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The Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (FRH) is the largest UK professional membership organisation working in the field of sexual and reproductive health (SRH). We support healthcare professionals to deliver high quality healthcare including access to contraception. We provide our 15,000 doctor and nurse members with NICE-accredited evidence-based clinical guidance, including the UKMEC, the gold standard in safe contraceptive prescription, as well as clinical and service standards.
We believe that access to quality sexual and reproductive healthcare is a fundamental right. That is why we are working together with our members and partners to shape better sexual and reproductive healthcare for all.
Located in the new offices of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists at London Bridge the Faculty offers a package that includes flexible working hours, subsidised gym membership, season ticket loan, a first-class pension scheme and generous annual leave (25 days per year).
About the role
The Education & Training Team is responsible for all aspects of the training and qualifications provided by the Faculty including the Specialty training programme in Community Sexual Reproductive Healthcare (cSRH), the Membership Examination and the General Training Programmes aimed at general practitioners and nurses.
This role will manage the delivery, maintenance and development of a range of products related to the Specialty and specialist level training including recruiting and supporting trainees and supervisors, the cSRH curriculum, membership exams and the CESR.
The Specialty Development Manager will work closely with Education Strategy Board and associated committees to ensure that the products and programmes continue to be appropriate to the SRH workforce as well as being sustainable.
About you
You will be educated to at least A Level (or equivalent) standard and with proven project management experience. You will have substantial experience of working independently in a pressurised administrative environment, managing your own output and that of others.
You will be able to demonstrate experience of delivering educational products (preferably health related), of improving policies and processes to support product/programme development and customer service. With demonstrable experience of work supervision you will possess experience of interpreting data to support management decisions and managing and servicing committees.
Application Process
Please email your CV and a covering letter (no more than 2 pages) by 9am on Monday 6th April. Interviews are scheduled for the afternoons of Wednesday 22nd April/Thursday 23rd April.
Your cover letter should outline:
· Why you are applying for the role
· How you meet the person specification criteria (please download the full job description and person specification from the Faculty's website in the 'about us' section)
· Your notice period
· Current salary
· Contact details: mobile telephone number & address
· Where you heard about the role
We are the largest UK professional membership organisation working at the heart of sexual and reproductive health, supporting healthcare profes... Read more
We are recruiting a Supporter Retention and Development Manager to cover a 12 month maternity leave contract at a fantastic children's disability charity.
The Supporter Retention and Development Manager is responsible for the development and delivery of direct marketing activities, including direct mail and RGPSMS, ti inspire and motivate supporters to continue connecting and contributing to the charity's amazing work. This will include the charity's appeal programme, newsletters, raffle, upgrade and reactivation programmes to feedback to regular givers via mobile.
We are looking for someone with experience of developing integrated multi-media and multi-channel fundraising campaigns, a strong track record of successful income generation from a diverse supporter base and a creative mind.
To apply click on the link below. To find out more call Tony Williams at Eden Brown on 020 3017 5014 or email [email protected]
Eden Brown is committed to equality in the workplace and is an equal opportunity employer. Eden Brown Ltd is acting as an Employment Agency in relation to this vacancy.
Eden Brown was one of the very first third sector recruiters in London and has been supporting candidates and clients in the charity and not for ... Read more
Development Officer
We are looking for someone to play an important role in supporting the development and implementation of our fundraising activities to secure funding from trusts & foundations, major donors and statutory funders. This job requires exceptional writing skills and a good understanding of how to position West London Zone and our work within applications and funder reports.
Responsibilities include
- Write high-quality bids for trusts/foundations and any other fundraising applications, including proposals to High Net Worth Individuals as required.
- Work closely with line manager to manage our existing pipeline to meet fundraising targets on an annual basis.
- Conduct prospect research on potential trust and foundations funders and discuss action plan for new prospects with line manager in order to help build our pipeline.
- Write bespoke external reports for funders, collaborating across the organisation as required.
- Help to build relationships with key individuals representing trusts and foundations by drafting outreach communications and supporting documents, with the opportunity to build your own small portfolio of donors.
- Lead on donation processing and thanking.
- Manage and develop the Salesforce database system and reporting, utilise (and help develop) internal systems and processes to track deadlines, KPIs, and get the most out of our CRM.
- Work closely with other members of the Development team to support all fundraising activity, including event.
To apply, please complete and email your application form, which is also available on our website.
Applications received before 5pm on Tuesday 14th April 2020 will be considered.
Shortlisted candidates will be notified by 5pm on Thursday 16th April 2020.
Interviews Friday 17th April via conference/video call.
London, SE1 (Office/Home Based)
About Us
Oasis Community Learning (OCL) is a ground-breaking global movement and group of charities and social enterprises working in 51 community hubs located in 11 countries across the world.
We create a new sense of neighbourhood in communities that had previously been forgotten by society and our community hubs enable people to come together and fulfil their potential.
We are also raising the educational bar through our academies. A family of 52 educational institutions serving over 28,000 students from a variety of backgrounds, our academies seek to close the educational gap that exists between disadvantaged students and their more privileged counterparts.
We are currently looking for a BI Development Manager to join us in London and develop our business intelligence platform.
The Benefits
- Salary of £38,403 - £42,432 per annum
- Flexibility to work remotely
- Local government pension scheme
- Continuous professional development programme with training opportunities
- A supportive network and family of staff in a motivating working environment
- Make a positive, lasting difference within your community
- 25 days' holiday per annum plus Bank Holidays
If you have experience of collating and analysing large volumes of data, this is a fantastic opportunity to step into a management role with an organisation helping break the cycle of disadvantage for families across London.
You will play a key role in the enrichment of our information-centric environment, using your experience to continuously innovate and enhance our capabilities.
What's more, you'll have the chance to build upon your existing skill set whilst supporting the development of communities and individuals.
The Role
As the BI Development Manager, you will design, develop and enhance our business intelligence platform to ensure the effective use of information across the organisation.
You will oversee our data management process, from the collection of raw data through to final analysis and delivery.
Your role will involve:
- Leading the design, development and deployment of BI data infrastructure and solutions
- Delivering roadmaps and timelines for deliverables for our organisation
- Assisting in the formulation of the overall data strategy
- Providing continuous reviews of the BI Reporting Model, ensuring measures, metrics and data capture are up to date
- Developing governance processes, policies and procedures for the BI Service
About You
To join us as a BI Development Manager, you will need:
- Experience of working with, and consolidating, large volumes of data
- Extract, Transform and Load (ETL) Data Modelling and visualisation experience
- To be proficient in the use of MS Business Intelligence Suite: PowerBI and Business Objects
- Knowledge of, and enthusiasm for, BI, reporting technologies and dashboards
- Knowledge of SQL, Microsoft SQL server reporting services and Microsoft Azure
- Experience of using SQL Scripts, SAS, Microsoft Excel, PowerPoint, Access and numerical data
- An understanding of standard reporting and systems languages such as M language and DAX
- Knowledge of modelling quantitative and qualitative measures
- At a minimum, a degree level qualification in business, statistics or computer sciences
- Excellent communication and interpersonal skills, with good business acumen and a strategic mindset
- To have a creative and innovative approach and possess a strong eye for design
Other organisations may call this role Business Intelligence Manager, Business Intelligence Development Manager, Business Intelligence Designer, BI Platform Manager, Senior BI Analyst, or Data Development Manager.
This is a full-time role working 37 hours per week.
Oasis is committed to making a difference to the lives of the communities it works in, and as such, you must show a willingness to demonstrate commitment to the values and behaviours which flow from the Oasis ethos. We are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people. We expect all staff to share this commitment and to undergo appropriate checks, including enhanced DBS checks.
