickal postures up in Rossi's guard and throws a big left but Rossi blocks it.
Nickal trying to control but Rossi is working from the bottom.
And that's the end of the fight!
I would just about give that final round to Mario Rossi.
I have no idea who won that fight. Let's wait and see whether the judges are as confused as me! Time for a split decision perhaps?!. Over to the ring announcer for the scorecards.
Ladies and gentlemen, after 2 rounds of action, we go to the scorecards for a decision.
Judge Sosuke Kotani scores the fight for Bo Nickal!
Judge Yuuki Gou scores the fight for Mario Rossi!
Judge Shigeki Sano scores the fight for Bo Nickal!
Bo Nickal wins by split decision!
Bo Nickal seemed lost for words in his post fight interview but he remembered to thank his fans and directed everyone to his website.
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The American architect Kracklite arrives in Italy, supervising an exhibiton for a French architect, Boullée, famous for his oval structures. Tirelessly dedicated to the project, Kracklite's marriage quickly dissolves along with his health.
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Despite available effective gout treatment, opioids still over prescribed
USA: Gout patients commonly receive opioids prescription after their discharge from the emergency department (ED), finds a recent study. This occurs despite the availability of effective treatments for gout.
Findings of the study, published in the journal Arthritis Care & Research, highlights an opportunity to curb the opioid epidemic among gout patients. The opioid epidemic generally refers to a rapid increase in the use of nonprescription and prescription opioid drugs in the U.S, beginning in the late 1990s.
Acute gout is one of the most painful inflammatory arthritis and is a common cause of visits to the emergency department. The prescription opioid is the leading contributor to the ongoing opioid epidemic; ED is often the source of the index prescription. Deepan S. Dalal, Department of Medicine at Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, and colleagues conducted the study to assess the burden of opioid use and factors associated with its use among gout patients discharged from the ED.
For the study, the researchers analyzed data from the Lifespan electronic health records system to assess the frequency in which the patients received opioids, as well as the dose and duration of therapy. The factors associated with increased odds of opioid prescription at discharge among patients with acute gout were ascertained using the multivariable logistic regression.
Also Read: Use opioids cautiously for short duration in osteoarthritis
Key findings of the study include:
- Out of the 456 patients, 129 (28.3%) received opioids at discharge; approximately 80% were new.
- 79% (102/129) of patients who received an opioid prescription at discharge were not taking an opioid medication prior to their ED presentation.
- The most commonly prescribed opioid was reported to be oxycodone.
- The average dose of opioids prescribed at discharge was 37.9±17.2mg of morphine equivalent; the median duration was 8 days (interquartile range: 5, 14).
- Patients who experienced a polyarticular gout attack had diabetes, and those who utilized opioids prior to hospital admission were more likely to receive an opioid prescription at discharge.
Also Read: Despite readily available treatment, gout remains under-treated, finds study
"We have a number of medications that can treat acute gout effectively, almost completely eliminating the need to use opioids. The fact that 28% of patients are being treated with opioids, and much longer than 2 weeks, is alarming and provides an opportunity to reduce the burden of prescription opioids," said Dr Dalal.
To read the complete study log on to https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23928
Disclaimer: This site is primarily intended for healthcare professionals. Any content/information on this website does not replace the advice of medical and/or health professionals and should not be construed as medical/diagnostic advice/endorsement or prescription. Use of this site is subject to our terms of use, privacy policy, advertisement policy. © 2020 Minerva Medical Treatment Pvt Ltd


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Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without that person's consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority, or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who is unconscious, incapacitated, has an intellectual disability or is below the legal age of consent.[1][2][3] The term rape is sometimes used interchangeably with the term sexual assault
People who have been raped can be traumatized and develop posttraumatic stress disorder.[10] Serious injuries can result along with the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. A person may face violence or threats from the rapist, and, in some cultures, from the victim's family and relatives.
Rape is defined in most jurisdictions as sexual intercourse, or other forms of sexual penetration, committed by a perpetrator against a victim without their consent.[17] The definition of rape is inconsistent between governmental health organizations, law enforcement, health providers, and legal professions. It has varied historically and culturally. Originally, rape had no sexual connotation and is still used in other contexts in English. In Roman law, it or raptus was classified as a form of crimen vis, "crime of assault". Raptus described the abduction of a woman against the will of the man under whose authority she lived, and sexual intercourse was not a necessary element. Other definitions of rape have changed over time.
