text:
Who Contributes to the Knowledge Sharing Economy?
Information sharing dynamics of social networks rely on a small set of influencers to effectively reach a large audience. Our recent results and observations demonstrate that the shape and identity of this elite, especially those contributing original content, is difficult to predict. Information acquisition is often cited as an example of a public good. However, this emerging and powerful theory has yet to provably offer qualitative insights on how specialization of users into active and passive participants occurs.
This paper bridges, for the first time, the theory of public goods and the analysis of diffusion in social media. We introduce a non-linear model of perishable public goods, leveraging new observations about sharing of media sources. The primary contribution of this work is to show that shelf time, which characterizes the rate at which content get renewed, is a critical factor in audience participation. Our model proves a fundamental dichotomy in information diffusion: While short-lived content has simple and predictable diffusion, long-lived content has complex specialization. This occurs even when all information seekers are ex ante identical and could be a contributing factor to the difficulty of predicting social network participation and evolution.
G.2.2Graph TheoryNetwork problems \termsTheory, Economics, Measurement
1 Introduction
In social network services, such as Twitter and Facebook, the primary commodity produced and exchanged is content and information. While, arguably, much of this process is solely hedonic, these social conversations play an increasingly larger role in today's economy. The revenue of content publishers is now primarily driven by audience originating from online social networks [30]; brands increasingly channel their products to a targeted audience alongside content exchange [27]; new business models aim at integrating with peer connections, sometimes competing with traditional firms in providing accommodation, car ride, or financial services [12, 16, 5]. This is unsurprising since decades of empirical studies, predating any online conversation, have shown how individuals rely on their peers or contacts to acquire information before making a choice. It could be to cast a vote [26], to keep up to date with new products [20], or to gather important data in the working place [17].
Our goal is to understand how individual choices govern how original information is produced and acquired in today's social networks. We focus on the domain of identification of news content worth reading, where social connections are massively used. As we are all aware, acquiring original information requires effort and some time investment. Social networks benefit users by making the result of this effort available to more people. Previous studies highlighted that most of the population receives original information from a small set of opinion leaders or influentials. To put it bluntly, only a minority of participants add information to those networks, as opposed to simply listening or passing it on (via, e.g., retweets, likes). Many important open questions remain: In a given network, which users have an incentive to produce more original content? Previous studies have shown that influencers are not easy to differentiate from ordinary users. Can we predict the outcome of such a mechanism, where some users specialize? Are there types of content or networks that favor the formation of an elite?
To answer the above questions, we first conduct an empirical study of original information in news diffusion on social media. We then show how they relate to mathematical analysis of a variant of public goods. In contrast with some other goods, most online news are tailored for a particular shelf-life. Our results show that this appears to be one of the primary factors which governs both how activity is distributed, and how multiple types of specialization appear in a dynamic non linear public goods model. We show the following contributions:
We analyze data from multiple online sources exchanged through Twitter, highlighting the production of original content remains extremely concentrated. Barring institutional accounts, the majority of the original content comes from users with mid-range popularity rather than just the just well known people. In fact, counterintuitively, original content production is skewed towards less active and connected people. We also make the following observations: the size of this active minority in proportion to the audience appears to follow primarily from the shelf-life of the content exchanged. Long term content appears to favor a smaller elite, while short-lived information expands the size of active participants. (Section 2).
Since the availability of news worth reading in a social network exhibits the property of a public good, we propose a simple model that extend public good theory to accommodate investment made by individual players towards a perishable good. We show that it reproduces previous observations and does correlate with the activity we empirically observed. (Section 3).
This model allows us to answer how specialization occurs in knowledge sharing, even where players are ex ante identical. We first prove that a unique Nash Equilibrium exists for sufficiently short-lived content, under a condition related to spectral properties of the social network. However, we prove that when content is long-lived, specialization is unavoidable, even with identical players on a symmetric graph. Given the presence of multiple equilibria and sensitivity to initial conditions, predictions are complex. (Section 4).
To the best of our knowledge, our paper is the first example that bridges predictions of the behavior of players in a public good game, with empirical evidence from one of its motivating example: information acquisition. The main novelty of our approach is to model information as a public good with decaying value over time i.e., they are perishable goods. As a public good, the utility of information to a user comes from her own contributions as well as those of her neighbors. This new approach allows theory and practice to qualitatively align, in spite of simplistic modeling of user behavior. Perishable public goods create non-linear best response, which makes the analysis more complex, but we hope that this first step can motivate more work in this area. Our work is also, to the best of our knowledge, the first one that analyzes the characteristics and shape of the group of users with an original contribution. This addresses a critical problem as social media are typically described as full of noise and redundancy. Our results may further inform how to promote and reward users for their participation, and mechanisms to design social media which makes user well informed.
2 Who is acquiring new information?
Early studies consider information diffusion as two-step model of information flow, with large cascades originating at institutional sources, followed by a series of connectors. However, more recent results [21] proved that the vast majority of content is received directly from one content originator. Knowledge sharing in social media hence depends on some users to exert effort to acquire original information. Original content is obtained externally to the social network, either through search engines, time spent on informal web browsing, or offline conversations. To the best of our knowledge, little is known about the characteristics of the users performing that task, although one expects them to be a minority.
To better understand these dynamics, we analyze two complementary datasets: (1) The KAIST dataset (see [14] for more details) contains the entire Twitter graph from August 2009 and consists of 8m users and 700m links. Taken over the course of a month, the dataset contains 183m tweets. Of these tweets, we considered only those with urls (37m) since those are the tweets that provide an indication of sharing media on twitter. Further, we filtered the tweets by news domains (e.g., nytimes.com). The classification of a domain as news was obtained from the Open Directory Project (http://www.dmoz.org/), a volunteer edited directly of Web links. Each link in the directory is annotated with a top level categories and multiple levels of subcategories. In our analysis, we only took into account the top level category. We kept all the domains with a reasonable number of posts ( posts) resulting in 31 domains. We removed domains which did not seem to follow the same definition of news as others (aggregators such as e.g. news.google.com and reddit.com, weather services such as weather.gov, and region specific domains such as thehindu.com). While the KAIST dataset provides a holistic view of the media landscape, we complement it with a denser, newer snapshot we collected ourselves: (2) The NYT dataset (see [29] for more details) contains all the Twitter posts containing a URL from the nytimes.com domain during a full week of December 2011. In parallel, we crawled the follower-followee relationship at the same time in order to construct the URLs that each user received. The final dataset totals 346k unique users receiving a total 22m tweets with URL (including multiplicity). Of these, there are 70k unique links.
2.1 Imbalanced content creation
Unsurprisingly, in social media like Twitter, a small fraction of users are responsible for a large part of the activity. To quantify this concentration, we use the Lorenz curve [28], or the cumulative share of the top % of users as a function of , in Figure 1. Since some domains only cater to niche groups, the fraction here is measured relative to the domainâs audience size (i.e., anyone who received or sent at least one such URL).
A quick glance at the plot confirms that the size of passive and active audience differ by orders of magnitude (e.g., as seen here and in other domains, 99% do not tweet a single URL. Equivalently, 1% of the audience produces almost all the new tweets in the network).
In addition to examining how users post in general (red solid line), we also look at how they acquire original information for the network. We, hence, looked at users who were the first on twitter to post a url link (âglobal firstâ represented by the short green dotted line) and users who were the first in their local network, i.e. they did not receive the url from anyone they followed before they sent the url (âlocal firstâ represented by the long blue dashed line). Note that in each of these cases, the overall audience remains the same - those who have received the link either directly or indirectly from an originator. Here, in the left figure, 0.1% of the cnn.com audience produces half of all tweets. But the same number of people produce 60% of the globally original content and almost 90% of the locally original content. Perhaps unsurprisingly, while only a small minority of nodes repost articles, it is an even smaller minority that introduces original content in the network.
Specialization is the phenomenon of users taking extreme positions - in our case, some users expend a lot of effort while others are on the other extreme of expending almost no effort. To help quantify this phenomenon, we introduce the 90%-volume originators measure. This is the fraction of the audience that together produce 90% of the volume. While we later study how this metric of specialization varies with different content type, we first study the minority of originators in more detail.