So, if you're looking to have a positive impact as a BI Development Manager, please apply via the button shown. This vacancy is being advertised by Webrecruit. The services advertised by Webrecruit are those of an Employment Agency.
Head of Finance Business Partnering to manage a team of 4 - management accounts and Business Partner service.
Your new company:
A £45m income professional body representing medical professionals based in North West London. This organisation has an excellent reputation and a has income from both membership fees and commercial activities such as Conferencing.
Your new role
This is a key role, dealing with senior stakeholders across all 4 entities in the organisation and enabling robust, data driven business decision making through the following responsibilities:
* responsible for finance business partnering across the organisation
* responsible for delivering management reports and budgets
* responsible for financial and business analysis to assist the College to move to a continuous improvement mind-set
* support the achievement of strategic objectives across the organisation
* manage the finance business partnering and management accounts team of 4.
What you'll need to succeed
* Educated to degree level or equivalent
* Qualified Accountant
* Financial experience in delivering strategy
* Working in a complex organisation
* Management experience
* Building constructive relationships with non-finance colleagues including development of wider organisation financial skills and knowledge
Knowledge / Skills / Attributes
* Project management and process mapping
* Good analytical skills
* Good interpersonal skills
What you'll get in return
8% employer pension contribution, 27 days annual leave, Flexi-time, on site gym and more.
What you need to do now
Please apply ASAP to be considered!
Hays Specialist Recruitment Limited acts as an employment agency for permanent recruitment and employment business for the supply of temporary workers. By applying for this job you accept the T&C's, Privacy Policy and Disclaimers which can be found at hays.co.uk
Whether you are looking for the right person or the right job, talk to a Hays expert first. Working with Hays gives you the reach and resources... Read more
As a successful Business and Programme Development Manager you will play a vital role in the mission to support excellence in higher education for the benefit of individuals and societies throughout the Commonwealth. This is a 12 month maternity cover role.
The Charity An international organisation dedicated to building a better world through higher education.
The Role
Undertaking key areas of business development including market analysis and pursuit as agreed with the Head of new Business.
Supporting key deliverables as part of the programme team portfolio.
Working with the membership, communications, public affairs and programmes teams to identify business opportunities.
To lead designated policy initiatives for new market areas.
Work across business streams to design and develop high impact projects
Manage client networks and relationships for strategic gain liaising with prospective partners and member universities
Share knowledge and outcomes with internal and external stakeholders
The Candidate
Strong track record of successful grant and bid writing and a high standard of English.
Strong track record of researching, identifying and cultivating funding opportunities.
Strong track record in cultivating and managing stakeholder relationships.
An understanding of issues in higher education, ideally in a developing country context and of trends in international development funding.
Excellent time management, organisational and project management skills and a willingness to be adaptable as required to deliver completed tasks on time.
Our aim is to respond to all successful applications within 5 days. If you havent been contacted within 5 days your application has been unsuccessful and your details will not be held further but we positively encourage you to apply for any other positions that you may see in the future.
We apologise that we cannot contact everybody in person but thank you in advance for your interest.
Third Solutions encourages applications from individuals of all ages & backgrounds. Appointment will be made on merit alone but candidates must be able to demonstrate their ability to work in the UK. Third Solutions acts as an employment agency for permanent recruitment & an employment business for temporary recruitment as defined by the Conduct of Employment Agencies & Employment Business Regulations 2003.
Do you want to play a key role in an organisation which stands up for children? Join us as a Senior Prospect Development Manager you will be responsible for leading a high quality, agile and proactive Prospect Development function to maximise the value of our high value donor base.
In our Marketing and Fundraising department, we fight for children every single day. We inspire millions of people, from individuals to large corporates, to support our quest for change. We go the extra mile - and we don't rest until the work is done.
As Senior Prospect Development Manager you will be responsible for the performance of the Prospect Development function; allocating and planning the Executives' workload as well as tracking and sharing outcomes and successes. You will manage and develop a sophisticated prospect management system that helps drive fundraising performance as well as driving forward Save the Children UK's Donation Acceptance Policy and Process. You'll develop and implement the Prospect Development strategy, managing budget and contracts as well as specific research projects. In addition you will:
- Input into KPI and budgeting process for high value teams where necessary, supporting the development and reporting on key deliverables across the year
- Work in collaboration with the fundraising teams, senior management teams, trustees and volunteers to develop highly effective networks of contacts and relationships
- Keep the team at the forefront of current trends and best practice in prospect development; keeping up to date with the latest prospect development techniques and resources.
To be successful you will be an excellent verbal and written communicator and influencer with significant Prospect Development experience in a charity, university or consultancy environment. Experienced at managing, developing and inspiring a team, you will have excellent relationship management skills with the ability to develop relationships at all levels of the organisations. You'll need excellent analytical and research skills, with a strong track record of producing high quality prospect research on individuals, trusts and companies. Additionally, you will have:
- A solid understanding of the GDPR legislation and how this impacts Prospect Development
- Experience of condensing large quantities of information into concise and readable formats
- Experience of implementing Prospect Management processes, including developing strategies and systems to manage prospects, from identification to qualification and allocation
- Experience of using a relationship management database, such as CARE or Raisers Edge.
At Save the Children we are committed to the safeguarding and protection of children in our work. We will do everything possible to ensure that only those who are suitable to work with children are recruited to work for us. This post is subject to a range of vetting checks including a criminal records disclosure.
If you share our belief in the power of children, join the fight. It takes relentless determination, creativity and a real commitment to real change. Because every child should be able to make their mark on their world, and help to build a better future. We look forward to hearing from you.
To apply please visit our website.
Closing date: 29th March 2020
What we do
Most governments promise to protect children... Read more
It is an exciting time to join Croydon Vision as the business development manager. Your role will be concerned with improving and growing our organisation, by fostering and developing relationships with members and other partners. Working to promote brand awareness and diversify our income stream guided by our fundraising strategy.
To apply please read the job description and specification.
Email your CV along with a covering letter of 350 words; stating why you wish to apply and how your skills would add value to current management team.
Objectives of the BDM post:
- An approach to Intrapreneurship, big picture view - setting aims and objectives in order to develop the organisation
- To drive 1 of 5 key priorities; sustainable reach – improving our brand, communications and income stream
- Develop new funding opportunities, organising social events for businesses and growth of donor and legacy income.
- Administrative support to the Chief Executive and seeking new ways to promote business efficiency at Croydon VisionLead in the development of quality assurance, making sure Croydon Vision meets the set requirements and obtain quality standards
Supporting People with Sightloss
At Croydon Vision, we provide a range of activities for our members and their families who are ... Read more
The client requests no contact from agencies or media sales.
Head of Finance Business Partnering to manage a team of 4 - management accounts and Business Partner service.
Your new company:
a £45m income professional body representing medical professionals based in North West London. This organisation has an excellent reputation and a has income from both membership fees and commercial activities such as Conferencing.
Your new role
This is a key role, dealing with senior stakeholders across all 4 entities in the organisation and enabling robust, data driven business decision making through the following responsibilities:
* responsible for finance business partnering across the organisation
* responsible for delivering management reports and budgets
* responsible for financial and business analysis to assist the College to move to a continuous improvement mind-set
* support the achievement of strategic objectives across the organisation
* manage the finance business partnering and management accounts team of 4.
What you'll need to succeed
* Educated to degree level or equivalent
* Qualified Accountant
* Financial experience in delivering strategy
* Working in a complex organisation
* Management experience
* Building constructive relationships with non-finance colleagues including development of wider organisation financial skills and knowledge
Knowledge / Skills / Attributes
* Project management and process mapping
* Good analytical skills
* Good interpersonal skills
What you'll get in return
8% employer pension contribution, 27 days annual leave, Flexi-time, on site gym and more.
