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When I visit my mother's grave, I always try to bring flowers to place beside her headstone. Many people do the same for their loved ones. Seeing the colorful blossoms nestled alongside of each grave makes the large cemetery seem less morbid. This tradition of decorating grave sites has been customary for centuries. I have been doing it for 20 years now, since I was 6 years old.
So as I travel not only the country roads where I live, but city ones as well, I have to wonder who transplanted this same tradition to roadsides. When I first spotted the bright yellow and red flowers, a cross, and even a picture of the deceased at the edge of a street, I questioned its purpose.
"That's where the teenager died a couple weeks ago in a car accident," the passenger in my vehicle told me.
I raised my eyebrows, then frowned. "How very sad," I replied as I drove along my way. It's never easy to accept such a youthful tragedy.
The mind begins spinning with questions such as, "What if that was my son?" or "That could've been me." An occurrence like this makes one grateful for the lives we may have previously taken for granted.
Yet, I am still puzzled by the sudden popularity of such displays. And each time I drive by one, I can't keep from wondering, "Is this how everybody wants to remember this person -- that he or she died in a car wreck, pedestrian accident or motorcycle crash?" Or could it be it's erected as more of a sign to caution drivers -- "Beware: death happened here"? And if so, is instilling fear in every driver that passes by the right course of action to take?
The time and care spent on these displays of love could be put to better use in more positive ways. Even if the deceased was cremated, couldn't a planted tree or flower garden in their own backyard be made to remember them by? Don't get me wrong, I certainly feel for the grieving parents, friends and siblings in these unfortunate deaths. Many of their loved ones died very young.
Just two years ago, a man with whom I graduated stood no chance on his motorcycle when it went up against a drunk driver. And when I pass the corner at which this fatality occurred, the last thing I want to picture is him dying on the side of the road. The flowers that are always in my vision when I pull up to the stop sign do just that.
Instead, I'd like to remember him just the way he was -- a kind-hearted individual who loved life.
Many of these accidents that took people's lives were caused by some distraction -- whether it was being under the influence of alcohol, a cellular phone, or changing a CD in the car stereo. Do we really need something else to take the driver's eyes off the road?
People are curious by nature, and they will look, maybe even stare, at the beautiful shrine made in honor of your sister, brother, daughter, son or friend. But will it be worth it when another accident occurs because of it?
These memorials should be taken down and placed where they belong -- somewhere nice, somewhere as beautiful as the lives that were cut short. On the edge of the road where they died doesn't do them or their memory justice.
LYNN M. LOMBARD, a legal secretary, lives in Akron.
For submission guidelines on columns appearing in this space, click on The Buffalo News logo at the Buffalo.com Web site, then click on Opinions and My View, then scroll down to Contact Us and click on that; or send a self-addressed, stamped envelope to Opinion Pages Guidelines, The Buffalo News, P.O. Box 100, Buffalo, N.Y. 14240.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Enjoy LGB Depesche magazine and unlimited access to over magazines on your mobile and tablet. All you can read for just £ a month. LGB Depesche – Das Magazin für LGB Freunde Mit einer Vielzahl von Anlagenbeispielen, detaillierten Bautipps und hochwertig produzierten. LGB Depesche – every quarter The legendary LGB Depesche is back. Membership of the LGB Club entitles you to obtain an exclusive Club model, developed.
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Learn more – opens in new window or tab. That no longer qualifies for Ginglish but Germish or even Germanish. After thinking about it I decided to join because among other things it is the membership that truly determines the value of a club and of a forum.
Page 1 of 1.
lgb trains book | eBay
Well here I am living in paradise and i hardly understand anything that has been said about lgn new LGB club. Now let me guess, is this by any chance the distributor of Brawa:?: Resume making your offer depseche the page doesn't update immediately.
I have also bought a copy of the new English language "Depesche" and I'm far from impressed. Long live Outdoor Model Railroading. Of course there are times when you wonder, with all the poetic licence they claim on their models, why they wouldn't polish their prose a bit.
New LGB club
They would like still more information to "Fascination steam"? Originally posted by vsmith If they will enjoy a relative regression to the "good old days" of the 60s and 70s – WOW look at the size of the rail and the flanges! Someone mentioned the tours being an instant pay back; well only if you join the tours.
eepesche Refine more Format Format. Rene Schweitzer Member since April, From: Posted by Anonymous on Sunday, October 30, 8: Ddepesche More – opens in a new window or tab Any international postage is paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc. Other than that I organize my own tour, stop where I find things of interestget to talk with people who you wouldn't get to talk to on a tour etc. You are kidding aren't you???? Add to Watch list Watching. Anonymous Member since April,posts.
Bucks County, PA posts. Read more about the condition. Condition see all Condition.
LGB Depesche Issue 1//Chalk Garden Rail
But basically my point is: Request our folder material! I think I'll depesfhe, and sign-up my brother-in-law, as well, since he's also an LGB enthusiast. Add to Watch list. A book that has been read and does not look new, but is in excellent condition.
Originally posted by iandor Come depssche HJ I loved the scenery but what about explaining all the initials. The LGB Club application form is available online at www. Member since April,posts. Show only see all Show only. Rene, this is old newswhere have you been.?
I depexche the comments by Dave Snow: Rgds Ian Hey Ian, If you followed this thread you must have come across the explanation to all those initials at least three times. I'm utterly biased and the above is strictly my opinion.
Okay, Dave, you have addressed my concerns and you can count on getting another member. The negative opinions of the few, and trust me sepesche I say it's the few, are not the opinions of the officials of the Big Train Operator Club, Inc. I'm eagerly awaiting a copy of the "Depesche" German version and in due course I'll comment on layout and content. Collection of the most beautiful and interesting LGB indoor layouts from around the world. Posted by Curmudgeon on Sunday, October 30, This item will be sent through the Global Shipping Programme and includes international tracking.
Please view our privacy policy.
You are not going to tell me that there are now two versions of Depesche Axel – there ARE two versions of Depesche; They are supposed to be German and English, but I think the latter has turned out to be Ginglish Coldstream, BC Canada posts. Access to the worst instructions known to mankind. Delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods. Your personal club card, issued each year, opens up the world of model railway hobbyists in a very special way. Posted by Anonymous on Sunday, October 30,


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Scotland and UK flu hotspots revealed as health bosses warn cases soar by 25% and Christmas 'wipeout'
SCOTLAND and the rest of the UK's worst-hit areas for flu have been revealed after cases soared by 25 per cent in just a week.
The latest figures shows that the North West of England, Essex and South Lanarkshire have had the most reports of most influenza.
This data comes from Flusurvey, which relies on patients self-reporting - so the true figure in each region is likely to be even higher.
It comes as health bosses warned of a potential "Christmas wipeout" as the highly-infectious disease hit the UK earlier than usual this year.
Parents are being urged to get kids, who are medical professionals described as "super spreaders", vaccinated as soon as possible.
Kids at risk
More people over the age of 65 have been vaccinated this year compared with 2018, but less than one third of two and three-year-olds have had their jab.
The number of patients booking doctor's appointments with flu-like symptoms has increased by 24 per cent in the last week, according to the latest data from Public Health England.
NHS National medical director Stephen Powis urged the 25 million Britons eligible for the free vaccination to "get your jab now".
Children are 'super spreaders' of flu, particularly around the holiday season when they're more likely to see elderly relativesStephen Powis
Professor Powis said: "We know that children are 'super spreaders' of flu, particularly around the holiday season when they're more likely to see elderly relatives.
"So our message is simple: the flu season is here, get your jab now.
"It might be the difference between a Christmas to remember, and one to forget."
Dr Jamie Lopez Bernal, Head of Flu at PHE, added: "Flu season has now started and so it's really important that people get their flu vaccine as soon as possible to ensure they are protected against this potentially very serious illness.
Flu season has now started and so it's really important that people get their flu vaccine as soon as possibleDr Jamie Lopez Bernal
"Vaccination uptake in toddlers is lower than we would hope for at this point in the year due to previous delays in delivery of the vaccine, which are now resolved.
"If you have children aged two to three go to your GP to get them vaccinated now."
Get the jab
This winter, Public Health England (PHE) refreshed its Catch It, Bin It, Kill It campaign aiming to prevent the spread of the highly infectious disease with hygiene advice.
PHE medical director Professor Yvonne Doyle also urged parents with children aged two and three to get them vaccinated "as soon as possible".
The health service in England has prepared for its largest ever flu protection drive to help keep people well and ease pressure on urgent care services over the colder months.
Chief medical officer Chris Whitty said increasing numbers of people catching the infection puts pressure on hospital services, particularly as the disease worsens health conditions common among older people.
Professor Whitty said: "The winter flu season has started early in the UK and it is important that everyone who is eligible gets the flu jab from their GP or pharmacist.
What are the symptoms of flu?
Flu symptoms come on very quickly and can include:
- a sudden fever – a temperature of 38C or above
- an aching body
- feeling tired or exhausted
- a dry cough
- a sore throat
- a headache
- difficulty sleeping
- loss of appetite
- diarrhoea or tummy pain
- nausea and being sick
The symptoms are similar for children, but they can also get pain in their ear and appear less active.
