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Describe the life cycle of an erythrocyte and what's involve in haematopoesis
Life Cycle of an Erythrocyte
- The basic life cycle of a red blood cell involves erythropoiesis and haemoglobin synthesis in the bone marrow, in the peripheral circulation and functioning for oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation, and then removal by the reticulo-endothelial system (mainly by the spleen)
- It all begins with a multipotential haematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast).
- Common myeloid progenitor can give rise to megakaryocyte (=> thrombocytes (platelets)), erythrocytes, mast cells and myeloblasts.
- A myeloblast could give rise to basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes (=> macrophages).
- A hemocytoblast could also differentiate into a common lymphoid progenitor.
- A common lymphoid progenitor could give rise to a small lymphocyte (B cells/ T cells) or natural killer cell (large granular lymphocyte)
Describe erythropoesis
Stem Cell (Hemocyte) => Proerythroblast (committed cell) => enters developmental pathway.
- Phase 1: ribosome synthesis (occurs in early erythroblast)
- Phase 2: haemoglobin accumulation (late erythroblast => normoblast)
- Phase 3: reticulocyte (immature red blood cells without a nucleus)
- Finally: erythrocyte
NB: note in the blood film that the bigger nuclei are most immature. They get smaller as they mature and gain cytoplasm (accumulate Hb etc)
Bone marrow produces 10^12 new red cells daily.
Regulated by erythropoietin (90% produced in kidney, hypoxia stimulates production)
Erythropoietin increases the number of erythroid progenitor cells, which proliferate, differentiate and produce Hb.
Plasma Epo levels can be measured (but this is not frequently done in clinical practice)
Describe the negative feedback loop in erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis involves a negative feedback loop:
- Kidney senses hypoxia (anaemia) and increases endogenous erythropoietin production
- Erythropoietin acts on the E-progenitor cells in the bone marrow to produce new red blood cells
- Kidney senses increased tissue oxygenation
- Kidney decreases erythropoietin production.
Describe the structure of Hb
Tetramer of 2 pairs of globin chains each with its own haem group
Exists in 2 configurations
- Oxyhaemoglobin: relaxed binding structure
- Deoxyhaemoglobin: tight binding structure
- Increasing H+ (pCO2), increasing 2,3-DPG and falling pO2 causes haemoglobin to be in the Tense state (deoxyhaemoglobin – doesn't bind to oxygen, lower affinity)
- Increasing pO2 and CO causes haemoglobin to be in the Relaxed state (oxyhaemoglobin – binds to oxygen tightly, high affinity)
Different haemoglobins (mostly HbA present but a small amount of HbA2 as well).
HbF has gamma globin chains instead of beta chains.
Describe the functions of haemoglobin and iron
Haemoglobin – Function
- Carriage of O2 from lungs to tissues and CO2 between tissues and lungs.
Functions of iron:
Essential for the formation of:
- Hb: carries oxygen to the tissues
- Myoglobin: facilitates oxygen use and storage in muscles
- Cytochromes: transport electrons within cells
An integral part of enzyme reactions in various tissues.
Give examples of how anaemia can arise due to problems making Hb
Mutations in the genes that encode the globin proteins can lead to anaemia (haemolytic):
- Thalassaemia
- Sickle cell disease
Lack of iron leads to anaemia
- Iron deficiency
Anaema of Chronic disease (functional lack of iron – body is not able to use iron, seen in some chronic infections, RA, chronic inflammation etc)
Deficiency in building blocks for DNA synthesis leads to anaemia (megaloblastic)
- Vit B12
- Folate
- They can also cause pancytopenia
Describe the normal red cell structure and two ways anaemia can arise due to abnormal red cells
Anaemia can arise due to problems associated with the red cell membrane (abnormalities of the structural proteins making up the membrane) or metabolism within red cells => leading to haemolytic anaemia (shortened lifespan, premature destruction of erythrocytes)
Normal red cell structure: biconcave flexible disc 8 micrometres diameter
- Facilitates passage through the microcirculation which has a minimum diameter of 3.5 micrometres
What do abnormal red cells look like?
Spherocytes: small dense cells without a normal area of central pallor such as seen in hereditary spherocytosis
- - Hereditary Spherocytosis: in the common dominant form, Spectrin may be depleted by 40-50% (mutation results in less protein production leading to cytoskeleton being less intact. Erythrocytes round up and become much less resistant to lysis during passage through the capillaries, so are cleared by spleen. The shortened survival of red cells and the inability of the bone marrow to compensate for their reduced lifespan leads to haemolytic anaemia).
Elliptocytes: cigar-shaped cells seen in hereditary elliptocytosis. It's a common defect resulting in Spectrin molecules unable to form heterotetramers, resulting in fragile elliptoid cells, which lead to haemolytic anaemia.
Acanthocytes: usually found in reactive problems (cells have lots of protrusions). They arise from either alterations in membrane lipids (e.g. in liver dysfunction) or alterations in membrane structural proteins.
Target cells: typical in liver disease, heavy alchol intake, thalassaemias. The cells have an abnormal density in the area of pallor (bull's eye target appearance)
What are the two main metabolic pathways in red cells?
1. Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
- Glucose metabolised to lactate
- ATP generated
2. Hexose Monophosphate Pathway
- Glucose-6-phosphate metabolised
- Generates NADPH
Abnormalities within these pathways lead to anaemia (haemolytic) such as in
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Pyruvate-kinase deficiency
Describe erythrocyte removal
Reticuloendothelial System (predominanrtly spleen)
Removal of aged, damaged or antibody-coated red cells.
Excess removal can occur in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, mistakes in blood transfusion etc
Enlargement of the spleen can cause anaemia (blood is spending more time in the splenic circulation than in the normal circulation and splenomegaly also leads to increased RBCs being broken down => anaemia) e.g. liver disease, malaria, malignancy.
What kind of things could potentially go wrong to lead to anaemia?
Erythropoiesis: bone marrow failure, haematinic (iron) deficiency, erythropoietin deficiency
Haemoglobin synthesis: thalassaemias, structural Hb variants, porphyrias (so haem is not made properly)
Structure: hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis
Metabolism: G6PD deficiency, pyruvate-kinase deficiency
Circulation: blood loss, intravascular haemolysis (rupture/lysis of erythrocytes within the circulation).
Removal (Reticuloendothelial system): extravascular haemolysis, hypersplenism
What is the definition of anaemia?
Definition of Anaemia
- Reduced haemoglobin concentration in the blood
References range vary between labs but generally
- <130g/L adult men (normal 135-180)
- <115g/L adult women (normal 115-160)
- <110g/L children (3/12 – puberty)
- <150g/L new-borns
Abnormal results: more often reactive rather than reflective of an underlying haematological disorder
Interpret in light of clinical context and previous FBC (if known)
Always ask…does it fit with the clinical scenario?
What are the physiological adaptations to anaemia?
- Increased cardiac output
- Increased stroke volume
- Tachycardia (partly because of volume loss, partly because of anaemia)
Shift in Hb-oxygen dissociation curve
Increased erythropoiesis (Epo stimulated)
Adaptations depend on speed of onset, severity and age
What are the clinical features of anaemia? Symptoms, signs, specific signs
- Shortness of breath, reduced exercise tolerance
- Weakness, lethargy, pain in muscles upon exertion
- Palpitations
- Headaches
- Angina, heart failure, claudication, confusion
Signs: majority have no signs but could have
- Pallor
- Tachycardia
- Systolic flow murmur
- Heart failure
Specific Signs
- Koilonychia (spooning of nails, could indicate iron-deficiency anaemia)
- Glossitis (inflammation of tongue, could indicate Vit B12 and/or folate deficiency)
- Leg ulceration: in thalassaemia, expansion of areas that don't normally produce bone marrow => skeletal deformities. (Doesn't happen these days due to treatment regimes)
- Angular stomatitis: could indicate vitamin B12 and/or folate deficiency
Describe the evaluation of anaemia
Reduced production could be due to haematinic deficiency or bone marrow failure.