What you need to do now
Please apply ASAP to be considered!
Hays Specialist Recruitment Limited acts as an employment agency for permanent recruitment and employment business for the supply of temporary workers. By applying for this job you accept the T&C's, Privacy Policy and Disclaimers which can be found at hays.co.uk
Whether you are looking for the right person or the right job, talk to a Hays expert first. Working with Hays gives you the reach and resources... Read more
Your new company:
a £45m income professional body representing medical professionals based in North West London. This organisation has an excellent reputation and a has income from both membership fees and commercial activities such as Conferencing.
Your new role
This is a key role, dealing with senior stakeholders across all 4 entities in the organisation and enabling robust, data driven business decision making through the following responsibilities:
* responsible for finance business partnering across the organisation
* responsible for delivering management reports and budgets
* responsible for financial and business analysis to assist the College to move to a continuous improvement mind-set
* support the achievement of strategic objectives across the organisation
* manage the finance business partnering and management accounts team of 4.
What you'll need to succeed
* Educated to degree level or equivalent
* Qualified Accountant
* Financial experience in delivering strategy
* Working in a complex organisation
* Management experience
* Building constructive relationships with non-finance colleagues including development of wider organisation financial skills and knowledge
Knowledge / Skills / Attributes
* Project management and process mapping
* Good analytical skills
* Good interpersonal skills
What you'll get in return
8% employer pension contribution, 27 days annual leave, Flexi-time, on site gym and more.
What you need to do now
Please apply ASAP to be considered!
Hays Specialist Recruitment Limited acts as an employment agency for permanent recruitment and employment business for the supply of temporary workers. By applying for this job you accept the T&C's, Privacy Policy and Disclaimers which can be found at hays.co.uk
Whether you are looking for the right person or the right job, talk to a Hays expert first. Working with Hays gives you the reach and resources... Read more
Main Purpose of Role
We are seeking someone, with deep expertise in major donor fundraising, to deputise for the CEO, lead senior management team projects and lead our fundraising team. This is the perfect opportunity for an experienced fundraiser who wishes to transition into a senior manager role.
CFAB supports children on the move between the UK and other countries and children who are separated from their family in another country. The complexities of migration and international separation can make many of these children particularly hard to support and particularly vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. We ensure that children in these circumstances enjoy the same care, protection and right to a family life as we would want for any child.
We are the only UK representative of the International Social Service network, and the only charity in the UK with a dedicated international social work team. We are proud to have royal patronage from HRH, Princess Alexandra.
You will play an important role within the organisation, with responsibility of generating circa £500,000 per annum to help us protect vulnerable children around the world. You will lead an energetic, passionate and driven team of fundraising and marketing professionals, with three direct report plus volunteers. You should be able to demonstrate our values of professionalism, impartiality and respect.
This is a full-time role with a competitive salary, dependent upon experience. Job share applications will be considered. All applications must be received by midnight, Sunday, 19 April 2020. First round interviews will take place week commencing 27 April with second round interviews taking place in week commencing 4 May.
Main Duties
- Deputise for the CEO and lead senior management projects (20%)
You will participate in Senior Management Team meetings and overall organisational development. In coordination with the CEO, you will attend and coordinate sub-committees of the Board providing quarterly reports on fundraising progress. You will lead ad hoc projects as requested by the CEO, such as establish a rolling programme of research within CFAB from concept to delivery; collaborating with the HR Manager to maximise employee satisfaction; reviewing adherence to data protection policies, etc.
- Oversee our fundraising programme (15%)
A substantial responsibility will be to lead our fundraising team to generate circa £500,000 in income every year from trusts, event income, donations, corporate gifts and other new streams of income. You will analyse current trends in fundraising and identify priority growth areas, leading the development and delivery of our fundraising strategy and associated budget. You will work with the team to ensure that service standards are met, work is captured in our Salesforce system, and Gift Aid/sponsorship opportunities are explored.You will lead impact measurement across the office and will support the fundraising and marketing teams in their use of impact data to evidence the importance of CFAB's services.
You will regularly monitor new contract opportunities from institutional funders (DFID, UNHCR, UNICEF, etc) and consult with operational team about bid opportunities, taking the lead on drafting the multi-stage bid applications and ensure successful delivery of any projects that result. In coordination with the CEO, you will meet regularly with institutional funders to ensure CFAB's name is established and respected. You will also explore the potential for legacy fundraising and corporate partnerships as lower priority funding streams. You will line manage our Trusts Fundraiser and arrange contracts with external agencies and volunteers.
- Lead our major donor programme (50%)
You will be responsible for delivering our major donor fundraising programme and overseeing any events linked to major donors and individual giving. Together with the CEO, you will cultivate year-round supporter relations with clear supporter journeys against a calendar of events and communications to raise and deepen awareness and maximise value. You will support our Major Donors to create and run their own small cultivation events to increase our pipeline of prospective donors.
- Marketing and Public Affairs (15%)
You will line manage our communications officer and policy manager. You will review any new campaigns and materials developed, negotiate pro-bono support from relevant supplier or secure sponsorship. You will provide relevant content for the six-monthly Patron and Donor newsletter, as well as contribute to overall policy messaging together with the CEO.
Person Specification
- Excellent written and oral communication skills.
- Substantial working in fundraising, a good portion of which should be in a major donor fundraising role. You will have a proven track record of fundraising proposal writing or commercial bid writing.
- Excellent research skills and critical analysis to ensure effective matching of our funding priorities to giving criteria.
- Effective time management skills and the ability to multi-task and prioritise competing demands, even when under pressure, in a methodical and systematic manner.
- Good management skills and experience with budgets.
- Ability to make decisions and think strategically.
- Experience of a fundraising role within a similar sized charity.
- Familiarity with the social care or health sectors.
- Familiarity with Salesforce.
Additional Requirements
- Occasional participation in evening and/or weekend events, networking and meetings
- Ensuring adherence to necessary legislation e.g. Data Protection Act, Health and Safety Act
This job description is a non-contractual document and may be changed at any time by CFAB. All employees are expected to be flexible over the tasks/duties and responsibilities of their roles in order to meet the needs of both of CFAB and our service users/partners.
The client requests no contact from agencies or media sales.
Christian Aid is looking for an exceptional individual to lead our global advocacy and our public policy work. The post holder will head our influencing of governments, business and international institutions, to bring about lasting change in the lives of people suffering from poverty and injustice. She or he will ensure that our advocacy is underpinned by strong and credible public policy research, analysis, and positioning, which is rooted in our experience of working with partner organisations in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America. The successful candidate will be adaptable, creative, an excellent communicator and a natural collaborator. They will have a proven track record of advocating for change, and a deep understanding of the social, economic and environmental policy issues on which we work. She or he will have the maturity, judgement and experience needed to lead a dispersed team of 15 staff, within a larger department, providing support and direction in a way that's consistent with Christian Aid's values. We work with people of all faiths and none, to tackle poverty and injustice, and are an equal opportunities employer.
Further information
This role requires applicants to have the right to work in the country where this position is based.
We value diversity and aspire to reflect this in its workforce. We welcome applications from people from all sections of the community, irrespective of race, colour, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion or belief.
You can expect a wide range of rewards and benefits, including a generous holiday allowance, a season ticket loan, and flexibility that will ensure you enjoy a good work/life balance.
Our vision Poverty is an outrage against humanity. It robs people of dignity, freedom and hope, of power over their own lives. Christian Aid ha... Read more
The Church of England has made available £20 million to initiate a social investment portfolio. This portfolio is intended to complement the work of the Archbishops' Council, a charity set up to co-ordinate, promote, aid and further the work and mission of the Church of England.