The flu vaccine reduces the risk of catching flu, as well as spreading it to others.
It's more effective to get the vaccine before the start of the flu season (December to March).
Source: NHS UK
"The vaccine is the best defence against flu whilst practising sensible hygiene can reduce the spread of flu.
Professor Powis added: "For older people and those with underlying health conditions, getting flu is particularly bad news because it can lead to really serious conditions like pneumonia and bronchitis, which can mean a lengthy stay in hospital."
People aged over 65, young children, pregnant women and those who have underlying medical conditions are particularly encouraged to book their flu jab, and get a nasal spray from a pharmacy.
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|Associates Night Committee
Plans and coordinates the Associates Night event. The committee begins meeting in November and meets monthly. The event is held in April.
2020 Committee Dates
Interested in joining the committee? Feel free to drop in to any of our monthly committee meetings, held the third Wednesday at the BOMA office from 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm. Meetings will be held on the following dates:
FREE TOBY Informational Webinar
May 2020 Quarterly Lunch


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Debugging components in OpenShift using VS Code
The latest release of OpenShift Connector enhances the developer experience on Red Hat OpenShift with support for local code debugging.Continue reading
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The latest release of OpenShift Connector enhances the developer experience on Red Hat OpenShift with support for local code debugging.Continue reading
Tekton is an open source project that provides standard Kubernetes-style resources and building blocks for creating CI/CD pipelines that canContinue reading
Kafka Connect is an integration framework that is part of the Apache Kafka project. On Kubernetes and Red Hat OpenShift,Continue reading
As part of the Open Data Hub project, we see potential and value in the Kubeflow project, so we dedicatedContinue reading
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I recently attended an excellent training run by Red Hat's Global Partner Enablement Team on advanced Red Hat OpenShift management.Continue reading
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text:
1220 Augusta Ste 200
Houston, TX 77057
A beautiful smile can brighten your life! If you are continuously hiding your chipped, stained, or cracked teeth from others, it's time for a change! Ernie Anderson, D.D.S., a trusted Houston area dentist, can fix chips, cracks, and stains to reveal a great new smile - and a new you. You'll look so good you'll wonder why you waited so long!
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Houston area Invisalign® dentist Ernie Anderson, D.D.S. is happy to provide your new clear braces. At Ernie Anderson DDS - Augusta Office, we want you to have the straight teeth and beautiful smile you desire.
We're happy to assess your needs create your individual treatment plan for braces. You may be able to have your new Invisalign® aligners sooner than you think!
The friendly, caring staff of Ernie Anderson DDS - Augusta Office in the Houston, Texas area strive to make you feel comfortable and well-cared for at your dentist appointment. Ernie Anderson, D.D.S. is committed to serving you and your family's dental needs, year after year. Come and see what we have to offer in a professional setting where top-notch customer service still matters.
You're unique, and you deserve quality, individualized care. Dr. Ernie Anderson believes your dental experience should blend the best of the personal and the professional. At Ernie Anderson DDS - Augusta Office in the Houston, Texas area, we take the time to get to know you and understand your dental needs. Dr. Anderson and his staff are dedicated to providing you with top-quality dental care designed exclusively for you.
3115 College Park Drive #105
The Woodlands, TX 77384
Did you know that trusted The Woodlands area TMJ/TMD dentist Ernie Anderson, D.D.S. offers treatment for jaw pain relief? If you're experiencing discomfort when you move your jaw, or you hear clicking and popping when you chew, we want to help.
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Ernie Anderson DDS - The Woodlands Office is a trusted The Woodlands area dental implants practice providing natural-looking, comfortable tooth replacement. We make it our mission to use a gentle touch during the process.
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The Woodlands area restorative dentistry at Ernie Anderson DDS - The Woodlands Office can produce natural-looking results. If you have a damaged or missing tooth, we can help.
Our highly skilled team will assess your need for a crown, bridge, implant or other procedure to restore or improve your smile. Our goal is to provide quality dental care for your life-long oral health.
3115 College Park Drive #105
The Woodlands, TX 77384
Houston area cosmetic dentist Ernie Anderson, D.D.S. has extensive experience creating beautiful smiles. They're one of the first things people notice about you.
Our professional team will be happy to discuss your aesthetic dentistry options. The attractive results you'll get from Ernie Anderson DDS - The Woodlands Office can change your life!
Ernie Anderson DDS - The Woodlands Office is a trusted Houston area dental implants practice providing natural-looking, comfortable tooth replacement. We make it our mission to use a gentle touch during the process.
We hold ourselves to the highest standards to replace missing teeth and provide you with natural-looking results. Our goal is to restore your confidence and your bright, healthy smile.
Don't let untreated dental problems get you down. Rebuild your confidence with a beautiful new smile. From simple treatments that make a big difference, to more extensive work, unveiling the smile you were meant to have can have profound life-changing effects. Serving the Houston, TX area and offering dentures, Dr. Anderson can help you develop an affordable treatment plan you'll feel good about.
A beautiful smile can brighten your life! If you are continuously hiding your chipped, stained, or cracked teeth from others, it's time for a change! Ernie Anderson, D.D.S., a trusted Houston area dentist, can fix chips, cracks, and stains to reveal a great new smile - and a new you. You'll look so good you'll wonder why you waited so long!
If you're looking for dentures that look great and last, look no further than Ernie Anderson DDS - The Woodlands Office located in the Houston, TX area. Ernie Anderson, D.D.S. will assess your needs and fit you with durable, comfortable, natural-looking dentures - at a price you can afford.
University of Texas Dental Branch at Houston
6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd., Suite #493
Houston, TX, 77030
Texas Dental Solutions
3 Hermann Museum Circle Drive
Houston, TX, 77004
Charles R. Hoopingarner, D.D.S.
2929 Fountainview
Houston, TX, 77057
David K. Dennison, D.D.S., MS, PhD
3100 Richmond Ave Suite 509
Houston, TX, 77098
Even though dentures are fabricated from extremely durable materials, they will break, wear out, a tooth will come out, or their fit will change. Then its time for denture repair.
Accidents happen, dogs still like to chew on plates of the dental kind, and trash compacters have never taken kindly to dentures. In fact, it is frequently not a matter of "if," but rather a matter of "when" a denture will become broken, lost, or damaged beyond repair.
One can be assured that a problem will happen when least expected, and immediate, usually important, plans definitely will be altered unless a person is prepared.
A short-term use duplicate denture will bridge the gap while a regular denture is being repaired, renovated, or replaced. Sometimes this type of denture is referred to as an "embarrassment denture" because it helps a person avoid the embarrassment of being without teeth in an emergency or during planned denture maintenance.
While this type of denture may be made at any time from an existing functional denture, it generally is fabricated immediately after a new denture is made. The embarrassment denture is neither as accurate nor as esthetic and durable as the original, but it is adequate and only meant for short-term use. The cost is generally considerably less than the original denture.
Such an interim prosthesis may be relined annually and adjusted in advance to fit the current changing shape of an individual's jaws, and therefore be ready to use at a moment's notice.
However, some individuals choose to have their embarrassment denture relined and adjusted only when they need the short-term denture. Following this latter course means that they will have to wait to wear their interim denture until an appointment can be scheduled with a dentist to complete the reline and any adjustments. But a reline for an embarrassment denture can be done in the dentist's office during a single appointment so a patient may leave with it refitted in the mouth.
In either case, a person would not be without a prosthesis while their regular denture is being worked on.
All dentures need to be periodically relined to accommodate the constant change in shape of a person's jaws. There are also times when the plastic body of a denture needs to be changed due to deterioration, or the entire denture replaced because of wear or poor fit from changing mouth conditions that can no longer be remedied by relining.
While relines can be completed in one appointment office visit, more durable relines may require that a dentist keep a denture for several days. Replacing the plastic body of a denture (called a rebase) takes several days and making a replacement denture takes several weeks.
It becomes easy to see how an embarrassment denture would solve being without one's regular denture for a period of time, even for planned maintenance, while getting on with one's life.
by Joseph J. Massad, D.D.S.
It's an indisputable fact -- our bodies change as we get older. These changes take different forms in different people, depending on our inherited physical traits, our lifestyle and nutritional habits, and our medical conditions.
Age brings changes in oral health and dental care, too. There are some specific areas where seniors need to pay close attention to protect and extend their oral health and dental care.
Plaque is an invisible layer of bacteria that forms on our teeth, and can trap stains at any age. But as we get older, plaque builds up more quickly and is harder to remove. At the same time, the tissue that lies underneath the tooth enamel, called "dentin," is changing, and those changes can make teeth appear darker. Finally, decades of consuming coffee, tea, or tobacco leave stains that build up over time.
Daily brushing and flossing are important, particularly first thing in the morning and just before bed, to combat the plaque that builds up overnight. You may also want to consult your dentist about using commercial dental care rinses that remove plaque.