Increased removal could be due to bleeding or destruction e.g. immune haemolysis, mechanical haemolysis
Reticulocyte count: measure of young early red cells reduced into the circulation (low in reduced production, high in increased removal)
If the WCC and platelet count are abnormal as well, consider bone marrow infiltration/failure.
What are reticulocytes?
Named due to staining of ribosomal RNA.
Normal reticulocyte count is 0.5-1.5% total red cells (20-80)
The bone marrow can produce erythrocytes at 6-8 x normal rate.
The absence of an appropriate reticulocytosis in the setting of anaemia suggests RBCs are not being produced appropriate.
Describe the classification of anaemias
Low reticulocytes: low, normal or high mean cell volume?
High reticulocytes
Describe anaemias with elevated reticulocytes (reticulocytosis/i.e. appropriate reticulocyte response)
If there is an appropriate reticulocyte response, look for evidence of haemolysis (identify cause) or if there is no evidence of haemolysis, look for evidence of bleeding
Anaemia with reticulocytosis
- Bleeding
- Splenic sequestration
- Haemolysis
- Immune haemolytic anaemia
- Mechanical e.g. heart valves,
- Haemoglobinopathies
- Enzyme defects
- Membrane defects
What are possible hereditary and acquired anaemias with reticulocytosis
- Red cell membrane: HS, He
- Red cell enzymopathies: G6PD, PK
- Abnormal Hb – unstable haemoglobins, sickle cell, thalassaemias
- Alloimmune: - haemolytic disease of the newborn, incompatible transfusion
- Autoimmune: Warm Antibody Haemolytic Anaemia (idiopathic, URTI, lupus, RA, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia), Col (mycoplasma, Epstein-barr virus), Cold Agglutinin disease, lymphoma, paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (rare, typically after exposure to cold temperatures).
- Non immune: MAHA (microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (formation of a fibrin mesh due to increased activation of coagulation => the proteins cut erythrocytes)), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hypersplenish, prosthetic heart valves, sepsis, malaria, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (rare, acquired due to new mutations in the PIGA gene)
How do you exclude haemolysis?
Haemolysis screen
Blood film: spherocytes (small red cells), red cell fragments (schistocytes), polychromasia
DCT (Direct Coombs Test – uses an antibody-antibody (Coombs reagent) that binds and detects antibodies or complement proteins that are bound to the surface of red blood cells). It is a direct antiglobulin test.
Bilirubin (if increased RBC destruction)
Raised LDH (very sensitive to haemolytic anaemia)
Haptogloin – carrier protein for Hb in the blood, mopping up Hb so if decreased, indicates haemolytic anaemia
Reticulocyte count
+/- urinary haemosiderin
What if reticulocyte response is not appropriate?
If reticulocyte count is not appropriate (i.e. normal or low), need to look at RBC indices – mean cell volume.
Microcytic <80fl
Macrocytic >100fl
What kind of things could cause microcytic anaemias?
If white cell count and platelet count are low, consider bone marrow failure. But microcytic anaemia is also seen with vit B12 deficiency.
Microcytic anaemia: TAILS
- Thalasaemia
- Anaemia of chronic disease
- Iron deficiency – commonest cause
- Lead and others
- Sideroblastic anaemia (ring shaped erythorcytes because the body is unable to incorporate iron into HB, either genetic disorder or part of myelodysplastic syndrome)
How would you confirm and investigate iron deficiency?
Confirm suspicion of iron deficiency
- Ferritin: acute phase protein, low in iron deficiency, may be raised in reactive states e.g. malignancy. It cannot be used to exclude iron deficiency in people with inflammation – ferritin falsely elevated). Need to do other tests such as
- Low serum iron/Low % transferrin saturation.
Find out cause of iron deficiency
- Inadequate intake (vegetarian)
- Increased loss (GI investigations; CT scan, gastro endoscopy looking for colon cancers). Iron deficiency anaemia is often first presentation of a GI malignancy.
- Excessive use (pregnancy).
Describe the treatment of iron deficiency and dietary iron
Treatment of iron deficiency
Dietary advice
- 3x daily Oral iron supplements (take with orange juice/ascorbic acid, do not take with chelaters such as tea), may get abdominal cramps, constipation, black stools
- Intramuscular iron injections (only if severe – e.g. cardiac complications, oral Fe supplements required afterwards)
- Intravenous iron
- Transfusion – not unless there is severe anaemia with imminent cardiac compromise
Dietary Iron
- 10-20mg in diet
- 10-20% is absorbed
- The bioavailability of iron depends on its chemical form.
- Haem iron in blood, muscle meat includes fish, chicken (haem iron is better absorbed)
Describe the absorption of iron supplements and response to iron supplements
Absorption of iron supplements:
- Duodenum and jejunum
- Ferrous state
- Maximal absorption in first few weeks of treatment (works best initially)
- Absorption inhibited by antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, tetracyclines, calcium, phytates
- Absorption enhanced by ascorbic acid
- Take between meals
Response to oral iron
- Increase in Hb by 20g/l in 3 weeks (if not as high as expected, suggests ongoing blood loss somewhere)
- Clinical improvement in symptoms
- Changes in reticulocyte count
- Increase in Mean Cell Volume
- Increase in serum ferritin
Describe causes of macrocytic anaemia with hypersegmented neutrophils
Macrocytosis (megaloblastic anaemia) with hypersegmented (multilobular) neutrophils – (usually caused by first two)
B12 deficiency
- Many years to become Vit B12 deficient (compared to iron deficiency); patients adapt => present late
- Vegetarians / vegans
- Gastric (pernicious anaemia) and intestinal causes – Schilling test (used to determine pernicious anaemia)
- NB: pernicious anaemia's proper meaning is megaloblastic anaemia caused by atrophic gastritis, parietal cell loss and lack of intrinsic factor only; pernicious anaemia involves the presence of an autoantibody to intrinsic factor required to absorb Vit B12.
- Oral (if no malabsorption) or IM hydroxycobalamine repacement
Folate deficiency
- Months to become deficiency
- Diet
- Malabsorption
- Excess use e.g. sickle cell/hereditary spherocytosis
- Drugs e.g. anticonvulsants, co-trimoxazole
Myelodysplasia-other dysplastic features on film
What are other possible causes of macrocytic anaemia?
Check B12/folate
Check thyroid function tests/ liver function tests (can occur in hypothyroidism, liver failure, heavy alcohol – can be detected by a Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase blood test)
Check immunoglobulins (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance – M protein, myeloma)
Consider referral for Bone Marrow exam…MDS/other (myelodysplastic syndrome)
What are possible causes of normocytic normochromic anaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease
- Associated with chronic inflammation/infection
- Cytokine driven reduction in serum iron (causes increased hepcidin carrier molecule => reduced gut iron absorption + recycled iron pushed into stores i.e. none for red cells).