In particular, the portfolio will make investments designed to tackle issues in housing and the community, financial exclusion, and the environment. The programme's intentions are ambitious, with the goal to establish the Church as an influential and successful social investor within the UK, and direct innovative and impactful investment to areas most in need, that align with the Church's mission.
This is a unique opportunity to join us as the Head of Social Impact Investment Officer.
You will take charge of the Archbishops' Council's newly established social investment portfolio at its outset, and develop its strategy and interaction with the innovative and growing social investment sector.
With a passion, understanding and commitment to social and environmental issues, you will have significant experience of investment decision making and due diligence, and the ability to run, manage and maintain an investment programme.
A self starter and relationship builder, you will inspire others with your enthusiasm about the role that the Church can play in the social investment field and what can be achieved with an innovative, creative and strategic approach.
At the NCIs many of our staff work flexibly in a number of different ways. We are happy to talk at interview about options that might be possible with this role.
First stage interviews are expected to be held w/c 13th April 2020 with final stage interviews w/c 4th May 2020.
In return we offer a unique environment with opportunities for continuous learning, generous annual leave for work life balance, season ticket loans and a range of benefits including discounted entry to attractions and what we feel is a market leading package when it comes to our scheme.
Main Responsibilities
The Role
- Establish the Church as a successful social impact investor within the UK.
- To shape, implement and own the Council's social investment strategy.
- Build relationships within the Church and with key players across the sector (such as Government, intermediaries, charities, peers and the financial sector) to identify issues where social investment can help support areas most in need, that align with the Church's mission and complements the existing and potential missional work of the Church.
- Liaise with National Policy Advisers in the Mission & Public Affairs Team, in order to highlight policy issues raised by the Council's impact investments
- Build and maintain a healthy pipeline of future social investment opportunities.
- Assess and due diligence social investment opportunities and to make investment recommendations to the Executive Team and Trustees.
- Build relationships with charities and social enterprises (particularly those with a Christian ethos) that are potential recipients of impact investment
- Manage the process of an investment from beginning to end.
- Manage the overall performance of the Council's social investment portfolio.
- Monitor the portfolio's investments and maintain financial and impact records
- Maintain a prominent profile in the social investment sector to keep updated on major developments and opportunities within the sector, and to communicate the Council's work and strategy to stakeholders.
- Co- design and develop investment opportunities with key players across the sector.
- Report and communicate the social investment programme to internal and external stakeholders.
- Undertake other duties that may reasonably be required.
With its 12,000 parishes and 16,000 buildings the Church of England is a Christian presence in every community and plays a vital role in the life ... Read more
The client requests no contact from agencies or media sales.
Want to use your skills in HR people management to play a vital role in making clean water, decent toilets and good hygiene normal for everyone everywhere?
Join WaterAid as People Operations Lead to change normal for millions of people so they can unlock their potential, break free from poverty and change their lives for good. On top of that you'll be joining a 2018 Great Place to Work® award-winning organisation.
The WaterAid UK People team support great people management and create a high performing environment, where everyone can be at their best selves and able to make a real and lasting contribution.
As our proactive and innovative People Operations Lead you will lead a high performing People Operations Team, to provide an operational support of the highest standard to the organisation in a pragmatic and business-focused way.
This is a Permanent, Full-Time role
In this role, you will be instrumental in providing, fit for purpose operational solutions to HR challenges to ensure that good people management, best practice and compliance is at the centre of all that we do.
You'll also:
* Manage, coach and build capabilities of the People Operations Team, their performance and development
* Lead the service delivery of the UK People Operations, covering areas such as payroll, reward and pension management, policy development, process improvement, HR systems, compliance, MI and reporting
* Drive the importance of data and people analytics and create a culture of data-based decision making and insight across the people team
* Manage the relationship and contracts with third party suppliers to ensure an effective, value for money service that always meet our business needs.
* Participate in other people initiatives and projects as required.
To be successful in this role, you'll need to be proactive, solution-focused and have sound generalist experience in HR operations.
You will also need:
* Proven experience of managing and coaching people in a complex and matrix environment
* Proven experience of managing in-house payroll function;
* Excellent understanding of HR policy development; and proven experience of developing and embedding HR policies, processes and procedures
* Working knowledge and experience of HR and Payroll systems, to maximise the functionality and create efficiencies
* To be able to work autonomously whilst navigating uncertainty and ambiguity: comfortable working at pace and tenacious about delivering results.
* To have excellent interpersonal skills, be able to engage, collaborate and build working relationships and partnerships with a wide variety of stakeholders.
To apply
Please submit your CV and a cover letter into one document in either Word Document or PDF format. Your covering note should be no more than 1-2 pages explaining:
1. Why you want to work for WaterAid?
2. Why you are interested in this particular opportunity?
3. What your top 3 or 4 skills/experience are that you feel would add value to this role?
Application Deadline: 23:59 on 14th April 2020, however shortlisting may take place on a rolling basis.
Candidates will need to be available to attend first round interview remotely w/c 20th April
Salary: £41,200- £45,000 (depending on experience) with excellent benefits
WaterAid benefits include:
* 36 days holiday (including Bank Holidays)
* Option to buy an extra 5 days annual leave
* We offer a generous pension plan with employer contribution of up to 10%
* Flexible working conditions, including the opportunity for part-time work and home working up to 2 days a week
* Season Ticket Loan
* Enhanced Maternity and Adoption/Surrogacy pay, Shared Parental Leave and Paternity Leave.
* Sabbaticals
* Volunteer Day
WaterAid is currently located at Durham Street, Vauxhall. However, we will be leaving our current location in late summer 2020 and moving to 20 Canada Square, Canary Wharf. Therefore the London Office location and contract base, if you are successfully offered the role, will change. This will be discussed at the interview stage with you.
We are unable to provide sponsorship for this post. In order to apply for this post, you must be able to demonstrate your eligibility to work in the UK.
WaterAid is committed to ensuring that wherever we work in the world there is no tolerance for the abuse of power, privilege or trust. WaterAid reinforces a culture of zero tolerance towards any form of inappropriate behaviour, abuse, harassment, or exploitation of any kind. The safeguarding of our beneficiaries, staff, volunteers and anyone working on our behalf, is our top priority and we take our responsibilities extremely seriously. All staff and volunteers are required to share in this commitment through our Global Code of Conduct. We will conduct the most appropriate pre-employment references and checks to ensure high standards are maintained.
WaterAid is an equal opportunities, disability-confident employer and committed to achieving the highest standards of diversity, fairness and equality. Should you have a disability and require any additional support, please contact us.
WaterAid is on a mission to change normal for millions of people within a generation – by getting clean water, decent toilets and good hy... Read more
The client requests no contact from agencies or media sales.
Trust & Statutory Development Manager
Home & Field Based (with regular travel to our sites, as well as locations throughout the UK)
£40,000 per annum Plus Benefits
Royal Voluntary Service is an innovative charity that focuses on inspiring people to give the gift of voluntary service to support the NHS and older people at home and in the community. We are now looking for a Trust & Statutory Development Manager to join our team and drive support for our organisation.
We are committed to keeping people healthy, happy and connected and working alongside the NHS to give their staff more time to focus on delivering care. Each day, our thousands of volunteers make a difference by providing practical support to those in need in our nation's hospitals, individuals' homes and local communities.
This would not be possible without the backing we receive from our supporters, funders and grants, which is why this role is so important to our ongoing success.
You will have the opportunity to help secure funding that will transform people's lives, whether that's supporting them after a stay in hospital, improving their health or encouraging them to make new friends and remain active in later life.