Until 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) considered rape a crime solely committed by men against women. In 2012, they changed their definition from "The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will" to "The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." The previous definition, which had remained unchanged since 1927, was considered outdated and narrow. The updated definition includes recognizing any gender of victim and perpetrator and that rape with an object can be as traumatic as penile/vaginal rape. The bureau further describes instances when the victim is unable to give consent because of mental or physical incapacity. It recognizes that a victim can be incapacitated by drugs and alcohol and unable to give valid consent. The definition does not change federal or state criminal codes or impact charging and prosecution on the federal, state or local level; it rather means that rape will be more accurately reported nationwide.[21][22]
Health organizations and agencies have also expanded rape beyond traditional definitions. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rape as a form of sexual assaultwhile the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) includes rape in their definition of sexual assault; they term rape a form of sexual violence. The CDC lists other acts of coercive, non-consensual sexual activity that may or may not include rape, including drug-facilitated sexual assault, acts in which a victim is made to penetrate a perpetrator or someone else, intoxication where the victim is unable to consent (due to incapacitation or being unconscious), non-physically forced penetration which occurs after a person is pressured verbally (by intimidation or misuse of authority to force to consent), or completed or attempted forced penetration of a victim via unwanted physical force (including using a weapon or threatening to use a weapon) Some countries or jurisdictions differentiate between rape and sexual assault by defining rape as involving penile penetration of the vagina, or solely penetration involving the penis, while other types of non-consensual sexual activity are called sexual assaultScotland, for example, emphasizes penile penetration, requiring that the sexual assault must have been committed by use of a penis to qualify as rapeThe 1998 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda defines rape as "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive" In other cases, the term rape has been phased out of legal use in favor of terms such as sexual assault or criminal sexual conduct.
Victims of rape or sexual assault come from a wide range of genders, ages, sexual orientations, ethnicitities, geographical locations, cultures and degrees of impairment or disability. Incidences of rape are classified into a number of categories, and they may describe the relationship of the perpetrator to the victim and the context of the sexual assault. These include date rape, gang rape, marital rape, incestual rape, child sexual abuse, prison rape, acquaintance rape, war rape and statutory rape. Forced sexual activity can be committed over a long period of time with little to no physical injury
Most rape is committed by someone the victim knows. By contrast, rape committed by strangers is relatively uncommon. Statistics reported by the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) indicate that 7 out of 10 cases of sexual assault involved a perpetrator known to the victim.
The WHO report describes the consequences of sexual abuse:
- Gynecological disorders
- Reproductive disorders
- Sexual disorders
- Infertility
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Pregnancy complications
- Miscarriage
- Sexual dysfunction
- Acquiring sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS
- Mortality from injuries
- Increased risk of suicide
- Depression
- Chronic pain
- Psychosomatic disorders
- Unsafe abortion
- Frequently, victims may not recognize what happened to them was rape. Some may remain in denial for years afterwardsConfusion over whether or not their experience constitutes rape is typical, especially for victims of psychologically coerced rape. Women may not identify their victimization as rape for many reasons such as feelings of shame, embarrassment, non-uniform legal definitions, reluctance to define the friend/partner as a rapist, or because they have internalized victim-blaming attitudesThe public perceives these behaviors as 'counterintuitive' and therefore, as evidence of a dishonest woman
- During the assault, a person will respond with fight, flight, freeze, friend (sometimes called fawn)or flop. Victims may react in ways they did not anticipate. After the rape, they may be uncomfortable/frustrated with and not understand their reactions.Most victims respond by 'freezing up' or becoming compliant and cooperative during the rape. These are common survival responses of all mammals.This can cause confusion for others and the person assaulted. An assumption is that someone being raped would call for help or struggle. A struggle would result in torn clothes or injuries
- Dissociation can occur during the assaultMemories may be fragmented especially immediately afterwards. They may consolidate with time and sleep.] A man or boy who is raped may be stimulated and even ejaculate during the experience of the rape. A woman or girl may orgasm during a sexual assault. This may become a source of shame and confusion for those assaulted along with those who were around them
- Trauma symptoms may not show until years after the sexual assault occurred. Immediately following a rape, the survivor may react outwardly in a wide range of ways, from expressive to closed down; common emotions include distress, anxiety, shame, revulsion, helplessness, and guiltDenial is not uncommon.