- Reduction in erythropoietin production
- Reduction in lifespan of red cells
- Can be normocytic normochromic anaemia or microcytic anaemia
- Ferritin normal or raised
- Serum iron reduced
- Normal transferrin saturation (if reduced indicates associated iron deficiency)
Mixed deficiency of iron and Vit B12/folate (normal MCV, high red cell distribution width)
BM failure - normally causes macrocytic but some cause normocytic
Describe the metabolism of iron including the two forms it's found in the body
Iron transports and stores oxygen
Iron is an integral part of many enzymes including:
- Energy metabolism
- Neurotransmitter production
- Collagen formation
- Immune system Function
BUT the human body does not have a mechanism for excreting iron so the quantity of body iron has to be carefully controlled (excess iron can be harmful)
In the body, iron is found in two forms:
1. Active Iron: Predominantly haemoglobin (carries oxygen to tissues) but also
- Myoglobin (oxygen reserve in muscles)
- Tissue Iron: (enzyme systems cytochromes)
- Transported iron: 'serum iron'
2. Iron stores: there are 2 types
- Ferritin within the blood, soluble
- Haemosiderin is macrophage iron and insoluble; iron deposits e.g. in bone marrow
Describe the daily requirements of iron
As there is no pathway for excretion of iron, the concentration of iron can only be regulated by absorption to match losses.
Absorption needs to match losses to avoid iron overload or deficiency.
1-2mg of iron enters and leaves the body each day.
Daily iron requirements vary between ages:
- Iron is present in breast milk
- Breast milk does not contain a high concentration of iron but it is very well absorbed - ~50% breast milk iron is absorbed, compared to only a 7% absorption from formula
- By about 6 months of age, however, infants should be introduced to foods containing iron.
- Iron requirement is very high during pregnancy – very common for pregnant women to become iron deficient as the foetus requires a lot of iron.
What are the two types of iron found in our diet?
In our diet, two types of iron are found: Haem (e.g. meat, seafood) vs non-Haem iron (e.g. spinach, beans, cereal, lentils)
Need 10-15mg of iron per day in diet
Iron supplementation of diet e.g. cereals
Haem iron is the better iron because it is already in ferrous form (Fe2+) – absorbed more readily across the gut border.
Non-Haem Iron:
- Mainly exists in the Fe3+ (= ferric)
- Reduced to ferrous iron before being transported across the intestinal epithelium
Different proteins involved in absorbing haem vs non-haem iron.
How is iron absorbed and transported?
Iron is absorbed across the apical surface of the duodenum and upper jejunum.
When it is transported in the blood, it is attached to Transferrin
Transported in the blood to liver, macrophages and bone marrow.
Ferrorportin transports Fe2+ across the border
Once Fe2+ inside the enterocyte, it can either be:
- Stored as ferritin or
- Transported into the blood stream
Iron is exported out of the cell by ferroportin.
Fetal enterocytes (cells of the intestinal lining) have receptors for Lactoferrin - primary source of iron in infants.
When taking iron supplements or eating iron, it is very important how you take it or what you take it with:
Vitamin C present in e.g. orange juice, enhances absorption of iron as ascorbic acid reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ so it more readily absorbed and transported across the membrane
Tea, chapattis and antacids amongst others inhibit absorption of iron as they precipitate/chelate iron.
How is iron taken into cells?
Iron is taken into cells e.g. Red Blood Cells by binding of iron-transferrin complex to transferring receptor (TfR)
Erythroid cells contain the highest number of TfRs.
A soluble form, soluble TfR (sTfR) is a good indicatior of functional iron levels.
20% of iron might be lost e.g. in bleeding, skin and hair and nails.
80% of iron is recycled in the body
Macrophages are a good place to store iron and deliver iron to RBCs when needed
Describe the regulation of iron in the body
Depends on dietary factors, body iron stores and erythropoiesis.
Dietary iron levels are sensed by the villi of enterocytes
Control mechanisms:
- Regulation of transporters
- Expression of receptors e.g. HFE and Tf receptor
- Other humoral and tissue derived factors like hepcidin and cytokines
- Crosstalk between the epithelial cells and other cells like macrophages
What is the role of Hepcidin?
Secreted by the liver and excreted by the kidneys
Synthesis increased in iron overload
- Transgenic mice constructed to over-express hepcidin died shortly after birth with iron deficiency (they were not able to absorb iron from the gut)
- Hepcidin production is decreased by high erythropoietic activity.
- It degrades ferroportin, preventing iron from be released into the blood stream.
REMEMBER most (80%) of active iron comes recycling within the body e.g. breakdown of RBC and NOT gut absorption
How is iron recycled?
v Macrophages 'eat' old senescent RBCs, releasing iron during Hb breakdown. Iron is then recycled.
- Mainly splenic macrophages and Kupfer cells of the liver
- 95% of stored iron in liver tissue is found in hepatocytes as ferritin.
- Hemosiderin constitutes the remaining 5% and is found predominately in Kupffer cells.
v Ferritin and transferrin receptor expression are regulated mainly at the post transcriptional level by iron regulatory proteins (IRP1 and IRP2)
What could cause iron deficiency?
Iron deficiency is a symptom not a diagnosis so you always need to consider the CAUSE.
- Insufficient intake (e.g. vegetarians and vegans are at risk of insufficient intake of iron in particular)/poor absorption (e.g. due to a GI disorder)
- Increased use physiological e.g. pregnancy.
- Increased use pathological e.g. bleeding
- Rough estimates of the cause:
- 25% Menstruation
- 13% AIDS/NSAID use
- Colonic carcinoma
- Gastric carcinoma
- Benign gastric ulceration
- 5% blood donation
- 5% of celiac disease
- 15% other
How would you confirm this iron deficiency?
Tests would reveal:
- Low Hb
- Small Red blood cells (low mean cell volume)
- RBCs change shape and size e..g become pencil cells, hypochrmia – very pale), microcytosis, target cells.
- Low serum ferritin, serum iron and %transferrin saturation, raised TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity)
- Serum ferritin is produced y the liver and is the single most important measure of iron status, particularly iron store
- Reduced levels indicate iron deficiency
BUT Limitation: acute or chronic inflammation, malignancy, liver disease and alcoholism can cause increased serum ferritin levels
SO normal or increased levels of serum ferritin do not exclude iron deficiency (as liver could be damaged)
Consider iron replacement
If you suspect iron deficiency, investigate the cause:
- Dietary history
- GI investigations
Iron replacement:
Dietary advice (e.g. eat iron with orange juice not tea etc)
Supplements: give advice on how to take such as take on an empty stomach but consider what factors affect absorption and often side effects might be strong – cause constipation, diarrhoea, nausea.
Intravenous: there is the rsk of anaphylaxis and death
Intramuscular: risks of anaphylaxis, unpredictable absorption and local complications (e.g. pain, staining of the skin, sarcoma formation).
What happens when there is iron excess? what is meant by haemochromatosis?
Iron excess:
When the amount of iron exceeds binding capacity of transferring
Free iron is dangerous as it acts as a free radical and can damage cells
Reduced Fe (Fe2+) can produce highly reactive hydroxyl and lipid radicals, which can damage lipid membranes, nucleic acids and protein
Excess iron is deposited in tissues – Haemosiderin is deposited in liver, pancreas, heart, joints and skin. Very hard to eliminate.
How would you treat hereditary haemochromatosis?
Describe transfusion associated haemosiderosis
Transfusion associated haemosiderosis occurs in haematology patients, especially ones with chronic anaemia and are dependent on regular transfusions
Desferrioxamine is a liquid drug given over a 16 hour period through a pump (not very convenient) or pleasant).
Oral iron chelating agents (bind, prevent iron absorption) are available but not as good as desferrioxamine therefore can only be used in combination rather than as a sole treatment
Close monitoring is required.