So, if you are a persuasive fundraising professional with a background of securing six figure grants, this is your chance to do something incredible with one of the nation's largest volunteering charities.
As the Trust & Statutory Development Manager, you will build strong relationships with our funders and partners and identify new funding opportunities for our charity.
Focusing primarily on six figure and multi-year partnerships, you will:
- Research and identify new funders or opportunities with existing funders
- Design and deliver stewardship plans for funders
- Co-ordinate information for applications and reports
- Support cross-team fundraising initiatives
- Analyse the funding environment and make recommendations to support medium and long-term funding needs
To be considered, you will need:
- To be a senior fundraiser with experience of successfully applying for multi-year, six figure grants
- Experience of developing successful partnership funding applications, ideally as the lead applicant, to grant-making trusts, lottery distributors and central government grant schemes
- Strong writing skills and the ability to craft compelling narratives to showcase our cases for support and our impact
- An understanding of good stewardship practice
- An understanding of the requirements of fundraising regulators
- Proficiency in Raiser's Edge or a similar fundraising database
As the Trust & Statutory Development Manager, you will be persuasive, articulate and passionate about the difference volunteering can make. You will also be highly organised and determined with a collaborative approach to tackling issues.
A full driving licence and access to your own vehicle would be beneficial, but this is not essential.
The closing date for applications is the 16th April 2020.
To apply for the role of Trust & Statutory Development Manager, please apply via the button shown.
This vacancy is being advertised by Webrecruit. The services advertised by Webrecruit are those of an Employment Agency.
Other organisations may call this role Trusts Fundraising Manager, Fundraising Manager, Trusts & Statutory Fundraising Manager, Grants Fundraising Manager, or Senior Fundraising Officer.
Working hours: 35 hours per week, Monday – Friday


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We are groups of volunteers offering residents of care homes friendship, social and recreational activities and involvement with their community.
We can still make a difference!
We hope you are keeping well and safe in these difficult times. We have been speaking to Friends of One Tower Bridge Road Care Home (Southwark, London , SE1 4TR) and the residents are really missing the fun that volunteers bring to their lives.

subset: commoncrawl


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Lakme Blush & Glow Face Wash Strawberry Blast Review PhotosBe Beautilicious
Formulated by Lakme Salon consultants, Lakme Blush & Glow Face Wash Strawberry Blast supplies radiance and glow together with deep cleaning. Fruit anti-oxidants and beads on this wash cleanse your pores and skin washing away dust and different impurities.
About Lakme Blush & Glow Face Wash Strawberry Blast
Lakme's skincare vary comes up with plenty of good high quality pocket-friendly face washes underneath thge title of Blush & Glow. I like fruit primarily based skincare merchandise and that's why I didn't waste any time to place this wash in my purchasing cart on my final journey to the native departmental retailer.
Years in the past, Lakme had a fruit primarily based face wash vary known as 'Fruity Blast'. I used to like the strawberry face wash from that vary. This time additionally I invested within the strawberry variant. I wished to see if there's any distinction on this new or if this one is previous wine in bew bottle. After utilizing it for the previous two week I can guarantee you, they aren't in any respect similar. Let's learn on to know some extra on this face wash.
Packaging: This face wash is available in a crimson plastic tube with flip prime cap. The physique of the tube is saved translucent. It permits customers to see how a lot product is left. Quality of the packaging is sort of good and travel-friendly.
The squeeze tube dispenses fascinating quantity of product. There is not any spillage or leakage. The model has talked about the detailed substances listing. The label graphics of the packaging offers it a recent fruity vibe.
Colour & Consistency: The face wash is pale crimson in color. There are tiny granules dispersed within the wash. The granules are colourless so they don't stand out within the brilliant crimson face wash.
However, they're fairly ineffective when it comes to offering exfoliation. The face wash has medium thick gel texture. Though there's sulphate within the substances, it don't produce thick lather. It washes off the surplus oil with out drying out my pores and skin.
Fragrance: The face wash has a light scent of recent berry, citrus and mint. The perfume is exclusive. The scent provides a freshening vibe to each wash I take with it. The gentle perfume stays just for a short while.
Quantity & Price: This face wash prices Rs.205 for 100gm. There is 2 extra measurement out there for this wash. The smaller measurement prices Rs.105 for 50gm and the 150gm measurement comes at Rs.299.
Lakme face washes are barely costly than most simply out there budget-friendly face wash manufacturers like Himalaya, Clean & Clear or Everyuth although their ingredient listing may be very comparable. These face washes come for good reductions at on-line and offline gross sales.
My Overall Thoughts:
I take advantage of zits medicines so my pores and skin will get dry simply. That's why I take advantage of medicated face wash as soon as within the day. For the opposite time, I take advantage of this face wash. I like gel face washes as a result of they aren't harsh but they supply deep cleaning. I used to be utilizing a clear & clear face wash earlier than however that one is about to complete.
So, I began with this strawberry one. It is thicker than most gel primarily based face washes. It is milder as properly. It creates nearly no foam however cleanses the pores and skin extraordinarily properly. The pores and skin doesn't really feel dry or stretchy afterwards. The wash smells very recent and creates gentle tingles on the pores and skin. I like such menthol primarily based cooling face washes. It goes to be my summer time favorite.
I've additionally used the Fruit Blast Strawberry face wash from Lakme. This Blush & Glow variant is thicker in method, extra gentle and moisturizing. The cooling sensation can be a brand new factor within the Blush & Glow face wash.
Rating: four.5/5
*Written By Sreepriya


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Mastercard Suspends Full-Year Earnings Forecast and Tightens Expense Controls
Credit-card titan Mastercard (MA) - Get Report said Tuesday that it's suspending its full-year 2020 estimates for net-revenue and operating-expense growth, due to the uncertainty brought on by the coronavirus pandemic.
"The long-term fundamentals of our business remain strong," the Purchase, N.Y., company said.
"However, due to the speed with which the Covid-19 situation is developing and the unknown duration and severity of the event," it decided on the suspension.
"We anticipate giving further updates on our first-quarter earnings call," the company said.
On Feb. 24, the payments giant said that if the impact of the coronavirus is limited to the first quarter, "we expect that our 2020 annual net revenue growth rate would be at the low end of the low-teens range, on a currency-neutral basis, excluding acquisitions."
But clearly the impact will last far beyond March 31.
On Tuesday, Mastercard updated its first-quarter forecasts. It expects net-revenue growth in the low-single digits. Currency movements will take away about 2 percentage points from that growth in the quarter, the company said. The dollar has soared during the past two weeks.
First-quarter operating expense should rise in the low-to-mid-single-digits, Mastercard said.
"We are taking several actions to manage our expenses prudently, including evaluating our travel & entertainment, advertising and marketing and professional fees," the statement said. "We expect operating-expense savings to ramp as we move forward."
Many other companies have suspended earnings estimates, too.
At last check, Mastercard's shares traded at $235.81, up 16%. That compares with a 7.2% gain for the S&P 500 index.


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|Yilkal Tariku Belay*
|Corresponding Author: Yilkal Tariku Belay, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box: 7072, Kampala, Uganda
|Received: May 19, 2019; Accepted: May 31, 2019; Published: December 05, 2019;
|Citation: Belay YT. (2019) Parameters for Grading the Toxic Severity of Test Chemicals: A Review Article in the Advancement of Unknown Drugs into the Clinic. Adv Nanomed Nanotechnol Res, 1(2): 39-48.
|Copyrights: ©2019 Belay YT. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Grading of toxic severity of a test chemical is a routine procedure in experimental toxicology to support regulatory policy in categorisation and harmful labeling decisions. Harmful labeling decision is usually made on the basis of lethal dose administered to study animal. However, the toxic property of a chemical compound is diverse in which the undesired biological mechanism manifested on treated study animal may not cause death within the period of the experiment. The length of time at which undesired biological effects manifest on study animal depend on the amount of administered dose. The adverse effect of higher dose usually manifests within a shorter period of time than the lower doses.