Many seniors experience a reduced flow of saliva, sometimes as a side effect of medications such as painkillers or decongestants. For some, the lack of moisture inside the mouth can lead to sore throats, a burning sensation, hoarseness, or difficulty swallowing. In addition, if you leave dry mouth unattended, it can damage teeth, since saliva's natural rinsing keeps bacteria washed away from teeth and gums. Sugar-free chewing gum and hard candy will stimulate natural saliva, and artificial saliva and oral rinses will provide much-needed relief. Ask your dentist which commercial dental care products are the best for you.
If your gums begin to recede, the portion of the tooth that used to be below the gum line is now exposed. Roots are softer than tooth surfaces and are susceptible to decay; they are also likely to be sensitive to hot and cold beverages and food. Most people over age 50 suffer from some form of dental disease. Make sure you take good care of teeth and gums with daily brushing and flossing. A word of caution: your gums may be starting to thin. Brush thoroughly but gently to keep from tearing your gums.
Your fillings are getting older, too. They can weaken or crack, or your tooth may decay around the edges of the filling. As a result, bacteria can seep into your tooth, causing more decay. Regular check-ups will give your dentist the chance to keep an eye on your existing fillings.
Daily cleaning and good nutrition are critical for healthy gums. When gums become infected and diseased, they set off a chain reaction that can result in losing teeth or weakening the jawbone. Either condition creates more problems for your health and increases your medical costs. Contact your dentist if your gums become red or begin to bleed.
What you put into your mouth has a direct impact on the health of your mouth -- and the health of the rest of your body. As you age and your lifestyle changes, keep your nutritional goals in mind. Balanced meals are one the best ways you can contribute to your own good health.
The dentist will check your mouth, teeth, and jaw for any problems. You should also mention any sores, swelling, or pain you might be experiencing. Regular checkups enable the dentist to spot problems early. Early resolution of problems will help you keep your natural teeth.
Good dental care, regular check-ups, and good nutrition are the keys to really keep you smiling in your golden years!


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Cheap Train Travel From Marseilles To Munster
Distance from Marseilles to Munster is 577 Kilometer
You will save the environment by
(now random number 75-81%)
% in terms of Carbon footprint if you travel between Marseilles to Munster by Trains and not by Airplane
You will save the environment by
(now random number 60-70%)
% in terms of Carbon emissions if you travel between Marseilles to Munster with Trains vs Car
Departing Train Station: Marseilles
The Train station is located at the center of Marseilles
Arrival Train Station: Munster
The Train station is located at the center of Munster
You can pay for your train trip to Munster by these payment terms Mastercard, Visa, American Express, Maestro credit cards but also with the following alternative payment methods: Paypal, Alipay, WeChat, Trustly, Ideal, Sofort and more.
Remember traveling by train is very scenic experience especially if you train travel between Marseilles and Munster, Enjoy.
More Important Information About Your Travel to Munster
Munster (Irish: an Mhumhain [ə ˈvˠuːnʲ] or Cúige Mumhan [ˌkuːɟə ˈmˠuːn̪ˠ]) is one of the provinces of Ireland, in the south of Ireland. In early Ireland, the Kingdom of Munster was one of the kingdoms of Gaelic Ireland ruled by a "king of over-kings" (Irish: rí ruirech). Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the ancient kingdoms were shired into counties for administrative and judicial purposes. In later centuries, local government legislation has seen further sub-division of the historic counties. Munster has no official function for local government purposes. For the purposes of the ISO, the province is listed as one of the provincial sub-divisions of the State (ISO 3166-2:IE) and coded as "IE-M". Geographically, Munster covers a total area of 24,675 km2 (9,527 sq mi) and has a population of 1,280,020, with the most populated city being Cork. Other significant urban centres in the province include Limerick and Waterford.
Additional Information About Marseilles
Marseille ( mar-SAY, also spelled in English as Marseilles; French: [maʁsɛj], locally [maʁˈsɛjə]; Occitan: Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, -ˈsijɔ]) is the prefecture of the department of Bouches-du-Rhône and region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. It is located on the Mediterranean coast near the mouth of the Rhône. The city covers an area of 241 km2 (93 sq mi) and had a population of 870,018 in 2016. Its metropolitan area, which extends over 3,173 km2 (1,225 sq mi) is the third-largest in France after those of Paris and Lyon, with a population of 1,831,500 as of 2010.Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia (Greek: Μασσαλία, romanized: Massalía), Marseille was an important European trading centre and remains the main commercial port of the French Republic. Marseille is now France's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city was European Capital of Culture in 2013 and European Capital of Sport in 2017; it hosted matches at the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2016. It is home to Aix-Marseille University.
We Operate Train Ticket Services In France, Italy, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Austria, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland , Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Hungary
Other Train Trips From Marseilles:
Trains from Marseilles to MunsterTrains from Marseilles to Pagny Sur MoselleTrains from Marseilles to HaubourdinTrains from Marseilles to AscqTrains from Marseilles to Saint MaloTrains from Marseilles to GrenobleTrains from Marseilles to ValenciennesTrains from Marseilles to Nogent Le RotrouTrains from Marseilles to Etaples Le Touquet
Trains from Marseilles to Vendome Villiers Sur Loir TGVTrains from Marseilles to Lyon Saint Exupery AirportTrains from Marseilles to Marne La Vallee ChessyTrains from Marseilles to Lorraine TgvTrains from Marseilles to Champagne Ardenne TGVTrains from Marseilles to Val De ReuilTrains from Marseilles to Plouaret TregorTrains from Marseilles to MorlaixTrains from Marseilles to La Baule EscoublacTrains from Marseilles to Surgeres
Popular Train Routes For Traveling In Europe:
Trains from Metaponto to NaplesTrains from Venice Santa Lucia to PisaTrains from Geneva Airport to AigleTrains from Frankfurt to ParisTrains from Rome to VeniceTrains from Rome Termini to CosenzaTrains from Florence to PisaTrains from Milan to Como San GiovanniTrains from London St Pancras International to AmsterdamTrains from Amsterdam to Antwerp
Trains from Milan to Florence RifrediTrains from Amsterdam to ParisTrains from Brussels to Ghent Saint PietersTrains from Civitavecchia to Rome TerminiTrains from Aachen to Ghent Saint PietersTrains from Venice Santa Lucia to Rome TerminiTrains from Florence to PisaTrains from Bologna to Florence RifrediTrains from Berlin to ParisTrains from Rome to Milan
Trains from Florence Campo Di Marte to Rome TerminiTrains from Florence Campo Di Marte to Peschiera Del GardaTrains from Bari to ParmaTrains from Rome to MilanTrains from Heidelberg to MunichTrains from Florence to ParisTrains from Rome Termini to Florence Campo Di MarteTrains from Geneva to ParisTrains from Rome Termini to OrvietoTrains from Rome Termini to Florence Campo Di Marte


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Soualiho Meite
Age: 20
Position: DM/MC
Role: roaming playmaker / regista / ball-winning midfielder / deep-lying playmaker / half back
Club: Lille
Nationality: French
Value: £700K
Price tag: £5 million (in patch 15.3)
CA: 110/ PA: -8 (between 130 and 160)
Soualiho Meite profile in 2014 (after starting new game, patch 15.3)
Soualiho Meite profile aged 28 in the year 2022
Soualiho Meite career history until 2022
This FM 2015 player profile of Soualiho Meite shows a sturdy young defensive midfielder, with potential to become a solid choice for most top-flight clubs. You can get him for just 5 million at the start of the game (in patch 15.3).
In my test save he enjoyed a few good seasons at Lille before moving to AS Monaco for almost 14 million. He became a first team regular at Monaco and his average ratings were constantly good. Moreover, he managed to get 35 caps for France, not too shabby.
His future profile at the age of 28 shows a player with excellent physical attributes: fast, strong, agile, good in the air, he has everything. The mental attributes are not bad and his technique also developed to solid levels. However, he is not guaranteed to become this good, but if you can get him cheaply he surely is worth a try.
Did this player develop better in your FM 2015 save? Share a screen shot of his future profile with us by uploading the file below! (please include your name/nickname in the file name)
Leave a Reply
Will Jorginho(from Napoli) get a profile? or is he too old? Also how do Gnabry, Crowley and Zelalem progress in 15.3?
Buenos días. Tienes idea de como y cuanto progresa Rodrigo Bentacour de Boca Juniors? Para sus 16 años tiene unos atributos técnicos y mentales MUY INTERESANTES
No more profiles? Or, did you guys just changed the web-site? Can't find any new profil since 5 days ago.