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Land of Gods and Emperors is an 8 days-7 nights-6 days riding itinerary which offers a balanced combination of physical exercise, cultural experience and a taste of SPA adventure in Hisarya. The picturesque trail is in the Sredna Gora mountain and the smooth terrain allows faster pace.
Riding through the Thracian Sacred Places is a strong cocktail of beautiful scenery, Bulgarian history, culture and local lifestyle. This is a 13 days-12 nights-11 days riding itinerary that takes place in the Western and Eastern Rhodope mountains.
With the 8 days-7 nights-6 days riding itinerary Riding Through Three Ages you cross 3 iconic mountains, visit the emblematic Rila Monastery and the Rozhen monastery, sleep in local guest houses, see rare plants, birds and animals, taste the famous Melnik wine and come in touch with the lifestyle and traditions of the locals.
Riding in the Kingdom of Orpheus is a most versatile program in the Western Rhodope Mountains, whose length varies from 4 to 8 days and 1 to 6 days of riding. For full details and more information you can check Arkan's website.
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Pecan Brittle
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Ingredients1 h 50 m servings 134
Original recipe yields 32 servings (2 pounds)
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- Line a rimmed baking sheet with a silicone mat. Mix together baking soda, 1 teaspoon water, and vanilla in a small bowl; set aside.
- Mix together sugar, 1 cup water, and corn syrup in a 3-quart saucepan. Cook over medium heat, stirring occasionally, until mixture reaches 240 degrees F (115 degrees C) on a candy thermometer, or until a small amount of syrup dropped into cold water forms a soft ball that flattens when removed from water and placed on a flat surface, about 25 minutes.
- Stir in pecans and butter. Heat to 300 degrees F (149 degrees C) or until a small amount of syrup dropped into cold water forms hard, brittle threads, about 13 minutes. Immediately remove from the heat and stir in reserved baking soda mixture, until candy is light and foamy.
- Pour mixture onto the prepared baking sheet and allow to cool until hardened, 1 to 2 hours. Break into pieces.
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- Cook's Notes:
- I like to use a silicone mat, it seems to work the best but if you don't have one, cover 2 cookie sheets with heavy duty foil and then coat with butter.
- Always use metal or wooden utensils when stirring, scraping, or spreading hot candy.
- Candy thermometers take out all the guess work, I always use one and this recipe has never failed me.
- Stick margarine can be used in place of butter, but the flavor just isn't as nice.
Nutrition Facts
Per Serving: 134 calories; 7.2 18.4 0.8 3 73 Full nutrition


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Relevance of Public International Law in Human Rights Essay
Relevance of Public International Law in Human Rights Essay
Length: 1084 words (3.1 double-spaced pages)
Rating: Strong Essays
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Human rights seem to be one of the most current issues worldwide. Uncountable efforts have being made to assure the avoidance of violations and abuse of them during human history. However, it is not just until the end of World War II that joined efforts by most of the countries in the world were visible, being public international law one of the ways to . It could be said that public international law is one of those important efforts that promote the defence and implementation of human rights and help to its development. This essay will define the concept of public international law, how it is this connected with human rights, and what is the importance of that connection with the application of human rights in the reality.
To begin with, it is important to define the concept of Public international law. Public international law has been considered as the law that regulates relationships between states. According to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)(1927):
International law governs relations between independent States. The rules of law binding upon States therefore emanate from their own free will as expressed in conventions or by usages generally accepted as expressing principles of law and established in order to regulate the relations between these co-existing independent communities or with a view to the achievement of common aims.
However, this concept of public international law goes beyond states. That definition given by the PCIJ is clear but it could be said it is fairly broad. An accurate definition of Public International law is presented by the United Nations (United Nations, n.d.), where "International Law defines the legal responsibilities of States in their conduct with each other, an...
... middle of paper ...
...hts law : Six Decades after the UDHR and Beyond. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing Group
Bagaric, M. (2007). Future directions in international law and human rights Melbourne, Victoria: Sandstone Academic Press.
Blay, S., Piotrowicz, R., and Martin, B. (1997). Public international law : an Australian perspective. Melbourne: Oxford University Press
Mitchell, A. & Beard, J. (2009). International law in principle. Pyrmont, Sydney: Thomson Reuters (Professional)
United Nations. (1945). Charter of the United Nations, preamble. Retrived from http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/preamble.shtml
United Nations. (n.d.). International law. Retrived from http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/internationallaw/
United Nations (1948) Universal declaration of human rights (UDHR). Retrived from http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/60UDHR/bookleten.pdf
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Welsh independence just isn't going to happen
Welsh nationalism is unpopular and impractical – and Brexit will make it even more so.
Marcus Stead
To the untrained eye, months of chaos and confusion at Westminster appear to have resulted in raised levels of interest in Welsh independence. Crowds in the low thousands have attended 'independence' marches in Cardiff, Caernarfon and Merthyr Tydfil. Labour first minister of Wales Mark Drakeford and his predecessor Carwyn Jones have made noises that a badly handled Brexit could lead to Wales breaking away from the union.
In recent weeks, former sportsmen such as ex-Everton and Wales goalkeeper Neville Southall and former national rugby captain Eddie Butler, now a prominent BBC rugby union commentator, have come out as supporters of Welsh independence — the latter was a guest speaker at the recent Merthyr Tydfil rally.
But take a closer look beyond the sympathetic reporting from an almost entirely anti-Brexit Welsh media, and it quickly becomes clear that these are more likely the dying screams of a finished cause. Plaid Cymru and the wider Welsh nationalist movement fear a successful Brexit, because they know it will damage rather than help their movement.
Welsh nationalism has always been something of a niche cause. Opinion polls have for many years shown levels of support fluctuating between nine and 15 per cent. An ITV Wales poll earlier this year, for instance, showed just 12 per cent would vote for independence if a referendum were held. Plaid Cymru has around 8,000 members, compared to 125,000 for its Scottish equivalent, the SNP.
A recent YouGov poll appeared to indicate a dramatic increase in support for Welsh independence. It was commissioned by Plaid Cymru and so should be taken with a pinch of salt. As with all polls, the questions and phrases need to be interrogated carefully. The poll showed that 33 per cent of respondents said Wales should be independent from the UK in order to remain an EU member, while 48 per cent said Wales should not be independent from the UK to remain an EU member. The remainder said they did not know, or refused to answer the question. In another question, 24 per cent said they would vote for Welsh independence if a referendum was held tomorrow, while 52 per cent said they would not.
Yet how much of this supposed surge in support for Welsh independence is a kneejerk reaction to three years of the government's appalling handling of Brexit, combined with the very visible decline of the House of Commons from a globally respected 'mother of all parliaments' to a complete laughing stock? If Brexit does go ahead on 31 October, or at any time in the months ahead, the Welsh nationalist vision of an 'independent' Wales within the European Union will quickly be exposed as an absurdity.
First of all, an independent Wales would have to go through the process of joining the EU. This, in itself, would take many years, quite possibly a decade or more. How would an independent Wales manage in the meantime? What's more, Wales would very likely fail the EU's membership criteria, particularly with regards to its capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the EU.
The Welsh economy is not in a good way. Just one of the UK's FTSE top 100 companies is based in Wales (vehicle insurance firm Admiral). It is heavily reliant on the public sector for employment – and on fiscal support from the rest of the UK. Figures released in July by the Office for National Statistics showed public spending in Wales was £13.7 billion more than the total amount collected in taxes, which works out at a deficit of £4,376 per person. At present, around 80 per cent of the Welsh government's funding comes directly from Westminster in the form of a block grant. Making up that shortfall in a post-independence Wales would be a huge task.