2.2 Characterizing content originators
It has been shown (see, e.g., [29]) that a user's tweeting activity is strongly correlated with their in- and out-degree. Intuitively, an active online presense is required to gather many followers. Having many followers encourages a return connection by other users. Most Twitter users remain passive in diffusing information, and those promoting original content are a tiny minority. One hypothesis of a simple hierarchy of social media emerges: the content producers responsible for new content creation, the power users and intermediaries who drive the traffic and the passive consumers. As we see here, reality is at odds with this expectation when it comes to production of original content.
Figure 2 (left) presents, for users binned according to their activity on the x-axis, the distribution of the fraction of local first content they produce with median and various percentiles. To help interpretion, we represent qualitatively with a thin solid line the number of users in each bin, where the first bin contains approximately 129k users. On the right we observe the effects of a few heavy nodes: there are in total 90 users posting more than 400 URLs in a month, who are primarily either institutional accounts or professional journalists and are almost always original. However, those are exceptions: among the active users, originators are generally a minority â typically the 25% most original â chosen across all activity levels. On the contrary, this trend proves that a URL is most likely to be locally original when it is posted by less active users. Equivalently, if the authors of that tweet post approximately 50 URLs in a month, it is likely to be one she has previously received. Another concurring observation, shown in Figure 2 (right), presents the same distribution where users are binned on the x-axis according to the number of people they follow. The trend here is even more pronounced as users belonging to the less connected half are much more likely to produce original information.
While, at first, this trend appears relatively surprising, the theory of public goods offers a simple explanation that we leverage later: that the effort exerted by others creates a disincentive for a well connected player to acquire new information. It seems in particular that 50% of users with larger than average degree rely entirely on the information they receive for their posts.
2.3 Effect of Time
Finally, we study the factors quantitatively affecting specialization. To take an example, first, we show in Figure 3 a comparison between the Lorenz curves for two news media domains: New York Times and The Atlantic. These are different in multiple ways: The New York Times is a daily newspaper with a very large readership while the Atlantic is a monthly magazine with a smaller readership. Within the KAIST dataset, 111k nytimes.com tweets were posted (and an audience of 2.6m users) while 4.7k theatlantic.com tweets were posted (audience of 400k users). Of these tweets only a small fraction are unique links (5917 for nytimes.com vs 891 for theatlantic.com) [31]. When comparing lorenz curves, the Atlantic is more specialized than the New York Times with 0.4% of the audience accounting for 75% of theatlantic.com tweets while 0.8% of the audience accounts for 75% of nytimes.com tweets. This indicates that audiences of different sources specialize in different ways.
|# posts
Our main observation is as follows: the degree of specialization is related to the temporal dynamics of the content, with remarkable regularity. In the same time period, more new content is introduced by nytimes.com, indicating that the content becomes stale quicker than for atlantic.com. This is consistent with nytimes.com being a daily news source. For every media, we measure its average shelf life by using the number of unique URLs produced over a month. We define the shelf life of an article to be the amount of time for which it is relevant i.e., it continues to be shared among users. This captures the fact that, since all media compete for attention within the same online network, one producing ten times more content expects the content to be renewed ten times faster. Figure 4 shows the 90%-volume originator (i.e., the percentage of the audience producing 90% of tweet volumes) for 31 media sources. There is a fairly large range of shelf life from approximately 2 minutes to over 2 hours. However, we consistently observe that domains with long shelf times tend involve a smaller fraction of the population to produce most of the content. Note that the x- and y-axis are in logscale. This temporal dynamics affects all tweets and original content similarly. After renormalization, this seems not be affected much by audience size, although we did observe the smaller effect of the fraction of active users grows slowly with the audience.
We also examined the effect of different measures of shelf lives in Figure 5. We calculate the diffusion life as the length of time that the article is shared (time of last post - time of first post). The y-axis is a measure of concentration, fraction of locally first posts of the total number of people receiving the article. We normalized by the number of users posting the article, in order to better account for larger cascades. Other measures of concentration, such as the fraction of first local posts by the total number of posts of an article, also exhibit similar trends, albeit in a more muted fashion. We continue to see the trend of articles with longer shelf lives tend to be more concentrated in sharing.
In summary, we have made several observations. (1) The presence of specialization where a small number of individuals are responsible for most of the original content produced on Twitter. (2) These individuals who produce most of the original content are not, as expected at first glance, the most well connected or the highest degree nodes. Rather, they are average-degree nodes in the network. (3) There is a correlation between the shelf life of an article, the time for which it is relevant, and the degree of specialization. To the best of our knowledge, there does not exist a previous model with reproduces these characteristics. In the following section, we present an idealized model which retains the flavor of the problem of information search.
3 Perishable public goods model
While information diffusion on social media is complex and topic dependent, our goal in this section is to provide a simple model with which previous observations of information acquisition can be predicted. We leverage the economic theory of public goods – goods that are non-rivalrous where use by one individual does not reduce availability to others. In fact, in many public goods models, the ownership of the good by on individual has an impact on the utility of his neighbors. Further, we consider news as a perishable good, i.e. a good that needs to be used within a short period of time and bought again (such as milk or produce). While news does not spoil in the same sense as produce does, the value of news does decrease with time due to updated information and later events occurring. In both cases, since the product is short-lived and the demand is persistent, there is a time dynamic to renew it.
3.1 A Public Good Approach to Original Content Production
As content online is vast and not easy to navigate, we assume that player seeks knowledge at a given rate. This results in content being discovered by her at random times with an intensity , forming a Poisson process of discovery times. The effort of that user to individually achieve a discovery rate has a convex cost . This captures the fact that as more effort is exerted, or time is invested, worthwhile information becomes rare and harder to find. The utility of information is represented as being in an informed state. In this state, a user has an additional unit of return compared to being uninformed. Upon a discovery, a user remains in the informed state for a time equal to the shelf time of this item. We assume is a constant.
There is a social component to the interaction: users make the results of their work available to neighbors in a social network graph. We denote the adjacency matrix of the social network as and it can either be undirected (e.g., Facebook) or directed (e.g., Twitter). Without loss of generality, we assume that the effort of a user only affects its direct neighbors. The general case simply requires redefining neighboring relations to include future descendents.
Let us denote = as the rate of content discovery that a user in the network receives at no cost from her neighbors. Then, including her own effort cost , the average utility received per unit of time can be written as:
At time , the probability to have received one content item within is the probability that a Poisson process of rate creates no point in that interval.
Note here, that discovering multiple content simultaneously creates no additional benefit to the user since the user is already in the informed state. Note also that having content items of various shelf-lives would result in the same dynamics as long as those durations are chosen independently of the discovery process. Finally, while most of the properties of the model we show generalizes to general convex cost, we are primarily interested in polynomial cost . We can think of as the reference time period. A reward of is equivalent to the effort spent to produce content once every time. In this work, we assume, in general, that the cost is normalized such that hr. This means that the reward exactly compensates for the search effort incurred to produce original content every hour. More general models, especially ones with heterogeneous costs and a matrix of benefits transfer between users, are likely to perfect realism of this model, but we leave them for future work.
3.2 Best Response
We first analyze a single individual response of a player to her neighbors' efforts. Even with non-linear dynamics is non-linear, we can represent this best response action in a simple closed form.
Theorem 1
For a node, , of , the best response to 's neighbors' efforts, , is given by
, where is the Lambert function defined on as the inverse of the function .
For an individual, , their best response to their neighbors efforts occurs when 's utility is maximized w.r.t. the amount of effort invests, .
This yields .
Hence where denotes the Lambert function, which proves the result.
The Lambert function (Figure 6) is a positive increasing function, that is asymptotically equivalent to the identity near and comes within a negligible distance of the function as becomes large. The last two decades has found numerous applications of this function to differential equation, combinatorics, theoretical physics and others. Its computation, both through formal calculus and numerical approximation can be done fast.
Our closed form implies the bound for any
3.3 Nash Equilibrium
We initially focus on analyzing the Nash equilibrium in symmetric graphs.
Definition 1
A graph is symmetric if, given any two pairs of edges and of , there is an automorphism such that and .
In a symmetric graph, in a unique Nash Equilibrium, all nodes exert the same amount of effort. Observe that if this were not the case, a transformation of the graph results in another equilibrium.
Lemma 2
For a -regular graph, a symmetric Nash Equilibrium always exists and is given by
In a symmetric equilibrium, . Also, for a node , .
The case of symmetric graphs is interesting because, as we show in Section 4.1, this symmetric equilibrium need not always be a unique or stable equilibrium.