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text: Editing Shells 0 You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: The action you have requested is limited to users in one of the groups: Users, FANDOM Staff, FANDOM Helpers, Wiki Managers, Content Team Members. Please log in to edit this wiki.Joining Bubble Gum Simulator Wiki is free, and it only takes a minute.We hope that you sign in, and become a member of the community!Click here to log in or create an account more + You can view and copy the source of this page: [[File:Shell-0.png|thumb|220x220px]] Shells are a currency in Bubble Gum Simulator. They are used to purchase everything in [[Beach World Starter Area|Beach World.]] These along with Beach World were released in Update 17. =='''Trivia'''== * The base value of Shells when you pick them up are as follows: (base value is the amount of shells you get if you have no pets equipped or the 2x Shell [[Gamepasses|Gamepass]]) ** Single = 4 ** Box = 8 ** Small Chest (Purple) = 18 ** Medium Chest (Pink) = 35 ** Large Chest (Red) = 70 ** Extra Large Chest (Turquoise) = 130 ** [[Sandy Chest (Beach World)|Sandy Chest]] = 1,250 ** [[Shell Chest]] = 9,000 ** [[Sea Chest]] = 15,000 * They are used to unlock [[Atlantis Starter Area|Atlantis]], which costs 20 million Shells. Return to Shells. Retrieved from "https://bubble-gum-simulator.fandom.com/wiki/Shells" Edit summary Preview Mobile Desktop Show changes


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- Meet Russian Gals
- Meet Ukrainian girl
- Relationship Tips
Some people ponder why ukraine mail order brides women are therefore well-liked amongst foreigners. At times also International and American girls ask the same question. Many immigrants coming from around the planet always keep browsing the web hunting for a Ukrainian female online. Today, along withthe great quantity of courting companies, it' s not hard to locate a Ukrainian gal. The reason for suchrecognition is clear: Ukrainian ladies for outdating are not as asking for as their counterparts from other nations, however it' s only one element.
What makes Ukrainian women thus exclusive?
First of all, Ukrainian gals are actually hot. And also it' s certainly not nearly their lengthy lower legs, all-natural busts, as well as slim number. Their sexuality appears to follow coming from their thoughts. A Ukrainian woman understands how to listen closely to her man; they try to capture any type of detail, getting closer to man' s psychological room. All-natural motions and relocations, great state of mind and a pretty smile are actually the primary premiums of these elegances that foreigners enjoy the most. For Ukrainian women, dating is actually an important measure. A Ukrainian other half is regularly thinking about her spouse' s business, yet she makes an effort not to inquire a lot of inquiries and keep silent regarding his work when consulting withothers. Suchbehavior creates a male believe that his female agrees withwhatever he performs.
Besides, every person understands that the main explanation to date a Ukrainian lady is actually since they' re stunning. They are actually taken into consideration some of the best gorgeous women worldwide. When seeing Ukraine, foreigners are commonly surprised to view suchbeauties merely travelling throughall of them. You can easily' t locate a lot of attractive women anywhere else. Ukrainian gals always care for themselves. They dress fleshy and never leave behind the house without makeup. It' s not hard to discover a lady that has a rather skin and also slim body, quickly smiles, willing to chat, and also strolls over hills all year round. For ladies from Ukraine, outdating is actually a chance to reveal themselves, yet primarily they don' t need to persuade a man in their elegance, he comprehends it coming from the first blush.
Women coming from Ukraine are additionally well informed. Many of them are actually University graduates. That wouldn' t like to have a brilliant, gorgeous, gentle, and practical girlfriend? Suchfemales make a guy proud of himself. He feels like he is standing apart coming from others.
Unique qualities that Ukrainian females keep
So what else is actually so unique regarding Ukrainian girls? Here are the reasons that immigrants want to find Ukrainian gals for dating.
- 1) They are genuine homeowners
These ladies recognize just how to prepare and also maintain your home clean and relaxing given that very early youth. Kitchen recipes and also house pointers in Ukraine are actually passed from generation to production.
- 2) They are actually sensuous
Ukrainian females are actually mental and also zealous. They present an assortment of women's feelings: pain, devotion, jealousy, animosity, concern, forgiveness, understanding and also support. That is why you ought to outdate Ukrainian women.
- 3) They are sensible
The potential to avoid tight spots, deal withsignificant concerns, lead their guys to effectiveness –- these are actually the top qualities that help Ukrainian females endure the hardest opportunities.
- 4) They are genuine mommies
It is amazing just how muchaffection Ukrainian girls offer their youngsters. No wonder, why there are actually numerous tracks regarding moms and also their vast passion to kids.
- 5) They are tireless
" Hard-working " is just one of the words that define Ukrainian girls. It' s the primary premium of a respectable new bride in Ukraine. Times are regularly modifying, however the will to strive remains in these females' s genes. A number of them possess muchmore than one project to offer their little ones. If you desire to be actually neighbored by love and peace, discover a Ukrainian woman.
- 6) They are talented
Ukrainian ladies like vocal and dancing as well as possess a fantastic funny bone. Almost all of all of them are actually artistic in some way.
- 7) They are spiritual as well as regard their moms and dads
Every Ukrainian lady cherishes, really loves and also values her parents.
- 8) They wishto be ukrane wives
The many of the Ukrainian females dream regarding getting married to, generating a satisfied household, and also increasing youngsters considering that childhood.


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Below is a list of the types of businesses in the City of Athens in which we have business listings. If you do not see your city within the list below. You can add a business for just $49.95 per year. To add a business submit your info here.
This town has a total area of 13.1 square miles, of which about 13.0 square miles is land and 0.04 square mile is water. The population density is around 27.1 persons per square mile. The racial makeup consists of 97.35% White, 0.29% Native American, 1.47% Asian, among other races.
There areabout 150 households with an average family size of 2.76.The per capita income for the town was $18,250. About 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line. Primary economic activities is mainly based upon agriculture and other tertiary sector.
Executive Listings from the Yellow Pages: BUC Financial | Keystone Realty USA | All Island Abstract, LTD. | Framing Fox Collectible Fine Art | Color Craftsmen | Process Server One | Goss Painting | What's This?


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MADE BY M1 | Agent Billy Mehmet
You know the story of a supermodel. Scouted at a young age in a wholesome
You know the story of a supermodel. Scouted at a young age in a wholesome
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Credits via Models.com Sonia Szóstak – Photographer Marina Gallo – Fashion
Credits vis Models.com Bjorn Iooss – Photographer Valentina Collado – Fashion Editor/Stylist Conrad Dornan – Hair
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In honour of their 30th anniversary, Vogue Spain collabroated with YSL Beauty to
Photography: Nagi Sakai Hair Stylist: Kenshin Asano Makeup: Rie Omoto


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Hi There! Is this Your First Time?
Did you know if you Register you have access to free search tools including the ability to save listings and property searches? Did you know that you can bypass the search altogether and have listings sent directly to your email address? Check out our how-to page for more info.
- Price$1,675
- Beds4
- Baths3
- SQ. Feet2,306
- Acres0.14
- Built2004
620 Windsor Estates Dr, Davenport
Beautiful 4 bedrooms 2 1/2 baths two-story home located in Davenport FL! This beautiful home is completely tiled upstairs and down. Master suite downstairs with garden tub, dual sinks, and separate large shower. Upstairs offers a loft along with the 3 bedrooms and a full bath. Breakfast bar in the kitchen and all appliances stay including washer/dryer. Fenced in the back yard!
Essential Information
- Price$1,675
- Bedrooms4
- Bathrooms3.00
- Full Baths3
- Square Footage2,306
- Acres0.14
- Year Built2004
- TypeRental
- Sub-TypeSingle Family Home
- StatusActive
- AppliancesRange, Refrigerator
- HeatingCentral
- CoolingCentral Air
- StoriesTwo Story
Community Information
- Address620 Windsor Estates Dr
- AreaDavenport
- SubdivisionWindsor Estates
- CityDavenport
- CountyPolk County
- StateFL
- Zip Code33837
Additional Information
- Days on Market84
Price Change History for 620 Windsor Estates Dr, Davenport, FL (MLS® #O5834891)
|Price Increased (from $1,600)
|$75 (4.69%)


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Any orders placed today will be available for pickup/delivery on Sunday Apr 12, 2020 ****Please make all orders before midnight Thursday Apr 09, 2020
Create a meal. Make it alcarte' Get the best of both worlds with this good food.
Grilled shrimp fresh salad greens, pico de gallo and brown rice served with traditional salsa.
Contains: Shellfish
Pan seared, garlic and rosemary encrusted salmon served with creamy cauliflower mash and shredded kale.
Contains: Fish
Tender shrimp glazed with low sodium teriyaki. Served with sauteed onions and squash, a side of basmati rice, and a light yum yum sauce.
Contains: Shellfish, Soy
Tender oven roasted seasoned veggies served with quinoa pilaf
Our creamy vegan mac w/ cheezy broccoli is the perfect healthy comfort food. Made with vegan sharp cheddar, vegan cream cheese, and whole wheat Rotini pasta... You won't believe it's vegan!
Contains: Soy, Tree Nuts, Wheat
A delicious balsamic marinated portobello mushroom grilled and served with candied carrots and mashed cauliflower.
Tender chicpeas stewed in our creamy and delicious coconut curry sauce. Served with quinoa orzo pilaf and sautéed seasonal vegetables.