Moreover, in an independent Wales, the Welsh government would have to assume responsibility for, and therefore fund, areas of policy that are not currently devolved, including foreign policy, defence, law and order, pensions and broadcasting. Assuming an independent Wales rejoins the EU, its meagre structural funds aren't going to help either: according to the Welsh government, Wales currently receives just £680million per year in EU funds.
If an independent Wales could overcome these hurdles to join the EU, it would then be forced to adopt the euro, as all new EU members are. This would be a very hard sell to the people of Wales. Nearly two decades after the euro launched, it is becoming increasingly clear that one currency with one interest rate for a whole continent is not working out well. The inability of the current 19 member states to adjust interest rates to suit their own circumstances, along with the fiscal spending rules, has led to mass unemployment, especially among young people, in vast swathes of southern Europe (youth unemployment is currently an eye-watering 39 per cent in Greece). It is easy to imagine how a small country like Wales could end up in a similar position inside the euro.
The next big issue is the border with England. If you think the Northern Ireland border and the issue of the backstop is an enormous headache, you ain't seen nothing yet! The border between England and Wales runs for a whopping 160 miles from the Dee estuary in the north to the Severn estuary in the south. There are two well-known Severn bridges linking Wales with the South West, where vehicle tolls were removed in late 2018, more than 52 years after they were imposed when the first bridge opened.
In addition, thousands of vehicles cross daily and seamlessly along the A48 between South Wales and the Midlands. In north east Wales, the reality is that a very large number of people in Denbighshire and Flintshire don't think in terms of being in England or Wales. They are aligned economically and culturally to Cheshire, Merseyside and Lancashire. They use the many roads crossing between the two countries for work, leisure and recreation. There are also numerous smaller road crossings between England and Wales along Offa's Dyke, plus railway lines and footpaths. Would the EU insist on a hard border between the two countries to protect its Single Market?
There is also a huge amount of cross-border integration between England and Wales in public services and government administration. New bodies might need to be created after separation. For example, Welsh patients with serious liver problems are frequently treated in Birmingham. Meanwhile, the DVLA's base for the whole of the UK is in Swansea, and is one of the city's largest employers, with more than 5,000 staff. After separation, this would have to be relocated elsewhere, and a separate body for vehicle registration created for Wales. A similar situation would apply to Companies House, whose headquarters in Cardiff and Nantgarw employs more than 1,000 staff.
Welsh nationalism has always been a minority cause, but Brexit will render it all the more so.
Marcus Stead is a journalist based in Cardiff.
Picture by: Getty.
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Gwyn Thomas
5th March 2020 at 5:37 pm
Our non independent English principality of wales is a third world non independent nation due to the totalitarian , xenophobic, undemocratic enforcement of a non academic,non economic 'language,' upon itself.
Welsh nationalists and non Welsh origin, anti establishment, far far far far " far " far left Welsh language obsessives continually use the non principality, independent nation of Eire as a positive case study too. But in Eire they do not have a xenophobic, linguistic apartheid in operation. The republic of Ireland also established itself as the 'Celtic Tiger,' and also as a hub for countless multinational companies as it crucially conducts its business activities through the economic and academic language of English.
This xenophobic, draconian,undemocratic linguistic enforcement has in turn created huge animosity and an actual linguistic apartheid within the United kingdom in the twenty first century.
I would even suggest that the majority of the literate, non xenophobic,pragmatic Welsh born electorate voted in favour of Brexit in order to prevent it minimise further funding for the welsh language apartheid.
The Welsh BREXIT vote was an internal coup from within via the effectively second class "monoglot," majority to reduce financial funding for the ever deepening Welsh language apartheid.
The Welsh language fanatics and Welsh nationalists are delusional as the majority of the welsh electorate will never ever vote in favour of the complete economic impossibility that is welch independence.
Yes Cymru and other xenophobic Welsh nationalists live within a delusional, unemployed, existence of poverty and failure on social media and are incapable of sensing that they are the minority in OUR non independent English principality of wales.Yes Cymru and other xenophobic,semi literate Welsh nationalists surrounding themselves with SNP supporters on Twitter in particular. Then delude themselves that the majority of the non independent English principality of wales supports their extremist political viewpoints.
Our principality of wales has never been an independent , separate nation to England. (As the non principality,independent nation of Scotland has.) Wales has always been a shire of England. Always will be too. Welsh independence is a complete economic and electoral impossibility. Therefore their is nothing else to discuss here or elsewhere either.
Gwyn Thomas
5th March 2020 at 5:44 pm
* '… it/ or….'
** " …..surrounding / surround …. "
Mochyn MacDatho
27th October 2019 at 12:26 pm
Diolch am wneud yr achos dros Annibyniaeth i Gymru mor glir!
Thank you for making the case for Independence for Wales so clearly. Wales can never prosper under this Unequal Union.
Gareth Edward KING
20th September 2019 at 7:34 pm
Welsh 'independence' can be compared with Catalonian 'independence', which would of course mean within the confines of the EU. In Catalonia it currently stands at c. 39% of the 6 million Catalonian population. In both cases there should be referenda, so that yes, the locals could decide. Arguements need to be heard for sure, but both possibilities for so-called independence are dead ducks. Why is it that Brussels diktat is more attractive than being ruled from London (or Madrid)? It beats me. It just shows the hollowness and lack of substance from these identity-obsessed regionalists.
Winston Stanley
21st September 2019 at 5:45 am
Most polls since 2017 have shown a clear majority in favour of Catalan independence. A referendum is the way to settle it but Madrid bottles it b/c they know that they are likely to lose.
Scottish independence polls have been on a knife edge for/ against. A referendum could go either way. Support for YES swung massively upward during the 2014 campaign, it would take far less this time. YES is a very real possibility and it becomes ever more likely the longer that it takes to have a referendum as younger generations tend to support YES. Scottish independence is practically inevitable at some point over the next decade anyway.
18th September 2019 at 11:24 pm
On the contrary. National independence for Wales is entirely practical within the context of the EU and/or a wider pan-Celtic union.
cliff resnick
19th September 2019 at 10:18 am
yes of course it is, entirely practical any fool could see that.
Jim Lawrie
19th September 2019 at 8:44 pm
What is a "pan-Celtic Union"?
Winston Stanley
20th September 2019 at 3:04 am
Irish newspaper calls for union between Ireland, Wales and Scotland
Winston Stanley
20th September 2019 at 3:06 am
Welsh party leader calls for Celtic political union
cliff resnick
18th September 2019 at 9:15 pm
To Winston be serious
Winston Stanley
19th September 2019 at 8:43 am
Fact check, there are 194 countries in the world that are not part of UK. Who knew that Wales could be one too?
cliff resnick
19th September 2019 at 10:05 am


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This place has some really tasty food! It's locally sourced, has great burgers, and lot of gluten free options and a few vegetarian. We recommend getting a roof top view!
I visit Black Sheep rooftop bar during happy hour Monday-Friday 4pm-6pm. They have some amazing drink specials. The views from the rooftop are breathtaking.
Great rooftop bar with a view of the city and the St Johns River, which is very popular at happy hour and in warmer weather. The bar carries a limited menu focused on sandwiches and appetizers, whereas the ground floor dining room features some of Jacksonville's best upscale dining. Reservations…
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- phy101 assignment no 2 Fall November 2011 solution
An XYZ Organization wants to develop MIS system. Using MIS system they can store their employees
information. A feasibility report is generated for estimating the cost, resources and time duration and the
project size. Project Manager determines the amounts of effort in person months based on his earlier
experience for the development phase of the MIS system, and express the required cost for a particular
phase of the MIS system. Deliverables of the MIS system is achieving through the user view.