3.4 Model Validation
Real world graphs are, of course, more complex than the above symmetric graph models. We validate our model on a subset of the NYT graph (a random sample of 10% of the edges). We use an iterative update method (described in the long version of this paper [31]) to find the Nash equilibrium numerically. In these simulations, we used a range of shelf-life times ranging from short () to long ().
Matching our observations from the KAIST dataset, users with larger degree have less "information seeking activity". This is reflected in a smaller amount of effort spent in the Nash Equilibrium. Figure 7 (left) shows the correlation of the Nash Equilibrium effort with out-degree of a node ( on a sample of 0.1% of the NYT graph). Here, we see a very strong relationship between the degree and the amount of effort expended in the Nash Equilibrium. Thus, our model yields predictive power for relation of connection and investment in information search
We then observe that the elite in the modeled equilibrium share similar structure to those observed empirically (Figure 8). A small subset of individuals are responsible for a large fraction of the effort spent – mimicing the behavior of individuals with original content.
Lastly, we examine how the effort in the Nash equilibrium of our model correlates to the fraction of local original activity vs total activity observed in the NYTimes dataset (Figure 7 right). Ideally, we would expect to see perfect correlation since the effort in our model captures exactly this, the effort you spent to bring new content to your neighbors. We see that individuals who in the real world had no effort (the left most group) expend low effort in the Nash Equilibrium. Those who posted at least one article expended more effort and the amount of effort steadily rises.
4 Equilibrium and Specialization
4.1 Conditions for a Unique Nash Equilibrium
Different classes of goods exhibit different types of behavior. In economic theory, one of these classifications are that of a normal good is a good for which demand increases with increased wealth. Mathematically, if is a differentiable function representing the income elasticity of demand (the responsiveness of the demand to a change in the income), then the good is normal iff the derivative satisfies . A network normal good carries that idea to a networked case where there is a income elasticity of demand function for each player in the network. The consumption is defined in terms of the wealth of (set externally), , and 's "social income", the income from neighbors of , . A network normal good satifies the condition: [3]. We can also express these conditions in terms of the best response as follows.
Fact. In the above notation, a good is network normal iff for every player , .
In our model, there can exist multiple equilibria for the effort that individuals expend. Using network normality conditions, we now give a condition involving the expiration time parameter, under which the Nash equilibrium for the system will be unique.
Lemma 3
Theorem 4
[Short-Lived Content Exhibits Less Specialization] Let be the minimum eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of the network, , and let be the expiration time parameter of the system. Then, a unique Nash Equilibrium exists if
We will prove the theorem by using the previously established connection between network normality of the system and the existence of a unique Nash equilibrium [3, 10, 11, 9]. Hence we only need to show that the network normal conditions hold under the assumptions of the theorem.
We will show that the condition holds for every player, . For ease of notation, let and .
Observe that since is an increasing function, we have is a non-decreasing function. Hence the derivative only takes values in . Now, the network normality condition simplifies to verifying
Simplifying the first inequality, we get:
Thus, the network normality conditions holds and a unique Nash equilibrium exists for any .
Here, we show the conditions necessary for a unique Nash Equilibrium to exist for various graph families. Let be the minimum eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of the network, , and let be the expiration time parameter of the system. Then, a unique Nash Equilibrium exists if
Lemma 5
A complete graph always has a unique Nash equilibrium
In a complete graph, . Thus, for any value of , there exists a unique Nash equilibrium.
Lemma 6
In a star graph with leaf nodes, a unique Nash equilibrium for ,
In a star graph of size , ([Brouwer:2012wz]).
Lemma 7
An even cycle graph of size has a unique Nash equilibrium for .
Lemma 8
An odd cycle graph of size has a unique Nash equilibrium for .
Substituting the value for ,
Lemma 9
An Erdös-Renyi graph with constant has a unique Nash equilibrium for .
For a Erdös-Renyi graph, with constant ([Furedi1981])
Substituting the value for ,
Lemma 10
A complete bipartite graph of size has a unique Nash equilibrium for .
The quantity of specifies the condition under which a unique Nash equilibrium exists. Table 2 details the value of for various regular graphs ([31]).
|Cycle (Even)
|Cycle (Odd)
|Complete Bipartite
Our observations on simple regular graphs give us an understanding of the behavior of the Nash Equilibrium in differnet types of settings. We see that for shorter lived information (content with smaller ), the process of sharing is relatively straightforward. In most graphs, for small , there exists a unique equilibrium. In symmetric graphs, this equilibrium is symmetric. In non-regular graphs, the equilibrium response is inversely related to the degree of a node since higher degree nodes can rely on good quality content through their many neighbors. Conversely, lower degree nodes tend to expend more effort since they have few neighbors that they can free ride on.
In general, more balanced graphs (with larger ) have less sensitivity to the ephemeral nature of information i.e., the conditions for a unique equilibrium encompass a larger range of shelf life values. In more segregated graphs (with smaller ), the efforts of a few people can be enough for the graph as a whole and the equilibrium is less balanced in nature.
Understanding the dependencies of the equilibrium in real world graphs is a little more challenging. Since these are not -regular graphs, we do not expect symmetric equilibria to occur. In the case of the real world NYTimes graph, (computed with python's sparse matrix package). Considering that the size of the NYTimes graph is users, this case more closely resembles a balanced graph, like an Erdös-Renyi graph. For , a case where there is a relatively low cost of finding information, of the reference time period. For hr (i.e., ., assuming readers' utility for content roughly compensate an effort to search every hour for new information), min which is close to the empircally estimated shelf life of min.
4.2 Tuning Shelf Life to Maximize Original Information
A media source would want to encourage users to spend more time on their site. Thus, they might be interested in tuning their parameter to maximize user effort. In a disconnected setting, each person is responsible for finding and consuming their own content. In this case, and the best response simplifies to . At the value , an individual is incentivitized to expend maximal effort.
Claim 11
For an isolated node, , the effort is maximized at .
The that corresponds to the maximum effort satisfies . Further, since is isolated, . Hence,
It is easy to verify that this critical point is a maxima. In the case of symmetric graphs, there is always a symmetric equilibrium (Lemma 2). We can calculate, for symmetric graphs, the that maximizes the amount of effort by any node in a symmetric equilibrium.
Claim 12
For an symmetric graph of degree , the effort in a symmetric equilibrium, , is maximized at
Note that since has degree and the equilibrium is symmetric. Again, the that corresponds to the maximum effort satisfies . By evaluating these expressions, we get
4.3 Specialization and Symmetry
We use simulations to examine how these theoretical results translate to various graph families, like complete graphs, star graphs, cycle graphs, complete bipartite graphs and Erdös-Renyi random graphs. For a graph family, we look at graphs of sizes ranging from to and edge density from to (for Erdös-Renyi graphs). We then run an iterative algorithm that updates the best response until convergence [31] . The point of convergence (when it converges) is the Nash equilibrium. In the cases that we examined, the best responses converged to an equilibrium within 20 steps (though our algorithm does not guarantee convergence).
Considering, first, the case of symmetric graphs (figure 9), each line in the graph is the effort made by a particular node. Note that since many nodes have the same effort across different regimes of , those lines overlapping each other and are hence not visible. In both the bipartite and cycle graph, in the specialized equilibrium, half the nodes overlap and expend most of the effort and the remaining half free-ride on those nodes. We see that, with shorter shelf-lives, individuals are more self-reliant. Conversely, longer shelf lives result in individuals relying on others efforts. Both cycle graphs and complete bipartite graphs exhibit the property that when content is long-term, the equilibria becomes more specialized with some individuals doing the majority of the work and others doing almost no work. Bipartite graphs split into their two partitions where those in one partition do all the work while those in the other do none.
The story is more complex in the case on assymetric graphs (figure 10). We consider the case of a star graph and an Erdös-Renyi graph, which gives us simple cases without the effect of heterogeneity. We also looked at a 10% subset of a real world graph.
In several of these graph families, we see that specialized equilibria occur. In the case of the star graph, the single central node does almost no work while all of his neighbors overlap and have much higher effort. In the case of random graphs or real world networks, it seems likely that a specialized equilibrium arises from the degree distribution of the nodes. However, in symmetric graphs, with all nodes having the same degree, clearly that is not the case. From lemma 2, we know that a symmetric Nash equilibrium exists, but we observe that the system converges to a specialized Nash equilibrium. In the following section, we show that symmetric equilibria are not stable for large .