The scientific basis of drug action is the interaction of a drug with its receptor or biological target by which undesired biological changes manifested at the cellular, organs or organismal level depending on the amount of administered test chemical. Drug metabolism is an important biological process to be considered in the study of pharmacological activity of test chemical compounds. It is one of the primary mechanisms by which a chemical compound is inactivated or activated depending on the metabolic enzyme systems involved in biotransformation. Biotransformation of test chemical perhaps leads to the production of reactive metabolites that could be more toxic, mutagenic or carcinogenic than parent chemical compound which could elicit different biological responses such as loss of appetite and suppressed immune response among others. The metabolic and immune systems are highly interrelated in which the proper function of one is highly dependent on the other. Metabolic dysfunction for instance leads to deteriorated immune system which can be evaluated by clinical parameters such as differential blood cell counts (i.e., T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes) and immunoglobulin concentration in blood serum.
In conclusion, Grading of toxic severity of test chemicals should take into account not only the estimate of hazards on the basis of lethal dose administered into the biological system but also the different biological responses (immunological and physiological) and the length of time at which biological responses manifested in the course of metabolism. Quantitative analysis of undesired biological responses as toxic severity and toxic reaction rate is paramount for grading the toxic severity of test chemical compounds on study subject which allow better identification of real risks to public health safety.
Keywords: Grading, Toxic severity, Test chemical, Regulatory policy
All chemical compounds are poisons with different intensity depending on the chemical nature of its component and amount of dose administered into the natural process of an organism. As a result, grading of the toxic severity of every test chemical is a routine procedure in the development of unknown drugs into pharmaceutical products [1,2]. It is usually determined on the basis of a dose of test chemical which caused death to treated study subject regardless of the length of time at which lethal effect manifested on treated study laboratory animal [1,2]. A test chemical at 5 mg/kg body weight, for instance, may cause death to study animal at 5 h after dosing and another test chemical at the same dose may cause death to the same study animal at 24 h after dosing. Even though the two test chemicals caused death to study animal at the same amount of dose, both test chemicals could not have the same grade of toxic severity. The toxic severity of test chemical which caused death at 5 h after dosing is more than the toxic severity of test chemical which caused death at 24 h after dosing.
This review article focuses on brief explanation of physical and biological parameters that could help in grading the toxic severity of test chemicals administered into study laboratory animal. It illustrates the link between the dose, its toxicity and the length of time at which its adverse effect manifests on treated study subject and the interrelationship between metabolic and immune systems by which quantitative, undesired biological responses as toxic severity and toxic reaction rate could be determined within the biological system.
Acute toxicological studies conducted by Belay in 2011 and 2019 [17,18] showed that the dose had never limited the toxicity but the magnitude of adverse effect and length of time at which adverse effect manifested on treated Balb c mice. Even if the adverse effect was manifested within a short period of time when large amount administered into lab Balb c mice orally, it also remained after a long period of time when small amounts administered in the same route. Before illustrating the parameters for leveling the toxic severity of test chemicals, it would be first helpful highlighting the mechanisms by which the adverse effect of test chemicals is manifested within the biological system.
Test chemicals are administered into study subject by a route which is convenient and safe as possible during the period of the study. Each of the administered test chemicals is subjected for an investigation to determine dose-biological response relationship [3]. The scientific basis of drug action is the interaction of administered drug with its cellular receptor or other biological target and the biological changes that it has elicited in cells, organs and the whole organism depending on the amount of the administered test chemical [4]. This kind of drug action (what the drug does to the body) are known as pharmacodynamics [4].
Drug metabolism is an important biological process to be considered in the study of pharmacological property of a chemical compound [5]. The pharmacological activity of a chemical compound perhaps reduced or enhanced by metabolic enzyme systems [5]. This means that between administration and excretion of a drug from the body, it undergoes biotransformation to either highly or moderately reactive intermediates which ultimately elicits multiple biological signals [6,7]. Ingestion of methanol for instance does not result in significant illness and mortality by itself but it is rapidly metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to formaldehyde which is subsequently converted to highly toxic formic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase [8]. Drug metabolism is therefore one of the primary mechanisms by which a chemical compound is inactivated or activated depending on the metabolic enzyme systems involved in biotransformation [9]. The metabolic enzyme systems do not create new toxic metabolites but produced it from the chemical compound in which it has been already incorporated by means of chemical reaction. The composition of a chemical compound could be either highly toxic or moderately toxic or both chemical elements combined together by means of chemical reaction which might be reversibly produced in the metabolic system known as catabolism (phase I metabolism) [10,11] or it may be transformed into new chemical species in another metabolic system known as anabolism (phase II metabolism) [10]. During metabolic reaction, for instance, glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water which is known as catabolism [11]. Carbon dioxide is a toxic metabolic by-product of glucose molecule which has to be excreted through the respiratory system. And again glucose and oxygen are produced when carbon dioxide and water react together within the natural process of a plant in the presence of light and chlorophyll. The glucose molecule is again transformed into starch, fats and oils for storage which is known as anabolism [11].
A chemical compound has always different chemical characteristics from the chemical elements from which it has been formed by means of chemical reaction. The extent of toxic metabolic products of a chemical compound also varies depending on the enzyme involved in the metabolic system of a cell [11]. The toxic property of a chemical substance could be manifested either at specific phase or multiple phases of metabolism depending on the nature of its chemical component which perhaps entails the manifestation of its adverse effect within the biological process of living organism at different length of time as metabolic phases are often happening sequentially [4]. There are different stages of cellular metabolism where different biotransformation processes have taken place from food to waste products [12]. These series of metabolic reactions produces not only metabolites with different biological and pharmacological properties but also ATP which is used to provide power for biosynthetic reactions and other energy requiring processes such as transport of nutrients across biological membranes within an organism [13]. The first stage of cellular metabolism usually involves degradation of large molecules which mostly occurs outside the structure of a cell although special organelles called lysosomes could also degrade them within the cell [13]. The second stage of cellular metabolism occurs mainly in the cytosol except some i.e. the final step of conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA that occurs in the mitochondria in which the third stage of cellular metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) takes place (Figure 1) [13].
The toxic property of a chemical compound could also manifest at different phases of biosynthesis reactions that could ultimately manifest on the immune system of an organism which is described as follow: Metabolic reactions are divided into three major categories all of which takes place within the cell simultaneously (Figure 2) [12]. The three major metabolic reactions are [12]:
1. Degradation of nutrients (fuelling reaction), i.e., Glucose → CO2 + H2O
2. Biosynthesis of small molecules (biosynthesis reaction), i.e., fatty acids and nucleotides.
3. Biosynthesis of large molecules (polymerisation reaction), i.e., Glucose → glycogen
The first metabolic reaction produces energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) whereas the second and third metabolic reactions require energy which involves in making of chemical bonds in the molecules found in the biological system of an organism [12]. This means that the energy which was produced in the first metabolic reaction (catabolism) would be used in the second and third metabolic reactions (anabolism) which makes harmonious progression of life of a living thing. The insufficiency in the first metabolic reaction would lead to limited biosynthesis activity of the cell which ultimately causes undesired biological phenomenon at the organismal level, i.e., loss of weight (wasting syndrome), ageing, growth retardation and infertility.