- In the weeks following the rape, the survivor may develop symptoms of post traumatic stress syndrome and may develop wide array of psychosomatic complaints. PTSD symptoms include re-experiencing of the rape, avoiding things associated with the rape, numbness, and increased anxiety and startle response The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms is higher if the rapist confined or restrained the person, if the person being raped believed the rapist would kill them, the person who was raped was very young or very old, and if the rapist was someone they knew The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms is also higher if people around the survivor ignore (or are ignorant of) the rape or blame the rape survivor
- Most people recover from rape in three to four months, but many have persistent PTSD that may manifest in anxiety, depression, substance abuse, irritability, anger, flashbacks, or nightmares.In addition, rape survivors may have long term generalised anxiety disorder, may develop one or more specific phobias, major depressive disorder, and may experience difficulties with resuming their social life, and with sexual functioning People who have been raped are at higher risk of suicide
- Men experience similar psychological effects of being raped, but they are less likely to seek counseling
Another effect of rape and sexual assault is the stress created in those who study rape or counsel the survivors. This is called vicarious traumatization
- Physical
- The presence or absence of physical injury may be used to determine whether a rape has occurredThose who have experienced sexual assault yet have no physical trauma may be less inclined to report to the authorities or to seek health care
- While penetrative rape generally does not involve the use of a condom, in some cases a condom is used. Use of a condom significantly reduces the likelihood of pregnancy and disease transmission, both to the victim and to the rapist. Rationales for condom use include: avoiding contracting infections or diseases (particularly HIV), especially in cases of rape of sex workers or in gang rape (to avoid contracting infections or diseases from fellow rapists); eliminating evidence, making prosecution more difficult (and giving a sense of invulnerability); giving the appearance of consent (in cases of acquaintance rape); and thrill from planning and the use of the condom as an added prop. Concern for the victim is generally not considered a factor
- Sexually transmitted infections
- See also: Virgin cleansing myth and Prison rape in the United States § Sexually transmitted diseases
- A street sign in South Africa, appealing to men not to rape children in the belief that it will cure them of HIV/AIDS.
- Those who have been raped have relatively more reproductive tract infections than those not been raped HIV can be transmitted through rape. Acquiring AIDS through rape puts people risk of suffering psychological problems. Acquiring HIV through rape may lead to the in behaviors that create risk of injecting drugs.Acquiring sexually transmitted infections increases the risk of acquiring HIV. The belief that having sex with a virgin can cure HIV/AIDS exists in parts of Africa. This leads to the rape of girls and women. The claim that the myth drives either HIV infection or child sexual abuse in South Africa is disputed by researchers Rachel Jewkes and Helen Epstein
- Victim blaming, secondary victimization and other mistreatment
- Main articles: Victim blaming and Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
- Society's treatment of victims has the potential to exacerbate their trauma People who have been raped or sexually assaulted are sometimes blamed and considered responsible for the crime.[18] This refers to the just world fallacy and rape myth acceptance that certain victim behaviors (such as being intoxicated, flirting or wearing sexually provocative clothing) may encourage rape.[82][83] In many cases, victims are said to have "asked for it" because of not resisting their assault or violating female gender expectations.[84][83] A global survey of attitudes toward sexual violence by the Global Forum for Health Research shows that victim-blaming concepts are at least partially accepted in many countries. Women who have been raped are sometimes deemed to have behaved improperly. Usually, these are cultures where there is a significant social divide between the freedoms and status afforded to men and wome
Physical assessment
Many rapes do not result in serious injury.[96] The first medical response to sexual assault is a complete assessment. This general assessment will prioritize the treatment of injuries by the emergency room staff. Medical personnel involved are trained to assess and treat those assaulted or follow protocols established to ensure privacy and best treatment practices. Informed consent is always required prior to treatment unless the person who was assaulted is unconscious, intoxicated or does not have the mental capacity to give consent.Priorities governing the physical exam are the treatment of serious life-threatening emergencies and then a general and complete assessment.Some physical injuries are readily apparent such as, bites, broken teeth, swelling, bruising, lacerations and scratches. In more violent cases, the victim may need to have gunshot wounds or stab wounds treated The loss of consciousness is relevant to the medical history.If abrasions are found, immunization against tetanus is offered if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization
Diagnostic testing
After the general assessment and treatment of serious injuries, further evaluation may include the use of additional diagnostic testing such as x-rays, CT or MRI image studies and blood work. The presence of infection is determined by sampling of body fluids from the mouth, throat, vagina, perineum, and anus
Forensic sampling
Main article: Rape investigation
Victims have the right to refuse any evidence collection. Victims advocates ensure the victims' wishes are respected by hospital staff. After the physical injuries are addressed and treatment has begun, then forensic examination proceeds along with the gathering of evidence that can be used to identify and document the injuries. Such evidence-gathering is only done with the complete consent of the patient or the caregivers of the patient. Photographs of the injuries may be requested by staff. At this point in the treatment, if a victims' advocate had not been requested earlier, experienced social support staff are made available to the patient and family.
If the patient or the caregivers, (typically parents) agree, the medical team utilizes standardized sampling and testing usually referred to a forensic evidence kit or "rape kit".The patient is informed that submitting to the use of the rape kit does not obligate them to file criminal charges against the perpetrator. The patient is discouraged from bathing or showering for the purpose of obtaining samples from their hair. Evidence gathered within the past 72 hours is more likely to be valid.The sooner that samples are obtained after the assault, the more likely that evidence is present in the sample and provide valid results. Once the injuries of the patient have been treated and she or he is stabilized, the sample gathering will begin. Staff will encourage the presence of a rape/sexual assault counselor to provide an advocate and reassurance.