4.4 Theoretical Proof of Specialization
When a unique Nash equilibrium exists, we understand the convergent network configuration. However, when there are multiple equilibria, it is not clear which of these configurations are realized — for instance, some of these Nash equilibria can be unstable and, hence, never realized in practice. Here, we use the same definition of stability as in [10, 11]. A Nash equilibrium is stable if a small change in the strategy of one player leads to a situation where two conditions hold: (i) the player who did not change has no better strategy in the new circumstance (ii) the player who did change is now playing with a strictly worse strategy.
Empirically, we observe that for longer-term content, the equilibrium for a cycle graph and a bipartite graph are specialized (figure 9), inspite of them being symmetric graphs. This indicates that the stability of the Nash equilibrium has some dependency on .
Theorem 13
[Specialization for Longer Shelf-Life] There exists an shelf-life , such that, for any symmetric graph of degree , the symmetric equilibrium is not stable.
The proof follows the outline of the Proof of Theorem 2 in [10]. It has two steps. The first step is a simple observation: This follows because the response function is a decreasing function of .
The second step is to show that under some small perturbation , we have (here the vector inequality corresponds to coordinate wise inequality ). In other words, with any small change from the equilibrium, the best response moves further away (strictly) from the equilibrium. This shows that the equilibrium is not stable in the sense of [10, 11]. For simplicity's sake, we consider only a quadratic cost function.
Let be the symmetric equilibrium in the symmetric graph of degree . Then, . Note that because it is an equilibrium. Here, we perturb all the responses by some
since and equal otherwise. Similarly,
To show that the symmetric equilibrium is not stable, we need
In other words, we want . Substituting for (lemma 2) and simplifying, we get that the symmetric Nash equilibrium is not stable when
Setting to be a constant (e.g., ), one only needs to verify that the following holds: , which is true for .
5 Related Work
Our contributions relate and contribute to several directions of research:
(1) Studies of online diffusion of information have previously established the importance of content produced by mass media in online diffusion. They highlight in particular that news typically reaches a large audience not directly but through a set of influencers or connectors [13, 33]. This result confirms the classical hypothesis of a two-step information flow [24], and was shown to have additional benefits, such as broadening the range of opinions seen by a user [4]. However, the dynamics of participation and influence remains elusive. For instance, relying on number of followers to judge an influencer can be misleading [14, 6] and predicting who is successful at an individual level was shown to be generally unreliable [6]. Our work takes a different starting point: We follow evidence that a large fraction of diffusion cascades occur close to a seed node [21]. Hence we focus on identifying those who contribute in adding original content in the network, and how this relates to temporal characteristics of the content being exchanged. Previous studies of temporal properties of diffusion typically focused on leveraging that those are short-lived [15, 32], or on using patterns in the time series for better classification [25, 23, 34].
(2) Analysis of the private provision of public goods, or investments made by players that more generally affect the outcome of others, originally emerged to inform public policy. Its most celebrated result, the neutrality principle [9], states that the investment produced by a group is entirely carried by most wealthy individuals, and is insensitive to income redistribution. This, however, holds only for a global public good in which all players are equally affected by others, and recently was shown not to generalize beyond regular graphs [3]. The general network case was studied more recently [8, 10, 11], typically in a model assuming that a playerâs best response follows from other playerâs actions in a linear matrix form. Even for that simple case, predictions vastly differ: On the one hand, a study of small effects [11] proves that the system converges to a unique equilibrium in which all participate. On the other hand, more general cases prove that specialization is unavoidable, and that multiple equilibria can be attained [10]. Our analysis extends those results by providing the first non-linear dynamics for which a similar dichotomy can be proved; in particular, it proves that a simple model of perishable public goods leads to either of these behaviors depending on the product lifespan.
(3) The role of elites in information acquisition has been studied in very different contexts such as social learning [7, 1] and opinion formation [22, 2]. Those results are different in spirit as they typically focus on aggregation of multiple contributions on the same specific topic, either within a social networks or in the presence of a kernel of experts. For that reason, they typically assume specific types of information or interactions. Our model focuses on a simpler model in which information can be produced under some exerted effort, but is free to reproduce within a given network. The work motivated similarly to ours considers a similar process in an endogenous network where players may create new links at a fixed cost [19]. It was shown that these dynamics typically lead to extreme specialization, even among ex ante identical players. However, Heterogeneous systems can't be analyzed in the same manner, and networks produced are typically very schematic (bi-partite). Our work proves that specialization emerges in an exogenous network, even without the reinforcing process of strategic link formation.
6 Conclusion
Knowledge sharing has been greatly facilitated by social network services. Increasingly, it affects businesses, political debates and public services. Yet, after years of measurements, the structure of online diffusion remains complex and was shown to vary across media and topics. Our results identify, for the first time, how the shelf life of information affects its diffusion. This leads to various types of specialization that can all be described in the unifying theory of public good.
While we empirically observe a remarkable match to the theoretical predictions on a qualitative level, we would like to point out that the current model of public good we introduce is highly idealized, especially as it assumes homogeneous cost of information acquisition. Proving that specialization occurs even in such symmetric cases is, in a sense, a worst-case result. In reality, several other factors contribute to users exerting higher effort in information acquisition including enjoyment [18], which typically varies across users depending on topics. However, our results generalize to heterogeneous perishable public goods to predict, for instance, that a single equilibrium exists whenever shelf life is sufficiently small. The qualitative effect of shelf life should also remain since our empirical observations prove it, even in a large number of very different mass media sources. We do, however, observe some amount of variance within this trend and accounting for other previously identified factors to predict span of content diffusion more accurately seems a promising direction.
Whenever public good theory allows for simple equilibrium computation, i.e. for short lived content, it also yields additional insight on how to locally or globally optimize content to encourage more participation. Ultimately, testing if those insights provide algorithms to design effective incentives to users for enhanced participation offers a way to validate those claims.
7 Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Meeyoung Cha for providing access and help on the Twitter Data used for comparison. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. CNS-1254035 and through a Graduate Research Fellowship to Arthi Ramachandran. This research was also funded by Microsoft Research under a Graduate Fellowship.
- [1] D. Acemoglu, M. A. Dahleh, I. Lobel, and A. Ozdaglar. Bayesian learning in social networks. The Review of Economic Studies, 78(4):1201–1236, 2011.
- [2] D. Acemoglu, A. Ozdaglar, and A. ParandehGheibi. Spread of (mis) information in social networks. Games and Economic Behavior, 70(2):194–227, 2010.
- [3] N. Allouch. On the Private Provision of Public Goods on Networks. Journal of Economic Theory, forthcoming:1–34, 2015.
- [4] J. An, M. Cha, K. Gummadi, and J. Crowcroft. Media landscape in Twitter: A world of new conventions and political diversity. In Proceedings of the International Conference Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM), pages 18–25, 2011.
- [5] J. An, D. Quercia, and J. Crowcroft. Recommending investors for crowdfunding projects. In WWW '14: Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on World wide web. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Apr. 2014.
- [6] E. Bakshy, J. M. Hofman, W. A. Mason, and D. J. Watts. Everyone's an influencer: quantifying influence on twitter. In WSDM '11: Proceedings of the fourth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining. ACM Request Permissions, Feb. 2011.
- [7] V. Bala and S. Goyal. Learning from Neighbours. Review of Economic Studies, 65(3):595–621, July 1998.
- [8] C. Ballester, A. Calvó-Armengol, and Y. Zenou. Who's Who in Networks. Wanted: The Key Player. Econometrica, 74(5):1403–1417, Sept. 2006.
- [9] T. Bergstrom, L. Blume, and H. Varian. On the private provision of public goods. Journal of Public Economics, 29(1):25–49, Feb. 1986.
- [10] Y. Bramoullé and R. Kranton. Public goods in networks. Journal of Economic Theory, 135(1):478–494, July 2006.
- [11] Y. Bramoullé, R. Kranton, and M. D'amours. Strategic interaction and networks. American Economic Review, 104(3):898–930, 2014.
- [12] J. Byers, D. Proserpio, and G. Zervas. The Rise of the Sharing Economy: Estimating the Impact of Airbnb on the Hotel Industry. Boston U. School of Management Research Paper (Forthcoming), pages 1–36, Jan. 2014.