Metabolism of nitrogenous compounds has an oxidation level between carbohydrates and lipids in which they could be used as nitrogen, carbon and energy sources [14]. Proteins are hydrolysed into peptides and further to amino acids by proteases [14]. Amino acids are first converted to organic acids by deamination reaction (removal of amino group) which may be oxidative or reductive depending on the metabolic enzyme system involved in the biotransformation [14]. Ammonia released from deamination is used for protein and nucleic acid synthesis as a nitrogen source and organic acids could be further oxidized for energy production (ATP) whereas the amino groups is exchanged for the keto group of α-keto acid [14].
Metabolism of hydrocarbons on the other hand requires oxygen in which only few organisms could metabolise it [14]. The first step in metabolising hydrocarbons is oxygenation by oxygenase enzymes in which hydrocarbon molecules are oxidized into alcohol, aldehyde, organic acid and acetyl CoA metabolic products subsequently which finally enters to Krebs cycle/Citric acid cycle in the mitochondria [14].
The biotransformation mechanism of a chemical compound within the biological system could be aerobic, anaerobic or autotrophic metabolism. Anaerobic metabolism is the production of energy in the absence of oxygen which uses the same pathways as in aerobic metabolism but differ in the use of an alternative electron acceptor, e.g. Nitrate, NO3- [14,15]. Many organisms grow without using electron transport chain (ETC) which generates the energy called fermentation [14,16]. Since there is no electron transport used in this metabolic process, the organic substrate must undergo a balanced series of oxidative and reductive reactions [14,16].
The toxic property of a chemical compound is diverse in which suppressed appetite is one of commonly manifested biological responses as its toxic effect starts from the cellular level where there is nutrient sensing system [4]. Grading of toxic severity should take into account not only the estimate of hazards on the basis of the lethal effect of doses administered into the biological system but also clinical signs and symptoms and the length of time at which signs and symptoms manifested in the course of metabolism. Quantitative analysis of undesired biological responses as toxic severity and toxic reaction rate need to be computed for leveling the poisoning severity of test chemical compounds on study subject which allow better identification of real risks to public health safety [17-19].
An integrated biological approach (physiological, immunological and histopathological investigations) in toxicological evaluation is an essential scientific approach due to the fact that it forms the basis for modern clinical medicine in which data for qualitative and quantitative biological responses could be collected using fewer laboratory animals than lethal end point acute toxicity evaluation. It has economic importance because it reduces time and wastage of resources by conducting comprehensive pharmacological analyses in which all stages of toxicological assessments in the advancement of unknown test chemical into clinical trial could be evaluated with a single laboratory setting. It maximises public health safety with having scientifically and adequately validated toxicological data that would be used in drug discovery and development.
The degree of toxic severity and toxic reaction rate of test chemical compounds in the biological process of a living thing is generally dependent not only on the amount of administered dose and chemical nature of its component but also on the biological property (e.g. immune strength and sensitivity of other biological systems) of an organism and metabolic enzyme systems involved within the cell [11,19]. Biotransformation of a chemical substance perhaps leads to bio-activation which involves the production of reactive metabolites that could be more toxic, mutagenic or carcinogenic than parent chemical compound which could elicit multiple biological responses within the biological system of an organism [20]. Of the biological responses, loss of appetite and suppressed immune response are among other responses that might be manifested as a result of noxious chemical compound administered into the natural process of study animal. The ability to resisting the harmful effect of test chemicals against the biology of an organism needs strong immune response during exposure which in turn needs biological organisation with viable metabolic system that is highly capable of processing and storing energy [4]. The activity of the immune system and metabolic regulation within the biological process of higher animals are highly interrelated in which the proper function of one is highly dependent on the other [4]. Metabolic dysfunction for instance leads to deteriorated immune system which could be evaluated by either differential blood cell counts, i.e., T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes or concentration of immunoglobulins in blood serum (Table 1) [21]. The mechanism of toxicity of test chemicals is divers which perhaps first affect the metabolic system of a cell by which it is bio-activated and ultimately manifested on the immune system. The immune system detects any aberrant biological phenomenon happening within the biological system of an organism that could be manifested as different clinical signs and symptoms. The adverse effect of test chemicals could be manifested on threated laboratory animal either by blocking major catabolic or anabolic or both signaling pathways both of which are different metabolic systems which often takes place sequentially [4]. The long term disturbance of metabolic system by noxious test chemical leads to abnormal immune responses. A direct relationship and coordinated regulation of metabolic and immune responses have therefore potential benefits in the determination of poisoning severity of test chemicals administered into the biological system of study animal.
The life of animals and humans is dependent on oxygen molecule (O2) for respiration, the process by which cells derive energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the controlled reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water [13]. In addition, molecular oxygen is incorporated into a variety of substrates by enzymes designated as oxygenases by which many drugs, pollutants, and chemical carcinogens are metabolized by enzymes of this class, known as the cytochrome P450 system [13,22]. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP could be formed from electron transport chain (ETC) within mitochondria [13,23]. A number of drugs and poisons such as amobarbital and cyanide, carbon monoxide respectively, inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, usually with fatal consequences [13].
ATP synthesis is a reaction in which energy is required in order for it to occur [13,23]. This energy is derived from the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) by the four protein complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC) which are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Figure 3). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH, respectively [13]. In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a similar compound with FADH2, which involves more actively in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another [13]. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) is a redox cofactor which is created during the Krebs cycle and utilized during the last part of respiration, known as the electron transport chain within the mitochondria of the cell [13].
The ten NADH that enter the electron transport in the mitochondria originate from each of the earlier processes of respiration that has been taken place both in the cytosol and mitochondria of a cell, i.e., two NADH originate from glycolysis which takes place in the cytosol, two others from the transformation of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and six others from the citric acid cycle both of which take place within the mitochondria of the cell [18]. The two FADH2, however, originate in the citric acid cycle within the mitochondria of a cell [13,24].
Damage of cellular metabolism as a result of noxious chemicals therefore leads to the following [25,26]:
1. Inhibition of electron transport chain (NAD-NADH system and blocking of cytochrome oxidase which again causes cytotoxic anoxia [25,26].
2. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation which leads to uncouple ATP production which again leads to depleted free energy storage within the body [25,26].
3. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis which leads to alteration in transcription and replication which again leads to depleted normal structural enzymes interferes with fat mobilization which again leads a lot of fat being accumulated within the cell [25,26].
Components of the respiratory chain are contained in four protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial Membrane (Figure 3) [13]. These are:
The NADH-Q oxidoreductase complex (I)
The succinate Q reductase complex (II)
The Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex (III)
The cytochrome c oxidase complex (IV)
The events of the electron transport chain involve NADH and FADH, which act as electron transporters as they flow through the inner mitochondrial membrane [22,27]. Electrons flow through the respiratory chain from NAD+ or NADH to O2/2H2O, passing through three protein complexes: NADH-Q oxidoreductase complex (I), where electrons are transferred from NADH to coenzyme Q also called ubiquinone; Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex (III), which passes the electrons on to cytochrome c; and cytochrome c oxidase complex (IV), which completes the chain, passing the electrons to O2 and causing it to be reduced to H2O (Figure 3) [13]. Some substrates with more positive redox potentials than NAD+/NADH (e.g. succinate) pass electrons to ubiquinone via a fourth complex called succinate Q reductase complex (II), rather than complex I (Figure 3) [13].