During the medical exam, evidence of bodily secretions is assessed. Dried semen that is on clothing and skin can be detected with a fluorescent lamp. Notes will be attached to those items on which semen has been found. These specimens are marked, placed in a paper bag,and be marked for later analysis for the presence of seminal vesicle-specific antigen. Though technically, medical staff are not part of the legal system, only trained medical personnel can obtain evidence that is admissible during a trial. The procedures have been standardized. Evidence is collected, signed, and locked in a secure place to guarantee that legal evidence procedures are maintained. This is known as the chain of evidence and is a legal term that describes a carefully monitored procedure of evidence collection and preservation. Maintaining the Chain of evidence from the medical examination, testing and tissue sampling from its origin of collection to court allows the results of the sampling to be admitted as evidence.The use of photography is often used for documentation
After the examination
Some physical effects of the rape are not immediately apparent. Follow up examinations also assess the patient for tension headaches, fatigue, sleep pattern disturbances, gastrointestinal irritability, chronic pelvic pain, menstrual pain or irregularity, pelvic inflammatory disease, multiple yeast infections, sexual dysfunction, premenstrual distress, fibromyalgia, vaginal discharge, vaginal itching, burning during urination, and generalized vaginal pain.
Women are typically offered contraceptive medications because about 5% of male-on-female rapes result in pregnancy.
Genital injuries
An internal pelvic exam is not recommended for sexually immature or prepubescent girls due to the probability that internal injuries do not exist in this age group. An internal exam may be recommended if significant bloody discharge is observed, though. A complete pelvic exam for rape (anal or vaginal) is conducted. An oral exam is done if there have been injuries to the mouth, teeth, gums or pharynx. Though the patient may have no complaints about genital pain signs of trauma can still be assessed. Prior to the complete bodily and genital exam, the patient is asked to undress, standing on a white sheet that collects any debris that may be in the clothing. The clothing and sheet are properly bagged and labeled along with other samples that can be removed from the body or clothing of the patient. Samples of fibers, mud, hair, leaves are gathered if present. Samples of fluids are collected to determine the presence of the perpetrator's saliva and semen that may be present in the patients mouth, vagina or rectum. Sometimes the victim has scratched the perpetrator in defense and fingernail scrapings can be collected.
Injuries to the genital areas can be swelling, lacerations, and bruising. Common genital injuries are anal injury, labial abrasions, hymenal bruising, tears of the posterior fourchette and fossa.Bruises, tears, abrasions, inflammation and lacerations may be visible. If a foreign object was used during the assault, x-ray visualization will identify retained fragments. Genital injuries are more prevalent in post-menopausal women and prepubescent girls. Internal injuries to the cervix and vagina can be visualized using colposcopy. Using colposcopy has increased the detection of internal trauma from six percent to fifty-three percent. Genital injuries to children who have been raped or sexually assaulted differ in that the abuse may be on-going or it happened in the past after the injuries heal. Scarring is one sign of the sexual abuse of children.
Several studies have explored the association between skin color and genital injury among rape victims. Many studies found a difference in rape-related injury based on race, with more injuries being reported for white females and males than for black females and males. This may be because the dark skin color of some victims obscures bruising. Examiners paying attention to victims with darker skin, especially the thighs, labia majora, posterior fourchette, and fossa navicularis, can help remedy this.
The presence of a sexually contracted infection can not be confirmed after rape because it cannot be detected until 72 hours afterwards.
The person who was raped may already have a sexually transmitted bacterial, viral and other infections and if diagnosed, it is treated Prophylactic antibiotic treatment for vaginitis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis and chlamydia may be done. Chlamydial and gonococcal infections in women are of particular concern due to the possibility of ascending infection. Immunization against hepatitis B is often considered.After prophylactic treatment is initiated, further testing is done to determine what other treatments may be necessary for other infections transmitted during the assault.[99] These are:
- Serum hepatitis B surface antigen assay
- Microscopic evaluation of vaginal discharge (saline wash and staining)
- Cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis from each penetrated location
- Serum Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Liver function tests
- Serum creatinine level[99]
Treatment may include the administration of zidovudine/lamivudine, tenofovir/emtricitabine, ritonavir/lopinavir. Information regarding other treatment options are available from the CDC.
The transmission of HIV is frequently a major concern of the patient. Prophylactic treatment for HIV is not necessarily administered. Routine treatment for HIV after rape or sexual assault is controversial due to the low risk of infection after one sexual assault. Transmission of HIV after one exposure to penetrative anal sex is estimated to be 0.5 to 3.2 percent. Transmission of HIV after one exposure to penetrative vaginal intercourse is 0.05 to 0.15 percent. HIV can also be contracted through the oral route but is considered rare.Other recommendations are that the patient be treated prophylactically for HIV if the perpetrator is found to be infected.