P4L's signature greens mix topped with almonds, dried cranberries, red onion, feta cheese, and blueberries served with sliced strawberries and lemon poppyseed dressing
Contains: Nuts, Dairy
P4L's signature greens mix topped with toasted sesame seeds, toasted almonds, green onion, and red bell pepper, served with mandarin oranges and soy ginger vinaigrette. (Salads are not customizable - Served As Is)
Contains: Nuts, Soy
P4L's signature salad greens mix topped with bacon, cheddar jack cheese, boiled egg, cucumber, tomato, and red onion served with balsamic vinaigrette. (Salads are not customizable - Served As Is)
Contains: Egg, Dairy
P4L's signature greens mix topped with roasted sweet corn, tomatoes, sweet peppers, red onion, radish, and feta cheese. Served with Chipotle ranch dressing. (Salads are not customizable - served as is)
Contains: Dairy, Egg (Mayo)
P4L's signature greens mix tossed with feta cheese and cucumber, topped with cherry tomatoes and kalamata olives and served with Greek vinaigrette.
Contains: Dairy
P4L's signature greens mix topped with red onion, broccoli, blueberries, toasted almonds, sunflower seeds, grilled pears, and sliced grapes served with lemon vinaigrette dressing.
Contains: Nuts
Prepped 4 Life is Cleveland's meal prep service, providing portion-controlled, chef prepared meals to clients throughout northeast Ohio—conveniently supporting your health and nutrition goals in a delicious and affordable way.
© Prepped 4 Life, 2020. All Rights Reserved


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The Ministry of AYUSH, which is focused on the optimal development and propagation of AYUSH systems of health care, as the website says, recently asked people to take up veganism as their New Year resolution and Twitterati aren't amused.
The ministry which is supposed to promote Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy took to Twitter to ask people to give up meat and dairy.
The ministry's official Twitter account actually shared an article by Economic Times on ditching meat and dairy products for veganism.
The tweet read, "No New Year resolution yet? Quit meat & dairy, take up Veganuary for good."
However, the tweet wasn't received well by Yoga fans or Twitterati in general. Many replied to the tweet saying Ayurveda promotes a lot of dairy products such as ghee and milk and how can a ministry dedicated to promoting Ayurveda asks its followers to become vegan.
Ironically, the ministry's website has a picture of Baba Ramdev who runs Patanjali, a brand that sells several dairy products.
(For all the latest News, Mumbai, Entertainment, Cricket, Business and Featured News updates, visit Free Press Journal. Also, follow us on Twitter and Instagram and do like our Facebook page for continuous updates on the go)


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Chuhran v. Walled Lake Consol. Schools, 839 F. Supp. 465 (E.D. Mich. 1993)
November 23, 1993
WALLED LAKE CONSOLIDATED SCHOOLS, Farmington Public Schools, Oakland Intermediate School District, and Michigan Department of Education, jointly and severally, Defendants.
United States District Court, E.D. Michigan, S.D.
*466 *467 Stuart Hakola, Michigan Protection & Advocacy Service, Marquette, MI, for plaintiff.
Richard Kroopnick, Hardy, Lewis, Pollard & Page, Birmingham, MI, for defendants Walled Lake Consol. Schools, Farmington Public Schools, and Oakland Intermediate School Dist.
Jane Woodfin, Asst. Atty. Gen., Lansing, MI, for defendant Michigan Dept. of Educ.
COHN, District Judge.
This is an eligibility for special education services case. Plaintiff, John Chuhran (Chuhran) brings this action against defendants, Walled Lake Consolidated Schools (Walled Lake), Farmington Public Schools (Farmington), Oakland Intermediate Schools District (Oakland) (collectively "School Districts"), and Michigan Department of Education *468 (MDOE), alleging: Count I, violation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 20 U.S.C. § 1400, et seq.; Count II, violation of the Michigan Mandatory Special Education Act (MMSEA), M.S.A. § 15.41701 [M.C.L.A. § 380.1701]; Count III, violation of § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 794; Count IV, violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.; and, Count V, violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Now before the Court is the School Districts' motion for summary judgment, MDOE's motion to dismiss, Chuhran's cross motion for summary judgment and motion for injunctive relief. For the reasons that follow, the School Districts' and MDOE's motions will be granted, and Chuhran's motions will be denied.
The following facts are undisputed. Chuhran was born October 19, 1969. He has Duchennes muscular dystrophy, a degenerative disease which severely limits his motor functions, thus qualifying him for special education and related services as a student with a "physical or other health impairment" pursuant to the IDEA and the MMSEA. Chuhran is a resident of Walled Lake Consolidated School District but attended a program for physically or otherwise health impaired individuals (POHI) operated by the Farmington Public School District at Farmington Harrison High School.
Chuhran's muscular dystrophy leaves him wheelchair bound with virtually no hand or motor function. He receives deep tracheal suctioning every fifty minutes and is placed on a ventilator for forty-five minutes during the day. He also requires the assistance of a licenses practical nurse (LPN) or paraprofessional.
Prior to Chuhran's matriculation to the ninth grade at Farmington Harrison High School in 1984, an Individualized Educational Planning Committee (IEPC) meeting was held to determine Chuhran's eligibility for the special education program. Once eligibility was determined, an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) was formulated in which the goal of completing a ninth grade curriculum was set for Chuhran. From the 1984-85 school year through the 1990-91 school year, pursuant to annual IEPs, Chuhran received special education and related services through a program operated by the Farmington Public School District.
In April, 1987, prior to Chuhran's completion of the twelfth grade in 1988, an IEPC was convened to develop a post-graduate plan for Chuhran. The IEP enlisted the support of Michigan Rehabilitation Services (MRS), a division of the MDOE which assists school districts in identifying individuals who will require vocational assistance after graduation from high school. Chuhran was also referred to New Horizons of Oakland County, Inc. (New Horizons), a private non-profit rehabilitation corporation, for a vocational evaluation. New Horizons reported on Chuhran's interest in computers and expressed concern about a specific training program which would have required Chuhran to travel long distances to the facility. New Horizons recommended that Chuhran receive additional public school programming which would include computer training, use of adaptive equipment and additional math and business related classes.
On May 24, 1988, an IEPC determined that Chuhran continued to be capable of handling a regular course of study and alternative placements for the 1988-89 school year were rejected. Although Chuhran participated in commencement exercises with his class in June, 1988 he continued to attend classes at Harrison in 1988.
On May 18, 1989, an IEPC discussed two placement options for Chuhran: (1) continuing in the Farmington Harrison POHI, or (2) termination of services by means of graduation. Chuhran opposed graduation and the IEPC allowed Chuhran to remain at Harrison for the 1989-90 and 1990-91 school years.
On May 28, 1991, an IEPC determined that Chuhran should be graduated and recommended termination of his special education program and related services effective June 6, 1991. Chuhran disagreed with this conclusion and requested a due process hearing as provided by IDEA and MMSEA to challenge the recommendation. He also requested *469 an administrative hearing under § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
An administrative hearing was held before a Local Hearing Officer (LHO) on April 14, 15 and 16 of 1992. The LHO's decision, issued on July 10, 1992, concluded that the IEPC's recommendation that Chuhran be graduated was appropriate under the state and federal special education laws and that there had been no violation of § 504.
Chuhran requested a state level review of the local hearing officer's decision. A state level hearing officer (SLRO) upheld the decision of the LHO. This case, which is a form of appeal followed.
Count I alleges that Chuhran has not been provided with a free appropriate education through the secondary school level under IDEA. In an appeal under the IDEA, a district court is to "receive the records of the administrative proceedings, hear additional evidence at the request of a party, and, basing its decision on the preponderance of the evidence, grant such relief as the Court determines is appropriate." 20 U.S.C. § 1415(e) (2). In other words, the Court reviews de novo giving due weight to the administrative findings. Board of Education of the Hendrick-Hudson Central School District v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 102 S. Ct. 3034, 73 L. Ed. 2d 690 (1982).
The IDEA provides, in relevant part:
20 U.S.C. § 1400(b) Congressional statements and declarations
* * * * * *
(9) it is the national interest that the Federal Government assist State and local efforts to provide programs to meet the educational needs of children with disabilities in order to assure equal protection of the law.
20 U.S.C. § 1400(c) Purpose
It is the purpose of this chapter to assure that all children with disabilities have available to them, within the time periods specified in section 1412(2) (B) of this title, a free appropriate public education which emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs, to assure that the rights of children with disabilities and their parents or guardians are protected, to assist States and localities to provide for the education of all children with disabilities, and to assess and assure the effectiveness of efforts to educate children with disabilities. (Emphasis added)
20 U.S.C. § 1401(a)
* * * * * *
(16) "Special education" means specially designed instruction, at no cost to parents or guardians, to meet the unique needs of the child with a disability, including
(A) instruction conducted in the classroom, in the home, in hospitals and institutions, and other settings; and
(B) instruction in physical education.
(17) "Related services" means transportation, and such developmental, corrective, and other supportive services (including speech pathology and audiology, psychological services, physical and occupational therapy, recreation, including therapeutic recreation, social work services, counseling services including rehabilitation counseling, and medical services, except that such medical services shall be for diagnostic and evaluation purposes only) as may be required to assist a child with a disability to benefit from special education, and includes the early identification and assessment of disabling conditions in children.
(18) "Free, appropriate public education" means special education and related services that
(A) have been provided at public expense, under public supervision and direction, and without charge,
(B) meet the standards of the State educational agency
(C) include an appropriate preschool, elementary, or secondary school education in the State involved, and
*470 (D) are provided in conformity with the individualized education program required under § 1414(a) (5) of this title.