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1. You have to suggest that which Estimation Technique can be used for estimating the size of the
MIS system and why?
5 Marks
2. Mention five advantages of the suggested Estimation Technique.
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Cuppa Coffee (Macau Peninsula)
Cuppa Coffee's second branch is located close to AIA Tower, right in the Macau center. It offers a range of fresh baked goods and drinks.
Cuppa Coffee's second branch is located close to AIA Tower, right in the Macau center. It offers a range of fresh baked goods and drinks.
Seng Cheong is an old, traditional food restaurant in the heart of Taipa Village and it is opened until late, serving cheap and flavorsome food.
Double 5 Double 0 is a simple and humble eatery located in Taipa Village's busiest street serving all kinds of Asian dishes, especially noodles and soup.
Pier Coffee is a coffee shop serving both coffee and tea-based beverages. Situated in Taipa Village, it boasts a relaxing atmosphere.
Lamgo serves amazingly made coffee. Whatever your preference, this takeaway coffee shop has beans from all over the world which visitors can buy and brew.
Pace Coffee Macau offers mostly coffee-based drinks and is peaceful and quiet, great for guests to sip on their beverages accompanied by their thoughts.
Comma Macau is located in the city center and offers light meals for a good price, but also a wide array of coffee-based drinks.
Turkish Ice Cream is a small shop located in Rua do Cunha offering yummy ice creams of chocolate, vanilla and strawberry in a cone.
Macau Lifestyle Media understands the difficulties that local SMEs are experiencing and want to offer support by giving them a spotlight on our platform!
During this time, staying in and limiting the hours outside can help keep you safe and healthy. Here are the best places for food delivery in Macau.
The virtual edition of Asia's 50 Best Restaurants 2020 shows that we can support and celebrate the best and brightest in gastronomy no matter the situation.
Most Macau hotels and resorts have updated operating hours following the government's guidelines in light of the coronavirus (COVID-19) in Macau outbreak. Get updated here!
The world has seen its share of contagions across time and some have a place in history books. Here's a journey through Macau's most severe epidemics.
The Macau Light Rapid transit is finally here! Change the way you commute in Taipa and start 2020 by taking this eco-friendly service!
If you are looking for places to shop for packaging-free, eco-friendly and sustainable items in Macau, here is a good list to embark on your journey.
When's the best time to visit Macau? Find out in our quick guide on the weather and when to time your visit to maximize your holiday!
Macau is a wonderful place with a great mix of modern skyscrapers and beautiful ancient temples! Here's a guide to Macau's most beautiful temples for your next visit!
Now that the threat of typhoon is gone for the year, come with us on this journey through the most remarkable typhoons in Macau history.
Macau is an overall modern city, but there are still a few spots left around for you to go back in time and experience the city back in the day!
Hotel Central was a major player in the history of Macau from the 30s to the 60s. Take a look into the development of this teal building.
Are you a vintage and history buff? If so, here's all about one of the most successful businesses of the 20th century in Macau, its firecracker industry!
Dom Pedro V Theatre is one of the most beautiful Macau landmarks. With a history dating back to the 19th century, its concert hall still hosts performances.
Is Macau a country? If you're unsure of anything to do with Macau, let's get educated with a quick Q&A of the most asked questions about this fair city!
2019 marks the Macau Holy House of Mercy's 450th anniversary. Its main building is in the city center and remains an important part of Macau's history.
Macau is a small city but when traveling with kids, some transportation would be the most convenient and here're our suggestions for getting around Macau!
Here, we take a look into the impact and relevance of Macau in the opium trade and what it meant to be a Portuguese ruled region in China at the time.
Shopping is another thing that's a must-do in Macau besides checking out the sights. Shop till you drop at these shopping havens in Macau.


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The sturdiness of your male milking machine is as vital as anything else, particularly when you intend to utilize it regularly. Think about the long haul advantages of an automatic masturbator when considering its value. As a rule, most blowjob machines come in two or three size variations — choose accordingly. One of the most valuable tips is to get a special penis cream and use it regularly. The second one would be great for teasing your cock or head of the shaft. The Japanese Nol Hotpis Heated Sex Machine solves this problem once and forever: it heats the unit up for you to feel like being inside real female flesh. The vast majority of Japanese units are intended for use at home — they have massive constructions.
Kaitlyn. Age: 24.
Reliability and power are the main reasons to choose this model.
Isabella. Age: 32.
Combining suction, friction and vibes can be too much for your penis. Having a realistic tight vagina with frenzy textures inside, it allows you to reach fantastic orgasms deriving pleasure from every second spent with the device. If you intend to bring your toys into the shower or pool, buy a waterproof model. Reliability and power are the main reasons to choose this model. Automatic panels are the choice best for lazy users, as changing these settings can indeed be hard. If you like techno and dance music, that might be fun! It makes strokes per minute — a record-breaking speed for fantastic orgasms!


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Get breaking news about nutritional cures, dangerous chemicals, superfoods and more.
Subscribe to the FREE Natural News email newsletter. Your privacy is protected.
42 Blackberry
30 Rubus
17 Anthocyanins
16 raspberries
12 strawberries
11 Polyphenols
9 blueberries
8 water
7 Vegetables
7 Inflammatory
7 Raspberry
7 Tannins
6 Tumor
6 Flavonoids
6 cancer
6 Cyanidin
6 cauliflower
6 Lactic acid
5 wine
5 Glutathione
5 grapes
5 oxidative stress
5 Blueberry
5 Ellagitannins
5 Antioxidants
5 Quercetin
5 Carcinogen
5 kiwi
5 eggs
5 salt
5 lettuce
5 melon
5 Cardiovascular
5 Sugar
5 Free radical
5 Gallic acid
5 Chloride
5 grapefruit
5 crops
5 pomegranate
5 green beans
4 apple
4 Ellagic acid
4 Chemopreventive
4 cherries
4 Ascorbic acid
4 Catechin
4 Enzymes
4 Alcohol
4 Glucose
4 rooibos
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|Proof that a living foods diet reverses breast cancer


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John Farley
From KeyWiki
John Farley
In the early 1980s John Farley was Eugene contact for Democratic Socialists of America.
Open Letter to Obama on Iran
In 2008 John Farley, Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV signed an online petition "A Open Letter to Barack Obama on Iran".[1]
Santa Fe DSA Facebook group
Members of the Santa Fe Democratic Socialists of America closed Facebook group, as of May 22, 2018 included John Farley.[2]


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National Obituary Search
October 30, 1925 - May 6, 2015
Carmel, Indiana
| Age 89
Sign the Guestbook
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There is nothing like the healing power of the human-voice. Leave a voice message in the guestbook using your phone. It's fast, easy and free. Listen to a sample.
Complete the fields below and dialing instructions will be sent to your email immediately.
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"I am so sorry to learn of Margaret's passing in May. The Hendrick and Frymire children so enjoyed visiting each other while growing up--the stories they tell sounded like such fun. Dave and Margaret are dear to each of us. They were like Mom and Dad to not only their children, but to the Hendrick children also. Blessings on your whole family."
"With deepest sympathy. Ken and Marsha Marosz Granger, Indiana"
"Patti, David, Adam and Amanda, and family, We are so sorry for your loss. Pat and Judy Sydor"
"Dear David and family, I was so sorry to hear about your loss. And we know, to be absent from the body is to be present with the Lord. Take comfort that Margaret is in good hands. Nancy Cobb (ret. Eli Lilly)"
"Toni and I are so sorry to hear of the passing your Mother Kay. May the Holy Spirit bring Peace to your family!"