Testing at the time of the initial exam does not typically have forensic value if patients are sexually active and have an STI since it could have been acquired prior to the assault. Rape shield laws protect the person who was raped and who has positive test results. These laws prevent having such evidence used against someone who was raped. Someone who was raped may be concerned that a prior infection may suggest sexual promiscuity. There may, however, be situations in which testing has the legal purpose, as in cases where the threat of transmission or actual transmission of an STI was part of the crime. In nonsexually active patients, an initial, baseline negative test that is followed by a subsequent STI could be used as evidence, if the perpetrator also had an STI.
Treatment failure is possible due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens.[109]
Emotional and psychiatric
Psychiatric and emotional consequences can be apparent immediately after rape and it may be necessary to treat these very early in the evaluation and treatment. Other treatable emotional and psychiatric disorders may not become evident after the rape. These can be eating disorders, anxiety, fear, intrusive thoughts, fear of crowds, avoidance, anger, depression, humiliation, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) hyperarousal, sexual disorders (including fear of engaging in sexual activity), mood disorders, suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorder, nightmares, fear of situations that remind the patient of the rape and fear of being alone,agitation, numbness and emotional distance. Victims are able to receive help by using a telephone hotline, counseling, or shelters,Recovery from sexual assault is a complicated and controversial concept, but support groups, usually accessed by organizations are available to help in recovery. Professional counseling and on-going treatment by trained health care providers is often sought by the victim.
There are clinicians who are specially trained in the treatment of those who have experienced rape and sexual assault/abuse. Treatment can be lengthy and be challenging for both the counselor and the patient. Several treatment options exist and vary by accessibility, cost, or whether or not insurance coverage exists for the treatment. Treatment also varies dependent upon the expertise of the counselor—some have more experience and or have specialized in the treatment of sexual trauma and rape. To be the most effective, a treatment plan should developed based upon the struggles of the patient and not necessarily based upon the traumatic experience. An effective treatment plan will take the following into consideration: current stressors, coping skills, physical health, interpersonal conflicts, self-esteem, family issues, involvement of the guardian, and the presence of mental health symptoms. [111]
The degree of success for emotional and psychiatric treatments is often dependent upon the terminology used in the treatment, i.e. redefining the event and experience. Labels used like "rape victim" and "rape survivor" to describe the new identities of women who have been raped suggest that the event is the dominant and controlling influence on her life. These may have an effect on supportive personnel. The consequences of using these labels needs to be assessed.Positive outcomes of emotional and psychiatric treatment for rape exist; these can be an improved self-concept, the recognition of growth, and implementing new coping styles.
A perpetrator found guilty by the court is often required to receive treatment. There are many options for treatment, some more successful than others.The psychological factors that motivated the convicted perpetrator are complex but treatment can still be effective. A counselor will typically evaluate disorders that are currently present in the offender. Investigating the developmental background of the offender can help explain the origins of the abusive behavior occurred in the first place. Emotional and psychological treatment has the purpose of identifying predictors of recidivism, or the potential that the offender will commit rape again. In some instances neurological abnormalities have been identified in the perpetrators, and in some cases they have themselves experienced past trauma. Adolescents and other children can be the perpetrators of rape, although this is uncommon. In this instance, appropriate counseling and evaluation are usually conducted.
Short-term treatment with a benzodiazepine may help with anxiety and antidepressants may be helpful for symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder, depression and panic attacks.
Main article: Initiatives to prevent sexual violence
As sexual violence affects all parts of society, the response to sexual violence is comprehensive. The responses can be categorized as: individual approaches, health care responses, community-based efforts and actions to prevent other forms of sexual violence.[citation needed]
Sexual assault may be prevented by secondary school, college, and workplace education programs. At least one program for fraternity men produced "sustained behavioral change."With regard to campus sexual assault, nearly two thirds of students reported knowing victims of rape and over half reported knowing perpetrators of sexual assault in one study; one in ten reported knowing a victim of rape and nearly one in four reported knowing a victim of alcohol-facilitated rape.
People in Bangalore, India demanding justice for young student who was gang-raped in Delhi in December 2012.
In 2005, sexual violence, and rape in particular, was considered the most under-reported violent crime in Great Britain. The number of reported rapes in Great Britain is lower than both incidence and prevalence rates Victims who do not act in an expected or stereotypical way may not be believed, as happened in the case of a Washington state woman raped in 2008 who withdrew her report after facing police skepticism.Her rapist went on to assault several more women before being identified.
The legal requirements for reporting rape vary by jurisdiction—each US state may have different requirements.[citation needed] New Zealand has less stringent limits.