- [13] M. Cha, F. Benevenuto, H. Haddadi, and K. Gummadi. The World of Connections and Information Flow in Twitter. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, IEEE Transactions on, 42(4):991–998, 2012.
- [14] M. Cha, H. Haddadi, F. Benevenuto, and K. Gummadi. Measuring User Influence in Twitter: The Million Follower Fallacy. In Proceedings of the International Conference Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM), 2010.
- [15] M. Cha, H. Kwak, P. Rodriguez, Y.-Y. Ahn, and S. Moon. Analyzing the video popularity characteristics of large-scale user generated content systems. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON, 17(5):1357–1370, 2009.
- [16] B. Cici, A. Markopoulou, E. Frias-Martinez, and N. Laoutaris. Assessing the potential of ride-sharing using mobile and social data: a tale of four cities. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, pages 201–211, 2014.
- [17] R. L. Cross and A. Parker. The hidden power of social networks. Harvard Business School Press, 2004.
- [18] L. F. Feick and L. L. Price. The Market Maven: A Diffuser of Marketplace Information. Journal of Marketing, 51(1):83–97, Jan. 1987.
- [19] A. Galeotti and S. Goyal. The law of the few. American Economic Review, 100(4):1468–1492, 2010.
- [20] G. L. Geissler and S. W. Edison. Market Mavens' Attitudes Towards General Technology: Implications for Marketing Communications. Journal of Marketing Communications, 11(2):73–94, June 2005.
- [21] S. Goel, D. J. Watts, and D. G. Goldstein. The structure of online diffusion networks. In EC '12: Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, 2012.
- [22] B. Golub and M. O. Jackson. Naive learning in social networks and the wisdom of crowds. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 2(1):112–149, 2010.
- [23] K. Y. Kamath, J. Caverlee, K. Lee, and Z. Cheng. Spatio-temporal dynamics of online memes: a study of geo-tagged tweets. In WWW '13: Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, May 2013.
- [24] E. Katz. The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-To-Date Report on an Hypothesis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 21(1):61, 1957.
- [25] S. Kwon and M. Cha. Modeling Bursty Temporal Pattern of Rumors. In Proceedings of the International Conference Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM), 2014.
- [26] P. Lazarsfeld, B. Berelson, and H. Gaudet. The peoples choice: how the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. Columbia University Press, 1948.
- [27] Y. Liu, C. Kliman-Silver, R. Bell, B. Krishnamurthy, and A. Mislove. Measurement and analysis of osn ad auctions. COSN '14: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM conference on Online social networks, pages 139–150, 2014.
- [28] M. O. Lorenz. Methods of measuring the concentration of wealth. Publications of the American Statistical Association, 9(70):209–219, 1905.
- [29] A. May, A. Chaintreau, N. Korula, and S. Lattanzi. Filter & Follow: How Social Media Foster Content Curation. In SIGMETRICS '14: Proceedings of the ACM International conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems, pages 43–55, New York, New York, USA, 2014. ACM Press.
- [30] K. Olmstead, A. Mitchell, and T. Rosenstiel. Navigating News Online: Where people go, how they get there, and what lures them away. Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence, 2011.
- [31] A. Ramachandran and A. Chaintreau. The eigenvalues of random symmetric matrices. Combinatorica, 1:233–241, 2015.
- [32] M. G. Rodriguez, D. Balduzzi, and B. Schölkopf. Uncovering the temporal dynamics of diffusion networks. In Proceedings of ICML, 2011.
- [33] S. Wu, J. M. Hofman, W. A. Mason, and D. J. Watts. Who says what to whom on twitter. In WWW '11: Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web. ACM Request Permissions, Mar. 2011.
- [34] J. Yang and J. Leskovec. Patterns of temporal variation in online media. In WSDM '11: Proceedings of the fourth ACM international conference on Web search and data mining. ACM Request Permissions, Feb. 2011.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Pay it forward platform Helpfulpeeps aims to bring back community spirit
by Startacus Admin
Founded by Saf Nazeer and Simon Hills, Helpfulpeeps is on a mission to bring back community spirit in an increasingly disconnected world.
Inspired by the principles of paying it forward, Helpfulpeeps is a social network where people share their time, skills and knowledge to help each other for free.
There is no transaction or exchange – just ask for help when you want and help others when you can. Since launch, Helpfulpeeps has grown to be an online community of thousands – with members sharing their time, skills and knowledge to help each other for free.
As a previous Startacus Startup of the Week we were keen to hear from Co-Founder Saf Nazeer as they launched version 2 of the Helpfulpeeps platform. Over to Saf to share their latest news:
"Almost 2 years ago we put out the very first version of Helpfulpeeps as a pilot in Bristol to test out a hypothesis - will strangers help each other for free?
Since then we have grown our community in Bristol to 15,000 members and seen thousands of instances of help being exchanged.
Having proven the concept we have been working on a much improved version of Helpfulpeeps based on 12+ months of extensive user feedback from our community.
Today marks a new chapter as we launch this new version of Helpfulpeeps which will not only make it easier than ever for people to help each other but will also allow us to launch in multiple cities over the coming months.
The result is a full design overhaul, your feed is now personalised to you - showing you opportunities within a 10km radius from you (you can widen/narrow this as you wish), we have introduced categorisation of posts and much much more.
You can sign up for free at helpfulpeeps.com and if you like what you see you can now invite your friends and family to join so you can start growing the community wherever you are."
Subscribe to our newsletterIf you would like to receive our startup themed newsletter, full of the latest startup opportunities, events, news, stories, tips and advice, then sign up here.
The insolvency technology startup secures funding to help support the UK's most vulnerable consumers to avoid bankruptcy
Darren Hockley, MD of Delta International on how millennials may be helping businesses face the current COVID-19 pandemic
The innovative startup that's enabling businesses to connect with their customers via personalised handwritten communication
Software has become a powerful tool for businesses to harness. here are 4 software essentials your startup could adopt right now.
The Dublin-based MedTech company that is enabling remote monitoring of those with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms who are in self-isolation
The new FinTech platform that provides "the easy way to sell your unused and unwanted foreign cash currency at the best rates".
In order to combat some of the impact caused by the coronavirus, many tourism focused attractions are turning to tech solutions. Here's a few!
The Trinity College spinout that has created a cost-effective hand hygiene training system teaching the WHO technique…
The lowdown on Budget Music Videos, the Belfast-based startup that will help you make a music video in a matter of minutes
BMW's Innovation Lab next two sprints focuses on improving internal customer-led efficiencies or tech solutions that provide valuable data insights and analytics
Published on: 2nd February 2017
If you would like to enable commenting via your Startacus account, please enable Disqus functionality in your Account Settings.
- Cerebreon the Irish deep learning startup raises £1.5m in seed funding 31st Mar 2020 The insolvency technology startup secures funding to help support the UK's most vulnerable consumers to avoid bankruptcy
- Chivas Venture divides this year's $1m Venture Fund between 26 global Startups 23rd Mar 2020 In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Chivas Divides its $1m No-Strings Venture Fund Between 26 Startups
- The open-source design of emergency ventilators for COVID-19 patients 20th Mar 2020 World Wide Community of over 500 designers engineers & medics finalising prototypes for safe scalable manufacture & rapid field deployment..
- Positive-ish reaction from small business and startup community to UK Chancellor's Corona budget 11th Mar 2020 New UK Chancellor Rishi Sunak just delivered his first UK Budget. We took a look at first reactions from small business and startup leaders.


text:
El Cid [Import]
The GREATEST ROMANCE and ADVENTURE in a THOUSAND YEARS!
|List Price:
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|$0.49 (4% Off)
Available: Usually ships in 1-3 business days
Format: DVD
sku: 38AJV
Brand New
El Cid 1961 - Trailer 2.avi
Larry Cohen on EL CID (Featurette)
DVD Features:
- Rated: Not Rated
- Run Time: 3 hours, 2 minutes
- Video: Color
- Released: May 4, 2004
- Originally Released: 1961
- Label: Imports
- Encoding: Region 0 (Worldwide)
Performers, Cast and Crew:
|Charlton Heston & Sophia Loren
|Herbert Lom, Douglas Wilmer, Frank Thring, Geneviève Page, Massimo Serato, Raf Vallone, Gary Raymond & John Fraser
|Directed by
|Anthony Mann
|Edited by
|Robert Lawrence
|Screenwriting by
|Philip Yordan & Fredric M. Frank
|Composition by
|Miklos Rozsa
|Produced by
|Anthony Mann & Samuel Bronston
|Director of Photography:
|Robert Krasker
Entertainment Reviews:
[A] feast of visual detail....The film overflows with deep-focus vistas, towering sets, densely crowded battle sequences and the imposing presence of two remarkable physical specimens, Charlton Heston and Sophia Loren.