(19) "Transition services" means a coordinated set of activities for a student, designed within an outcome-oriented process, which promotes movement from school to post-school activities, including post-secondary education, vocational training, integrated employment (including supported employment) continuing adult education, adult services, independent living, or community participation. The coordinated set of activities shall be based upon the individual student's needs, taking into account the student's preferences and interests, and shall include instruction, community experiences, the development of employment an other post-school adult living objectives, and when appropriate, acquisition of daily living skills and functional vocational evaluation.
(20) "Individualized education program" means a written statement or each child with a disability developed in any meeting by a representative of the local educational agency or an intermediate educational unit who shall be qualified to provide, or supervise the provision of, specially designed instruction to meet the unique needs of children with disabilities, the teacher, the parents or guardian of each child, and whenever appropriate, such child, which statement shall include
(A) a statement of the present levels of educational performance of such child,
(B) a statement of annual goals, including short-term instructional objectives,
(C) a statement of the specific educational services to be provided to such child, and the extent to which such child will be able to participate in regular educational programs,
(D) a statement of the needed transitional services for students beginning no later than age 16 an annually thereafter (and when determined appropriate for the individual, beginning at age 14 or younger), including, when appropriate, a statement of the interagency responsibilities or linkages (or both) before the student leaves the school setting.
(E) the projected date for initiation an anticipated duration of such services, and
(F) appropriate objective criteria and evaluation procedures and schedules for determining, on at least an annual basis, whether instructional objectives are being achieved.
In the case where a participating agency, other than the educational agency, fails to provide agreed upon services, the educational agency shall reconvene the IEP team to identify alternative strategies to meet the transition objectives.
20 U.S.C. § 1412 Eligibility requirements
* * * * * *
(6) The State educational agency shall be responsible for assuring that the requirements of this subchapter are carried out and that all educational programs for children with disabilities within the State, including all such programs administered by any other State or local agency, will be under the general supervision of the persons responsible for educational programs for children with disabilities in the State educational agency and shall meet education standards of the State educational agency. This paragraph shall no be construed to limit responsibility of agencies other than educational agencies in a State from providing or paying for some or all of the costs of a free appropriate public education to be provided children with disabilities in the State.
IDEA assists children with disabilities through the creation of IEPs, "individualized education programs," which are "tailored to the unique needs of the handicapped child." Board of Education v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 181, 102 S. Ct. 3034, 3038, 73 L. Ed. 2d 690 (1982); See also David D. v. Dartmouth School Committee, 775 F.2d 411 (1st Cir. 1985), cert. denied 475 U.S. 1140, 106 S. Ct. 1790, 90 L. Ed. 2d 336 (1986). The IEP requires *471 a written statement for each child with a disability, developed in a meeting of parents, teachers, administrators and, whenever appropriate, such child. The statement must specify the present levels of educational performance of the child, specific educational services to be provided, a statement of the needed transition services and criteria for progress evaluation. 20 U.S.C. § 1401(20). The Act further requires at least an annual review of each child's IEP and authorizes revisions wherever appropriate. § 1413(a) (5); See also § 1413(a) (11).
If the parent or child believes that the IEP implemented by the school "provides a lesser education than they regard to be their legal right, or if they feel their procedural rights have been infringed, they have an opportunity for an initial impartial due process hearing conducted at the local or regional level. The party may then appeal to the state educational agency if dissatisfied by the findings of the local agency. § 1415(b) (2) If the party is aggrieved by the findings and decision of the state administrative hearing, the Act gives him the right to bring a civil action in federal or state court. § 1415(e) (2).
The School Districts move for summary judgment as to the IDEA claims and assert that Chuhran has been provided with a "free, appropriate public education" (FAPE) as defined by the Act and that he is not entitled to additional educational services at the secondary school level. In Board of Education v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 181, 102 S. Ct. 3034, 3038, 73 L. Ed. 2d 690 (1982), the United States Supreme Court set out a two-part test for determining whether there has been compliance with IDEA:
1) Has the State complied with the procedures set forth in the Act?
2) Is the individualized educational program developed through the Act's procedures reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits?
The Court will address the prongs of the Rowley test seriatim.
Chuhran asserts several procedural violations of the IDEA. First, Chuhran alleges that defendants failed to provide adequate notice of termination of services. Chuhran relies upon a letter sent to him by Walled Lake indicating that an IEPC would be convened to consider a change of status, but did not indicate that the proposed change was graduation.
However, as established by Doe v. Defendant I, 898 F.2d 1186 (6th Cir. 1990), technical defects are not sufficient to render the IEP inappropriate if the parents and district are aware of the relevant information. Graduation had been proposed and rejected as early as 1989. There could not have been any reasonable basis for surprise that the issue of graduation was raised by the IEPC in May 1991.
Second, Chuhran contends that defendant's failure to develop a written plan for transition services constituted a procedural violation of the IDEA. Chuhran relies on Puffer v. Raynolds, 761 F. Supp. 838, 850 (D.Mass.1988), where the district court rejected the hearing officer's finding that the school committee's failure to create an IEP for a student in need of special education was not "outcome determinative". The court further decided that the hearing officer's decision was "not entitled to great deference." Id.
Puffer is inapposite. The plaintiff student in Puffer was graduated from the high school without ever being provided with any special education services once she was assessed as a child with a disability. In Puffer, the student's graduation was immediate upon the suggestion of the school board. She did not attend any annual IEPCs that would have indicated that graduation was imminent.
*472 Chuhran was provided with an IEP from the outset of his matriculation to Harrison High School. IEPCs were also conducted yearly to assess his progress and formulate goals for the academic year to follow. Furthermore, Chuhran, unlike the student in Puffer, had the graduation option presented to him in an IEPC as early as 1989, at which time it was rejected. Chuhran remained at the high school for the 1989-90 and 1990-91 school years. It was not until 1991, however, that the IEPC recommended graduation as the only alternative for Chuhran.
Chuhran also asserts that, because the Puffer court fashioned a remedy that provided special education services to the student when she entered college, the Court is obliged to fashion such a remedy for Chuhran.
There is no basis for imposing such an extraordinary remedy. Chuhran has not shown how Puffer compels an interpretation of IDEA that requires a secondary school system to provide transportation, nursing, occupational and physical therapy to a student who has been admitted to a college where that student has had four additional years of special education services after graduation was first presented.[2] Chuhran's conclusory allegations of inadequate services does not impose additional duties upon a secondary school system, nor does it empower this Court to fashion such elaborate remedies outside the scope of the statute.
Chuhran contends that defendants failed to implement the transition service requirements of the IDEA. He says he was never provided with a coordinated plan of transition or vocational services from October 30, 1990 through October 19, 1991. In support of this contention, Chuhran offers a report by Dr. Elise Kampshroer, Director of Student Services for the Cudahy County School District in Cudahy, Wisconsin. Dr. Kampshroer reviewed certain records provided by Chuhran and concluded:
It appears that the District was negligent in meeting the letter of the law by not including personnel from a receiving agency (post secondary or supported employment or other employment service) to at least the 1990-1991 (after October) and the 1991-1992 IEP. In addition no documentation of cooperation with outside agencies for transition purposes was documented in any of the IEP's. One outside vocational evaluation was completed (New Horizons) and one district vocational evaluation was completed documenting the difficulties Mr. Chuhran may have in transitioning to post school employment, yet there was no reflection of trying to offset some of the perceived difficulties from job shadowing, school based employment, community instruction, a functional assessment, technology, additional course work at a tech school, etc. In other words, the IEP committee actually decreased the amount of goals and objectives relating to vocational and transitional services to the point of no objectives whatsoever in the 1991-1992 IEP. Therefore it is this Director's opinion that the district did not meet the law requiring school districts to initiate, coordinate, and govern the transition to post secondary school and/or employment after high school.
Dr. Kampshroer's report is of little weight. The two hearing officers' opinions refute Dr. Kampshroer's opinion. Her report is based on a document review of limited number which did not include the transcripts of the administrative proceedings. The transcripts provide the most comprehensive description of the transition services provided by the School Districts. Moreover, Dr. Kampshroer relied on Bulletin No. 93.1 issued by the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, which was published in 1993 interpreting federal regulations promulgated on September 29, 1992. The regulations had not been set forth at the time Chuhran was receiving transition services. The School Districts *473 cannot be faulted or penalized for failing to comply with something that was not in existence.
Procedural noncompliance with the IDEA will be deemed violative if it results in substantial deprivation. Cordrey v. Euckert, 917 F.2d 1460 (1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 938, 111 S. Ct. 1391, 113 L. Ed. 2d 447 (1991); Thomas v. Cincinnati Board of Education, 918 F.2d 618 (1990). The LHO concluded that "although [the School District] failed to develop a specific plan entitled transition services ... it did conduct transition planning within the purview of the IDEA definition."