In Italy, a 2006 National Statistic Institute survey on sexual violence against women found that 91.6% of women who suffered this did not report it to the police.
In the United Kingdom, In 1970 there was a 33% rate of conviction, while by 1985 there was a 24 per cent conviction rate for rape trials in the UK, by 2004 the conviction rate reached 5% At that time the government report has expressed documented the year-on-year increase in attrition of reported rape cases, and pledged to address this "justice gap".According to Amnesty International Ireland had the lowest rate of conviction for rape, (1%) among 21 European states, in 2003 In America as of 2012, there exists a noticeable discrepancy in conviction rates among women of various ethnic identities; an arrest was made in just 13% of the sexual assaults reported by American Indian women, compared with 35% for black women and 32% for whites.
Judicial bias due to rape myths and preconceived notions about rape is a salient issue in rape conviction, but voir dire intervention may be used to curb such bias.


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Actress, Miscellaneous Crew
Stephanie Tyler Jones was born on September 23, 1993 in Elizabethtown, Kentucky, to Mark and Patty Jones. Stephanie grew up working for Mark and Patty, along with three other siblings in their family business. Her heritage includes English, Irish, German, and American Indian. In Stephanie's early years she was involved in basketball and cheer ...
Height: 5' 6" (1.68 m)
Known for: Furious 7 (2015), Insurgent (2015), The Seedy Seeds: I Am the Conductor (2011), No More Blood (2011)


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MLS Number: 105539
List Price: $424,500
Subdivision or Area: Rivers Bend
Bedrooms: 3
Full Baths: 2
Half Baths: 1
Town: HEATHSVILLE
Year Built: 1990
# Stories: Two
SqFt +/-: 2563
Type/Style: A-Frame
River: GREAT WICOMICO RIVER
Creek: None
Water Frontage (Feet ±) : tbd
Water View (Wide Long Limited): Long
Water Depth: 5+ Feet
Acreage: .5-.9 acre
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Kitchen Dimensions: 18 x 11
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Bedroom 2 Dimensions: 17.7 x 12.2
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Zip Code: 22473
State: VA
Public Remarks: Deep water and sweeping views of the Great Wicomico River make this a stunning waterfront property! The dock has a 12, 000 lb boat lift and is the perfect home for any type of boat. From the dock it is a quick trip to the Chesapeake Bay and waterfront restaurants. Skiing, fishing and sailing are available directly in-front of the house. The home itself has a great floor plan and the kitchen, great room, master bedroom and laundry are located on the 1st floor. There is ample space for family and friends in the large kitchen with lots of counter space and water views that is open to the great room. There is room in the kitchen for an island and bar seating. The great room features a vaulted ceiling, wall of windows, fireplace, built-ins and dining area. The master bedroom has a walk-in closet, sitting area, and attached master bath. The 1st floor is completed by a powder room off the foyer. The 2nd story has two large bedrooms and a full guest bath. There is a 280 sf finished basement area that is perfect for an office, hobby room or man cave. The detached garage has workshop space. The waterside deck offers gracious outdoor living with great views. High speed internet available!


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New era of intelligent maintenance
This conference gathers the MRO ecosystem including OEM's, airlines, maintenance, engineering, data and technology experts to discuss how a new era of intelligent maintenance is improving aircraft efficiency with digital aviation MRO software projected to drive the growth of the market. Emerging technologies using big data will enable us to easily analyse data from the aircraft, facilitating more rapid and accurate prognostics health management by extracting meaningful information in a timely manner.
Experts will discuss the importance of data infrastructure and its role supporting future growth. How this can impact future MRO strategies including how we work 'smarter' with all the digital elements and ensure parts are received on time. Attendees will gain new insights on the segmented markets, in addition to the ever-evolving cybersecurity threats. They will take away practical solutions around regional and scalability challenges such as workforce shortages and technology investments.