New York Times
Rating: B -- Charleton Heston is the perfect mythic conflicted hero. Full Review
Laramie Movie Scope
5 stars out of 5 -- There are obvious resonances with today's religious tensions, but this is a story of much more, and it is handled superbly.
Ultimate DVD
[I]t's clear that the director relished working in 70mm and having such rich resources at his disposal. As a spectacle, it's muscular and more dynamic than most.
Sight and Sound
Not many filmmakers could make the transition to epic filmmaking with all their signature touches intact; Anthony Mann more or less succeeds. Full Review
Combustible Celluloid
Rating: 3/4 -- To say that El Cid is the most intelligent of the elephantine epics of the early '60s is to damn it with faint praise. Full Review
Slant Magazine
...It is not only a spectacle the likes of which we may never see again, but also brings an elegance to the form not much seen before its release, either...
Chicago Sun-Times
Product Description:
A widely acclaimed Hollywood spectacle which tells the story of the 11th century Spanish hero who drove the Moors from Spain. The restored version was overseen by Martin Scorsese and is uncut and remastered. Academy Award Nominations: 2, including Best Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture, Best Song ("The Falcon and the Dove").
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text:
Phil B.FontanarosaMD, Deputy EditorIndividualAuthorStephen J.LurieMD, PhD, Contributing EditorIndividualAuthor
To the Editor: The article by Dr Mundinger
and colleagues1 concluded that nurse practitioners
with the "same authority, responsibilities, productivity and administrative
requirements, and patient population" had "comparable outcomes to primary
care physicians." However, its implication that primary care given independently
by nurse practitioners is equivalent to that provided by physicians cannot
be concluded from this study.
Chan-Tack KM. Health Outcomes Among Patients Treated by Nurse Practitioners or Physicians. JAMA. 2000;283(19):2521–2524. doi:10.1001/jama.283.19.2521
© 2020
Coronavirus Resource Center
Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.
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text:
Antonio Rudiger score twice in the game against Leicester last weekend which was his 100th game. What a way to make a landmark of games having been the subject of the media attention in recent weeks for racism and the one who instill some spark in the Chelsea defense. In the beginning of the season his injury was a worry to the Chelsea back line as they struggle to key attacker out loosing some notable games.
Elsewhere, James has been performing beyond expectations with good crosses and solid defending. James's performances have earned plenty of plaudits over the course of the last few weeks, and Lampard is excited about how far his talent can get him. He has not stopped improving and looking like he will be one of the best defender in history of Chelsea football club like Ivanovic. His recent form is not new, his crossing ability is awesome and primarily going forward with defending is beautiful. Am sure he will continue to improve.
Read the below link for more information on Rudiger and James.
Shared On DLIKE


text:
Upper Butte Creek Occurrences, Valdez Creek District, Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, USA
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
Geology: Upper Butte Creek drains an area underlain by metasedimentary and intrusive rocks, presumably of Mesozoic or Tertiary age. The placer gold was probably derived from the erosion of auriferous lodes, such as those at HE156, HE172, and HE173. Samples collected by the BLM all contained small anounts of gold (Balen, 1990 OFR 90-34).
Workings: Surface workings only.
Age: Quaternary.
Commodities (Major) - Au
Development Status: Undetermined.
Deposit Model: Placer Au (Cox and Singer, 1986; model 39a)
Mineral List
1 entry listed. 1 valid mineral.
The above list contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.
Balen, M.D., 1990, Geochemical sampling results from the Bureau of Mines investigations in the Valdez Creek mining district, Alaska: U.S. Bureau of Mines Open-File Report 34-90, 218 p., 2 plates, scale 1:250,000.


text:
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text:
The BIG Approach
The BIG Approach is a unique intervention. Tailored to each client, it is informed by insights and embedded with the power of our NUDGE tech software. It inspires people and delivers improved results.
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text:
Report System Images
Bajet $250-750 USD
Project for the creation of a reporting system for medical images and installation instruction.
Dianugerahkan kepada:
Thanks for the invite................................................................................
5 pekerja bebas membida secara purata $500 untuk pekerjaan ini
Hi there, Greetings!!! We are a team of 17+ employees and over the past 10 years, we have completed numerous projects from design to deployment in Web Development and I think we would be a great fit for your project Lagi
hi sir , i can do this for u in less time and u will get perfect work i can send u more than 1 sample ;)


text:
cpr locomotive roster
Particulate polluting of the environment is often a mix of solid and liquid particles which are suspended up that you breathe. It is best to classify air particles from the aerodynamic properties as these properties determine the removal of them through the air, and where they deposit within your breathing. Awarded a UK patent, Senior's PURe® range of energy-efficient aluminium windows and doors is the first on the UK market to benefit from an enhanced thermal barrier manufactured from expanded polyurethane foam (PUR). Traditionally used in cladding and insulation products, the innovative use of PUR as a thermal barrier in windows and doors gives the PURe ® range the potential to achieve U-values as low as 0.71W/m2 K when calculated as a commercial CEN standard window and 0.93W/m2 K when calculated as a CEN standard door. Air filter is blocked so there isn't enough air input. There is a downside to motorcycle sprocket, like idling air inlet congestion, then this air input isn't enough. The oil level of float chamber is simply too high, some gasoline go directly into the cylinder without atomization, which will cause incomplete combustion. Main orifice wearout seriously and then the fuel injection from primary nozzle increases, that can cause incomplete combustion. Heating automatic valve is start position along with the enrich valve is not closed automatically, that will caused a wealthy mixture. Carbon deposit in muffler, exhaust jam, waste gas stay in cylinder, that can caused incomplete combustion then black smoke. Narcissists usually participate in an activity called "gaslighting". Gaslighting is really a form of emotional abuse in which the abuser manipulates situations repeatedly to trick the victim into distrusting his very own memory and perceptions. It is an insidious type of abuse and it makes victims question the very instincts that they have counted on their whole lives, which makes them unsure of anything. Gaslighting helps it be likely that victims will believe whatever their abusers tell them regardless about their unique experience with your situation. It often precedes other types of emotional and physical abuse as the victim of gaslighting is a bit more likely to be in other abusive situations at the same time.


text:
A weather warning is in place as North Devon is set to get even more spells of strong winds and heavy rain.
Looking for a job? We have a wide selection of jobs in all sectors and make it easy to apply to vacancies.
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Promos The Cleveland Show: Naked. Whether you want to picture it or not, Cleveland Brown is now on Adult Swim and may or may not be fully clothed.
Part 1: Introduction. I was born in Zululand on the 21 st July 1921 according to my man. When my man met my mother, he had just lost his wife and a number of
List of male characters. Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising.
Aug 05, 2013 · Jim Morrison's on stage shaman dances during The Doors transcendent live shows of 1967-68. Mixed by Fabrizio Federico: http://fabriziofederico.co.uk/ *I do
This website is the UNOFFICIAL website for Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa. Please take your time to read through this website, especially the biography section which is very
The Noodle Implements trope as used in popular culture. Sometimes the best way to describe something is to give a few hints and let imaginations run wild, …
Everquest Zone Information for Gorge of King Xorbb (Beholder's Maze)
The Shaman, Sequel. Finally we are ready to show you the sequel of online xxx game – "The Shaman"! Together with the brave Pussycat you will know the dark past
Reach the highest point in the Widow's Clutch within the Molten Front. In the Cataclysm Quest Achievements category. Always up to date with the latest patch.
Martin: First of all, let me say it is an honor and a privilege to speak with you, and I would like to thank and acknowledge David Icke and Dr. Joubert


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This type of match rules basically trivialized major tiering statistics; they also restrict most or all characters' abilities in a manner that is against the rule; so, such matches should never have been added.