In Doe, the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that "defects in an IEP were not sufficient to render the IEP inappropriate because both the district and the parents were aware of the relevant information. To invalidate an IEP for these procedural flaws would be `to exalt form over substance,' in disregard of the intent of EHA (currently known as the "IDEA")." 16 EHLR at 930. The Sixth Circuit acknowledged that appellant's IEP contained
no references to his present education performance as required by § 1401(19) (as amended 1401(20)). Nor [did] it include any objective criteria and evaluation procedures and schedules for determining ... whether instructional objectives [were] being achieved in violation of 1401(19) (E) (as amended 1401(20(E)).
Id. at 932. The Court considered these procedural flaws to be technical noncompliance which resulted in no substantial deprivation to appellant since the appellant's parents and school officials "had all the information required by 1401(19) (as amended 1401(20)), even though it was not contained in the four corners of the IEP." Id. The Sixth Circuit acknowledges the importance of compliance with the procedural safeguards as set forth by the IDEA. However, the Doe Court indicated that "the (Supreme) Court's emphasis on the procedural safeguards ... refer(s) to the process by which the IEP is produced, rather than a myriad of technical items that must be included in the written document." Id. The Doe Court further stated that "adequate parental involvement and participation in formulating an IEP, not adherence to the laundry list of items given in § 1401(19), appear to be the Court's primary concern in requiring that procedures be strictly followed." Id.
Chuhran has been provided with adequate transition services in spite of the District's failure to document them. In 1987, Chuhran was evaluated to determine future career opportunities in computers.
The District also coordinated with the Handicappers Small Business Association and various community employers to scout out employment opportunities for plaintiff. He took 1-3 classes per year directly related to the computer/business field recommended by New Horizons (a private nonprofit rehabilitation service). His POHI teacher talked to him frequently about his future ... and going to college. The District recontacted Michigan Rehabilitation Services (MRS) to reopen plaintiff's case so that he would receive counseling and other vocational assistance in the event of graduation.
LHO's Decision, 7/10/93.
Thus, although these services were not committed to writing, they were certainly adequate. Furthermore, the District had begun transitioning Chuhran in as early as 1987 even though these services were not required under the IDEA until 1990. Accordingly, the first prong of the Rowley test has been satisfied.
The second inquiry is whether the individualized educational program developed through the Act's procedures are reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits. This prong of the Rowley test addresses whether the state substantively complied with the IDEA. Rowley, 458 U.S. at 206, 102 S. Ct. at 3051. Specifically, the question before the Court is whether Chuhran was properly graduated under the Act. The burden of proof is on Chuhran to *474 show by a preponderance of the evidence that the IEP was inadequate. Id.
In Rowley, the Supreme Court held that a "free, appropriate, public education" is provided if the student with a disability receives:
[P]ersonalized instruction with sufficient support services to permit the child to benefit educationally from that instruction. Such instruction and services must be provided at public expense, must meet the State's educational standards, must approximate the grade levels used in the State's regular education, and must comport with the child's IEP. In addition, the IEP, and therefore the personalized instruction, should be formulated in accordance with the requirements of the Act and, if the child is being educated in the regular classrooms of the public education system, should be reasonably calculated to enable the child to achieve passing marks and advance from grade to grade.
Id. 458 U.S. at 203-04, 102 S. Ct. at 3049. The Supreme Court concluded that Rowley received an "adequate" education based upon the fact that "she perform(ed) better than average in her class and was easily advancing from grade to grade." Id. 458 U.S. at 210, 102 S. Ct. at 3053.
Chuhran followed a regular education curriculum leading to a high school diploma. In order to graduate a student with a disability, the student must complete his IEP requirements and otherwise meet requirements for general graduation. Gorski v. Lynchburg School Board, 875 F.2d 315 (4th Cir.1989). Chuhran has completed his general graduation requirements. His IEP goals have been to pass mainstream classes, maintain maximum physical functioning in the educational setting, receive vocational evaluation, training, and exposure to new equipment and programs. LHO's decision, 7/10/92. Chuhran has not only passed but has shown exceptional performance in his mainstream classes. In addition to his core curriculum, an IEPC revealed Chuhran's interest in computers and he was provided one-on-one training in the Lotus computer software program. He has also received career and college counseling.
The Court is persuaded, applying the Rowley standard to the undisputed facts of this case, that Chuhran received an adequate FAPE and is no longer eligible for special education services under the IDEA. Accordingly, the motion as to Count I will be granted.
Count II alleges violations of the MMSEA, which mirror the allegations contained in Count I. The MMSEA differs from the IDEA in that it requires the state to create special education programs and services designed to develop the "maximum potential" of every handicapped person and extends benefits to the age of 26. "Maximum potential" is not statutorily defined. In Nelson v. Southfield Public Schools, 148 Mich. App. 389, 393, 384 N.W.2d 423 (1986), the Michigan Court of Appeals interpreted "maximum potential" as being limited by a balancing of the needs of the student with the costs borne by the school if they were to implement such a program.
Chuhran claims suggest that the "maximum potential" objective of the MMSEA requires that the School Districts continue to provide special education services while he attends Oakland Community College. However, Chuhran does not advance a cogent argument based on case law or legislative history to support the imposition of this extraordinary obligation on the School Districts. Accordingly, the motion as to Count II will be granted.
Count III alleges violation of § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which states in relevant part:
*475 No otherwise qualified handicapped individual in the United States, as defined in § 706(7) of this title, shall, solely by reason of his handicap, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance....
In Smith v. Robinson, 468 U.S. 992, 104 S. Ct. 3457, 82 L. Ed. 2d 746 (1984), the United States Supreme Court held that where the IDEA provides a remedy, it is the exclusive avenue for redress. In Irving Independent School District v. Tatro, 468 U.S. 883, 895, 104 S. Ct. 3371, 3378, 82 L. Ed. 2d 664 (1984), decided on the same day as Smith, the Supreme Court stated, "§ 504 is inapplicable when relief is unavailable under the Education of the Handicapped Act (currently known as the "IDEA") to remedy a denial of educational services."
The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit addressed this issue in Austin v. Brown Local School District, 746 F.2d 1161 (6th Cir. 1984). The Sixth Circuit concluded that plaintiffs could not seek relief under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 for the same wrong allegedly suffered by reason of defendant's failure to comply with requirements of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which provided the sole remedy for failure to provide appropriate public education. Id. at 1164.
Chuhran's claims only challenge the adequacy of special educational services. His claims are squarely within the ambit of IDEA, which provides the sole remedy. The Rehabilitation Act claim is redundant of the IDEA claim. Accordingly, the motion will be granted as to Count III.
Count IV is brought under the Americans with Disability Act which states that "no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by such entity." 42 U.S.C. § 12132.
Chuhran argues that because he did not receive transition services, he did not receive a FAPE and therefore, he was not properly graduated. Chuhran contends that he is being denied services without proper graduation, therefore, he is being discriminated against under the ADA.
Chuhran's claims only challenge the adequacy of special educational services. His claims are squarely within the ambit of IDEA, which, as discussed above, provides the sole remedy. The ADA claim is redundant of the IDEA claim. Accordingly, the motion will be granted as to Count IV.
Count V alleges violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which provides:
Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress. For the purposes of this section, any Act of Congress applicable exclusively to the District of Columbia shall be considered to be a statute of the District of Columbia.
The Supreme Court has indicated that "§ 1983 is not itself a source of substantive rights, but a method a vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred by those parts of the United States Constitution and federal statutes that it describes." Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n. 3, 99 S. Ct. 2689, 2695 n. 3, 61 L. Ed. 2d 433 (1979). Chuhran's claim under § 1983 is entirely duplicative of his prior claims. All of his claims are statutory *476 and each of those statutes provides a cause of action. Furthermore, Chuhran has not alleged specific deprivation of his rights under § 1983 apart from those rights he alleged in the statutes. Chuhran makes no claims that the Constitution or treaties of the United States have been violated, therefore, he has no cause of action under § 1983. For the above reasons, defendant's motion with respect to Count V will be granted.
MDOE moves to dismiss the claims contained in Counts II (MMSEA) and V (§ 1983) on the grounds that the Court is without subject matter jurisdiction and Counts I (IDEA), III (Rehabilitation Act) and IV (ADA) on the grounds that Chuhran has failed to state a claim for which relief can be granted. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b) (1), (6).
MDOE asserts that the Eleventh Amendment bars an action under the MMSEA in federal district court against a state agency. MDOE relies on Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 121, 104 S. Ct. 900, 919, 79 L. Ed. 2d 67 (1984) (Pennhurst II), where the United States Supreme Court stated:
A federal court must examine each claim in a case to see if the court's jurisdiction over that claim is barred by the Eleventh Amendment. We concluded above that a claim that state officials violated state law in carrying out their official responsibilities is a claim against the State that is protected by the Eleventh Amendment.... We now hold that this principle applies as well to state-law claim brought into federal court under pendent jurisdiction.
Chuhran asserts that Pennhurst II is not instructive and argues that the Eleventh Amendment does not pose a jurisdictional bar where the state law has been incorporated into federal law. Chuhran relies on David D. v. Dartmouth School Committee, 775 F.2d 411 (1st Cir.1985), where the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit concluded that the Eleventh Amendment did not bar an action in federal court against the Department of Education of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to enforce the state law standards incorporated into the Education for All Handicapped Children Act.