"RIP from Japan."
Click on the item you would like to print.


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Plastic bags should be banned across the U.S.
As a nation of 327.2 million people and counting, we should follow New York's example of discontinuing the use of plastic bags.
Nearly two weeks ago, it was determined that New York would become the second state to ban plastic bags, second to California who implemented the statewide ban in 2016. The ban was introduced in Albany this past Tuesday, with further plans to have the bill advance throughout the entire state.
This bag ban follows the failed attempt to charge a five-cent fee for every plastic bag from earlier in 2017, though major U.S. cities like Washington D.C. and Seattle still enforce the law.
Some private businesses also practice a fee on all bags used. For example, Disney stores charge 99 cents for reusable bags, and the Danish store Flying Tiger Copenhagen, with several locations in New York, charges a nickel for every bag.
One plastic bag can take up to nearly one thousand years to decompose, according to the New York Times. Every plastic you use at the supermarket or hoard somewhere in your home will outlive you, even though plastic bags are used on average for only twelve minutes, according to the Center For Biological Diversity.
The use of plastic straws is also being reconsidered, and they could possibly be banned alongside plastic bags. National Geographic reported that an estimated 500 million straws are used every single day in the U.S. alone.
According to Green Sheep Water, a water distribution company that bottles water in aluminum cans to try and reduce plastic usage, the U.S. population alone is consuming more than 1,500 water bottles per second. It is vital to remember plastic waste does not magically dissolve upon its arrival at the nearest landfill.
Did you want to go swimming last summer? This past year some of our very own Jersey shores were closed due to pollution. Thirteen New Jersey beaches were closed off from the public when an alarming overflow of trash washed up. The garbage was later revealed to contain medical waste, including needles. National Geographic also confirmed that plastic trash have polluted our oceans.
We are up to our necks in plastic. It's not just in our oceans: it's causing harm everywhere. Plastic containers are used to store our food, our drinking water is contained in plastic, we hang our everyday clothes on plastic hangers and children play with plastic toys. We eat, sweat and breathe plastic.
This is not an argument or debate up for discussion. This is a state of emergency. We are producing more waste than we can account for. With a businessman of a president, it is crucial now more than ever that we do something.
A few major companies are at fault for 71 percent of the globe's pollution, according to the Guardian. If our government refuses to do anything about climate change, we citizens have to do something about it. Every little bit counts, and it starts with a reusable bag.
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Time to show off some more goodies at Enchantment! I bet you've already gone gaga over Teegle's new Arabian Horse, but check out the add-ons from Cinnamon and Jinx! The princess tail from Cinnamon is for all Teeglepets, Teegle Av and Jinx Centaurs. Speaking of Jinx, you can pick up a new mane and epic tack specifically created for the Arabian. I am totally in love with Barley's daybed. It comes in four different colors (blue, green, pink and yellow) and has adult, PG and threesome versions. Bom chicka wow wow! MOoh offers a really lovely and delicate wedding tent; the detail on the draperies is magnificent! And Aphrodite has provided the perfect spread for a wedding tent! The Princess Choice set comes with the table and place settings, chairs, a sideboard and dining chair commode. There are also three different cake styles, a champagne bucket and two trays of delicacies.
MOoH! Wedding tent @ Enchantment Event
Barley – Florin Daybed Set @ Enchantment Event
[Teegle] "Aphrodite" the Arabian Horse @ Enchantment Event
*CINNAMON* Teeglepet – Princess Tail @ Enchantment Event
Jinx : Arabian Nights Tack for TeeglePet Arab @ Enchantment Event
Jinx : Arab Mane for TeeglePet Arab @ Enchantment Event
<Aphrodite> – Princess choice – Dining Table @ Enchantment Event
<Aphrodite> – Sunny fields – Wedding cake @ Enchantment Event
<Aphrodite> – Sunny Valley – Wedding cake @ Enchantment Event
<Aphrodite> – Valentine Flowers – Cake @ Enchantment Event
<Aphrodite> – Flower dreams champagne Bucket @ Enchantment Event
Luanes Magical World photo location


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A radiologist works at Sacred Heart Hospital.
When an 8 year-old girl was stabbed and brought into Sacred Heart, the radiologist noticed that she was stabbed in a large tumor that would have killed her if it were not noticed. ("My No Good Reason")
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


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Any Human Heart season 1 by Channel 4
Here you can download full episodes of Drama TV Show Any Human Heart Season 1 by Channel 4, in high quality and low size. We will update this page with direct download links after the show airs!
Original Title: Any Human Heart
Channel: Channel 4
Language: English
Description: Jim Broadbent ( "Moulin Rouge," "Gangs of New York '), Matthew Macfadyen (Pride and Prejudice', 'The Pillars of the Earth') and Sam Claflin (Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides ',' Snow White and the Huntsman ') play in this magnificent miniseries British Channel 4 to Logan Mountstuart, the main character of the novel' the adventures of an ordinary man 'by William Boyd. With it, a mediocre aspiring writer, will travel from the lustful Paris of the 20s, through the New York of the 50s and 80s London And by the way, we find very prominent personalities of the time, as novelist Ernest Hemingway (Julian Ovenden, 'Cashmere mafia'); the creator of James Bond, Ian Fleming (Tobias Menzies, 'Finding Neverland'), or the very famous and controversial Duke of Windsor, Edward VIII (Tom Hollander, 'Gosford Park') and Wallis Simpson (Gillian Anderson, The X-Files ) .Dividida in four episodes, 'Any human Heart' reminds us that "every human being is a collection of self that changes all the time." Hence the protagonist, restless, common and enamoradizo Logan Mountstuart, constantly remember his past and miniseries include in its delicious scenes footage dreamlike surreal touch. The young Mountstuart base its existence on losing virginity and become a writer; the adult will try to look for love desperately until it abuts the beautiful Freya (Hayley Atwell, Captain America), and will collect old and relive over and over again their memories as if they were drops of water that you can slip one by manos.Relatada in the form of diary, we will witness the metamorphosis suffering every human being. Idealism and arrogance of youth, to the triumphs and tragedies of adulthood and finally, at dusk and farewell own old age. The life of each and every one of us is current and finite. Many seem or are lucky a stroke of luck or a series of random events. And there are those who live in penury and pain for those same reasons. Depending on how you look, life can be ordinary or extraordinary, vulgar and despicable or charming and wonderful.
Any Human Heart season 1 in High Quality!
Next Episode Air Date Counter and Download links to Any Human Heart seasons 1 are listed below. Season 1 full episodes are provided in mp4 and mkv, 720p HD 1080p Quality for PC and MacOS, Iphone and Android. Get all episodes in single click.
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4


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Professionally Trained Journalist & Researcher
When you work with me you get transparent, inclusive, trauma-informed, intersectional and soulful writing that reflects the values and vision of you and your work.
Hello. I'm Darla Antoine
I bring a B.A and 20 years of experience in journalism (including newspaper, radio and magazine), a M.A. in intercultural communication and am an Okanagan (Syilx) First Nations woman.
I've got the education, experience and writing chops to help you get your book into the world. I also have expert interviewing skills for drawing the story out of you and your case studies (if applicable), and am a stickler for research and facts. My identity means I bring a point of view and life experience rarely found in the ghostwriting world.
I specialize in writing for thought leaders, humanitarians and other people "walking the mystical path with practical feet" because that's what I've done/am doing.