- It is fine to restrict abilities in a versus matchup. However, matches that are arranged this way should not be added to the character profiles, as they don't involve their full potential, and are only intended for casual entertainment. An exception would be if the restricted ability/technique has a separate tier from the main one. In this case the match can be added.


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To most everyone around, I am known as, "Kathy" Dunai. I serve as the current Town Clerk in Suffield. I am fortunate to call Suffield my home as three generations of my family had before me. Many of you know me from my involvements and volunteering in many of Suffield's community events. This includes the farmers market, in the general agriculture community, with the emergency services, as well as many other activities. My roots run deep in this town, and I am extremely proud of that. Although words do not always paint the full picture of a person's true approachable personality; my deep commitment is to our community and its residents alike.
I have been endorsed for a second term by The Democratic Town Committee as the candidate to seek re-election for my position as Town Clerk. Over the past eight years I have operated the Town Clerks Office. I previously served as an Assistant Town Clerk and later as Town Clerk in November 2017.
During my term as the Town Clerk in Suffield, I have attained my certification as a Certified Connecticut Town Clerk (CCTC). I also served on the organizational committee for the CCTC Spring Conference in Farmington CT, the CCTC Freedom Of Information committee, implemented a new database with the ability to register dogs online, scanned all of the land records since the 1600's to present the ability to search online and continue to streamline the Town Clerks Office to promote efficiency, plus many more productivities to date.
Living and growing up in Suffield has afforded me opportunities to be the person I am today. Collectively working for over 27 years both full and part time for Suffield has helped me grow deeper into this community. The strong values set forth from my hard working parents has empowered me to embrace the ability to move forward with a solid work ethic and mindset for helping your "neighbor."
I have commitment and demonstrated of the right leadership knowing our town, its residents and understand its needs. I ask that you vote for me in November so that I may continue my dedicated service to as your Town Clerk.
At the recent Suffield Democratic Town Committee meeting on February 26, 2020, we celebrated Chris Rago's runoff election victory to fill the open seat on the Water Pollution Control Authority board. The November result as a tie vote but the runoff was decisive at 1080 - 627 votes. Former Fir... Read more »
Why I am running for the Water Pollution Control Authority? I have lived in Suffield for 40 years. My husband and I have two adult children who attended our public schools. I am a former member of the Zoning and Planning Commission, 1986-1990. I have been on the Zoning Board of Appeal... Read more »
Don't forget to vote on Tuesday, November 5th from 6am to 8pm at the Suffield Middle School. To see Democratic candidate information and videos, click here!... Read more »


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It's been a tough few months for Sara Tancredi, resident Doctor at Chicago's high security Fox River prison. Having fallen in love with inmate Michael Schofield (Wentworth Miller), she helped him - and his band of merry men - escape, only to find herself caught up in a top-level presidential conspiracy. Forced on the run, Sara had to deal with the murder of her father, all the time trying to avoid getting killed herself.
Actress Sarah Wayne Callies takes time out of her hectic schedule to tell DS about what's to come for Sara, her surprise at the show's success and for how much longer she thinks the boys can keep running.
In the UK we've just seen Sara making her way to Chicago by train. What's to come in the rest of the series?
"The cast will be getting smaller, I'm afraid. There will be slightly fewer of us when the series is over. Things will get better and then they will get worse, because it's Prison Break! Personally, I end up crossing a line I never thought I'd cross and end up landing myself with something that I'll have to be reckoning with for the rest of the series."
The show has a reputation for killing off major characters at short notice. Are you worried about Sara's future?
"I certainly don't think she's safe. I told the writers from the beginning that while I love this show, I never want to be kept on out of pity. If the best way I can serve the story is by leaving it, I'll just be grateful for the ride I've had and let it go at that. It's important to the story that we be able to kill off pretty much anyone at any point. We lose all of our credibility and no one will believe there's any actual jeopardy."
How would you like to go?
"Blaze of glory, go down fighting!"
Paul Scheuring, the show's creator, once said that he saw Prison Break as a two-season show. How long do you think it can run for?
"You know, I'm absolutely completely not sure. When I first started the pilot, I thought, 'I've probably got a good six episodes, eight episodes out of this'. I was even sceptical that they might not be able to finish the first season. Not out of any lack of faith in the writers, but just because it seems like there are so many balls to keep up in the air. It has such an intricate plot that the amount of focus and forethought that goes into it seems to be something that, given the constraints time-wise for television, is pretty unlikely. The writers keep impressing me, coming up with great stuff. My hope is that when they stop coming up with great stuff that we'll all be allowed to go home. I don't want it to keep going longer than it should."
Did you expect the show to become as successful as it is?
"No I didn't. Not because of any lack of faith in the pilot, but just because I have enough experience of television to recognise that there is an alchemy that exists between an audience and a show. Reading the pilot script, you're reading it without actors. I think part of the success of the show is due to great casting. They found really great people who suit the roles. That's really been a strength of ours."
Do the cast get on with each other?
"Yeah, we do. That's something I'm also really grateful for. There's no one I'm not on good terms with, no one I feel uncomfortable sitting down and talking with. That's really not always the case."
You spend most of the year together!
"Oh yeah, a season takes almost nine months to complete. It's an incredibly long period of time and because we shoot on location we all moved to Chicago. Pretty much none of us knew anyone but each other, and then we moved to Dallas, so we became a support for each other. Of course, there are certain people who are closer than each other, but I think we've all managed to find some real friendships out of this show."
Season two is out on DVD soon. Have you recorded any extras for its release?
"I think I did an interview. I wasn't able to do the commentary because I'm not in Los Angeles right now. "
What are your aims for the future?
"I would love to be working in theatre again. It's certainly where I started, I'd love to return to Broadway, the West End, off-Broadway, just to get back to theatre. I would hope I'd be looking at opportunities to play a range of characters. The Merchant-Ivory world through the Lethal Weapon world."
Prison Break airs Mondays at 10pm on Five. The first half of season two is out on DVD on May 21.
For more from Sarah, including hints on season three, visit Tube Talk!


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This thread's discussion is locked. If it doesn't give you the information you need,
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if I can see my upcoming recordings, but not what's recorded.... do I need a new PVR?
I've rebooted my PVR twice now.
Just want to update my situation.... called the tech support line today... We did rebooted the modem, PVR and wireless box. I can see my old PVR recordings again!
I did unplugged my modem and PVR.... made no difference. But technical support doing remotely got it working!!!
Thanks Telus!


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Police reveals cause of Ekiti bomb blast
The State governor, Kayode Fayemi, who arrived at the scene, did on-spot assessment and refused to speak with newsmen.
Bomb explodes in Ekiti
The Ekiti State Commissioner for information and Civic Orientation, Muyiwa Olumilua, confirmed this in a statement.
Uzodimma bans anti-government protests in Imo
Since his declaration as the new governor by the Supreme Court, pockets of protests against him has been going on across the state.
INEC fixes dates for Edo, Ondo governorship elections
The electoral body made the announcement during a press briefing on Thursday at its national headquarters, Abuja.
Assembly speaker, 7 lawmakers dump PDP for APC in Imo
With the new development, the ruling party now has 18 lawmakers while the PDP has 8.
Governorship Election: APC defeats PDP, takes over Bayelsa
The outcome of the election has thwarted the long ruling of the PDP in the state since the return to democracy in 1999.
Bayelsa, Kogi electorates elect new state governors today
The both parties are projected to retain power in their domain.
Despite court disqualification APC will participate in Bayelsa gov poll – INEC
The election is scheduled to hold on Saturday.
Enugu airport repairs completion date extended to Easter 2020
The airport was closed down in August for repairs of infrastructural decays in its facility.
Buhari approves N10bn intervention fund for upgrade of Enugu int'l airport
The airport which is the only international exit route of the South-East region was closed down months ago due to dilapidated infrastructure unbefitting of an international airport.


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Recent Member Activity


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Email announcements are sent to Fellows every Tuesday afternoon and feature program news and information, professional opportunities, and alerts of upcoming events to help you get the most out of your participation in the LCLD Fellows Program. These announcements will be archived on the website.
Questions? Please email Stephanie Uzel.
Please note: Leadership Lunches and Learning Experiences will be publicized via the Fellows Weekly Announcements. 2014 Fellows will be given priority to attend lunches, with any open spaces available for 2011, 2012 and 2013 Fellows. Capacity is limited, so be sure to read your Fellows announcements each week! If you have any questions, contact Stephanie (right).