Last year's event
- Location: Miami Beach
- Attendees: 90+
- Airlines represented: 23
- Audience: 74% from North America, remaining attendees from Central & South America, Japan, UK, France, Germany, and more
- Focus: building blocks for the next frontier in predictive maintenance
- Speakers from: Qatar Airways, Air France-KLM, Delta, Lufthansa Technik, Oliver Wyman, Southwest Airlines, and more
Testimonials from our recent Aerospace Big Data events
- "Excellent topics, great dynamics, outstanding networking opportunities." Managing Economist, Copenhagen Economics
- "It was perfect to share the knowledge with good companies! Amazing experience with good subjects." Customer Support Analyst, Embraer
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- "A great opportunity to learn about digital development from the viewpoints of airlines, OEMs and MRO providers." Marketing Manager - Services, Rolls-Royce
- "Truly valuable insights into predictive analytics which will help drive the industry forward." Manager, Encore Fleet Engineering, WestJet Encore
- "Amazing opportunity to share knowledge among other airlines." Software Engineer, SriLankan Airlines
- "Great insights from diverse points of view and great networking." Economics and Environment Senior Manager, ALTA


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EBR posting that launched the PPS review: Proposal: http://www.ebr.gov.on.ca/ERS-WEB-External/displaynoticecontent.do?noticeId=MTA5NjA4&statusId=MTY0NTcy Decision: http://www.ebr.gov.on.ca/ERS-WEB-External/displaynoticecontent.do?noticeId=MTA5NjA4&statusId=MTc2MDUy
On January 29, 2014, the government approved the Provincial Policy Statement, 2014. The Provincial Policy Statement, 2014 is the new statement of Ontario's policies on land use planning. It comes into effect on April 30, 2014 and replaces the Provincial Policy Statement, 2005. All decisions affecting land use planning matters shall be consistent with the Provincial Policy Statement, 2014 as of April 30, 2014.
New PPS, 2014 on MMAH website – http://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page215.aspx
Public Consultation on the proposal for this decision was provided for 60 Days, from September 24, 2012 to November 23, 2012.
As a result of public consultation on the proposal, the Ministry received a total of 166 comments: 55 comments were received in writing and 111 were received online.
Additionally, a copy of all comments are available for public viewing by contacting the Contact person listed in this notice.
The 166 EBR submissions came from the general public, municipalities, Aboriginal communities and organizations, and stakeholders from a wide variety of sectors such as environment, health, agriculture and aggregate. All of the comments were considered and analyzed in the context of possible Provincial Policy Statement (PPS) revisions. Included in the submissions were comments on the draft policies, and on the frequency of PPS reviews. The EBR comments generally reflected the comments received through the broader PPS consultation. Through this broader consultation process, over 550 written submissions were received. Of these, 165 specifically cited the EBR Registry number. Overall, the comments received through the consultations, including the EBR, were mixed. Many stakeholders from a range of sectors expressed support for the direction provided by the draft policies. Some of the more common policy areas that were supported related to healthy communities, active transportation, natural heritage protection, biodiversity, agriculture, long-term planning for infrastructure, green infrastructure, stormwater management, and Aboriginal interests. However, stakeholders expressed some concerns regarding the draft policies. For instance, some felt that the policies did not go far enough to address their concerns, and others felt that the policies went too far. The policies of the PPS, 2014 are responsive to the input received throughout the entire PPS review process, including the comments received through the EBR. In consideration of this input, policies have been added, revised, and removed, as appropriate, to enhance the direction provided. Where support was provided for certain policies, the direction has been retained. The policies of the PPS, 2014 build on the direction provided by the PPS, 2005 to further support active communities, strong economies, responsible management of resources, and a clean and healthy environment. The PPS, 2014 includes stronger, clearer direction to support the following goals:
-Bolster the economy and employment -Respond to northern and rural communities -Protect the environment and manage resources -Promote healthy, active communities -Promote coordination and integration, and support implementation The following is a summary of the key policy changes from the PPS, 2005 direction that help to support these goals. Bolstering the Economy and Employment Some stakeholders requested policy revisions to better support a strong economy, and promote employment opportunities and long-term planning for infrastructure. Policies have been revised and direction enhanced to help address this input. New or revised policies from the PPS, 2005: -Strengthen the protection of goods movement corridors and protect employment areas in close proximity to goods movement corridors and facilities (i.e., industries close to highways) -Enhance the protection for employment uses from encroachment of sensitive land uses that can impact their ability to continue and expand -Strengthen the protection for provincially planned corridors and promote land use compatibility for adjacent lands to planned or existing corridors -Clarify that planning for infrastructure and public service facilities can go beyond 20 years -Support the adaptive re-use of infrastructure and require consideration of life cycle cost of infrastructure (e.g., through asset management planning) -Articulate that long term planning for employment areas may be undertaken, but that lands cannot be designated beyond 20 years -Promote investment ready communities and place-making to support economic competitiveness -Enhance support for mixed-use areas, including employment, where feasible Responding to Northern and Rural Communities Several stakeholders commented that there is a need to refocus the PPS to provide more clarity and flexibility for rural and northern Ontario. Policy revisions were made to better reflect the different regions of the province and provide clearer direction and additional flexibility. New or refined policies from the PPS, 2005: -Recognize the diversity of settlement areas and rural areas and that some municipalities are experiencing no growth or declining population -Provide new direction to support healthy, integrated