The claim under the IDEA contained in Count I presents a David D-type circumstance: seeking federal court enforcement of state law standards incorporated into a federal law. However, Chuhran's reliance on David D is misplaced with respect to the MMSEA claim contained in Count II. Chuhran's claim against MDOE under the MMSEA seeks a federal court remedy requiring the state to conform its conduct to state law. The Court's jurisdiction over the MMSEA claim does not rest on a federal question, but would rest, if at all, in supplemental (pendent) jurisdiction. Thus, Pennhurst II controls and MDOE is protected by the Eleventh Amendment from an exercise of the Court's supplemental jurisdiction over the MMSEA claim. The Court is without subject matter jurisdiction over the claims contained in Count II as against MDOE. Accordingly, MDOE's motion to dismiss will be granted as to Count II.
Chuhran's claims against the MDOE as contained in Counts I (IDEA), III (Rehabilitation Act) and IV (ADA) bottom squarely on the assertion that MDOE breached a statutory duty to assure that the School Districts complied with statutory requirements. As asserted by Chuhran, MDOE liability arises from its failure to provide adequate oversight to prevent or remedy a breach of a statutory duty by the School Districts. As discussed above, the undisputed facts establish that the School Districts have complied with the applicable statute and are entitled to summary judgment on each claim. The predicate condition to MDOE liability having not been satisfied, MDOE is also entitled to judgment in its favor. Accordingly, MDOE's motion to *477 dismiss will be granted as to Counts I, III, and IV.
MDOE also asserts that the Court is without subject matter jurisdiction over the § 1983 claim against MDOE contained in Count V. In Will v. Michigan Department of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71, 109 S. Ct. 2304, 2311, 105 L. Ed. 2d 45 (1989), the United States Supreme Court held that "neither a State nor its officials acting in their official capacities are `persons' under § 1983." The Supreme Court noted that an action for injunctive relief could be maintained against state officials sued in their official capacity under § 1983 pursuant to the principles established in Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 159-60, 28 S. Ct. 441, 454, 52 L. Ed. 714 (1908). See Will, 491 U.S. at 71 n. 10, 109 S. Ct. at 2311 n. 10.
Chuhran does not dispute that MDOE is not a suable "person" under § 1983. However, Chuhran seeks leave to amend the complaint to plead claims for injunctive relief against MDOE officials under the principles of Ex Parte Young.
The Court is without subject matter jurisdiction over the claims pleaded against MDOE in Count V. As discussed above, § 1983 does not provide a source of substantive rights and Chuhran's claims under § 1983 are duplicative of his prior statutory claims. Leave to amend to plead these claims against state officials would be fruitless. Accordingly, MDOE's motion to dismiss will be granted as to Count V.
For the reasons stated, Chuhran's motion is DENIED,[3] the School Districts' motion for summary judgment is GRANTED, MDOE's motion to dismiss is GRANTED and the case is DISMISSED.
[1] This Memorandum and Order memorialize the Court's ruling from the bench on October 21, 1993 and the reasons for it.
[2] Chuhran continued to attend Farmington Harrison High School through the 1992-1993 school year.
[3] Chuhran also requested an injunction ordering the School District to continue to provide Chuhran with physical therapy and transportation to the School for physical therapy. On October 21, 1993, following oral argument, the Court denied the motion from the bench in light of its ruling in favor of defendants.


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The confinement in our homes is forcing millions to stop abruptly, cancel all our plans, and take time to look in the mirror.
Quotes by Pink on the Scriptures.
I finally got around to reading my first English book of the year. And what a blessing it proved to be. The tome in question was Profiting from the Word, penned by the acclaimed evangelical writer A.W. Pink (1886-1952).
Today, in order to honour Pink's legacy and to spark further interest in his writings, I shall jot down some of my favourite quotes gleaned from the aforementioned volume. May they edify you all, dear readers.
Here goes...
A.W. Pink Quotes
"The Holy Scriptures are given us not for intellectual gratification and carnal speculation, but to furnish unto all good works".
"There is many a verse of Scripture which no commentary save that of personal experience can satisfactorily interpret".
"One of the surest tests to apply to the professed conversion is the heart's attitude towards sin".
"It is not sufficient merely to assent to the veracity of the Scriptures, they require to be received into the affections".
"Sin is a species of anarchy in the spiritual realm".
"Any human theory which denies [the verbal inspiration of Scripture] is a device of Satan, an attack upon God's truth. The divine image is stamped upon every page. Writings so holy, so heavenly, so awe-producing, could not have been created by man".
"The 'god' which is believed in by many professing Christians is becoming more and more paganised".
"Most of the religion of the day is but a touching up of old Adam. It is merely a garnishing of sepulchres full of corruption".
"The Spirit never works apart from the Word".
"The great controversy between the Creator and the creature has been whether He or they should be God, whether His wisdom or theirs should be the guiding principle of their actions, whether His will or theirs should be supreme".
"True conversion is a tearing down of every idol".
"The one who deters from committing certain sins because the eyes of men are upon him, and who hesitates not to commit them when alone, is destitute of the fear of God".
"The truly regenerate soul is afraid of disobeying and defying God".
"Christ has redeemed His people from the curse of the Law but not from the command of it; He has saved them from the wrath of God but not from His government".
"Our love for [God] is expressed, not in pleasing emotions or beautiful words, but in keeping His commandments".
"It is natural to murmur when things go wrong, it is supernatural to hold our peace".
"An individual is profited from the Scriptures when he becomes more engrossed with Christ's perfections".
"Where there is faith in Christ, there will be delight in His commandments".
"It is impossible seriously to believe that it was my sins which caused the Son of God to shed His precious blood without my hating them".
"A prayer-less Christian is a contradiction in terms".
"Prayer is the breath of the new nature in the saint".
"God has no dumb children".
"Our prayers should be according to the Scriptures, seeing that [God] is their Author throughout".
"There must be no dictating nor can we 'claim' anything from God, for we are beggars depending upon His mere mercy".
"Error is not so much the denial of truth as the perversion of truth, the pitting of one part of it against another".
"Christ not only rendered a perfect obedience unto the Law for the justification of His believing people, but He also merited for them those supplies of His Spirit which were essential unto their sanctification".
"If our minds submit not unto God in all His commandments, we submit not to His authority in anything He enjoins".
"The world is an enemy to be resisted and overcome".
"All the desires and designs of worldlings are for the gratification of self".
"Let the Christian turn his back upon a Christ-dishonouring Christendom and his fiercest foes and most relentless and unscrupulous enemies will be those who claim to be Christians themselves!"
"A sinner might just as well petition a tree as call upon God for mercy while he despises and rejects Christ".
"Truth has to be bought (Proverbs 23:23), and those who are unwilling to pay the price must go without it".
"Joy is a duty".
"Every attribute of God, when contemplated by faith, will make the heart sing. Every doctrine of the Gospel, when truly apprehended, will call forth gladness and praise".
"We cannot love Christ unless we love His brethren".
"We should not be surprised when unregenerate professors mistake human sentimentality and carnal pleasantries for spiritual love".
"How many doting a father has withheld the rod from his children, under the mistaken notion that real affection for them and the chastising of them were incompatible! How many a foolish mother, who disdained all corporal punishment, has boasted that 'love' rules in her home!"
"The genuineness and strength of my love to God are not to be measured by my words nor by the lustiness with which I sing His praises, but by my obedience to His Word".
"The best way of overcoming a bitter spirit to a brother who has offended is to be much in prayer for him".
If you want to comment, or
The Director of the Jubilee Centre (Cambridge) analyses the impact of the financial crises on families, and the future of the workplace in a connected world, from a Christian perspective.
Jim Memory analyses the main issues that have changed Europe in the 2010-2019 decade. How should Christians live in a continent that has lost its soul?
An interview with the socio-political representative of the European Evangelical Alliance about how evangelical Christians work at the heart of the European Union.
Are Christians called to make a difference in environmental care? What has creation care to do with "loving our neighbours"? An interview with the Global Advocacy and Influencing Director of Tearfund.
Christians joined the Evangelical Alliance Week of Prayer in dozens of European cities as local churches came together to worship God.
Photos of the student conference that brought together 3,000 European Christians in Germany. 'Revive our hearts, revive our universities, revive Europe'.
Dave Patty shares about the notion of parenting children on God's behalf.
"Prayer is like a fire. One spark that someone prays should ignite a passion in someone else". Mike Betts leads the network of churches Relational Mission.
A video summary of the student conference that gathered 3,000 in Karlsruhe, Germany. 6 days in 6 minutes.
Opinions expressed are those of their respective contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of Evangelical Focus.


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Banshee Edit
The Banshee is a beast of a ghostly demon type. With its loud noxious head bursting screams it can kill you. However, the Banshee met its match when it tried to attack King Redford of House Remont. King Redford was ready with his mark of the Royal Spiral and ready to blast the Banshee apart. King Redford used his laser beam from his fingers to destroy the Banshee in the woods.
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