2014 Fellow Jennifer Hodulick recently joined Focus Features in Santa Monica, California as the Vice President, Business Affairs.
2012 Fellow Lily Chin recently joined Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP as a Partner in its Oakland, CA office.
2011 Fellow Nadira Clarke recently joined Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP as a Partner in its Washington, DC office.
2014 Fellows Second Meeting Registration Now Open
Registration for the 2014 Fellows Second Meeting at the Arizona Biltmore in Phoenix, Arizona is now open. The meeting will begin on Wednesday, September 17th and conclude on Friday, September 19th. Please click here to register to attend. Meeting registration will remain open until September 17th. However, to take advantage of the LCLD conference rate at the Arizona Biltmore, please click here and book your room by Monday, August 18th. For questions about the hotel or logistics, please contact Nancy Richardson at email@example.com.
Monthly Call & Accountability Partner Exercise: August 13th
On August 13th at 2:00 pm EST, 2014 Fellows will have the opportunity to speak to Lori Lorenzo. The teleconference number is 1-877-294-8214, and the access code is 5075876.
LCLD Fellows are asked each year to mentor LCLD 1L Scholars. Please click here and review information about the LCLD 1L Scholars Program. Please schedule some time with your accountability partner to discuss your thoughts on the biggest challenges that law students face today.
KENJI YOSHINO: Fellows 2nd Meeting & Annual Membership Meeting
We are pleased to present NYU Law Professor Kenji Yoshino and Deloitte Managing Principal Christie Smith, co-authors of the "Uncovering Talent: A New Model for Inclusion" white paper. This groundbreaking research has received critical acclaim from Fast Company, Forbes, and The New York Times. The research to date, which includes survey responses from more than 3000 employees, has determined that covering--the tendency of individuals to manage or downplay their differences--is widespread, and that it significantly impacts employees' sense of opportunities and commitment to the organization. Those costs, of course, are ultimately passed through to the organization.
The Yoshino and Smith presentation will not only highlight the insight developed through their original research, but will also provide a unique opportunity to transform the conversation around inclusion into action through research specific to LCLD Member organizations. To maximize the value of this research and its action oriented application for you, we are asking our Member organizations to participate in an anonymous research study developed and administered by Deloitte. Information about participating in this exclusive research opportunity is copied below and an email detailing this research initiative has been sent to your organization's general counsel or managing partner and diversity professional. We encourage you to work with them to provide access to the survey via the link below to both lawyers and staff in your law firm or corporate legal department. Of course, if you believe this would be of interest to others in your organization, please feel free to circulate it to other departments as well. We are excited to have you actively participate in this unique opportunity to identify the sources of covering demands, and the ways in which LCLD's Members can create an environment where unnecessary covering demands can be retired.
Survey Link: http://deloitte.co1.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_06YDEW64fusXnRr
Instructions for Participation:
To participate in this study, simply forward the link above to both lawyers and staff in your law firm or corporate legal department. We ask that all respondents please complete the anonymous survey by Friday, August 22, 2014 at 8:00 pm EDT.
Please Note: Results will not be attributed to any firm or corporation. However, the survey does ask respondents to identify their employer organization. This allows Member organizations the option to engage Yoshino (through a subsequent consulting engagement) to analyze their firm or company specific results without incurring a cost to re-administered the survey. LCLD will not have access to individual member responses and the presentation at the Fellows Meeting and Annual Meeting will be aggregated data.
Speaking opportunities are available at the 4th Annual eDiscovery Leadership Conference, which will be held on October 31st at the Biltmore Hotel in Coral Gables. The Legal Learning Series is honored to be the premier eDiscovery conference for the Florida legal community. This year's conference will have over 300 attendees and 30 exhibitors. Speakers will receive a concierge to assist with their needs during the day. Please contact 2012 Fellow Corey Lee at email@example.com for more details about speaking.
NAPABA Southeast Regional Conference: Nashville, TN - August 14th - 15th
Please e-mail Stephanie Uzel if you plan to attend the NAPABA Southeast Regional Conference in Nashville, Tennessee on August 14th - 15th. She will connect you with other Fellows who are also planning to attend. Please click here to register for this conference sponsored by the Tennessee Asian Pacific American Bar Association.
Lavender Law: New York, NY - August 20th - 23rd
Please e-mail Brian Seaman if you plan to attend the Lavender Law Conference in New York City August 20th - 23rd. He is organizing a Fellows Happy Hour.
Texas Minority Counsel Program's 22nd Annual Conference: Austin, TX - September 3rd - 5th
Please e-mail Chris Mugica if you plan to attend the Texas Minority Counsel Program's 22nd Annual Conference in Austin, Texas September 3rd - 5th.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company is seeking a lawyer qualified to practice in a Latin American market who is fluent in Spanish with at least 3 years of experience drafting and negotiating contracts, preferably transactions related to Latin America or other civil law jurisdictions. Experience in the pharmaceutical field is helpful but not necessary. The individual in this position will provide legal advice relative to the broad range of BMS transactions that support ongoing operations in Spanish-speaking Latin America. These include, but are not limited to, R&D agreements, such as clinical trials, expanded access, confidentiality, investigator-sponsored studies, outcomes research, informed consents, etc.; Commercial agreements such as healthcare provider consulting agreement, speaker agreements, market research, data licensing, etc.; and agreements supporting the day-to-day operation of local BMS facilities, such as real estate purchases or leases, back-office supplies and services, utilities, etc. The individual will also assist Business Development and Corporate Development Legal teams to implement local agreements as needed relative to BMS acquisitions, divestiture or collaborations. The position will be based in the Plainsboro, New Jersey office. Interested candidates may contact 2012 Fellow Luis Vilarin at firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.
Please click here for information about the Senior Corporation Counsel, Litigation position opening in the Law Department of Target in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Wells Fargo & Company is currently hiring for several legal positions. To view available positions apply online, please visit www.wellsfargo.com/careers.
Please click here for information about a corporate counsel position with LexisNexis Risk Solutions, based in Boca Raton, FL or Alpharetta, GA. Interested candidates should contact Alan Stewart at firstname.lastname@example.com
Covance Inc. is seeking to fill an Associate General Counsel position. Please click here for the job description. If you are interested, please submit a cover letter and resume to James Lovett at email@example.com.
Exelon is seeking to fill an Assistant General Counsel - Litigation position in Chicago, Illinois. Please click here for more informatin.
Yale University is accepting nominations and applications for the position of Vice President and General Counsel of the university. Please click here for additional information. You may submit nominations, applications, or other confidential comments by email to firstname.lastname@example.com. If you are nominating someone, please indicate whether you have informed the nominee of his/her nomination.


text: I'm probably boring everyone to death with my new-found obsession for Sweeney Agonistes, but I'm hooked. I found a photograph taken from the 1933 world premiere at Vassar which I'm attaching to this email. The picture can be found in an on-line preview of the book "The American Play", by Marc Robinson, p232. The link is: http://books.google.com/books?id=hGzLE1KVw30C&dq=the+american+play+marc+robinson&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=JasEk3O4Fc&sig=o59bpxwg8PjCXuM3T1MJeyUhzuM&hl=en&ei=FCiASsGIM6fEtgf5ysXdAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&safe=active#v=onepage&q=&f=false ============================================================= By the way, I'm also getting interested in the life and career of Hallie Flanagan. I found a photo of her on-line which I'm also attaching. (see the link at http://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/faculty/prominent-faculty/hallie-flanagan-davis.html ) From the reading I've been doing recently, it seems like Hallie Flanagan was a pioneer in theatrical productions. Clearly Eliot was impressed, giving her permission to do the world premiere of Sweeney Agonistes and writing a "third scene" for the Vassar production (that Eliot personally attended). Also, according to an on-line article, "T. S. Eliot came to the world premiere of "Sweeney Agonistes" and pronounced it better than his own conception of the piece" (See book review of "Hallie Flanagan, A life in the American Theatre", by Joanne Bentley, 1988 http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/18/books/mr-euripides-goes-to-washington.html?pagewanted=all -- Tom -- _________________________________________________________________ Get back to school stuff for them and cashback for you. http://www.bing.com/cashback?form=MSHYCB&publ=WLHMTAG&crea=TEXT_MSHYCB_BackToSchool_Cashback_BTSCashback_1x1