In complex I, electrons are passed from NADH to the electron transport chain, where they flow through the remaining complexes. NADH is oxidized into NAD+ during this initial process of the respiratory chain [27,28]. Complex II oxidizes FADH into FAD, garnering still more electrons for the respiratory chain [27,28]. At complex III, no additional electrons enter the respiratory chain, but electrons from complexes I and II flow through it [27,28]. When electrons arrive at complex IV, they are transferred to a molecule of oxygen [27]. Since the oxygen molecule gains electrons, it is reduced to water. While this oxidation and reduction reactions take place, another event occurs in the electron transport chain. The movement of electrons through complexes I-IV causes protons (hydrogen atoms) to be pumped out of the intermembrane space of mitochondria into the cell cytosol [27,28]. As a result, a net negative charge from the electrons builds up in the matrix space while a net positive charge from the proton pumping builds up in the intermembrane space. This differential electrical charge establishes an electrochemical gradient which drives ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation [13].
In the previous subtitles, the review has briefly demonstrated the relationship between the immune and metabolic systems and how this relationship affects the toxicity of test chemical compound administered into the biological system. The toxic property of a chemical compound is diverse in which multiple biological signals could be manifested in the biological system of living organism which would be detected as multiple signs and symptoms of toxicity. A test chemical compound administered to study subject in the oral route is subjected for first-pass metabolism in the intestinal mucosa and liver before reaching the circulatory system [29]. As a result, a fraction of administered dose of test chemical compound would reach the systemic circulation depending on the chemical nature of its metabolite, physiological state of the body and biological membranes. However, the drug concentration that reaches the vicinity of the biological receptor is usually unknown whether it has been administered intravenously or orally. An integrated biological approach (biological signals and length of time at which the signals manifested in the biological system) has been used in the previous two studies to roughly determine the toxic severity and concentration of tested chemicals that has been reached the biological receptors as it is briefly explained under this subtitle below. The length of time at which biological responses involving alterations in receptor function or the activation of undesired biological signals in the course of metabolism against to the amount of dose administered into the biological system could be, therefore, having more importance than anything else in the determination of toxic severity [18,19]. The undesired biological effect of administered test chemical compounds would be manifested when its reactive dose has overwhelmingly antagonized the defense mechanism of exposed living organism. The strength of undesired biological signals caused by the harmful effect of test chemicals administered into study subject could be judged quantitatively as the toxic severity and toxic reaction rate within the biological system which is also briefly explained as follow:
The toxic severity (s) and toxic reaction rate (r) of administered test chemicals at different level of doses into lab Balb c mice have been analysed in the previous two studies [17,18]. An integrated biological approach (physiological and immunological analysis) was employed in the study to determine the biological responses as toxic severity and toxic reaction rate during the course of metabolism in treated Balb c mice (Tables 2 and 3) [17,18]. The toxic severity is the magnitude of poisoning caused by a dose of test chemical administered into the biological process of study animal in one of drug administration routes [19]. It has been computed using mathematical formulation (s=r/d × 100)%/sec where s is toxic severity, r is toxic reaction rate and d is administered dose [17,18]. The toxic severity of a dose at 90 mg/kg body weight of Balb c mice prepared from Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin pesticides was 11 and 33.3%/sec, respectively (Table 2) [18]. This means that the poisoning severity of Cypermethrin was greater than the poisoning severity of Chlorpyrifos by 22.3%/sec to treated Balb c mice. The toxic severity of tested chemicals determined the lifespan of treated Balb c mice. The higher the toxic severity of tested chemicals, the higher the administered dose and the shorter the lifespan of treated Balb c mice was after dosing (Table 2) [17,18].
The toxic reaction rate on the other hand refers to the proportion of administered dose of test chemical that has been reached the vicinity of biological receptor and has been elicited adverse biological response on treated study animal [19]. It has also been computed using mathematical formulation (r=d/t - ΔIg) mg/s where r is toxic reaction rate, d is administered dose, t is elapsed time for adverse effect manifestation and ΔIg is change in immune response after dosing [17-19]. The toxic reaction rate of a dose at 90 mg/kg body weight prepared from Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin was 10 and 30 mg/s, respectively (Table 3). This implies that the toxic reaction rate of Cypermethrin was greater than the toxic reaction rate of Chlorpyrifos by 20 mg/s in the biological process of treated Balb c mice. The study also showed that all the amount of administered doses prepared from each test chemicals has never been involved in the manifestation of adverse biological effect on treated Balb c mice. Of the administered doses at 90 mg/kg prepared from each of Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin, for instance, only 11.1% (r/d × 100=(10) / 90 × 100=11.1%) and 33.3% (r/d × 100=(30) / (90) × 100=33.3%) of the administered dose caused adverse biological effects on treated Balb c mice respectively [19]. The proportion of administered test chemical that has been manifested adverse biological effect was inversely related to the strength of immune response of treated Balb c mice. The higher the strength of the immune response, the less toxic severity and toxic reaction rate of test chemicals within the biological process of treated Balb c mice orally (Tables 1-3) [19]. The toxic reaction rate determined the safety margin of test chemicals administered into lab Balb c mice in the oral route. The laboratory Balb c mice which was treated with the dose that had computed toxic reaction rate less than zero survived from death whereas laboratory mice treated with the dose that had computed toxic reaction rate more than zero died at different length of time after dosing depending on the toxic severity of tested chemicals [18,19].
Both biological responses (toxic severity and toxic reaction rate) are dependent on the amount of administered dose, length of time at which adverse effect manifested after dosing and strength of the defense mechanism of treated laboratory animal [18,19]. When the toxic severity and toxic reaction rate of test chemical compound is high, the adverse effect would be manifested on study subject within short period of time after dosing. However, the toxic severity and toxic reaction rate within the biological process of study animal would be low when there is high strength of defense mechanism which implies that the harmful biological responses of administered test chemical is inversely related to the strength of immune response of treated laboratory animal (Figure 4) [18,19]. The toxic severity would be high when the toxic reaction rate of test chemical is also high in the biological process of treated laboratory animal. In general, quantitative, undesired biological responses during the course of metabolic pathways could be computed as toxic severity and toxic reaction rate which could help to roughly determine the level of poisoning severity and concentration of test chemicals that has been reached the vicinity of biological receptors or other biological targets in the biology of study subject respectively (Tables 2 and 3).
The catabolic and anabolic pathways are different metabolic systems in which the toxic property of test chemicals perhaps manifesting during both or one of the metabolic pathways. Each of the metabolic pathways has a first committed step which is regulated at different level of the biological system of higher animal even though it occurs in specific subcellular compartments [29,30]. Once a chemical compound is metabolised and its toxic metabolite is produced, it could not be possible to reverse its adverse biological effect within the biological system. An integrated biological approach is therefore preferable scientific approach in the determination of toxic severity of test chemicals administered into study animal. The following parameters need to be considered in grading the poisoning severity of prepared test chemicals [13,14]:
a. The amount of dose administered into study subject.
b. The length of time at which undesired biological responses manifested after dosing.
c. Quantitative analysis of the immune response after every dosing at standard metabolic time interval need to be considered for adequate period of time.
d. The number of sampled laboratory animals in a cage should be as fewer as possible as high population will influence the biological state of each laboratory animals.
The adverse effect of test chemicals could be manifested either during the catabolic or anabolic or during both metabolic pathways both of which are different metabolic systems. The immune response and metabolic regulation are highly interrelated biological systems in which the proper function of one is highly dependent on the other. A direct relationship and coordinated regulation of both metabolic and immune systems have therefore potential benefit in the determination of undesired biological responses as toxic severity and toxic reaction rate within the biological process of a living thing. An integrated biological approach in experimental toxicology is crucial:
1. To determine the toxic severity (s) and toxic reaction rate (r) of test chemicals which is intended for advancement to the clinic.
2. To collect scientifically validated data for the categorisation and regulatory decision of the toxicity of test chemicals.
3. To collect adequate pharmacological data with fewer number of laboratory animals as compared to lethal end point acute toxicology.
4. To conduct comprehensive pharmacological property of test chemicals with a single laboratory setting which avoids wastage of time and resources.
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