I fundamentally get the joy of being a leader in your industry, the struggle of seeing the world differently from your peers and the pressure (and sometimes confusion) that can come from feeling like an undercover mystic. My writing skills will convey your authority, your truth and sacred mission, all at a level suited to your ideal reader.
Communication is the thread that runs through my life and work. I have:
- Spent my entire life bridging two worlds as an Okanagan (Syilx) First Nations woman and a descendant of settler-colonialists . . . and now I'm an expat living in Costa Rica. What this means for you: I have first-hand experience navigating more than one culture (re: frame for reality) at a time with words, thoughts and actions
- a B.A. in journalism and mass communication with an emphasis in public relations and 10 years of experience working in print and radio Native Media (notably: Native America Calling as an associate producer and at Indian Country Today as a columnist). What this means for you: I have the training and the experience to know exactly how to frame a story in a way that informs, inspires and incites people to take action.
- An M.A. in intercultural communication with emphasis in feminist communication. What this means for you: I've got 10,000+ hours on my belt, honing my writing and understanding how and why humans create culture and how to best navigate across cultures. This refers to ethnic cultures, yes, but also to work, class, geographic, national, and sub-cultures as well. We all are navigating multiple cultural identities at once. The people we are trying to serve and inspire are also navigating multiple cultural identities. I can help you pinpoint cultural blind spots and ensure your book lands the way you want it to land, with the people whom you want it to land with.
- 5 years of experience teaching public speaking to undergraduates (and was nominated for an award based on my teaching style!) What this means for you: I can help you draft or finalize your great speech or help craft your intellectual property into a public presentation, key note, etc.
- Lived in Spain for two years and currently have lived in Costa Rica for nine years. I'm also 85% fluent in Spanish. What this means for you: I've got a multi-faceted and complex cultural worldview that helps me look at the story you're trying to tell through many lenses and opportunities. This helps me bring nuance and distinction to the words we choose to communicate the value, benefit and transformation you're promising your clients.
- Spent over 10 years being actively trained as a spiritual worker. What this means for you: I've been in the trenches of my own spiritual business. I know the challenges of trying to describe the indescribable. I know what is expected of sacred space holders by their clients and I know the particular ups and downs of this responsibility. I bring this understanding and experience into our professional relationship so that you know you are understood, held and supported by my process.
Fun Facts About My Personal Life:
I'm a mother to two young sons, ages 7 and 5
I met my husband while I was on vacation in Costa Rica trying to get over a divorce. He was a tour guide . . . but not MY tour guide (now he is!)
Together with his family we steward over 1,000 acres of private forest reserve and nature sanctuary
We run TWO organic, sustainable farms and a high mountain guest lodge
I love hiking and walking in our forests for stress-relief, exercise, forest bathing and nature communion
I homeschool our kids using the Forest School method
I like to express myself creatively through hand lettering and art journaling
I cannot stand the feel or sound of velvet. I mean CANNOT. It makes my fingernails itch
Also: Papaya is gross
My first crush was Mighty Mouse
Our words have power.
Let's use them to create a reality that is just, equitable, transparent, holistic and inclusive.


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Salary is a big motivator and it's important that you can provide an attractive package within your company guidelines. Wages regularly tops the list of motivating factors for workers and it's important that you can provide an attractive package whilst staying within your company guidelines.
Posted on 27th August 2009 in Recruitment.
You need a good group of candidates to pick from in order to help you put the right people in the right jobs. Making sure you have the best talent in the right jobs within your company is the Holy Grail for recruiters. But how do you go about ensuring you've always got a good group of candidates to select from?
Posted on 27th August 2009 in Recruitment.
The gap between unemployment figures and those claiming job seekers allowance could partly be explained by the numbers of people choosing to become self-employed, according to the founder of online social business network Ecademy.
Posted on 17th August 2009 in Recruitment.
In the current economic climate, consumers are investing time and energy into deciding where to spend their money. Company image and reputation is crucial to ensuring commercial success — but is your recruitment practice letting you down?
Posted on 11th August 2009 in Recruitment.
The pace of deterioration in UK job prospects is starting to slow this summer as private sector demand for staff begins to stabilise following a surge of redundancies earlier in the year. Not only are far fewer employers expecting to make staff redundant but the scale of planned redundancies has also reduced.
Posted on 10th August 2009 in Recruitment.
Of the many various areas of business impacted by the current recession, the practice of talent management raises some particularly interesting challenges.
Posted on 10th August 2009 in Recruitment.
All managers have their favourite questions to ask candidates, from the banal to the bizarre. But what do the answers to these questions actually tell you about the interviewee.
Posted on 30th July 2009 in Recruitment.
You've found the right candidate for your business and now you're ready to offer them the opportunity to take the job. Whilst it's great to be the purveyor of good news, it's important that you follow the correct procedure in order to close the deal.
Posted on 30th July 2009 in Recruitment.
When you post a job advert you're hoping to find the perfect candidate that matches your exact requirements. Whether you get a response of 20 or 20,000 CV's you need to know how to effectively evaluate every application.
Posted on 30th July 2009 in Recruitment.
Experian Background Checking, the specialist candidate verification service, today revealed that the volume of recruitment background checks carried out in the first quarter of 2009 has increased by three per cent, despite the sharp drop in recruitment levels owing to the recession[1].
Posted on 20th July 2009 in Recruitment.
As the first national survey to explore the realities of graduate jobs exposes the failed promises of UK businesses, Graduate Prospects and the Association of Graduate Recruiters (AGR) call for employers to take heed and harness talent as a means to economic growth.
Posted on 16th July 2009 in Recruitment.
Whenever I'm training recruiters, one of the main things they say to me is "Andy, I'm fed up with being seen the same as every other recruiter. I know that we're different, but the prospects just don't seem to appreciate it! But what can I do about it?"…..
Posted on 7th July 2009 in Recruitment.
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MANCHESTER, N.H. — New Hampshire's First in the Nation status has been threatened many times. But the chaos in Iowa, and the renewed questions about whether this state accurately represents the nation, are casting new doubts about the future.
N.H. Secretary of State Bill Gardner says, "Our position has always been threatened. This is no different than all the years I've been here."
And he would know. This is the eleventh presidential primary he has overseen.
Many times over those years, other states have tried and failed to leapfrog N.H. for first in the nation status.
"I can't predict the future," Gardner says, "but we have been challenged pretty severely, and we've always had the will to maintain this tradition."
University of N.H. political science professor Dante Scala believes there is a threat to N.H.'s role next time around, particularly if the eventual Democratic nominee loses to President Trump. He says there is already a lot of discontent in the Democratic party about the role of Iowa and N.H.
"When a party loses a presidential election, typically that political party goes back to the drawing board, looks at the nomination process and thinks, 'how can we tweak this so we get a better candidate next time we can win the next election?'"
And Scala says if the problems in this week's caucuses cause the party to tinker with Iowa, would N.H. be far behind?
Tom Rath, a former Attorney General, has been involved in GOP politics here for about a half-century. He believes the First in the Nation primary will survive because it has worked so well for 100 years.
"We pay attention much much earlier," Rath says. "We give people chances to come in here and see whether they have the message, whether they have the endurance, whether they have the ability to articulate a policy. And that's not just three weeks before the election. That's three years before the election."
Rath adds that's something that could be hard to replicate anywhere else.
RELATED: Some voters decided, some not, as candidates swarm New Hampshire
RELATED: POLL: Which political issue is the most important to you?
RELATED: All the presidential candidate events in N.H. ahead of the primary
RELATED: DNC calls for a 'recanvass' of Iowa results after delays