and viable rural areas (e.g., new section of rural policies) -Clarify the types of uses that may occur on rural lands -Expand opportunities for farms by allowing more diversified on-farm business uses (e.g., agri-tourism) and providing flexibility for larger agriculture-related uses -Clarify that the studies needed to support small settlement area boundary expansions and employment area conversions may be less complex than those required for large projects -Allow infill and minor rounding out of existing development in settlement areas on private servicing, and require development on private servicing to demonstrate that it will have no negative impact on surface and ground water Protecting the Environment and Managing Resources Mixed-views were received regarding direction on the protection of resources, such as natural heritage, water, prime farmland, and aggregate resources. Throughout the review, some stakeholders felt that more should be done to protect the environment and natural resources. Others expressed concerns that the policies may create additional burden or limit opportunities for development in some areas. Revisions have been made to enhance policy direction related to environmental protection and resource management. New or revised policies from the PPS, 2005: -Require the identification of natural heritage systems in southern Ontario (Ecoregions 6E and 7E) -Refine the area of protection of significant woodlands and valleylands in southern Ontario on an Ecoregion basis -Protect all Great Lakes coastal wetlands in Ecoregions 5E, 6E and 7E that are not already protected as significant coastal wetlands -Require identification of shoreline areas and support consideration of cumulative impacts -Ensure consideration of environmental lake capacity, where applicable -Require the designation of prime agricultural areas, and strengthen consideration for mitigating impacts of non-farm development on agricultural lands -Require identification of mineral, petroleum, and mineral aggregate resources -Support the conservation of mineral aggregate resources and comprehensive rehabilitation planning -Strengthen requirements for rehabilitation of aggregate extraction sites in prime agricultural areas and further limit extraction below the water table in specialty crop areas -Require mitigation of negative impacts wherever possible as part of rehabilitation -Promote ancillary recycling facilities at extraction sites (e.g., pits and quarries) Promoting Healthy, Active Communities A wide range of stakeholders expressed general support for policies related to healthy communities; however, we heard that revisions are needed to better address active transportation and climate change. Policies have been enhanced to clarify the direction on climate change and further promote healthy, active communities where residents can live, work and play. New or revised policies from the PPS, 2005: -Promote the use of active transportation, transit and transit-supportive development, and provide for connectivity among transportation modes -Promote coordination between municipalities and other levels of government, agencies and boards (e.g., planning for trails, transit and infrastructure) -Encourage coordination of emergency management with other planning considerations -Encourage coordination and co-location of public facilities (e.g., schools, libraries and recreational facilities) accessible by active transportation and transit -Recognize additional elements of healthy communities, such as community design and planning for all ages -Recognize institutional uses (i.e., cemeteries, places of worship, and long-term care homes) as important elements of communities -Require the consideration of potential impacts of climate change (e.g., flooding due to severe weather) to support the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation to climate change -Encourage green infrastructure (e.g., permeable surfaces) and strengthen stormwater management requirements Promoting coordination and integration, and supporting implementation Issues regarding implementation were a common theme throughout the PPS review. Some stakeholders requested that additional direction related to Aboriginal interests be provided. Requests were also made to prioritize the provincial interests in land use planning, clarify the language used in policies (e.g., shall, should, promote, encourage), and provide new and/or revised support material, education and training, and updated data and mapping. Concerns regarding layering of provincial direction (e.g., legislation, plans and policies), complexity of various land use planning processes, and comments specific to other partner ministry policies, Acts and initiatives were also common. Although some of these issues go beyond the scope PPS review and cannot be fully addressed through revisions to PPS policies alone, policies have been revised to help address many of these concerns. New or revised policies from the PPS, 2005: -Recognize Aboriginal interests in land use planning and encourage coordination with Aboriginal communities -Recognize that implementation of the PPS shall be consistent with the recognition and affirmation of existing Aboriginal and treaty rights in the Constitution Act, 1982 -Provide more direction on how the policies should be applied and how the PPS works with provincial plans, other legislation, regulations, and policy -Promote coordinated, integrated planning processes (e.g., integrated approach to Planning Act and Environmental Assessment Act processes) -Recognize that implementation of the PPS shall be consistent with the Ontario Human Rights Code and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Frequency of PPS reviews Stakeholders responded with mixed views on the timing and frequency of PPS reviews. Some stakeholders indicated that the current five-year review timeframe is appropriate, considering that it often takes a number of years to conduct the review. Conversely, other stakeholders commented that the current five-year review period is too short and/or frequent and that it should be extended. Based on the feedback received, the government will consider whether to extend the legislated PPS review cycle from five years to 10 years. Any change to the review cycle would require an amendment to the Planning Act.
Ken Petersen
Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing
Local Government and Planning Policy Division
Provincial Planning Policy Branch
777 Bay Street Floor 13Toronto ONM5G 2E5
(855) 776-8011
The following government offices have additional information regarding this
To arrange a viewing of these documents please call the Ministry Contact or the Office listed below.


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